Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 3 6887 117746 115743 2026-07-22T12:03:42Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* How do you import revisions? */ new section 117746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) nwhp5wbn9nosxm3ox2473v00hlgsxue 117754 117746 2026-07-22T17:16:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* How do you import revisions? */ Zgolo 117754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) q4vhfingxousmqpwsq900uwmhfjt1fh 117755 117754 2026-07-22T17:17:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ Zgolo 117755 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == Growth News #35 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Growth team logo - Icon only.svg|right|frameless|class=skin-invert]] ''A quarterly update from the Growth team on our work to improve the new editor experience.'' === New releases === ==== English Wikipedia gets "Add a Link" Structured Task ==== We [[w:Wikipedia_talk:Growth_Team_features#"Add_a_link"_experiment_and_next_steps|released]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link|"Add a Link" Structured Task]] to 100% of accounts at English Wikipedia on Tuesday, September 2nd (before then it was available to 20% of accounts). ==== Growth features for Wikidata ==== After examining if the Growth features and Mentorship could be adapted to Wikidata, we activated the Growth features on [https://www.wikidata.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page Beta Wikidata] to allow for testing and discussion ([[phab:T400937|T400937]]). Although some features, like Suggested Edits, are Wikipedia-specific, the Growth team designed most features to be more wiki-agnostic. === Work in progress === ==== Revise Tone Structured Task ==== The Growth team is making progress on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise Tone|the technical architecture, onboarding design, and early user testing]]. We are targeting an A/B test before the end of this year, with constructive edits by newcomers as the primary success metric. ==== Add a link to more wikis ==== The machine learning team has been working on a new model that can suggest links to more languages, including Urdu, Chinese, and Japanese Wikipedias. [[phab:T404460|We are starting to release]] the “Add a Link” feature to Wikipedias that weren’t supported by the previous model. [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]], which can be [[mw:Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link#Configuration|configured by the community locally]], increases the chance that a new contributor will make their first edit and then continue to participate in Wikipedia. === Research === The Growth team is involved in several research initiatives to help guide our future work: [[mw:Growth/Progression System|Progression System]] – We have [[mw:Growth/Progression_System#Design_Research|published]] initial findings from interviews with 10 English and French Wikipedia newcomers. The research examined motivations, challenges, and feedback on a prototype system intended to help editors build confidence, develop skills, and contribute more constructively over time. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Mobile Web Editing Research|Mobile Web Editing Research]] – This project combines quantitative and qualitative data, community feedback, and user journey analysis to identify possible ways to enhance the mobile editing experience. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Successful Newcomers Survey 2025|Newcomers Survey]] – This project surveys successful newcomers on English Wikipedia to understand their early editing experiences, tool use, and community interactions. === Community events === The Growth team participated in several community events to listen, share, and collaborate on improving newcomer experiences across Wikimedia projects. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/RPBSEF/ Organizers as key partners to support newcomers' growth in our movement]''' This session invited organizers to share how they introduce newcomers to Growth features and the challenges they encounter. The discussion focused on common newcomer questions and opportunities to strengthen collaboration in supporting new editors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/review/VCSCUVJCGFRNY89TTKXRVFMGYMWPMSXT Lightning Talk: Structured Tasks]''' This talk demonstrated how Structured Tasks help newcomers take their first successful steps on Wikipedia. It shared impact data, community configurations, and a demo of “Add a Link,” illustrating how these tasks make editing more accessible and sustainable, particularly for mobile contributors. '''Wikimania - [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors]''' With active editor numbers declining, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] aims to create a clearer, more engaging path for participation. This session, led by the WMF Contributors group with involvement from the Editing, Growth, Moderator Tools, and Connection (formerly Campaigns) teams, highlighted efforts to streamline contributor experiences, offer structured and mobile-friendly workflows, and foster meaningful engagement. Participants learned about ongoing initiatives and shared feedback to help shape a more inclusive and sustainable future for Wikimedia contributors. '''CEE Meeting - [[metawiki:Wikimedia_CEE_Meeting_2025/Submissions/Retaining_beginners_and_improving_content_moderation:_an_inclusive_and_sustainable_future_for_Wikipedia_contributors|Retaining beginners and improving content moderation: an inclusive and sustainable future for Wikipedia contributors]]''' Many communities face a decline in volunteer engagement. Newcomers often leave soon after joining, while experienced editors struggle to manage increasingly complex workflows and overwhelming backlogs. We presented the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Strategy|Contributors Strategy]] and the different features and workflows that can help communities to address these challenges. We listened to the specific needs of the CEE communities to help guide the Contributors teams' work. ''<small>'''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters|Growth team's newsletter]]''' prepared by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth|the Growth team]] and posted by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]] • [[mw:Talk:Growth|Give feedback]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Growth team updates|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].</small>'' </div> 10:23, 22 Okutobala 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Growth_team_updates&oldid=29457883 --> == Update request == Hello, Tumbuka Arch. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Fumu ya York]] into [[Andrew Mountbatten Windsor]] (without the hyphen)? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor (with no hyphen). Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 06:25, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] Thank you for this.I have moved it to current proper name. :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 07:38, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) ::Thank you very much. [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|pakuchezgela]]) 07:40, 2 Novembala 2025 (UTC) == AI-generated articles on tumwiki == Hi Tumbuka Arch, it's been a while. I thought I'd just let you know that Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda has been found to be dumping AI translations of articles crosswiki, you can refer to evidence at [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] or [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] (which is more of a work in progress). I wanted to let you know, as this is a wiki with active admins, the articles here won't be being deleted by stewards, so I would recommend you thoroughly review the articles and consider deletions. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 26 Malichi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], thank you. Yes, has been days indeed, and it's good to see you. :About the issue, I will take a look at the said articles and fix them. :The User Caro de Segeda ([[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]]), on the other hand, has been very helpful on this wiki and it is him who has taught me almost everything about templates, special pages, or basically everything. Before me on this wiki, there was only you who was looking after (checking up on) this wiki. Then I came as a newbie only after I entered the wrong "www.wikipedia.org", instead of "en.wikipedia.org". The first link leads to many languages and I had little hope to find the wiki in my language. I was shocked to see this wiki. Few edits and you already [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26053#Bold helped me] be a better editor, and few months Caro [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch&oldid=26047#Template_for_countries helped me]. Since then, he has been helpful ever since with over 4,000 edits that matter to this community. :However, the AI articles are a serious case, and I hope he looks into that and fix them (or with the help of natives), assuming those articles aren't gone yet. Also, I will fix the ones that are here though I always patrol recent changes and new pages, fixing them along the way. :Thank you. - [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:51, 28 Malichi 2026 (UTC) ::He's now been globally blocked, so he can't fix them directly anymore. A steward is deleting the pages on the wikis without active admins, so no pages here will be deleted unless you or another admin choose to. AI-generated pages can sometimes be ok, but often suffer from hallucinations where it will confidently say something that isn't true, and occasionally have issues with sourcing if they are even present - in a lot of Jon Gua/Caro de Segeda's pages they just included no sources at all. Best, [[User:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[User talk:Ferien|pakuchezgela]]) 12:20, 30 Malichi 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> :Thank you, will surely review that. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:17, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == How do you import revisions? == I'd like to know. Yewo Chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:03, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], hie yes. Any page you wanted me to import its revision? Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:16, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) s0zi96kfw8n2ay9fccil41egu3moups 3 6916 117718 117645 2026-07-21T17:36:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ new section 117718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Anthonymunthali44/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} == Article on Earth == Hello, I’m messaging you today to ask if [[Tera (Charu cha pasi)]] should be changed into [[Tera]], with [[Charu cha pasi]] being a redirect to the page, instead of it having both in the name. Thanks! [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] 19:53, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Hello. I adapted Tera from from the Latin Word for earth since the native "Charu cha pasi" can be used in other contexts to just refer to the ground. But from context people can figure out that Tera is referring to Earth so you can remove [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 20:12, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, I see, since Charu cha pasi can refer to other contexts, shouldn't the page be named "Charu cha pasi (Tera)", Charu cha pasi as the name of Earth, and (Tera) as the disambiguation? [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 20:14, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] That's true. Please do that, or I can [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 05:54, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::::Done ✔️, thanks for helping me with this! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 06:31, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-08 06:12:03. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Muli makola akulu? '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka Wikipedia to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Yewo chomene, [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:21, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:36, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 64q1zyv71jth8k0l1kn7uvn9f3z6gv8 117719 117718 2026-07-21T17:38:50Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 /* Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ Zgolo 117719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Anthonymunthali44/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} == Article on Earth == Hello, I’m messaging you today to ask if [[Tera (Charu cha pasi)]] should be changed into [[Tera]], with [[Charu cha pasi]] being a redirect to the page, instead of it having both in the name. Thanks! [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] 19:53, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Hello. I adapted Tera from from the Latin Word for earth since the native "Charu cha pasi" can be used in other contexts to just refer to the ground. But from context people can figure out that Tera is referring to Earth so you can remove [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 20:12, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, I see, since Charu cha pasi can refer to other contexts, shouldn't the page be named "Charu cha pasi (Tera)", Charu cha pasi as the name of Earth, and (Tera) as the disambiguation? [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 20:14, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] That's true. Please do that, or I can [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 05:54, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::::Done ✔️, thanks for helping me with this! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 06:31, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-08 06:12:03. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Muli makola akulu? '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka Wikipedia to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Yewo chomene, [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:21, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:36, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] alright will do so [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 17:38, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) k6sjoeq84txdzdfjstki3mhungt60yf 117721 117719 2026-07-21T17:40:51Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ Zgolo 117721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Anthonymunthali44/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} == Article on Earth == Hello, I’m messaging you today to ask if [[Tera (Charu cha pasi)]] should be changed into [[Tera]], with [[Charu cha pasi]] being a redirect to the page, instead of it having both in the name. Thanks! [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px]] 19:53, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Hello. I adapted Tera from from the Latin Word for earth since the native "Charu cha pasi" can be used in other contexts to just refer to the ground. But from context people can figure out that Tera is referring to Earth so you can remove [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 20:12, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::Oh, I see, since Charu cha pasi can refer to other contexts, shouldn't the page be named "Charu cha pasi (Tera)", Charu cha pasi as the name of Earth, and (Tera) as the disambiguation? [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 20:14, 22 Julayi 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] That's true. Please do that, or I can [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 05:54, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) ::::Done ✔️, thanks for helping me with this! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 06:31, 23 Julayi 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-08 06:12:03. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 1 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Muli makola akulu? '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka Wikipedia to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Yewo chomene, [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:21, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:36, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] alright will do so [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 17:38, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::taonga akulu wane [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:40, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) irhrdaz3r5n61q9tn4g9ldw62ttxxw2 0 6966 117712 27023 2026-07-21T14:30:31Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 117712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chalo2 |chalo = Cape Verde |bendera = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |chidindo = |mapu (mndozgi) = Cape Verde (orthographic projection).svg }} '''Cape Verde''' ntchalo icho china malo ghanandi agho ngakuzingilizgika na maji pa chigawa cha pakati cha nyanja ya Atlantic Ocean,icho china malo ghakukwana 10 agho ghakapangika na Vibala va Nthyukumila za chalo (volcano) . {{Afrika}} [[Category:Afrika]] pc00ljax9yizef3aawo7hxp3wnyq7mb 0 7044 117733 117692 2026-07-22T02:51:35Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117733 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|thumb|Wikipediya]] '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == [[Category:Wikipediya]] t5igpien317xus0v1tzl5svb1y7s0v0 117734 117733 2026-07-22T02:52:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Viyowoyero vinyake */ 117734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|thumb|Wikipediya]] '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Mabuku gha viyowoyero== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == [[Category:Wikipediya]] o0x2ntwx4vke7jp4y39t96qyqiufdbf 117735 117734 2026-07-22T02:52:40Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/117734|117734]] by [[Special:Contributions/Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|talk]]) 117735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|thumb|Wikipediya]] '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa internet iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2016.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == [[Category:Wikipediya]] t5igpien317xus0v1tzl5svb1y7s0v0 0 7254 117696 112079 2026-07-21T00:32:09Z ~2026-40678-37 11897 117696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|U.S. state}} {{about|the U.S. state}} {{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = State of Arkansas | name = Arkansas | image_flag = Flag of Arkansas.svg | flag_link = Flag of Arkansas | image_seal = Seal of Arkansas.svg | seal_link = Great Seal of Arkansas | image_map = Arkansas in United States.svg | nicknames = The Natural State (current){{break}}Land of Opportunity (former) | motto = ''[[Regnat populus]]'' ([[Latin]]: The People Rule) | anthem = "[[Arkansas (song)|Arkansas]]", "[[Arkansas (You Run Deep in Me)]]", "[[Oh, Arkansas]]", and "[[The Arkansas Traveler (song)|The Arkansas Traveler]]" | Former = Arkansas Territory | seat = [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] | OfficialLang = [[English language|English]]{<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/2020/title-1/chapter-4/section-1-4-117/ |title= 2020 Arkansas Code Title 1 - General Provisions Chapter 4 - State Symbols, Motto, Etc. § 1-4-117. Official language |website=[[Justia|Justia US Law]] |access-date=27 April 2023}}</ref> | population_demonym = [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Arkansan{{break}}Arkansawyer{{break}}Arkanite]]<ref>Blevins 2009, p. 2.</ref> | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Central Arkansas]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Leslie Rutledge]] (R)}} | Legislature = [[Arkansas General Assembly]] | Upperhouse = [[Arkansas Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Arkansas House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Arkansas Supreme Court]] | Senators = {{nowrap|[[John Boozman]] (R)}}{{break}}{{nowrap|[[Tom Cotton]] (R)}} | Representative = 4 Republicans | postal_code = AR | TradAbbreviation = Ark. | area_rank = 29th | area_total_km2 = 137,732 | area_total_sq_mi = 53,179 | area_land_km2 = 134,771 | area_land_sq_mi = 52,035 | area_water_km2 = 2,961 | area_water_sq_mi = 1,143 | area_water_percent = 2.15 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_rank = 34th | 2010Pop = 3,013,756<ref name="Bureau 2021">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=US Census | title=2020 Census Apportionment Results | website=The United States Census Bureau | date=2021-04-26 | url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2020/dec/2020-apportionment-data.html | access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref> | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|49475|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AR/INC110220|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|48th]] | population_density_rank = 34th | 2000Density = 21.8 | 2000DensityUS = 56.4 | AdmittanceOrder = 25th | AdmittanceDate = June 15, 1836 | timezone1 = [[Central Time Zone (North America)|Central]] | utc_offset1 = −06:00 | timezone1_DST = CDT | utc_offset1_DST = −05:00 | Latitude = 33° 00′ N to 36° 30′ N | Longitude = 89° 39′ W to 94° 37′ W | width_km = 435 | width_mi = 270 | length_km = 386 | length_mi = 240 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Magazine]]<ref>{{cite ngs|id=FG1888|designation=Mag|access-date = October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88 group = "lower-alpha">Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>{{refn|The Geographic Names Index System (GNIS) of the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) indicates that the official name of this feature is Magazine Mountain, not "Mount Magazine". Although not a hard and fast rule, generally "Mount X" is used for a peak and "X Mountain" is more frequently used for ridges, which better describes this feature. Magazine Mountain appears in the GNIS as a ridge,<ref>{{cite web |url= {{GNIS 3|67051}} |title= Magazine Mountain |website= [[Geographic Names Information System]] | publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] | access-date= January 2, 2013}}</ref> with Signal Hill identified as its summit.<ref name="sh">{{cite web |url= {{GNIS 3|73578}} |title = Signal Hill | website= Geographic Names Information System | publisher= United States Geological Survey | access-date = January 2, 2013 }}</ref> "[[Mount Magazine]]" is the name used by the [[Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism]], which follows what the locals have used since the area was first settled.|group= "lower-alpha"}} | elevation_max_m = 839 | elevation_max_ft = 2,753 | elevation_m = 200 | elevation_ft = 650 | elevation_min_point = [[Ouachita River]] at {{nobreak |[[Louisiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS /><ref name=NAVD88 group="lower-alpha" /> | elevation_min_m = 17 | elevation_min_ft = 55 | iso_code = US-AR | website = www.arkansas.gov | Capital = | Representatives = }} {{Infobox region symbols|country=United States |state = Arkansas |image_flag = Flag of Arkansas.svg |image_seal = Seal of Arkansas.svg |bird = [[Northern mockingbird|Mockingbird]] |butterfly = [[Diana fritillary]] |flower = [[Apple]] blossom |insect = [[Western honeybee]] |mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] |tree = [[Pinus taeda|Pine tree]] |beverage = [[Milk]] |dance = [[Square dance]] |food = [[Pecan]] |gemstone = [[Diamond]] |mineral = [[Quartz]] |rock = [[Bauxite]] |soil = [[Stuttgart (soil)|Stuttgart]] |vegetable = [[Tomato|South Arkansas vine ripe pink tomato]] |image_route = Arkansas_1.svg |image_quarter = 2003 AR Proof.png |quarter_release_date = 2003 }} '''Arkansas''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|ən|s|ɔː|audio=En-us-Arkansas3.ogg}} {{Respell|AR|kən|saw}}<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/>) ni boma ilo lili na mphepete mwa nyanja yayi ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha pakati na kumwera kwa United States.<ref>Jones, Daniel (1997) ''English Pronouncing Dictionary'', 15th ed. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45272-4}}.</ref><ref name="wsc">{{cite web|title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |publisher=Geography Division, United States Census Bureau |access-date=June 23, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120131930/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2013 }}</ref> Ku mpoto kuli [[Missouri]], kumafumiro gha dazi kuli [[Tennessee]] na [[Mississippi]], kumwera kuli Louisiana, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Texas na Oklahoma. Zina lake likufuma ku ciyowoyero ca Osage, ciyowoyero ca Dhegiha Siouan, ndipo likuyowoya za ŵabali ŵawo, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Lyon | first= Owen | title= The Trail of the Quapaw |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly | volume= 9 |date=Autumn 1950 | issue= 3 | pages= 206–7| doi= 10.2307/40017228 | jstor= 40017228 }}</ref> Malo ghakupambanapambana gha mu chigaŵa ichi ghakukwana ku mapiri gha Ozark na Ouachita, agho ghakupanga U.S. Ku mapiri gha ku America, ku malo gha nkhorongo gha ku Arkansas, ku mapiri gha ku Mississippi na Arkansas. Arkansas ni boma la 29 pa vigaŵa vikuru na la 34 pa vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ŵalipo ŵakujumpha 3 miliyoni.<ref name="Bureau 2021" /> Msumba ukuru na uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ni Little Rock, uwo uli pakati pa boma ili. Msumba uwu ndiwo ukwendeska vinthu vinandi, ni malo gha malonda, gha mitheto, na gha boma. Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kuphatikizapo Fayetteville  -  Springdale - Rogers Metropolitan Area ndi Fort Smith metropolitan area, ndi chigawo cha anthu, maphunziro, ndi chuma. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici ni Jonesboro. Msumba ukuru comene uwo uli kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili ni Pine Bluff. Charu cha Arkansas, icho kale chikaŵa chigaŵa cha French Louisiana, chikazomerezgeka kuŵa chigaŵa cha United States pa Juni 15, 1836.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Cash |first= Marie |title= Arkansas Achieves Statehood |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 2 | date= December 1943 |issue= 4 |pages= 292–308 |doi= 10.2307/40018776 |jstor= 40018776 }}</ref> Mu Delta, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima thonje, ndipo awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakagwiranga nchito za ŵazga ŵa ku America. Mu 1861, boma la Arkansas likafumako ku United States ndipo likamba kuwungana na Confederate States of America mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose. Ŵakati ŵawelera ku United States mu 1868, boma la Arkansas likalutilira kusuzgika pa nkhani ya ndalama chifukwa cha kugomezga chomene ulimi wa minda yikuruyikuru. Cotton ndiyo yikaŵa cakurya cikuru comene, ndipo msika wa cotton ukakhira. Pakuti ŵalimi na ŵamalonda ŵakaŵavya vinthu vinandi, ndipo mafakitale ghakaŵavya ndalama zinandi, boma likaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma likapeleka malango ghanyake agho ghakaŵa nga ni la Jim Crow kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kupika wanangwa wa kusankha. Ŵazungu ndiwo ŵakendeskanga ndyali mu boma la Arkansas, ndipo ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵakaŵavya wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ya m'ma 1950 na 1960, ku Arkansas na ku Little Rock kukaŵa nkhondo yikuru iyo yikacitikanga kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu ŵakolerane. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yamara, mu 1940, boma la Arkansas likamba kuŵa na vinthu vinandi ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, boma ili ndilo likaŵa likuru la kampani ya Walmart, iyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Arkansas chikuthemba pa ntchito za pa msewu, ndege, viyuni, visulo, na vyakurya vya ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakusangika mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale, mu malo ghakuwoneskeramo mafilimu, mu mabuku, pa TV, mu malo ghakurya, na mu malo ghanyake ghakuwoneskeramo maseŵero. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ku chigaŵa ichi ni William Fulbright, uyo wakaŵa wandale kweniso wakwimira masambiro gha ŵanthu; Bill Clinton, uyo wakaŵaso kazembe wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas; Wesley Clark, uyo wakaŵaso mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa NATO; Sam Walton, uyo wakambiska Walmart; Johnny Cash, Charlie Rich, Jimmy Driftwood, na Glen Campbell; Billy Bob Thornton, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu; C. D. Wright; William L. McMillan, uyo wakambiska kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na vinthu ivyo vikwenda makora comene; Maya Angelou, uyo wali kupika nkhombo ya Nobel; Douglas MacArthur; Al Green, uyo wakwimba; Alan Ladd, uyo wakwimba; Scottie Pippen, uyo wakuseŵera basketball; Ne-Yo, uyo wakwimba; Chelsea Clinton; Sheryl Underwood, uyo wakwimba; na John Grisham, uyo wakulemba mabuku.<ref>{{cite news |last= Parker |first= Suzy |title= Arkansas's hillbilly image persists into 21st century |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hillbilly-arkansas-idUSTRE78O2UT20110925 |location= Little Rock, AR |date= September 25, 2011 |work = Reuters }}</ref> ==Zina== {{Listen | filename = En-us-Arkansas.ogg | title = Kuyowoyeka kwa Arkansas | description = | pos = left }} Zina lakuti Arkansas pakwamba likayowoyanga vya Mlonga wa Arkansas. Lizgu ili likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu la Cifurenci lakuti, Arkansas, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵanandi ilo likung'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu lakuti akansa, ilo ni lizgu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Algonquian la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Quapaw. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Dhegiha Siouan ndipo ŵakakhala mu Arkansas ca m'ma 1200. Zina lakuti Kansa likwenera kuti likufuma ku zina la msumba wa Kansas, uwo ukathya zina la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaw.<ref name="bright">{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&q=Akancea%2C%20Acansea%2C%20Acansa%20(Dickinson%2C%201995)&pg=PA47 |title=Native American Placenames of the United States |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-806135984 |location=Norman |page=47}}</ref> Zina ili likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana.<ref name="Arkansas" group = "lower-alpha"/> Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likati mazgu gha mu malo agha ghakwenera kuŵa na "s" yayi (nga umo vikuŵira mu Cifurenci). Pakaŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵaŵiri ŵa mu wupu wa ŵalara ŵa boma pa nkhani ya umo mazgu ghakwenera kuyowoyekera. Ŵanyake ŵakumutemwa {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ən|s|ɔː}} ({{respell|AR|kən|saw}}), ndipo ŵanji {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}} ({{respell|ar|KAN|zəs}}).{{Refn | name="Arkansas" | group = "lower-alpha" | The region was organized as the [[Territory of Arkansaw]] on July 4, 1819, but the territory was admitted to the United States as the state of Arkansas on June 15, 1836. The name was historically pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑr|k|ən|s|ɔː}}, {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}}, and several other variants. The residents of Arkansas have called themselves either "Arkansans" or "Arkansawyers". In 1881, the [[Arkansas General Assembly]] passed the following concurrent resolution, now Arkansas Code{{nbs}}1 April{{nbs}}105:<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/ArkansasCode/0/1-4-105.htm |format=official text |title=Code |place=AR, [[United States|US]] |publisher=Assembly |issue=1‐4‐105 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924223556/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/ArkansasCode/0/1-4-105.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2011 }}</ref> {{Blockquote |Whereas, confusion of practice has arisen in the pronunciation of the name of our state and it is deemed important that the true pronunciation should be determined for use in oral official proceedings. And, whereas, the matter has been thoroughly investigated by the State Historical Society and the Eclectic Society of Little Rock, which have agreed upon the correct pronunciation as derived from history, and the early usage of the American immigrants. Be it therefore resolved by both houses of the General Assembly, that the only true pronunciation of the name of the state, in the opinion of this body, is that received by the French from the native Indians and committed to writing in the French word representing the sound. It should be pronounced in three (3) syllables, with the final "s" silent, the "a" in each syllable with the Italian sound, and the accent on the first and last syllables. The pronunciation with the accent on the second syllable with the sound of "a" in "man" and the sounding of the terminal "s" is discouraged by Arkansans.}} Despite this, the state's name is still frequently mispronounced, especially by non-Americans; in fact, it is spelled in [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] with the {{respell|ar|KAN|zəs}} pronunciation. Citizens of the [[state of Kansas]] often pronounce the [[Arkansas River]] as {{IPAc-en|ɑr|ˈ|k|æ|n|z|ə|s}}, in a manner similar to the common pronunciation of the name of their state.}} Mu 2007, wupu wa malango wa boma ukadumura fundo yambura kuzomerezgeka iyo yikayowoya kuti zina la boma ni Arkansas, ndipo boma la boma ili likulondezga fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004291.html|title=Language Log: Arkansas apostrophism|website=Itre.cis.upenn.edu|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Arkansas}} ===Early history=== [[File:Chromesun toltec mounds photo01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Platform mound]]s were constructed frequently during the [[Woodland Period|Woodland]] and [[Mississippian culture|Mississippian periods]].]] Pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kukhala ku North America, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Caddo, Osage, na Quapaw ŵakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakamba kupenja malo. Munthu wakwamba kufika ku Europe wakaŵa Hernando de Soto wa ku Spain mu 1541, ndipo wakambuka Mlonga wa Mississippi na kwambuka Arkansas na mapiri gha Ozark. Wakati wasanga kuti palije cinthu cilicose cakuzirwa ndipo wakakumana na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, iyo na ŵanalume ŵake ŵakawelera ku Mlonga wa Mississippi uko De Soto wakalwara. Apo wakaŵa pafupi kufwa, wakalangura ŵanalume ŵake kuti ŵakome ŵanalume wose ŵa mu muzi wapafupi wa Anilco, awo wakawopanga kuti ŵakakolerananga na gulu linyake lankhongono ku Quigualtam. Ŵanalume ŵake ŵakapulikira ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanalume pera yayi, kweni ŵakakomaso ŵanakazi na ŵana wuwo. Wakafwira pafupi na McArthur, Arkansas, mu Meyi 1542. Thupi lake likathika na mchenga ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵakamuŵika mu dindi la maji mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. De Soto wakayezga kupusika ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaghanaghanenge kuti iyo ni ciuta wambura kufwa, zuŵa la dazi, mwakuti ŵaleke kutimbanizgika na Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America awo ŵakakwiya na ŵasilikari ŵake awo pa nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa kuti ŵamba kufota. Kuti ŵalutilire kucita cinthu ici, ŵanalume ŵake ŵakaphalira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici kuti De Soto wakwera kucanya. Wati wafwa, wakalemba mu chikalata chake kuti "ŵapika ŵanayi ŵa ku India, mahachi ghatatu, na nkhumba 700" ŵaguliskike. Ŵanalume aŵa ŵakamba kukoma nkhumba, ndipo pamasinda, ŵakayezga kuwelera ku Mexico. Ŵakafika ku Texas pambere ŵandafike mu cigaŵa ico kukaŵa kwakomira comene kuti munthu wangalimamo tirigu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga ŵacoko comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kusanga cakurya mwa kwiba ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵakawelera ku Arkansas mwaluŵiro. Ŵakati ŵapanga maboti ghacoko waka, ŵakakhilira ku Mississippi ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta ku Mexico.<ref name="HUDSONKNIGHTS">{{cite book| author-link =Charles M. Hudson (author) |last= Hudson| first=Charles M.|title= Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun| url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820318882 | url-access =registration | year=1997|publisher= [[University of Georgia Press]] |pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780820318882/page/341 341–351] |isbn= 9780820318882}}</ref><ref>Davidson, James West. ''After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection'' Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 2,3</ref> Mu 1673, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Jacques Marquette na Louis Jolliet, ŵakaluta ku malo agha, ndipo mu 1681, ŵanthu ŵa ku France, Robert La Salle na Henri de Tonti, nawo ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Mu 1686, Tonti wakambiska malo ghakucemeka Arkansas Post mu muzi wa Quapaw, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wakwamba wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku France ndiwo ŵakamba kupenja malo agha, ndipo ŵakacipa zina ili. Zina ili likwenera kuti likafuma ku zina la fuko la Quapaw, ilo likakhalanga musi mwa mlonga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800 |title=Linguist list 14.4 |publisher=Listserv.linguistlist.org |date=February 11, 2003 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208035440/http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0302b&L=ads-l&P=7800 |archive-date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Arkansas" group="lower-alpha" /> Zina lakuti Arkansas likuzunulika na kulembeka mu nthowa zakupambanapambana. Chigaŵa ichi chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansaw pa Julayi 4, 1819, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, chikapangika kuŵa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Zina ili kale likaŵa /ˈɑːrkənsɔː/, /ɑːrˈkænzəs/, na ghanyake ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakujichema kuti "Arkansans" panji "Arkansawyers". Mu 1881, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Arkansas yikapeleka dango la Arkansas Code 1-4-105 (lemba lakuzomerezgeka): <blockquote>Pakuti pali kukhuŵara pa umo zina la boma lithu likuyowoyekera, ntchakukhumbikwa kumanya umo zina ili likuyowoyekera nadi para tikuyowoya na ŵalara ŵa boma.</blockquote> <blockquote>Ndipo nkhani iyi yasanda makora comene na wupu wa State Historical Society na wa Eclectic Society of Little Rock, ndipo wose ŵakukolerana kuti zina ili likwenera kuzunulika makora.</blockquote> <blockquote>Ntheura nyumba zose ziŵiri za wupu wa malango zikwenera kusankhirathu kuti zina la boma ili, ilo likuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku France, ndilo likazunulikanga makora na ŵanthu ŵa ku India, ndipo likalembeka mu mazgu gha Chifurenchi agho ghakwimira lizgu ili. Lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika mu vilembo vitatu, ndipo paumaliro wa vilembo ivi, "s" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika, ndipo pa vilembo vyose viŵiri, "a" waleke kuzunulika. Kuyowoya mazgu mwakudumura pa lizgu laciŵiri na lizgu la "a" mu "man" na lizgu laumaliro la "s" ni cinthu ciphya ico tikwenera kucikanizga.</blockquote> Ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa cha Kansas kanandi ŵakuzunura mlonga wa Arkansas kuti /ɑːrˈkænzəs ˈrɪvər/, mu nthowa yakuyana waka na umo zina la chigaŵa chawo likuyowoyekera. Ŵanthu awo ŵakambanga kukhalamo, nga ni awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupenja vikumba, ŵakasamira ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ofesi ya Arkansas Post nga ni malo ghakusungiramo katundu. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakoloni, caru ca Arkansas cikaŵa mu mawoko gha France na Spain pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Vyaka 7, nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakakhumbanga kuti malo agha ghaŵe gha Ŵakoloni. Mu Epulero 1783, ku Arkansas kukacitika nkhondo yimoza pera mu Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira ku America, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain, Captain James Colbert na ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Choctaw na Chickasaw, ŵakazingilizga malo agha kwa kanyengo.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Din |first= Gilbert C. |title= Arkansas Post in the American Revolution |journal= The Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Spring 1981 |volume= 40 |issue= 1 |pages= 17–28 |doi= 10.2307/40023280 |jstor= 40023280 }}</ref> ===Purchase and statehood=== {{Main|Louisiana Purchase|District of Louisiana|Louisiana Territory|Missouri Territory|Organic act#List of organic acts|Arkansas Territory}} [[File:Arkansasterritory.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Arkansas Territory]]]] Mu 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte wakaguliska Louisiana ku United States, pamoza na chigaŵa chose cha Arkansas. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakhalanga ku Arkansas Post. Ŵakati ŵagura malo agha, vinthu vikamba kusintha pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵa ku Arkansas. Ŵakapangana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵepo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pa Julayi 4, 1819 ŵakaŵika boma la Arkansas. Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakakana kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga, ndipo mulara wa nyumba ya malango, Henry Clay, wakazomerezga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵe ŵazga. Mu Arkansas, nkhani ya wuzga yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene, ndipo yikaŵa yakusuzga kwa vyaka vinandi. Awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima vipasi ku Arkansas ŵakakhozgeranga comene wuzga, cifukwa ŵakawonanga kuti nchito ya muzga ndiyo yikaŵa yiwemi panji "yekha" yakovwira pa mulimo wa kuvuna. "Chipiri" cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas chikaŵavya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga waka ntchito zaulimi.<ref>Scroggs 1961, pp. 231–232.</ref> Apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vyose vya East Coast na Midwest, mu ma 1830, boma la United States likamba kufumiska mafuko ghanandi gha ku America na kughatolera ku Arkansas na Indian Territory kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Mississippi. Ŵakaŵafumiskaso mu 1833 apo ŵakaŵachimbizganga mu chigaŵa icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵachiindiya. Mu 1821, msumba ukuru ukasamuka ku Arkansas Post na kuluta ku Little Rock.<ref>{{cite journal |title= Territorial Governors of Arkansas |last= Eno |first= Clara B. |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Winter 1945 |volume= 4 |issue= 4 |page= 278 |doi= 10.2307/40018362 |jstor= 40018362 }}</ref>{{See also|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}} Apo boma la Arkansas likapempha kuti liŵe laciŵiri ku United States, nkhani ya wuzga yikayambikaso ku Washington, D.C. Paumaliro, pamanyuma pa maora 25, khoti likakolerana na dango la Arkansas, ndipo pa Juni 15, 1836, likapokelera Arkansas kuŵa boma la nambara 25 kweniso la nambara 13. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na suzgo la misonkho, ndipo suzgo ili likalutilira chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, kweniso chifukwa cha suzgo la vyachuma ilo likaŵako mu 1837.<ref>Scroggs 1961, p. 243.</ref> ===Civil War and Reconstruction=== {{Main|Ordinance of Secession|Confederate States of America|Arkansas in the American Civil War}} [[File:Lakeport Plantation, Lake Village, Chicot County, Arkansas.jpg|thumb|[[Lakeport Plantation]], built {{circa|1859}}]] Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga kuti ŵasange ndalama. Pa zuŵa lakwamba la nkhondo ya cikaya ya ku America mu 1860, ŵazga ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa 111,115, ndipo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 25 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Nkhondo yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbikira chomene kulima thonje, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti boma na chigaŵa ichi vileke kuŵa pa mtende na charu vyaka vinandi. Usambazi uwo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasanganga ukacitiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pa ndyali pakati pa Northwest na Southeast. Ŵandyali ŵanandi ŵakasankhika kufuma mu gulu la Family, ilo likaŵa gulu lakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku South ku Arkansas pambere nkhondo yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kucitika. Apo vyaru vya ku Gulf vikafumako ku United States mu 1861, ŵimiliri ŵa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Arkansas ŵakadumbiskana usange Arkansas nayo yikwenera kufumako ku United States.<ref name="bol">Bolton 1999, p. 22.</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas ŵakafumapo yayi mu boma ili m'paka apo Abraham Lincoln wakapempha kuti ŵatumizge ŵasilikari ku Fort Sumter kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Pa Meyi 6, ŵimiliri ŵa boma la Arkansas, ŵakati ŵakumbuskika na mulongozgi wa boma ili, ŵakavota kuti boma la Arkansas lileke kuŵa mu wupu wa United States na kunjira mu wupu wa Confederate States of America.<ref name="bol" />[[File:Cannons from Battle of Pea Ridge, 2016.jpg|thumb|Cannons at [[Battle of Pea Ridge]] site]] Boma la Arkansas likaŵa lakuzirwa comene ku ŵakugaluka, cifukwa likaŵa na mazaza pa Mlonga wa Mississippi na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera. Nkhondo ya ku Wilson's Creek iyo yikachitikira ku Missouri, yikawofya ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo iyi yizamovwira kuti Ŵamwera ŵathereske luŵiro. Nkhondo izo zikachitika ku Arkansas, zikusazgapo Nkhondo ya Cane Hill, Nkhondo ya Pea Ridge, na Nkhondo ya Prairie Grove. Mu 1862, Samuel Curtis, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union, wakambukira ku Helena mu Delta. Chaka chakulondezgapo, msumba wa Little Rock ukapokeka. Boma likawuskako likuru la Confederate ku Hot Springs, ndipo kufuma apo likaweleraso ku Washington kufuma mu 1863 kufika mu 1865, mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mu cigaŵa cose ici, nkhondo za ŵasilikari zikayuzga mizi na kuparanya misumba. Ŵakapulikiranga yayi ivyo ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate ŵakayowoyanga. Kuyana na dango la Reconstruction Act, Congress yikayowoya kuti boma la Arkansas laweleraso ku United States mu Juni 1868, pamanyuma pakuti boma la Arkansas lazomera ivyo vyayowoyeka mu dango la 14 la mu United States. Wupu wakulongozga wa Republican ukakhazikiska mazaza gha ŵanalume (nangauli nyengo yeneyiyo ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Confederate awo wose ŵakaŵa ŵa Democrats), sukulu ya ŵanthu wose ya ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵazungu, na kukhazikiska malango ghakovwira kuti boma liŵe na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Boma ili likamba kulongozgeka na ŵa Radical Republicans na ŵa Unionists, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Kazembe Powell Clayton, ndipo ŵakalongozga nyengo iyo vinthu vikasuzga chomene chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Confederate na ŵa Ku Klux Klan ŵakalimbana na vinthu viphya, chomenechomene vya kuvota kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. ===End of Reconstruction and late 19th century=== Mu 1874, Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter, iyo yikaŵa pakati pa magulu gha chipani cha Republican, yikasunkhunya Little Rock na boma. Kweni nkhani iyi yikamara apo Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakalangura Joseph Brooks kuti waparanyenge ŵalwani ŵake. Nkhondo ya Brooks-Baxter yikati yamara, boma liphya likazomerezga dango la boma, ndipo likapeleka wanangwa ku awo ŵakaŵa ku Confederate, na kumazga Reconstruction. Mu 1881, boma la Arkansas likapeleka dango lakuti zina la boma ili lipharazgike mwakupambana na umo likayowoyekeranga. (Wonani Law and Government pasi apa.) Pamanyuma pa nyengo ya Reconstruction, boma ili likamba kupokelera ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku United States. Ŵanalume ŵa ku China, Italy, na ku Syria ŵakagwiranga nchito za mu minda mu cigaŵa ca Delta. Palije yumoza wa ŵanthu aŵa uyo wakakhala nyengo yitali ku munda; comene-comene Ŵacitchayina, cifukwa ŵakazgoka ŵamalonda ŵacoko mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Delta. Ŵacina ŵanandi ŵakamba kucita malonda mu matawuni ghacoko, mwakuti ŵana ŵawo ŵakasambira ku koleji.<ref>William D. Baker, ''[http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Minority_Settlement.pdf Minority Settlement in the Mississippi River Counties of the Arkansas Delta, 1870–1930] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527190216/http://www.arkansaspreservation.org/pdf/publications/Minority_Settlement.pdf |date=May 27, 2008 }}'', Arkansas Preservation Commission. Retrieved May 14, 2008</ref> Kuzengeka kwa njanji kukawovwira kuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵafike pa msika. Vinthu vikasintha mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma ili, nga ni Ozarks, uko ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kukhala mu malo ghakupumulirako. Mwaciyelezgero, mu vilimika vicoko waka kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m'ma 1800, msumba wa Eureka Springs, ku Carroll County, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 10,000. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵa mahotelo ghaphya na malo ghakupumulirapo agho ghakazengeka kuzingilizga visimi vya maji, ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni vyakovwira pa umoyo. Mu tawuni iyi mukaŵanga maseŵero gha kucimbira pa mahaci na vyakusanguluska vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakakolerananga nayo comene, ndipo ŵakamba kutemweka comene nga ni umo ŵakutemwera maji ghakuzizima. ===Rise of the Jim Crow laws and early 20th century=== {{See also|Elaine massacre}} [[File:Colored boys playing on top of Coca Cola stand. Little Rock, Arkansas.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A group of [[African American]] boys in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] in 1938.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1880, suzgo ya vyaulimi yikakura chomene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵambe kukolerana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890, Ŵademocratic ku Arkansas ŵakalondezga ivyo vyaru vinyake vya kumwera vikacita, ŵakazomerezga malango agho ghakakanizganga ŵanthu ŵafipa na ŵakavu kuŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1891 ŵaboma ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe mayeso gha kuŵazga na kulemba, cifukwa ŵakamanyanga kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵaleke kuŵazgika. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 peresenti mu caru ici ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba. Mu 1892, ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti ŵaŵike msonkho pa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa icho, ndipo ivi vikakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵakavu na ŵalimi ŵacitima, ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵafipa na ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵakavu mu mavoti. Kuzakafika mu 1900, chipani cha Democratic Party chikamba kugwiliskira nchito mazina gha ŵanthu ŵacisungu pa mavoti gha mu vigaŵa na gha mu vigaŵa, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵaleke kunjira mu ndyali. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira pera ndipo pakaŵa mpikisano pakati pa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupika maudindo, chifukwa awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghose ŵakaŵa ŵa chipani cha Democratic. Boma ili likaŵa la chipani chimoza cha Democratic kwa vyaka vinandi, mpaka apo ŵakazomerezga dango la Civil Rights Act la mu 1964 na Voting Rights Act la mu 1965 kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵeso na wanangwa wakuvota.<ref>[http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=800&issue_id=36&page=3 "White Primary" System Bars Blacks from Politics—1900, ''The Arkansas News'', Old State House, Spring 1987, p.3. Retrieved March 22, 2008.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115152140/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=800&issue_id=36&page=3 |date=January 15, 2009 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1905 na 1911, ku Arkansas kukamba kwiza ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Germany, Slovakia, na Scots-Irish kufuma ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Germany na ku Slovakia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany ŵakaŵa ŵa Lutere ndipo ŵa ku Slovakia ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Ireland ŵakaŵa ŵaprotesitanti ŵa ku Ulster, Scots, na Northern Borders. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafuma ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakapangiska kuti mu Delta muŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake. Mu vyaka ivi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakasamira mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa chakuti kukaŵa malo ghawemi ghakukanilira vyakurya na katundu wawo. Ŵakulima ŵafipa ŵakamba kuyezga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Ŵakapemphanga ŵabwana ŵacaru ŵa ku malo agha kuti ŵaŵapenge ndalama zinandi. Ŵazungu ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti vinthu visinthe ndipo kanandi ŵakayezganga kutimbanizga maungano ghawo. Pa Seputembala 30, 1919, ŵazungu ŵaŵiri, kusazgapo nduna yinyake, ŵakakhumba kutimbanizga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵafipa awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga wupu wa ŵalimi. Pamanyuma pakuti mulara wa ŵasilikari wazungu wakomeka pa ungano uwu, nkhani iyi yikathandazgika mu tawuni yose. Ŵazungu ŵanandi ŵa ku Phillips na vigaŵa vyapafupi ŵakacimbira kuti ŵakome ŵazungu, ndipo ŵakamba kuŵawukira. Kazembe Charles Hillman Brough wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa boma kuti ŵalekeske ivyo ŵakacemanga kuti kukomeka kwa Elaine. Ŵazungu ŵakambukira mu chigaŵa chose, ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵafipa pafupifupi 237 pambere nkhaza zikamara pa Okutobala 1.<ref name="encyclopediaofarkansas.net">[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1102 Elaine Massacre, Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture]; accessed April 3, 2008.</ref> Ŵazungu ŵankhondi nawo ŵakakomeka. Kazembe uyu wakaluta na ŵasilikari aŵa ku malo agha, ndipo Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson wakazomerezga kuti ŵagwirenge nchito ŵasilikari aŵa.[[File:Arkansas State Planning Board Areas Inundated by Flood in 1927.jpg|thumb|Map of the flood of 1927 in Arkansas]] Cigumula cikuru ico cikacitika mu 1927, cikazuzga malo agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Ouachita na milonga yinyake yinandi. Pakulondezga dango la Pulezidenti Franklin D. Pamasinda pakuti boma la Japan laŵawukira ku Pearl Harbor, ŵanthu pafupifupi 16,000 ŵa ku Japan ŵakafumiskika ku West Coast na kuŵikika mu misasa yiŵiri ku Arkansas Delta. Msasa wa Rohwer uwo ukaŵa mu Desha County, ukaŵako kwambira mu Seputembala 1942 m'paka mu Novembala 1945. Mu msasa uwu mukaŵa ŵakayidi pafupifupi 8,475. Ku malo agha kukaŵanga ŵanthu pafupifupi 8,000.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web |title=Japanese American Relocation Camps—Encyclopedia of Arkansas |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2273 |website=encyclopediaofarkansas.net}}</ref> ===Fall of segregation=== Khoti Likuru Chomene likati kusankhana mitundu mu masukulu gha boma nkhuswa dango. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954), ŵasambiri ŵanyake ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kukolerana mu masukulu gha mu boma ili. Mu 1957, boma la Arkansas likamanyikwa chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Little Rock chifukwa boma likaŵavikilira ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa mtundu wa African-American awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasambirenge ku sukulu ya sekondare ya mu msumba uwu. Kazembe Orval Faubus wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Arkansas kuti ŵawovwire ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kupatura ŵanthu ŵa mtundu unyake kuti ŵaleke kuzomerezga ŵana ŵasukulu 9 ŵa mtundu wa African-American kuti ŵanjire sukulu ku Little Rock. Wakati wayezgapo maulendo ghatatu kuti wayowoye na Faubus, Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower wakatuma ŵasilikari 1,000 kufuma ku 101st Airborne Division kuti ŵavikilire ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa apo ŵakalutanga ku sukulu pa Seputembala 25, 1957. Pakukana kupulikira ivyo khoti likadumura, kazembe na msumba wa Little Rock ŵakadumura kuti ŵasunge masukulu ghapachanya mu cilimika cose ici. Kuzakafika mu 1959, masukulu gha ku Little Rock ghakaŵa ghakukolerana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=723 |title=Little Rock Nine—Encyclopedia of Arkansas |access-date=August 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115012/http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=723 |archive-date=September 29, 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha malo== {{Main|Geography of Arkansas}} [[File:Boxley Valley 001.jpg|thumb|View from the [[Ozark Highlands Scenic Byway]] in [[Boxley Valley Historic District|Boxley Valley]]]] ===Boundaries=== Kumwera, Arkansas wakuthyana na Louisiana, kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na Texas, kumanjiliro gha dazi na Oklahoma, kumpoto na Missouri, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi na Tennessee na Mississippi. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikulongosora kuti Arkansas ni boma la kumwera kwa United States.<ref name="wsc" /> Mlonga wa Mississippi ndiwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako mu Clay na Greene, uko mlonga wa St. Francis River ndiyo ni mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Missouri Bootheel, ndipo mu malo ghanandi, mlonga wa Mississippi wazgoka (panji kuti wazgoka wakunyoloka na munthu) kufuma pa nthowa yake yakwamba ya mu 1836. ===Terrain=== [[File:Buffalo national river steel creek overlook.jpg|thumb|The [[Ozarks]] rise behind a bend in the [[Buffalo National River|Buffalo River]] from an overlook on the Buffalo River Trail.]] Kanandi Arkansas wakugaŵikana paŵiri, malo ghapachanya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi na malo ghapachanya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi. Malo agha ghali ku chigaŵa cha mapiri gha Ozarks na Ouachita Mountains. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli malo ghakucemeka Gulf Coastal Plain na Arkansas Delta. Kugaŵikana uku kungapangiska kuti malo ghagaŵikike kumpoto, kumwera, kumafumiro gha dazi, kumwera, na pakati pa Arkansas. Vigaŵa ivi ni vyakutali ndipo vikupambana na vigaŵa vinyake. Arkansas ili na vigaŵa 7 vyakupambana: Ozark Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas River Valley, Gulf Coastal Plain, Crowley's Ridge, na Arkansas Delta, ndipo Central Arkansas nyengo zinyake yikusazgapo vigaŵa vinandi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arkansas Regions |url=http://www.arkansasheritage.com/discover/natural_environments/regions.aspx |website=Discover Arkansas History |publisher=The Department of Arkansas Heritage |access-date=June 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614023536/http://www.arkansasheritage.com/discover/natural_environments/regions.aspx |archive-date=June 14, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:Arkansas Delta, Desha County, AR.jpg|thumb|The flat terrain and rich soils of the Arkansas Delta near [[Arkansas City, Arkansas|Arkansas City]] are in stark contrast to the northwestern part of the state.]] Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas icho chili kuyana na Dambo la Mississippi nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Arkansas Delta. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghakuthambalara ndipo ghakaŵanga na dongo liwemi chifukwa cha maji ghanandi agho ghakendanga mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Kufumira kutali na mlonga, ku cigaŵa ca kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ku Grand Prairie, kuli malo ghakutowa comene. Vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ni vyakurya vinandi. Mumphepete mwa Delta muli malo agho ghakumanyikwa kuti Crowley's Ridge. Mumphepete mwa mapiri, Crowley's Ridge wakwera mamita 76 mpaka 152 kufuma pa mapiri agho ghakazingilizga malo agha ndipo ghakukhala mu matawuni ghakuru gha ku Arkansas. Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas ni chigaŵa cha Ozark Plateau na Ozark Mountains, kumwera kuli Ouachita Mountains, ndipo vigaŵa ivi vikupambana na Mlonga wa Arkansas; vigaŵa vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas vikuchemeka Lowlands. Mapiri agha ghali ku U.S. Cigaŵa ca Interior Highlands, ico cili pakati pa Rocky Mountains na Appalachian Mountains. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu chigaŵa ichi ni mapiri gha Ouachita, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 839 kufuma pasi pa nyanja.<ref name="sh" />[[File:Cedar Falls Trail, Petit Jean State Park 010.jpg|thumb|Cedar Falls in [[Petit Jean State Park]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli mphanji zinandi, nga ni za Blanchard Springs Caverns. Wupu wa State Archeologist ukalemba malo ghakujumpha 43,000 agho Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America ŵakakhalanga, uko ŵakasoperanga, na kupanga viteŵetero. Crater of Diamonds State Park kufupi na Murfreesboro ni malo ghekha pa caru capasi agho ghali na dayamondi agho ŵanthu ŵangacimapo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.craterofdiamondsstatepark.com/history/ |title=Crater of Diamonds: History of diamonds, diamond mining in Arkansas |publisher=Craterofdiamondsstatepark.com |access-date=July 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821235457/http://www.craterofdiamondsstatepark.com/history/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/gemstones/united-states-diamond-production.shtml |title=US Diamond Mines—Diamond Mining in the United States |publisher=Geology.com |access-date=July 30, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724122236/http://geology.com/gemstones/united-states-diamond-production.shtml |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ku Arkansas kuli vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vili na malo ghakukwana mahekitala 158,444. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukasopa, kukasomba, kukendera mapiri, na kuzenga misasa. Mu vigaŵa ivi mulije magalimoto panji malo ghakukanizgika.<ref>{{cite book |title= Arkansas Atlas and Gazetteer |year= 2004 |publisher= DeLorme |page= 12 |location= Yarmouth, Maine }}</ref> ===Hydrology=== [[File:Buffalo National River.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Buffalo National River]] is one of many attractions that give the state its nickname, ''The Natural State'']] Ku Arkansas kuli milonga yinandi, nyanja, na madambo. Mlonga wa Arkansas, White, na wa St. Francis River. Mlonga wa Arkansas ukwenda mu Mlonga wa Mulberry na Fourche LaFave mu chigodobu cha Mlonga wa Arkansas, uko kuli Nyanja ya Dardanelle. Mlonga wa Buffalo, Little Red, Black na Cache ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa White, uwo nawo ukuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mlonga wa Bayou Bartholomew, Saline, Little Missouri, na Caddo ni milonga iyo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Ouachita kumwera kwa Arkansas, ndipo yikuthira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi ku Louisiana. Mlonga wa Red River ndiwo ukuyana na Texas. Ku Arkansas kuli nyanja zichoko waka na visimi vinandi: [[Bull Shoals Lake]], [[Lake Ouachita]], [[Greers Ferry Lake]], [[Millwood Lake]], [[Beaver Lake (Arkansas)|Beaver Lake]], [[Norfork Lake]], [[DeGray Lake]], na [[Lake Conway]].<ref>Smith 1989, p. 25.</ref> ===Flora and fauna=== [[File:White River, Arkansas.jpg|right|thumb|The [[White River (Arkansas)|White River]] in eastern Arkansas]] Nkhalango ya ku Arkansas yili na vigaŵa vitatu: Ozark, Ouachita-Appalachian Forests, Mississippi Alluvial and Southeast USA Coastal Plains, and the Southeastern USA Plains. Boma ili liri na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri: Arkansas Valley, Boston Mountains, Mississippi Alluvial Plain, Mississippi Valley Loess Plain, Ozark Highlands, Ouachita Mountains, na South Central Plains. Kafukufuku wa United States Forest Service mu 2010 wakalongora kuti malo ghakukwana mahekitala 7,580,000 gha ku Arkansas ni nkhorongo, panji 56% ya malo ghose gha boma ili. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu nkhorongo ya Arkansas ni Quercus (oak), Carya (hickory), Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine) na Pinus taeda (loblolly pine).<ref>{{cite journal |title= Proceedings of the Symposium on Arkansas Forests: A Conference on the Results of the Recent Forest Survey of Arkansas |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2793 |publisher= [[United States Forest Service]] |date= May 30–31, 1997 |page= 74 |doi=10.2737/SRS-GTR-41 |last1=Guldin |first1=James M. |last2=Technical Compiler |journal=Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-41. Asheville, Nc: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 125 P |volume=041 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= Dale |first1= Edward E. Jr. |last2= Ware |first2= Stewart |title= Distribution of Wetland Tree Species in Relation to a Flooding Gradient and Backwater versus Streamside Location in Arkansas, U.S.A |date= April–June 2004 |journal= Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society |volume= 131 |issue= 2 |pages= 177–186 |doi= 10.2307/4126919 |jstor= 4126919 }}</ref> Vyakumera vya ku Arkansas vikupambana kuyana na nyengo na malo agho vili. Mumphepete mwa phiri ili muli makuni ghanandi agho ghakufuma ku Arkansas m'paka ku Texas. Mu cigaŵa cose ici muli makampani ghakupanga mathabwa na mapepara. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, kuli Taxodium (cypress), Quercus nigra (water oaks), na hickories. Kufupi na malo agha kuli malo ghekha agho kuli makuni gha tulips. Malo gha ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi ghali na makuni gha oak na hickory, kweniso makuni gha Ozark white cedar, cornus, na Cercis canadensis. Ku malo ghapachanya gha mu Mlonga wa Arkansas, kuli mitundu yinandi ya viyuni vyamuthengere, nga ni Physematium scopulinum na Adiantum (maidenhair fern) pa Phiri la Magazine. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Arkansas vikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca viyuni vya white-tailed deer, elk, na bald eagle. Nyama ya White-tailed deer ndiyo ni nyama yakututuŵa ya boma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/animals-of-arkansas/ |title=Animals of Arkansas |date=May 2, 2022 |publisher=animalsaroundtheglobe.com |access-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715130017/https://www.animalsaroundtheglobe.com/animals-of-arkansas/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Climate=== {{see also|Climate of Arkansas}} {{further|Climate change in Arkansas}} [[File:SnowstormPics1-9-2011 (14).jpg|thumb|Winter at [[Historic Washington State Park]] in [[Hempstead County, Arkansas|Hempstead County]]]] Ku Arkansas nyengo njakuthukira comene. Nangauli ku Arkansas kulije mphaka na Gulf of Mexico, kweni uko kuli maji ghakutentha, ndiko kukupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi mu boma ili. Ku Arkansas, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa yakotcha kweniso ya chithukivu, ndipo nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima. Ku Little Rock, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 34 °C ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 23 °C mu mwezi wa Julayi. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo ya maji yikukwera kufika pa 11°C ndipo nyengo ya maji yikukhira kufika pa 32°C. Ku Siloam Springs kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawochi, kutentha kwapakati pa mwezi wa Julayi ndi 89 ndi 67 ° F (32 ndi 19 ° C) ndipo mu Januwale kutentha kwapakati ndi 44 ndi 23 ° F (7 ndi -5 ° C). Chaka chilichose mu chigaŵa ichi mukuwa maji ghakukwana mamilimita 1,000 na 1,500. Kumwera kwa chigaŵa ichi kuli maji ghanandi, ndipo kumpoto kwake kukuwa. Mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chiwuvi chichoko waka. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Little Rock ndiko kuli viwuvi vyakofya chomene. Ku Arkansas, nyengo yakotcha chomene ni 49 °C pa Ozark pa Ogasiti 10, 1936; nyengo yakotcha chomene ni -29 °F pa Gravette, pa Febuluwale 13, 1905.<ref>{{cite web|title= State Climate Records |url= http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |date= July 23, 2012 |publisher= National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center |website= State Climate Extremes Committee |access-date= January 4, 2013}}</ref> Ku Arkansas kukucitika vinthu vyakofya comene ndipo nyengo zinyake kukuŵa mphepo. Caka cilicose cikuŵa na mphepo za ŵaleza, vivula vya mphepo, vula ya matalala, na mphepo za ciwuvi. Pakati pa mapiri gha ku Great Plains na Gulf States, ku Arkansas kukuŵavya vula mazuŵa 60. Arkansas wali mu chigaŵa chakuchemeka Tornado Alley, ndipo ntheura mu chigaŵa ichi mukachitika vindindindi vyakofya chomene mu mbiri ya United States. Nangauli Arkansas yili kutali na mphepete mwa nyanja, kweni para kwawa cimphepo cikuru, nyengo zinyake cikuŵa nga ni mphepo ya cimphepo ico cikucitiska kuti kuŵe vula yinandi mu nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo kanandi pakuŵa vindindindi vichoko. {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center;font-size:90%;"| | colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:120%;background:#E8EAFA;"|Monthly Normal High and Low Temperatures For Various Arkansas Cities |- ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| City ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jan ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Feb ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Mar ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Apr ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| May ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jun ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Jul ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Aug ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Sep ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Oct ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Nov ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Dec ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:Black; height:17px;"| Avg |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Fayetteville, Arkansas|Fayetteville]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Fayetteville—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0189 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 44/24<br />(7/-4) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 51/29<br />(10/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 59/38<br />(15/3) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 69/46<br />(20/8) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 76/55<br />(24/13) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 84/64<br />(29/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/69<br />(32/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/67<br />(32/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 81/59<br />(27/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 70/47<br />(21/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 57/37<br />(14/3) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 48/28<br />(9/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/47<br />(20/8) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Jonesboro—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0189 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 45/26<br />(7/-3) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 51/30<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 61/40<br />(16/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 71/49<br />(22/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 80/58<br />(26/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 88/67<br />(31/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/71<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 91/69<br />(33/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 84/61<br />(29/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 74/49<br />(23/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 60/39<br />(15/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 49/30<br />(10/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 71/49<br />(21/9) |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Monthly Averages for Little Rock, AR |publisher= The Weather Channel |url= http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/72201 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 51/31<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 55/35<br />(13/2) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/43<br />(18/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/51<br />(23/11) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 81/61<br />(27/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/69<br />(32/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 93/73<br />(34/23) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 93/72<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 86/65<br />(30/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 75/53<br />(24/12) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 63/42<br />(17/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 52/34<br />(11/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/51<br />(23/11) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Texarkana—Texas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USTX1347 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 53/31<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 58/34<br />(15/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 67/42<br />(19/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 75/50<br />(24/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 82/60<br />(28/16) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 89/68<br />(32/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 93/72<br />(34/22) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 93/71<br />(34/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 86/64<br />(30/18) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 76/52<br />(25/11) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/41<br />(18/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 55/33<br />(13/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 74/52<br />(23/11) |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Monticello, Arkansas|Monticello]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Monticello—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0385 |access-date= June 28, 2012 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 52/30<br />(11/-1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 58/34<br />(14/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 66/43<br />(19/6) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 74/49<br />(23/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 82/59<br />(28/15) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 89/66<br />(32/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 92/70<br />(34/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 92/68<br />(33/20) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 86/62<br />(30/17) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 76/50<br />(25/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/41<br />(18/5) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 55/34<br />(13/1) | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 74/51<br />(23/10) |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Fort Smith, Arkansas|Fort Smith]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Climate—Fort Smith—Arkansas |publisher= U.S. Climate Data |url= http://www.usclimatedata.com/climate.php?location=USAR0197 |access-date= May 29, 2013 }}</ref> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 48/27<br />(8/-2) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 54/32<br />(12/0) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 64/40<br />(17/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 73/49<br />(22/9) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 80/58<br />(26/14) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 87/67<br />(30/19) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/71<br />(33/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 92/70<br />(33/21) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 84/62<br />(29/17) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 75/50<br />(23/10) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 61/39<br />(16/4) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 50/31<br />(10/0) | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 72/50<br />(22/10) |- | style="text-align:center;" colspan="14"| Average high °F/average low °F (average high °C/average low°C) |} ===Cities and towns=== {{See also|List of cities and towns in Arkansas|Arkansas metropolitan areas|List of townships in Arkansas}} [[File:Cleveland County Arkansas Courthouse.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cleveland County Courthouse (Arkansas)|Cleveland County Courthouse]] in [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]]]] Little Rock ni msumba ukuru wa boma la Arkansas kwambira mu 1821 apo ukasinthira malo gha Arkansas Post kuŵa msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa cha Arkansas. Nyumba ya boma yikasamukira ku Hot Springs ndipo pamasinda yikaluta ku Washington mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa caru ca America apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Union ŵakasuzga msumba uwu mu 1862, ndipo boma la boma ili likawelera ku Little Rock yayi mpaka nkhondo yikamara. Mazuŵa ghano, Little Rock na North Little Rock ni vigaŵa vikuruvikuru chomene mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu 2013 mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 724,385. Chigawo cha Fayetteville- Springdale -  Rogers Metropolitan ndi chigawo chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri ku Arkansas, chomwe chikukula mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi komanso kukula kwa University of Arkansas ndi Walmart.<ref>{{cite web |title= Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings |url= https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |date= July 1, 2010 – July 1, 2011 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |format= XLS |access-date= July 8, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120707055911/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2011/tables/CBSA-EST2011-05.xls |archive-date= July 7, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> Boma ili lili na misumba 8 iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50,000 (kuyana na census ya mu 2010). Vili mu malo ghakupambanapambana, ni Little Rock, Fort Smith, Fayetteville, Springdale, Jonesboro, North Little Rock, Conway, na Rogers. Pa malo agha, Fort Smith na Jonesboro pera ndigho ghakaŵa kuwaro kwa mizi yiŵiri yikuru. Mizinda yinyake ya ku Arkansas yikusazgapo: [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]], [[Crossett, Arkansas|Crossett]], [[Bryant, Arkansas|Bryant]], [[Lake Village, Arkansas|Lake Village]], [[Hot Springs, Arkansas|Hot Springs]], [[Bentonville, Arkansas|Bentonville]], [[Texarkana, Arkansas|Texarkana]], [[Sherwood, Arkansas|Sherwood]], [[Jacksonville, Arkansas|Jacksonville]], [[Russellville, Arkansas|Russellville]], [[Bella Vista, Arkansas|Bella Vista]], [[West Memphis, Arkansas|West Memphis]], [[Paragould, Arkansas|Paragould]], [[Cabot, Arkansas|Cabot]], [[Searcy, Arkansas|Searcy]], [[Van Buren, Arkansas|Van Buren]], [[El Dorado, Arkansas|El Dorado]], [[Blytheville, Arkansas|Blytheville]], [[Harrison, Arkansas|Harrison]], [[Dumas, Arkansas|Dumas]], [[Rison, Arkansas|Rison]], [[Warren, Arkansas|Warren]], and [[Mountain Home, Arkansas|Mountain Home]]. {{Largest cities | country = Arkansas | stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biggestuscities.com/ar|title=Biggest US Cities By Population—Arkansas—2017 Populations|access-date=March 2, 2019|publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Counties of Arkansas{{!}}County | city_1 = Little Rock, Arkansas{{!}}Little Rock | div_1 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_1 = 198,606 | img_1 = Little Rock.jpg | city_2 = Fort Smith, Arkansas{{!}}Fort Smith | div_2 = Sebastian County, Arkansas{{!}}Sebastian | pop_2 = 88,037 | img_2 = Fort Smith, AR 002.jpg | city_3 = Fayetteville, Arkansas{{!}}Fayetteville | div_3 = Washington County, Arkansas{{!}}Washington | pop_3 = 85,257 | img_3 = Fayetteville, Arkansas skyline featuring University of Arkansas.jpg | city_4 = Springdale, Arkansas{{!}}Springdale | div_4 = Washington County, Arkansas{{!}}Washington | pop_4 = 79,599 | img_4 = | city_5 = Jonesboro, Arkansas{{!}}Jonesboro | div_5 = Craighead County, Arkansas{{!}}Craighead | pop_5 = 75,866 | img_5 = | city_6 = Rogers, Arkansas{{!}}Rogers | div_6 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_6 = 66,430 | img_6 = | city_7 = North Little Rock, Arkansas{{!}}North Little Rock | div_7 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_7 = 65,911 | img_7 = | city_8 = Conway, Arkansas{{!}}Conway | div_8 = Faulkner County, Arkansas{{!}}Faulkner | pop_8 = 65,782 | img_8 = | city_9 = Bentonville, Arkansas{{!}}Bentonville | div_9 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_9 = 49,298 | img_9 = | city_10 = Pine Bluff, Arkansas{{!}}Pine Bluff | div_10 = Jefferson County, Arkansas{{!}}Jefferson | pop_10 = 42,984 | img_10 = | city_11 = Hot Springs, Arkansas{{!}}Hot Springs | div_11 = Garland County, Arkansas{{!}}Garland | pop_11 = 36,915 | img_11 = | city_12 = Benton, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | div_12 = Saline County, Arkansas{{!}}Saline | pop_12 = 35,789 | img_12 = | city_13 = Sherwood, Arkansas{{!}}Sherwood | div_13 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_13 = 31,081 | img_13 = | city_14 = Texarkana, Arkansas{{!}}Texarkana | div_14 = Miller County, Arkansas{{!}}Miller | pop_14 = 30,259 | img_14 = | city_15 = Russellville, Arkansas{{!}}Russellville | div_15 = Pope County, Arkansas{{!}}Pope | pop_15 = 29,318 | img_15 = | city_16 = Jacksonville, Arkansas{{!}}Jacksonville | div_16 = Pulaski County, Arkansas{{!}}Pulaski | pop_16 = 28,513 | img_16 = | city_17 = Bella Vista, Arkansas{{!}}Bella Vista | div_17 = Benton County, Arkansas{{!}}Benton | pop_17 = 28,511 | img_17 = | city_18 = Paragould, Arkansas{{!}}Paragould | div_18 = Greene County, Arkansas{{!}}Greene | pop_18 = 28,488 | img_18 = | city_19 = Cabot, Arkansas{{!}}Cabot | div_19 = Lonoke County, Arkansas{{!}}Lonoke | pop_19 = 26,141 | img_19 = | city_20 = West Memphis, Arkansas{{!}}West Memphis | div_20 = Crittenden County, Arkansas{{!}}Crittenden | pop_20 = 24,860 | img_20 = }} == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Arkansas}} ===Population=== {{multiple image |direction = horizontal |width1 = 195 |image1 = Arkansas population map.png |width2 = 200 |image2 = Arkansas, Percent Change in Population by County, 2000 to 2010.png |alt1 = Map of Arkansas, showing density of population by county. |alt2 = Map of Arkansas, with many southern and eastern counties recording population losses with the rest of the state showing moderate gains. Benton and Faulkner counties were the most rapidly growing in population between 2000 and 2010. |footer = Left: Arkansas's population distribution. Red indicates high density in urban areas, green indicates low density in rural areas.{{break}}Right: Map showing population changes by county between 2000 and 2010. Blue indicates population gain, purple indicates population loss, and shade indicates magnitude. }} Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa Julayi 1, 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ku Arkansas chikaŵa 3,017,804, ndipo ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwera na 3.49% kufuma pa chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu icho chikachitika mu 2010. Kuyana na census ya ku U.S ya mu 2020, Arkansas yikaŵa na ŵanthu 3,011,524. Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵapo 15,000, kweni mu 1835 ŵakaŵapo 52,240. Mu 1836, boma likati laŵikika, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikiranga kaŵiri pa vyaka khumi. Boma ili likalutilira kukura mu vyaka 10 ivyo vikajumpha, kweni likalutilira kuchepa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu 1950 na 1960, ŵakalemba ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi, nga ni umo minda yikapangikira na mashini, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kweniso chifukwa chakuti mu boma mukaŵavya vinthu vinyake vyakupambana na ulimi. Mu Arkansas ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso, ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso comene, ndipo mu 1980 ŵanthu ŵakasazgikirangaso kufika pa 2 miliyoni. Kuyana na umo vinthu vikusinthira mu Arkansas, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhala, kweniso umo ŵanthu ŵakugwilira ntchito vikukolerana na umo vinthu viliri mu charu chose. Kweniso ivyo vikulongosoreka vya ŵanthu ŵachoko mu vyaru vinyake vikuyana waka na ivyo vikuchitika mu vyaru vinyake. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America kuluska ku United States. Mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Perry, pafupi na Nogal.<ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas 2000 Census Population Center |url= http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/COP/ar_links.htm |publisher= NOAA |access-date= July 4, 2012 }}</ref> Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Arkansas kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2,459 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> {{US Census population |1810= 1062 |1820= 14273 |1830= 30388 |1840= 97574 |1850= 209897 |1860= 435450 |1870= 484471 |1880= 802525 |1890= 1128211 |1900= 1311564 |1910= 1574449 |1920= 1752204 |1930= 1854482 |1940= 1949387 |1950= 1909511 |1960= 1786272 |1970= 1923295 |1980= 2286435 |1990= 2350725 |2000= 2673400 |2010= 2915918 |2020= 3011524 |align-fn=center |footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref name="Census2010">[https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |date=April 29, 2021 }}</ref> }} ===Race and ethnicity=== Kuyana na kawonekero ka ŵanthu ka mu 2019, ku Arkansas, ŵanthu 72.0% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu, 15.4% ŵakaŵa ŵafipa, 0.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America, 1.5% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, 0.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Hawaii, 0.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghanyake, 2.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa mafuko ghaŵiri panji kujumpha apa, ndipo 7.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku America. Mu chaka cha 2011, chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakuwaro 80.1% (74.2% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu), 15.6% ŵakaŵa Ŵachifwiti panji Ŵafirika, 0.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵachihebere na Ŵazungu, 1.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Asia, ndipo 1.8% ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yiŵiri panji kujumpha apa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America, panji ŵa mtundu uliwose, ŵakaŵapo 6.6 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose. Mu 2011, 39.0% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 1 ŵakaŵa ŵachoko.<ref>{{cite news|last=Exner|first=Rich|url=https://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] |- ! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|68.5|%|2||background:gray}} |align=right| {{bartable|73.2|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|14.9|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |align=right| {{bartable|16.2|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} |align=right| {{bartable}} |align=right| {{bartable|8.5|%|2||background:green}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|1.7|%|2||background:purple}} |align=right| {{bartable|2.2|%|2||background:purple}} |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.7|%|2||background:gold}} |align=right| {{bartable|3.4|%|2||background:gold}} |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.5|%|2||background:pink}} |align=right| {{bartable|0.6|%|2||background:pink}} |- | Other |align=right| {{bartable|0.3|%|2||background:brown}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.1|%|2||background:brown}} |} [[File:Ethnic Origins in Arkansas.png|thumb|330x330px|Ethnic origins in Arkansas]] [[File:Arkansas counties by race.svg|thumb|187x187px|Map of counties in Arkansas by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list | title = Legend|{{col-start}}{{col-2}} '''Non-Hispanic White''' {{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} {{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}} {{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} {{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} {{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}} {{legend|#410b00|90%+}} {{col-2}} '''Black or African American''' {{legend|#ffe599|40–50%}} {{legend|#ffd966|50–60%}} {{legend|#f1c232|60–70%}} {{col-end}} }}]] {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ '''Arkansas Racial Breakdown of Population''' |- ! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|url-status=dead|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|archivedate=July 25, 2008|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/AR|title=Population of Arkansas—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts—CensusViewer|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=January 6, 2014|archive-date=January 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127074230/http://censusviewer.com/state/AR|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html|title=Decennial Census by Decades|first=US Census|last=Bureau|website=The United States Census Bureau|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] || 82.7% || 80.0% || 77.0% |- | [[African American]] || 15.9% || 15.7% || 15.4% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.2% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.5% || 0.7% || 0.8% |- | [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || 0.1% || 0.2% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.3% || 1.5% || 3.4% |- | [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.3% || 2.0% |} Ŵazungu ŵa ku America ŵali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku mpoto kwa Ozarks na ku chigaŵa chapakati cha boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakukhala comene kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa boma ili. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas awo mbakufuma ku Ireland, England, na Germany ŵakukhala kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ozarks kufupi na mphaka ya Missouri. Ŵasekuru ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Ireland awo ŵakakhalanga ku Ozark ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland, ndipo ŵanji ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Northern Ireland, Scotland, na kumpoto kwa England. Ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Great Britain na Ireland pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku England na Scotland awo ŵakasamira ku Ireland ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵali kufuma ku England ŵakusangika mu chigaŵa chose ichi. Mu 2010, kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas wakalongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ni: 15.5%, ŵa ku Ireland 12.3%, ŵa ku Germany 11.5%, ŵa ku America 11.0%, ŵa ku England 10.1%, ŵa ku Mexico 4.7%, ŵa ku France 2.1%, ŵa ku Scotland 1.7%, ŵa ku Netherlands 1.7%, ŵa ku Italy 1.6%, na ŵa ku Ireland 1.4%. Ŵanandi awo ŵakuti "Ŵamerica" ni ŵa ku England panji ŵa ku Scotland na Ireland. Mbumba zawo zikaŵa mu boma ili kwa nyengo yitali, kanandi zikaŵanga zindaŵeko, ntheura ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵe waka ŵa ku America panji ŵakamanyanga yayi uko ŵakafuma. Mphapu yawo yikamba na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa United States, ndipo pa cifukwa ici, ŵanandi mwa iwo lero ŵakuyowoya waka kuti mba ku America. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuti mbakufuma ku Ireland, mbakufuma ku Scotland na Ireland.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SVoAXh-dNuYC&dq=Sharing+the+dream:+white+males+in+multicultural+America++english+ancestry&pg=PA57 Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America] By Dominic J. Pulera.</ref><ref>Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', ''Demography'', Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', ''Social Science Research'', Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–6.</ref><ref>Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.</ref> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu America mu 2006 na 2008, ŵanthu 93.8% ŵa ku Arkansas (awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha vinkhondi) ŵakayowoyanga waka Chingelezi pa nyumba. Pafupifupi 4.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi pa nyumba zawo. Pafupifupi 0.7% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku India. Pafupifupi 0.8% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ca ku Asia, ndipo 0.2% ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vinyake. ===Religion=== {{bar box |title = Religion in Arkansas (2014)<ref name="pew2014">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/|title=Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics|website=Pewforum.org|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|Blue|70}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Unaffiliated]]|Grey|18}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|DarkOrchid|8}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|2}} {{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|pink|1}} {{bar percent|Other|grey|1}} }} Nga ni vyaru vinandi vya kumwera, Arkansas nayo njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Vipingo vikuru-vikuru mu 2010 ni Southern Baptist Convention na 661,382; United Methodist Church na 158,574; non-denominational Evangelical Protestants na 129,638; Catholic Church na 122,662; na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints na 31,254. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu boma ili ŵali mu visopa vinyake, nga ni Chisilamu, Chiyuda, Wicca/Paganism, Chihindu, Chibuda, ndipo ŵanyake ŵalije chisopa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State membership Report |publisher=Thearda.com |access-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-date=December 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202225650/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/05/rcms2010_05_state_adh_2010.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2014, Pew Research Center yikati ŵanthu 79 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ku America ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mpingo wa Southern Baptist. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinyake, Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndilo likaŵa likuru chomene yayi ku Arkansas. Mu 2014, pa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti Chiuta kulije, ŵanthu 2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakugomezga yayi kuti Chiuta waliko. Kuzakafika mu 2020, wupu wa Public Religion Research Institute ukati 71% ya ŵanthu wose mu caru ici ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Ŵaprotesitanti ŵanandi na ŵa visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wakufipa ŵakalutilira kuwusa mu Arkansas. ==Chuma== {{See also|Economy of Arkansas|List of Arkansas companies|Arkansas locations by per capita income}} [[File:Metropolitan Bank Tower.png|right|thumb|upright|The [[Simmons Tower]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] is the state's tallest building.]] Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ndalama yayi, ndipo ku malo ghapachanya kukaŵanga minda ya viŵeto. Mu 2015, GDP ya boma ili yikaŵa $119 biliyoni. Makampani ghankhondi na limoza gha mu Fortune 500 ghali mu Arkansas, kusazgapo Walmart, Tyson Foods, J.B. Maofesi gha Hunt, Dillard's, Murphy USA, na Windstream nagho ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Mu 2015, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $39,107, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambara 45 mu caru cose. Mu 2011 kufika mu 2015, ndalama izo mbumba zikasanganga zikaŵanga $41,371, ndipo zikaŵanga pa nambala 49 mu caru cose. Vyakurya ivyo vikufumiskika mu charu ichi ni nkhuku na mazira, mbuto za soya, sorghum, ng'ombe, thonje, mpunga, nkhumba, na mkaka. Vinthu ivyo vikupangika mu mafakitale ni vyakurya, vinthu vya magesi, visulo, makina, na mapepara. Mu migodi ya ku Arkansas mukufuma gasi, mafuta, malibwe, bromu, na vanadium. Kuyana na CNBC, Arkansas ni boma la 20 pa maboma ghose pa charu chose pa nkhani ya bizinesi, ndipo ni lachiŵiri pa maboma ghose pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, lachiŵiri pa nkhani ya ndalama zakwendeskera umoyo, la 11 pa nkhani ya ntchito, la 20 pa nkhani ya ndalama, la 28 pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵanthu ŵakusambira, la 31 pa nkhani ya vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, kweniso la 32 pa nkhani ya malango ghakwendeskera bizinesi. Kufuma mu 2011, boma la Arkansas lili kukwera chomene pa malo 12 pa malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchita bizinesi. Kuzakafika mu 2014, uwu ukaŵa msumba uwo ukaŵa na ndalama zinandi yayi. Kufika mu mwezi wa June, 2021 chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito chikaŵa pa 4.4%; ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵavya nchito mu mwezi wa November, 2021 chikaŵa pa 3.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.ar.htm|title=Arkansas Economy at a Glance|website=www.bls.gov|access-date=2021-10-31}}</ref> ===Industry and commerce=== Vinthu vyakwamba ivyo vikacitikanga ku Arkansas vikaŵa malonda gha vikumba na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima viŵeto vya thonje mu malo ghakufupi na Mlonga wa Mississippi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ku America, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakugwira nchito zaulimi, kweni ni mulimo wakuzirwa comene mu vyaru ivi. Arkansas ndiyo yikupanga comene mpunga, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na viyuni vya ku Turkey, ndipo yili pa malo ghatatu pa vyakurya vya thonje, viŵeto vya nkhuku, na somba. Ku Arkansas kuli makuni ghanandi, ndipo charu ichi chili pa malo ghachinayi pa charu chose kweniso pa malo ghakwamba ku South pa nkhani ya makuni. Makampani agho ghakupanga vigaŵa vinyake vya galimoto ghakujura mafakitare ku Arkansas kuti ghapange magalimoto mu vigaŵa vinyake. Bauxite kale yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa chomene pa chuma cha boma ili, ndipo yikafumanga mu chigaŵa cha Saline.<ref>{{cite web |first= William V. |last= Bush |title= History of Bauxite in Arkansas |url= http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |publisher= Arkansas Geological Survey |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.geology.arkansas.gov/pdf/pamphlets/Bauxite.pdf |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Flagel |first=Thomas R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dH3lmpMbkgC&dq=arkansas+were+dependent+on+slave+labor+during+civil+war&pg=PA21 |title=The History Buff's Guide to the Civil War: The best, the worst, the largest, and the most lethal top ten rankings of the Civil War |date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Sourcebooks, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4022-5487-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Selected Economic Characteristics 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |publisher= United States Census Bureau |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212213253/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_DP03&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |year= 2011 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service, ''Poultry—Production and Value, 2010 Summary'', data indicates Arkansas led the nation in 2008, 2009, and 2010, in both broilers and turkeys.</ref><ref name="agcensus">{{cite web |website= Census of Agriculture |title= Arkansas State Profile |publisher= United States Department of Agriculture |url= http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Online_Highlights/County_Profiles/Arkansas/cp99005.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |year= 2007 |access-date= October 4, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first= Matthew H. |last= Pelkki |title= An Economic Assessment of Arkansas's Forest Industries: Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century |publisher= University of Arkansas-Monticello School of Forest Resources, Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture |url= http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |access-date= October 4, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120928163327/http://arkansasagnews.uark.edu/afrc-007.2.1-20.pdf |archive-date= September 28, 2012 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="agcensus" /> Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ndiyofunikanso kwambiri pa chuma cha Arkansas; dzina la boma la boma "The Natural State" linalengedwa kuti liwonetsere zokopa alendo m'zaka za m'ma 1970, ndipo likugwiritsidwabe ntchito lero. Boma la Arkansas lili na malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako vinthu, ndipo National Park Service yili na malo 7. Nyumba ya William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library iyo yili ku Little Rock yikamara kuzengeka, ntheura ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza mu tawuni iyi na kuzakasanga malo ghakuguliskirako mabuku mu chigaŵa cha River Market. Mizinda yinandi yikupangaso viphikiro, ivyo vikukopa ŵalendo kuti ŵamanye mitheto ya ku Arkansas, nga ni The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival ku Warren, [[King Biscuit Blues Festival]], [[Ozark Folk Center|Ozark Folk Festival]], [[Toad Suck Daze]], na [[Tontitown, Arkansas|Tontitown Grape Festival]]. ==Mayendelo== {{Main|List of Arkansas railroads|Aviation in Arkansas|Arkansas Highway System}} {{See also|List of Arkansas railroads|List of airports in Arkansas}} [[File:River cruise 2009 27b2.jpg|thumb|The [[Greenville Bridge]] crosses over the [[Mississippi River]] into [[Shives, Arkansas|Shives]].]] Boma la Arkansas ndilo likulaŵilira za mendero mu chigaŵa ichi. Pali misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu Little Rock, kusazgapo Interstate 30 (I-30) na I-40 (msewu wachitatu uwo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo comene mu caru ici). Mu 1924, boma la Arkansas likamba kupanga misewu yinandi. Ku Arkansas kukaŵa misewu yakwamba ya msewu wa Dollarway, ndipo yikaŵa yakwamba pa misewu yose ya Interstate Highway System. Boma ili lili na misewu yinandi, kweniso misewu yinyake 8 na misewu yinyake 20 ya ku United States. Nthowa. Kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas, I-55 yikwenda kumpoto kufuma ku Memphis kuya ku Missouri, na nthowa yiphya ya ku Jonesboro (I-555). Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Arkansas kumatumikiridwa ndi gawo la I-49 kuchokera ku Fort Smith mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Bella Vista Bypass. Chigawo cha I-49 panopa chimatsatira njira yomweyi monga gawo lakale la I-540 lomwe linkafikira kumpoto kwa I-40. Boma ili lili na misewu yikuru chomene ya 13 mu charu chose.<ref>{{cite web |title= 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems (1984–2008) |url=http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://reason.org/files/19th_annual_highway_report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |date= September 2010 |first1= David T. |last1= Hartgen |first2= M. Gregory |last2= Karanam |last3= Fields |first4= Travis A. |last4= Kerscher |publisher= Reason Foundation |page= 46 |type = PDF }}</ref>[[File:MNA 2167.jpg|thumb|The [[Missouri and Northern Arkansas Railroad]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli njanji ya mtunda wa makilomita 4,430, iyo yili na makampeni gha njanji ghakukwana 26, kusazgapo njanji zitatu za Class I. Njanji zakunyamulira katundu zikugwira nchito comene kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arkansas kuti ziwovwire mafakitale mu cigaŵa ici. Sitima ya Texas Eagle, iyo yikwenda na ŵanthu ŵa Amtrak, yikwenda pa malo ghankhondi mu chigaŵa cha Walnut Ridge, Little Rock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, na Texarkana. Kweniso Arkansas wakusangirapo candulo cifukwa ca kugwiliskira nchito milonga yake pa malonda. Mlonga wa Mississippi na wa Arkansas ni milonga yikuru. Gulu la ŵasilikari la United States Army Corps of Engineers likusungilira nthowa ya McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, iyo yikovwira kuti maboti ghamanyenge kwambuka mlonga wa Arkansas kuya ku Port of Catoosa ku Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pali vipatala vinayi vya malonda: Clinton National Airport (kale Little Rock National Airport panji Adams Field), Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport, Fort Smith Regional Airport, na Texarkana Regional Airport, na vipatala vinyake vichoko-vikuru mu boma ili. Ŵalaraŵalara na ŵanthu awo ŵali na suzgo la kupendera ŵakwendeska magalimoto mu malo ghakupambanapambana. ==Boma== {{Main|Politics and government of Arkansas}} Nga umo viliri na boma la United States, mazaza gha ndyali mu Arkansas ghali kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu: wupu wakulongozga, wupu wa malango, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Ŵalaraŵalara wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Awo ŵakugwira nchito mu ofesi iyi ŵakukhala mu ofesi yiliyose kwa nyengo yichoko waka, ndipo ŵakukhala mu ofesi iyi kwa nyengo yichoko waka.<ref>{{cite web |last1= English |first1= Art |last2= Weberg |first2= Brian |title= Term Limits in the Arkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Responds |year= 2005 |publisher= National Conference of State Legislatures |website= Joint Project on Term Limits |page= 1 |url= http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |access-date= February 3, 2013 |archive-date= June 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142221/http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Executive=== {{Main|Governor of Arkansas}} {{See also|List of governors of Arkansas|Arkansas Cabinet}} Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas ni Sarah Huckabee Sanders, wa ku Republican, uyo wakimikika pa Janyuwale 10, 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.stateline.org/weekly/Stateline.org-Weekly-Original-Content-2006-11-06.pdf |title=Winners in '06 Governors races |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728055148/http://archive.stateline.org/weekly/Stateline.org-Weekly-Original-Content-2006-11-06.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dwe.arkansas.gov/GenIfo/administration.html |title=Arkansas.gov Administration page for Governor |publisher=Dwe.arkansas.gov |date=March 16, 2007 |access-date=July 30, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614164225/http://dwe.arkansas.gov/GenIfo/administration.html |archive-date=June 14, 2006 }}</ref> Mu Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵankhondi na umoza awo ŵakwimikika na boma ni mulara wa boma, nduna ya boma, loya wa boma, musungichuma, mulaŵiliri wa ndalama, na mulaŵiliri wa vyaru. Kazembe wakwimikaso ŵalongozgi ŵa mabungwe ghanyake gha boma, makomiti, na maofesi. Ŵabwanamkubwa ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakateŵeteranga kwa vyaka viŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakaŵasazgirako vyaka vinayi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere mu maofesi agha ŵakukhala mu maofesi ghaŵiri kwa vyaka vinayi. Ku Arkansas, mulongozgi wa boma wakusankhika mwakupambana na mulongozgi wa boma, ntheura wangaŵa wa chipani chinyake.<ref>{{cite web |title= Office of Lieutenant Governor |url= http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=5722 |date= February 28, 2011 |publisher= The Pryor Center |website= Encyclopedia of Arkansas |access-date= January 6, 2013 }}</ref> ===Legislative=== {{Main|Arkansas General Assembly}} Wupu wa Arkansas General Assembly ni wupu wa boma uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri za malango, Senate na House of Representatives. Nyumba ya Senate yili na mamembara 35 kufuma ku vigaŵa ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵakuyana. Vigaŵa ivi vikusankikaso para kucitika kalembera wa ŵanthu ku United States, ndipo mu vilimika vya mavoti ivyo vikumalira pa "2", wupu wose ukuŵaso na mazaza. Pambuyo pa chisankhochi, theka la mipandoyo imadziwika kuti mipando ya zaka ziwiri ndipo imatha kusankhidwa kachiwiri mzaka ziwiri, "zigawozigawozi" siziwerengera malire a nyumba yamalamulo. Ŵanyake wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vilimika vinayi. Ivi vikupangiska kuti mavoti ghaŵengeko pachokopachoko mwakuti hafu ya wupu uwu yikusankhikaso para pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Mu 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakasankha ŵa Republican kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghanandi mu Nyumba ya Senate. Ŵabali ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakukhala mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa vyaka viŵiri. Nyumba za mu chigaŵa ichi zikugaŵika na boma la Arkansas Board of Apportionment. Mu 2012, maRepublican ghakasanga vigaŵa 51 pa 49 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Chipani cha Republican chili na unandi mu Nyumba ya Wimiliri ya boma la Arkansas pamanyuma pa visankho vya mu 2012, ndipo ni chipani chakwamba kufuma mu 1874. Arkansas ndiyo yikaŵa boma laumaliro mu Confederation kuti lileke kuŵa na vipani vya Republican mu nyumba yiliyose kufuma apo nkhondo ya pakati pa vyaru vya America yikambira. Para malango gha boma ghasintha, kafukufuku wakulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu boma ŵalije nkhongono. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵali na mazaza ghanandi chifukwa chakuti ŵamazaza awo ŵakusoleka ŵakusinthana.<ref>{{cite web |last1= English |first1= Art |last2= Weberg |first2= Brian |title= Term Limits in the Arkansas General Assembly: A Citizen Legislature Responds |year= 2005 |publisher= National Conference of State Legislatures |website= Joint Project on Term Limits |url= http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |pages= 33–34 |access-date= February 3, 2013 |archive-date= June 3, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142221/http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/documents/jptl/casestudies/Arkansasv2.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Greenberg |first= Dan |url= http://arkansaseconomics.org/policy/050105.html |title= The Dangers of Diluting Term Limits |publisher= Arkansas Policy Center |access-date= February 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Republicans Take Control of Arkansas House, Senate |url= http://5newsonline.com/2012/11/13/republicans-take-control-of-arkansas-house-senate/ |first= Mallory |last= Cooke |date= November 14, 2012 |publisher= [[KFSM-TV]] |access-date= January 8, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="sen">{{cite web |title= Arkansas Senate flips; first time since Reconstruction |date= November 7, 2012 |publisher= The Courier |url= http://www.couriernews.com/view/full_story/20738303/article-Arkansas-Senate-flips--first-time-since-Reconstruction |access-date= January 8, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082700/http://www.couriernews.com/view/full_story/20738303/article-Arkansas-Senate-flips--first-time-since-Reconstruction |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref> ===Judicial=== {{Main|Courts of Arkansas}} Boma la Arkansas lili na makhoti ghankhondi: Arkansas Supreme Court, Arkansas Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, District Courts na City Courts. Milandu yinandi yikwamba mu khoti la ku chigaŵa, ilo likugaŵikana mu makhoti gha ku chigaŵa na makhoti gha ku chigaŵa. Makhoti gha chigaŵa gha boma ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa chose pa chigaŵa icho chapangika na General Assembly, ndipo makhoti gha chigaŵa ghakupanga malango pa chigaŵa ichi na ŵeruzgi awo ŵakugwira ntchito ya nyengo yichoko. Pali makhoti 28 gha Circuit Court, ndipo makhoti ghose ghali na vigaŵa vinkhondi. Khoti Likuru ku Arkansas ndilo likusankha malo agho khoti ili likwenera kuzenga mulandu, ndipo palije mwaŵi wakuti khoti ili lichite apilu ku khoti likuru. Khoti Likuru Chomene la ku Arkansas lingawonaso milandu ya ku Court of Appeals para pali munthu yumoza uyo wali mu mulandu, para Court of Appeals ndiyo yapempha, panji usange khoti likuru la ku Arkansas likuwona kuti likwenera kupika mulandu uwu. Ŵeruzgi 12 ŵa khoti la apilu la Arkansas ŵakusoleka kufuma mu vigaŵa vyawo kuti ŵeruzgenge kwa vyaka 6. Khoti Likuru Chomene la Arkansas ni khoti laumaliro mu boma ili, ndipo lili na ŵeruzgi 7 awo ŵakwimikika kwa vyaka 8. Khoti ili likakhazikiskika mu 1836 na dango la boma la Arkansas. ===Federal=== Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arkansas awo ŵali mu wupu wa United States, [[John Boozman]] na [[Tom Cotton]], ni Ŵarepabulikani. Boma ili lili na mipando yinayi mu U.S. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Vipando vyose vinayi vya mu wupu wa Republican: [[Rick Crawford (politician)|Rick Crawford]] ([[Arkansas's 1st congressional district|1st district]]), [[French Hill (politician)|French Hill]] ([[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|2nd district]]), [[Steve Womack]] ([[Arkansas's 3rd congressional district|3rd district]]), na [[Bruce Westerman]] ([[Arkansas's 4th congressional district|4th district]]).<ref name="sw">{{cite web |title= New Arkansas Rep. Cotton Draws Spotlight; 113th Congress Sworn In |url= http://swtimes.com/sections/news/politics/new-arkansas-rep-cotton-draws-spotlight-113th-congress-sworn.html |date= January 4, 2013 |last= Urban |first= Peter |publisher= [[Southwest Times Record|The Times-Record]] |access-date= January 6, 2013 |archive-date= January 17, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117082706/http://swtimes.com/sections/news/politics/new-arkansas-rep-cotton-draws-spotlight-113th-congress-sworn.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Politics=== {{Main|Politics and government of Arkansas}} {| class=wikitable floatright" ! colspan = 6 | Party registration as of June 2, 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=VR Statistics Report for June 2021|access-date=June 9, 2021 |url=https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/uploads/VR_Statistics_Report_for_June_2021.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sos.arkansas.gov/uploads/VR_Statistics_Report_for_June_2021.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! colspan = 2 | Party ! Total voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Independent politician}} | [[Independent voter|Nonpartisan]] | align=center | 1,552,641 | align=center | 87.93% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (US)}} | [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | align=center | 123,726 | align=center | 7.01% |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (US)}} | [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | align=center | 88,508 | align=center | 5.01% |- | {{party color cell|Other parties (US)}} |[[List of political parties in the United States|Other]] | align=center | 806 | align=center | 0.05% |- ! colspan = 2 | Total ! align=center | 1,765,681 ! align=center | 100.00% |} [[File:William J. Clinton Presidential Library, Little Rock, Arkansas (exterior view - 2007).jpg|thumb|The [[Clinton Presidential Center]] in Little Rock]] Kazembe wa boma la Arkansas, Bill Clinton, wakayowoya nkhani yitali pa ungano wa chipani cha Democratic National Convention mu 1988, ndipo wakakhozgera Michael Dukakis. Ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ivyo wakayowoya vikaŵa vyakofya ku ivyo wakakhumbanga. Clinton wakati nkhani iyi yikaŵa "yakukhozga waka maghanoghano ghambura kwenelera". Mu 1992, wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa caru ici. Wakayowoya kuti ni "Mdemokratiki Muphya" ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito George H. W. Mu 1992, Clinton wakathereska mavoti 43.0 pa 100 gha mavoti gha Bush 37.5 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma Ross Perot 18.9 pa 100 gha mavoti gha mulara wa boma. Ŵakaŵa na nkhongono chomene ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma ili, chomenechomene ku Fort Smith na Bentonville, kweniso kumpoto kwa Central Arkansas kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Mountain Home. Mu vigaŵa ivi, awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Republican ŵakasanga mavoti 90 pa 100 panji kujumpha apa, apo awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Democratic ŵakasanga mavoti ghanandi. Pamanyuma pa chaka cha 2010, ŵasilikari ŵa Republican ŵakalutilira kuthandazgikira kumpoto na kumwera. Ŵademocrat ŵakukhala ku Little Rock, Mississippi Delta, Pine Bluff, na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Louisiana. Ku Arkansas, ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵali kuvota ku U.S. Wupu wa Senate kufuma pa Reconstruction: Tim Hutchinson, uyo wakathereskeka na Mark Pryor; John Boozman, uyo wakathereska Blanche Lincoln; na Tom Cotton, uyo wakathereska Pryor mu 2014. Pambere chaka cha 2013 chindafike, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikaŵavya mazaza gha chipani cha Republican, chifukwa chipani cha GOP chikaŵa na mipando 51 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya chigaŵa ichi ndipo chikaŵa na mipando 21 (pa mipando 35) mu Nyumba ya Senate ya chigaŵa ichi. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa limoza mwa maboma ghatatu agho ghakatumizga ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa chipani cha Democratic ku United States. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Florida na Virginia. Mu 2010, ŵa Republican ŵakathereska mipando yitatu pa mipando yinayi ya ku United States. Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mu 2012, ŵakasora ŵanthu wose ŵanayi ŵa mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Boma la Arkansas likaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana pa vyaru vyose vya U.S. Wupu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ukapangika na ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵapo pa nkhondo (Rick Crawford, Army; Tim Griffin, Army Reserve; Steve Womack, Army National Guard; Tom Cotton, Army). Apo Pryor wakathereskeka mu 2014, gulu lose la mavoti likaŵa mu mawoko gha chipani cha Republican, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kufuma apo vinthu vikasinthira. Ku Arkansas kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakugomezga visambizgo vya Cikhristu. Ivi vikacitika pamanyuma pakuti Khoti Likuru Chomene ladumura mulandu wa Dobbs v. Wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanakazi wa Jackson, ku Arkansas, ukaŵa yumoza wa vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivyo vikukanizga kubaba. Kuyana na dango la boma la Arkansas, munthu waliyose wali na wanangwa wa kugwira nchito. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasora boma ili ŵakakanizga nthengwa za ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera mu 2004, ndipo 75% ŵakakolerana nayo, nangauli dango ili likagwira ntchito yayi kufuma apo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumulira mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges. Mu Arkansas ŵakulutilira kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa. Nthowa zinyake izo ŵakutolera kuti ŵamukome ni mpando wa magesi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution | title=Methods of Execution }}</ref> ===Military=== Chipatala cha Strategic Air Command ku Little Rock Air Force Base chikaŵa chimoza mwa vipatala 18 vya 308th Strategic Missile Wing (308th SMW), ndipo chimoza mwa vipatala 9 vya 374th Strategic Missile Squadron (374th SMS). Gulu la asilikari ili ndilo likagwiranga nchito ya Launch Complex 374 ⁇ 7, uko mu 1980 kukawa bomba la Titan II Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) ku Damascus, Arkansas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety|last=Schlosser|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Schlosser|publisher=Penguin Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1594202278|pages=[https://archive.org/details/commandcontrol00eric/page/ Title]|url=https://archive.org/details/commandcontrol00eric/page/}}</ref> ===Taxation=== Dipatimenti ya Arkansas ya Vyachuma na ya Vyakupwelelera Boma ndiyo yikusonkheska misonkho.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dfa.arkansas.gov/|title=Department of Finance and Administration|website=Dfa.arkansas.gov|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref> ==Umoyo== {{See also|List of hospitals in Arkansas}} [[File:UAMSmedcenter.JPG|thumb|[[UAMS Medical Center]], Little Rock]] Kuyana na 2012, Arkansas, nga ni vigaŵa vinandi vya kumwera kwa United States, wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakufwa mwamabuchi, awo ŵakufwa na nthenda ya mtima, kweniso awo ŵakufwa chifukwa cha ntchito. Boma ili lili pa malo gha nambara 43 pamoza na New York pa ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakucita maseŵero mwakukhazikika. Kanandi boma la Arkansas ndilo likuŵa na ŵanthu ŵambura umoyo uwemi chomene chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakututuŵa chomene, awo ŵakukhweŵa hona, na awo ŵakukhala waka, kweni kuyana na kafukufuku wa Gallup, boma la Arkansas ndilo likachita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuchepeska unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵalije inshuwalansi mu Arkansas chikakhira kufuma pa 22.5 mu 2013 kufika pa 12.4 mu Ogasiti 2014. Mu 2006, boma la Arkansas likakanizga ŵanthu kusumba hona mu nyumba zawo, kweni mu malo ghanyake yayi. Mu Arkansas, chipatala chilichose icho chili mu gulu la chipatala cha Arkansas Hospital Association ndicho chikupeleka wovwiri wa vyaumoyo. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuŵa na maofesi ghakupambanapambana ni Baptist Health, Community Health Systems, na HealthSouth. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ya Medical Sciences (UAMS) ku Little Rock yili na UAMS Medical Center, chipatala icho chikusambizga vya kansa na nthenda ya misipa. Dipatimenti ya vya ŵana ya UAMS Medical Center yikumanyikwa kuti Arkansas Children's Hospital, ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene pa nkhani ya nthenda ya mtima na opareshoni ya mtima. Vipatala viŵiri ivi ni vyekha ivyo vili na malo ghakuponerako ŵalwari.<ref>{{cite web |title= Designated Trauma Centers |url= http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programsServices/injuryPreventionControl/TraumaticSystems/Pages/DesignatedTraumaCenters.aspx |date= December 17, 2012 |publisher= Arkansas Department of Health |access-date= January 21, 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211165823/http://www.healthy.arkansas.gov/programsServices/injuryPreventionControl/TraumaticSystems/Pages/DesignatedTraumaCenters.aspx |archive-date= February 11, 2012 |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas Children's Hospital |url= http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ar/arkansas-children%27s-hospital-6710340 |publisher= U.S. News & World Report |website= Health & Hospitals |access-date= January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences |url= http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/ar/uams-medical-center-6710440 |publisher= U.S. News & World Report |website= Health & Hospitals |access-date= January 21, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Arkansas Smoking Ban |date= July 22, 2006 |url= http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Arkansas-Smoking-Ban/v0FkUVtPPUeQz0oXGgskjQ.cspx |publisher= [[KLRT-TV]] |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130517165120/http://www.fox16.com/news/local/story/Arkansas-Smoking-Ban/v0FkUVtPPUeQz0oXGgskjQ.cspx |archive-date= May 17, 2013 |url-status= dead |df= mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Wilson|first1=Reid|title=Arkansas is the Best State in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/08/arkansas-is-the-best-state-in-america|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 9, 2014}}</ref><ref name="health" /><ref name="health">{{cite web |title= Arkansas |website= America's Health Rankings |year= 2012 |url= http://www.americashealthrankings.org/AR/2012 |publisher= United Health Foundation |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-date= January 30, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130130120851/http://www.americashealthrankings.org/AR/2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Physical exercise (most recent) by state |website= Health Statistics |url= http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise |access-date= January 21, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130513182949/http://www.statemaster.com/graph/hea_phy_exe-health-physical-exercise |archive-date= May 13, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Masambiro== {{See also|List of colleges and universities in Arkansas|List of high schools in Arkansas|List of school districts in Arkansas}} Ku Arkansas kuli vipatala vyakukwana 1,064 ivyo vikusanga ndalama kufuma ku boma, kweniso masukulu gha pulayimale, gha junior na gha sekondare. Boma likugwiliska nchito yunivesite na makoleji gha boma, kusazgapo yunivesite ziŵiri zikuruzikuru: Arkansas State University System na University of Arkansas System. Yunivesite ya Arkansas, iyo yili ku Fayetteville, yikaŵa pa malo gha 63 pa masukulu gha boma mu charu chose cha United States. News & World Report. Maunivesite ghanyake ni University of Arkansas ku Pine Bluff, Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, na University of Central Arkansas. Kweniso mu tawuni iyi muli makoleji na mayunivesite ghakukwana 11, kusazgapo Hendrix College, limoza mwa makoleji 100 gha maluso agho ghakusangika mu charu ichi. News & World Report. Mu ma 1920, boma likalangura kuti ŵana wose ŵanjire sukulu za boma. Chaka cha sukulu chikaŵa na mazuŵa 131, nangauli vigaŵa vinyake vikaŵavya mazuŵa agha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holley|first1=Marc J|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=Page}}</ref> Ku Arkansas, ŵana ŵa sukulu 20,083 ŵali kukomeka pa sukulu ya boma, kuyana na ivyo boma likayowoya mu 2011-12. Ciŵerengero ca ŵana awo ŵakutambuzgika mu masukulu gha boma cikuluska mu Mississippi pera.<ref name="CORPUN_US_SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=http://corpun.com/counuss.htm |title= Corporal punishment in US schools |publisher=World Corporal Punishment Research | last = Farrell | first = Colin | date=February 2016|access-date=April 4, 2016}}</ref> ===Educational attainment=== Arkansas ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira comene. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵali na digiri ya ku sekondare panji ya ku koleji, caru ici cili pa malo ghaumaliro. Boma ili likutondeka kupeleka ndalama zakukwana ku sukulu, malipiro gha ŵasambizgi ngakudokeka, kweniso ndyali zikunjilirapo pa masambiro. Malipoti ghakukhwaskana na masambiro mu nyengo yakale ghakaŵa ghambura kukolerana ndipo ghakaŵa ghakugomezgeka yayi. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma ghakapelekanga lipoti lose yayi kwa nduna ya boma, iyo yikaŵanga nga ni mulara wa masukulu gha boma. Kweni ciŵerengero ca ŵazungu ŵa vyaka vyakujumpha 20 awo ŵakamanyanga yayi kuŵazga na kulemba cikaŵa: :1840, 21% :1850, 25% :1860, 17%<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=7}}</ref> Mu 2010, ŵana ŵa sukulu ku Arkansas ŵakalemba 20.3 pa mayeso gha ACT, ndipo pa charu chose ŵakalemba 21. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa unandi wa ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakalemba mayeso kufuma apo ŵakambiskira sukulu ya Academic Challenge. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakumanyikwa na U.S. Nkhani & World Report zikupharazgika mu chigaŵa chose, kusazgapo Haas Hall Academy mu Fayetteville, KIPP Delta Collegiate mu Helena-West Helena, Bentonville, Rogers, Rogers Heritage, Valley Springs, Searcy, na McCrory. Sukulu zose za ku Arkansas zikaŵa 81 ndipo zikaŵa pa malo ghakwamba. Lipoti la mu 2012 la News & World.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Arkansas High Schools |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/arkansas/rankings |magazine=U.S. News & World Report |year=2012 |access-date=September 3, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830033733/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-high-schools/arkansas/rankings |archive-date=August 30, 2012 }}</ref> [[File:OldMainUofA.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Old Main (University of Arkansas)|Old Main]], part of the [[University of Arkansas Campus Historic District|Campus Historic District]] at the [[University of Arkansas]] in Fayetteville]] Arkansas wali pa malo gha 32 pa malo gha Morgan Quitno Smartest State Award, 44 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na diploma ya high school, na 48 pa malo gha ŵanthu awo ŵali na degree ya bachelor's degree.<ref>{{cite web | title = 2006–2007 Smartest State Award | publisher = Morgan Quitno Press | url = http://www.morganquitno.com/edrank.htm | access-date = September 3, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Educational Attainment, American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates |year= 2010 |url= http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1501&prodType=table |archive-url= https://archive.today/20200212212928/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_S1501&prodType=table |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 12, 2020 |publisher= United States Census Bureau |website= 2010 United States Census |access-date= September 3, 2012 }}</ref> Boma la Arkansas lacita makora comene pa nkhani ya kusintha masambiro. Mlungu wa Masambililo walumba boma ili, likukhala pa malo 10 pachanya pa Quality Counts Education Rankings chaka chilichose kufuma mu 2009 apo likukhala pa malo 5 pachanya mu 2012 na 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edweek.org/ew/qc/2009/17src.h28.html|title=Quality Counts 2009—State Report Cards—Education Week|website=edweek.org|date=January 8, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edweek.org/media/qualitycounts2012_release.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.edweek.org/media/qualitycounts2012_release.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Quality counts |date=2012 |website=edweek.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.edweek.org/media/QualityCounts2013_Release.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.edweek.org/media/QualityCounts2013_Release.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Qua;ity counts |date=2013 |newspaper=Education Week }}</ref> Boma la Arkansas likapokera A pa nkhani ya kusintha vinthu na kulondezga malango gha boma pa nkhani ya sukulu za ŵana ŵachoko, masambiro gha ku koleji, na ntchito. Kazembe Mike Beebe wakuyezgayezga kuti waŵike ndalama zinandi pa masambiro, ndipo ivi vyawovwira kuti masambiro ghaŵeko ghawemi. Boma ili ndilo likwamba kusintha masukulu kuti ghaŵe na masukulu ghakukonkhera ŵana ŵa sukulu kuti ŵalute ku masukulu gha sekondare, ndipo likutumbika ŵasambizgi awo ŵakufiska makora masambiro ghawo, kweniso likutumbika ŵalongozgi ŵa masukulu awo ŵakugwira nchito mu masukulu gha pasi pa sekondare.<ref>{{cite web |title= The states with the best and worst schools |date= January 30, 2013 |url= http://homes.yahoo.com/news/where-the-best-and-worst-schools-are-021737613.html |publisher= Yahoo |last1= Sauter |first1= Michael |last2= Weigley |first2= Samuel |access-date= February 1, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130202160339/http://homes.yahoo.com/news/where-the-best-and-worst-schools-are-021737613.html |archive-date= February 2, 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ===Funding=== Nga ni umo vyaru vikapangikira, ndipo pamasinda mu mazuŵa ghakwambilira gha kuŵa boma, masambiro ghakaŵanga na ndalama izo zikafumanga ku malonda gha malo gha boma agho ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa yakukwana yayi ndipo yikaŵanga yakusuzga kupokera vimbundi. Mu 1854, Kazembe Elias N. Conway wakati, "Tili na dango la masukulu ghakukolerana, ilo likukhumba kuti tisange masukulu ghakukolerana mu vigaŵa vyose vya boma; kweni pakuti kulije ndalama zakukwana, masukulu ghachoko waka ghakugwira nchito mwakuyana na dango ili". Pa nyengo iyo, pa ŵana 100, mwana yumoza pa ŵana ŵanayi ndiyo wakaŵa pa sukulu. Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, boma likaŵa na masukulu 25 pera gha ŵanthu wose. Mu 1867, ŵamazaza ŵa boma ŵakaŵa ŵa Confederate. Likapeleka dango la masukulu agho ghakazomerezganga kuti masukulu gha ŵanthu wose ghaŵe gha ŵazungu pera. Mu 1868, wupu wa malango ukakanizga ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na Confederate kuti ŵaleke kunjira usilikari, ndipo ukapeleka dango likuru chomene ilo likalongosoranga vya ndalama na vinthu vinyake, na kuzomerezga ŵana ŵa ŵanthu ŵafipa kuti ŵalute ku sukulu. Kuti ivi vicitike, mu 1868 boma likapeleka dango lakuti munthu waliyose wapelekenge msonkho wa ndalama zakwendeskera masukulu. Mu 1868, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulongozga masukulu gha mu County. Mu 2014, boma la Arkansas likagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakukwana $9,616 pa msambiri waliyose, pakuyaniska na ndalama zakukwana $11,000 izo boma la Arkansas likagwiliskiranga nchito pa sukulu zose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education Spending Per Student by State|date=February 9, 2012|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/education-data/state-education-spending-per-pupil-data.html|publisher=Governing|access-date=August 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=8}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book|last1=Wilson|first1=William Oscar|title=History of Public School Education in Arkansas; 1900–1918|date=August 30, 1918|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Education|page=3}}</ref> ===Timeline=== * 1829 Territorial legislature permits townships to establish schools<ref name="auto1"/> * 1868 State law requires racial segregation of schools * 1871 [[University of Arkansas]] established * 1873 [[University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff]] established as a school to train black teachers * 1877 [[Philander Smith College]] established as a school for black students * 1890 [[Henderson State University]] established (as a private school, becoming Henderson ''State'' Teachers ''College'' in 1929) * 1885 [[Arkansas School for the Deaf]] and [[Arkansas School for the Blind]] established * 1909 [[Arkansas Tech University]], [[Southern Arkansas University]], [[University of Arkansas at Monticello]] and [[Arkansas State University]] established as schools offering high school diplomas and vocational training * {{circa|1920}} Schooling made compulsory<ref name="auto">{{cite web |last1=Holley |first1=Marc J |title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2164 |access-date=August 27, 2017 |website=Education Reform |publisher=University of Arkansas}}</ref> * 1925 [[University of Central Arkansas]] established (as Arkansas State Normal School) * 1948 [[University of Arkansas School of Law]] admits a black student * 1957 Governor [[Orval Faubus]] uses National Guard troops to oppose racial integration of [[Little Rock Central High School]] * 1958 United States Supreme Court [[Cooper v. Aaron|overrules]] the governor * 1983 [[Arkansas State Supreme Court]] rules that the state's funding of education is Constitutionally deficient<ref name="auto"/> ==Media== Mu 2010, manyuzipepara gha ku Arkansas ghakaŵa gha WEHCO Media, Lancaster Management, Paxton Media Group, Rust Communications, Stephens Media, na GateHouse Media.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2191 |title= Mass Media |author=C. Dennis Schick |publisher= Central Arkansas Library System |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia of Arkansas]] |access-date= March 24, 2017 }}</ref> ==Culture== {{Main|Culture of Arkansas}} [[File:Van Buren Confederate Monument 001.jpg|thumb|188x188px|[[Van Buren Confederate Monument]] at the [[Crawford County, Arkansas|Crawford County]] Courthouse in [[Van Buren, Arkansas]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa kurya vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, na viphikiro vyawo. Maseŵero nagho ngakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu aŵa, kusazgapo bola, baseball, basketball, kuvina, na ulovi. Cinthu cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene mu cikaya ca ku Arkansas nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya ici mbanthu awo ŵakukhala mu mapiri. Zina ili likamba kumanyikwa apo ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti malo agha ghakaŵa nga ni mapopa ghakofya agho mukaŵa vigeŵenga na ŵankhungu. Chinthu chinyake icho chikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi ni buku la The Arkansas Traveller, ilo likulongosora nkhani ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1840. Nangauli mazgu agha ghakayowoyanga vya ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵanthu ŵakavu ŵa ku mapiri gha kumpoto kwa Arkansas, kweni ghakazgoka waka mazgu gha munthu wa ku mpoto uyo wali mu mapiri gha Ozarks pa hachi lituŵa. Boma ili likusuzgikaso cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu uko kukacitikanga mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Confederate, ndipo vinthu vyapadera nga ni ivyo vikacitika ku Little Rock vikawovwira kuti zina la Arkansas liŵe likuru. Mu nyumba zakuwoneskeramo vinthu vyakale muli vinthu vyakuzirwa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas na ŵalendo ŵakukondwa navyo. Mu 2012, ŵanthu 604,000 ŵakaluta ku Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art ku Bentonville. Mu nyumba iyi muli nthowa zakwenda na malo ghakusambizgirapo, kweniso muli vinthu vyakujumpha 450 ivyo vikulongora luso la ku America lwa vyaka 500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mzinda wa Arkansas uli na malo ghanandi agho ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale. Ghanyake mwa malo agha ni Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park na Davidsonville Historic State Park. Mu Arkansas muli nyimbo zakupambanapambana za ŵanthu ŵa ku West Memphis, Pine Bluff, Helena ⁇ West Helena, rockabilly, bluegrass, na nyimbo za ku Ozarks. Vyakukondwelera nga ni King Biscuit Blues Festival na Bikes, Blues, na BBQ vikulumba mbiri ya blues mu boma ili. Ozark Folk Festival ku Mountain View ndi chikondwerero cha chikhalidwe cha Ozark ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi oimba a folk ndi bluegrass. Mabuku gha ku Arkansas nga ni I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings gha Maya Angelou na A Painted House gha John Grisham ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga mu nyengo zakupambanapambana.<ref>{{cite web |title=600K visitors later, Crystal Bridges turns 1 |last=Bartels |first=Chuck |url=http://www.newsok.com/article/feed/461683 |date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |publisher=News Ok }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>Sutherlin 1996, p. 17.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Crystal Bridges art museum is reshaping Wal-Mart's hometown |last= Reynolds |first= Chris |newspaper= Chicago Tribune |url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/la-tr-arkansas-20121014,0,3925043.story?page=2 |date= October 14, 2012 |access-date= November 18, 2012 }}</ref><ref>Sutherlin 1996, p. 20.</ref><ref>Blevins 2009, p. 30.</ref><ref>Arnold et al. 2002, p. 115.</ref><ref>Blevins 2009, p. 15.</ref> ===Sports and recreation=== [[File:Wapanocca National Wildlife Refuge Crittenden County AR 052.jpg|thumb|The flooded, forested [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)#Lowland|bottomlands]] of east Arkansas attract wintering waterfowl.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero, ndipo ŵakukondwa kuŵapo pa maseŵero ghakupambanapambana na kuwona ivyo vikucitika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha pa timu, comenecomene maseŵero gha pa koleji. Mpira wa pa koleji ku Arkansas ukayamba mu 1894. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Arkansas ŵakuwona kuti timu ya Arkansas Razorbacks ndiyo yikulongora kuti boma ili ndakuzirwa. Nangauli Yunivesite ya Arkansas yili ku Fayetteville, kweni timu ya Razorbacks yikaseŵereskanga kamoza pa nyengo yiliyose pa War Memorial Stadium ku Little Rock kuti yikondweske ŵanthu ŵa ku Arkansas. Arkansas State University ndiyo yikaŵa timu yaciŵiri ya NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Division I-A) mu boma ili mu 1992 pamanyuma pakuseŵera mu vigaŵa vya pasi kwa vilimika pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri. Masukulu ghaŵiri agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandachitepo maseŵero agha chifukwa cha dango la Yunivesite ya Arkansas lakuti ŵaleke kuseŵera maseŵero gha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Yunivesite ya Arkansas ghakaŵa mu gulu la I. Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Pine Bluff ndi membala wa Southwestern Athletic Conference, ligi yomwe mamembala ake onse amasewera mpira mu Football Championship Subdivision (FCS). Yunivesite ya Arkansas ku Little Rock, iyo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti Little Rock, yikamba kuseŵera mu Sun Belt Conference, ndipo yikamba kuseŵera mu Ohio Valley Conference mu 2022. Wina wa chigawo I membala wa boma ndi University of Central Arkansas (UCA), amene anagwirizana ndi ASUN Conference mu 2021 atachoka ku FCS Southland Conference. Chifukwa chakuti ASUN sikukonzekera kuyamba mpikisano wa mpira wa FCS mpaka chaka cha 2022, mpira wa UCA ukuchita mpikisano ku Western Athletic Conference ngati gawo la mgwirizano wapakati pa masewera awiriwa. Ma koleji ghanayi gha ku Arkansas ghakwimba mu NCAA Division II, ghanayi mu Great American Conference ndipo limoza mu Lone Star Conference. Masukulu ghanyake ghaŵiri gha ku Arkansas ghakuseŵera mu NCAA Division III, uko masukulu gha maseŵero ghakukanizgika. Maseŵero gha mpira mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ghakamba kutchuka ku Arkansas mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Maseŵero gha baseball ghakaŵako ku Arkansas ndipo ghakatemwekanga chomene pambere charu ichi chindambe kuchitiska maseŵero gha baseball ku Hot Springs kwambira mu 1886 m'paka m'ma 1920. Timu ziŵiri za ku Little League zili mu chigaŵa ichi. Gulu la Arkansas Travelers likusewera ku Dickey  ⁇  Stephens Park ku North Little Rock, ndipo Northwest Arkansas Naturals ikusewera ku Arvest Ballpark ku Springdale. Timu yiliyose yikupambana mu Double-A Central. Ŵalwani ŵakulutilira kupenja nyama mu caru ici. Mu 1915, boma la Arkansas likakhazikiska wupu wakuwona vya somba na nyama. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Arkansas ŵakutemwa kupenja nkhunda mu mlonga wa Mississippi, kweniso mbaŵala mu chigaŵa chose.<ref name="Sutherlin 1996, p. 164">Sutherlin 1996, p. 164.</ref> Wupu wa Ducks Unlimited ukati msumba wa Stuttgart, ku Arkansas, "ni malo ghakupambanapambana pa caru cose". Ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa kupenja vilwero na mauta ŵali na malo ghakukwana mahekitala ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Arkansas ŵakutemwa chomene kukoma somba, ndipo boma la Arkansas nalo likovwirika chifukwa cha kuzenga madamu ghanandi mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakamba kupenja nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire unenesko wa mu Baibolo. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu nyumba za ŵacekuru, nga ni Bull Shoals, Hot Springs Village, na Fairfield Bay, ŵakukondwa comene cifukwa cakuti ŵali pafupi na nyanja ya somba. Wupu wa National Park Service ukasungilira Mlonga wa Buffalo National River kuti uleke kunangika, ndipo ŵalovi ŵakuluta kukawuwona chaka chilichose. ==Attractions== [[File:Blanchard Springs II.jpg|thumb|[[Blanchard Springs Caverns]] ku [[Stone County, Arkansas|Stone County]]]] Ku Arkansas kuli malo ghanandi agho ghakusungika na National Park System. Zina mwa izo ni izi:<ref name="ArkNPS">{{cite web |title=Arkansas |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=July 15, 2008 |url=http://www.nps.gov/state/ar}}</ref> * [[Arkansas Post National Memorial]] at [[Gillett, Arkansas|Gillett]] * [[Blanchard Springs Caverns]] * [[Buffalo National River]] * [[Fort Smith National Historic Site]] * [[Hot Springs National Park]] * [[Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site]] * [[Pea Ridge National Military Park]] * [[President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site]] * [[Arkansas State Capitol Building]] * [[List of Arkansas state parks]] ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Arkansas-related articles]] * [[Outline of Arkansas]] * [[Spanish Empire]] * [[History of Louisiana]] * [[USS Arkansas|USS ''Arkansas'']], 5 ships * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Arkansas}}</small>''''' * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|United States}}</small>''''' ==Vyakulemba== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== * {{cite journal | last1= Arnold | first1= Morris S | title= The Significance of the Arkansas Colonial Experience | pages= 69–82 |volume= 51 |date= Spring 1992 |journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly| issue= 1 | doi= 10.2307/40038202 | jstor= 40038202 }} * {{cite book | last4= Whayne | first4= Jeannie M | last2= DeBlack | first2= Thomas A | last3= Sabo III | first3= George | last1= Arnold | first1= Morris S. | title= Arkansas: A narrative history | edition= 1st | year= 2002 | publisher= The University of Arkansas Press | location= Fayetteville, AR | isbn= 978-1-55728-724-3 | oclc= 49029558 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/arkansasnarrativ0000unse }} * {{Cite book |last=Blevins |first= Brooks |title= Arkansas/Arkansaw, How Bear Hunters, Hillbillies & Good Ol' Boys Defined a State |location= Fayetteville, AR |year= 2009 | publisher= [[University of Arkansas Press]] | isbn= 978-1-55728-952-0 }} * {{cite journal |last= Bolton |first= S. Charles |title= Slavery and the Defining of Arkansas |journal= The Arkansas Historical Quarterly |date= Spring 1999 |volume= 58 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–23 |doi= 10.2307/40026271 |jstor= 40026271 }} * {{cite book |last= Fletcher |first= John Gould |title= Arkansas |year= 1989 |volume= 2 |editor-last = Carpenter |editor-first= Lucas |publisher= University of Arkansas Press |location= Fayetteville, AR | isbn = 978-1-55728-040-4 |oclc= 555740849}} * {{cite journal |last= Johnson |first= William R. |title= Prelude to the Missouri Compromise: A New York Congressman's Effort to Exclude Slavery from Arkansas Territory | journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 24 |date= Spring 1965 |issue= 1 |pages= 47–66|doi= 10.2307/40023964 |jstor= 40023964 }} * {{cite journal |title= Arkansas Statehood: A Study in State and National Political Schism |first= Jack B | last = Scroggs |pages= 227–244 |volume= 20 |date= Autumn 1961 | journal = Arkansas Historical Quarterly|issue= 3 |doi= 10.2307/40038048 |jstor= 40038048 }} * {{cite book |last= Smith |first= Richard M. |title= The Atlas of Arkansas |publisher= The University of Arkansas Press |year= 1989 |isbn= 978-1557280473}} * {{Cite journal |title= Arkansas Territorial Indian Affairs |first= Lonnie J. |last= White |journal= Arkansas Historical Quarterly |volume= 21 |date= Autumn 1962 |issue= 3 |pages= 193–212 |doi= 10.2307/40018929 |jstor= 40018929 }} * {{Cite book |title= The Arkansas Handbook |last= Sutherlin |first= Diann |year= 1996 | edition= 2nd | publisher = Fly By Night Press |location= Little Rock, Arkansas |isbn= 978-0-932531-03-2 |lccn= 95-90761}} * {{Cite book | title= The WPA Guide to 1930s Arkansas | year= 1987 | edition= 1st paperback | series = [[Federal Writers' Project]] |publisher= University Press of Kansas |location= [[Lawrence, Kansas|Lawrence, KS]] | orig-year = 1941 | isbn =978-0700603411 |lccn= 87-81307}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{Refbegin|30em}} * Blair, Diane D. & Jay Barth ''Arkansas Politics & Government: Do the People Rule?'' (2005) * Deblack, Thomas A. ''With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861–1874'' (2003) * Donovan, Timothy P. and Willard B. Gatewood Jr., eds. ''The Governors of Arkansas'' (1981) * Dougan, Michael B. ''Confederate Arkansas'' (1982), * Duvall, Leland. ed., ''Arkansas: Colony and State'' (1973) * [https://books.google.com/books?id=dvMZ_YNpYrYC&dq=peter+joseph+hamilton+reconstruction+period&pg=PP16 Hamilton, Peter Joseph. ''The Reconstruction Period''] (1906), full length history of era; [[Dunning School]] approach; 570 pp; ch 13 on Arkansas * Hanson, Gerald T. and Carl H. Moneyhon. ''Historical Atlas of Arkansas'' (1992) * Key, V. O. ''Southern Politics'' (1949) * Kirk, John A., ''Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas, 1940–1970'' (2002). * McMath, Sidney S. ''Promises Kept'' (2003) * Moore, Waddy W. ed., ''Arkansas in the Gilded Age, 1874–1900'' (1976). * Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States'' (1974). * Thompson, Brock. ''The Un-Natural State: Arkansas and the Queer South'' (2010) * Thompson, George H. ''Arkansas and Reconstruction'' (1976) * Whayne, Jeannie M. ''Arkansas Biography: A Collection of Notable Lives'' (2000) * White, Lonnie J. ''Politics on the Southwestern Frontier: Arkansas Territory, 1819–1836'' (1964) * Williams, C. Fred. ed. ''A Documentary History Of Arkansas'' (2005) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Arkansas|Arkansas|n=Category:Arkansas}} * [http://www.arkansas.gov/ Arkansas.gov]—Official State Website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212729/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=05&StateName=Arkansas#.U8FpBLH-ItU Arkansas State Facts from USDA] * [http://www.arkansas.com Official State tourism website] * [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/ ''Encyclopedia of Arkansas''] * [http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AR Energy & Environmental Data for Arkansas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110104031416/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/05000.html U.S. Census Bureau] * [http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Arkansas/2kh05.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Arkansas], [[U.S. Census Bureau]] * [http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=AR USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Arkansas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728123638/http://www.summercampsus.com/arkansas-summer-camps/ Arkansas Summer Camps] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201219003526/https://www.arkshakes.com/ Arkansas Shakespeare Theatre] * {{Ballotpedia|Arkansas|Arkansas}} * {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Arkansas}} * {{OSM relation|161646}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013051630/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/data/ar_code.asp Arkansas State Code (the state statutes of Arkansas)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075409/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Arkansas Arkansas State Databases]—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Arkansas state agencies and compiled by the Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association. {{break}}<!--to put visual space between the last information and the following template if needed--> {{s-start}} {{s-bef|before=[[Missouri]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Admitted on June 15, 1836 (25th)}} {{s-aft|after=[[Michigan]]}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Arkansas</span>{{break}}''The Natural State'' |list = {{Arkansas|expanded}} {{Protected areas of Arkansas}} {{Southern United States}} {{New France}} {{New Spain}} {{Confederate States political divisions}} {{United States political divisions}} |state=expanded}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|35|-92|dim:300000_region:US-AR_type:adm1st|name=State of Arkansas|display=title}} [[Category:Arkansas| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1836 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:South Central United States]] [[Category:Southern United States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1836]] [[Category:States of the Confederate States of America]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] k5pzb3ek1ip7f8lfqnvqeyv8kp2bu3s 3 9758 117698 112852 2026-07-21T02:43:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Welcome again */ new section 117698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Caro de Segeda/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Caro Talk 1}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS == All books in one.https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] ([[User talk:Tumbuka Arch|pakuchezgela]]) 12:17, 24 Julayi 2023 (UTC) :Thanks, it is amazing the amount of books you have there. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 13:03, 24 Julayi 2023 (UTC) == MALAWI VILLAGES WITH COORDINATES,POP, CHIEF, ETC == Here https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1EmE2T1CbOjo9kxwZewOAiBl6Y5pNlUKO/edit#gid=1586306401 [[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] ([[User talk:Tumbuka Arch|pakuchezgela]]) 12:22, 24 Julayi 2023 (UTC) == An old friend checking up on an old friend == Ola amigo, [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], Hopefully life is progressing well, huh. I am just check up on ya. Hey, I recently got interested in Interlingua and other constructed languages. Where can I find some other books on it, especially short stories, or novels, and poems. Help with book title only, I know my ways of purchasing them online, if they are available on Amazon, etc. Good to talk to you. One of the best Tumbuka Wikipedia editors this wiki had and has ever had in its entire history.. Yewo chomene/Gracias :) [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:38, 31 Meyi 2025 (UTC) :Only in Interlingua or in other conlangs (CONstructed LANGuageS)? :For [[Interlingua]], you have a free online library [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/ here]. A grammar in Interlingua can be found [https://www.interlingua.com/grammatica/ here]. There are different materials to learn [https://www.interlingua.com/instruction-national/ here]. :I would suggest you to take a look at [[Interlingue]], which is more regular than Interlingua (therefore, easier to learn), yet considered a "naturalistic" conlang, just like Interlingua. You have most resources [https://occidental-lang.com/ here] and a course [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Salute,_Jonathan! here]. :I you prefer to buy books, there are different titles in Interlingua, which you can find on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua_literature this article]. For books in Interlingue, take a look [https://www.lulu.com/search?page=1&sortBy=RELEVANCE&q=Interlingue&pageSize=10&adult_audience_rating=00 here] and . They are also available on Amazon, at least some of them. Interlingue has a magazine which you can subscribe to for free, which is called [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmoglotta Cosmoglotta]. :If you are interested in any other constructed languages, like Esperanto, Ido, Glosa or any other, please let me know. (BTW, I cannot access my Caro de Segeda account, that is why I am using this one) [[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] ([[User talk:Jon Gua|pakuchezgela]]) 18:40, 31 Meyi 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]], wow! Thank you for great resources! I will check and download them. ::Why are you unable to access your former acc? ::That acc has a long history of loyalty and trust to most of the wikis you have interacted with. ::Whatever the case,it is also good to start afresh and look to new adventures. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 03:13, 1 Juni 2025 (UTC) :::Hi, I am back xd [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|pakuchezgela]]) 13:22, 5 Julayi 2025 (UTC) == Welcome again == @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], hi, long time. I just removed a global block on you on this wiki which means you can keep on editing here whenever you have a chance/time. You have been good to this wiki. Thanks it's (this wiki) in this state because of you. From now on, you can always edit here freely. Be well. Taonga chomene/Gracias. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:43, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) jkal4mmyhwnuv08zeriedfnqvx8zzjg 3 11298 117714 117695 2026-07-21T15:16:01Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi */ Zgolo 117714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ot71ej6sakgac3i6gfzd7ycozfbd4mq 117715 117714 2026-07-21T17:31:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ new section 117715 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted here and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 3ltm3ecws76xaqesfvsavywya3z3scc 117716 117715 2026-07-21T17:32:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ 117716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 5pxcx80ujv997wwswxecznf5n1ob1nu 117722 117716 2026-07-21T17:41:31Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) pv0cx7c8x4a8z45fjd0jfqcdwum621p 117723 117722 2026-07-21T17:44:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 2qw08fsk3dojr7slqjajqi8aerg9cep 117724 117723 2026-07-21T17:46:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::On Tumbuka Tumbuka Wiktionary, just add names of things, and thier meanings. Check on home, there are some examples. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:46, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) i37ddhq0ihwjpwfdlhkjapazsyxm21f 117725 117724 2026-07-21T17:47:28Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::On Tumbuka Tumbuka Wiktionary, just add names of things, and thier meanings. Check on home, there are some examples. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:46, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::It is all work from https://www.mapillary.com/app/, which all work from it is under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, so it is free to upload onto commons. I use https://curator.toolforge.org/#/mapillary to upload batches onto commons. I do use Mapillary where I live in Florida, USA, but haven't uploaded much of it onto commons. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:47, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) f0mkst6iuy2ghc61akmi1wu98lb6v1c 117726 117725 2026-07-21T17:49:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::On Tumbuka Tumbuka Wiktionary, just add names of things, and thier meanings. Check on home, there are some examples. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:46, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::It is all work from https://www.mapillary.com/app/, which all work from it is under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, so it is free to upload onto commons. I use https://curator.toolforge.org/#/mapillary to upload batches onto commons. I do use Mapillary where I live in Florida, USA, but haven't uploaded much of it onto commons. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:47, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Great! It is just that I haven't really been familiar with that. Thank you for little exp. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:49, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 40liapn3d23ozv23hx18tsf72xiul4r 117727 117726 2026-07-21T18:10:28Z CubanoBoi 7227 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::On Tumbuka Tumbuka Wiktionary, just add names of things, and thier meanings. Check on home, there are some examples. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:46, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::It is all work from https://www.mapillary.com/app/, which all work from it is under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, so it is free to upload onto commons. I use https://curator.toolforge.org/#/mapillary to upload batches onto commons. I do use Mapillary where I live in Florida, USA, but haven't uploaded much of it onto commons. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:47, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Great! It is just that I haven't really been familiar with that. Thank you for little exp. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:49, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], I've created these two pages [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/CubanoBoi here], what do you suggest to fix/add if anything? Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 18:10, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 75zu2fq26xspxonxqlpq0xtu5oua8zv 117729 117727 2026-07-21T22:31:05Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. */ Zgolo 117729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 250K |counter = 16 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:CubanoBoi/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> == CONGRATS == [[File:Tireless_Contributor_Barnstar_Hires.gif|thumb|A tireless barnstar for you for being one of the tireless contributors on tumwiki. Your presence here is such a miracle. Keep the good work. Mukugwila ntchito iwemi chomene pa Wikipedia iyi, chonde pitilizgani. Yewo chomene]]---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:10, 26 Malichi 2023 (UTC) == Main page articles == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], the articles on 31-days loop showing on the '''home page''' are outdated. If you ever find time, may you please replace with any new articles. You don't have to do(update) all of them, but just the few you can manage to. The thing is that you can add any article, be it a river from Malawi/Zambia/Tanzania, a town/history/municipality in Cuba, a state in USA, a president from Mexico, etc. It doesn't '''always''' has to be about Tumbuka related, though at least adding one or two about Tumbuka-related is recommended. The home page is not edited through home page, but from [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chikaya_chikulu here]. The '''today's pictures articles''' to change are located [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka here] (list) while the individual page [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chithuzi_cha_mwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 is like this]. <br> The '''vital articles''' on main page are [[:Category:Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka|found here]] (as list), but an individual page can be found [https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nkhani_yamwahuno_mu_ChiTumbuka/29 here]. Yewo chomene/gracias.--- [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:00, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) :Okay, thanks for letting me know! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 13:56, 4 Ogasiti 2025 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:17, 28 Epulelo 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472541 --> == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2026-06-12 07:53:51. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:42, 5 Juni 2026 (UTC)</div> == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_User Group Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:17, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] add your name there. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:25, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], Gracias! and here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating ::Another thing is that can you create your userpage on Meta so that it doesn't look "red" which presumes one as a newbie. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:16, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Let's wake up the Tumbuka Wiktionary. == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], how can I help with this? Also, I have been uploading work from Mapillary of Malawi onto commons for more use on Wikimedia projects ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Malawi_from_Mapillary here]), and I will upload more. Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:41, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] wow! It is amazing! Thank you. I am not familiar with that. Were you actually in Karonga? Or it is just an app, navigation system or..? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:44, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::On Tumbuka Tumbuka Wiktionary, just add names of things, and thier meanings. Check on home, there are some examples. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:46, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::It is all work from https://www.mapillary.com/app/, which all work from it is under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license, so it is free to upload onto commons. I use https://curator.toolforge.org/#/mapillary to upload batches onto commons. I do use Mapillary where I live in Florida, USA, but haven't uploaded much of it onto commons. [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 17:47, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] Great! It is just that I haven't really been familiar with that. Thank you for little exp. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:49, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]], I've created these two pages [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/CubanoBoi here], what do you suggest to fix/add if anything? Thanks! [[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] [[File:Flag of Cuba (3-2).svg|20px|link=special:Contributions/CubanoBoi]] [[File:Coat of arms of Cuba.svg|20px|link=User talk:CubanoBoi]] 18:10, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]] It's just great. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 22:31, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 7uey6rtxannnq1ilgmq21m0tixi1awf 828 13427 117800 34354 2025-04-03T16:31:32Z en>Ahecht 0 add templatemain function for direct invocation 117800 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{for loop}}. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} function p.templatemain(frame) return p.main(frame:newChild{title = "Template:For_loop"}) end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { trim = false, removeBlanks = false }) return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local template = args['call'] or 'void' local calltemplates = yesno(args.substall or "", true) or not mw.isSubsting() local variableParam = args.pv variableParam = tonumber(variableParam) or variableParam or 1 -- fix for positional parameters local variableValPrefix = args.prefix or '' local variableValPostfix = args.postfix or '' local sep = args[1] or '' local constantArgs = p.getConstants(args) local variableVals = p.getVariableVals(args) local result = '' local addSeparator = false; for _, v in ipairs(variableVals) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if #v > 0 or not yesno(args.skipBlanks) then if addSeparator then result = result .. sep end addSeparator = true; local targs = constantArgs targs[variableParam] = variableValPrefix .. v .. variableValPostfix if calltemplates then local output = p.callTemplate(template, targs) if #mw.text.trim(output) == 0 then addSeparator = false end result = result .. output else local makeTemplate = require('Module:Template invocation').invocation result = result .. makeTemplate(template, targs) end end end return result end function p.getConstants(args) local constantArgNums = p.getArgNums(args, 'pc', 'n') local constantArgs = {} for _, num in ipairs(constantArgNums) do local keyArg = 'pc' .. tostring(num) .. 'n' local valArg = 'pc' .. tostring(num) .. 'v' local key = args[keyArg] key = tonumber(key) or key local value = args[valArg] constantArgs[key] = value end return constantArgs end function p.getVariableVals(args) local variableVals = {} if args.start or args.stop or args.by then if args[2] then error("Both start/stop/by and numbered parameters specified") end local start = tonumber(args.start or 1) local stop = tonumber(args.stop or 1) local by = tonumber(args.by or 1) for i = start, stop, by do variableVals [#variableVals + 1] = i end else for i, v in ipairs(args) do if i ~= 1 then variableVals[i - 1] = v end end end return variableVals end function p.getArgNums(args, prefix, suffix) -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix and suffix. local nums = {} local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' for k, _ in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match(pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end function p.callTemplate(template, targs) return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = template, args = targs} end return p 3vczdtsoi79wslpamhz4wcf4ti3y68c 117801 117800 2026-07-22T19:25:03Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:For_loop]] 117800 Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{for loop}}. local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') local p = {} function p.templatemain(frame) return p.main(frame:newChild{title = "Template:For_loop"}) end function p.main(frame) local args = getArgs(frame, { trim = false, removeBlanks = false }) return p._main(args) end function p._main(args) local template = args['call'] or 'void' local calltemplates = yesno(args.substall or "", true) or not mw.isSubsting() local variableParam = args.pv variableParam = tonumber(variableParam) or variableParam or 1 -- fix for positional parameters local variableValPrefix = args.prefix or '' local variableValPostfix = args.postfix or '' local sep = args[1] or '' local constantArgs = p.getConstants(args) local variableVals = p.getVariableVals(args) local result = '' local addSeparator = false; for _, v in ipairs(variableVals) do v = mw.text.trim(v) if #v > 0 or not yesno(args.skipBlanks) then if addSeparator then result = result .. sep end addSeparator = true; local targs = constantArgs targs[variableParam] = variableValPrefix .. v .. variableValPostfix if calltemplates then local output = p.callTemplate(template, targs) if #mw.text.trim(output) == 0 then addSeparator = false end result = result .. output else local makeTemplate = require('Module:Template invocation').invocation result = result .. makeTemplate(template, targs) end end end return result end function p.getConstants(args) local constantArgNums = p.getArgNums(args, 'pc', 'n') local constantArgs = {} for _, num in ipairs(constantArgNums) do local keyArg = 'pc' .. tostring(num) .. 'n' local valArg = 'pc' .. tostring(num) .. 'v' local key = args[keyArg] key = tonumber(key) or key local value = args[valArg] constantArgs[key] = value end return constantArgs end function p.getVariableVals(args) local variableVals = {} if args.start or args.stop or args.by then if args[2] then error("Both start/stop/by and numbered parameters specified") end local start = tonumber(args.start or 1) local stop = tonumber(args.stop or 1) local by = tonumber(args.by or 1) for i = start, stop, by do variableVals [#variableVals + 1] = i end else for i, v in ipairs(args) do if i ~= 1 then variableVals[i - 1] = v end end end return variableVals end function p.getArgNums(args, prefix, suffix) -- Returns a table containing the numbers of the arguments that exist -- for the specified prefix and suffix. local nums = {} local pattern = '^' .. prefix .. '([1-9]%d*)' .. suffix .. '$' for k, _ in pairs(args) do local num = tostring(k):match(pattern) if num then nums[#nums + 1] = tonumber(num) end end table.sort(nums) return nums end function p.callTemplate(template, targs) return mw.getCurrentFrame():expandTemplate{title = template, args = targs} end return p 3vczdtsoi79wslpamhz4wcf4ti3y68c 0 13515 117699 115451 2026-07-21T03:38:51Z CommonsDelinker 72 Removing [[:c:File:Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg|Stade_des_martyrs_0332_Kinshasa_(8756673901).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Stade des martyrs 0332 Kinshasa (8 117699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{distinguish|text=the neighbouring [[Republic of the Congo]]; for similarly named entities, see [[Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)]]}} {{redirect|DRC|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Congo | native_name = {{resize|100%|{{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|ktu|Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|lua|Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Flag]] | image_coat = Coat of Arms Democratic Republic of Congo.png | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice&nbsp;– Paix&nbsp;– Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />"Justice&nbsp;– Peace&nbsp;– Work" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}}<br />"Arise, Congolese"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Democratic Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|S|15|19|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Kinshasa | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]]{{efn|The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as ''Kikongo ya leta'' by its speakers – not the [[Kongo language]] proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".}}|[[Lingala language|Lingala]]|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.4% [[Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Christianity]] |2.6% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.5% [[Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Islam]] |0.5% [[Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="United States Department of State 2022">{{cite web | title=Democratic Republic of the Congo | website=United States Department of State | date=2022-06-02 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ | access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> | demonym = <span class="nowikilink">Congolese</span> | government_type = [[Unitary system|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sama Lukonde]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | leader_title5 = | leader_name5 = | legislature = [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[International Association of the Congo|Colonised]] | established_date1 = 17 November 1879 | established_event2 = [[Congo Free State]] | established_date2 = 1 July 1885 | established_event3 = [[Belgian Congo]] | established_date3 = 15 November 1908 | established_event4 = [[Congo Crisis|Independence]] from [[Belgium]] | established_date4 = 30 June 1960<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_event5 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 142|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 20 September 1960 | established_event6 = Named Democratic Republic of the Congo | established_date6 = 1 August 1964 | established_event7 = [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] | established_date7 = 27 October 1971 | established_event8 = [[First Congo War]] | established_date8 = 17 May 1997 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 18 February 2006 | area_km2 = 2,345,409 | area_rank = 11th | area_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 3.32 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}111,859,928<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Congo Democratic Republic of the|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 14th | population_density_km2 = 46.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 104 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $128 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=636,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= December 14, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 90th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $1,327<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $64 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $660<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | Gini = 42.1 | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707032440/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.479 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 179th | currency = [[Congolese franc]] | currency_code = CDF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+243]] | iso3166code = CD | cctld = [[.cd]] | today = }} '''Charu cha Congo''', panji pa ''Chingelezi'', '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' ('''DRC'''), panji kuti '''Congo-Kinshasa''' panji kuti '''Zaire''', ni charu icho chili ku [[Central Africa]]. Kuyana na caru, DRC ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu [[Africa]], na ca 11 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 112 miliyoni. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Kinshasa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]] (kujumpha [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]]), [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], the Cabinda enclave of Angola na [[South Atlantic Ocean]]. Charu cha DRC, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Congo Basin, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Reybrouck|first=David|title=Congo : the epic history of a people|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015|isbn=9780062200129|location=New York, NY|pages=Chapter 1 and 2}}</ref>Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ufumu wa Kongo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Congo kwambira m'ma 1400 m'paka m'ma 1800. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, maufumu gha Azande, Luba, na Lunda ghakalamulira kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1900. Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium likapoka wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo mu 1885 ndipo likati caru ici nchake, ndipo likati ni Congo Free State. Kwambira mu 1885 m'paka 1908, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakachichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito ya kupanga mphira. Mu 1908, Leopold wakaleka malo agha, ndipo ghakazgoka koloni la Belgium. Pa Juni 30, 1960, charu cha Congo chikapoka wanangwa kufuma ku Belgium, ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo chikaŵa na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujipatura. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Zaire ndipo wakaŵika muwuso wankhongono m'paka apo wakawuskikira mu 1997.<ref name="cia.gov" /> Kufuma apo, zina la charu ichi likasinthikaso, ndipo kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2003, pakaŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo.<ref name="IRC2007fullreport"> {{cite report|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf|title=Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report|page=26|author=Coghlan, Benjamin|access-date=21 March 2013|year=2007|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908204131/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="The deadliest war in the world"> {{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html|title=The deadliest war in the world|last=Robinson|first=Simon|date=28 May 2006|magazine=Time|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911082009/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live}} </ref><ref> {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|title=Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month|last=Bavier|first=Joe|date=22 January 2008|work=Reuters|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|archive-date=14 April 2011|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="IRC2007Facts"> {{cite web|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf|title=Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo|year=2007|publisher=[[International Rescue Committee]]|access-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153815/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=live}} </ref> Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu nyengo ya Joseph Kabila uyo wakawusa charu ichi kufuma mu 2001 mpaka mu 2019, apo wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu chalo ichi ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa ndipo wakachitanga viheni vinandi nga nkhukomeka, kutambuzgika, kujalirika mu jele mwakutalulira na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis|title=Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis &#124; Human Rights Watch|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223749/https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha 2018 mu charu ichi, Kabila wakasankhika na Félix Tshisekedi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwanamilongo |first1=Saleh |last2=Anna |first2=Cara |date=24 January 2019 |title=Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer |website=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f |access-date=29 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518102037/https://apnews.com/article/2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2015, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DR Congo ndiko kuli nkhondo ya ŵasilikari mu Kivu. Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi, kweni chili na masuzgo gha ndyali, kusowa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, vimbundi, kweniso vyaka vinandi vya malonda na vyakukolerana.<ref name=":9"> BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth". [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390 BBC News website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531054859/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390|date=31 May 2018}} Retrieved 9 December 2017. </ref> Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities, [[Lubumbashi]] and [[Mbuji-Mayi]], are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019.<ref name="cia.gov" /> Mu chaka cha 2021, charu cha DR Congo chikaŵa pa malo 179 pa vyaru 191. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵa ku Congo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kukhala mu vyaru vyapafupi. Ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakufwa na njara, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni 4.5 ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, COMESA, Southern African Development Community, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, na Economic Community of Central African States. ==Kwiza kwa zina== {{further|Congo River|Kongo people}} Zina la charu ichi lili kufuma ku zina la Mlonga wa Congo, uwo ukujumpha mu charu ichi. Mlonga wa Congo ni mlonga wakunyang'amira comene pa caru cose ndiposo wacitatu pa mtunda. Komiti yakuwona vya ku Upper Congo (Comité d'études du haut Congo), iyo yikambiska na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium mu 1876, kweniso wupu wa International Association of the Congo, uwo wakambiska mu 1879. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ku Europe ŵakathya Mlonga wa Congo zina la Ufumu wa Kongo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Lizgu lakuti Kongo lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Kongo (icho chikuchemekaso Kikongo). Samuel Henry Nelson, mulembi wa ku America, wakati: "Panji lizgu lakuti 'Kongo' likung'anamura kuwungana pa wumba ndipo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti konga, 'kuwungana' (transitive)". Zina la mazuŵa ghano la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kongo lakuti Bakongo, likamba kumanyikwa kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900. Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo likamanyikwanga na mazina agha: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville, Democratic Republic of the Congo na Republic of Zaire, pambere lindasinthe zina lakuti Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pa nyengo iyo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikachemekanga kuti Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville kuti chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake cha ku Congo-Brazzaville. Pa 1 Ogasiti 1964, charu ichi chikazgoka DRC, kweni pa 27 Okutobala 1971 President Mobutu Sese Seko wakachitiska kuti chichemeke Zaire (zina lakale la Congo River). Lizgu lakuti Zaire lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chikikongo lakuti nzadi ("mlonga").<ref>Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo'' (1977), p. 19.</ref><ref>Ghislain C. Kabwit, ''Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis'', Cambridge University Press, 1979</ref><ref>Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, ''Le Congo Kinshasa'', KARTHALA Editions, 2014, {{p.|171}}</ref>Mlonga uwu ukachemekanga Zaire mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1700. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 18 C.E., mu Chingelezi ŵakawuchemanga kuti Congo, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura za Zaire. Mu 1992, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukazomerezga kuti charu ichi chichemeke "Democratic Republic of the Congo". Pamasinda, pulezidenti Laurent-Désiré Kabila wakawezgerapo zina la charu ichi apo wakawuskapo Mobutu mu 1997. Kuti charu ichi chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake, nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Congo (Kinshasa) panji Congo-Kinshasa. Zina lake nyengo zinyake likuzgoreka kuti DR Congo,DRC, the DROC and RDC (mu Cifurenci).<ref name="DRCabb">{{cite web |title=5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations &#124; Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments |url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} === Mbiri Yakwambilira === {{Main|Early Congolese history|Kingdom of Kongo}} Malo agho sono ghakucemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ghakaŵa na ŵanthu vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha, nga umo vikulongolereka na ivyo vikachitika mu 1988 apo ŵakabowozga futi ya Semliki ku Katanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point |title=Katanda Bone Harpoon Point &#124; The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|publisher=Humanorigins.si.ed|access-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302062128/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point|archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa |date=1 September 1998|doi=10.1023/A:1021659928822|volume=15|issue=3 |journal=African Archaeological Review|pages=173–98|last1=Yellen|first1=John E.|s2cid=128432105}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku Central Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ndipo ŵakamba kusamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto vyawo mwaluŵiro chomene chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa za ŵaliska na za ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa dazi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene, ndipo kufuma apo, maufumu gha Bantu ghakaŵako. ===Congo Free State (1877–1908)=== {{Main|Colonisation of the Congo|Congo Free State}} {{See also|Atrocities in the Congo Free State|Congo Arab war}} [[File:Stanley Founding of Congo Free State 186 View of Leopoldville Station and Port 1884 The Baptist Mission on the summit of Leopold Hill.jpg|thumb|Kuwona Siteshoni ya Leopoldville na Doko mu 1884]] Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ŵakasanda vinthu ivi kufuma mu 1870 m'paka mu 1920. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakendeskanga ni Henry Morton Stanley, uyo wakendeskanga maulendo agha na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo vikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa ca kuthereskeka kwa ŵazga, comenecomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Leopold wakakhumbanga kuti caru ca Congo ciŵe cikaya cake.<ref name="cfskeyes">Keyes, Michael. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319094604/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/the-congo-free-state-a-colony-of-gross-excess/2/ ''The Congo Free State&nbsp;– a colony of gross excess''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319094604/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/the-congo-free-state-a-colony-of-gross-excess/2/ |date=19 March 2012 }} September 2004.</ref>Mu viphalizgano vyakulondezgapo, Leopold, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Association Internationale Africaine, wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kovwira ŵanthu. Themba Leopold likapokera wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1885 ndipo likapanga caru ici kuŵa cake. Wakacichema kuti Congo Free State. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Leopold, ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni njanji iyo yikendanga kufuma ku mtunda wa mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku msumba wa Leopoldville (uno ni Kinshasa). Mu charu cha Free State, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakachichizganga ŵanthu kuti ŵapange mphira. Leopold wakasanga ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca kuguliska ganyuzi. Pakukhumba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura mphira, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakacemeka ndipo ŵakamba kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Mu nyengo ya 1885-1908, ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵa ku Congo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kusuzgika na matenda. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakakhira comene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti matenda gha mu tulo na nthomba vikakoma pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga Mlonga wa Congo. Uthenga wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamucitiranga nkhaza ukayamba kuthandazgika. Mu 1904, Roger Casement, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Britain ku boma la Boma ku Congo, wakaphalirika na boma la Britain kuti wasande nkhani iyi. Lipoti lake, lakucemeka Casement Report, likakhozga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Belgium yikapangiska Leopold II kuti wambe kusanda nkhani iyi. Ivyo vikalembeka vikakolerana na ivyo Casement wakayowoya, wakati ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo "ŵakakhira na hafu" mu nyengo iyi. Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukwana. ===Belgian Congo (1908–1960)=== {{Main|Belgian Congo}} [[File:Bugidi, the mission engineer, and his wife. Bakundi was a Bateke boy, trained by Grenfell.jpg|upright|thumbnail|right|Foto ya banja la Ŵakhristu ŵakutorana mu 1908.]] Mu 1908, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium, nangauli pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga yayi, kweni yikathera chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na ŵamitundu (makamaka ŵa ku United Kingdom) ndipo yikamba kulamulira charu cha Free State. Pa Okutobala 18, 1908, nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikazomerezga kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe mu ufumu wa Belgium. Boma la Belgium ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za maufumu, ndipo likateŵeteranga na wupu wa Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) uwo ukaŵa ku Brussels. Nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya malango gha ku Belgian Congo. Mu 1923, msumba ukuru wa boma ukafumako ku Boma na kuluta ku Léopoldville, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo |encyclopedia=britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318863/Kinshasa/9050/History |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018021639/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318863/Kinshasa/9050/History |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Congo belge campagne 1918.jpg|upright|thumbnail|left|Ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique ku Belgian Congo mu 1918. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Congo ŵakakwana 19,000, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari 420 ŵa ku Belgium.]]Kusintha kufuma ku Congo Free State kuya ku Belgian Congo kukaŵa kwakupambana, kweni kukaŵaso kukolerana. Kazembe waumaliro wa boma la Congo Free State, Baron Théophile Wahis, wakalutilira kuwusa mu charu cha Belgian Congo. Kujura caru ca Congo na usambazi wake ku vyaru vya Belgian kukalutilira kuŵa cifukwa cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici cikure. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pakaŵa malango ghaŵiri (makhoti gha ku Europe na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi). Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakazomerezga kuti mu Congo muleke kuŵa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kuwukira boma. Charu cha Belgian Congo chikakhwaskika na nkhondo ziŵiri za caru cose. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918), nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na ŵasilikari ŵa German ku German East Africa, yikasintha na kuŵa nkhondo ya pa wumba. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Force Publique likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi apo likalutanga ku Tabora mu Seputembala 1916 pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Charles Tombeur. Pamanyuma pa 1918, caru ca Belgium cikapokera njombe cifukwa ca kunjilira mu nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Belgian Congo chikapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku boma la Belgium ilo likakhalanga ku London. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian Congo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian ndipo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Italy ku Ethiopia mu Asosa, Bortaï na Saïo.<ref name = "WP"> {{cite news|last= McCrummen|first= Stephanie|title= Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII|agency= Washington Post Foreign Service|date= 4 August 2009|newspaper= The Washington Post|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html|access-date= 26 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073325/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html|archive-date= 14 October 2017|url-status=live|df= dmy-all}} </ref> === Kujiyimira paŵekha na suzgo la ndyali (1960-1965) === {{Main|Congo Crisis|Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)}} [[File:Joseph Kasa-Vubu in Israel.png|thumb|upright|right|Mulongozgi wa ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Congo-Léopoldville]] [[File:Patrice Lumumba official portrait.jpg|thumb|Patrice Lumumba, nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Congo-Léopoldville, wakakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa Katangan awo ŵakakhozgekanga na ŵa Belgian mu 1961.]] Mu Meyi 1960, gulu linyake lakucemeka Mouvement National Congolais, ilo likalongozgekanga na Patrice Lumumba, likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa Juni 24, 1960, Lumumba wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Republic of Congo. Nyumba ya malamulo yasankha Joseph Kasa-Vubu kukhala pulezidenti, wa chipani cha Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO). Maphwando ena omwe adawonekera akuphatikizapo Parti Solidaire Africain motsogozedwa ndi Antoine Gizenga, ndi Parti National du Peuple motsogozedwa ndi Albert Delvaux ndi Laurent Mbariko. Charu cha Belgian Congo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Juni 30, 1960, ndipo chikachemekanga "République du Congo". Pakuti charu cha Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) icho chikaŵa pafupi na charu cha France, nacho chikasankha zina lakuti "Republic of Congo" apo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Mwaluŵiro Force Publique yikagaluka, ndipo pa Julayi 11 chigaŵa cha Katanga (chakulongozgeka na Moïse Tshombe) na South Kasai ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵaphya. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu 100,000 ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalako pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Congo chazakaŵa na wanangwa uwu ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi. Pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations ukakana wovwiri uwo Lumumba wakapempha kuti waparanye gulu lakujipatura, Lumumba wakapempha wovwiri ku Soviet Union, iyo yikapokelera na kutuma wovwiri wa ŵasilikari. Pa Ogasiti 23, ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakanjira mu South Kasai. Lumumba wakafumiskika pa udindo pa 5 September 1960 na Kasa-Vubu uyo wakamususka pakweru chifukwa cha kukoma ŵanthu na ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Kasai kweniso chifukwa cha kunjizga maboma gha Soviet mu chalo ichi. Lumumba wakayowoya kuti ivyo Kasa-Vubu wakacita vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka na dango, ndipo pakaŵa suzgo pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa.<ref>''Sécession au Katanga''&nbsp;– [[Jules Gérard-Libois|J.Gérard-Libois]] -Brussels- CRISP</ref> Pa 14 Seputembala, Koloneli Joseph Mobutu, na wovwiri wa United States na Belgium, wakawuskapo Lumumba pa udindo wake. Pa Janyuwale 17, 1961, Lumumba wakapelekeka ku boma la Katangan na kukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Katangan awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵa Belgian. Mu 2001, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium yikachita kafukufuku ndipo yikasanga kuti charu cha Belgium "chikwenera kuŵa na mulandu" wa kukoma Lumumba. Pa Seputembala 18, 1961, apo ŵakadumbiskananga vya kuleka kuwombera, ndege yikawa pafupi na Ndola ndipo Dag Hammarskjöld, mulembi mukuru wa wupu wa United Nations, wakafwa pamoza na ŵanthu wose 15. Pakati pa suzgo yikuru, boma la kanyengo kachoko likalongozgekanga na ŵantchito (Colège des commissaires généraux). Kulekana kwa Katangan kukamara mu Janyuwale 1963 na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Maboma ghanandi gha Joseph Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, na Moise Kapenda Tshombe ghakaŵa gha nyengo yicoko waka. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ŵakugaluka awo ŵakakhozgekanga na boma la Soviet na la Cuba, awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Simbas, ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Congo, ndipo ŵakapharazga kuti ku Stanleyville kuli "Republic of the Congo". Mbumba ya Simba yikacimbizgika mu Stanleyville mu Novembala 1964 mu nyengo ya "Operation Dragon Rouge". Mu Novembala 1965, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka ŵa Simba. Lumumba wakaŵa kuti wasora Mobutu kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa gulu liphya la nkhondo la Congo, Armée Nationale Congolaise. Pakugwiliskira nchito uheni uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa Kasavubu na Tshombe, Mobutu wakasanga wovwiri wakukwana mu ŵasilikari kuti wapange boma. Mu 1965, pambere Mobutu wandawuskemo boma, pakaŵa ungano wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha malango gha charu. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasinthaso zina la charu ichi, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa "Republic of Zaire".<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|last1=Payanzo|first1=Ntsomo|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009021241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|archive-date=9 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kisanganibobb">{{Cite book |author1=Emizet Francois Kisangani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |author2=Scott F. Bobb |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6325-5 |page=i |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311161025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Boma la Mobutu na Zaire (1965-1997) === {{Main|Zaire}} [[File:Mobutu Nixon.jpg|thumb|[[Mobutu Sese Seko]] and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.]] Maboma gha ku United States ghakamovwira comene Mobutu cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga cikomyunizimu. Pakaŵa chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Mobutu wakajiphara kuti ni mulara wa boma. Nyengo na nyengo wakacitanga maungano agho iyo yekha ndiyo wakaŵa wakunjilirapo. Nangauli pakaŵa mtende na kukhazikika, kweni boma la Mobutu likaŵa na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhaza za ndyali, kusopa munthu na vimbundi. Kuumaliro wa 1967, Mobutu wakawuskapo ŵalwani ŵake wose, panji kuŵanjizga mu muwuso wake, kuŵakaka, panji kuŵapangiska kuŵa ŵambura nkhongono. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, Mobutu wakalutilira kusinthiska maboma na ŵantchito kuti ŵalutilire kulamulira. Joseph Kasa-Vubu wakati wafwa mu Epulero 1969, pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1970, Mobutu wakayezga kuti Zaire yiŵe caru cakulongozga mu Africa. Wakendanga kanandi waka mu Africa yose apo boma likayowoyanga chomene vya nkhani za ku Africa, comenecomene izo zikakhwaskanga vigaŵa vya kumwera. Charu cha Zaire chikaŵa paubwezi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Burundi, Chad, na Togo. Vimbundi vikazara comene mwakuti mazgu ghakuti "le mal Zairois" panji "matenda gha ku Zaire", agho ghakung'anamura vimbundi vikuru, unkhungu, na kuwusa uheni, ghakafuma kwa Mobutu. Wovwiri wa caru cose, comenecomene mu nthowa ya ngongoli, ukasambazga Mobutu apo wakazomerezga kuti vinthu vya mu caru nga ni misewu vileke kwenda makora. Zaire yikazgoka boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu apo Mobutu na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakayegha ndalama za boma.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|p=74}}[[File:Prince Bernhard and Mobutu Sese Seko 1973.jpg|thumb|Mobutu with the Dutch [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard]] in Kinshasa in 1973]] Pa 1 Juni 1966, Mobutu wakambiska kampeni yakujiyaniska na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo wakasinthaso mazina gha misumba ya mu charu ichi: Léopoldville wakazgoka Kinshasa (charu ichi chikachemekanga Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville wakazgoka Kisangani, Elisabethville wakazgoka Lubumbashi, ndipo Coquilhatville wakazgoka Mbandaka. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Republic of Zaire, ndipo aka kakaŵa kacinayi mu vilimika 11 ndipo kakaŵa kacitatu. Mlonga wa Congo ukasinthika zina kuŵa Mlonga wa Zaire.<ref name="kisanganibobb" /> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, Mobutu wakacemeka ku United States kanandi waka. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan na George H. W. Bush. - Kasi ni njani? Nkhondo ya Cinkhondi na Cinkhondi yikati yamara, ubwezi wa United States na Mobutu ukakhira. Ŵalwani ŵa Zaire ŵakamba kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mu 1990, Mobutu wapange Repubulika Yachitatu. Vinthu vikasintha chomene. Mobutu wakalutilira kuwusa m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakamucicizgira kucimbira mu 1997. Nkhwantha yinyake yikalemba kuti: "Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 1993, boma la United States likawovwira Mobutu kuti wasinthe ndyali, kweniso likawovwira Laurent-Desire Kabila kuti wawukire boma la Mobutu". Mu Seputembala 1997, Mobutu wakafwira ku Morocco.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/07/mobutu.wrap/ |website=edition.cnn.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331204911/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/07/mobutu.wrap/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Nkhondo za pa caru cose na za mukati mwa caru (1996-2007) === {{Main|First Congo War|Second Congo War}} [[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.png|thumb|Belligerents of the [[Second Congo War]]]] Kuzakafika mu 1996, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso apo boma la Ŵatutsi likamba kuwusa mu Rwanda, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵahutu (Interahamwe) ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zaire. Ŵakakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Zaire kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na Ŵatutsi ŵa ku Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda ŵakanjira mu Zaire kuti ŵawuskepo boma la Mobutu. Gulu ili likakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Laurent-Désiré Kabila, ndipo ŵakazgoka Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo. Mu 1997, Mobutu wakacimbira ndipo Kabila wakanjira mu msumba wa Kinshasa, wakajizgora yekha pulezidenti na kuzgora zina la caru ici kuŵa Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/18/zaire/index.html |website=edition.cnn.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408041331/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/18/zaire/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/may/20/zaire-chooses-confusing-new-name/ |website=www.spokesman.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125131604/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/may/20/zaire-chooses-confusing-new-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kabila wakalomba kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵawelere ku vyaru vyawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakawelera ku Goma ndipo ŵakambiska gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵakuwukira boma la Tutsi lakucemeka Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie kuti ŵarwe na Kabila, apo Uganda yikambiska gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Movement for the Liberation of Congo, ilo likalongozgekanga na Jean-Pierre Bemba. Magulu ghaŵiri agha, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda, ŵakambiska Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo mwa kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa DRC mu 1998. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Angola, Zimbabwe, na Namibia ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi. Kabila wakakomeka mu 2001.<ref>{{cite web |author=Guardian Staff |title=Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=11 February 2001 |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209051620/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |url-status=live }}</ref> Mwana wake Joseph Kabila ndiyo wakatora malo ghake ndipo wakacema kuti paŵe maungano gha mtende. Ŵalinda ŵa mtende ŵa UN, MONUC, awo sono ni MONUSCO, ŵakafika mu Epulero 2001. Mu 2002-03 Bemba wakachitapo kanthu mu Central African Republic mu zina la pulezidenti wake wakale, Ange-Félix Patassé. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la mtende apo Kabila wakeneranga kugaŵana mazaza na ŵakugaluka. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2003, ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vinyake kupaturako ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakafumamo mu Congo. Boma lakwimira boma ili likimikika m'paka pa nyengo iyo mavoti ghazamusankhikira. Pa 30 Julayi, 2006, boma la DRC likachita chisankho chakwamba. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1960, apo kukaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ghazamumazga vivulupi mu cigaŵa ici. Ndipouli, mphindano pakati pa Kabila na Bemba yikazgoka nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana nawo mu Kinshasa. Ŵasilikari ŵa MONUC ŵakamba kuwusa msumba uwu. Mu Okutobala 2006, pakaŵa mavoti ghaphya, ndipo Kabila ndiyo wakatonda.[[File:Refugees in Congo.jpeg|thumb|Refugees in the Congo]] === Nkhondo izo zikulutilira (2008-2018) === ==== Kivu conflict ==== {{main|Kivu conflict}}[[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (6988913212).jpg|thumb|People fleeing their villages due to fighting between [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] and rebel groups, [[North Kivu]], 2012]]Laurent Nkunda, chiŵaro cha Rally for Congolese Democracy Goma, munthavi wa Rally for Congolese Democracy uwo uli mu gulu la ŵasilikari, wakapatuka pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo na kupanga National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), iyo yikamba kuwukira boma. Kasi mbanjani awo ŵakaŵagomezga? Ku Rwanda, boma la Rwanda likukhumba kuti boma la Rwanda liŵawovwire kuti ŵarwe na gulu la Ŵahutu la Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). Mu Malichi 2009, pamanyuma pa phangano pakati pa DRC na Rwanda, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakanjira mu DRC na kukora Nkunda ndipo ŵakazomerezgeka kulondezga ŵasilikari ŵa FDLR. CNDP yikalemba phangano la mtende na boma umo yikazomera kuŵa chipani cha ndyali na kuŵika ŵasilikari ŵake mu gulu la ŵasilikari. Mu 2012, Bosco Ntaganda, mulongozgi wa CNDP, na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo, ŵakagaluka na kupanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka la March 23 Movement (M23), ŵakayowoya kuti boma laswa phangano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces |first=Melanie |last=Gouby |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=allafrica.com |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061859/http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:FARDC and MONUSCO reinforce their presence in and around Goma following a second day (21 May 2013) of clashes between M23 and National troops. (8782972992).jpg|thumb|Government troops near [[Goma]] during the [[M23 rebellion]] in May 2013]] In the resulting [[M23 rebellion]], M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20565711|title=Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma|date=1 December 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206190239/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20565711|archive-date=6 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739|title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city|date=20 November 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Rwanda, vikususkika kuti vikupeleka vilwero ku gulu la ŵakugaluka na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kuwusa caru ici. Mu Malichi 2013, wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United Nations Force Intervention Brigade ŵaparanyenge magulu agha. Pa Novembala 5, 2013, gulu la M23 likapharazga kuti ŵasilikari ŵara ŵamara. Kweniso, kumpoto kwa Katanga, Mai-Mai uyo wakapangika na Laurent Kabila wakafumako kwa Kinshasa apo Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga wakapangiska kuti Mai Mai Kata Katanga waparanyike mu msumba wa Lubumbashi mu 2013. Nkhondo ya ku Ituri yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Nationalist and Integrationist Front na Union of Congolese Patriots awo ŵakatenge ŵakwimira mafuko gha Lendu na Hema. Ku kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, gulu la Lord's Resistance Army la Joseph Kony likasamuka ku misasa yawo ya ku Uganda na South Sudan kuya ku DR Congo mu 2005 na kuzenga misasa mu Garamba National Park. Nkhondo ya ku Congo yikulongosoreka kuti yikaŵa nkhondo ya ndopa zinandi comene kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Pa Disembala 8, 2017, ŵasilikari 14 ŵa UN na ŵasilikari 5 ŵa Congo ŵakakomeka mu kuwukira kwa ŵakugaluka ku Semuliki mu chigaŵa cha Beni. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Forces. Kafukufuku wa UN wakalongora kuti munthu uyu ndiyo wakapangiska ngozi iyi. Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikati ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 pa mwezi ŵakulutilira kufwa mu charu cha Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa na matenda kweniso njara. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa mbana ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kunanga katundu, kusuzgana pa nkhani za kugonana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira mu nyumba zawo. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti chaka chilichose ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakukoleka na mwanalume mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2018 na 2019, charu cha Congo ndicho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakusuzgika pa nkhani za kugonana. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa New York University Congo Research Group, ŵasilikari ŵa ku DRC ŵakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,900 kufuma mu Juni 2017 m'paka Juni 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/15/1900-killed-over-3300-abducted-in-dr-congo-s-eastern-kivu-provinces/ |title=1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |publisher=Africa News |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926055752/https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/15/1900-killed-over-3300-abducted-in-dr-congo-s-eastern-kivu-provinces/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Nyengo ya Kabila mu ofesi na viwoneskero vinandi vyakwimikana na boma ==== Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo Kabila wakachita. Chiphokoso ichi chikamba pamanyuma pakuti nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo yazomerezga dango ilo usange lingazomerezgekaso na nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo, lingapangiska kuti Kabila walutilire kuŵa na mazaza mpaka apo boma lizamuchitira kalembera wa ŵanthu. Nangauli dango ili likapokelereka, kweni pakaŵavya fundo iyo yikapangiska kuti Kabila wakhalenge pa mazaza m'paka paŵe kalembera. Kulembeka kwa ŵanthu kukwenera kuchitika, kweni kulije kukolerana na nyengo iyo mavoti ghakucitikira. Mu 2015, paumaliro wa 2016, kukaŵa mavoti ndipo mu Congo mukaŵa mtende.<ref name="The DRC">{{cite web|last1=Global|first1=PGW |title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle |url=http://www.pgwglobal.com/democratic-republic-of-congo-hurdle-hurdle/|website=PGW Global Risk Management|publisher=PGW Global Risk Management LLP |access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225531/http://www.pgwglobal.com/democratic-republic-of-congo-hurdle-hurdle/|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa Novembala 27, 2016, nduna ya vyalo ya ku Congo Raymond Tshibanda yikati ku nyuzipepara kuti palije mavoti agho ghachitikenge mu 2016, pamanyuma pa 20 Disembala, umaliro wa nyengo ya pulezidenti Kabila. Pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Madagascar, Tshibanda wakati boma la Kabila "likadumbiskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya mavoti" kufuma ku Congo, United Nations na kunyake, ndipo "ŵapangana kuti ndondomeko ya kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵafumenge mu mavoti yimare pa Julayi 31, 2017, ndipo mavoti ghachitike mu Epulero 2018". Ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika pa Disembala 20, apo Kabila wakamalizga kuwusa. Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵakakakika. ==== Nkhaza za mu vigaŵa ==== {{See also|Ituri conflict}} Kuyana na Jan Egeland, uyo pasono ni Secretary General wa Norwegian Refugee Council, vinthu mu DRC vikasuzga comene mu 2016 na 2017 ndipo ni suzgo likuru la ŵanthu na nkharo iyo yikuyana waka na nkhondo za ku Syria na Yemen. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakucitirika nkhaza za kugonana ndiposo "kucitirika nkhaza mu nthowa yiliyose". Padera pa nkhondo ya ku North Kivu, nkhaza zikasazgikira mu chigaŵa cha Kasai. Magulu agha ghakakhumbanga kusanga golide, dayamondi, mafuta, na cobalt kuti ghaŵe na ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa ivi na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso pakaŵa mphindano za mafuko na mitheto, kweniso visambizgo vya cisopa na suzgo la ndyali. Egeland wakuti ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu mu DRC ni "viheni comene" kweni nadi, vyahenipa comene. "Nkhondo zikuruzikuru za ku Congo izo zikaŵa pa nkhani yikuru comene vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha, zikuweleraso ndipo zikuhenipa comene".<ref>Interview on [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172vr1mdsrswpb BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305123156/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172vr1mdsrswpb |date=5 March 2018 }}. See also BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 DR Congo country profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729052105/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chifukwa cha nkhondo iyi, ŵana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ŵakufwa na njara. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati mu 2017, Kabila wakalemba ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo ya March 23 kuti ŵamazge vivulupi ivyo vikachitikanga mu charu chose chifukwa chakuti wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Iwo ŵakati: "Ŵalwani ŵa M23 ŵakendeskanga misewu ya mu misumba yikuru ya ku Congo, ŵakawomberanga panji kukora ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga panji waliyose uyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni munthu muheni kwa pulezidenti". Ku Masisi, nkhondo yikuru yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma na mulongozgi wankhongono wa nkhondo, Jenerale Delta. Gulu la United Nations ku DRC ndilo likuru chomene ndipo ndakudura chomene pa ntchito ya kusungilira mtende, kweni likamalizga ntchito ya kuzenga misasa 5 kufupi na Masisi mu 2017, pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States likakhumbanga kuti ndalama zichepeko. Pa Meyi 10, 2018, Denis Mukwege, uyo ni dokotala wa matenda gha ŵanakazi wa ku Congo, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhaza za kugonana. ==== Nkhondo ya mafuko ya 2018 ==== {{main|2018 Yumbi violence}} Nkhondo ya mafuko yikamba pa 16-17 Disembala 2018 ku Yumbi mu chigaŵa cha Mai-Ndombe. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 900 ŵa mtundu wa Banunu ŵakufuma mu mizi yinayi ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batende mu mphindano za malipiro gha mwezi uliwose, malo, minda na maji. Ŵanthu 100 ŵa mtundu wa Banun ŵakachimbilira ku cirwa ca Moniende mu Mlonga wa Congo, ndipo ŵanyake 16,000 ŵakaluta ku chigaŵa ca Makotimpoko mu Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa zakuyana na za ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakavwara yunifomu ya ŵasilikari. Ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgika kuŵawovwira.<ref name="afp1">{{cite news |last1=Huguet |first1=Alexis |title=Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/world/fear-and-trauma-haunt-congolese-massacre-survivors/ar-BBTtOV8?ocid=spartanntp |access-date=13 February 2019 |agency=AFP |date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002927/https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/world/fear-and-trauma-haunt-congolese-massacre-survivors/ar-BBTtOV8?ocid=spartanntp |archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2018 na wapampando muphya (2018-mpaka pano) === [[File:Félix Tshisekedi & Denis Sassou-Nguesso.jpg|thumb|Mu 2020, Pulezidenti Félix Tshisekedi pamoza na Pulezidenti wa Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso; wose ŵaŵiri ŵakamba kuvwara mask chifukwa cha nthenda ya COVID-19.]] Pa 30 Disembala 2018 pakachitika chisankho chapadera. Pa 10 January 2019, komiti ya vyakusankha yikapharazga kuti Félix Tshisekedi ndiyo wakeneranga kuwina pa mpikisano wa pa mpikisano uwu, ndipo wakajura pa 24 January. Kweni pakaŵa kukayika kuti vyasankha ivi vikaŵa vyautesi kweniso kuti pakaŵa mgonezi pakati pa Félix na Kabila. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Kabila ŵakakhozga chomene mazaza gha boma, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga chomene mazaza ghawo. Mu 2021, boma likapangika kwambura ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Kabila. Kufalikira kukuru kwa mphwari mu caru kukaŵawuskira ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 mu 2019. Kufalikira kwa Ebola kukamara mu Juni 2020, uko kukacitiska ŵanthu 2,280 kufwa mu vyaka viŵiri. Kufalikira kwinyake kuchepa kwa Ebola mu Province ya Equateur kukamba mu Juni 2020, ndipo kukapangiska ŵanthu 55 kufwa. Nthenda ya COVID-19 yikakhwaskika ku DRC mu Malichi 2020, ndipo kampeni ya katemera yikamba pa 19 April 2021. Pa 22 Epulero 2021, maungano pakati pa Pulezidenti wa Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta na Tshisekedi ghakatuma ku maungano ghaphya agho ghakawovwira kuti malonda na vyakusunga vyaru (kulwa na vyamsinjiro, ŵaluŵiro, na vyakusungilira vyaru) viŵe vinandi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/13/combat-troops-patrol-in-kinshasa-after-failed-coup-attempt/ |work=Africanews |date=13 February 2022 |language=en |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310163536/https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/13/combat-troops-patrol-in-kinshasa-after-failed-coup-attempt// |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== [[File:Cg-map.png|thumb|The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map COD present.svg|thumb|Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification]] {{Main|Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} DRC yili pakati pa Africa, kumpoto kwa Sahara, kumpoto kwa Congo, kumpoto kwa Central African Republic, kumpoto kwa South Sudan, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi, na Tanzania (kujumpha Nyanja ya Tanganyika), kumwera na kumwera kwa Zambia, kumwera kwa Angola, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa South Atlantic Ocean na chigaŵa cha Cabinda ku Angola. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 6°N na 14°S, na longitude 12°E na 32°E. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Equator, ndipo chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi chili kumwera. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi). Chifukwa chakuti charu cha DRC chili pa malo ghakuyana waka na charu cha Equator, vula yikukwera chomene ndipo ni malo agho kukuchitika ŵabingu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Ku malo ghanyake, vula yikulokwa mamita ghakujumpha 2,000 pa chaka. Nkhorongo iyi yikwimira chigaŵa chikuru cha mlonga uwu, uwo kumanjiliro gha dazi ukulazga ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri agho ghakusangika ku chigaŵa cha kumwera na kumwera kwa caru, mapiri ghatali kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndiposo vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikwenda kujumpha Mlonga wa Congo kumpoto. Mapiri gha Rwenzori ghali kumafumiro gha dazi comene.[[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ituri Rainforest]]]] Nyengo ya mu vigaŵa vyamuthondo ndiyo yikupangiska kuti mlonga wa Congo usangike mu chigaŵa ichi pamoza na nkhorongo iyo yikwenda. Dambo la Congo lili na malo pafupifupi 1,000,000 km2. Mlonga uwu na milonga yinyake iyo yikwenda na mlonga uwu ndivyo vikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Congo. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu mlonga uwu ni Kasai, Sangha, Ubangi, Ruzizi, Aruwimi, na Lulonga. {{MapLibrary|dem_congo_sat.jpg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Mlonga wa Congo ndiwo uli na maji ghanandi chomene kuluska milonga yose pa charu chapasi. Mlonga wa Congo ukufuma mu mapiri gha Albertine Rift agho ghali mumphepete mwa chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift, kweniso mu nyanja za Tanganyika na Mweru. Mlonga uwu ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Kisangani kusi kwa maji gha Boyoma Falls, ndipo pachoko na pachoko ukuzgokera kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukujumpha ku Mbandaka, ndipo ukubatikana na Mlonga wa Ubangi, na kunjira mu Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa na Brazzaville vili ku sirya linyake la mlonga uwu. Kufuma apo, mlonga uwu ukusongonoka ndipo ukujumpha mu tumilonga tunandi uto tukumanyikwa na zina lakuti Livingstone Falls. Mlonga uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 37 ndipo uli na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Dambo la Albertine likovwira chomene kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe makora. Malo gha kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi gha caru ici ghali na mapiri ghanandi comene, ndipo cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapiri, mapiri ghakuphulika, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakukomeka. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa nyanja zinandi za ku Africa, ndipo zinayi mwa izi zili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo. Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinthu vinandi chomene vyakukhumbikwa kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo. Pali cobalt, mkuwa, cadmium, dayamondi, golide, siliva, zinki, manganese, tini, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, na malasha ghanandi, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Katanga kumwera kwa Congo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pamojasolutions.org/home/about-katanga/|title=About Katanga {{!}} Pamoja Tujenge|website=pamojasolutions.org|language=en-US|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029174110/http://pamojasolutions.org/home/about-katanga/|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:An aerial view of the towering volcanic peak of Mt. Nyiragongo.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Nyiragongo]], which last erupted in 2021.]] [[File:La rivière Lulilaka, parc national de Salonga, 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Salonga National Park]].]] [[File:Paysage du territoire de Masisi (28130228449).jpg|thumb|[[Masisi Territory]]]] [[File:Nord-Kivu, RD Congo - Vue sur un cratère aux abords de la ville de Goma. (22722760943).jpg|thumb|[[Lake Kivu]] in [[North Kivu]] province]] Pa Janyuwale 17, 2002, Phiri la Nyiragongo likaphulika, ndipo chivwati chake chikaphulika pa liŵiro la makilomita 64 pa ora. Limoza mwa majigha ghatatu agho ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi ghakanjira mu msumba wa Goma, wakakoma ŵanthu 45 na kusida ŵanthu 120,000 kwambura pakukhala. Ŵanthu 400,000 ŵakafumamo mu msumba uwu. Maji gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu ghakaŵa na poyizoni, ndipo somba zikakomeka. Ndege ziŵiri pera ndizo zikanyamuka pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha ku malo agha cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa mafuta. Mphepo ya mabingu yikalutanga mu chiŵanja cha ndege, ndipo yikananga nthowa yakufumira na kunjilirapo. Pakati pajumpha myezi yinkhondi na umoza kufuma apo phiri ili likaphulikiranga, phiri la Nyamuragira nalo likaphulika. Phiri la Nyamuragira likafuma mu 2006 na mu 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanolive.com/nyamuragira.html|title=Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo {{!}} John Seach|website=Volcanolive.com|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114120624/http://www.volcanolive.com/nyamuragira.html|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Vinthu vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana === {{Main|Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Further|List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Bas-congo.JPG|[[Bas-Congo]] landscape|thumb]] [[File:Okapi2.jpg|An Okapi|thumb]] [[File:Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg|A male [[western gorilla]]|thumb]] [[File:Hippo pod edit.jpg|[[Hippopotami]]|thumb]] Nkhorongo za Democratic Republic of the Congo zili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Vinyama ivi ni vichoko chomene ndipo vikukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Vigaŵa vinkhondi vya charu ichi vili pa malo agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni Vinthu Vya Caru Cose: Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga na Virunga National Parks, na Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo ntchimoza mwa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvikilira vyamoyo ŵakufipa mtima comene na viyuni vyakuchemeka primates. Ku Congo kuli viyuni vinandi: chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla wa kumafumiro gha dazi (Gorilla beringei), ndiposo panji gorilla wa kumanjiliro gha dazi (Gorilla gorilla).<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/102330408|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date=April 2016|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234244/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/102330408|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>Ni caru cimoza pera pa caru cose ico muli viyuni vya bonobo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufipa mtima chomene na umo vinyama ivi vikumalira. Cifukwa ca ulovi na kuparanyika kwa malo ghakukhalamo, chimpanzee, bonobo, na gorilla, ivyo nyengo yinyake vikaŵanga na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi, sono vili kucepa kufika pa minkhwele ya chimpanzee 200,000, 100,000, panji 10,000 pera. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti nyama izi zili pangozi. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha DRC ni vyakuti nkhorongo zikumara, kupenja vinyama, kunanga vyamoyo, kunanga maji, na migodi. Ŵakuchimbira kwawo ndiwo ŵakupangiska panji ŵakupangiska kuti makuni ghadumulikeko, dongo likunangika, kweniso vinyama vikusuzgika. Suzgo linyake ndakuti, para ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito majeremusi nga ni dayamondi, golide, na coltan, ŵakunanga malo. == Kugawikana kwa boma == {{Main|Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Further|Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Pasono charu chili na chigaŵa cha Kinshasa na vigaŵa vinyake 25. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 145 na misumba 32. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, mu charu ichi mukaŵa vigaŵa 11.<ref>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?p=4551 The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127065041/http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?p=4551|date=27 January 2015}}, [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]], 10 January 2015. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> {| style="border-spacing: 20px 1px;" | rowspan="13" | [[File:Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo - 2005.svg|thumb|upright=1.25]] | 1. [[Kinshasa]] || 14. [[Ituri Province]] |- | 2. [[Kongo Central]] || 15. [[Haut-Uele]] |- | 3. [[Kwango]] || 16. [[Tshopo]] |- | 4. [[Kwilu Province]] || 17. [[Bas-Uele]] |- | 5. [[Mai-Ndombe Province]] || 18. [[Nord-Ubangi]] |- | 6. [[Kasaï Province]] || 19. [[Mongala]] |- | 7. [[Kasaï-Central]] || 20. [[Sud-Ubangi]] |- | 8. [[Kasaï-Oriental]] || 21. [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]] |- | 9. [[Lomami Province]] || 22. [[Tshuapa]] |- | 10. [[Sankuru]] || 23. [[Tanganyika Province]] |- | 11. [[Maniema]] || 24. [[Haut-Lomami]] |- | 12. [[South Kivu]] || 25. [[Lualaba Province]] |- | 13. [[North Kivu]] || 26. [[Haut-Katanga Province]] |} ==Boma nda ndale== {{Main|Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Joseph kabila.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Kabila]] was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.]] Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinayi kufuma apo ŵakalemberanga malango ghaŵiri, ndipo pakaŵa maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweniso maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana mu charu chose. Mu 2003, boma la Georgia likakhazikiska nyumba ya malango iyo yikaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri, ya Senate na National Assembly. Pakati pa milimo yinyake, wupu uwu ndiwo ukapanganga dango liphya la caru. Wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na ŵanthu 60, ndipo pulezidenti na ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Kweniso pulezidenti ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Dango lakwamba likapangaso wupu wakweruzga uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira pawekha.<ref name=":1" /> Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 2006, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Charu Chachitatu, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2006. Ndipouli, likapika mazaza pamoza na dango lakwendera lumoza m'paka pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasankhikira. Kuyana na dango liphya ili, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri. Boma, kweni pulezidenti yayi, ndilo likuŵa na mulandu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Dango liphya likapelekaso mazaza ghaphya ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Pa nyengo iyi, Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara ntchito yake ndipo likagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu. Sono Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongosora fundo za boma. Nangauli chalo ichi chili mu chigaŵa cha Central African United Nations, kweni chili ku chigaŵa cha Southern Africa (SADC).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Member States |website=Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future |url=http://www.sadc.int/member-states |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422060429/http://www.sadc.int/member-states |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{See also|Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Joseph Kabila with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Joseph Kabila]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in August 2014]] Chifukwa cha unandi wa vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa caru cose ndiposo vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru nga ni China, India, Russia, Brazil, na vyaru vinyake, vyaru vyakupambanapambana vikukhumbikwira kuti vyaru vyakupambanapambana vilondezgenge nthowa ziphya zakovwira kuti viwone na kuvikilira vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. Pakulongosora za kuzirwa kwa DRC ku wupu wa United States National Security, mulimo wa kukhazikiska gulu lakuzirwa la ku Congo ni ndondomeko yiphya ya U.S. ya kuzgora ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi kuŵa ŵantchito. Pali vilato vya ndyali na vya ndyali kuti ku Congo, uko kuli vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi nga ni cobalt, kuŵe mtende. Cinthu cikuru comene ico ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni cobalt, iyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupanga vigaŵa vya injini. Kweniso ŵakugwiliskira nchito cobalt pa kupanga visulo vya magineti, kweniso pa kupanga vinthu vyakuti vingapwetekeka yayi. Makampani gha vyakumera ghakugwiliskira nchito cobalt yinandi pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vyakupangira mafuta na vyakumera; vyakuwomira vyakuŵikamo malibwe na inki; vyakuŵikamo viŵiya vya porcelain; vyakuŵikamo vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira na magalasi; na vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira, vyakununkhira, na pulasitiki. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 80% gha cobalt pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa cobalt mu mabatire gha magalimoto gha magesi na kukhazikika kwa magesi gha magesi agho ghali na vyakurya vinandi vya magesi ghakufuma ku magesi ghakusintha-sintha, caru ca DRC cingaŵa pa mphindano yikuru. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu charu cha DRC na katundu uyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakuguliska ku China, vikukura comene. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37, kusazgapo DRC, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC yakuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Uyghur na visopa vinyake. Mu 2021, purezidenti Félix Tshisekedi wakachemera kuwunika mapangano gha migodi agho Joseph Kabila wakalemba na China, chomenechomene chiphangano cha Sicomines cha mabiliyoni ghanandi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows |work=Bloomberg |date=28 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205823/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting |work=Bloomberg |date=28 November 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205825/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting |url-status=live }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{See also|Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Aveba, district de l’Ituri, Province Orientale, DR Congo - Des militaires FARDC en patrouille. (16643921095).jpg|thumb|300px|FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC) lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 144,000, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda. FARDC yikapangika mu 2003 pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo yikasangamo magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kulongozgeka makora, kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama kweniso chifukwa cha kurwa nkhondo na magulu ghakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi, boma la FARDC likusuzgika na vimbundi na ukavu. Mapangano agho ghakalembeka paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo ghakakhumbanga kuti paŵe ŵasilikari ŵaphya "ŵakukolerana, ŵakunozgekaso, na ŵakukolerana" awo ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Kabila (FAC), RCD, na MLC. Kweniso ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakugaluka nga ni RCD-N, RCD-ML, na Mai-Mai ŵazamuŵa mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari. Chikaŵaso na dango lakuti paŵe Conseil Supérieur de la Défense (Chipani Cikulu ca kuvikilira caru) ico cikapharazganga za nkhondo na kucenjezga ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kunozga vinthu vyawo, kufumiska vilwero, na kuvikilira caru. Gulu la FARDC lili na magulu gha ŵasilikari, agho ghakupharazgika mu vigaŵa vyose vya Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakurwa nkhondo ya ku Kivu ku chigaŵa cha North Kivu, nkhondo ya ku Ituri ku chigaŵa cha Ituri, na viwawa vinyake kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Padera pa ŵasilikari ŵa FARDC, ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakuwona vya mtende ŵakuchemeka MONUSCO nawo ŵali mu charu ichi. Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo lalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Vimbunda=== {{Main Article|Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Mubali munyake wa Mobutu wakalongosora umo boma likapokeleranga ndalama mu nyengo ya muwuso wake. Tikapempha munthu munyake kuti watore ndalama 5 miliyoni. Wakalutanga ku banki na mazaza gha Mobutu na kutora ndalama 10. Mobutu wakatora yimoza, ndipo ise tikatorako zinyake 9". Mobutu wakambiska vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumususka. Mobutu wakwenera kuti wakaba ndalama zakukwana madola 4.5 biliyoni apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Iyo wakaŵa wakwamba yayi kuŵa na vimbundi mu charu cha Congo. Mu Julayi 2009, khoti la ku Switzerland likadumura kuti nyengo yakumalira ntchito ya kupokera ndalama za mu caru cose yakujumpha $6.7 miliyoni izo Mobutu wakaŵika mu banki ya ku Switzerland, yili kumara, ntheura ndalama izi zikwenera kuweleraso ku mbumba ya Mobutu. Pulezidenti Kabila wakambiska Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes apo wakayamba kuwusa mu 2001. Ndipouli, mu 2016 gulu la Enough Project likalemba lipoti ilo likati charu cha Congo chili na nkhaza. Mu Juni 2020, khoti ku Democratic Republic of Congo likasanga kuti mulara wa boma la President Tshisekedi, Vital Kamerhe, wali na mulandu wa vimbundi. Wakalangika kuti wagwire nchito zinonono kwa vilimika 20, pamanyuma pakuti wapika mulandu wa kunanga ndalama za boma zakukwana madola 50 miliyoni. Wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo wakeruzgika cifukwa ca vimbundi mu DRC. Kweni Kamerhe ŵakamufumiska mu Disembala 2021. Mu Novembala 2021, kafukufuku wa khoti wakususkana na Kabila na ŵabwezi ŵake wakajulika ku Kinshasa pamanyuma pa kuvumbukwa kwa kukanizga ndalama zakukwana madola 138 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $138 million embezzlement |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/24/drc-investigation-opens-on-joseph-kabila-over-138-million-embezzlement/ |work=Africanews |date=24 November 2021 |language=en |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207102746/https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/24/drc-investigation-opens-on-joseph-kabila-over-138-million-embezzlement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Wanangwa wa munthu === [[File:DRC- Child Soldiers.jpg|thumb|A group of demobilized [[child soldiers]] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] {{Main|Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{Further|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Kabila wakambiska kafukufuku wa khoti la International Criminal Court mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu Epulero 2004. Mu Juni 2004, khoti la International Criminal Court likamba mulandu uwu. Ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu DRC, ndipo mu 2011, ŵakawona kuti ŵana 30,000 ŵachali kugwira ntchito na magulu agha. Ku United States, ŵanthu ŵakugwiriska nchito ŵana na kuŵachichizga. Ivyo Dipatimenti ya Vya ntchito yikasanga pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵana mu DRC mu 2013 na vinthu vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo vikupangika na makampani gha migodi mu charu ichi vili pa ndondomeko ya Dipatimenti iyi ya December 2014 ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ntchito za ŵana.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm |title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=United States Department of Labor |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052150/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }} </ref> ====Crime and law enforcement==== {{Main|Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Wapolisi wa ku Congo ndiyo ni wapolisi wakwamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56|year=2010|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-4552-2241-4|pages=56–|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509161750/https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nkhaza ku ŵanakazi ==== {{Main|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti nkhaza izo ŵanakazi ŵakuchitirika ni nkharo yiwemi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014 pa DHS (pp. 299) wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 74.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti mfumu wangachita makora kuti watimbe muwoli wake mu nyengo zinyake. Mu 2006, Komiti ya Wupu wa United Nations pa Nkhani ya Kumazga Kusankhana Mtundu, yikati yikudandawura kuti mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti kukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ni nkhani yakuzirwa yayi.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf |title=Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo |publisher=United Nations |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084538/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf |title=Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) |publisher=peacewomen.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192704/http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 }} </ref>Ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Republic of the Congo na magulu ghakwimikana nawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vimbundi, nkhaza za kugonana, na wuzga wa kugonana nga ni vilwero vya nkhondo. Chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chikuchemeka "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵankhongono pa charu chose". Ku DRC nako ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanakazi, nangauli ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi. Ŵanakazi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuŵa na suzgo ili.<ref> {{cite web |last1=Matundu Mbambi |first1=Annie |last2=Faray-Kele |first2=Marie-Claire |date=April–December 2010 |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf |title=Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo |website=peacewomen.org |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031190906/http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref>[http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052427/http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx |date=29 November 2014 }}. brighamandwomens.org.</ref> Dango ili likukanizga munthu waliyose uyo wakuswa viŵaro vya mu thupi panji vyakugwiriskira ntchito makora viŵaro vya mu thupi lake, kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri panji vinkhondi na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 200,000. Mu Julayi 2007, Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukayowoya kuti uli na wofi na umo vinthu viliri kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DRC. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbilira ku malo ghakuvikilirika usiku. Yakin Ertürk, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi, wakati wakendera chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo mu Julayi 2007. Ertürk wakasazgirapo kuti: "Magulu gha vigeŵenga ghakuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, kupoka vinthu vyawo, kuŵakolelera, kukora ŵanakazi na ŵana, na kuŵagwiliska nchito nga mbazga". Mu Disembala 2008, GuardianFilms ya The Guardian yikafumiska filimu yakulongosora ivyo ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakayowoya. Mu Juni 2010, wupu wa Oxfam ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza ku Democratic Republic of Congo chikukwera chomene. Ndipo ŵasayansi ŵa ku Harvard ŵakasanga kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza chikukwera maulendo 17. Mu Juni 2014, buku la Freedom from Torture likalemba kuti boma likuzunura ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchita ndyali na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Ŵanakazi awo ŵali mu lipoti ili ŵakasuzgika mu malo ghanandi mu caru, kusazgapo msumba wa Kinshasa na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa kutali na uko kukaŵa nkhondo. Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵakuwaro, nga ni Filimbi na Emmanuel Weyi, ŵakayowoyapo kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kukanizga vivulupi na kusuzgika kwa vinthu apo mavoti gha mu 2016 ghakizanga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/drc-democratic-republic-of-congo-filimbi-release/2822647.html|title=Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release|website=VOA|date=15 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412023149/http://www.voanews.com/content/drc-democratic-republic-of-congo-filimbi-release/2822647.html|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|title=Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?|website=Africa Agenda|language=en-US|access-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826144022/http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019]] [[File:GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]] Banki Yikuru ya ku Congo ndiyo yikulaŵilira ndalama za ku Congo. Mu 2007, Banki ya Caru Cose yikadumura kuti yipenge ndalama zakukwana madola 1.3 biliyoni ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Boma la Congo likamba kudumbiskana vya kunjira mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) mu 2009. Charu cha DRC chikuwoneka kuti chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DR+Congo's+$24+trillion+fortune.-a0193800184 |title=DR Congo's $24 trillion fortune |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202108/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/403.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.newsaboutcongo.com/2009/03/congo-with-24-trillion-in-mineral-wealth-but-still-poor.html |title=Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor |publisher=News About Congo |date=15 March 2009 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514063014/http://www.newsaboutcongo.com/2009/03/congo-with-24-trillion-in-mineral-wealth-but-still-poor.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Kuepper |first=Justin |url=http://theotcinvestor.com/mining-companies-could-see-big-profits-in-congo-855 |title=Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo |publisher=Theotcinvestor.com |date=26 October 2010 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022430/http://theotcinvestor.com/mining-companies-could-see-big-profits-in-congo-855/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live }} </ref> Ku DRC kuli mafuta gha coltan ghakukwana 70 peresenti pa caru cose, cobalt yimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu, dayamondi yakujumpha 30 peresenti, na mkuŵa wakukwana cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 10.<ref>[[Coltan]] is a major source of [[tantalum]] which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm DR Congo poll crucial for Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202153903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm|date=2 December 2010}}, BBC News. 16 November 2006.</ref><ref>Bream, Rebecca (8 November 2007). [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eec69b16-8d6e-11dc-a398-0000779fd2ac.html "A bid for front-line command in Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317112641/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eec69b16-8d6e-11dc-a398-0000779fd2ac.html |date=17 March 2008 }}. ''Financial Times''.</ref> Nangauli charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chakhala pachoko chomene kwamba m'ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, charu cha DRC chikasanganga ndalama zakukwana 70% pa ndalama izo chikaguliskiranga ku vyakumera. Kufika mu 2005, 90% ya ndalama za DRC zikafumanga ku migodi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene pa caru capasi. DRC Congo ndiyo yili na GDP ya pacoko comene pa caru cose, panji pafupifupi yose. DRC nayo njimoza mwa vyaru 20 ivyo vili pasi pa vyaru vinyake pa nkhani ya vimbundi. === Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi === {{main|Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Diamonds- Zaire, (DR Congo) (8458935824).jpg|thumb|Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.]] DRC ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha cobalt, mkuŵa, na dayamondi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Kasai kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu charu cha DRC, migodi yikuru comene yili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Katanga ndipo yili na makina ghakukwana matani ghanandi gha mkuwa na cobalt. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose awo ŵakupanga dayamondi. Apo charu cha DRC chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, chikaŵa chachiŵiri pa vyaru vya ku Africa. Mabungwe gha vyamalonda gha ku vyaru vinyake ghachepeskako milimo yawo cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikucitika kwa nyengo yitali, kusoŵa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, ndiposo suzgo la vinthu. Nkhondo zikasazgirako masuzgo ghanyake nga nkhusintha kwa malango, vimbundi, kukwera kwa ndalama, na kuleka kujilongora makora pa nkhani ya ndalama. Vinthu vikasintha kuumaliro wa 2002, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakafumako. Maofesi ghanandi gha International Monetary Fund na World Bank ghakakumana na boma kuti ghaŵawovwire kupanga pulani ya vyachuma, ndipo Pulezidenti Kabila wakamba kunozga vinthu. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru vinyake vikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Kufika mu 2011, DRC yikaŵa na index ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu ya pachanya pa vyaru vyose 187.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/11/393922 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=3 December 2021 |date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203210458/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/11/393922 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Democratic Republic of Congo, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.5|DR Congo's [[Human Development Index]] scores, 1970–2010.]] [[File:Basankusu collecting firewood by Francis Hannaway.jpg|thumb|Collecting firewood in [[Basankusu]].]] Chuma cha DRC chikuthemba chomene pa migodi. Ndipouli, nchito ya kuzenga migodi iyo yikucitika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko yikucitika mu vigaŵa vyambura kulembeka ndipo yikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti malibwe ghatatu pa ghaŵiri gha mu DRC ghakusangika mwakubisilizgika mu charu ichi. Mu 2002, ŵakabowozga kuti ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli thini, kweni m'paka sono ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghachoko waka. Kusunga vinthu vyakununkhira nga ni coltan na cassiterite, tantalum, na tin, kukawovwira kuti nkhondo yilute panthazi. Katanga Mining Limited, kampani ya ku Switzerland, ndiyo yili na Luilu Metallurgical Plant, iyo yili na matani 175,000 gha mkuwa na matani 8,000 gha cobalt pa caka, ndipo ni malo ghakuru comene ghakusangirapo cobalt pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa kunozga vinthu, kampani iyi yikambaso kupanga mkuwa mu Disembala 2007 na cobalt mu Meyi 2008. Mu Epulero 2013, mawupu ghakwimikana na vimbundi ghakavumbura kuti boma la Congo likapokera yayi ndalama zakukwana madola 88 miliyoni kufuma ku migodi nangauli ntchito ya kunozga migodi yikendanga makora. Ndalama izo zikasoŵanga zikaŵa za mu 2010 ndipo wupu wa misonkho ukeneranga kuzipeleka ku banki. Pamanyuma, mu 2013, EITI yikanjizga charu ichi mu wupu wa EITI chifukwa chakuti chikaŵavya ndondomeko yakukwana yakupharazgira, kulaŵilira, na kuwunika vinthu. Kweni mu Julayi 2013, charu ichi chikamba kuchita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuwunika mabuku. Mu Febuluwale 2018, kampani yakuwongolera chuma ku AllianceBernstein, yikalongosora kuti DRC "ndi Saudi Arabia ya nyengo ya magalimoto amagetsi", chifukwa cha chuma chake cha cobalt, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pamabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe amayendetsa magalimoto amagetsi.<ref>[https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting ''Mining Journal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005748/https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting |date=22 November 2018 }} "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</ref> ===Mayendelo=== {{Main|Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:First train in Kindu, DRC.jpg|thumb|Sitima yakufuma ku Lubumbashi yikufika ku Kindu pa msewu uwo wasinthika.]] Kwenda pa mtunda ku Democratic Republic of Congo kukaŵa kwakusuzga nyengo zose. Malo na nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Congo vikutondeska ŵanthu kuzenga misewu na njanji. DRC yili na milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda makora ndipo yikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi na katundu pa boti na boti kuluska charu chilichose mu Africa. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, vimbundi vya ndyali, na nkhondo za mukati mu vyaru vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito makora vinthu vyawo. ====Njanji==== {{Main|Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Train rdc.svg|upright=1.25|thumb|Mapu gha njanji]] Boma la Congo likwendeska njanji na kampani yakuchemeka Congo Railroad Company (Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo), Office National des Transports Congo na Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles (CFU). Nga umo viliri na vinthu vinyake vinandi mu Congo, misewu ya njanji njakunyongoloka, yaukazuzi, yakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso njakofya. ====Msewu==== DRC yili na misewu yichoko chomene yakuŵikika pa msewu kuluska charu chilichose ku Africa. Kuti ivi viwoneke makora, mtunda wa msewu mu charu chose ukujumpha makilomita 2,500. Matadi mpaka ku Lubumbashi, mtunda wa makilomita 2,700 (1700 mi) pa msewu). Pa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,000,000, pali msewu wa makilomita 35 wakuŵaŵa. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti Zambia na Botswana ni vyaru vya mtunda wa makilomita 721 na 3,427. Misewu yitatu mu msewu wa Trans-African Highway yikujumpha mu DR Congo: * Msewu wa Tripoli-Cape Town Highway: Msewu uwu ukujumpha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu pa National Road No. 1 pakati pa Kinshasa na Matadi, mtunda wa 285 km (177 mi) pa chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakwenda makora. * Msewu wa Lagos-Mombasa: DRC Congo ni nthowa yikuru iyo yikusoŵa mu msewu uwu wa kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikukhumbikwira kuzenga msewu uphya kuti wendenge makora. * Msewu wa Beira-Lobito: Msewu uwu ukujumpha mu Katanga ndipo ukwenera kuzengekaso pa utali wake wose. ====Maji==== Charu cha DRC chili na misewu ya maji yitali comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa maji. ====Mphepo==== Kufumira mu Juni 2016, DRC Congo yikaŵa na ndege yikuru yimoza (Congo Airways) iyo yikendanga mu DRC Congo. Ndege ya Congo Airways yikaŵa pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa. Wose awo ŵakwendeska ndege awo ŵavomerezgeka na DRC ŵalekeskeka kuluta ku ma eyapoti gha European Union na European Commission, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa malango ghakwendeskera ndege. Makampani ghanandi gha ndege ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa ndipo ghanyake ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Lubumbashi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124922/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf List of airlines banned within the EU], Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> ===Magesi=== {{Main|Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Kufika mu 2008, mafuta gha makara na makara ghakaŵanga mu vyaru vinandi. Boma la DRC lili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pakupangiska magesi kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo. Charu ichi chili na makuni 50% gha mu Africa na milonga iyo yingapeleka nkhongono ya maji ku vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, mwakuyana na lipoti la UN lakukhwaskana na kuzirwa kwa chalo ichi na udindo wake wa ku Africa. Wupu wa Société nationale d'électricité ndiwo ukupanga na kupeleka magesi, kweni ŵanthu 15 pera mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵali na magesi. DRC njumoza wa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na magesi. Ivi ni Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, na Central African Power Pool.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yee|first1=Amy|title=The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html|access-date=4 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001314/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Renewable energy==== {{main|Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Chifukwa cha ungweru wa dazi, caru ca DRC cili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kupanga vinthu vya zuŵa. Ku DRC kuli magesi gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 836 agho ghali na nkhongono yakujumpha 83 MW. Magesi agha ghali mu Equateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), vigaŵa viŵiri vya Kasaï (170), na Bas-Congo (170). Kweniso, makina gha Caritas 148 ghali na nkhongono ya 6.31 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reegle.info/countries/congo-dem-rep-energy-profile/CD|title=Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep|website=Reegle.info|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725214348/http://www.reegle.info/countries/congo-dem-rep-energy-profile/CD|archive-date=25 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{further|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo}} ===Viyowoyelo=== [[File:Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg|thumb|The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.]] {{Main|Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Congo. Kuyana na lipoti la OIF la 2018, ŵanthu 49 miliyoni ŵa ku Congo (51% ya ŵanthu) ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba Chifurenchi.<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf La langue française dans le monde], [[Éditions Gallimard]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]</ref> Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2021 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 74% ŵakayowoyanga Chifurenchi.<ref name="lingala">{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 }}</ref> Ku Kinshasa, ŵanthu 67% mu 2014 ŵakaŵazganga na kulemba Cifurenci, ndipo 68.5% ŵakayowoyanga na kupulikiska. Mu caru ici muli viyowoyero pafupifupi 242, ndipo viyowoyero vinayi ni Kituba (Kikongo), Lingala, Tshiluba, na Swahili. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi nga ni chiyowoyero chachiŵiri. ChiLingala ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵabelgiji, ndipo ntchilankhulo icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakagalukira boma, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakumafumiro gha dazi ŵakayowoyanga Ciswahili. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Belgium likalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakamba kusambizga na kugwiliskira nchito viyowoyero vinayi mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Kweni pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Spain chazakaŵa na wanangwa wakusambira, chiyowoyero ichi chikasintha.<ref name=lang_educ>{{cite book |author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |title=La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Nathan |page=117 |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1975, viyowoyero vinayi vya boma vikambaso mu vyaka viŵiri vyakwambilira vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo kufuma mu chaka chacitatu kuya munthazi, ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci ndico cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu. Ciphwitikizi cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Congo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake. Chifukwa chakuti lizgu la Ciphwitikizi likuyana comene na la Cifurenci, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulimanya makora. Pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 175,000 awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi mu charu ichi, ŵanandi mba ku Angola na Mozambique. === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 250 na mafuko 450 ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Ŵali mu magulu gha viyowoyero vya Bantu, Sudan, Nilotic, Ubangian, na Pygmy. Chifukwa cha kupambanako uku, mu Congo mulije fuko limoza ilo likulongozga, kweni mafuko agha ndigho ghakupanga 51.5% ya ŵanthu wose:<ref name=":0" /> [[File:DRC Ethnic Groups.png|thumb|245x245px|Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC]] - [[Luba-Kasai language|Luba-Kasaï]] - [[Kongo people|Kongo]] - [[Mongo people|Mongo]] - [[Luba-Katanga language|Lubakat]] - [[Lulua people|Lulua]] - [[Tetela people|Tetela]] - [[Nande language|Nande]] - [[Ngbandi people|Ngbandi]] - [[Ngombe language|Ngombe]] - [[Yaka people|Yaka]] - [[Ngbaka languages|Ngbaka]] Mu 2021, wupu wa UN ukati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵalipo 96 miliyoni.<ref>"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0053) Zaire&nbsp;– Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628105720/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+zr0053%29|date=28 June 2017}}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> {{UN_Population|ref}}Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 250 ŵakumanyikwa. Ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Pygmies awo ŵakukhala ku DR Congo ŵalipo 600,000.<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121110837/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html |date=21 January 2010 }}." ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 23 May 2003.</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi|The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]], [[Lubumbashi]]]] [[File:Cathedrale notre dame de la victoire bukavu.png|thumb|left|[[Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, Bukavu|Our Lady of Peace Cathedral]] ku [[Bukavu]]]] Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru mu DRC. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 93.7% (Ŵakatolika ŵalipo 29.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵalipo 26.8%, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵalipo 37.2%). Gulu linyake la cisopa la Cikhristu lakucemeka Kimbanguism likaŵa na ŵanthu 2.8%, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 1%. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 95.8% ndiwo ŵakulondezgapo. Chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ciislamu chikuŵa pakati pa 1% na 12%. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |title=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113617/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014|website=Dhsprogram.com|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190605/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu caru ici muli Ŵakatolika pafupifupi 35 miliyoni, ndipo pali ma diocese 6 na ma diocese 41. Ntchakusuzga chomene kuyowoya umo Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kovwilira ŵanthu. Mubali Schatzberg wakati wupu uwu "ndiwo uli na mazaza pa charu chose". Masukulu agha ghakasambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira ŵakujumpha 60 peresenti na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sekondare ŵakujumpha 40 peresenti. Tchalitchi ili lili na vipatala vinandi, masukulu, na makliniki, kweniso mabungwe ghanandi gha vyachuma, kusazgapo minda, malo ghakusungirako viŵeto, mashopu, na mashopu gha ŵantchito. Mipingo 62 ya Chiprotesitanti yikukolerana na Tchalitchi la Khristu mu Congo. Kanandi likucemeka kuti Tchalitchi la Ciphwitikizi, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu DRC mba Ciphwitikizi. Ili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 miliyoni, ndipo ni gulu likuru comene la Ciphwitikizi pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakawonanga kuti chisopa cha Kimbangu ntchiheni chomene ndipo ŵakachizomerezga yayi. Chisopa cha Kimbangu, icho chikuchemeka kuti "Tchalitchi la Khristu pa Charu Chapasi ilo likalembeka na ntchimi Simoni Kimbangu", chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni.<ref name=Adherents>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010707120530/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_365.html "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com&nbsp;– Religion by Location.] Sources quoted are ''The World Factbook'' (1998), 'official government web site' of ''Democratic Republic of Congo''. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref> Chisilamu chili mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo kwamba mu ma 1800, apo ŵamalonda ŵa ku East Africa ŵakanjiranga mu charu ichi kuti ŵaguliske njovu na ŵazga. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Congo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ŵa Sunni. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í awo ŵakakhala mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Uganda mu 1953. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, wupu wakulongozga ukasankhika. Mu 1970 wupu wa National Spiritual Assembly (National administrative council) ukasankhika kakwamba. Nangauli chisopa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa dango mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, kweni boma la charu chinyake likakanizga. Mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti lizamunozga Nyumba Yakusoperamo ya Chikhristu cha Baha'i. Visopa ivyo vikulondezga visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni kusopa Chiuta yumoza, kusopa viŵanda, kusopa mizimu na ŵasekuru, uloyi, na ufwiti. Kanandi visopa ivi vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Chikhristu na vigomezgo na maluso gha ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakagomezganga vyazara chomene. Ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi ŵakufumiskika pa nyumba na mbumba zawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakukhala mu misewu. Pali mawupu agho ghakovwira ŵana ŵa mu misewu nga ni Congo Children Trust. Ntchito ya Congo Children Trust ni Kimbilio, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵana ŵa mu misewu mu Lubumbashi ŵambeso kukolerana. Kanandi ŵana aŵa ŵakucemeka kuti enfants sorciers (ŵana awo ni ŵamasalamusi) panji enfants dits sorciers (ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi). Mabungwe gha matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana ghapangika kuti ghasangepo candulo na cisambizgo ici mwa kupokera ndalama zinandi comene pa mulimo uwu. Nangauli sonosono apa ŵana ŵakukanizgika, kweni ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakujichema kuti ni ntchimi na ŵasembe ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza.<ref> {{cite news |last=Harris |first=Dan |title=Children in Congo forced into exorcisms |work=world news |publisher=USA today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104115309/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=24 April 2011 |date=21 May 2009 }} </ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:DRC classroom.jpg|thumb|Mu kilasi ku Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba pakati pa vyaka 15 na 49 chikaŵa 75.9% (88.1% ŵanalume na 63.8% ŵanakazi) kuyana na kafukufuku wa DHS. Masukulu agha ghali na maofesi ghatatu: Ministry of Primary, Secondary and Professional Education (MEPSP), Ministry of Higher and University Education (MESU) na Ministry of Social Affairs (MAS). Sukulu ya pulayimale njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamika yayi nangauli dango la charu cha Congo likuti ndimo likwenera kuŵira. Chifukwa cha nkhondo za ku Congo zakwambilira na zaciŵiri za kuumaliro wa ma 1990, ŵana ŵakujumpha 5.2 miliyoni mu caru ici ŵakatondeka kusambira. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora chomene, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za pulayimale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 5.5 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 16.8 miliyoni mu 2018, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za sekondale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 2.8 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa 4.6 miliyoni mu 2015 kuyana na UNESCO. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu ŵakukwaniska yayi, ndipo mu 2014 chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu chikakwana 82.4% (82.4% ya ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 11; 83.4% ya ŵanyamata na 80.6% ya ŵasungwana).<ref>{{cite book |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 |author1=Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM) |author2=Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) |author3=[[ICF International]] |page=XXV |url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226192128/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Chipatala chinyake mu DRC ni cha General Hospital of Kinshasa. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Mu Epulero 2011, wovwiri wa wupu wa Global Alliance for Vaccines ukapangiska kuti paŵe munkhwala uphya wakovwira kugega nthenda ya pneumococcal. Mu 2012, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS. Maleriya na nthenda ya yellow fever ni masuzgo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_24_yellowfever/en/ |title=Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=World Health Organization |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605110715/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_24_yellowfever/en/ |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_cod_en.pdf |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112412/http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_cod_en.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2155.html |title=The World Factbook&nbsp;– Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate |publisher=Cia.gov |year=2012 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216040138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2155.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77948/drc-malaria-still-biggest-killer |title=DRC: Malaria still biggest killer |agency=IRIN |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112124205/http://www.irinnews.org/report/77948/drc-malaria-still-biggest-killer |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>Mu Meyi 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa na Ebola ku DRC chikakwana 1,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/the-latest-ebola-deaths-top-1000-in-congo-outbreak/2019/05/03/2384eb24-6dd1-11e9-bbe7-1c798fb80536_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503185757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/the-latest-ebola-deaths-top-1000-in-congo-outbreak/2019/05/03/2384eb24-6dd1-11e9-bbe7-1c798fb80536_story.html |archive-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera ndiwo ŵakafwa na nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC. Wupu wa World Bank Group ukati mu 2016, ŵanthu 26,529 ŵakafwa pa misewu ya mu DRC cifukwa ca ngozi za pa msewu. Umoyo wa ŵamama uli makora yayi mu DRC. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, caru ca DRC nchakwamba pa caru cose kuŵa na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati pa ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi, 43.5% mbakucekura. Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya wa United Nations ukachenjezga kuti pakati pa nkhondo iyo yikukulirakulira na suzgo la COVID-19 mu DRC, umoyo wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi uli pangozi chifukwa ŵangafwa na njara. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa World Food Programme, mu 2020 ŵanthu ŵanayi pa ŵanthu 10 mu Congo ŵakaŵavya chakurya ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 15.6 miliyoni ŵakaŵa na njara. Ku Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), mphepo njakofya comene. Mu 2020, nthenda ya mphepo mu Democratic Republic of Congo yikaŵa 34.2 μg/m3, iyo yikaŵa pafupifupi maulendo 6.8 gha ulongozgi wa Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa charu chose wa PM2.5 (5 μg/m3: uwo ukaŵikika mu Seputembala 2021). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti nthenda iyi yingawovwira kuti munthu wa ku DRC waleke kukhala vyaka vinandi. Pasono charu cha DRC chilije ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yiŵirenge.<ref>{{cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/regulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> === Misumba yikuru === {{Largest cities | country = the Democratic Republic of the Congo | stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: Africa - Congo, Democratic Republic of the|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]|access-date=April 13, 2016|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://populationstat.com/africa/ |title=Africa Population (2022) |website=populationstat.com}}</ref> | div_name = Province | city_1 = Kinshasa | div_1 = Kinshasa | pop_1 = 15,628,000 | img_1 = Kinshasa-Gombe, from CCIC.JPG | city_2 = Mbuji-Mayi | div_2 = Kasai-Oriental | pop_2 = 2,765,000 | img_2 = Kongo C3.jpg | city_3 = Lubumbashi | div_3 = Haut-Katanga Province{{!}}Haut-Katanga | pop_3 = 2,695,000 | img_3 = Downtown Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo - 20061130.jpg | city_4 = Kananga | div_4 = Kasaï-Central | pop_4 = 1,593,000 | img_4 = Kananga Vue aérienne.jpg | city_5 = Kisangani | div_5 = Tshopo | pop_5 = 1,366,000 | city_6 = Bukavu | div_6 = South Kivu | pop_6 = 1,190,000 | city_7 = Tshikapa | div_7 = Kasaï Province{{!}}Kasaï | pop_7 = 1,024,000 | city_8 = Bunia | div_8 = Ituri Province{{!}}Ituri | pop_8 = 768,000 | city_9 = Goma | div_9 = North Kivu | pop_9 = 707,000 | city_10 = Uvira | div_10 = South Kivu | pop_10 = 657,000 }} === Kusama === [[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (7134901927).jpg|thumb|Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012]] Chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo mu charu ichi kweniso umo vinthu viliri mu boma, nchakusuzga comene kusanga fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakusamira kunyake. Ndipouli, pali ukaboni wakuti caru ca DRC cikulutilira kupokelera ŵalendo nangauli ciŵelengero cawo cacepa comene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakwiza mu vyaru vinandi. Kweniso, migodi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yikukopa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakasame.<ref name="IOMProfile"> {{Cite book |url=http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592 |title=Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-9068-567-8 |language=fr |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092512/http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}} </ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufumira ku vyaru vinyake kuluta ku vyaru vya ku South Africa na Europe. Mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku caru ca DRC cacepa comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca vivulupi ivyo vikucitika mu caru ici. Wupu wa International Organization for Migration ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku charu ichi chachepa chomene. Malipoti gha boma ghakulongora yayi, cifukwa cakuti mu DRC muli ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kweniso palije maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵafuma mu vyaru vinyake kwambura malango. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakupambana chomene, kufuma pa 3 mpaka 6 miliyoni. Kusiyana uku kukucitika cifukwa ca kusoŵerwa kwa maukaboni ghakugomezgeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku DRC ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku Africa ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala ku Europe. Vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵakuluta ni South Africa na malo ghanyake agho ŵakuluta ku Europe. Boma la DRC lafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera comene mu 2004 apo UNHCR yikati pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 460,000 ŵakucimbira kwawo kufuma ku DRC. Mu 2008, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Congo cikaŵa 367,995. Kwamba mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakufuma ku Congo ŵafumiskika mu Angol[[Angola|a]].<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants "Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525172019/http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/ |date=25 May 2013 }}, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012.</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese cuisine}} [[File:Hemba male figure1.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Hemba]] male statue]] Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi, kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka ku mapiri agho ghali kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umoyo wawo chifukwa cha ufumu wa maboma, kulimbana kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nyengo ya Mobutu, kweniso nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali na masuzgo agha, kweni mitheto yawo yikusintha yayi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 81 miliyoni (2016). Ŵanthu 30 pa 100 awo ŵakukhala mu matawuni ndiwo ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. ===Sumo=== Charu cha Congo chili na mitheto ya rumba ya ku Cuba, kumba yakufuma ku Congo na merengue. Ndipo ŵaŵiri aŵa pamasinda ŵakubaba viŵeto vinyake.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |author=Stone, Ruth M. |title=The Garland Handbook of African Music |page=133 |access-date=24 August 2014 |isbn=978-1-135-90001-4 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113805/https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa vikupanga sumu izo zikufuma ku sumu za ku Congo. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakwimba mu ciyowoyero ca Lingala, ico nchimoza mwa viyowoyero vikuru comene mu caru ca DRC. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵeneŵaŵa, awo ŵakulongozgeka na "le sapeur", Papa Wemba, ndiwo ŵapangiska muwiro wa ŵanyamata awo nyengo zose ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakudura. Iwo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵa muwiro wachinayi wa sumu za ku Congo ndipo ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu gulu lakale lakumanyikwa la Wenge Musica. Elizo Kisonga, uyo pasono wakukhala ku England, wakukhala ku Congo. === Maseŵera === Ku DRC ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵero ghanandi nga ni bola, basketball, na rugby. Maseŵero agha ghakucitikira mu ma stadiyo ghanandi mu caru cose, kusazgapo Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba. Monga Zaire iwo adagwira nawo gawo mu 1974 FIFA World Cup. Ku vyaru vinyake, caru ici nchakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca maseŵero gha basketball na mpira. Dikembe Mutombo njumoza wa ŵaseŵera ŵa basketball ŵawemi comene ŵa ku Africa. Mutombo wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kovwira ŵanthu mu caru cake. Bismack Biyombo, Christian Eyenga, Jonathan Kuminga, na Emmanuel Mudiay ndiwo ŵakawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵera agha. Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Congo, kusazgapo Romelu Lukaku, Yannick Bolasie, na Dieumerci Mbokani, ŵamanya chomene maseŵero gha mpira. DRC Congo yikwina kaŵiri mpikisano wa mpira wa Africa Cup of Nations. Gulu la mpira wa volleyball la azimayi la DR Congo lakwanitsa kulowa nawo mpikisano wa volleyball wa azimayi ku Africa wa 2021. Charu ichi chikaŵa na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018 ∼2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume..<ref>{{cite news |title=Continental Cup Finals start in Africa |url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{main|Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Manyuzipepara gha DRC ni L'Avenir, Radion Télévision Mwangaza, Template:ILL, Template:ILL, Le Phare, Le Potentiel, Le Soft na LeCongolais.CD, nyuzipepara ya pa intaneti. Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC) ni wayilesi ya charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. RTNC pasono yikupharazga mu Lingala, French, na English.<ref>"[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055112/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Archive]).{{sic}} [[Stanford University]] Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> === Kulemba mabuku === Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Congo ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu DRC ŵamanye kuti charu chawo ntcha iwo. Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie wakulemba mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakulira mu Congo, mu nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Yamusangie mu nkhani yake wakati wakawona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mabuku ndipo wakakhumba kumazga suzgo ili. Iyo wakalemba buku lakuti Full Circle, ilo ni nkhani ya msepuka zina lake Emanuel uyo pakwamba pa buku ili wakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Congo na kunyake. Rais Neza Boneza, mulembi wa ku chigaŵa cha Katanga, wakalemba mabuku na mapowemu kuti wawovwire ŵanthu kumanya umo ŵangalongolera luso lawo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raisnezaboneza.no/about-ras-n-boneza/|title=Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza|date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193404/http://raisnezaboneza.no/about-ras-n-boneza/|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [[Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles]] * [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border]] ==Vyakulemba== {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist |refs= <ref name=DR-Congo>* {{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/30/dr-congo-rampant-intercommunal-violence-west |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=2023 |title=DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West |access-date=28 April 2023}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212 |website=[[BBC News]] |title=DR Congo country profile |date=14 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/dr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region |date=15 September 2017 |title=DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region |website=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref> <ref name=DROC>* {{cite book |title=Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc |last=Weigert |first=Stephen L. |edition=electronic |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230337831 |pages=PT122, PT157 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315110703/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc |pages=79, 645 |title=Worldmark Yearbook 2000 |volume=1 |publisher=[[Gale Group]] |year=2000 |isbn=9780787649333 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185537/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |title=Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015 |last=Thom |first=William G. |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |volume=XIX |number=2 |date=Fall 1999 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126041112/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261919315314 |title=The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply |journal=[[Applied Energy]] |last1=Ballinger |first1=Benjamin |last2=Stringer |first2=Martin |last3=Schmeda-Lopez |first3=Diego R. |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 |volume=255 |date=December 1, 2019 |page=113844 |s2cid=203130461 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103135200/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261919315314 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Starbird |first1=Caroline |last2=Deboer |first2=Dale |last3=Pettit |first3=Jenny |year=2004 |title=Teaching International Economics and Trade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78 |publisher=Center for Teaching International Relations, [[University of Denver]] |page=78 |isbn=978-0-943804-92-7 |quote=Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319004856/http://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |editor-last=[[United States House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]] |date=2003 |title=Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87 |others=Message from the President of the United States |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |page=87 |isbn=978-1-4289-5014-6 |quote=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government. |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720072103/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''Mabuku''' * {{cite book| last1 = Young| first1 = M. Crawford| last2 = Turner| first2 = Thomas Edwin| title = The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| edition = illustrated, reprint| date = 2013| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC| isbn = 978-0-299-10113-8| access-date = 7 February 2018| archive-date = 15 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084309/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC| url-status = live}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin|30em}} * Clark, John F., ''The African Stakes of the Congo War'', 2004. * Callaghy, T., ''The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}}. * Deibert, Michael: ''The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair'', Zed Books, 2013. * {{cite book| last=Devlin| first=Larry| author-link=Larry Devlin| title=Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67| publisher=PublicAffairs| location=New York| year=2007| isbn=978-1-58648-405-7|ref=none}} * Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, ''The Wild Highway'', 2005. * Edgerton, Robert, ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.'' St. Martin's Press, 2002. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf ''The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815122645/http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf |date=15 August 2011 }}, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901165807/http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf ''Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo''], Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. * Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. * Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, ''The Rebels' Hour'', Atlantic, 2008. * Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. [[Stuttgart]]: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], 2008. (In German) {{ISBN|978-3-17-020781-3}}. * [[Barbara Kingsolver|Kingsolver, Barbara]]. ''[[The Poisonwood Bible]]'' HarperCollins, 1998. * Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. ''Borders, nationalism and the African state''. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. * Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.'' Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. * Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. {{ISBN|1-59691-345-2}}. * [[Linda Melvern|Melvern, Linda]], ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community''. Verso, 2004. * Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-8383-4027-2}}. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp.&nbsp;147–205, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}}; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-2-9}}; ''Congo in The Sixties,'' {{ISBN|978-1448665709}}, 2009; ''Africa: Dawn of a New Era,'' {{ISBN|978-9987160488}}, 2015. * Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ''The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History'', 2002. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''Congo Journey'', 1996. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo'', 1998. * Prunier, Gérard, ''Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe'', 2011 (also published as ''From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa''). * Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'', 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84277-485-4}}. * Reyntjens, Filip, ''The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 '', 2009. * Rorison, Sean, ''Bradt Travel Guide: Congo&nbsp;&nbsp;— Democratic Republic/Republic'', 2008. * Schulz, Manfred. ''Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur'', Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) {{ISBN|978-3-8258-0425-1}}. * Stearns, Jason: ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'', Public Affairs, 2011. * Tayler, Jeffrey, ''Facing the Congo'', 2001. * Turner, Thomas, ''The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality'', 2007. * [[David Van Reybrouck|Van Reybrouck]], David, ''Congo: The Epic History of a People'', 2014 * Wrong, Michela, ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Democratic Republic of the Congo|d=Q974}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ Democratic Republic of the Congo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023932/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm Democratic Republic of the Congo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the}} * {{Wikiatlas|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192795}} * [http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues] * {{cite web |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources |publisher=Stanford University |editor=Karen Fung|ref=none}} {{DRC topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|-3|24|display=title|type:country}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Congo, Democratic Republic Of The}} [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo| ]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 8lkhg56vq852xfv7njuimxfb39ph25x 10 15076 117765 94868 2024-06-03T15:51:34Z en>Jonesey95 0 Fix [[Special:LintErrors|Linter]] errors. 117765 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Kbd/styles.css"></templatestyles><kbd class="{{{class|}}} mw-tmpl-kbd" {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id}}}"}} style="{{#if:{{{spacing|}}}| padding-left:{{{padding|0.2em}}}; padding-right:{{{padding|0.2em}}};| letter-spacing:0.05em; padding-left:0.25em; padding-right:0.2em;}}{{#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}" {{#if:{{{lang|}}}|lang="{{{lang}}}"}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|user input}}}</kbd><noinclude> <!--Categories go near the bottom of the /doc page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2ckjrmjacnm8dk3nrbnhm5ab97rp0z7 117766 117765 2026-07-22T19:10:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Kbd]] 117765 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Kbd/styles.css"></templatestyles><kbd class="{{{class|}}} mw-tmpl-kbd" {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id}}}"}} style="{{#if:{{{spacing|}}}| padding-left:{{{padding|0.2em}}}; padding-right:{{{padding|0.2em}}};| letter-spacing:0.05em; padding-left:0.25em; padding-right:0.2em;}}{{#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}" {{#if:{{{lang|}}}|lang="{{{lang}}}"}} {{#if:{{{title|}}}|title="{{{title}}}"}}>{{{1|user input}}}</kbd><noinclude> <!--Categories go near the bottom of the /doc page.--> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 2ckjrmjacnm8dk3nrbnhm5ab97rp0z7 10 15705 117802 65828 2026-03-17T02:03:42Z en>Andrybak 0 Fix `|style=plain` in dark mode. 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Do not use it in actual articles.}}[[Category:Articles with dummy references]]|<sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[{{#ifeq:{{yes/no|{{{txtital|}}}}}|yes|<span style="font-style:italic">}}{{#if:{{{txtcol|}}}|<span style="color:{{{txtcol|}}}">}}{{{1|1}}}{{#if:{{{txtcol|}}}|</span>}}{{#ifeq:{{yes/no|{{{txtital|}}}}}|yes|</span>}}]</sup>}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3828y1r2mkmf07ivpxy6vai4mywogwe 10 15983 117814 38886 2026-05-07T22:38:03Z en>Tbhotch 0 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contribs/HelloMyNameIsAlphabet|HelloMyNameIsAlphabet]] ([[User talk:HelloMyNameIsAlphabet|talk]]) to last version by MusikAnimal 38885 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Item|pack}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{doc}} </noinclude> 4yxtdqre2hvr0k40m6udmgyrmmjsq51 117815 117814 2026-07-22T19:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Item]] 38885 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Item|pack}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{doc}} </noinclude> 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}}</includeonly><noinclude> |} {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 44q18stn8xpy9nc7o1obfnqjncmdy65 117819 117818 2026-07-22T19:25:08Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Markup/row]] 117818 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{|</noinclude><includeonly>{{#if:{{{c1|value}}}|&#32; {{!-}} {{!}} style="{{#if:{{{padding|}}}|padding:{{{padding}}};}} {{{col1style|}}}"{{!}} <!-- --><div class="markup-wrapper">{{#switch:{{{tag|}}} |none = {{{c1|[markup]}}}<!-- mark up --> |syntaxhighlight = {{#tag:syntaxhighlight |{{{c1|[markup]}}}<!-- mark up -->|lang="wikitext"|style="{{{c1style|}}}"|class="markup-markup"}} ||pre = {{#tag:pre |{{{c1|[markup]}}}<!-- mark up -->|style="{{{c1style|}}}"|class="markup-markup"}} |#default = {{#tag:{{{tag}}} |{{{c1|[markup]}}}<!-- mark up -->|style="{{{c1style|}}}"}} }}</div> {{!}}style{{=}}"{{#if:{{{padding|}}}|padding:{{{padding}}};}} {{{col2style|}}}"{{!}} <!-- --><div class="markup-wrapper" style="{{{c2style|}}}"><!-- renders as --> 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{{NAMESPACE}}|Module|module|project}}}}}} and modifying it for use on another wiki.}}} |small={{{small|}}} }}<includeonly>[[Category:Transwiki guide|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> m2v0ypz18121b4w89l538ci9f7s3yih 117827 117826 2026-07-22T19:25:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Transwiki_guide]] 117826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ombox |image=[[File:Edit-copy.svg|40px|alt=|link=]] |text={{{text|See {{#if:{{{1|}}}|[[{{{1}}}]]|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Transwiki guide]]}} for help copying this {{#if: {{{type|}}}|{{{type}}}|{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}}|Template|template|{{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}}|Module|module|project}}}}}} and modifying it for use on another wiki.}}} |small={{{small|}}} }}<includeonly>[[Category:Transwiki guide|{{{2|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Categories go on the /doc subpage, and interwikis go on Wikidata. --> </noinclude> m2v0ypz18121b4w89l538ci9f7s3yih 10 16142 117791 46550 2026-06-01T21:39:07Z en>Zackmann08 0 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1357298296|1357298296]] by [[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|Zackmann08]] ([[User talk:Zackmann08|talk]]) not fully flushed out 39198 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> dg6vj3epjyfwx0m7tx62smhp6gs0y2u 117792 117791 2026-07-22T19:11:18Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Location_map]] 39198 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> dg6vj3epjyfwx0m7tx62smhp6gs0y2u 10 16820 117747 40857 2026-07-22T12:05:13Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 ChiTumbuka 117747 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Twemoji12 2702.svg|{{{size|30px}}}|alt=scissors]] '''{{{1|Kuthamanga na sizala nkhwakofya chomene ku Wikipediya!}}}'''<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ckkqy4vb1hz8tyxelneueodhak9l555 828 17322 117767 114883 2026-07-19T05:12:54Z en>Ahechtbot 0 [[Wikipedia:BOT|Bot]]: Updated page. 117767 Scribunto text/plain return { ["LASTYEAR"] = 839000, ["LAT"] = 4100, ["LCAuth"] = 3300, ["LCCN"] = 2300, ["LKA"] = 2100, ["LTU"] = 4900, ["LUX"] = 2400, ["LVA"] = 4700, ["La"] = 515000, ["LaPreferente"] = 2300, ["Label"] = 42000, ["Lafc"] = 6900, ["Lang"] = 452000, ["Lang-ka"] = 5800, ["Lang-sr-Cyrl"] = 13000, ["Lang-sr-cyr"] = 3600, ["Lang-sr-cyrl"] = 2400, ["Lang-zh"] = 84000, ["Lang2iso"] = 4500, ["Lang_unset_italics"] = 2300, ["Langnf"] = 2700, ["Langr"] = 2200, ["Language_with_name"] = 7800, ["Language_with_name/for"] = 3300, ["Languages"] = 2700, ["Langx"] = 668000, ["Large"] = 505000, ["Large_category_TOC"] = 11000, ["Large_category_TOC/tracking"] = 11000, ["Last_edited_by"] = 63000, ["Last_word"] = 41000, ["LaunchesByYear_footer"] = 3600, ["LaunchesByYear_header"] = 3600, ["Law_sidebar_style/styles.css"] = 2200, ["Lc"] = 9900, ["Lead_too_short"] = 11000, ["League_icon"] = 3600, ["Leagueicon"] = 3500, ["Leave_feedback/link"] = 86000, ["Left"] = 10000, ["Leftlegend"] = 2000, ["Legend"] = 35000, ["Legend/styles.css"] = 151000, ["Legend0"] = 13000, ["Legend2"] = 22000, ["Legend_inline"] = 28000, ["LepIndex"] = 12000, ["Letter-NumberCombDisambig"] = 3500, ["Letter–number_combination_disambiguation"] = 4900, ["Lgtext"] = 3900, ["Libera.Chat"] = 11000, ["Library_link_about"] = 4000, ["Library_of_Congress_Control_Number"] = 2400, ["Library_resources_box"] = 4200, ["Librivox_author"] = 7300, ["Librivox_book"] = 4000, ["LicenseTagFairUseQualifier"] = 11000, ["License_migration"] = 45000, ["License_migration_complete"] = 19000, ["License_migration_not_eligible"] = 6900, ["License_migration_redundant"] = 19000, ["Lichengloss"] = 3100, ["Like"] = 2600, ["Likely"] = 5300, ["Line_link"] = 15000, ["Linear-gradient_text"] = 9200, ["Linescore_Amfootball"] = 2400, ["LinkCatIfExists2"] = 16000, ["LinkStatusLocal"] = 45000, ["LinkSummary"] = 249000, ["LinkSummaryLive"] = 9700, ["Link_if_exists"] = 312000, ["Link_note"] = 75000, ["Link_summary"] = 263000, ["Link_target"] = 34000, ["Linkcolor"] = 2600, ["Linkless_exists"] = 26000, ["Linksearch"] = 2400, ["Linksummarylive"] = 5600, ["Linktext"] = 15000, ["List-Class"] = 17000, ["Listen"] = 16000, ["Listen_live"] = 4600, ["Listenlive"] = 3600, ["Lists_of_people_editnotice"] = 2600, ["Lit"] = 16000, ["Literal_translation"] = 26000, ["Lnl"] = 11000, ["LoMP"] = 4900, ["Location_map"] = 580000, ["Location_map+"] = 31000, ["Location_map_data_documentation"] = 6800, ["Location_map_many"] = 4900, ["Location_map~"] = 30000, ["Location_mark"] = 2700, ["Location_mark+"] = 2700, ["Location_mark~"] = 2700, ["Log"] = 3700, ["Logo_fur"] = 64000, ["Logo_requested"] = 6500, ["London_Gazette"] = 36000, ["Long_plot"] = 4000, ["Longitem"] = 1970000, ["Longlink"] = 5400, ["Look_from"] = 11000, ["Lookfrom"] = 5500, ["Loop"] = 101000, ["Loss"] = 4100, ["Low-Class"] = 15000, ["Low-importance"] = 16000, ["Lower"] = 8400, ["Lowercase"] = 4600, ["Lowercase_title"] = 18000, ["Lowercasetitle"] = 2500, ["Lpsn"] = 2100, ["Lt"] = 2500, ["Lua"] = 12000, ["Lua_escape"] = 5700, ["Module:LCCN"] = 2400, ["Module:Labelled_list_hatnote"] = 632000, ["Module:Lang"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang-zh"] = 85000, ["Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/configuration"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_languages"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_regions"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_scripts"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_variants"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/is_latn_data"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/documentor_tool"] = 4100, ["Module:Lang/langx"] = 687000, ["Module:Lang/tag_from_name"] = 7400, ["Module:Language_with_name/for"] = 3300, ["Module:Large_category_TOC"] = 12000, ["Module:Large_category_TOC/styles.css"] = 12000, ["Module:Latin"] = 9000, ["Module:Librivox_book"] = 4000, ["Module:Lighthouse_tracking"] = 2600, ["Module:Link_if_exists"] = 322000, ["Module:Link_summary"] = 263000, ["Module:List"] = 2620000, ["Module:Listen"] = 16000, ["Module:Listen/styles.css"] = 16000, ["Module:Location_map"] = 918000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Antarctica"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Arkansas"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_New_South_Wales"] = 3700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_Queensland"] = 6000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_South_Australia"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Austria"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Azerbaijan"] = 4900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bangladesh"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Belgium"] = 2000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"] = 5500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Brazil"] = 5200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bulgaria"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/California"] = 6200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada"] = 4900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_Alberta"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_British_Columbia"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_Ontario"] = 2000, ["Module:Location_map/data/China"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Croatia"] = 4100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Czech_Republic"] = 6900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Estonia"] = 3100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Europe"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Florida"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/France"] = 40000, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Bourgogne-Franche-Comté"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Grand_Est"] = 5300, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Hauts-de-France"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Normandy"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Nouvelle-Aquitaine"] = 4800, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Occitanie"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany"] = 17000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Bavaria"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Rhineland-Palatinate"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Greece"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Hungary"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Illinois"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/India"] = 23000, ["Module:Location_map/data/India3"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Andhra_Pradesh"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Karnataka"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Kerala"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Maharashtra"] = 2800, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Punjab"] = 2300, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Tamil_Nadu"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Uttar_Pradesh"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_West_Bengal"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Indiana"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Iowa"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Iran"] = 50000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ireland"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Italy"] = 12000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Japan"] = 15000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Maine"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Maryland"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Massachusetts"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Mexico"] = 3700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Michigan"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Minnesota"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Nepal"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Netherlands"] = 3100, ["Module:Location_map/data/New_York"] = 8100, ["Module:Location_map/data/North_Carolina"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Norway"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ohio"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Pakistan"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Pennsylvania"] = 6100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Peru"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Philippines"] = 3800, ["Module:Location_map/data/Poland"] = 54000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Queensland"] = 2500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Romania"] = 6000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia"] = 29000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Bashkortostan"] = 4500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Vladimir_Oblast"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Vologda_Oblast"] = 4800, ["Module:Location_map/data/Serbia"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Slovakia"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/Slovenia"] = 6800, ["Module:Location_map/data/South_Africa"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/Spain"] = 8500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Sweden"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Switzerland"] = 6100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Syria"] = 2500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Texas"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Turkey"] = 19000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA"] = 115000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Alabama"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Alaska"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Arizona"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Arkansas"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_California"] = 8000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Colorado"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Florida"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Georgia"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Illinois"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Indiana"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Iowa"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Kentucky"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Maine"] = 2300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Maryland"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Massachusetts"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Michigan"] = 4300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Minnesota"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Missouri"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_New_Jersey"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_New_York"] = 9000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_North_Carolina"] = 4500, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Ohio"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Oregon"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Pennsylvania"] = 7300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Tennessee"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Texas"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Virginia"] = 5100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Washington"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_West_Virginia"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Wisconsin"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ukraine"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/United_States"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Virginia"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Washington"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/West_Virginia"] = 4100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Wisconsin"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/doc"] = 6700, ["Module:Location_map/info"] = 6800, ["Module:Location_map/multi"] = 36000, ["Module:Location_map/styles.css"] = 777000, ["Module:London_Gazette_util"] = 36000, ["Module:Lua_banner"] = 12000, } ed8bqajbr8lmsbv7o0hjil2648p4owa 117768 117767 2026-07-22T19:10:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Transclusion_count/data/L]] 117767 Scribunto text/plain return { ["LASTYEAR"] = 839000, ["LAT"] = 4100, ["LCAuth"] = 3300, ["LCCN"] = 2300, ["LKA"] = 2100, ["LTU"] = 4900, ["LUX"] = 2400, ["LVA"] = 4700, ["La"] = 515000, ["LaPreferente"] = 2300, ["Label"] = 42000, ["Lafc"] = 6900, ["Lang"] = 452000, ["Lang-ka"] = 5800, ["Lang-sr-Cyrl"] = 13000, ["Lang-sr-cyr"] = 3600, ["Lang-sr-cyrl"] = 2400, ["Lang-zh"] = 84000, ["Lang2iso"] = 4500, ["Lang_unset_italics"] = 2300, ["Langnf"] = 2700, ["Langr"] = 2200, ["Language_with_name"] = 7800, ["Language_with_name/for"] = 3300, ["Languages"] = 2700, ["Langx"] = 668000, ["Large"] = 505000, ["Large_category_TOC"] = 11000, ["Large_category_TOC/tracking"] = 11000, ["Last_edited_by"] = 63000, ["Last_word"] = 41000, ["LaunchesByYear_footer"] = 3600, ["LaunchesByYear_header"] = 3600, ["Law_sidebar_style/styles.css"] = 2200, ["Lc"] = 9900, ["Lead_too_short"] = 11000, ["League_icon"] = 3600, ["Leagueicon"] = 3500, ["Leave_feedback/link"] = 86000, ["Left"] = 10000, ["Leftlegend"] = 2000, ["Legend"] = 35000, ["Legend/styles.css"] = 151000, ["Legend0"] = 13000, ["Legend2"] = 22000, ["Legend_inline"] = 28000, ["LepIndex"] = 12000, ["Letter-NumberCombDisambig"] = 3500, ["Letter–number_combination_disambiguation"] = 4900, ["Lgtext"] = 3900, ["Libera.Chat"] = 11000, ["Library_link_about"] = 4000, ["Library_of_Congress_Control_Number"] = 2400, ["Library_resources_box"] = 4200, ["Librivox_author"] = 7300, ["Librivox_book"] = 4000, ["LicenseTagFairUseQualifier"] = 11000, ["License_migration"] = 45000, ["License_migration_complete"] = 19000, ["License_migration_not_eligible"] = 6900, ["License_migration_redundant"] = 19000, ["Lichengloss"] = 3100, ["Like"] = 2600, ["Likely"] = 5300, ["Line_link"] = 15000, ["Linear-gradient_text"] = 9200, ["Linescore_Amfootball"] = 2400, ["LinkCatIfExists2"] = 16000, ["LinkStatusLocal"] = 45000, ["LinkSummary"] = 249000, ["LinkSummaryLive"] = 9700, ["Link_if_exists"] = 312000, ["Link_note"] = 75000, ["Link_summary"] = 263000, ["Link_target"] = 34000, ["Linkcolor"] = 2600, ["Linkless_exists"] = 26000, ["Linksearch"] = 2400, ["Linksummarylive"] = 5600, ["Linktext"] = 15000, ["List-Class"] = 17000, ["Listen"] = 16000, ["Listen_live"] = 4600, ["Listenlive"] = 3600, ["Lists_of_people_editnotice"] = 2600, ["Lit"] = 16000, ["Literal_translation"] = 26000, ["Lnl"] = 11000, ["LoMP"] = 4900, ["Location_map"] = 580000, ["Location_map+"] = 31000, ["Location_map_data_documentation"] = 6800, ["Location_map_many"] = 4900, ["Location_map~"] = 30000, ["Location_mark"] = 2700, ["Location_mark+"] = 2700, ["Location_mark~"] = 2700, ["Log"] = 3700, ["Logo_fur"] = 64000, ["Logo_requested"] = 6500, ["London_Gazette"] = 36000, ["Long_plot"] = 4000, ["Longitem"] = 1970000, ["Longlink"] = 5400, ["Look_from"] = 11000, ["Lookfrom"] = 5500, ["Loop"] = 101000, ["Loss"] = 4100, ["Low-Class"] = 15000, ["Low-importance"] = 16000, ["Lower"] = 8400, ["Lowercase"] = 4600, ["Lowercase_title"] = 18000, ["Lowercasetitle"] = 2500, ["Lpsn"] = 2100, ["Lt"] = 2500, ["Lua"] = 12000, ["Lua_escape"] = 5700, ["Module:LCCN"] = 2400, ["Module:Labelled_list_hatnote"] = 632000, ["Module:Lang"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang-zh"] = 85000, ["Module:Lang/ISO_639_synonyms"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/configuration"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_languages"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_regions"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_scripts"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_suppressed_scripts"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/iana_variants"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/data/is_latn_data"] = 1710000, ["Module:Lang/documentor_tool"] = 4100, ["Module:Lang/langx"] = 687000, ["Module:Lang/tag_from_name"] = 7400, ["Module:Language_with_name/for"] = 3300, ["Module:Large_category_TOC"] = 12000, ["Module:Large_category_TOC/styles.css"] = 12000, ["Module:Latin"] = 9000, ["Module:Librivox_book"] = 4000, ["Module:Lighthouse_tracking"] = 2600, ["Module:Link_if_exists"] = 322000, ["Module:Link_summary"] = 263000, ["Module:List"] = 2620000, ["Module:Listen"] = 16000, ["Module:Listen/styles.css"] = 16000, ["Module:Location_map"] = 918000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Antarctica"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Arkansas"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_New_South_Wales"] = 3700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_Queensland"] = 6000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Australia_South_Australia"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Austria"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Azerbaijan"] = 4900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bangladesh"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Belgium"] = 2000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"] = 5500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Brazil"] = 5200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Bulgaria"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/California"] = 6200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada"] = 4900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_Alberta"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_British_Columbia"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Canada_Ontario"] = 2000, ["Module:Location_map/data/China"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Croatia"] = 4100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Czech_Republic"] = 6900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Estonia"] = 3100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Europe"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Florida"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/France"] = 40000, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Bourgogne-Franche-Comté"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Grand_Est"] = 5300, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Hauts-de-France"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Normandy"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Nouvelle-Aquitaine"] = 4800, ["Module:Location_map/data/France_Occitanie"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany"] = 17000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Bavaria"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Rhineland-Palatinate"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Greece"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Hungary"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Illinois"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/India"] = 23000, ["Module:Location_map/data/India3"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Andhra_Pradesh"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Karnataka"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Kerala"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Maharashtra"] = 2800, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Punjab"] = 2300, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Tamil_Nadu"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_Uttar_Pradesh"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/India_West_Bengal"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Indiana"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Iowa"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Iran"] = 50000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ireland"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Italy"] = 12000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Japan"] = 15000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Maine"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Maryland"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Massachusetts"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Mexico"] = 3700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Michigan"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Minnesota"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Nepal"] = 4700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Netherlands"] = 3100, ["Module:Location_map/data/New_York"] = 8100, ["Module:Location_map/data/North_Carolina"] = 3600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Norway"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ohio"] = 2700, ["Module:Location_map/data/Pakistan"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Pennsylvania"] = 6100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Peru"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Philippines"] = 3800, ["Module:Location_map/data/Poland"] = 54000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Queensland"] = 2500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Romania"] = 6000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia"] = 29000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Bashkortostan"] = 4500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Vladimir_Oblast"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/Russia_Vologda_Oblast"] = 4800, ["Module:Location_map/data/Serbia"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/Slovakia"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/Slovenia"] = 6800, ["Module:Location_map/data/South_Africa"] = 3300, ["Module:Location_map/data/Spain"] = 8500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Sweden"] = 2900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Switzerland"] = 6100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Syria"] = 2500, ["Module:Location_map/data/Texas"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/Turkey"] = 19000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA"] = 115000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Alabama"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Alaska"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Arizona"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Arkansas"] = 3500, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_California"] = 8000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Colorado"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Florida"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Georgia"] = 2100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Illinois"] = 3900, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Indiana"] = 3400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Iowa"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Kentucky"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Maine"] = 2300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Maryland"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Massachusetts"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Michigan"] = 4300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Minnesota"] = 5000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Missouri"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_New_Jersey"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_New_York"] = 9000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_North_Carolina"] = 4500, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Ohio"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Oregon"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Pennsylvania"] = 7300, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Tennessee"] = 2200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Texas"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Virginia"] = 5100, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Washington"] = 3200, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_West_Virginia"] = 4400, ["Module:Location_map/data/USA_Wisconsin"] = 3000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Ukraine"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/United_States"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/Virginia"] = 4000, ["Module:Location_map/data/Washington"] = 2400, ["Module:Location_map/data/West_Virginia"] = 4100, ["Module:Location_map/data/Wisconsin"] = 2600, ["Module:Location_map/data/doc"] = 6700, ["Module:Location_map/info"] = 6800, ["Module:Location_map/multi"] = 36000, ["Module:Location_map/styles.css"] = 777000, ["Module:London_Gazette_util"] = 36000, ["Module:Lua_banner"] = 12000, } ed8bqajbr8lmsbv7o0hjil2648p4owa 828 17956 117771 46886 2026-07-07T13:19:06Z en>Hike395 0 /* Infobox maps */ document newly uncovered parameters 117771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|release}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Module:Location map/styles.css}} == Usage == This module implements the {{tl|Location map}} and {{tl|Location map~}} templates. Please see the template pages for usage instructions. ==Infobox maps== To insert into an Infobox, simply add the following to automatically support pushpin maps. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> | image2 = {{#invoke:Location map|infobox_pushpin_map}} </syntaxhighlight> For the documentation, you can use {{tlx|Location map/doc/infobox parameters}} (which is displayed below). If any default values are modified in the {{kbd|#invoke}} calls, add them as parameters in the form {{tt|{{!}}}}''parameter_name''{{tt|{{=}}}}''value''. === Parameters === {{Location map/doc/infobox parameters}} In addition, there are "hidden" parameters that can be set in an invocation to this module, but are not exposed as parameters in a calling infobox: *{{para|float}} --- the location map floats within the infobox, set its alignment. Defaults to "center" *{{para|border}} --- sets the border color of the map. Defaults to "infobox" which implements a standard border for an infobox *{{para|default_width}} --- if the map width is not specified, uses this width. A bare number is interpreted in pixels *{{para|max_width}} --- if the map width is specified in pixels, it cannot exceed this value (interpreted in pixels if bare). == Tracking/maintenance categories == * [[:Category:Location maps with possible errors|Category:Location maps with possible errors]] ** {{clc|Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions}} ** {{clc|Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set}} ** {{clc|Location maps with a name containing a pipe‎}} ** {{clc|Location maps with removed parameters‎}} ** {{clc|Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds}} * Tracking for a change (see talk): {{clc|Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption}} == See also == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Location+map&namespace=828 All Module: pages beginning with "Location map"] * [[Module:Location map/info]] * [[Module:Location map/multi]] <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> [[Category:Location map modules]] [[Category:Modules that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> o3svq8uf5bzchhvxmme1nyt7jxtfinm 117772 117771 2026-07-22T19:10:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/doc]] 117771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Module rating|release}} <!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> {{High-use}} {{Lua|Module:Arguments}} {{Uses TemplateStyles|Module:Location map/styles.css}} == Usage == This module implements the {{tl|Location map}} and {{tl|Location map~}} templates. Please see the template pages for usage instructions. ==Infobox maps== To insert into an Infobox, simply add the following to automatically support pushpin maps. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> | image2 = {{#invoke:Location map|infobox_pushpin_map}} </syntaxhighlight> For the documentation, you can use {{tlx|Location map/doc/infobox parameters}} (which is displayed below). If any default values are modified in the {{kbd|#invoke}} calls, add them as parameters in the form {{tt|{{!}}}}''parameter_name''{{tt|{{=}}}}''value''. === Parameters === {{Location map/doc/infobox parameters}} In addition, there are "hidden" parameters that can be set in an invocation to this module, but are not exposed as parameters in a calling infobox: *{{para|float}} --- the location map floats within the infobox, set its alignment. Defaults to "center" *{{para|border}} --- sets the border color of the map. Defaults to "infobox" which implements a standard border for an infobox *{{para|default_width}} --- if the map width is not specified, uses this width. A bare number is interpreted in pixels *{{para|max_width}} --- if the map width is specified in pixels, it cannot exceed this value (interpreted in pixels if bare). == Tracking/maintenance categories == * [[:Category:Location maps with possible errors|Category:Location maps with possible errors]] ** {{clc|Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions}} ** {{clc|Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set}} ** {{clc|Location maps with a name containing a pipe‎}} ** {{clc|Location maps with removed parameters‎}} ** {{clc|Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds}} * Tracking for a change (see talk): {{clc|Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption}} == See also == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Location+map&namespace=828 All Module: pages beginning with "Location map"] * [[Module:Location map/info]] * [[Module:Location map/multi]] <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --> [[Category:Location map modules]] [[Category:Modules that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly><noinclude> [[Category:Module documentation pages]] </noinclude> o3svq8uf5bzchhvxmme1nyt7jxtfinm 0 18145 117736 116382 2026-07-22T02:56:15Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tum.svg|thumb]] '''[[Wikipediya]] ya ChiTumbuka''' nthamba la Umanyi la pa Intaneti ilo munthu waliyose wangalemba, kusintha, na kufumiska nkhani mu [[chiTumbuka]]. Pa webusayiti iyi pali nkhani zakujumpha 19,000. Ili ni Baibolo ilo lili mu viyowoyero vinandi, ndipo likovwira ŵanthu kumanya vinandi mu chiyowoyero chawo, ilo likamba mu Disembala 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation history / Accomplishments |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaGrowthSummary.htm |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> == Kafukufuku == Pa Julayi 22, 2026, Wikipediya cha Tumbuka chili na nkhani 19,257 ndipo pali ŵanthu 11,742 awo ŵakuchitako ntchito iyi. == Ukaboni == [[Category:Wikipediya]] m64k2k25vwb70auj93d3u22z2s5om18 10 18289 117710 112382 2026-07-21T13:35:05Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 117710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Spain | flag alias = Flag of Spain.svg | flag alias-1506 = Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1701 = Bandera de España 1701-1748.svg | flag alias-1748 = Bandera de España 1748-1785.svg | flag alias-1760 = Bandera de España 1760-1785.svg | flag alias-1785 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1874 = Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg | flag alias-1931 = Flag of Spain (1931–1939).svg | flag alias-civil-1931 = Flag of the Second Spanish Republic (plain).svg | flag alias-1936 = Flag of the Bando Nacional (1936–1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Spain (1938–1945).svg | flag alias-1945 = Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg | flag alias-1977 = Flag of Spain (1977–1981).svg | flag alias-civil = Flag of Spain (civil).svg | flag alias-civil-1785 = BandMercante1785.svg | flag alias-navy = Flag of Spain.svg | link alias-navy = Spanish Navy | flag alias-marines = Flag of Spain.svg | link alias-marines = Spanish Marine Infantry | flag alias-army = Flag of Spain.svg | link alias-army = Spanish Army | flag alias-naval = Naval Jack of Spain.svg | link alias-naval = Spanish Navy | flag alias-air force = Flag of Spain.svg | link alias-air force = Spanish Air and Space Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1506 | var2 = 1701 | var3 = 1748 | var4 = 1760 | var5 = 1785 | var6 = 1873 | var7 = 1874 | var8 = 1931 | var9 = civil-1931 | var10 = 1936 | var11 = 1938 | var12 = 1945 | var13 = 1977 | var14 = civil | var15 = civil-1785 | redir1 = ESP | redir2 = SPA | related1 = Spanish Empire | related2 = Kingdom of Spain | related3 = Spanish Republic | related4 = Spanish State | related5 = Francoist Spain </noinclude> }} qhwl9ckk71j106hbsvixwmrywd2ansf 10 18290 117706 110951 2026-07-21T12:14:37Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 117706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Sweden | flag alias = Flag of Sweden.svg | flag alias-army = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | flag alias-air force =Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | flag alias-1818 = Swedish and Norwegian merchant flag 1818-1844.svg | flag alias-1844 = Swedish civil ensign (1844–1905).svg | flag alias-1905 = Flag of Sweden (pre-1906).svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | flag alias-naval-1844 = Naval Ensign of Sweden (1844-1905).svg | flag alias-naval-1815 = Ensign of Sweden and Norway (1815–1844).svg | link alias-army = Swedish Army | link alias-air force = Swedish Air Force | link alias-naval = Swedish Navy | flag alias-navy = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | link alias-navy = Swedish Navy | link alias-football = Sweden {{{mw|men's}}} national {{{age|}}} football team | border-army = | border-air force = | border-naval = | border-navy = | border-naval-1815 = | border-naval-1844 = | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1818 | var2 = 1844 | var3 = 1905 | var4 = naval-1844 | var5 = naval-1815 | redir1 = SWE </noinclude> }} 3xojdmzooakf57k5yfeticn7g6ydkro 10 18554 117711 48529 2026-07-21T13:37:52Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 117711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Philippines | flag alias = Flag of the Philippines.svg | flag alias-1535 = Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg | flag alias-1821 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1875 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg | flag alias-aguinaldo = Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg | flag alias-1898 = Flag of the United States (1896-1908).svg | flag alias-1908 = US flag 46 stars.svg | flag alias-1912 = US flag 48 stars.svg | flag alias-1919 = Flag of the Philippines (1919-1936).svg | flag alias-1936 = Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg | flag alias-1985 = Flag of the Philippines (light blue).svg | flag alias-1986 = Flag of the Philippines (navy blue).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Philippine Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Philippine Air Force | flag alias-army=Flag of the Philippine Army.svg | flag alias-marines=Flag of the Philippine Marine Corps.svg | link alias-marines=Philippine Marine Corps | flag alias-military=Flag of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.svg | link alias-military=Philippine Armed Forces | flag alias-navy=Flag of the Philippine Navy.svg | link alias-navy=Philippine Navy | link alias-army = Philippine Army | link alias-naval = Philippine Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1535 | var2 = 1821 | var3 = 1873 | var4 = 1875 | var5 = aguinaldo | var6 = 1898 | var7 = 1908 | var8 = 1912 | var9 = 1919 | var10 = 1936 | var11 = 1985 | var12 = 1986 | cat = Philippines | redir1 = PHL | redir2 = PHI | related1 = First Philippine Republic | related2 = Philippine Commonwealth | related3 = Second Philippine Republic </noinclude> }} 4og4rfo95hhkvwjoiohrg21f732qavr 10 19758 117787 50753 2026-06-01T21:39:27Z en>Zackmann08 0 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1357297609|1357297609]] by [[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|Zackmann08]] ([[User talk:Zackmann08|talk]]) 50752 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map|mark}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1lw8zlt59mztp7ojo9dt06oixklle0p 117788 117787 2026-07-22T19:11:17Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Location_map~]] 50752 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map|mark}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 1lw8zlt59mztp7ojo9dt06oixklle0p 828 19759 117789 50755 2024-04-30T01:22:33Z en>Pppery 0 Desandbox 117789 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local locmap = require('Module:Location map') local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.container(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map+', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = locmap.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local placeslist = mw.text.gsplit(args.places, '#PlaceList#') local permaplaces = {} local numbermaps = #map local count = 0 for i = 1,numbermaps do permaplaces[i] = {} end for place in placeslist do table.insert(permaplaces[count%numbermaps + 1],place) count = count + 1 end local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] args.places = table.concat(permaplaces[k]) outputs[k] = p.container(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. (args.places and args.places:gsub('%s*\n%s*', '') or '') .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) end end local function manyMakeArgs(fullArgs, n) if n == 1 then return { lat = fullArgs.lat1 or fullArgs.lat, long = fullArgs.long1 or fullArgs.long, coordinates = fullArgs.coordinates1 or fullArgs.coordinates, lat_deg = fullArgs.lat1_deg or fullArgs.lat_deg, lat_min = fullArgs.lat1_min or fullArgs.lat_min, lat_sec = fullArgs.lat1_sec or fullArgs.lat_sec, lat_dir = fullArgs.lat1_dir or fullArgs.lat_dir, lon_deg = fullArgs.lon1_deg or fullArgs.lon_deg, lon_min = fullArgs.lon1_min or fullArgs.lon_min, lon_sec = fullArgs.lon1_sec or fullArgs.lon_sec, lon_dir = fullArgs.lon1_dir or fullArgs.lon_dir, outside = fullArgs.outside1 or fullArgs.outside, mark = fullArgs.mark1 or fullArgs.mark, marksize = fullArgs.mark1size or fullArgs.marksize, link = fullArgs.link1 or fullArgs.link, label = fullArgs.label1 or fullArgs.label, label_size = fullArgs.label1_size or fullArgs.label_size, label_width = fullArgs.label1_width or fullArgs.label_width, position = fullArgs.position1 or fullArgs.pos1 or fullArgs.position or fullArgs.pos, background = fullArgs.background1 or fullArgs.bg1 or fullArgs.background or fullArgs.bg } else return { lat = fullArgs['lat' .. n], long = fullArgs['long' .. n], coordinates = fullArgs['coordinates' .. n], lat_deg = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_deg'], lat_min = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_min'], lat_sec = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_sec'], lat_dir = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_dir'], lon_deg = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_deg'], lon_min = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_min'], lon_sec = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_sec'], lon_dir = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_dir'], outside = fullArgs['outside' .. n], mark = fullArgs['mark' .. n], marksize = fullArgs['mark' .. n .. 'size'], link = fullArgs['link' .. n], label = fullArgs['label' .. n], label_size = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_size'], label_width = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_width'], position = fullArgs['position' .. n] or fullArgs['pos' .. n], background = fullArgs['background' .. n] or fullArgs['bg' .. n] } end end function p.many(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map many', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not args[1] then args[1] = 'World' end if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.many(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} local markhigh if args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter markhigh used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end for k, v in pairs(args) do -- @todo change to uargs once we have that if v then if string.sub(k, -4) == '_deg' then k = string.sub(k, 1, -5) end if string.sub(k, 1, 3) == 'lat' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 4)) if k then table.insert(marks, k) end elseif string.sub(k, 1, 11) == 'coordinates' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 12)) if k then table.insert(marks,k) end end end end table.sort(marks) if marks[1] ~= 1 and (args.lat or args.lat_deg or args.coordinates) then table.insert(marks, 1, 1) end local body = '' for _, v in ipairs(marks) do -- don't try to consolidate this into the above loop. ordering of elements from pairs() is unspecified body = body .. tostring( locmap.mark(frame, manyMakeArgs(args, v), map) ) if args['mark' .. v .. 'high'] then mw.log('Removed parameter mark' .. v .. 'high used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end end args.label = nil -- there is no global label return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. body .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) .. (markhigh and '[[Category:Location maps with possible errors|Page using removed parameter]]' or '') end function p.load(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end local dataModule = mw.loadData(args[1]) local containerArgs = dataModule.containerArgs if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(containerArgs[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.load(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} if dataModule.marks then for k,markArgs in ipairs(dataModule.marks) do marks[k] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end if dataModule.secondaryModules then for _,modname in ipairs(dataModule.secondaryModules) do for _,markArgs in ipairs(mw.loadData(modname).marks) do marks[#marks + 1] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end end if args.autoSwitcherLabel then local TableTools = require('Module:TableTools') containerArgs = TableTools.shallowClone(containerArgs) containerArgs.autoSwitcherLabel = true end return locmap.top(frame, containerArgs, map) .. table.concat(marks) .. locmap.bottom(frame, containerArgs, map) end return p q9gz44tzbnjx2aljxbl0067zos3ns53 117790 117789 2026-07-22T19:11:18Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/multi]] 117789 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local locmap = require('Module:Location map') local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.container(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map+', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = locmap.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local placeslist = mw.text.gsplit(args.places, '#PlaceList#') local permaplaces = {} local numbermaps = #map local count = 0 for i = 1,numbermaps do permaplaces[i] = {} end for place in placeslist do table.insert(permaplaces[count%numbermaps + 1],place) count = count + 1 end local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] args.places = table.concat(permaplaces[k]) outputs[k] = p.container(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. (args.places and args.places:gsub('%s*\n%s*', '') or '') .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) end end local function manyMakeArgs(fullArgs, n) if n == 1 then return { lat = fullArgs.lat1 or fullArgs.lat, long = fullArgs.long1 or fullArgs.long, coordinates = fullArgs.coordinates1 or fullArgs.coordinates, lat_deg = fullArgs.lat1_deg or fullArgs.lat_deg, lat_min = fullArgs.lat1_min or fullArgs.lat_min, lat_sec = fullArgs.lat1_sec or fullArgs.lat_sec, lat_dir = fullArgs.lat1_dir or fullArgs.lat_dir, lon_deg = fullArgs.lon1_deg or fullArgs.lon_deg, lon_min = fullArgs.lon1_min or fullArgs.lon_min, lon_sec = fullArgs.lon1_sec or fullArgs.lon_sec, lon_dir = fullArgs.lon1_dir or fullArgs.lon_dir, outside = fullArgs.outside1 or fullArgs.outside, mark = fullArgs.mark1 or fullArgs.mark, marksize = fullArgs.mark1size or fullArgs.marksize, link = fullArgs.link1 or fullArgs.link, label = fullArgs.label1 or fullArgs.label, label_size = fullArgs.label1_size or fullArgs.label_size, label_width = fullArgs.label1_width or fullArgs.label_width, position = fullArgs.position1 or fullArgs.pos1 or fullArgs.position or fullArgs.pos, background = fullArgs.background1 or fullArgs.bg1 or fullArgs.background or fullArgs.bg } else return { lat = fullArgs['lat' .. n], long = fullArgs['long' .. n], coordinates = fullArgs['coordinates' .. n], lat_deg = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_deg'], lat_min = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_min'], lat_sec = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_sec'], lat_dir = fullArgs['lat' .. n .. '_dir'], lon_deg = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_deg'], lon_min = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_min'], lon_sec = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_sec'], lon_dir = fullArgs['lon' .. n .. '_dir'], outside = fullArgs['outside' .. n], mark = fullArgs['mark' .. n], marksize = fullArgs['mark' .. n .. 'size'], link = fullArgs['link' .. n], label = fullArgs['label' .. n], label_size = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_size'], label_width = fullArgs['label' .. n .. '_width'], position = fullArgs['position' .. n] or fullArgs['pos' .. n], background = fullArgs['background' .. n] or fullArgs['bg' .. n] } end end function p.many(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map many', valueFunc = locmap.valueFunc}) end if not args[1] then args[1] = 'World' end if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.many(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} local markhigh if args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter markhigh used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end for k, v in pairs(args) do -- @todo change to uargs once we have that if v then if string.sub(k, -4) == '_deg' then k = string.sub(k, 1, -5) end if string.sub(k, 1, 3) == 'lat' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 4)) if k then table.insert(marks, k) end elseif string.sub(k, 1, 11) == 'coordinates' then k = tonumber(string.sub(k, 12)) if k then table.insert(marks,k) end end end end table.sort(marks) if marks[1] ~= 1 and (args.lat or args.lat_deg or args.coordinates) then table.insert(marks, 1, 1) end local body = '' for _, v in ipairs(marks) do -- don't try to consolidate this into the above loop. ordering of elements from pairs() is unspecified body = body .. tostring( locmap.mark(frame, manyMakeArgs(args, v), map) ) if args['mark' .. v .. 'high'] then mw.log('Removed parameter mark' .. v .. 'high used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') markhigh = true end end args.label = nil -- there is no global label return locmap.top(frame, args, map) .. body .. locmap.bottom(frame, args, map) .. (markhigh and '[[Category:Location maps with possible errors|Page using removed parameter]]' or '') end function p.load(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end local dataModule = mw.loadData(args[1]) local containerArgs = dataModule.containerArgs if not map then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(containerArgs[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = locmap.getMapParams(mapname, frame) end if #map ~= 1 then local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do outputs[k] = p.load(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' end map = map[1] end local marks = {} if dataModule.marks then for k,markArgs in ipairs(dataModule.marks) do marks[k] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end if dataModule.secondaryModules then for _,modname in ipairs(dataModule.secondaryModules) do for _,markArgs in ipairs(mw.loadData(modname).marks) do marks[#marks + 1] = tostring(locmap.mark(frame, markArgs, map)) end end end if args.autoSwitcherLabel then local TableTools = require('Module:TableTools') containerArgs = TableTools.shallowClone(containerArgs) containerArgs.autoSwitcherLabel = true end return locmap.top(frame, containerArgs, map) .. table.concat(marks) .. locmap.bottom(frame, containerArgs, map) end return p q9gz44tzbnjx2aljxbl0067zos3ns53 10 19760 117793 50757 2024-02-06T17:47:50Z en>YoaR 0 Undid revision 1204220993 by [[Special:Contributions/YoaR|YoaR]] ([[User talk:YoaR|talk]]) Sorry! wrong Wikipedia. 50756 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map/multi|many}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> deqv4sxmokfvcm5qan3uwzawgr9ss1c 117794 117793 2026-07-22T19:11:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Location_map_many]] 50756 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Location map/multi|many}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> </noinclude> deqv4sxmokfvcm5qan3uwzawgr9ss1c 10 19763 117781 50763 2024-02-15T22:09:40Z en>Steel1943 0 Undid revision 1207849615 by [[Special:Contributions/Steel1943|Steel1943]] ([[User talk:Steel1943|talk]]) revert self - turns out the functionality is somewhat redundant to the "name" parameter, so reverting for now 50762 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>__NOEDITSECTION__{{#invoke:Location map/info|main}} {{{image|}}} '''{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|3}}''' is a location map definition used to overlay markers and labels on {{{projection|an [[equirectangular projection]]}}} map of {{{name|[[{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|name}}]]}}}. The markers are placed by [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] coordinates on the default map or a similar map image. == Usage == These definitions are used by the following templates when invoked with parameter "{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}": * {{tlx|Location map | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map many | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map+ | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map~ | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} == Map definition == * <code>'''name''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|name}}</code> *: Name used in the default map caption * <code>'''image''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image}}]]</code> *: The default map image, without "Image:" or "File:" {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}| * <code>'''image1''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}]]</code> *: An alternative map image, usually a relief map, which can be displayed via the ''relief'' or ''AlternativeMap'' parameters }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}| * <code>'''image2''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}]]</code>{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}| * <code>'''image3''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}]]</code> }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}| * <code>'''image4''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}]]</code> }} *: Alternative map image{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|s}} which can be displayed via the ''AlternativeMap'' parameter }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}| * <code>'''top''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}</code> *: [[Latitude]] at top edge of map, in [[decimal degrees]] * <code>'''bottom''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}</code> *: Latitude at bottom edge of map, in decimal degrees * <code>'''left''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}</code> *: [[Longitude]] at left edge of map, in decimal degrees * <code>'''right''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}</code> *: Longitude at right edge of map, in decimal degrees }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|x}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|y}}| * <code>'''x''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|x}}</code> *: An expression to calculate a location on the map via its [[longitude]]; evaluates as 0 along the left edge and 100 along the right edge * <code>'''y''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|y}}</code> *: An expression to calculate a location on the map via its [[latitude]]; evaluates as 0 along the top edge and 100 along the bottom edge }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}| * <code>'''mark''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}]] ([[File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|8px]])</code> *: The default mark image to display with this map. This can be overridden by the <code>mark</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]], which would otherwise default to [[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] ([[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]). }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}| * <code>'''marksize''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}</code> *: The default mark size (in [[pixel]]s) for the mark image displayed with this map (should not include <code>px</code>, for example <code>marksize={{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}</code>, not <code>marksize={{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}px</code>). This can be overridden by the <code>marksize</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]], which would otherwise default to 8. }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}| == Alternative map == The {{tl|Location map}}, {{tl|Location map many}}, and {{tl|Location map+}} templates have parameters to specify an alternative map image. {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}} | The map displayed as '''image1''' can be used with the ''relief'' or ''AlternativeMap'' parameters. }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}} | The map{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|s}} displayed as '''image2''' {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|/ '''image3'''}} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}|/ '''image4'''}} can be used with the ''AlternativeMap'' parameter. }} Examples may be found below or in the following: {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}| * [[Template:Location map#Relief parameter]] * [[Template:Location map+/relief]] }} * [[Template:Location map#AlternativeMap parameter]] * [[Template:Location map+/AlternativeMap]] }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}| == Precision == {{#if:{{{precision|}}}|{{{precision}}}| [[Longitude]]: from West to East this map definition covers {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 round 4}} degrees. * At an image width of 200 [[pixel]]s, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 / 200 round 4}} degrees per pixel. * At an image width of 1000 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 / 1000 round 4}} degrees per pixel. [[Latitude]]: from North to South this map definition covers {{#expr: {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} round 4}} degrees. * At an image height of 200 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} ) / 200 round 4}} degrees per pixel. * At an image height of 1000 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} ) / 1000 round 4}} degrees per pixel. }}}} {{#if:{{{examples|}}}| == Examples using location map templates == {{{examples}}} {{clear}} }} == See also == {{{see also|}}} === Location map templates === * [[Template:Location map]], to display one mark and label using latitude and longitude * [[Template:Location map many]], to display up to nine marks and labels * [[Template:Location map+]], to display an unlimited number of marks and labels === Creating new map definitions === * [[Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 3pb6hf0t22gxfyqonyoguz518mdmm3i 117782 117781 2026-07-22T19:11:02Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Location_map_data_documentation]] 50762 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>__NOEDITSECTION__{{#invoke:Location map/info|main}} {{{image|}}} '''{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|3}}''' is a location map definition used to overlay markers and labels on {{{projection|an [[equirectangular projection]]}}} map of {{{name|[[{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|name}}]]}}}. The markers are placed by [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] coordinates on the default map or a similar map image. == Usage == These definitions are used by the following templates when invoked with parameter "{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}": * {{tlx|Location map | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map many | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map+ | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} * {{tlx|Location map~ | {{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}&nbsp;| ...}} == Map definition == * <code>'''name''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|name}}</code> *: Name used in the default map caption * <code>'''image''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image}}]]</code> *: The default map image, without "Image:" or "File:" {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}| * <code>'''image1''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}]]</code> *: An alternative map image, usually a relief map, which can be displayed via the ''relief'' or ''AlternativeMap'' parameters }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}| * <code>'''image2''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}]]</code>{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}| * <code>'''image3''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}]]</code> }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}| * <code>'''image4''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}]]</code> }} *: Alternative map image{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|s}} which can be displayed via the ''AlternativeMap'' parameter }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}| * <code>'''top''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}</code> *: [[Latitude]] at top edge of map, in [[decimal degrees]] * <code>'''bottom''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}</code> *: Latitude at bottom edge of map, in decimal degrees * <code>'''left''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}</code> *: [[Longitude]] at left edge of map, in decimal degrees * <code>'''right''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}</code> *: Longitude at right edge of map, in decimal degrees }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|x}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|y}}| * <code>'''x''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|x}}</code> *: An expression to calculate a location on the map via its [[longitude]]; evaluates as 0 along the left edge and 100 along the right edge * <code>'''y''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|y}}</code> *: An expression to calculate a location on the map via its [[latitude]]; evaluates as 0 along the top edge and 100 along the bottom edge }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}| * <code>'''mark''' = [[:File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}]] ([[File:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|mark}}|8px]])</code> *: The default mark image to display with this map. This can be overridden by the <code>mark</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]], which would otherwise default to [[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] ([[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]). }}{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}| * <code>'''marksize''' = {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}</code> *: The default mark size (in [[pixel]]s) for the mark image displayed with this map (should not include <code>px</code>, for example <code>marksize={{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}</code>, not <code>marksize={{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|marksize}}px</code>). This can be overridden by the <code>marksize</code> parameter in [[Template:Location map]], which would otherwise default to 8. }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}}| == Alternative map == The {{tl|Location map}}, {{tl|Location map many}}, and {{tl|Location map+}} templates have parameters to specify an alternative map image. {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}} | The map displayed as '''image1''' can be used with the ''relief'' or ''AlternativeMap'' parameters. }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image2}} | The map{{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|s}} displayed as '''image2''' {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image3}}|/ '''image3'''}} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image4}}|/ '''image4'''}} can be used with the ''AlternativeMap'' parameter. }} Examples may be found below or in the following: {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|image1}}| * [[Template:Location map#Relief parameter]] * [[Template:Location map+/relief]] }} * [[Template:Location map#AlternativeMap parameter]] * [[Template:Location map+/AlternativeMap]] }} {{#if:{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}}{{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}}| == Precision == {{#if:{{{precision|}}}|{{{precision}}}| [[Longitude]]: from West to East this map definition covers {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 round 4}} degrees. * At an image width of 200 [[pixel]]s, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 / 200 round 4}} degrees per pixel. * At an image width of 1000 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|right}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|left}} + 360 ) fmod 360 / 1000 round 4}} degrees per pixel. [[Latitude]]: from North to South this map definition covers {{#expr: {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} round 4}} degrees. * At an image height of 200 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} ) / 200 round 4}} degrees per pixel. * At an image height of 1000 pixels, that is {{#expr: ( {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|top}} - {{#invoke:Location map|data|{{#titleparts:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|1|3}}|bottom}} ) / 1000 round 4}} degrees per pixel. }}}} {{#if:{{{examples|}}}| == Examples using location map templates == {{{examples}}} {{clear}} }} == See also == {{{see also|}}} === Location map templates === * [[Template:Location map]], to display one mark and label using latitude and longitude * [[Template:Location map many]], to display up to nine marks and labels * [[Template:Location map+]], to display an unlimited number of marks and labels === Creating new map definitions === * [[Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition]]</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> 3pb6hf0t22gxfyqonyoguz518mdmm3i 828 21001 117761 112148 2026-07-17T02:34:53Z en>Zackmann08 0 Fallback to using Wikidata coordinates for infobox_pushpin_map when possible. Supplied coordinates will still override the wikidata values. 117761 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function round(n, decimals) local pow = 10^(decimals or 0) return math.floor(n * pow + 0.5) / pow end function p.getMapParams(map, frame) if not map then error('The name of the location map definition to use must be specified', 2) end local moduletitle = mw.title.new('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) if not moduletitle then error(string.format('%q is not a valid name for a location map definition', map), 2) elseif moduletitle.exists then local mapData = mw.loadData('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) return function(name, params) if name == nil then return 'Module:Location map/data/' .. map elseif mapData[name] == nil then return '' elseif params then return mw.message.newRawMessage(tostring(mapData[name]), unpack(params)):plain() else return mapData[name] end end else error('Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/' .. map .. '" does not exist', 2) end end function p.data(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local params = {} for k,v in ipairs(args) do if k > 2 then params[k-2] = v end end return map(args[2], #params ~= 0 and params) end local hemisphereMultipliers = { longitude = { W = -1, w = -1, E = 1, e = 1 }, latitude = { S = -1, s = -1, N = 1, n = 1 } } local function decdeg(degrees, minutes, seconds, hemisphere, decimal, direction) if decimal then if degrees then error('Decimal and DMS degrees cannot both be provided for ' .. direction, 2) elseif minutes then error('Minutes can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif seconds then error('Seconds can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) end local retval = tonumber(decimal) if retval then return retval end error('The value "' .. decimal .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not minutes then error('Seconds were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without minutes also being provided', 2) elseif not degrees then if minutes then error('Minutes were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere was provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) end return nil end decimal = tonumber(degrees) if not decimal then error('The degree value "' .. degrees .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif minutes and not tonumber(minutes) then error('The minute value "' .. minutes .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not tonumber(seconds) then error('The second value "' .. seconds .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal + (minutes or 0)/60 + (seconds or 0)/3600 if hemisphere then local multiplier = hemisphereMultipliers[direction][hemisphere] if not multiplier then error('The hemisphere "' .. hemisphere .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal * multiplier end return decimal end -- Finds a parameter in a transclusion of {{Coord}}. local function coord2text(para,coord) -- this should be changed for languages which do not use Arabic numerals or the degree sign local lat, long = mw.ustring.match(coord,'<span class="p%-latitude latitude">([^<]+)</span><span class="p%-longitude longitude">([^<]+)</span>') if lat then return tonumber(para == 'longitude' and long or lat) end local result = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.match(coord,'%-?[%.%d]+°[NS] %-?[%.%d]+°[EW]') or '', '[ °]') if para == 'longitude' then result = {result[3], result[4]} end if not tonumber(result[1]) or not result[2] then mw.log('Malformed coordinates value') mw.logObject(para, 'para') mw.logObject(coord, 'coord') return error('Malformed coordinates value', 2) end return tonumber(result[1]) * hemisphereMultipliers[para][result[2]] end -- effectively make removeBlanks false for caption and maplink, and true for everything else -- if useWikidata is present but blank, convert it to false instead of nil -- p.top, p.bottom, and their callers need to use this function p.valueFunc(key, value) if value then value = mw.text.trim(value) end if value ~= '' or key == 'caption' or key == 'maplink' then return value elseif key == 'useWikidata' then return false end end local function getContainerImage(args, map) if args.AlternativeMap then return args.AlternativeMap elseif args.relief then local digits = mw.ustring.match(args.relief,'^[1-9][0-9]?$') or '1' -- image1 to image99 if map('image' .. digits) ~= '' then return map('image' .. digits) end end return map('image') end function p.top(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local width local default_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(args.default_width),"%d*")) if not args.width then width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) elseif mw.ustring.sub(args.width, -2) == 'px' then width = mw.ustring.sub(args.width, 1, -3) else width = args.width end local width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number == 0 then -- check to see if width is junk. If it is, then use default calculation width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; end if args.max_width ~= "" and args.max_width ~= nil then -- check to see if width bigger than max_width local max_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(args.max_width,"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number>max_as_number and max_as_number>0 then width = args.max_width; end end local retval = frame:extensionTag{name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Module:Location map/styles.css'}} if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '<div class="center">' end if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' and args.border ~= 'infobox' then retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap noresize thumb ' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'floatleft' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' or args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'tnone' else retval = retval .. 'floatright' end retval = retval .. '"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:' .. (width + 2) .. 'px' if args.border == 'none' then retval = retval .. ';border:none' elseif args.border then retval = retval .. ';border-color:' .. args.border end retval = retval .. '"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px' .. (args.border ~= 'none' and ';border:1px solid lightgray">' or '">') else retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap" style="width:' .. width .. 'px;' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'float:left;clear:left' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto' elseif args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:none' else retval = retval .. 'float:right;clear:right' end retval = retval .. '"><div style="width:' .. width .. 'px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px">' end local image = getContainerImage(args, map) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() retval = string.format( '%s[[File:%s|%spx|%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', retval, image, width, args.alt or ((args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' is located in ' .. map('name')), args.maplink and ('|link=' .. args.maplink) or '' ) if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' then if (currentTitle.namespace == 0) and mw.ustring.find(args.caption, '##') then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption]]' end end if args.overlay_image then return retval .. '<div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0">[[File:' .. args.overlay_image .. '|' .. width .. 'px|class=notpageimage noviewer]]</div>' else return retval end end function p.bottom(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local retval = '</div>' local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if not args.caption or args.border == 'infobox' then if args.border then retval = retval .. '<div style="padding-top:0.2em">' else retval = retval .. '<div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">' end retval = retval .. (args.caption or (args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' (' .. map('name') .. ')') .. '</div>' elseif args.caption ~= '' then -- This is not the pipe trick. We're creating a link with no text on purpose, so that CSS can give us a nice image retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>' end if args.switcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">' .. args.switcherLabel .. '</span>' elseif args.autoSwitcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ' .. map('name') .. '</span>' end retval = retval .. '</div></div>' if args.caption_undefined then mw.log('Removed parameter caption_undefined used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|caption_undefined]]' end end if map('skew') ~= '' or map('lat_skew') ~= '' or map('crosses180') ~= '' or map('type') ~= '' then mw.log('Removed parameter used in map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (map('skew') ~= '' and 'skew' or '') .. (map('lat_skew') ~= '' and 'lat_skew' or '') .. (map('crosses180') ~= '' and 'crosses180' or '') .. (map('type') ~= '' and 'type' or '') retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key .. ' ]]' end end if string.find(map('name'), '|', 1, true) then mw.log('Pipe used in name of map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with a name containing a pipe]]' end end if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '</div>' end return retval end local function markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size) return mw.html.create('div') :addClass('od') :addClass('notheme') -- T236137 :cssText('top:' .. round(y, 3) .. '%;left:' .. round(x, 3) .. '%;font-size:' .. label_size .. '%') :node(imageDiv) :node(labelDiv) end local function markImageDiv(mark, marksize, label, link, alt, title) local builder = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('id') :cssText('left:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px;top:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px') :attr('title', title) if marksize ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(string.format( '[[File:%s|%dx%dpx|%s|link=%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', mark, marksize, marksize, label, link, alt and ('|alt=' .. alt) or '' )) end return builder end local function markLabelDiv(label, label_size, label_width, position, background, x, marksize) if tonumber(label_size) == 0 then return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('l0'):wikitext(label) end local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') local distance = round(marksize / 2 + 1) if position == 'top' then -- specified top builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('bottom:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'bottom' then -- specified bottom builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('top:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'left' or (tonumber(x) > 70 and position ~= 'right') then -- specified left or autodetected to left builder:addClass('pl'):cssText('right:' .. distance .. 'px') else -- specified right or autodetected to right builder:addClass('pr'):cssText('left:' .. distance .. 'px') end builder = builder:tag('div') :wikitext(label) if background then builder:cssText('background-color:' .. background) end return builder:done() end local function getX(longitude, left, right) local width = (right - left) % 360 if width == 0 then width = 360 end local distanceFromLeft = (longitude - left) % 360 -- the distance needed past the map to the right equals distanceFromLeft - width. the distance needed past the map to the left equals 360 - distanceFromLeft. to minimize page stretching, go whichever way is shorter if distanceFromLeft - width / 2 >= 180 then distanceFromLeft = distanceFromLeft - 360 end return 100 * distanceFromLeft / width end local function getY(latitude, top, bottom) return 100 * (top - latitude) / (top - bottom) end function p.mark(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map~'}) end local mapnames = {} if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in mw.text.gsplit(args[1], '#', true) do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) mapnames[#mapnames + 1] = mapname end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) args[1] = 'World' end end if type(map) == 'table' then local outputs = {} local oldargs = args[1] for k,v in ipairs(map) do args[1] = mapnames[k] outputs[k] = tostring(p.mark(frame, args, v)) end args[1] = oldargs return table.concat(outputs, '#PlaceList#') .. '#PlaceList#' end local x, y, longitude, latitude longitude = decdeg(args.lon_deg, args.lon_min, args.lon_sec, args.lon_dir, args.long, 'longitude') latitude = decdeg(args.lat_deg, args.lat_min, args.lat_sec, args.lat_dir, args.lat, 'latitude') if args.excludefrom then -- If this mark is to be excluded from certain maps entirely (useful in the context of multiple maps) for exclusionmap in mw.text.gsplit(args.excludefrom, '#', true) do -- Check if this map is excluded. If so, return an empty string. if args[1] == exclusionmap then return '' end end end local builder = mw.html.create() local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if args.coordinates then -- Temporarily removed to facilitate infobox conversion. See [[Wikipedia:Coordinates in infoboxes]] -- if longitude or latitude then -- error('Coordinates from [[Module:Coordinates]] and individual coordinates cannot both be provided') -- end longitude = coord2text('longitude', args.coordinates) latitude = coord2text('latitude', args.coordinates) elseif not longitude and not latitude and args.useWikidata then -- If they didn't provide either coordinate, try Wikidata. If they provided one but not the other, don't. local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity() if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local value = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value longitude, latitude = value.longitude, value.latitude end if args.link and (currentTitle.namespace == 0) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with linked markers with coordinates from Wikidata]]') end end if not longitude then error('No value was provided for longitude') elseif not latitude then error('No value was provided for latitude') end if currentTitle.namespace > 0 then if (not args.lon_deg) ~= (not args.lat_deg) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Degrees]]') elseif (not args.lon_min) ~= (not args.lat_min) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Minutes]]') elseif (not args.lon_sec) ~= (not args.lat_sec) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Seconds]]') elseif (not args.lon_dir) ~= (not args.lat_dir) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Hemisphere]]') elseif (not args.long) ~= (not args.lat) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Decimal]]') end end if ((tonumber(args.lat_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lat_dir and args.lat_dir ~='')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if ((tonumber(args.lon_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lon_dir and args.lon_dir ~= '')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if args.skew or args.lon_shift or args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter used in invocation.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (args.skew and 'skew' or '') .. (args.lon_shift and 'lon_shift' or '') .. (args.markhigh and 'markhigh' or '') builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key ..' ]]') end end if map('x') ~= '' then x = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('x', { latitude, longitude }))) else x = tonumber(getX(longitude, map('left'), map('right'))) end if map('y') ~= '' then y = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('y', { latitude, longitude }))) else y = tonumber(getY(latitude, map('top'), map('bottom'))) end if (x < 0 or x > 100 or y < 0 or y > 100) and not args.outside then mw.log('Mark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = ' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y) local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = currentTitle.prefixedText builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set|' .. key .. ' ]]') end end local mark = args.mark or map('mark') if mark == '' then mark = 'Red pog.svg' end local marksize = tonumber(args.marksize) or tonumber(map('marksize')) or 8 local imageDiv = markImageDiv(mark, marksize, args.label or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, args.link or '', args.alt, args[2]) local label_size = args.label_size or 91 local labelDiv if args.label and args.position ~= 'none' then labelDiv = markLabelDiv(args.label, label_size, args.label_width or 6, args.position, args.background, x, marksize) end return builder:node(markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size)) end local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.infobox_pushpin_map(frame) --This function is designed to be invoked from an infobox template --* Some parameters (generally starting with "pushpin_") are meant to be exposed as parameters -- in the outer infobox, settable by editors --* Others are meant to be "hidden" (e.g., only set inside the infobox template code) -- First get the combined arguments from both parent and invocation frame local raw_args = getArgs(frame) --If no map is supplied, return. if not raw_args['pushpin_map'] then return end -- Now get arguments from just the invocation frame local frame_args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true}) -- parsed_args will have the resulting merged parameters local parsed_args = {} -- Default to using wikidata coodinates if no other coordiantes supplied. if raw_args.useWikidata == nil then parsed_args.useWikidata = true else parsed_args.useWikidata = raw_args.useWikidata end -- Parse the arguments parsed_args[1] = raw_args['pushpin_map'] parsed_args.float = frame_args.float or 'center' parsed_args.border = frame_args.border or 'infobox' parsed_args.default_width = frame_args.default_width parsed_args.max_width = frame_args.max_width parsed_args.coordinates = raw_args['coordinates'] parsed_args.caption = raw_args['pushpin_caption'] parsed_args.relief = raw_args['pushpin_relief'] parsed_args.label = raw_args['pushpin_label'] parsed_args.label_size = raw_args['pushpin_label_size'] parsed_args.position = raw_args['pushpin_label_position'] parsed_args.mark = raw_args['pushpin_mark'] parsed_args.marksize = raw_args['pushpin_mark_size'] parsed_args.alt = raw_args['pushpin_alt'] parsed_args.background = raw_args['pushpin_background'] parsed_args.width = raw_args['pushpin_map_size'] local map = {} local caption_list = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(parsed_args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if parsed_args['caption'] then for caption in mw.text.gsplit(parsed_args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] if not parsed_args.caption then parsed_args.caption = 'Location within ' .. map('name') end end if type(map) == 'table' then mw.log('----') mw.logObject(map) if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) elseif not parsed_args.caption then -- Set a default caption for each of the multiple maps for i=1, #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = 'Location within '.. map[i]('name') end end local outputs = {} parsed_args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do parsed_args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, parsed_args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, parsed_args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, parsed_args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, parsed_args, map) end end function p.main(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map', valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if args.useWikidata == nil then args.useWikidata = true end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, args, map) end end return p 312omgbrldzrj1rzzxrfb96292dm1df 117762 117761 2026-07-22T19:10:20Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map]] 117761 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local function round(n, decimals) local pow = 10^(decimals or 0) return math.floor(n * pow + 0.5) / pow end function p.getMapParams(map, frame) if not map then error('The name of the location map definition to use must be specified', 2) end local moduletitle = mw.title.new('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) if not moduletitle then error(string.format('%q is not a valid name for a location map definition', map), 2) elseif moduletitle.exists then local mapData = mw.loadData('Module:Location map/data/' .. map) return function(name, params) if name == nil then return 'Module:Location map/data/' .. map elseif mapData[name] == nil then return '' elseif params then return mw.message.newRawMessage(tostring(mapData[name]), unpack(params)):plain() else return mapData[name] end end else error('Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/' .. map .. '" does not exist', 2) end end function p.data(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local params = {} for k,v in ipairs(args) do if k > 2 then params[k-2] = v end end return map(args[2], #params ~= 0 and params) end local hemisphereMultipliers = { longitude = { W = -1, w = -1, E = 1, e = 1 }, latitude = { S = -1, s = -1, N = 1, n = 1 } } local function decdeg(degrees, minutes, seconds, hemisphere, decimal, direction) if decimal then if degrees then error('Decimal and DMS degrees cannot both be provided for ' .. direction, 2) elseif minutes then error('Minutes can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif seconds then error('Seconds can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere can only be provided with DMS degrees for ' .. direction, 2) end local retval = tonumber(decimal) if retval then return retval end error('The value "' .. decimal .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not minutes then error('Seconds were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without minutes also being provided', 2) elseif not degrees then if minutes then error('Minutes were provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) elseif hemisphere then error('A hemisphere was provided for ' .. direction .. ' without degrees also being provided', 2) end return nil end decimal = tonumber(degrees) if not decimal then error('The degree value "' .. degrees .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif minutes and not tonumber(minutes) then error('The minute value "' .. minutes .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) elseif seconds and not tonumber(seconds) then error('The second value "' .. seconds .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal + (minutes or 0)/60 + (seconds or 0)/3600 if hemisphere then local multiplier = hemisphereMultipliers[direction][hemisphere] if not multiplier then error('The hemisphere "' .. hemisphere .. '" provided for ' .. direction .. ' is not valid', 2) end decimal = decimal * multiplier end return decimal end -- Finds a parameter in a transclusion of {{Coord}}. local function coord2text(para,coord) -- this should be changed for languages which do not use Arabic numerals or the degree sign local lat, long = mw.ustring.match(coord,'<span class="p%-latitude latitude">([^<]+)</span><span class="p%-longitude longitude">([^<]+)</span>') if lat then return tonumber(para == 'longitude' and long or lat) end local result = mw.text.split(mw.ustring.match(coord,'%-?[%.%d]+°[NS] %-?[%.%d]+°[EW]') or '', '[ °]') if para == 'longitude' then result = {result[3], result[4]} end if not tonumber(result[1]) or not result[2] then mw.log('Malformed coordinates value') mw.logObject(para, 'para') mw.logObject(coord, 'coord') return error('Malformed coordinates value', 2) end return tonumber(result[1]) * hemisphereMultipliers[para][result[2]] end -- effectively make removeBlanks false for caption and maplink, and true for everything else -- if useWikidata is present but blank, convert it to false instead of nil -- p.top, p.bottom, and their callers need to use this function p.valueFunc(key, value) if value then value = mw.text.trim(value) end if value ~= '' or key == 'caption' or key == 'maplink' then return value elseif key == 'useWikidata' then return false end end local function getContainerImage(args, map) if args.AlternativeMap then return args.AlternativeMap elseif args.relief then local digits = mw.ustring.match(args.relief,'^[1-9][0-9]?$') or '1' -- image1 to image99 if map('image' .. digits) ~= '' then return map('image' .. digits) end end return map('image') end function p.top(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local width local default_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(args.default_width),"%d*")) if not args.width then width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) elseif mw.ustring.sub(args.width, -2) == 'px' then width = mw.ustring.sub(args.width, 1, -3) else width = args.width end local width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number == 0 then -- check to see if width is junk. If it is, then use default calculation width = round((default_as_number or 240) * (tonumber(map('defaultscale')) or 1)) width_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(tostring(width),"%d*")) or 0; end if args.max_width ~= "" and args.max_width ~= nil then -- check to see if width bigger than max_width local max_as_number = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(args.max_width,"%d*")) or 0; if width_as_number>max_as_number and max_as_number>0 then width = args.max_width; end end local retval = frame:extensionTag{name = 'templatestyles', args = {src = 'Module:Location map/styles.css'}} if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '<div class="center">' end if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' and args.border ~= 'infobox' then retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap noresize thumb ' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'floatleft' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' or args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'tnone' else retval = retval .. 'floatright' end retval = retval .. '"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:' .. (width + 2) .. 'px' if args.border == 'none' then retval = retval .. ';border:none' elseif args.border then retval = retval .. ';border-color:' .. args.border end retval = retval .. '"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px' .. (args.border ~= 'none' and ';border:1px solid lightgray">' or '">') else retval = retval .. '<div class="locmap" style="width:' .. width .. 'px;' if args.float == '"left"' or args.float == 'left' then retval = retval .. 'float:left;clear:left' elseif args.float == '"center"' or args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto' elseif args.float == '"none"' or args.float == 'none' then retval = retval .. 'float:none;clear:none' else retval = retval .. 'float:right;clear:right' end retval = retval .. '"><div style="width:' .. width .. 'px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:' .. width .. 'px">' end local image = getContainerImage(args, map) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() retval = string.format( '%s[[File:%s|%spx|%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', retval, image, width, args.alt or ((args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' is located in ' .. map('name')), args.maplink and ('|link=' .. args.maplink) or '' ) if args.caption and args.caption ~= '' then if (currentTitle.namespace == 0) and mw.ustring.find(args.caption, '##') then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Pages using location map with a double number sign in the caption]]' end end if args.overlay_image then return retval .. '<div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0">[[File:' .. args.overlay_image .. '|' .. width .. 'px|class=notpageimage noviewer]]</div>' else return retval end end function p.bottom(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {frameOnly = true, valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if not map then map = p.getMapParams(args[1], frame) end local retval = '</div>' local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if not args.caption or args.border == 'infobox' then if args.border then retval = retval .. '<div style="padding-top:0.2em">' else retval = retval .. '<div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">' end retval = retval .. (args.caption or (args.label or currentTitle.text) .. ' (' .. map('name') .. ')') .. '</div>' elseif args.caption ~= '' then -- This is not the pipe trick. We're creating a link with no text on purpose, so that CSS can give us a nice image retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>' end if args.switcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">' .. args.switcherLabel .. '</span>' elseif args.autoSwitcherLabel then retval = retval .. '<span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ' .. map('name') .. '</span>' end retval = retval .. '</div></div>' if args.caption_undefined then mw.log('Removed parameter caption_undefined used.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|caption_undefined]]' end end if map('skew') ~= '' or map('lat_skew') ~= '' or map('crosses180') ~= '' or map('type') ~= '' then mw.log('Removed parameter used in map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (map('skew') ~= '' and 'skew' or '') .. (map('lat_skew') ~= '' and 'lat_skew' or '') .. (map('crosses180') ~= '' and 'crosses180' or '') .. (map('type') ~= '' and 'type' or '') retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key .. ' ]]' end end if string.find(map('name'), '|', 1, true) then mw.log('Pipe used in name of map definition ' .. map()) if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then retval = retval .. '[[Category:Location maps with a name containing a pipe]]' end end if args.float == 'center' then retval = retval .. '</div>' end return retval end local function markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size) return mw.html.create('div') :addClass('od') :addClass('notheme') -- T236137 :cssText('top:' .. round(y, 3) .. '%;left:' .. round(x, 3) .. '%;font-size:' .. label_size .. '%') :node(imageDiv) :node(labelDiv) end local function markImageDiv(mark, marksize, label, link, alt, title) local builder = mw.html.create('div') :addClass('id') :cssText('left:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px;top:-' .. round(marksize / 2) .. 'px') :attr('title', title) if marksize ~= 0 then builder:wikitext(string.format( '[[File:%s|%dx%dpx|%s|link=%s%s|class=notpageimage noviewer]]', mark, marksize, marksize, label, link, alt and ('|alt=' .. alt) or '' )) end return builder end local function markLabelDiv(label, label_size, label_width, position, background, x, marksize) if tonumber(label_size) == 0 then return mw.html.create('div'):addClass('l0'):wikitext(label) end local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') local distance = round(marksize / 2 + 1) if position == 'top' then -- specified top builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('bottom:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'bottom' then -- specified bottom builder:addClass('pv'):cssText('top:' .. distance .. 'px;left:' .. (-label_width / 2) .. 'em') elseif position == 'left' or (tonumber(x) > 70 and position ~= 'right') then -- specified left or autodetected to left builder:addClass('pl'):cssText('right:' .. distance .. 'px') else -- specified right or autodetected to right builder:addClass('pr'):cssText('left:' .. distance .. 'px') end builder = builder:tag('div') :wikitext(label) if background then builder:cssText('background-color:' .. background) end return builder:done() end local function getX(longitude, left, right) local width = (right - left) % 360 if width == 0 then width = 360 end local distanceFromLeft = (longitude - left) % 360 -- the distance needed past the map to the right equals distanceFromLeft - width. the distance needed past the map to the left equals 360 - distanceFromLeft. to minimize page stretching, go whichever way is shorter if distanceFromLeft - width / 2 >= 180 then distanceFromLeft = distanceFromLeft - 360 end return 100 * distanceFromLeft / width end local function getY(latitude, top, bottom) return 100 * (top - latitude) / (top - bottom) end function p.mark(frame, args, map) if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map~'}) end local mapnames = {} if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in mw.text.gsplit(args[1], '#', true) do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) mapnames[#mapnames + 1] = mapname end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) args[1] = 'World' end end if type(map) == 'table' then local outputs = {} local oldargs = args[1] for k,v in ipairs(map) do args[1] = mapnames[k] outputs[k] = tostring(p.mark(frame, args, v)) end args[1] = oldargs return table.concat(outputs, '#PlaceList#') .. '#PlaceList#' end local x, y, longitude, latitude longitude = decdeg(args.lon_deg, args.lon_min, args.lon_sec, args.lon_dir, args.long, 'longitude') latitude = decdeg(args.lat_deg, args.lat_min, args.lat_sec, args.lat_dir, args.lat, 'latitude') if args.excludefrom then -- If this mark is to be excluded from certain maps entirely (useful in the context of multiple maps) for exclusionmap in mw.text.gsplit(args.excludefrom, '#', true) do -- Check if this map is excluded. If so, return an empty string. if args[1] == exclusionmap then return '' end end end local builder = mw.html.create() local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() if args.coordinates then -- Temporarily removed to facilitate infobox conversion. See [[Wikipedia:Coordinates in infoboxes]] -- if longitude or latitude then -- error('Coordinates from [[Module:Coordinates]] and individual coordinates cannot both be provided') -- end longitude = coord2text('longitude', args.coordinates) latitude = coord2text('latitude', args.coordinates) elseif not longitude and not latitude and args.useWikidata then -- If they didn't provide either coordinate, try Wikidata. If they provided one but not the other, don't. local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity() if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims.P625 and entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then local value = entity.claims.P625[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value longitude, latitude = value.longitude, value.latitude end if args.link and (currentTitle.namespace == 0) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with linked markers with coordinates from Wikidata]]') end end if not longitude then error('No value was provided for longitude') elseif not latitude then error('No value was provided for latitude') end if currentTitle.namespace > 0 then if (not args.lon_deg) ~= (not args.lat_deg) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Degrees]]') elseif (not args.lon_min) ~= (not args.lat_min) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Minutes]]') elseif (not args.lon_sec) ~= (not args.lat_sec) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Seconds]]') elseif (not args.lon_dir) ~= (not args.lat_dir) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Hemisphere]]') elseif (not args.long) ~= (not args.lat) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with different longitude and latitude precisions|Decimal]]') end end if ((tonumber(args.lat_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lat_dir and args.lat_dir ~='')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if ((tonumber(args.lon_deg) or 0) < 0) and ((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) ~= 0 or (tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) ~= 0 or (args.lon_dir and args.lon_dir ~= '')) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lat_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lat_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if (((tonumber(args.lon_min) or 0) < 0) or ((tonumber(args.lon_sec) or 0) < 0)) then builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with negative degrees and minutes or seconds]]') end if args.skew or args.lon_shift or args.markhigh then mw.log('Removed parameter used in invocation.') local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = (args.skew and 'skew' or '') .. (args.lon_shift and 'lon_shift' or '') .. (args.markhigh and 'markhigh' or '') builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with removed parameters|' .. key ..' ]]') end end if map('x') ~= '' then x = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('x', { latitude, longitude }))) else x = tonumber(getX(longitude, map('left'), map('right'))) end if map('y') ~= '' then y = tonumber(mw.ext.ParserFunctions.expr(map('y', { latitude, longitude }))) else y = tonumber(getY(latitude, map('top'), map('bottom'))) end if (x < 0 or x > 100 or y < 0 or y > 100) and not args.outside then mw.log('Mark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = ' .. x .. ', y = ' .. y) local parent = frame:getParent() if parent then mw.log('Parent is ' .. parent:getTitle()) end mw.logObject(args, 'args') if currentTitle.namespace == 0 then local key = currentTitle.prefixedText builder:wikitext('[[Category:Location maps with marks outside map and outside parameter not set|' .. key .. ' ]]') end end local mark = args.mark or map('mark') if mark == '' then mark = 'Red pog.svg' end local marksize = tonumber(args.marksize) or tonumber(map('marksize')) or 8 local imageDiv = markImageDiv(mark, marksize, args.label or mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text, args.link or '', args.alt, args[2]) local label_size = args.label_size or 91 local labelDiv if args.label and args.position ~= 'none' then labelDiv = markLabelDiv(args.label, label_size, args.label_width or 6, args.position, args.background, x, marksize) end return builder:node(markOuterDiv(x, y, imageDiv, labelDiv, label_size)) end local function switcherSeparate(s) if s == nil then return {} end local retval = {} for i in string.gmatch(s .. '#', '([^#]*)#') do i = mw.text.trim(i) retval[#retval + 1] = (i ~= '' and i) end return retval end function p.infobox_pushpin_map(frame) --This function is designed to be invoked from an infobox template --* Some parameters (generally starting with "pushpin_") are meant to be exposed as parameters -- in the outer infobox, settable by editors --* Others are meant to be "hidden" (e.g., only set inside the infobox template code) -- First get the combined arguments from both parent and invocation frame local raw_args = getArgs(frame) --If no map is supplied, return. if not raw_args['pushpin_map'] then return end -- Now get arguments from just the invocation frame local frame_args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true}) -- parsed_args will have the resulting merged parameters local parsed_args = {} -- Default to using wikidata coodinates if no other coordiantes supplied. if raw_args.useWikidata == nil then parsed_args.useWikidata = true else parsed_args.useWikidata = raw_args.useWikidata end -- Parse the arguments parsed_args[1] = raw_args['pushpin_map'] parsed_args.float = frame_args.float or 'center' parsed_args.border = frame_args.border or 'infobox' parsed_args.default_width = frame_args.default_width parsed_args.max_width = frame_args.max_width parsed_args.coordinates = raw_args['coordinates'] parsed_args.caption = raw_args['pushpin_caption'] parsed_args.relief = raw_args['pushpin_relief'] parsed_args.label = raw_args['pushpin_label'] parsed_args.label_size = raw_args['pushpin_label_size'] parsed_args.position = raw_args['pushpin_label_position'] parsed_args.mark = raw_args['pushpin_mark'] parsed_args.marksize = raw_args['pushpin_mark_size'] parsed_args.alt = raw_args['pushpin_alt'] parsed_args.background = raw_args['pushpin_background'] parsed_args.width = raw_args['pushpin_map_size'] local map = {} local caption_list = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(parsed_args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if parsed_args['caption'] then for caption in mw.text.gsplit(parsed_args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] if not parsed_args.caption then parsed_args.caption = 'Location within ' .. map('name') end end if type(map) == 'table' then mw.log('----') mw.logObject(map) if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) elseif not parsed_args.caption then -- Set a default caption for each of the multiple maps for i=1, #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = 'Location within '.. map[i]('name') end end local outputs = {} parsed_args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do parsed_args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, parsed_args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, parsed_args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, parsed_args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, parsed_args, map) end end function p.main(frame, args, map) local caption_list = {} if not args then args = getArgs(frame, {wrappers = 'Template:Location map', valueFunc = p.valueFunc}) end if args.useWikidata == nil then args.useWikidata = true end if not map then if args[1] then map = {} for mapname in string.gmatch(args[1], '[^#]+') do map[#map + 1] = p.getMapParams(mw.ustring.gsub(mapname, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'), frame) end if args['caption'] then if args['caption'] == "" then while #caption_list < #map do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = args['caption'] end else for caption in mw.text.gsplit(args['caption'], '##', true) do caption_list[#caption_list + 1] = caption end end end if #map == 1 then map = map[1] end else map = p.getMapParams('World', frame) end end if type(map) == 'table' then local altmaps = switcherSeparate(args.AlternativeMap) if #altmaps > #map then error(string.format('%d AlternativeMaps were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #altmaps, #map)) end local overlays = switcherSeparate(args.overlay_image) if #overlays > #map then error(string.format('%d overlay_images were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #overlays, #map)) end if #caption_list > #map then error(string.format('%d captions were provided, but only %d maps were provided', #caption_list, #map)) end local outputs = {} args.autoSwitcherLabel = true for k,v in ipairs(map) do args.AlternativeMap = altmaps[k] args.overlay_image = overlays[k] args.caption = caption_list[k] outputs[k] = p.main(frame, args, v) end return '<div class="switcher-container">' .. table.concat(outputs) .. '</div>' else return p.top(frame, args, map) .. tostring( p.mark(frame, args, map) ) .. p.bottom(frame, args, map) end end return p 312omgbrldzrj1rzzxrfb96292dm1df 828 24462 117763 77035 2025-05-23T23:48:41Z en>Izno 0 per tper 117763 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=yes}} */ .locmap .od { position: absolute; } .locmap .id { position: absolute; line-height: 0; } .locmap .l0 { font-size: 0; position: absolute; } .locmap .pv { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; text-align: center; } .locmap .pl { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; top: -0.75em; text-align: right; } .locmap .pr { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; top: -0.75em; text-align: left; } .locmap .pv > div { display: inline; padding: 1px; } .locmap .pl > div { display: inline; /* inline does not impact floated elements */ padding: 1px; float: right; } .locmap .pr > div { display: inline; /* inline does not impact floated elements */ padding: 1px; float: left; } /* Dark mode theme: */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pv > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pl > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pr > div { /* Use !important to override any infobox rules */ background: #fff !important; color: #000 !important; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } /* Special handling for maps inside infoboxes * [[Module talk:Location map#Map label background bug in dark mode]] */ html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data .locmap div { background: transparent !important; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pv > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pl > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pr > div { /* Use !important to override any infobox rules */ background: white !important; color: #000 !important; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data .locmap div { background: transparent !important; } } rs1zb23dpoja6q2k5yakw4kskmcnf7l 117764 117763 2026-07-22T19:10:21Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/styles.css]] 117763 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp|small=yes}} */ .locmap .od { position: absolute; } .locmap .id { position: absolute; line-height: 0; } .locmap .l0 { font-size: 0; position: absolute; } .locmap .pv { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; text-align: center; } .locmap .pl { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; top: -0.75em; text-align: right; } .locmap .pr { line-height: 110%; position: absolute; top: -0.75em; text-align: left; } .locmap .pv > div { display: inline; padding: 1px; } .locmap .pl > div { display: inline; /* inline does not impact floated elements */ padding: 1px; float: right; } .locmap .pr > div { display: inline; /* inline does not impact floated elements */ padding: 1px; float: left; } /* Dark mode theme: */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pv > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pl > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .od .pr > div { /* Use !important to override any infobox rules */ background: #fff !important; color: #000 !important; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } /* Special handling for maps inside infoboxes * [[Module talk:Location map#Map label background bug in dark mode]] */ html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-full-data .locmap div { background: transparent !important; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pv > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pl > div, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .od .pr > div { /* Use !important to override any infobox rules */ background: white !important; color: #000 !important; } html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-full-data .locmap div { background: transparent !important; } } rs1zb23dpoja6q2k5yakw4kskmcnf7l 0 25751 117737 116692 2026-07-22T03:37:22Z ~2026-40794-53 11902 117737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Lionel Messi | image = Lionel Messi Argentina v Egypt 7 July 2026-112(cropped).jpg | caption = Messi with [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] at the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]] | full_name = Lionel Andrés Messi<ref name="NameBirthHeight">{{cite web |url=https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |title=FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™: List of Players: Argentina |publisher=FIFA |page=1 |date=15 November 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218195301/https://fdp.fifa.org/assetspublic/ce44/pdf/SquadLists-English.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|6|24|df=y}}<ref name="NameBirthHeight" /> | birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe]], Argentina | height = 1.70 m<ref name="NameBirthHeight" /> | position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]], [[attacking midfielder]] | currentclub = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] | clubnumber = 10 | youthyears1 = 1992–1995 | youthclubs1 = Grandoli | youthyears2 = 1995–2000 | youthclubs2 = [[Newell's Old Boys]] | youthyears3 = 2000–2003 | youthclubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | years1 = 2003–2004 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] | caps1 = 10 | goals1 = 5 | years2 = 2004–2005 | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps2 = 22 | goals2 = 6 | years3 = 2004–2021 | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps3 = 520 | goals3 = 474 | years4 = 2021–2023 | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain F.C.|Paris Saint-Germain]] | caps4 = 58 | goals4 = 22 | years5 = 2023– | clubs5 = [[Inter Miami CF|Inter Miami]] | caps5 = 0 | goals5 = 0 | nationalyears1 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 18 | nationalgoals1 = 14 | nationalyears2 = 2008 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 5{{efn-lg|name=U23}} | nationalgoals2 = 2 | nationalyears3 = 2005–2026 | nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] | nationalcaps3 = 175 | nationalgoals3 = [[List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi|103]] | club-update = 21:11, 3 June 2023 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 16:40, 15 June 2023 (UTC) | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fba|ARG}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 Qatar]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 Brazil]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Copa América]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2021 Copa América|2021 Brazil]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2007 Copa América|2007 Venezuela]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[2015 Copa América|2015 Chile]]|}} {{Medal|RU|[[Copa América Centenario|2016 United States]]|}} {{Medal|3rd|[[2019 Copa América|2019 Brazil]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[CONMEBOL–UEFA Cup of Champions]]}} {{Medal|W|[[2022 Finalissima|2022 England]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Football at the Summer Olympics#Men's tournament|Olympic Games]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]}} {{Medal|Winner|[[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005 Netherlands]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[South American Youth Football Championship|South American U-20 Championship]]}} {{Medal|3rd|[[2005 South American U-20 Championship|2005 Colombia]]|}} | module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes | signature = File:Firma de Lionel Messi.svg | signature_alt = Lionel Messi signature}} }}'''Lionel Messi''' ni wakuseŵera bola waku [[Argentina]] uyu wakuseŵera ku [[Inter Miami CF]]. ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Bola]] 12k3gwa5i541rzei5bf9k6ouc70iba7 10 26339 117822 73392 2024-11-05T18:14:52Z en>Stjn 0 fix 117822 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .fakelinks { color: var(--color-progressive, #0645ad); cursor: default; } .fakelinks:hover { color: var(--color-progressive--hover, #0645ad); } hqjhiudlx90ljadxrplzwt0ctazqtkr 117823 117822 2026-07-22T19:25:08Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Fake_link/styles.css]] 117822 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .fakelinks { color: var(--color-progressive, #0645ad); cursor: default; } .fakelinks:hover { color: var(--color-progressive--hover, #0645ad); } hqjhiudlx90ljadxrplzwt0ctazqtkr 10 28753 117798 76410 2025-11-14T06:57:44Z en>Paine Ellsworth 0 per edit request on talk page - remove TfM template 117798 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{This is a redirect/rcat}} </noinclude>{{Redirect template |id=R from related word |name=From a related word or phrase |from=a word or [[phrase]] ([[Terminology|term]]) |to=a page title that is related in some way. This redirect might be a good search term, or it could be a candidate for a [[wikt:|Wiktionary]] link |info=** Redirects from related words are not properly [[:Template:R from alternative spelling|redirects from alternative spelling]]s of the same word. They are also different from redirects that are [[:Template:R from subtopic|subtopic]]s or [[:Template:R to related topic|related topics]], because unlike those, a related word or phrase probably does not warrant its own subtopic section in the target page or possess the possibility of ever becoming an article, template, project page, and so forth. |all category=Redirects from related words }}<noinclude> <!-- Place categories on /doc subpage; interwikis go to Wikidata. --> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> svgd8oey0uohp2qp69az2wo8ikq2dkp 117799 117798 2026-07-22T19:24:54Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:R_from_related_word]] 117798 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{This is a redirect/rcat}} </noinclude>{{Redirect template |id=R from related word |name=From a related word or phrase |from=a word or [[phrase]] ([[Terminology|term]]) |to=a page title that is related in some way. This redirect might be a good search term, or it could be a candidate for a [[wikt:|Wiktionary]] link |info=** Redirects from related words are not properly [[:Template:R from alternative spelling|redirects from alternative spelling]]s of the same word. They are also different from redirects that are [[:Template:R from subtopic|subtopic]]s or [[:Template:R to related topic|related topics]], because unlike those, a related word or phrase probably does not warrant its own subtopic section in the target page or possess the possibility of ever becoming an article, template, project page, and so forth. |all category=Redirects from related words }}<noinclude> <!-- Place categories on /doc subpage; interwikis go to Wikidata. --> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> svgd8oey0uohp2qp69az2wo8ikq2dkp 0 31443 117745 105463 2026-07-22T11:56:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|1|0 */ 117745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Infobox person | name = Khanyi Mbau | image = Khanyi Mbau tiny.jpeg | caption = Mbau | birth_name = Khanyisile Mbau | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|10|15|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Soweto, South Africa]] | nationality = [[South African people|South African]] | occupation = {{hlist| Actress | television personality| artist | businesswoman }} | years_active = 2004–present | spouse = {{ubl| {{marriage| Mandla Mthembu|2006|2009|end=div}}}} | parents = Menzi Mcunu (father) <br> Lynette Sisi Mbau (mother) | relatives = {{plain list| * [[Lasizwe Dambuza]] (half-brother)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/khanyi-mbau-on-her-brother-lasizwes-viral-videos-im-very-proud-its-in-our-blood-20170118|work=channel24.co.za |title= Khanyi Mbau on her brother Lasizwe's viral videos: I'm very proud, it's in our blood |accessdate=28 January 2018}}</ref> | television = The Scoop<ref>{{cite news|last1=Channel24|title=We have the scoop on Khanyi's new show|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/we-have-the-scoop-on-khanyis-new-show-20170711|accessdate=23 March 2018|agency=News24|publisher=Channel24|date=11 July 2017}}</ref> }} | website = https://mykhanyimbau.com | module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed = yes | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] * [[Afro-pop]] }} | instrument = Vocals | origin = | label = {{flatlist| * Mabala Noise<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2016-08-19-mabala-noise-gave-us-a-life-changing-amount-of-money-says-khanyi-mbau/|title=Mabala Noise gave us a life-changing amount of money‚ says Khanyi Mbau|website=SowetanLIVE & Sunday World|language=en-ZA|access-date=2019-07-13}}</ref> {{small|(former)}} * CCP Record Company }} | associated_acts = }} }} '''Khanyisile Mbau''' ni mwanakazi waku [[South Africa]] uyo wakuchita maseŵero gha maseŵero, wakwimba, wakwendeskera ma TV na munthu wakuzirwa. Wakamanyikwa pakuŵa Doobsie waciŵiri mu nyuzipepara ya SABC 2 Muvhango (2004~2005);<ref name="briefly">{{cite web |last=Karen |first=Carol |date=26 April 2019 |title=Khanyi Mbau Biography: Age, Siblings, Daughter, Brother, Dresses, Cars, House and Net Worth |url=https://briefly.co.za/28693-khanyi-mbau-biography-age-siblings-daughter-brother-dresses-cars-house-net-worth.html |publisher=briefly.co.za}}</ref> Mbali mu nyuzipepara ya SABC 1 Mzansi na mini-series ya SABC 1 After Nine. Kuyambira chaka cha 2018, iye ndi woyang'anira mapulogalamu a SABC 3 The Scoop ndi The Big Secret pa BET Africa, ndipo amasewera Tshidi pa Mzansi Magic's Abomama<ref>{{cite news|last1=TshisaLIVE|title=Khanyi Mbau to host new show that unveils dark secrets|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2017-08-31-khanyi-mbau-to-host-new-show-that-unveils-dark-secrets/|accessdate=23 March 2018|publisher=Times Live|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> == Umoyo Wakwambilira == Khanyisile Mbau wakababika pa 16 Okutobala 1985. Amama ŵake, Lynette Sisi Mbau, ŵakagwiranga nchito mu dipatimenti ya vya ndalama ya banki ya Barclays Bank. Ŵawiske, Menzi Mcunu, ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandatorane na amama ŵake pa nyengo iyi cifukwa ŵakakumananga waka. Mcunu wakaŵa na wanangwa yayi pa mwana uyu kweni wakamupa zina lakuti Khanyisile, uyo wakwiza na ungweru. Mbau wakasunga zina la anyina. Mwaluŵiro Lynette wakaleka mwana Khanyi na ŵapapi ŵake ku Mofolo, Soweto na kuwelera ku nchito, ndipo wakaleka abuya ŵake kuti ndiwo ŵamulelere. Ŵagogo ŵa Mbau ŵakavwaranga makora na kuwona vinthu vya ku Western. Mbau wakati: "Gladys (abuya ŵake) wangakuthyapura para waswa malango. Wakalongozganga nyumba yake mwakwenelera nga umo ŵakachitiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Buckingham Palace". Mbau wakamuchemanga mwacitemwa kuti "Fumukazi ya ku England"..<ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=Real Talk with Anele Season 3 Episode 42 - Khanyi Mbau |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofase0b26uY |website=YouTube |publisher=Real Talk |accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref> == Ntchito == === Television === Mu chaka cha 2004, Mbau wakasintha Lindiwe Chibi mu gawo la Doobsie pa Muvhango Chibi wati waphayika na chibwezi chake Dan Mokoena. Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza, ŵakamulekeska ntchito iyi chifukwa chakuti wakachitanga viphikiro vinandi kweniso wakawonekanga mu manyuzipepara gha pa Sabata. Mu 2006 Mbau wakajoyina TV ya SABC 1 Mzansi, mu nyengo yake yaciŵiri, nga Mbali. SABC 1 yikasintha yayi nyengo yachitatu. Mu 2007, Mbau wakachitanga ntchito ya Zee mu mini-series ya SABC 1 After 9. Mu 2012 wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nyengo yaciŵiri ya SABC 1's Turn It Out. Mu 2013, wakawoneska mu chigaŵa cha E.tv's anthology drama series, Ekasi: Our Stories. Kweniso wakawonekeranga mu filimu ya DStv Vuzu, I Am, ndipo wakachita Sindisiwe Sibeko pa DStv's Mzansi Magic mini-series Like Father Like Son. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Mbau wakafumiska buku lake lakuti Bitch, Please! Ndine Khanyi Mbau, wakulemba nyuzipepara Lesley Mofokeng. Mu 2013, Mbau wakawonekeranga pa TV ya Reality Check pa E.tv. Mu chaka chenechichi, Mbau wakamba kuŵa na chiwonetsero chake pa OpenView HD channel eKasi+, Katch It With Khanyi. Chiwonetserocho chinakonzedwanso kwa nyengo yachiwiri kumapeto kwa 2014. Iyo wakafika pa nambala yimoza pa chiŵerengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakawoneleranga ma talk show, ndipo wakaluska wose awo ŵakawoneleranga pa South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC 2). Katch It With Khanyi yikamba kuwonekera na ŵanthu 785,000, awo ŵakakwera kufika pa 1,669,000 mu sabata yakwamba ya Novembala 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tinah|first1=Zabezolo|title=Khanyi Mbau is officially SA's queen of talk!|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/Khanyi-Mbau-is-officially-SAs-new-queen-of-talk-20141013|accessdate=4 April 2018|publisher=Channel24|date=13 October 2014}}</ref> Mu nyengo yaciŵiri ya seŵero ili, likapika masambiro gha South African Film and Television Awards 2015. Mu 2014, Mbau wakachitako maseŵera gha Strictly Come Dancing. Mu sabata ya nambara 7, iyo na munyake Quintus Jansen ŵakatondeka kusanga mavoti ghakukwana kuti ŵakhalepo pa mpikisano uwu, ndipo ŵakamulekeska. Pakaŵa mphindano pa social media apo ŵanthu awo ŵakutemwa chomene Mbau ŵakakwiya ndipo ŵakakayika umo vikaŵira. Mu Julayi 2015, MTV Africa yikambiska nkhondo ya lip sync, ndipo Mbau wakatora chawanangwa ichi. Mu Epulero 2015, Mbau wakagwira ntchito ya "Pinky" mu telenovela yakwamba ya E.tv, Ashes to Ashes. Mu Novembala 2015, wakasankhika ku "Best Instagram Account" mu Channel24 Online Awards, iyo yikapelekanga ntchindi ku ŵakwimba ŵa ku malo agha, nyenyezi na ŵanthu awo ŵali na nkhongono pa intaneti. Mu Malichi 2016, Mbau wakagwira ntchito ya Palesa Simelane mu seŵero lakutchuka la Umlilo. Mu Julayi 2016, Mbau wakachita chiwonetsero chatsopano chawailesi pa SABC 3 chotchedwa The Weekend Edition limodzi ndi wayilesi komanso TV Phat Joe. Ŵawiri aŵa ŵakachitiskanga viphikiro vya umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ivyo ŵakavinanga ku Cape Town. Mu Julayi 2017, Mbau wakawonekera mu chiwonetsero chatsopano chachisangalalo chotchedwa The Scoop chomwe chidawonetsedwa pa SABC 3 ngati gawo la njira yatsopanoyi. Mu Seputembala 2017, njira ya BET Africa yalengeza za chiwonetsero chatsopano cha magawo 13 chotchedwa The Big Secret, chochitika ndi Mbau. Mu seŵero ili, wakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵavumbure vinthu vyakubisika. Seŵero ili likamba pa Okutobala 25, 2017, ndipo likamara na chigaŵa chiŵiri. Mu mwezi wa Malichi 2018, Mbau wakajoyina gulu la TV la South Africa, Uzalo, pa SABC 1, wakuchita ntchito ya Dinekile wakuchemeka Lady Die uyo ni munkhungu wa mu sitolo ndipo wakukhumba umoyo nga ni mubali wake MaNgcobo. Pakuti wakakhalako nyengo yicoko waka mu jere cifukwa ca milandu yicoko, ndipo wakumanya makora caru ca ŵakufwa, kweni wandafike pa ico wakukhumba. Mu Julayi 2019, Mbau wakapharazga kuti wawelerenge ku chiwonetsero ichi mu nyengo ya 5. Mu Epulero 2018, Mzansi Magic wakafumiska vidiyo ya seŵero lawo liphya la Abomama, ilo likusanda na kususka maghanoghano gha chipulikano na kwananga. Mbau wakuŵa na udindo wakuŵa Tshidi, mwanakazi uyo wakakhumbanga kuzomerezgeka na mfumu wake, ndipo sono ni muwoli wa ku mizi ya ku mizi. Seŵero ili likawonekerathu na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeeman |first=Kyle |date=3 January 2019 |title=This is how Abomama brought scandal to church |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2019-01-03-this-is-how-abomama-brought-scandal-to-church/ |access-date=2019-07-13 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Wayilesi === Mu chaka cha 2016, Mbau wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chiwonetsero cha mawayilesi pa Metro FM, Whose show is it anyway, pamoza na ŵamaseŵera Somizi Mhlongo na Ntombi Ngcobo. Seŵero ili likamba pa Julayi 18, 2016, ndipo likenda kwa chaka chimoza m'paka apo likamalira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2017 |title=Somizi may be separated from Mbau in Metro FM ‘reshuffle’ |url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/your-life-entertainment-your-life/1462961/somizi-may-be-separated-from-mbau-in-metro-fm-reshuffle/ |access-date=2019-07-13 |website=citizen.co.za}}</ref> === Film === Filimu yakwamba ya Mbau, Happiness is a Four-letter Word, yikamba pa Febuluwale 19, 2016. Wakaŵa Zaza, muwoli wa Bheki (Simo Magwaza), mama wa ŵana ŵaŵiri, na mweneko wa sitoro ya skapato. Filimu iyi yikalongoreka pa filimu iyi ndipo yikasanga ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu Okutobala 2016, chiphikiro cha [[Johannesburg]] Film Festival chikamuzunura Mbau pakati pa actresses 10 ŵa ku South Africa mu filimu, pamanyuma pa kupambana kwa Happiness Is a Four-letter Word. Filimu yachiŵiri ya Mbau, ya The Red Room, yikeneranga kufumiskika mu 2018. Mu 2017, Mbau wakamba kupanga filimu yake yacitatu na Leon Schuster, Frank and Fearless, iyo yikeneranga kufumiskika mu 2018. === Business ventures === Mu Novembala 2018, Mbau adalengeza zakukhazikitsa mtundu wake wa gin wotchedwa I Am Khanyi - Millennial Shimmer Gin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jessica|first1=Levitt|title=Khanyi Mbau enters the booze game, launches her own gin|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2018-11-20-khanyi-mbau-enters-the-booze-game-launches-her-own-gin/|accessdate=20 November 2018|publisher=Times Live|date=20 November 2018}}</ref> == Mafilimu == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<span style="font-size:20px;">Television roles</span> ! !Television !Season !Role !Ref |- |2019 |''The Scoop'' |Season 1 - 3 |Host - herself | |- |2014 -20 |''Katch It With Khanyi'' |Season 1 - 3 |Host - herself | |- | |''After 9'' |Season 1 |Zee | |- |2018 |''Isithembiso'' |Season 2 |Herself | |- |2015 - 2016 |''Ashes to Ashes'' |Season 1 |Pinki | |- | |''aYeYe'' |Season 1 |Thenjiwe | |- | |''Check - Coast'' |Season 1 | | |- | |''eKasi: Our Stories'' |Season 5 |Thabiso/Thandisiwe | |- | |''I Am'' |Season 1 |Herself | |- | |''Like Father Like Son'' |Season 1 |Sindisiwe Sibeko | |- | |''[[Muvhango]]'' |Season 1 |Doobsie | |- |2018 - 2019 |''[[Uzalo]]'' |Season 4 -5 |Dinekile aka Lady Die | |- | |''My Perfect Family'' |Season 3 |Herself | |- | |''Mzansi'' |Season 2 |Mbali | |- | |''Mzansi Love - Kasi Love'' |Season 2 |Kgomotso | |- | |''Mzansi Love - Big City Love'' |Season 3 |Lebo Kgosi | |- | |''Reality Check'' |Season 1 |Herself | |- | |''Scandal'' |Season 1 |Katlego | |- | |''Skwizas'' |Season 3 |Mimi | |- | |''Strictly Come Dancing'' |Season 7 |Celebrity dancer - herself | |- | |''The Close Up'' |Season 4 |Herself | |- | |''The Comedy Central Roast'' |Season 7 |Roaster - herself | |- | |''The Lab'' |Season 1 - 2 |Kgomotso/Busi | |- | |The South African Film and Television Awards |Season 8 - 10 |Presenter - herself | |- | |The South African Music Awards |Season 22 - 23 |Host/presenter - herself | |- | |''Tropika Island of Treasure - Thailand'' |Season 3 |Herself | |- | |''Turn it Out - Street Battle'' |Season 2 |Guest judge - herself | |- | |''Happiness Is a Four-Letter Word '' | |Zaza | |- |2021 |''Happiness Ever After'' | |Zaza | |- |2022 |''Young Famous & African'' |Season 1 |Herself | |- |2022–present |[[The Wife (Showmax)|The Wife]] |Season 1 |Zandile Zulu |} == Awards and nominations == === South African International Film Academy Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"|2019 |''Red Room'' |South African International Film Academy Awards | Best Actress |{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magadla |first=Mahlohonolo |date=2019-09-30 |title=Khanyi Mbau wins her first acting award |url=https://www.channel24.co.za/Movies/News/khanyi-mbau-wins-her-first-acting-award-20190930 |access-date=2019-10-04 |website=Channel |language=en}}</ref> |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Wikiquote}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mbau, Khanyi}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Soweto]] [[Category:South African film actresses]] [[Category:21st-century South African actresses]] [[Category:South African television personalities]] [[Category:1985 births]] pnex7ev3ep08ayr9x81vnt3bnt83jog 10 32192 117700 116064 2026-07-21T09:38:46Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Maine_Presidential_Election_Results_2016.svg with [[File:2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Maine_results_map_by_county.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:Commons:WikiProject 117700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Testcases notice <!--|toc=on-->}} <!-- {{Test case|_collapsible=yes|_showcode=yes|_title=Test1 |param1|param2|name3=value3|...}} {{Test case|_collapsible=yes|_showcode=yes|_title=Test2 |param1|param2|name3=value3|...}} --> Switcher uses [[MediaWiki:Gadget-switcher.js]] which is documented at [[User:Jackmcbarn/switcher]]. Apart from {{tl|Switcher}}, the only current use of the gadget may be [[Template:Location map#User selection of multiple maps]]. {{tl|Switcher}} can switch between 20 parameters as of 2 October 2016 where the template is unused and may change behaviour or be deleted. It isn't ready for mainspace and it may require a community discussion whether we want such a template. == [[Latin alphabet]] == {{test case|_output=nowiki|_collapsible=y|_titlecode=y|A|1| B | 2 |C|3|D|4|E|5|F|6|G|7|H|8|I|9|J|10|K|11|L|12|M|13|N|14|O|15|P|16|Q|17|R|18|S|19|T|20|default=4}} == [[Sieve of Eratosthenes]] == To find all the prime numbers less than or equal to 30, proceed as follows. First generate a list of integers from 2 to 30: <div class="switcher-container"> <div> Start with all numbers above 1: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30. <span class="switcher-label">Start with all numbers above 1</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2: 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s> 9 <s>10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14</s> 15 <s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20</s> 21 <s>22</s> 23 <s>24</s> 25 <s>26</s> 27 <s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2 and 3: 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s><s> 9 </s><s> 10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14 </s><s>15 </s><s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20 </s><s>21 </s><s>22</s> 23 <s>24</s> 25 <s>26 </s><s>27 </s><s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2 and 3</span></div> <div> Strike multiples of 2, 3 and 5 (includes 25): 2 3 <s> 4 </s> 5 <s> 6 </s> 7 <s> 8 </s><s> 9 </s><s> 10</s> 11 <s>12</s> 13 <s>14 </s><s>15 </s><s>16</s> 17 <s>18</s> 19 <s>20 </s><s>21 </s><s>22</s> 23 <s>24 </s><s>25 </s><s>26 </s><s>27 </s><s>28</s> 29 <s>30</s>. <span class="switcher-label">Strike multiples of 2, 3 and 5 (includes 25)</span></div> <div> Remove multiples of 2, 3 and 5: 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29. <span class="switcher-label">Remove multiples of 2, 3 and 5</span></div> </div> </div> == Two images in an infobox == {{infobox |image={{switcher |[[Image:PNG transparency demonstration 1.png|center|100px]]|Dice |[[Image:White Stars 3.svg|center|100px]]|Stars }}}} {{clear right}} == [[Syrian civil war]] == {{test case|_collapsible=y |[[File:Syrian civil war situation on 30 October 2013.png|250px]]|30 October 2013 | |9 November 2013 | |18 November 2013 | |16 March 2014 | |19 April 2014 |[[File:Syrian civil war 2.png|250px]]|1 May 2014 | |9 May 2014 | |25 May 2014 | |24 September 2014 | |5 October 2014 | |24 November 2014 | |20 December 2014 ??? |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 02 2015.png|250px]]|1 February 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 03 03 2015.png|250px]]|3 March 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 04 2015.png|250px]]|1 April 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 04 2015.png|250px]]|4 April 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 05 2015.png|250px]]|4 May 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 06 2015.png|250px]]|1 June 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 26 06 2015.png|250px]]|26 June 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 08 2015.png|250px]]|1 August 2015<!-- Limit of 20 parameters reached |[[File:Syrian civil war 04 09 15.png|250px]]|4 September 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 07 10 2015.png|250px]]|7 October 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 11 2015.png|250px]]|1 November 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 12 2015.png|250px]]|1 December 2015 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 01 2016.png|250px]]|1 January 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 02 2016.png|250px]]|1 February 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 11-2-16.png|250px]]|11 February 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 03 2016.png|250px]]|1 March 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war 01 04 2016.png|250px]]|1 April 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war April 15.png|250px]]|15 April 2016 |[[File:Syrian civil war map, May 2016.png|250px]]|16 May 2016 --> }} == [[Wikipedia:Main Page history]] == <div class="switcher-container"> <div> {| |+ '''2011''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 January 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history/2011 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2011 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2011</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2012''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 February 29|29]]|| || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2012 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2012</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2013''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2013 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2013</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2014''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2014 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2014</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2015''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 February 28|28]]|| || || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2015 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label">2015</span> </div> <div> {| |+ '''2016''' |- | January|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 January 31|31]] |- | February|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 February 29|29]]|| || |- | March|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 March 31|31]] |- | April|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 April 30|30]]|| |- | May|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 May 31|31]] |- | June|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 June 30|30]]|| |- | July|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 July 31|31]] |- | August|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 August 31|31]] |- | September|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 September 30|30]]|| |- | October|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 October 31|31]] |- | November|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 November 30|30]]|| |- | December|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 1|1]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 2|2]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 3|3]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 4|4]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 5|5]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 6|6]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 7|7]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 8|8]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 9|9]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 10|10]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 11|11]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 12|12]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 13|13]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 14|14]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 15|15]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 16|16]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 17|17]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 18|18]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 19|19]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 20|20]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 21|21]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 22|22]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 23|23]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 24|24]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 25|25]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 26|26]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 27|27]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 28|28]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 29|29]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 30|30]]|| [[Wikipedia:Main Page history/2016 December 31|31]] |} <span class="switcher-label" data-switcher-default="">2016</span> </div> </div> ==Div blocks inside parameters== {{testcase table | [[File:2016 United States presidential election in Maine results map by county.svg|250px]] | County results {{col-start}} {{col-2}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#b9d7ff|40–50%}} {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{col-2}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#f2b3be|40–50%}} {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{col-end}} | [[File:Maine Presidential Results 2016 by Municipality.svg|250px]] | Municipality results {{col-start}} {{col-4}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#b9d7ff|40–50%}} {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{legend|#4389E3|60–70%}} {{legend|#1666CB|70–80%}} {{legend|#002B84|90-100%}} {{col-4}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#f2b3be|40–50%}} {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{legend|#CC2F4A|60–70%}} {{legend|#D40000|70–80%}} {{legend|#AA0000|80–90%}} {{legend|#800000|90-100%}} {{col-4}} '''Stein''' {{legend|#42CA42|60-70%}} {{col-4}} '''Tie''' {{legend|#D4C4DC}} {{col-end}} | [[File:2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine results map.svg|250px]] | Congressional district results {{col-start}} {{col-2}} '''Clinton''' {{legend|#86b6f2|50–60%}} {{col-2}} '''Trump''' {{legend|#e27f90|50–60%}} {{col-end}} }} <!-- {{clear}} == References == {{reflist}} --> froqteas4iefjs98bfdn1pjsopmj43g 0 36797 117728 116053 2026-07-21T18:49:01Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Italy_1796.svg with [[File:Italia_1796-en.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 117728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} {{Nkhaniiwemi}} {{History of Italy}} {{Culture of Italy}} Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu caru ca [[Italy]] ico cili ku [[Europe]] kwa vilimika pafupifupi 850,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kwambira kale chomene, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Kale, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cikaya ca Ŵaroma ndiposo msumba ukuru wa vigaŵa vya Ufumu wa [[Rome|Roma]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze | url-access=registration | page=[https://archive.org/details/hannibalswarmili00laze/page/29 29] |quote=Italy homeland of the Romans. | title=Hannibal's War: A Military History of the Second Punic War| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | isbn=9780806130040| last1=Lazenby| first1=John Francis| year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItsTDAAAQBAJ&q=italy+metropole+roman+empire&pg=PA45 |title=Contours of the World Economy 1-2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History |isbn=9780199227211 |last1=Maddison |first1=Angus |date=20 September 2007}}</ref> Ufumu wa Romu ukaŵako mu 753 B.C.E. ndipo ukazgoka charu cha Romu mu 509 B.C.E., apo ufumu wa Romu ukathereskeka. Kufuma apo, boma la Romu likasazga Italy na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria, Celt, na Greece awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaroma ŵakalongozganga Socii, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiitaliki, ndipo pamasinda, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kulamulira ku Western Europe, North Africa, na Near East. Ufumu wa Roma ukamara apo Julius Caesar wakakomeka. Ufumu wa Roma ndiwo ukalongozga vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe na Mediterranean kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ukawovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵasambire vinjeru, sayansi, na luso. Pamanyuma pakuti Roma wabwangandulika mu 476 C.E., Italy yikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinandi, m'paka mu 1871 apo charu chikaŵa pamoza. Vyaru vya ku nyanja, comenecomene Venice na Genoa, vikaŵa na cuma cikuru comene cifukwa ca ulendo wa pa nyanja, malonda, na mabanki.<ref>{{cite web|last= Sée|first= Henri|title= Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution|url= http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|work= University of Rennes|publisher= Batoche Books|access-date= 29 August 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010542/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|archive-date= 2013-10-07|url-status= dead | quote = The origin and development of capitalism in Italy are illustrated by the economic life of the great city of Florence.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sée|first=Henri|title=Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution|url=http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|work=University of Rennes|publisher=Batoche Books|access-date=29 August 2013|archive-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007010542/http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/see/ModernCapitalism.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chigaŵa chapakati cha Italy chikalutilira kulamulirika na Ŵapapa, apo chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Italy chikalutilira kulamulirika na ŵasilikari ŵa Byzantine, Arab, Norman, Spanish, na Bourbon.<ref name=macSmith70>{{cite book|authorlink=Denis Mack Smith|last=Smith |first=D. Mack |title=Storia della Sicilia medioevale e moderna|year=1970 |publisher=Laterza |location=Bari |language=it|pages=27, 39, 45, 50–51, 98–108, 190–201}}</ref><ref name="natgeo">{{cite book|last1=Jepson|first1=Tim|title=National Geographic Traveler: Italy|date=2012|publisher=National Geographic Books|isbn=9781426208614|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2jihJ0bq4EC&q=trade+routes+italy+new+world&pg=PA28}}</ref> Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikathandazgikira mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa chomene vya ŵanthu, sayansi, kusanda vinthu, na luso. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Italy (mwakuyana na Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, na Amerigo Vespucci) ŵakasanga nthowa ziphya zakulutira ku Far East na ku New World, ndipo ŵakambiska nyengo ya Discovery. Mu vyaka vinandi ivyo vyajumpha, caru ca Italy cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene nga ni Dante Alighieri, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Niccolò Machiavelli, Galileo Galilei na Raphael. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Giuseppe Garibaldi wakawovwira kuti Italy wakolerane na ufumu wa Sardinia. Ufumu uphya wa Italy, uwo ukakhazikiskika mu 1861, ukasintha vinthu mwaluŵiro na kuzenga ufumu wa vyaru vinyake. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, kumwera kwa Italy kukaŵa ku mizi ndipo kukaŵa ukavu. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, Italy wakamalizga kuwungana mwa kupoka Trento na Trieste, ndipo wakapokera mpando wakukhalilira mu wupu wa League of Nations. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakawonanga kuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose njawakawaka cifukwa cakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵa na vigaŵa vyose yayi ivyo vikalayizgika na phangano la ku London (1915). Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikati yacitika pamoza na Nazi Germany na Ufumu wa Japan, ŵasilikari ŵakathereskeka, Mussolini wakakakika na kucimbira, ndipo nkhondo ya mukati mu Italy yikamba. Pamanyuma pakuti Italy wafwatuka, Social Republic wawa, ndipo Benito Mussolini wakomeka na gulu la Resistance, mu 1946 ŵanthu ŵakakanizga boma la Italy kuti liŵe lacifumu, ndipo likazgoka republiki. Chikulutilira kuŵa na nkhongono pa nkhani ya vya cuma, mitheto, nkhondo, na ndyali mu vilimika vya m'ma 2000.<ref>{{cite book|title=Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight|date=17 January 2005|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2836-9|page=85|url={{Google books|nTKBdY5HBeUC|page=|keywords=Canada%20Among%20Nations%2C%202004%3A%20Setting%20Priorities Straight|text=|plainurl=yes}}|access-date=13 June 2016|quote=The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sterio|first1=Milena|title=The Right to Self-Determination Under International Law: "Selfistans", Secession, and the Rule of the Great Powers|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon|isbn=978-0-415-66818-7|page=xii (preface)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QuI6n_OVMYC&q=The%20Right%20to%20Self-determination%20Under%20International%20Law%3A%20%22selfistans%22%2C%20Secession%20and%20the%20Rule%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers|access-date=13 June 2016|quote=The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.}}</ref> ==Mbili yakwambilila== {{Main|Prehistoric Italy}} [[File:Antropomorfi detti astronauti (a) - R 1 - Area di Zurla - Nadro (ph Luca Giarelli).jpg|thumb|Petroglyph ku Valcamonica, Lombardy, ni malo ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chapasi agho pali ma petroglyph ghakale chomene (cha m'ma 1000 B.C.E.).]] Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakafika ku Monte Poggiolo vyaka 850,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Neanderthal ŵali kusangika ku malo agho ghakusangika kufupi na Roma na Verona vyaka pafupifupi 50,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo ya Paleolithiki ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakaŵako vyaka 48,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Novembala 2011, ku Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit ku England, ŵakachita kafukufuku pa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni mino gha mwana wa munthu wa ku Neanderthal. Vinthu ivyo vikakhalapo mu nyengo ya ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako kale vikusangika mu Lombardy (malibwe agho ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Valcamonica) na mu Sardinia (nuraghe). Cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene ni ca Ötzi the Iceman, cikozgo ca munthu uyo wakacimbiranga nyama mu mapiri ico cikasangika mu Similaun glacier ku South Tyrol, ca m'ma c. 3400-3100 B.C.E.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/science/fossil-teeth-put-humans-in-europe-earlier-than-thought.html |work=The New York Times |title=Fossil Teeth Put Humans in Europe Earlier Than Thought |date=2 November 2011}}</ref> [[File:Matera from Piazzetta Pascoli-2930.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti nyumba za mu mphanji za ku Sassi ku Matera ndizo zikaŵa zakwamba mu Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amusingplanet.com/2016/04/sassi-di-matera-oldest-continuously.html?m=1 |title=Sassi di Matera |publisher=AmusingPlanet}}</ref>]] [[File:Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg|left|thumb|Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia, Sicily]] Mu nyengo ya mkuwa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Indo-Europe ŵakaluta ku Italy. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakwiza mu vigaŵa pafupifupi vinayi kufuma kumpoto m'paka ku Alps. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba kufuma ku Indo-Europe ŵakaluta ku malo ghanyake m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakizanga na vinthu vya mkuwa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Remedello ndiwo ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Po. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamukira ku malo agha mu nyengo ya Bronze, kwamba m'ma 2000 C.E. m'paka m'ma 2000 C.E. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Padan Plain, Tuscany, na mumphepete mwa nyanja za Sardinia na Sicily. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kukaŵa chimphepo chachitatu icho chikamba kwiza, icho chikakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Apennine na ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare ŵakachitanga pakuyaniska na ivyo ŵakachitanga mu nyengo ya Neolithic vingawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyaunenesko. Ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵalovi, kweni ŵakaŵa na viŵeto vyakukhora. Ŵakaŵa ŵaluso comene pakupanga visulo, ŵakapanganga mkuŵa mu malibwe na dongo. Kweniso ŵakaŵa ŵalimi, ŵakaliskanga mphoza, mpheska, tirigu, na linoni.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Terramara|volume=26|pages=658–659|first=John Malcolm|last=Mitchell}}</ref>[[File:Otzi-Quinson.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Ötzi]]'', a natural mummy discovered in the southern Alps (region of [[Trentino-Alto Adige]]) dating from the 4th millennium BC.]] Mu nyengo ya Bronze, kufuma kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 m'paka kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo mu Italy. Chikhalidwe cha Proto-Villanova chinali mbali ya chikhalidwe cha Urnfield cha ku Ulaya. Vinthu ivi vikuyana waka na vigaŵa vya Bavaria-Upper Austria na Middle-Danube. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti chikafuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Terramare awo ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Po. Ŵanthu ŵanyake nga ni Marija Gimbutas, ŵakayaniska mitheto iyi na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakafikira mu caru ici. Ku Sicily, ŵasanga tumalundi tunyake twa m'ma 2000 B.C.E., uto tukuyana waka na uto tikusanga ku Spain, Balearic Islands, Sardinia, na Apulia. Munthu uyo wakabowozga cikaya ici (uyo wakacicema mu Sicily kuti "Dolmens Culture") wakayaniska cikaya ici na nyengo iyo cikaya ici cikizira ku Sicily.<ref>Salvatore Piccolo, ''cit.'', pp.30-31</ref> ===Nuragic civilization=== {{Main|Nuragic civilization|Torrean civilization}} [[File:Nuraghe Su Nuraxi - Barumini - Sardinia - Italy - 01.jpg|thumb|''[[Su Nuraxi]]'' [[nuraghe]], [[Sardinia]], [[Italy]], 2nd millennium BC.]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nuraghe ŵakababikira ku Sardinia na kumwera kwa Corsica. Zina lawo likufuma ku vigongwe vya Nuragic, ivyo vikapangika kufuma ku vikumba vya megalithic ivyo vikazengeka kale. Mazuŵa ghano, ku Sardinia kuli nyumba zakuzengeka na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7,000. Palije maukaboni agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵako kale, padera pa maukaboni ghachoko waka agho ghakalembeka mu nyengo ya Nuragic. Nkhani izo zili kulembeka zikufuma ku mabuku gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵaroma, ndipo zikuwoneka nga ni nthano. Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga ku Sardinia mu nyengo ya Bronze chikumanyikwa yayi chifukwa palije malemba gha nyengo iyi, nangauli kafukufuku uyo wachitika sonosono apa wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Nuragic ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito alifabeti yakuyana na iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ku Euboea. Eduardo Blasco Ferrer wakati chiyowoyero cha Paleo-Sardinian chikaŵa chakuyana waka na chiyowoyero cha Proto-Basque na Chiiberiya chakale. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti mu Nuragic Sardinia mukaŵa vigaŵa viŵiri panji kujumpha apa.<ref name="Ugas_2005">{{cite book |last=Ugas |first=Giovanni |title=L'Alba dei Nuraghi |publisher=Fabula editrice |year=2005 |isbn=978-88-89661-00-0 |location=Cagliari}}</ref>{{rp|241–254}}{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Monte D'Accoddi 03.JPG|[[Monte d'Accoddi]], 4th millennium BCE. |File:Età nuragica, giganti di monte prama, xiii-ix secolo ac ca., da cabras, guerriero 05, 01.jpg|[[Giants of Mont'e Prama]] |File:Nuragic Bronze statuette.jpg|Bronze sculpture of a Nuragic chief from [[Uta, Sardinia|Uta]]. }} ==Iron Age== {{Main|Iron Age Italy}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kulemba vilembo vya Chifenike. ===Etruscan civilization=== {{Main|Etruscan civilization}} [[File:Etruscan civilization map.png|thumb|left|Map of Etruscan civilisation.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa chapakati cha Italy mu 800 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakamba kumanyikwa mu nyengo yakale. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafuma ku Villanova. Kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na DNA ya mitochondrial uyo wakachitika mu 2013, wakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ndiwo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero chinyake. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vili kulembeka mu ciyowoyero ici vyazunulika pa cirwa ca Lemnos mu nyanja ya Aegean. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakagonanga ŵekha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakaŵa na boma ilo likaŵa na visambizgo vya ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko. Chisopa cha Etruscan chikaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasopanga ŵachiuta ŵatesi, ndipo vinthu vyose ivyo vikuwoneka ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni nkhongono za Chiuta.[[File:Etruscan Painting 1.jpg|thumbnail|[[Etruscan art|Etruscan fresco]] in the [[Tomb of the Leopards]], [[Monterozzi necropolis]], 5th century BC.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene mu mapiri gha Apenine. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., matawuni ghanyake ghachoko waka ghakazimwa. Ndipouli, palije kukayika kuti ndyali za ku Etruscan zikayananga na za ku Magna Graecia kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruria ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca kunozga na kuguliska visulo, comenecomene mkuŵa na cisulo. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵagiriki ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece, comenecomene mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Phocean ku Italy ŵakakhazikiskanga vikaya mumphepete mwa nyanja za France, Catalonia, na Corsica. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵa Etruscans ŵanjire mu mtende na ŵa Carthage, awo ŵakasuskananga na Ŵagiriki.<ref name="historyone">{{cite book|first=Larissa|last=Bonfante|title=Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4QaXZky58FIC&pg=PA58|year=1986|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-1813-4|page=58}}</ref><ref name="historytwo">{{cite book|first=John|last=Franklin Hall|title=Etruscan Italy: Etruscan Influences on the Civilizations of Italy from Antiquity to the Modern Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUhT7i7XhOAC&pg=PA198|year=1996|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-8425-2334-0|page=198}}</ref> Mu 540 B.C.E., Nkhondo ya ku Alalia yikapangiska kuti mazaza gha ŵanthu ghagaŵikane mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Nangauli nkhondo iyi yikaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka, kweni Carthage wakalutilira kuthandazga ufumu wake pa Ŵagiriki. Kwambira mu hafu yakwamba ya 5 C.E., vinthu vikasintha pa charu chose. Mu 480 B.C.E., Carthage uyo wakaŵa mubwezi wa Etruria, wakathereskeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Magna Graecia awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Syracuse. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vichoko waka, mu 474 B.C.E., Hiero, fumu yankhongono ya ku Syracuse, yikatonda Ŵaetruska pa Nkhondo ya Cumae. Nkhongono ya Etruria pa misumba ya Latium na Campania yikamba kucepa, ndipo yikaŵa mu mawoko gha Ŵaroma na ŵa Samnites. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Gallic ŵakiza ku Etruria kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu ŵa mu dambo la Po na mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic. Pa nyengo iyi, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kupoka misumba ya ku Etruria. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaleke kukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mu 500 B.C.E., charu cha Etruria chikapokeka na Ŵaroma.<ref name="historyone" /><ref name="historytwo" />{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Tomba dei Rilievi (Banditaccia).jpg|Necropolis of Banditaccia located in [[Cerveteri]] in [[Lazio]] |File:Chimera d'arezzo, fi, 03.JPG|[[Chimera of Arezzo]] |File:Perugia, Museo archeologico Nazionale dell'Umbria, cippo di Perugia.jpg|[[Cippus Perusinus]] }} === Italic peoples === {{Main|Italic peoples}} [[File:Samnite theater of Pietrabbondante.JPG|thumb|[[Samnites|Samnite]] sanctuary complex at [[Pietrabbondante]].]] [[File:Femmes peucètes dansant, fresque.jpg|thumb|Fresco of dancing [[Peucetians|Peucetian]] women in the [[Tomb of the Dancers]] in [[Ruvo di Puglia]], 4th–5th century BC]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiitaliki ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiitaliki ŵakaŵa Osci, Veneti, Samnites, Latins, na Umbri. Ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Tiber (Latium Vetus), ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakamba kukhala ku Latial, ndipo kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Veneti ŵakamba kukhala ku Este. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, kufuma ku chigaŵa chawo chapakati ku Italy (mu chigaŵa cha Umbria na Sabina mazuŵa ghano), ŵanthu ŵa ku Osco-Umbria ŵakamba kusama mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kwizira mu ndondomeko ya Ver sacrum, kusazgirako vyaru vinyake, kumwera kwa Latium, Molise na hafu yose ya kumwera kwa chirwa ichi. Ivi vikukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Terni ŵakaŵirako, awo ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Hallstatt na La Tène. Malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa gha ku Umbria ku Terni, agho ghakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na malo ghakusungirako ŵakufwa gha ku Golasecca. Pambere Ŵagiriki na Ŵafoinike ŵandafike, ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ŵakakhalanga kale pa chirwa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily ndiwo ŵakambiska zina lakuti Sicily. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumpoto kwa Italy mu nyengo ya chisulo ŵakaŵa ŵa Ligure. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti cha m'ma 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy, kusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto cha Italy na chigaŵa chose cha Tuscany (chigaŵa icho chili kumpoto kwa mlonga wa Arno). Pakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu aŵa chikafuma mu nyengo ya Indo-Europe, kanandi ŵakuchiwona kuti ntcha ku malo yayi. Kuzakafika pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Roma ŵakamba kuŵa na nkhongono. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakati ŵajiwombora ku wuzga wa Etruscan, ŵakamba kulamulira mafuko gha ku Italy. Kufuma apo, pakaŵaso nkhondo pakati pa mafuko gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Nkhondo izo zikalembeka makora comene ni izo zikacitika pakati pa Ŵalatini na Ŵasameni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Catherine Mason |first=Carl Waldman |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |publisher=Infobase Publishing |pages=452–459}}</ref> Paumaliro, ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin ŵakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasambiranga Chilatini yayi ŵakamba kusambira Chilatini ndipo ŵakazgoka Ŵaroma. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., mafuko ghanandi gha ku Italy, chomenechomene Marsi na Samnites, ghakagalukira Ŵaroma. Nkhondo iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Nkhondo ya pa Caru. Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska Ŵaroma, ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Italy ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵenekaya ŵa caru ca Roma, kupaturako Ŵacelt ŵa mu Dambo la Po. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵa mu mafuko gha Chilatini ŵakamba kuyowoya Chilatini.<ref name=":0"/> ===Magna Graecia=== {{Main|Magna Graecia}} [[File:Magna Graecia ancient colonies and dialects-en.svg|thumb|left|Ancient Greek colonies and their [[:w:Ancient Greek dialects|dialect]] groupings in Southern Italy.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Roger D. |last=Woodard |chapter=Greek dialects |title=The Ancient Languages of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51 51] |isbn=978-0-521-68495-8 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/51}}</ref> {{legend|#cea980|NW Greek}} {{legend|#b5ad96|Achaean}} {{legend|#eacd85|Doric}} {{legend|#bebada|Ionian}}]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 na 700 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece ŵakamba kukhala ku Southern Italy chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ŵanthu (njara, unandi wa ŵanthu, na vinyake). 14–18). Kweniso mu nyengo iyi, Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikiskanga vikaya vyawo ku malo agho ghakaŵa kutali chomene nga ni kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya, na Massalia (Marseille) ku Gaul. Ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sicily na kumwera kwa Italy. Ŵaroma ŵakacemanga cigaŵa ca Sicily na Italy kuti Magna Graecia (Cilatini, "Greece Mukuru"), cifukwa cikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Greece. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasanda malo ŵakale ŵakakolerananga yayi pa nkhani yakuti lizgu ili likung'anamura Sicily panji Apulia, Campania na Calabria. Cifukwa ca ukoloni uwu, cikaya ca Cigiriki cikatolekera ku Italy, mu viyowoyero vya Cigiriki, maluso gha cisopa, na mitheto ya boma lakujiyimira. Nyengo yichoko waka, ŵanthu ŵa ku Greece ŵakamba kukhala ku malo agha. Chiyowoyero chakuzirwa chomene chikaŵa cha Chigiriki cha Chalcidean/Cumaean, icho chikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Etruscan.[[File:Selinunte - Templi Orientali (Temple E) 18.JPG|thumb|Greek temple of [[Hera]], [[Selinunte]], Sicily.]] Misumba yinandi ya ku Greece yikaŵa yisambazi kweniso yankhongono, nga ni Neapolis (Νεάπολις, Naples, "Msumba Uphya"), Syracuse, Acragas, na Sybaris (Σύβαρις). Matawuni ghanyake gha ku Magna Graecia ghakaŵa Tarentum (Τάρας), Epizephyrian Locri (Λοκροί) Rhegium, Croton, Thurii, Elea, Nola, Ancona, Syessa, Bari, na ghanyake. Pyrrhus wa ku Epirus wakati watondeka kulekeska ufumu wa Ŵaroma mu 282 B.C.E., kumwera kwa charu ichi kukaŵa pasi pa Ŵaroma ndipo ŵakalutilira kuwukira Ŵaroma. Ufumu wa Byzantium ndiwo ukawusanga pamanyuma pakuti Romu wawira kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo nanga ni ŵa Lombard ŵakatondeka kuwukhozga, nangauli msumba wa kumwera ukaŵa wawo kufuma apo Zotto wakawusanga mu cigaŵa caumaliro ca vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E.. ==Roman period== {{Main|Ancient Rome}} ===Roman Kingdom=== {{Main|Founding of Rome|Roman Kingdom}} [[File:Capitoline she-wolf Musei Capitolini MC1181.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Capitoline Wolf]]'' sculpture in the [[Capitoline Museums]]. According to legend, [[founding of Rome|Rome was founded]] in 753 BC by [[Romulus and Remus]], who were raised by a [[She-wolf (Roman mythology)|she-wolf]].]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya vinandi yayi vyakukhwaskana na Ufumu wa Roma, chifukwa palije mabuku agho ghakalembeka pa nyengo iyo. Ndipouli, mdauko wa Ufumu wa Roma ukamba na kukhazikiskika kwa msumba uwu, uwo ukambira mu 753 B.C.E. ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa Phiri la Palatine mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Tiber ku Italy. Pa malo agha pakaŵa msewu unyake uwo ŵanthu ŵakambukiranga Mlonga wa Tiber. Phiri la Palatine na tumapiri tunyake uto tukazingilizga phiri ili, vikaŵa vyambura kusuzga kuvikilira. Vinthu vyose ivi vikawovwira kuti msumba uwu ukure makora. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 C.E., mu ufumu wa Romu mukaŵa mafumu 7. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 243 pa nyengo iyo ŵakalamuliranga, ndipo kufuma waka apo Barthold Georg Niebuhr wakalemberanga Baibolo, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵamanya yayi.[[File:Veduta degli scavi coi fori neolitici di capanne sul palatino, 02.jpg|thumbnail|Iron Age hut foundations on the [[Palatine Hill]] considered to be the ''[[Casa Romuli]]'', the reputed dwelling-place of [[Romulus]].]] Ŵagali ŵakaparanya vinthu vinandi ivyo vikalembeka mu mbiri ya Roma apo ŵakapoka msumba uwu mu 390 B.C.E. (Varronian, kuyana na Polybius nkhondo iyi yikachitika mu 387/6) ndipo ivyo vikakhalako vikamara mu nyengo panji kwiba. Pakuti palije ukaboni wakuti ufumu uwu ukaŵako mu nyengo yira, tikwenera kusanda mwakupwelelera nkhani zose za mafumu agha. Kuyana na nthano ya Roma, msumba uwu ukazengeka pa Epulero 21, 753 B.C.E. na ŵabali ŵaŵiri, Romulus na Remus, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazukuru ŵa Aeneas, fumu ya ku Troya.<ref>Adkins, 1998. page 3.</ref> ===Roman Republic=== {{Main|Roman Republic}} {{Further|Roman conquest of Italy}} [[File:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|left|Animation showing the growth and division of [[Ancient Rome]], years CE]] Kuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakulemba nga ni Livy ŵakalemba, charu cha Romu chikamba kuwusa mu 509 B.C.E., apo themba laumaliro pa mathemba 7 gha Romu, Tarquin the Proud, likathereskeka na Lucius Junius Brutus. Ndondomeko ya malango yikalongozganga kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora, kweniso kuti mazaza gha ŵanthu ghapatukane. Ŵeruzgi ŵakuzirwa comene ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma ŵaŵiri, awo pamoza ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga ŵasilikari. Ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakateŵeteranga lumoza na ŵalara ŵa boma, awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵalara ŵa boma, kweni ŵakakura chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 B.C.E., Ŵagalileya ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Romu. Ŵaroma ŵakakora vilwero na kucimbizga Ŵagali, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Camillus. Pachoko na pachoko, Ŵaroma ŵakamba kuwusa ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Italy, kusazgapo Ŵaeturu. Cinthu caumaliro ico cikapangiska kuti Ŵaroma ŵambe kulamulira caru ca Italy cikaŵa apo Tarentum, msumba ukuru wa ku Greece, wakacema Pyrrhus wa ku Epirus kuti wamovwire mu 281 B.C.E., kweni vyose ivi vikacitika yayi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., Ŵaroma ŵakakumana na mulwani wakofya chomene. Mu Nkhondo zitatu za ku Punic, msumba wa Carthage ukaparanyika ndipo Ŵaroma ŵakamba kuwusa Hispania, Sicily, na North Africa. Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska ufumu wa Makedoniya na wa Seleucid mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Cifukwa ca kuthereska maufumu gha Ŵagiriki, Ŵaroma na Ŵagiriki ŵakasazgikana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Romu ŵakamba kukhala mu vyaru vya mizi. Pa nyengo iyi, ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa wankhongono comene ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalwani ŵanandi yayi.[[File:Retrato de Julio César (26724093101) (cropped).jpg|thumb|The [[Tusculum portrait]], possibly the only surviving sculpture of [[Julius Caesar]] made during his lifetime. Archaeological Museum, [[Turin]], [[Italy]].]] Malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa na nthenda iyi ni Spain. Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakanjira mu Spain kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., kweni ŵakasuzgika chomene m'paka apo Augusto wakaŵira themba. Msumba wa Numantia uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Celtiberian ndiwo ukaŵa pakwamba apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakasuskanga Ŵaroma mu vyaka vya m'ma 140 na 130 B.C.E. Numantia wakawa na kubwangandulika mu 133 B.C.E. Mu 105 B.C.E., Ŵaceltiberi ŵakalutilira kuŵa ŵankhongono na ŵakofya mwakuti ŵakachimbizga Cimbri na Teutones kumpoto kwa Spain, nangauli Ŵaroma ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaroma ku Gaul kumwera, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaroma awo ŵakaŵasuskanga ŵakafwa 80,000. Kupoka Hispania kukamara mu 19 B.C.E., kweni pakaŵa masuzgo ghanandi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Between Republic and Empire: Interpretations of Augustus and His Principate |publisher=University of California Press |page=400}}</ref> [[File:Tavares.Forum.Romanum.redux.jpg|thumb|The [[Roman Forum]], the commercial, cultural, and political centre of the city and the Republic which housed the various offices and meeting places of the government.]] Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 200 B.C.E., mafuko ghanandi gha Cijeremani ghakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo Cimbri na Teuton ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko agha ŵakathereskanga ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakumananga nawo, ndipo ŵakatimbanizganga comene caru ca Italy. Pa Nkhondo ya ku Aquae Sextiae na Vercellae, Ŵajeremani wose ŵakakomeka. Mu nkhondo ziŵiri izi, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Teuton na Ambrones ŵakataya ŵanalume 290,000 (ŵanalume 200,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo 90,000 ŵakakoleka); ndipo ŵa mtundu wa Cimbri ŵakataya ŵanalume 220,000 (ŵanalume 160,000 ŵakakomeka ndipo 60,000 ŵakakoleka).<ref>Livy Ep. 68</ref> Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 100 B.C.E., charu ichi chikaŵa mu nyengo ya masuzgo gha ndyali. Mu nyengo iyi, Julius Caesar ndiyo wakaŵa wakuzirwa comene. Caesar wakakolerana na ŵanalume ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza comene mu Roma: Marcus Licinius Crassus, uyo wakaŵa movwiri wake, na Pompey, uyo wakaŵa mulwani wa Crassus. Crassus, mwanalume musambazi comene mu Romu, wakaŵa musambazi comene; Pompey wakaŵa na mazaza ghanandi mu wupu wa Senate; ndipo Kesare wakaŵa kazembe na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari mu Gaul.<ref name=Scullard2>Scullard 1982, chapters VI-VII</ref> Mu 53 B.C.E., ufumu wa Crassus ukamara. Crassus wakaŵa muphemaniski pakati pa Caesar na Pompey, ndipo kwambura iyo, ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore mazaza. Caesar wakati watonda Nkhondo za ku Gallia, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakamulumba na kumuchindika, Pompey wakawona kuti ni munthu muwemi yayi. Kuti ivi vileke kucitika, Kesare wakambuka Mlonga wa Rubicon na kuwukira Roma mu 49 B.C.E., ndipo mwaluŵiro wakatonda Pompey. Cifukwa cakuti Kesare ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza pa ufumu wa Roma, wakayamba kuŵa na mauteŵeti ghanandi, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka muwusi wankhongono. Wakakomeka mu 44 B.C.E., pa nyengo ya Ides of March, na ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kumufwatura. Pakuti Kesare wakakomeka, pakaŵa masuzgo gha ndyali na gha ŵanthu mu Romu. Octavian (mwana wakulera wa Kesare), pamoza na Mark Antony na Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, mubwezi wa Kesare, ŵakambiska ufumu waciŵiri. Mu 36 B.C.E., Lepidus wakafumapo pa udindo wake wati wapusika Octavian ku Sicily. Antony wakakhalanga ku Eguputo na wakutemweka wake, Cleopatra VII. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti Mark Antony na Cleopatra ŵakaŵa ŵakwendera mphiska cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa fumukazi ya caru cinyake ndipo Antony wakaŵa na umoyo wakukondweska comene. Pamanyuma pakuti Antony wapeleka vyawanangwa ku Alekizandiriya, Cleopatra wakapika zina lakuti "Fumukazi ya Mathemba", ndipo ŵana ŵawo ŵakapika mazina gha ufumu ku vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi ivyo vikaŵa kuti vyatoleka waka. Octavian wakaparanya ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo mu Nkhondo ya Actium mu 31 B.C.E. Marko Antony na Cleopatra ŵakajikoma, ndipo Octavian ndiyo wakaŵa yekha mulongozgi wa caru. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Actium, nyengo ya nkhondo zikuruzikuru za pa nyanja yikamara ndipo Ŵaroma ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja mu Nyanja ya North Sea, Atlantic, Mediterranean, Red Sea, na Black Sea mpaka apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku North Sea ŵakamba kutinkhana na Ŵafrank na Ŵasaxon, kweniso ŵa Borani, Herules na Goths mu Nyanja ya Black Sea.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#ref57] Plutarch, ''Parallel Lives'', ''Life of Antony'', LXXI, 3–5.</ref> ===Roman Empire=== {{Further|Roman Empire|Roman Italy}} [[File:Augustus of Prima Porta (inv. 2290).jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Augustus of Prima Porta]], 1st century AD, depicting [[Augustus]], the first [[Roman emperor]]]] Mu 27 B.C.E., Octavian ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi yekha wa Ŵaroma. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa Ŵaroma, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora chomene mu ufumu wa Ŵaroma, uwo ukatora vyaka 40. Mu caka ici, wakamba kumanyikwa na zina lakuti Augusto. Ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuwona kuti nyengo iyi ndiyo Ufumu wa Roma ukambira. Nangauli boma likaŵa la boma la Republican, kweni Augusto ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza ghose. Wupu wa Senate ukamupa udindo wapadera wa Proconsular imperium, uwo ukamupa mazaza pa ŵalongozgi wose ŵa ŵasilikari. Vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na mphaka, uko ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakaŵa, vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Augusto. Vigaŵa ivi vikachemekanga vigaŵa vya ufumu. Vigaŵa vyamtende ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ŵalara ŵa boma vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵalara ŵa boma. Ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakaŵa ŵanandi comene (ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 50) cifukwa ca nkhondo za mukati mwa caru. Apo vigaŵa vikapangikanga mu Meditereniyani yose, ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na mazaza ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga vigaŵa ("Domina Provinciarum", kung'anamura kuti "muwusi wa vigaŵa", kung'anamura vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikaŵa kuwaro kwa Italy), kweniso mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., ufumu wa Roma ukaŵa na mazaza pa charu chose chapasi.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb6OAQAAQBAJ&dq=Rectrix+mundi+omnium+terrarum+parens&pg=PA97|title= Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana|date= 20 November 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury|isbn= 9781472519801|access-date=20 November 2021|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.it/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22910180903&searchurl=sortby%3D20%26tn%3Ditalia%2Bomnium%2Bterrarum%2Bparens&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1|title=Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: ''Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens''|access-date=20 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> Chifukwa cha udindo uwu, mu nyengo ya mtende, ŵalara ŵa boma la Roma ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mazaza gha ŵapolisi (Imperium domi) m'malo mwa ŵasilikari (Imperium militiae). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusopa kweniso ndalama.[[File:Colosseo 2020.jpg|thumb|The [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]], built in the 1st century]] Mu muwuso wa Augusto, mabuku gha Ŵaroma ghakakura chomene. Ŵanthu nga ni Vergil, Horace, Ovid, na Rufus ŵakalemba mabuku ghanandi, ndipo ŵakaŵa ŵabwezi ŵa Augusto. Pamoza na Maecenas, wakawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mtima wa kutemwa caru, nga ni buku la Virgil lakuti Aeneid, kweniso wakawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe na mtima wa kutemwa caru. Mabuku agho ghakalembeka mu nyengo iyi ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma, ndipo ghakaŵa ghakale chomene. Augustus nayo wakalutilira kusintha kalendara iyo Kesare wakakhumbanga, ndipo mwezi wa Ogasiti ukuchemeka na zina lake. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukaŵa pa mtende kwa vyaka 200, ndipo vinthu vikendanga makora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |title=Pax Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref> [[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|{{legend|#b23938|The [[Roman Empire]] at its greatest extent under [[Trajan]] in AD 117}}]] Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa wankhongono, kweni ukalimbikira yayi kuti usanuzge ufumu wake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 na 200, ŵasilikari ŵa Romu ŵakalwanga nkhondo na mafuko gha Chijeremani agho ghakaŵa kumpoto na Ufumu wa Parthiya uwo ukaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵakugaluka (nga ni Ŵahebere ku Yudeya) (70) na nkhondo za paŵekha (nga ni mu 68 C.E., mu chaka cha mathemba ghanayi) ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵaŵawovwire. Nkhondo za vilimika 70 za Ŵayuda na Ŵaroma izo zikacitika mu hafu yaciŵiri ya vilimika vya mu handiredi lakwamba na hafu yakwamba ya vilimika vya mu handiredi laciŵiri, zikaŵa zakusuzga comene. Ŵayuda 1,356,460 ŵakakomeka pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵayuda. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Ŵayuda (115-117), yikakoma Ŵayuda ŵakujumpha 200,000. Ndipo Nkhondo Yachitatu ya Ŵayuda (132-136), yikakoma Ŵayuda ŵakujumpha 580,000. Ŵayuda ŵakaweleramo yayi ku suzgo lawo m'paka apo boma la Israyeli likapangikira mu 1948. Themba Theodosius I likati lafwa (395 C.E.), Ufumu wa Roma ukagaŵikana. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa masuzgo gha vyachuma na ndyali, kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵabarabiya ŵakizanga kanandi waka, ntheura msumba wa Mediolanum ukasamukira ku Ravenna. Mu 476, Odoacer wakathereska Romulus Augustulus, themba laumaliro la ku Western. Kwa vyaka vichoko waka, Italy yikalutilira kulamulirika na Odoacer. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka kufuma apo Ŵalombardi ŵakanjilira mu caru ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika 1,300, caru ca Italy cikaŵa pasi pa muwusi yumoza.<ref>{{cite book |title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes] |date=2017 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=113}}</ref> ==Middle Ages== {{Main|Italy in the Middle Ages|Italian city-states}} [[File:Iron Crown.JPG|thumb|The [[Iron Crown of Lombardy]], for centuries a symbol of the [[King of Italy|Kings of Italy]]]] Muwuso wa Odoacer ukamara apo Ŵagoth ŵakugalukira caru ca Italy. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinandi, ŵasilikari ŵa Justinian ŵakanjira mu Italy kuti ŵambeso kulamulira Ŵaroma. Ivi vikawovwira kuti fuko linyake la Cijeremani, la Lombard, liŵe na mazaza pa vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Italy. Mu 751 Ŵalombardi ŵakathereska Ravenna, na kumazga muwuso wa Byzantine kumpoto kwa Italy. Pakuwona kuti ŵa Lombard ŵambaso kuwukira, Papa wakapempha wovwiri ku ŵa Frank.<ref>Cristina La Rocca, ed. ''Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476-1000'' (2002).</ref> [[File:BattagliaLegnano.jpg|thumbnail|left|The defense of the [[Carroccio]] during the [[battle of Legnano]] (by [[Amos Cassioli]], 1860).]] Mu 756 ŵasilikari ŵa Frank ŵakathereska Ŵalombardi ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti Ŵapapa ndiwo ŵalongozgenge chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy. Mu 800, Papa wakaphakazga Charlemagne kuŵa fumu ya Ufumu wa Roma mu tchalitchi la St. Peter. Charlemagne wakati wafwa (814), ufumu uphya ukaparanyika. Ici cikapangiska kuti mu Italy muŵe suzgo la mazaza. Ivi vikachitika pamoza na kuwuka kwa cisopa ca Ciisilamu mu caru ca Arabia, kumpoto kwa Africa, na ku Middle East. Kumwera, ufumu wa Umayyad na wa Abbasid ndiwo ukambukira. Ku mpoto, boma likamba kuŵa na nkhongono. Mu 852 C.E., Ŵasarayeni ŵakatora msumba wa Bari na kuzenga ufumu. Mu 902 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵakamba kulamulira Sicily, ndipo ŵakalutilira kulamulira chilumba ichi kufuma mu 965 m'paka mu 1061. Mu vyaka ivi, boma la Italy likamba kujilongozga. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 C.E., malonda ghakamba kuweleramo. Ŵapapa ŵakaŵaso na mazaza ndipo ŵakamba kulimbana na Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Mphindano iyi yikamara mu 1122 apo ŵakalemba chikalata chakuchemeka Concordat of Worms, nangauli mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe masuzgo ghakaŵako m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ku mpoto, ŵa Lombard ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira paŵekha kufuma ku Ufumu wa Ŵaroma. Kumwera, Ŵanormani ŵakatora vigaŵa vya Ŵalombardi na Ŵabyzantine, ndipo ŵakawuskapo maboma ghaŵiri agha pa chirwa ichi.<ref>Holger Berwinkel, "Legnano, Battle of (1176)." in Gordon Martel ed ''The Encyclopedia of War'' (2011) ch 27.</ref>[[File:Tranquillo da cremona, Marco Polo alla Corte del Gran Khan, 1863.PNG|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Marco Polo]] at the court of [[Kublai Khan]] (painting by [[Tranquillo Cremona]], 1863).]] Kweniso misumba yinyake iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira yekha yikathereskeka. Mu nyengo yeneyiyi, Ŵanormani nawo ŵakamazga muwuso wa Ŵasilamu mu Sicily. Mu 1130, Roger II wa ku Sicily wakamba kuwusa Ufumu wa Sicily. Roger II ndiyo wakaŵa fumu yakwamba ya Sicily ndipo wakawovwira kuti vinthu vyose ivyo vikathereskeka na Ŵanormani mu Southern Italy viŵe ufumu umoza. Mu 1155, Fumu Manuel Komnenos yikayezga kuwukira kumwera kwa Italy, kweni yikathera yayi. Ufumu wa Sicily uwo ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Normandy ukakhala m'paka mu 1194 apo ufumu wa Hohenstaufen ukamba kulamulira Sicily. Ufumu wa Sicily ukaŵa pasi pa mafumu ghakupambanapambana m'paka mu ma 1800. [[File:Le Repubbliche Marinare.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Map and coats of arms of the [[Maritime republics]]]] Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1200 na 1300, charu cha Italy chikaŵa na ndyali zapadera chomene. Pakuti mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe mukaŵavya maboma agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu, boma likamba kulamulira mu misumba. Pakuti tchalitchi likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu wose kweniso ufumu ukaŵa kutali chomene, misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira payekha yikamba kwenda makora chifukwa cha malonda. Vikawonekanga nga kuti misumba ya ku Italy yikasintha na kwamba kuchita malonda. Nanga ni misumba na vyaru vya kumpoto vikaŵa na ŵamalonda ŵanandi, comenecomene ŵa ku Venice. Pakuyaniska na maufumu gha ŵamazaza, maboma gha ku Italy ghakaŵa na wanangwa wa ndyali, ndipo ivi vikawovwira kuti sayansi na luso visinthe. Mu nyengo iyi, misumba yinandi ya ku Italy yikaŵa na maboma nga ni Florence, Lucca, Genoa, Venice, na Siena. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, misumba iyi yikazgoka malo ghakurughakuru gha vyamalonda na gha ndalama mu Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=de Sismondi|first=Simonde|title=Storia delle Repubbliche Italiane nel Medioevo.|publisher=Avanzini e Torraca Editori|year=1968|language=it}}</ref>[[File:Castello di reggio calabria, esterno 01.jpg|thumb|[[Aragonese Castle (Reggio Calabria)|Aragonese Castle]] in [[Reggio Calabria]]]] Chifukwa chakuti misumba ya ku Italy nga ni Venice yikaŵa pakati pa vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi na vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, yikazgoka malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha pa caru cose na gha banki. Milan, Florence, na Venice, pamoza na misumba yinyake yinandi ya ku Italy, yikawovwira comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Mu nyengo yeneyiyo pera, mu Italy mukaŵa vyaru vya ku nyanja nga ni Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Amalfi, Ragusa, Ancona, Gaeta na Noli. Kwambira mu 10 m'paka mu 13 C.E., misumba iyi yikazenga ngalaŵa zinandi kuti zijivikilire kweniso kuti zikagwiliskirenge ntchito malonda mu Meditereniyani. Vyaru vya ku nyanja, chomenechomene vya Venice na Genoa, vikazgoka vipata vikuru vya ku Europe vyakwendera malonda na vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu vyaka vyapakati, chigaŵa cha Savoy chikakura na kunjilira mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo Florence wakazgoka msumba wa malonda na ndalama..<ref>Armando Lodolini ''Le repubbliche del mare'', Roma, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967.</ref>{{Gallery|align=center |width=160 |lines=5 |File:Italy Lothar II.svg|Italian [[Kingdom of the Lombards|Lombard kingdom]] (781–1014). |File:Aghlabids Dynasty 800 - 909 (AD).svg|[[Emirate of Sicily]] (831–1072). |File:Republik Venedig Handelswege01.png|Trade routes and colonies of the [[Genoese colonies|Genoese]] <small>(red)</small> and [[Stato da Màr|Venetian]] <small>(green)</small> empires }} == Kuwukaso == {{Main|Italian Renaissance}} [[File:'David' by Michelangelo Fir JBU005.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Michelangelo's David]], one of the symbols of Italian Renaissance.]] Ku Italy ndiko kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo ya Renaissance. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati pa 500 na 1500 C.E., chigaŵa chapakati na kumwera kwa Italy, icho kale chikaŵa pakati pa Ufumu wa Roma na Magna Graecia, chikaŵa chikavu chomene kuluska kumpoto. Msumba wa Romu ukaŵa wakubwanganduka, ndipo boma la Papal States likaŵa na malango ghacoko. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti Papa wakasamira ku Avignon, France. Naples, Sicily, na Sardinia vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵeneco kwa nyengo yitali. Njira za malonda za ku Italy izo zikendanga pa nyanja ya Meditereniyani na kunyake, zikaŵa zikuru comene pakwendeska vinthu. Mu nyengo iyi, misumba iyo yikaŵa mu Italy yikakura chomene ndipo yikaŵa na mazaza ghanandi mwakuti yikaŵa yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1348, ku Italy kukaŵa nthenda ya Black Death iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi pa ŵanthu ŵatatu. Kuwelera kwa ŵanthu na suzgo la vyachuma kukapangiska kuti misumba, malonda, na vyachuma viwelerepo, ndipo ivi vikakhozga chomene nyengo ya Humanism na Renaissance (Vyaka vya m'ma 15-16 C.E.) apo Italy yikaŵaso likuru la ŵanthu ŵa ku Western.[[File:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|''The [[Vitruvian man]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]], representing the ideal human proportions as described by Roman architect [[Vitruvius]], is a quintessential masterpiece of the Renaissance.]] [[File:Florence Duomo from Michelangelo hill.jpg|thumb|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] cathedral in [[Florence]], which has the biggest brick dome in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |title=The Duomo of Florence &#124; Tripleman |publisher=tripleman.com |access-date=25 March 2010 |archive-date=6 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/ |title=Brunelleschi's Dome |publisher=Brunelleschi's Dome.com |access-date=25 March 2010}}</ref> and is considered a masterpiece of Italian architecture and world architecture.]] [[File:La nascita di Venere (Botticelli).jpg|thumb|Botticelli's [[The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)|''The Birth of Venus'']], ca. 1482–85.]] Nyengo iyi yikumanyikwa kuti Renaissance cifukwa cakuti yikaŵa nyengo ya "kuweleramo" mu vinthu vya cuma na vya ku misumba, kweniso ya luso na sayansi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti vinthu vikasintha chomene chifukwa cha mabuku ghakale agho ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakaluwa kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Italy kufuma ku Ufumu wa Roma. Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikamba ku Tuscany, mu msumba wa Florence. Kufuma apo, ukafika kumwera, ndipo ukakhwaska chomene msumba wa Romu, uwo ukazengekaso na ŵapositole. Mutaliyana wakamba kuwuka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Vinthu ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga mu nyengo ya Renaissance vikafuma ku Florence na kuluta ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Siena na Lucca. Mulimo wa kuzenga na kupenta wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Tuscany ukaŵa wakovwira chomene ku misumba yose ya kumpoto na pakati pa Italy. Nyengo ya kuwelera ku Italy yikaŵa yakukondweska comene pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Venice na Genoa ndiwo ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha, pakwamba ŵakaŵa vyaru vya ku nyanja ndipo pamanyuma ŵakamba kuchita malonda agha mu vigaŵa vinyake. Vifukwa vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti vinthu ivi viŵeko ni umo nyanja za ku Venice zikaŵira zakukhora pa nkhondo, unandi wa ŵanthu, na umo mabungwe ghakapangikira. Republic of Venice ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wakwamba wa vya ndalama pa caru cose, uwo ukayamba kuzengeka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 900 na 1400. Mabondi ghakusinthika ghakaŵako mu nyengo ya ku Italy (nga ni Venice na Genoa) mu nyengo ya kuumaliro wa vyaka vyapakati na kuuyambiro wa nyengo ya Renaissance.<ref name=Coispeau2016>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yor4DAAAQBAJ |title=Finance Masters: A Brief History of International Financial Centers in the Last Millennium|last=Coispeau|first=Olivier|date=2016-08-10|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=9789813108844|language=en}}</ref> ===Literature, philosophy, and science=== Nkhani za mabuku gha mu nyengo ya Renaissance zikwamba na Petrarch (uyo wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha soneti ya Il Canzoniere kweniso chifukwa cha buku ilo wakalemba) kweniso mubwezi wake Giovanni Boccaccio (uyo wakalemba buku la The Decameron). Ŵaluso ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwa comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵakaŵa Luigi Pulci (Morgante), Matteo Maria Boiardo (Orlando Innamorato), na Ludovico Ariosto (Orlando Furioso). Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasambira vya nyengo ya kuwuka kwa Yesu, nga ni Niccolò de' Niccoli na Poggio Bracciolini, ŵakapenja mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakalemba mabuku nga ni Plato, Cicero, na Vitruvius. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, mabuku gha Ŵagiriki na Ŵagiriki (nga ni Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, na Ptolemy) kweniso gha ŵasayansi Ŵachihelamu ghakasangika mu vyaru vya Cikhristu. Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵa Chigiriki ŵa mu nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵasembe ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Seminara ku Calabria. Ŵakaŵa Barlaam wa ku Seminara na msambiri wake Leonzio Pilato wa ku Seminara. Barlaam wakamanyanga comene Cigiriki ndipo ndiyo wakasambizganga Petrarch na Giovanni Boccaccio. Leonzio Pilato wakang'anamulira Giovanni Boccaccio mabuku gha Homer mu Cilatini. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Baldassare Castiglione wakalemba buku lakuti The Book of the Courtier, ilo likulongosora umo munthu wakuwonekera, apo Niccolò Machiavelli wakalemba buku lakuti The Prince. Kweniso likakolerananga yayi na visambizgo vya Chikatolika na visambizgo vya ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizganga vya ndyali.<ref name=counter>{{Harvcoltxt|Bireley|1990}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although he makes many references to classical sources, these references do not include the customary deference to [[Aristotle]] which was to some extent approved by the church in his time. {{Harvcoltxt|Strauss|1958|p=222}} says that "Machiavelli indicates his fundamental disagreement with Aristotle's doctrine of the whole by substituting "[[Chance (Ancient Greek concept)|chance]]" (''caso'') for "[[Nature (philosophy)|nature]]" in the only context in which he speaks of "the beginning of the world." Strauss gives evidence that Machiavelli was knowingly influenced by [[Democritus]], whose philosophy of nature was, like that of [[modern science]], [[materialism|materialist]]."|group=nb}} ===Architecture, sculpture, and painting=== Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na ŵanthu nga ni Giotto di Bondone, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Perugino, Michelangelo, Raphael, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, na Titian. Ndimo viliriso na vyakuzenga, nga ni Brunelleschi, Leone Alberti, Andrea Palladio, na Bramante. Ŵakalemba vya tchalitchi la Florence Cathedral, St. Ku Rome kuli Tchalitchi la Petrosi, ndipo ku Rimini kuli Tempio Malatestiano. Paumaliro, kampani ya Aldine Press, iyo yikapangika na Aldo Manuzio, iyo yikachitanga ntchito yake ku Venice, yikamba kulemba mabuku mu Chigiriki chakale. Kweni nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgikanga na vinthu vya ku malo agha, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakuwona kuti nyengo iyi yikaŵa yakwamba kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu Italy (chifukwa cha kujura nthowa zakwendakwenda za ku Atlantic na kuwukira vyaru vinyake) kweniso kuti pakaŵavya vinandi ivyo vikachitika pa nkhani ya sayansi. ===Age of Discovery=== [[File:Italian explorers.jpg|thumb|Italian explorers and navigators from the dominant maritime republics played a key role in ushering the [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[European colonization of the Americas]]. Clockwise from top left: [[Christopher Columbus]], [[John Cabot]], [[Amerigo Vespucci]], and [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]]]] Kuwa kwa msumba wa Constantinople kukapangiska kuti ŵasayansi na mabuku gha Cigiriki ghasamire ku Italy, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa Cigiriki na Ciroma ŵambeso kusopa. Ŵalongozgi awo ŵakalongozganga ŵanthu nga ni Federico da Montefeltro na Papa Pius II, ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska misumba yiwemi iyo munthu ndiyo wakweruzgira vinthu vyose. Pico della Mirandola wakalemba buku lakuti Oration on the Dignity of Man, ilo likuwoneka kuti ndilo likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakusankha. Leonardo Bruni wakaŵa wakwamba kugaŵa mdauko wa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vitatu: Kale, mu vyaka vyapakati na mazuŵa ghano. Cinthu caciŵiri ico cikacitika cifukwa ca kuwa kwa msumba wa Constantinople cikaŵa kwamba kwa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵa ku Italy ŵakakhumbanga kusanga nthowa yinyake yakuyira ku India kuti ŵajumphe Ufumu wa Ottoman. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵakaŵa: Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo), uyo wakambiska vyaru vinyake mu Spain, ndipo wakamanya kuti charu cha New World chilipo ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuchisanga. John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto), uyo wakaluta ku England, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kukendera charu cha North America mu 1497. Amerigo Vespucci, uyo wakaluta ku Portugal, wakalongora mu 1501 kuti charu chiphya (mwakudumura Brazil) chikaŵa cha ku Asia yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghaniranga pakwamba.<ref>{{Cite book |url={{Google books|1qsuAAAAYAAJ |page=PA13 |keywords= |text= |plainurl=yes}} |title=The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano |last=Greene |first=George Washington |publisher=Folsom, Wells, and Thurston |year=1837 |location=Cambridge University |page=13 |author-link=George Washington Greene |access-date=18 August 2017 |via=Google Books}}</ref> ===Incessant warfare=== [[File:Italy in 1499.png|thumb|left|The Italian Peninsula in 1499.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, kumpoto kwa Italy na kumpoto kwa Italy vikagaŵikana mu misumba yinandi iyo yikaŵa pa nkhondo, yikuru chomene yikaŵa Milan, Florence, Pisa, Siena, Genoa, Ferrara, Mantua, Verona, na Venice. Mu nyengo ya ŵapositole, kumpoto kwa Italy kukagaŵikana cifukwa ca kulimbana kwa nyengo yitali pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Papa na ŵa Ufumu wa Roma. Msumba uliwose ukaŵa ku chigaŵa chimoza panji chinyake, kweni ukagaŵikana pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri, ŵa Guelph na Ghibellines. Nkhondo pakati pa vyaru vikaŵa vyacilendo yayi, ndipo ŵalwani ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakalutanga waka ku caru ca Italy. Ndyali za mu nyengo ya Renaissance zikamba kufuma mu nyengo iyi. Kwambira mu ma 1300, ŵasilikari awo ŵakateŵeteranga ŵasilikari ŵakuguliskika ŵakaŵanga ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, misumba iyo yikaŵa na mazaza chomene yikamba kulamulira misumba yinyake iyo yikaŵa pafupi nayo. Florence wakathereska Pisa mu 1406, Venice wakathereska Padua na Verona, ndipo Duchy of Milan yikathereska vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa kufupi, kusazgapo Pavia na Parma.<ref>Jensen 1992, p. 64.</ref>[[File:Uccello Battle of San Romano Uffizi.jpg|thumb|''[[The Battle of San Romano]]'' by [[Paolo Uccello]] (ca. 1438–40).]] Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Renaissance, ŵanthu ŵakarwanga nkhondo pa mtunda na pa nyanja. Pa caru capasi, nkhondo izi zikacitikanga na ŵasilikari ŵakucemeka condottieri, ŵasilikari awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vya ku Europe, comenecomene ku Germany na Switzerland. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵika umoyo wawo pangozi, ntheura nkhondo yikamba kuŵa yakuzingilizga, ndipo ŵakachitanga waka vinthu vinyake. Kweniso ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiranga nchito pa vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yileke kumara. Kweniso ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na ŵasilikari ŵakaŵasuzganga comene. Para vyawoneka kuti boma ndakuthemba comene pa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakayezgekanga comene kuti ŵacitenge ŵekha vinthu. Ku nyanja, misumba ya ku Italy yikatumanga ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku nkhondo. Ŵalwani ŵakwamba ŵakaŵa Pisa, Genoa, na Venice, kweni ŵati ŵambana kwa nyengo yitali, Ŵagenuwa ŵakamazga nkhondo iyi. Venesia wakaŵa mulwani wankhongono comene, ndipo apo ufumu wa Genoese ukakhiranga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, msumba uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja. Pakuzgora ku kofya kufuma ku vigaŵa vyakutali, kwamba kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Venice wakamba kukhumba chomene kuwusa malo agha apo nyengo ya kuwuka kwa Ŵ Venetian yikambanga. Pa caru capasi, Florence, Milan, na Venice ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene pa nkhondo izo zikacitika kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo maufumu ghatatu agha ghakaleka mphindano zawo na kuzomerezga Mtende wa Lodi mu 1454. Mtende uwu ukatora vilimika 40, ndipo cifukwa cakuti Venice ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa nyanja, mu vilimika vyose vya m'ma 1500, kukaŵa mtende. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda nga ni Niccolò Da Conti (1395-1469) ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya kumwera kwa Asia na kuwerako. ===Italian Wars=== [[File:Habsburg Map 1547.jpg|thumbnail|Italy and the [[Habsburg Empire]] in 1547.]] Nkhondo za ku Italy zikamba mu 1494 apo charu cha France chikapoka charu cha Italy. Nkhondo iyi yikamba chifukwa cha mphindano pakati pa ufumu wa Milan na Ufumu wa Naples. Themba la Ufumu wa Roma, Charles V, likathereska Ŵaciroma pa Nkhondo ya ku Pavia (1525) kweniso pa Nkhondo ya Cognac (1526-30). Paumaliro, pamasinda pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikaŵa zambura umaliro, mu 1559, ku Cateau-Cambrésis, France likapangana kuti lileke kukolerana na ivyo likayowoyanga. Mu 1499, Ŵaturuki ŵakaparanya chigaŵa chikuru cha Venice (kweni msumba wura yayi), ndipo mu 1509 ŵa League of Cambrai ŵakambaso kuwukira na kupoka vinthu. Mu 1528, misumba yinandi ya Apulia na Abbruzzi yikaŵa kuti yapokeka. Cinthu ciheni comene ico cikacitika pa Meyi 6, 1527, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakacimbizga msumba wa Roma. Nyengo yitali iyo Florence yikazingilizgika (1529-1530) yikapangiska kuti mizi iyo yikaŵa kufupi na msumba uwu yiparanyike, malonda ghake ghakutumizga vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake ghatimbanizgike, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakayora chuma chawo. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu matawuni gha ku Italy ŵakakhira na hafu. Makampani agho ghakapanganga weya na silika mu Lombardy ghakawa apo ŵasilikari ŵaheni ŵakaparanya vyakulimira vyawo. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakwiya comene cifukwa cakuti ŵakawotcha caru.<ref>John Julius Norwich, ''The Italians: History, Art and the Genius of a People'' (1983) p 165-66.</ref> == Kufuma ku Nkhondo ya ku Kananizgako Chikhristu Mpaka ku Nkhondo ya Napoleon == {{Main|History of Italy (1559–1814)}} [[File:Doktorschnabel 430px.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|[[Plague doctor]] attire for protection from the Black death, Rome, 1656.]] Mdauko wa Italy pamanyuma pa mtende wa Cateau-Cambrésis ukaŵa wa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kumpoto kukaŵa ufumu wa Austrian Habsburgs, ndipo kumwera kukaŵa ufumu wa Spain. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo za ku Europe za m'ma 1700, kumwera kukaŵa kwa ŵa Bourbon ŵa ku Spain ndipo kumpoto kukaŵa kwa nyumba ya Habsburg-Lorraine. Mu nyengo ya Napoleon, caru ca Italy cikapokeka na caru ca France ndipo cikagaŵikana mu vyaru vinandi. Pa ungano wa ku Vienna (1814), vinthu vikaŵa nga umo vikaŵira kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, kweni vikasinthika mwaluŵiro chifukwa cha umoza wa Italy. Chuma cha ku Italy chikamba kunangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600 na 1700. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 1600, vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Italy. Mu 1600, cigaŵa ca kumpoto na ca pakati pa Italy cikaŵa cimoza mwa vigaŵa vya ku Europe ivyo vikaŵa na mafakitale ghanandi. Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga makora chomene. Kuzakafika mu 1870, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cakulopwa comene pa nkhani ya vya cuma. Nkhondo, kugaŵikana kwa ndyali, unandi wa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito, na kusintha kwa malonda gha caru cose kuya ku mpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe na America, vikaŵa vyakuzirwa comene.<ref>Carlo M. Cipolla, “The Decline of Italy: The Case of a Fully Matured Economy.” abFZxxxx ''Economic History Review'' 5#2 1952, pp. 178–187. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2591055 online]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=45|isbn=9781107507180}}</ref> ===17th century=== [[File:Piazza Mercatello durante la peste del 1656 - Spadaro.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Contemporary engraving of Naples during the [[Naples Plague]] in 1656]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, vinthu vikasintha comene mu Italy. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa nga ni nkhongono za Papa izo zikasazgikira mu caru ici ndiposo umo Tchalitchi la Katolika likacitira pa nyengo iyo pakaŵa kusintha kwa visopa. Nangauli ku Italy kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵakumanya vya sayansi na luso, nga ni ivyo Galileo wakabowozga pa nkhani ya sayansi ya vya mu mlengalenga na sayansi ya vinthu vyakuthupi. Nangauli ku Italy kukafuma ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasanda malo nga ni Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, na Giovanni da Verrazzano, kweni ŵanthu ŵakasanga malo ghanyake ghapachanya chomene mu charu ichi. Kweniso, cifukwa cakuti Spain yikacitako Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makumi Ghatatu (1618-48), iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na misonkho iyo yikaŵa pa malo ghake gha ku Italy, yikapangiska kuti malonda na vyakurya vya ku Italy vileke kwenda makora. Nthenda iyi yikathandazgaso mu Italy. Nthenda ya muliri iyo yikawira kumpoto kwa Italy mu 1630, chomenechomene ku Milan na Venice, yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni. Nthenda ya muliri ya mu 1656 yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 43 peresenti mu Ufumu wa Naples. Ŵanthu ŵakumanya mdauko ŵakugomezga kuti kuchepa kwa unandi wa ŵanthu mu misumba ya ku Italy ndiko kukachitiska kuti caru ici cileke kuŵa malo ghakurughakuru gha malonda na ndyali. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakughanaghanira, mu 1500 GDP ya Italy yikaŵa 106% ya GDP ya France, kweni mu 1700 yikaŵa 75% pera.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maddison|first1=Angus|title=Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History|url=https://archive.org/details/contoursworldeco00madd|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-922720-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/contoursworldeco00madd/page/n393 379], table A.4|edition=1st}}</ref> ===18th century=== [[File:Battle of Bitonto by Giovanni Luigi Rocco.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Bitonto]] by Giovanni Luigi Rocco]] Nkhondo ya ku Spain (1701-1714) yikamba cifukwa ca nyifwa ya fumu yaumaliro ya ku Spain, Charles II, uyo wakapeleka chiharo chose ku fumu ya ku Spain, Philip, Duke of Anjou. Pakuwona kuti caru ca France cili na mazaza pa vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe, ku The Hague kukalembeka phangano la Grand Alliance pakati pa Austria, England, Republic of the Netherlands, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghacoko. Wupu uwu ukathereska "Party of the Two Crowns" ya ku France na Spain, ndipo pa phangano la Utrecht na Rastatt, caru ca Italy (Milan, Naples na Sardinia) cikapelekeka ku Austria kufuma ku Spain. Ndipouli, Spain wakayezgaso kutora malo mu Italy na kupoka ufumu wa France mu Nkhondo ya Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720), kweni wakathereskeka. Chifukwa cha phangano la Hague, Spain wakazomera kuleka ivyo Italy yikakhumbanga, apo Duke Victor Amadeus II wa ku Savoy wakazomera kusinthiska Sicily na Austria, na kutorako cirwa ca Sardinia, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakacemeka Themba la Sardinia. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakapoka Naples na Sicily pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Bitonto mu 1738. ===Age of Napoleon=== [[File:Italia 1796-en.svg|thumb|left|Italy before the Napoleonic invasion (1796).]] {{Further|Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars}} At the end of the 18th century, Italy was almost in the same political conditions as in the 16th century; the main differences were that [[Austria]] had replaced Spain as the dominant foreign power after the [[War of Spanish Succession]] (though the [[War of the Polish Succession]] resulted in the re-installment of the Spanish in the south, as the [[House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]), and that the dukes of [[Savoy]] (a mountainous region between Italy and France) had become kings of [[Sardinia]] by increasing their Italian possessions, which now included Sardinia and the north-western region of [[Piedmont]]. This situation was shaken in 1796, when the French [[Army of Italy (France)|Army of Italy]] under [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] invaded Italy, with the aims of forcing the [[First Coalition]] to abandon [[Sardinia]] (still in the hands of the Coalition [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]) and forcing Austria to withdraw from Italy. The first battles came on 9 April, between the French and the Piedmontese, and within only two weeks [[Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia]] was forced to sign an armistice. On 15 May the French general then entered Milan, where he was welcomed as a liberator. Subsequently, beating off Austrian counterattacks and continuing to advance, he arrived in the [[Veneto]] in 1797. Here occurred the [[Veronese Easters]], an act of rebellion against French oppression, that tied down Napoleon for about a week. [[File:Manin's abdication.jpg|thumb|A portrait painting the [[fall of the Republic of Venice]] (1797): the abdication of the last [[Doge of Venice|Doge]], [[Ludovico Manin]]]] Napoleon wakathereska vigaŵa vinandi vya Italy mu zina la French Revolution mu 1797-99. Wakasazgirako maboma ghakale na kugaŵira maboma gha Austria. Wakambiska vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa na malango ghaphya na kuwuskapo wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Ufumu wa Cisalpine wa Napoleon ukaŵa ku Milan. Msumba wa Genoa ukazgoka charu cha Jamhuri, ndipo chigaŵa chake chikazgoka charu cha Liguria. Boma la Romu likapangika kufuma pa vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vya papa apo papa wakatumika ku France. Boma la Naples likaŵa pafupi na Naples, kweni likakhalako myezi yinkhondi pera pambere ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵandaliwukire. Mu 1805, wakambiska ufumu wa Italy, ndipo iyo wakaŵa fumu ndipo mwana wake waciŵiri wakaŵa mwimiliri. Kweniso, caru ca France cikapangiska kuti caru ca Netherlands ciŵe ca Batavian Republic, ndipo ca Switzerland cikazgoka ca Helvetic Republic. Vyaru vyose ivi vikaŵa vyakulongozgeka na France, ndipo vikeneranga kupeleka ndalama zinandi ku Paris, kweniso kovwira nkhondo za Napoleon. Ndyali na maboma gha mu vyaru ivi ghakaŵa ghaphya, ndipo ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya metric. Ŵayuda ŵakaleka kukhala mu misasa ya ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga ŵangoza. Belgium na Piedmont vikazgoka vigaŵa vya France.<ref>Alexander Grab, ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe'' (2003) pp 62–65, 78–79, 88–96, 115–17, 154–59</ref> [[File:Italy c 1810.png|thumb|left|Political map of Italy in the years around 1810]] Mu 1805, pamanyuma pakuti France yawina nkhondo ya Third Coalition na kukolerana na boma la Pressburg, Napoléon wakapoka malo gha Veneto na Dalmatia, ndipo wakaghaŵika mu ufumu wa Italy. Mu chaka chenechicho, boma laciŵiri, la Ligurian Republic (ilo likaŵa laciŵiri kwa Republic of Genoa), likakanizgika kuti lijibatane na France. Mu 1806, wakathereska ufumu wa Naples na kuwupeleka kwa munung'una wake ndipo kufuma apo (kufuma mu 1808) kwa Joachim Murat, pamoza na kutolera ŵadumbu ŵake Elisa na Paolina ku ŵakaronga ŵa Massa-Carrara na Guastalla. Mu 1808, wakasazgirako Marche na Tuscany ku Ufumu wa Italy. Mu 1809, Bonaparte wakawukira Rome, cifukwa ca mphindano na papa, uyo wakamufumiska mu mpingo, ndiposo kuti wasungilire boma lake, wakathemba Papa wakwamba ku Savona ndipo pamanyuma ku France. Pamanyuma pa Russia, vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe vikakolerana na kuthereska Napoleon pa Nkhondo ya ku Leipzig, ndipo pamanyuma pake vyaru vya Italy ivyo vikaŵa ŵabwezi ŵake, pamoza na Murat, vikamuleka kuti waŵe mubwezi wa Austria. Pakuti wakathereskeka pa nkhondo ya ku Paris pa Epulero 6, 1814, Napoléon wakaleka ufumu wake ndipo wakatumika ku Elba. Pa ungano wa ku Vienna (1814), vinthu vikaŵa nga umo vikaŵira mu 1795, ndipo Italy yikagaŵikana pakati pa Austria (ku mpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi na Lombardy), Ufumu wa Sardinia, Ufumu wa Sicily (ku mpoto na Sicily), na Tuscany, Papal States na vyaru vinyake vichoko. Ndipouli, maufumu ghakale nga ni Venice na Genoa ghakaŵavya, Venice ghakaŵa gha Austria, ndipo Genoa ghakaŵa gha Ufumu wa Sardinia.[[File:Flag of Repubblica Cispadana1.jpg|thumb|upright|Flag of the [[Cispadane Republic]], which was the first [[Flag of Italy|Italian tricolour]] adopted by a sovereign Italian state (1797)]] Apo Napoléon wakacimbira na kuwelera ku France (mazuŵa 100), wakapokaso wovwiri wa Murat, kweni Murat wakatondeka kukhorweska Ŵataliyani kuti ŵarwe na Napoléon. Ntheura maufumu gha ku Italy ghakawa, ndipo nyengo ya kuwuskako ufumu wa Italy yikamba. Piedmont, Genoa, na Nice vikaŵa pamoza, nga ni Sardinia (iyo yikapangiska Savoy), apo Lombardy, Veneto, Istria, na Dalmatia vikaŵaso ku Austria. Ŵaduki ŵa ku Parma na Modena ŵakambaso kuwusa, ndipo Ufumu wa Papal na wa Naples ukawelera ku ufumu wa Bourbon. Vinthu vya ndyali na vyakuthupi ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo ya kuwuskako ufumu wa Italy (1815-1835) vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambuke mu caru cose ca Italy. Vyose ivi vikapangiska kuti Ufumu uphya wa Italy uŵeko. Frederick Artz wakadidimizgapo uwemi uwo Ŵaitaliya ŵakasanga cifukwa ca Nkhondo ya ku France: :Kwa vilimika pafupifupi makumi ghaŵiri, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakaŵa na malango ghawemi comene, msonkho wakwenelera, vinthu vikaŵayenderanga makora pa vya cuma, kweniso ŵakaŵa ŵakupulikira comene pa nkhani za cisopa na vinjeru.... Ku vigaŵa vyose, mphindano zauzimu, za cuma, na zauzimu zikaŵa kuti zalekeka ndipo Ŵacitaliya ŵakamanya kuti ŵali na caru cimoza..<ref>Frederick B. Artz, ''Reaction and Revolution: 1814–1832 '' (1934) pp 142–43</ref> Mu nyengo ya Napoleon, mu 1797, boma la Italy la Cispadane, ilo likaŵa na mazaza pa caru cose, likamba kutolera ndembera ya ku Italy. Zuŵa ili likucemeka kuti Zuŵa la Tricolour. Mu 1789, ŵakalembapo maluŵa gha ku Italy agho ghakaŵa na mitundu yitatu.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tarozzi|first1=Fiorenza|last2=Vecchio|first2=Giorgio |title=Gli italiani e il tricolore|year=1999|publisher=Il Mulino|language=it|isbn=88-15-07163-6|pages=67–68}}</ref> ==Unification (1814–1861)== {{Main|Italian unification}} [[File:Italian-unification.gif|thumb|Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871]] The ''[[Risorgimento]]'' was the political and social process that unified different states of the [[Italian peninsula]] into the single nation of Italy. It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the end of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] rule and the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, and approximately ended with the [[Franco-Prussian War]] in 1871, though the last [[irredentism|"città irredente"]] did not join the [[Kingdom of Italy]] until the Italian victory in [[World War I]]. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, other national monarchs he had installed tried to keep their thrones by feeding those nationalistic sentiments, setting the stage for the revolutions to come. Among these monarchs was the viceroy of Italy, [[Eugène de Beauharnais]], who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and [[Joachim Murat]], who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule.<ref>{{cite web |year=1815 |title=Proclamation of Rimini |url=http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080126164906/http://www.regione.piemonte.it/cultura/risorgimento/immagine/00402.htm |archive-date=26 January 2008 |access-date=21 February 2008}}</ref> Following the defeat of Napoleonic France, the [[Congress of Vienna]] (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent. In Italy, the Congress restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments, either directly ruled or strongly influenced by the prevailing European powers, particularly Austria. [[File:Garibaldi (1866).jpg|150px|thumb|left|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<ref name="scholar and patriot">{{cite web |url={{Google books|iWK7AAAAIAAJ |page=PA133 |keywords=Garibaldi+one+of+the+greatest+generals+of+modern+time |text= |plainurl=yes}}|title=Scholar and Patriot|publisher=Manchester University Press|via=Google Books}}</ref> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds",<ref name="Garibaldi on Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |title=Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary) |access-date=6 March 2014 | url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi |archive-date=26 February 2014 }}</ref> who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to Italian unification.]] [[File:Giuseppe Mazzini.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Giuseppe Mazzini]], highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement.]] Mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakagaluka cifukwa ca kususkana na boma lawo. Pakulongozgeka na ŵa Spain (awo mu 1812, ŵakapanga dango lawo), gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ufumu wa Sicily ŵaŵiri, ilo likalongozgekanga na Guglielmo Pepe, Carbonaro (munthu wa mu gulu lakubisika la Republican), likagaluka, ndipo likathereska chigaŵa cha Sicily. Themba Ferdinand I likazomera kuti paŵe dango liphya. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana nawo yayi ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Austria ŵakathereskeka. Ferdinand wakawuskapo dango la boma ndipo wakamba kutambuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakugaluka. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na kusintha kwa vinthu ku Sicily, kusazgapo msambiri Michele Amari, ŵakacimbizgika. Mulongozgi wa gulu la ku Piedmont ilo likawukira boma la Italy mu 1821, wakaŵa Santorre di Santarosa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Ŵaciotiriya na kuwunganya Italy pasi pa nyumba ya Savoy. Nkhondo ya ku Piedmont yikambira ku Alessandria, uko ŵasilikari ŵakamba kuvwara vikhuni vyakututuŵa, vyambura kufipirwa, na vyakututuŵa. Themba Charles Albert, ilo likaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari, likakhazikiska dango liphya kuti likondweske ŵasilikari. Kweni themba likati lawerako, likakana dango ili ndipo likapempha wovwiri ku wupu wa Holy Alliance. Ŵasilikari ŵa Di Santarosa ŵakathereskeka, ndipo munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kuzgoka wasinthusi wakacimbilira ku Paris. Pa nyengo iyo, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti nkhondo ya kuwunganya caru ca Italy yikaŵa yakwimikana comene na Ufumu wa Austria na mbumba ya Habsburgs, cifukwa ŵakalongozganga kumpoto kwa Italy uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga Citaliyana. Ufumu wa Austria ukakanizga mtima wa kutemwera caru uwo ukakuranga mu caru ca Italy, kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu wa Habsburg. Franz Metternich, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Austria, ndipo wakaŵa na mazaza pa ungano wa ku Vienna, wakayowoya kuti zina lakuti Italy ni "mazgu ghakung'anamura malo". Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwana chomene na mtundu wawo, ndipo panji ntchito yakumanyikwa chomene iyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mtundu wawo ni I Promessi Sposi ya Alessandro Manzoni. Ŵanyake ŵakuwona kuti buku ili likususka waka muwuso wa Austria. Buku ili likalembeka mu 1827, ndipo mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo likasintha chomene. Mu Baibolo la 1840 la I Promessi Sposi, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chiyowoyero cha Tuscan, icho chikaŵa chiyowoyero icho mulembi wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire. Awo ŵakakolerana na umoza uwu ŵakasuskika na Tchalitchi la Katolika, chomenechomene ŵakati ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa Papal States. Pa nyengo iyo, papa Pius IX wakafipanga mtima kuti para waleka mazaza ghake mu cigaŵa ici, Ŵakatolika ŵa ku Italy ŵazamutambuzgika. Nanga ni awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe cimoza, ŵakakolerana yayi umo boma ili licitirenge. Vincenzo Gioberti, wasembe wa ku Piedmont, wakakhumbanga kuti caru cose ca Italy ciŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Papa. Buku lake lakuti, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, likafuma mu 1843. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuti mu Italy muŵe boma la ŵanthu wose, kweni paumaliro, themba na nduna yikuru ndiyo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukolerana na ŵamazaza ŵa mu Italy.[[File:Image-Inno di Mameli 2.jpg|thumb|[[Holograph]]ic copy of 1847 of ''[[Il Canto degli Italiani]]'', the Italian [[national anthem]] since 1946]] Gulu linyake la ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha vinthu likaŵa la Carbonari (awo ŵakawotchanga makala), gulu lakubisika ilo likapangika kumwera kwa Italy kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1800. Gulu ili likafuma mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu magulu gha pakati na ŵavinjeru. Pamanyuma pakuti ungano wa ku Vienna wagaŵa chigaŵa cha Italy pakati pa maufumu gha ku Europe, gulu la Carbonari likasazgikira mu caru ca Papal States, Ufumu wa Sardinia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Duchy of Modena, na Ufumu wa Lombardy-Venetia. Ŵalwani aŵa ŵakaŵawopanga comene mwakuti ŵamazaza ŵakapeleka dango lakuti waliyose uyo wakwiza ku maungano gha Carbonari wakomeke. Ndipouli, wupu uwu ukalutilira kuŵako ndipo ndiwo ukambiska masuzgo ghanandi gha ndyali mu Italy kwambira mu 1820 m'paka apo caru cikaŵa pamoza. Gulu la Carbonari likadumura kuti Napoleon III wakomeke cifukwa ca kutondeka kukolerana na Italy, ndipo likakhala pacoko kuti limukome mu 1858. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa gulu ili ŵakaŵa mu gulu ili. (Manyani kuti: Apo wakaŵa muwukirano, Napoleon III wakarwanga ku chigaŵa cha 'Carbonari.') Pa nyengo iyi, mu 1847, sumu ya Il Canto degli Italiani, iyo yikaŵa sumu ya fuko la Italy kwambira mu 1946, yikamba kwimbika pa wumba. Il Canto degli Italiani, yakulembeka na Goffredo Mameli na kwimbika na Michele Novaro, yikumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Inno di Mameli, kufuma pa mazgu gha uyo wakalemba sumu iyi, panji Fratelli d'Italia, kufuma pa mazgu ghakwamba.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Maiorino |first1=Tarquinio|last2=Marchetti Tricamo|first2=Giuseppe |last3=Zagami |first3=Andrea |title=Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera|year=2002 |publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|language=it|isbn=978-88-04-50946-2|page=18}}</ref>[[File:Statuto fondamentale del regno.pdf|page=27|thumb|left|[[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] assumes the title of [[king of Italy]] with the [[Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy|law n. 4671 of 17 March 1861 of the Kingdom of Sardinia]], that sanctioned the birth of the unified [[Kingdom of Italy]]]] Ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa comene awo ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakutalulira mu gulu ili ŵakaŵa Giuseppe Mazzini na Giuseppe Garibaldi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga fundo za boma lakwamba ŵakaŵa Count of Cavour na Victor Emmanuel II, uyo pamasinda wakaŵa fumu yakwamba ya Italy. Mazzini wakajalirika mu jele chifukwa cha ivyo wakacitanga. Apo wakaŵa mu jere, wakawona kuti caru ca Italy cingaŵa cakukolerana ndipo wakalemba pulogiramu yake ya kukhazikiska caru cakufwatuka, cakukolerana na boma la Roma. Mazzini wakati wafuma mu jele mu 1831, wakaluta ku Marseille, uko wakambiska gulu liphya la ndyali lakucemeka La Giovine Italia. Gulu liphya ili likaŵa na mazgu ghakuti "Chiuta na Ŵanthu", ndipo likakhumbanga kuti Italy wakoleranenge. Ufumu wa Italy ukaŵako cifukwa ca kuyezgayezga kwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakolerananga na nyumba ya Savoy. Ufumu wa Sardinia ukaŵa wa vyamalonda kwambira mu 1830. Dango lakwamba, la Statuto Albertino, likapelekeka mu 1848, mu chaka icho kukaŵa viwawa. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵasilikari ŵa Austria nawo ŵakamba nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Italy. Nkhondo iyi yikati yamara, vinthu vikasintha ndipo ufumu wa Sardinia ukathera. Garibaldi, uyo wakababikira mu msumba wa Nice (uyo panyengo iyo ukaŵa ku Ufumu wa Sardinia), wakacitako chigaluka mu Piedmont mu 1834, ndipo wakeruzgika kuti wakomeke. Wakakhalako vyaka 14, ndipo wakachitako nkhondo zinandi. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo za 1848, mulongozgi wa gulu ilo likakhumbanga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza wakaŵa Giuseppe Garibaldi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakamutemwanga comene. Garibaldi ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu la ku Italy ilo likakhumbanga kuti caru cose ciŵe cimoza, kweni ufumu wa kumpoto kwa Italy wa nyumba ya Savoy mu ufumu wa Piedmont-Sardinia uwo ukalongozgekanga na Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, nawo ŵakakhumbanga kukhazikiska boma la Italy. Nangauli ufumu uwu ukaŵa kuti ulije kukolerana na ufumu wa Roma (uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa Italy), kweni ukalimbana na Austria mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy. Kuyana na phangano la Plombières, ufumu wa Sardinia ukapeleka Savoy na Nice ku France, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Niçard ŵafumemo mu caru cawo. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mabungwe ghakuzirwa agho ghakawovwira kuti Italy wambe kukolerana, nga ni Britain na France mu Nkhondo ya ku Crimea. Mu 1871, Giuseppe Garibaldi wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa boma ku Nice, uko wakayezga kukhozgera kuti msumba wake uŵe chigaŵa cha Italy, kweni ŵakamukanira kuyowoya. Cifukwa ca kukana, pakati pa 1871 na 1872 kukaŵa vivulupi mu msumba wa Nice, ivyo vikaciskika na Garibaldini ndipo vikacemekanga "Niçard Vespers", ivyo vikakhumbanga kuti msumba uwu na vigaŵa vyake viŵikike mu Italy. Ŵanthu 15 ŵa ku Nice awo ŵakacitako cigaluka ici ŵakeruzgika.<ref>Giuseppe André, ''Nizza negli ultimi quattro anni'', Nice, Editore Gilletta, 1875, pp. 334-335 (In Italian).</ref> ===Southern question and Italian diaspora=== {{See also|Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861|Italian diaspora}} [[File:Carmine Crocco1.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Carmine Crocco]]]] Kumwera kwa charu ichi (Mezzogiorno) vinthu vikenda makora yayi. Mulimo wa kuwunganya na kusinthiska vinthu ukapangiska kuti kumpoto na kumwera kwa Italy kuŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵanthu ŵakasuskanga vyaru vya kumwera kuti ni "vyakukhalira kumanyuma" ndiposo vyautesi, kweni nadi, pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Italy, "uko kukaŵa kukhalira kumanyuma, nyengo zose kukaŵanga vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawovwiranga". Mbunenesko kuti pakeneranga kuŵa vifukwa vyakupulikikwa vyakupatulira kumwera nga umo vikaŵira na Italy. Chigaŵa chose cha kumwera kwa Naples chikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi gha vyachuma na gha ŵanthu. Ndipouli, masuzgo ghanandi gha ndyali gha ku South na lumbiri lwake lwa kuŵa "wakukhazikika" panji wauleŵi (kuyana na ndyali) ghakaŵako cifukwa ca boma liphya (ilo likababika cifukwa ca kukhumba kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cakukhora) ilo likapatuska ŵanthu ŵa ku South na kuŵakanizga kuyowoyapo pa nkhani zakuzirwa. Ndipouli, vinthu vikaŵa vyakusuzga, dongo likaŵa lambura vipambi vinandi, nkhorongo yikakhalanga makora yayi, makampani ghanandi ghakakhalanga waka pa malo ghake chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru, malo ghakuru ghakaŵa ghambura kulongozgeka makora, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵa na malo ghacoko comene, kweniso kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura nchito kweniso ucigeŵenga.<ref name="Roland Sarti 2004 pp 567">Roland Sarti, ''Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present'' (2004) pp 567–568</ref> [[File:Map of the Italian Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Map of the [[Italian diaspora]] in the world]] [[File:Émigration italienne par régions 1876-1915.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.4|Emigration of Italians from 1876 to 1915]] Cavour wakaghanaghana kuti suzgo likuru likaŵa boma liheni, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti lingamazgikaso para malango gha ku Piedmont ghangalondezga. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kunanga vinthu, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo iyo yikatora vilimika pafupifupi 10. Nkhondo iyi yikafika paheni comene comene ku Basilicata na kumpoto kwa Apulia, ndipo yikalongozgekanga na Carmine Crocco na Michele Caruso. Nkhondo ya ku South America yikati yamara, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakaluta ku United States na South America. Ŵanyake ŵakasamira ku misumba ya kumpoto ya vyamalonda nga ni Genoa, Milan, na Turin, ndipo ŵakatumizga ndalama kukwawo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakasamira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kuzingilizga charu cha Italy mu 1880, vyaka 20 pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chazakaŵa pamoza. Ukavu ukaŵa cifukwa cikuru ico ŵanthu ŵakasamukiranga ku vyaru vinyake, comenecomene cifukwa ca kusoŵerwa kwa malo. Mu chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Italy vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi. M'paka m'ma 1860 m'paka m'ma 1950, chigaŵa chikuru cha Italy chikaŵa ku mizi ndipo chikaŵa na matawuni ghachoko waka. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Italy, nchakuti vinthu vikamba kwenda makora pa umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambe kusama ndipo cikapangiska kuti miwiro yiphya yisame mu vyaru vinandi kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, comenecomene ku America. Kusama kwa ndalama kukapangiska kuti pa caru cose paŵe nchito zinandi za ŵanthu ŵambura maluso ndipo kukacitiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵasamire mu vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagure "ganyu na cingwa".<ref>{{cite book| last1=Pozzetta|first1=George E.|title=Pane e Lavoro: The Italian American Working Class|date=1980| publisher=Multicultural History Society of Ontorio|location=Toronto}}</ref>[[File:2016 - Vittoriano (Rome) 07.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the two braziers that burn perpetually on the sides of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|tomb of the Italian Unknown Soldier]] at [[Altare della Patria]] in [[Rome]]. At their base there is a plaque bearing the inscription ''Gli italiani all'estero alla Madre Patria'' ("Italians abroad to the Motherland")''.'']] Mu nyengo ya ku Italy, charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi chomene. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca kupasuka kwa muwuso wa ŵasilikari na kugaŵa malo, ŵalimi ŵacokoŵacoko ŵa kumwera ŵakeneranga yayi kuŵa na malo ghawo panji malo agho ŵangagwirako nchito na kusangapo candulo. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya malo, ndipo malo ghakaŵa ghacoko na ghacoko, ndipo ghakaŵa ghambura kupambika makora, cifukwa caru cikagaŵikanga pakati pa ŵahaliri. Pakati pa 1860 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, ŵanthu 9 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumapo pa ŵanthu 16 miliyoni awo ŵakaluta ku caru cinyake, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku North panji South America. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti kufuma mu 1876 m'paka 1914, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakwana 14 miliyoni. Pa ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakafumanga mu caru cawo mu 1876 m'paka 1900, ŵanthu pafupifupi 220,000 ŵakafumanga mu caru ici. Pambere chaka cha 1900 chindafike, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakafumanga kumpoto na pakati pa Italy. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafuma mu Italy pakati pa 1870 na 1914, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pa ŵatatu ŵakaŵa ŵanalume awo ŵakaŵa na maluso ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalimi ndiwo ŵakaŵa hafu ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakafumanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere chaka cha 1896 chindafike. Ŵalendo ŵakalutilira kukhozga ubwezi wawo na caru cawo nanga ni para ŵafuma. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakapeleka vyawanangwa kuti ŵakazenge Altare della Patria (1885~1935), chigaŵa cha chikumbusko cha Themba Victor Emmanuel II la ku Italy. Ng'anamuro la ntharika ya moto uwo ukubuka kwamuyirayira likukolerana na vimanyikwiro vya moto uwu. Moto uwo ukubuka kwamuyirayira ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakukumbuka sembe ya msilikari wambura kumanyikwa na kukolerana na caru cawo.<ref name="fiamma">{{cite web |title=Il mito della "lampada perenne" |url=http://www.toscanaoggi.it/Cultura-Societa/Il-mito-della-lampada-perenne |access-date=12 February 2018 |language=it}}</ref> ==Liberal period (1861–1922)== {{Main|Kingdom of Italy}} {{multiple image | align = left | image1 = VictorEmmanuel2.jpg | width1 = 139 | alt1 = | caption1 = | image2 = Tuminello, Lodovico (1824-1907) - Cavour cropped.jpg | width2 = 158 | alt2 = | caption2 = | footer = [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]] and [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]], leading figures in the Italian unification, became respectively the [[King of Italy|1st king]] and [[Prime Minister of Italy|1st Prime Minister]] of unified Italy }} Pa 17 Malichi, 1861, caru ca Italy cikazgoka boma la ŵanthu, apo vyaru vinandi vya pa cigaŵa ici vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa fumu Victor Emmanuel II wa nyumba ya Savoy, uyo wakalamuliranga Piedmont. Ŵanthu awo ŵakambiska kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza ŵakaŵa Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, nduna yikuru ya boma la Victor Emmanuel, na Giuseppe Garibaldi, mulara wa ŵasilikari na munthu wakuzirwa comene. Mu 1866, Otto von Bismarck, nduna yikuru ya ku Prussia, wakaphalira Victor Emmanuel II kuti waŵe mubwezi wa Ufumu wa Prussia. Pakuwezgera, Prussia wakazomerezga Italy kuti wapoke Venice. Themba Emmanuel likazomera ndipo Nkhondo Yachitatu ya ku Italy yikamba. Cifukwa ca kutonda ku Austria, caru ca Italy cikapoka Venice. Cinthu cimoza ico cikapangiska kuti caru ca Italy cileke kukolerana cikaŵa Roma. Mu 1870, caru ca France cikamba nkhondo ya ku France na Prussia ndipo cikawezga ŵasilikari ŵake ku Rome, uko ŵakaleka kuti papa waŵe na mazaza. Italy wakawukira boma la Papa. Ŵakazomerezga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cimoza, ndipo msumba ukuru wa caru ici ukafumako ku Florence kuya ku Roma. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa vyakuti vinganjira mu ufumu wa Italy (terre irredente), nga ni Trentino-Alto Adige na Julian March, vikaŵamo yayi mu ufumu uwu m'paka mu 1918 apo Italy yikathereska Austria-Hungary mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Pa cifukwa ici, nyengo zinyake awo ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuyowoya kuti nyengo ya kuwungana yikamara mu 1871, kusazgapo ivyo vikacitika kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1915-1918), ndipo yikamara na phangano la nkhondo la Villa Giusti pa Novembala 4, 1918. Fundo iyi yikulongosoreka makora chomene pa nyengo ya kuwungana kwa Roma.<ref>Arnaldi, Girolamo. ''Italy and Its Invaders.'' Harvard University Press, 2005. p. 194. {{ISBN|0-674-01870-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.risorgimento.it/index.php?section=museo|title=Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma|website=Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano|access-date=6 July 2018|language=it}}</ref>[[File:Marco Minghetti.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Marco Minghetti]]]] Ku Northern Italy, mulimo wa kupanga vinthu na kuzgora vinthu vinyake kuŵa viphya ukamba kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga ku mizi ya kumwera, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakachimbilira ku vyaru vinyake kukapenja umoyo uwemi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe nga ni France, Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, na Luxembourg, kweniso ku America. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma laparamendi likakura comene. Dango la ku Sardinia ilo likalembeka mu 1848, likapelekaso wanangwa ku ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Ufumu wa Italy mu 1861. Ndyali za ku Italy zikagaŵikana pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha kumalyero na kumalyero, ivyo vikapangiska kuti maboma ghaŵe mu suzgo. Mu 1876, Minghetti wakataya mazaza ndipo wakasinthika na Agostino Depretis, uyo wakamba kulamulira mu 1880s, kweni wakalutilira kuyezga kukhozga ŵakususka kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza. ===Depretis=== [[File:Agostino Depretis.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Agostino Depretis]].]] Depretis wakamba uteŵeti wake pakuŵa nduna yikuru mwa kwamba kughanaghana vya ndyali, zina lake Trasformismo. Fundo ya Trasformismo yikaŵa yakuti boma likwenera kusankha ŵandyali ŵakuzika na ŵakwenelera kufuma mu vigaŵa vyambura kupindikana. Depretis wakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vyake ŵamuvotere usange ŵakukhumba kuti Depretis waŵawovwire. Mu 1876, pakaŵa ŵimiliri ŵanayi pera awo ŵakasankhika kufuma ku chigaŵa chakumanjiliro. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti Depretis wakathereskeka cifukwa ca nkharo yake ya nkhaza. Depretis wakathereska ŵanthu ŵankhaza, nga nkhukanizga maungano gha pa wumba, kupeleka ŵanthu "ŵakofya" ku vigaŵa vyakutali mu Italy, na kwendera ndyali. Depretis wakapangiska malango agho ghakaŵa na mphindano pa nyengo iyo, nga nkhulekeska kukakika chifukwa cha ngongoli, kuŵika sukulu ya pulayimale kuti yiŵe yaulere kweniso yakukhumbikwa. Boma lakwamba la Depretis likamara mu 1877 apo wakafumiskanga nduna yake ya mukati. Boma laciŵiri la Depretis likamba mu 1881. Mu 1882, Depretis wakakhumbanga kusazgirako wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy wa kusankha, kusazgirako misonkho iyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakeneranga kupeleka. Mu 1887, Depretis wakafumiskika pa udindo wake pamanyuma pa vilimika vinandi vya kutondeka kwa ndyali. ===Crispi=== [[File:Francesco Crispi crop.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Francesco Crispi]]]] [[Francesco Crispi]] (1818–1901) was Prime Minister for a total of six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896. Historian R.J.B. Bosworth says of his foreign policy that Crispi:<blockquote>Pursued policies whose openly aggressive character would not be equaled until the days of the Fascist regime. Crispi increased military expenditure, talked cheerfully of a European conflagration, and alarmed his German or British friends with his suggestions of preventative attacks on his enemies. His policies were ruinous, both for Italy's trade with France, and, more humiliatingly, for colonial ambitions in East Africa. Crispi's lust for territory there was thwarted when on 1 March 1896, the armies of Ethiopian Emperor Menelik routed Italian forces at Adowa, ... In what has been defined as an unparalleled disaster for a modern army. Crispi, whose private life (he was perhaps a trigamist) and personal finances...were objects of perennial scandal, went into dishonorable retirement.<ref>{{cite book|first=R.J.B.|last=Bosworth|title=Italy and the Wider World: 1860–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL1vjYQRR-0C&pg=PA29|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|page=29|isbn=978-1-134-78088-4}}</ref></blockquote> [[File:Poster FIAT by Giovanni Carpanetto.png|thumb|140px|1899 [[Fiat|FIAT]] advertisement]] Crispi wakaŵa mu nduna ya Depretis ndipo nyengo yinyake wakaŵa wa Garibaldi. Mu 1887 m'paka 1891, Crispi wakafipiranga mtima chomene kuvikilira Italy ku Austria-Hungary. Crispi wakalimbikiranga ntchito ya kuzenga Italy kuŵa ufumu wankhongono wa pa caru cose kwizira mu kunjizga ndarama za nkhondo, kukhozgera kutandazgika kwa caru, na kuyezga kuti Germany yikondwe nayo nangauli wakajibatika ku Triple Alliance iyo yikaŵa na Germany na Austria-Hungary mu 1882. Apo wakawovwiranga Italy kuti waŵe wakukhora, wakalutilira kusintha vinthu ndipo wakaŵa na mazaza, nyengo yinyake wakakhumbanga kuti boma liŵike dango lakukanizga vyaru vinyake. Nangauli Crispi wakaŵa wankhongono, kweni wakasintha vinthu vinyake nga ni Dango la vya Umoyo wa Ŵanthu la mu 1888 na kukhazikiska makhoti kuti boma liwezge masuzgo. Ŵanthu ŵa viŵeto awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kuŵika mtima comene pa ndyali. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali na ŵa visopa vinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti boma lisande umo lingawovwilira vyakurya mu Italy. Kafukufuku uyo wakamba mu 1877 ndipo wakafumiskika pakati pajumpha vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, wakalongora kuti vyakurya vikendanga makora yayi, kuti ŵeneco ŵa malo ŵakarya ndalama izo ŵakasanganga pa malo ghawo ndipo ŵakovwira comene yayi kuti malo ghawo ghamere makora. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya pasi ŵakakwiya comene cifukwa ca kugaŵikana kwa malo agho ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu wose. Ŵanandi awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda iyi ŵakaŵa ŵalimi yayi, kweni ŵantchito ŵacoko waka awo ŵakagwiranga nchito kwa cilimika cimoza. Ŵalimi ŵambura ndalama ŵakakhalanga na vyakurya vichoko waka, matenda ghakathandazgikanga mwaluŵiro, ndipo kukaŵa nthenda zakwambukira, kusazgapo nthenda yikuru ya kolera iyo yikakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 55,000. Boma la Italy likatondeka kumazga makora suzgo ili cifukwa ca ndalama zinandi izo boma la Depretis likagwiliskiranga nchito. Charu cha Italy nacho chikasuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mu ma 1870 na ma 1880, ŵakapanganga mpheska zinandi comene. Pa nyengo iyi, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cakuluska comene pa vyakurya vyose mu Europe, kweni cifukwa ca kuwelera kwa vyakurya ku France mu 1888, kumwera kwa Italy kukaŵa na vyakurya vinandi comene.{{sfn|Smith|1997|page=139}}[[File:Giovanni Giolitti 2.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Giovanni Giolitti]].]] [[File:Vittoriano Altare della Patria 2013-09-16.jpg|thumb|The [[Victor Emmanuel II Monument]] in Rome, a national symbol of Italy celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)|Italian Unknown Soldier]] since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th [[anniversary of the unification of Italy]]]] ===Giolitti=== Kufuma mu 1901 m'paka 1914, Giovanni Giolitti ndiyo wakalamuliranga ndyali na mbiri ya Italy. Pakwamba, wakasangana na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo Crispi wakacita. Ndipo pa nyengo yakwamba iyi apo ŵakuru na ŵasungwana ŵakakumananga, Giolitti wakawovwira kuti vinthu viŵe viphya mu ndyali pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na 1900. Kulekerathu kukanizga ŵanthu, kweni kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵacite viyezgo, ndiposo kuti ŵaleke kugwira nchito, kweni kuti ŵaleke kuŵa ŵankhaza panji ŵa ndyali. Ivyo Giolitti wakacita vikakhwaska comene umoyo wa ŵanthu na nchito, ŵanalume wose ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha, njanji na makampani gha inshuwalansi vikaŵa vya caru cose, ngongoli ya boma yikakhira, vinthu vyapasi vikamba kwenda makora, ndipo makampani ghakamba kupanga vinthu. Mu vyaru vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakamba kufumako ku Germany na Austria na Hungary na kwamba kukolerana na France, Great Britain, na Russia. Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 C.E., caru ca Italy cikaŵa na ufumu wake. Likatora ufumu wa Somalia. Boma la Ethiopia likathera yayi pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia mu 1895-1896. Mu 1911, boma la Giolitti likatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵakakome Libya. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, charu cha Italy chikapoka charu cha Libya (chenechicho chikaŵa ku Tripolitania na Cyrenaica) na virwa vya Dodecanese. Ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa ŵakakhumbanga kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe na mazaza pa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani mwa kutora caru ca Greece na dera la Dalmatia ilo lili mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Adriatic, kweni ŵakaŵikapo mtima yayi. Mu Juni 1914, boma likakanaso ŵanthu ŵakumanjilira kumalyero ŵati ŵakoma ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakasuskanga ŵasilikari. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanjiliro ŵakasuska ndipo chipani cha Italian Socialist Party chikapharazga kuti ŵanthu wose mu Italy ŵali mu viwawa. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kusuzgika chomene na vinthu vyambura urunji ivyo vikachitikanga mu misumba yikuruyikuru na mizi yichoko. Ndipouli, pati pajumpha mazuŵa ghaŵiri pera, ungano uwu ukaleka, nangauli nkhondo yikalutilira.{{sfn|Bosworth|2005|page=49}} === World War I and failure of the liberal state=== {{See also|Italian entry into World War I|Italian Front (World War I)|Military history of Italy during World War I|Italian Campaign (World War I)}} [[File:Trento 3 novembre 1918.jpg|thumb|left|Italian cavalry in [[Trento]] on 3 November 1918, after the victorious [[Battle of Vittorio Veneto]]. The Italian victory in this battle<ref name="victory">{{cite book |last=Burgwyn |first=H. James |title=Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1997 |page=4 |isbn=0-275-94877-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schindler |first=John R. |title=Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2001 |page=303 |isbn=0-275-97204-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=Denis |title=Mussolini |publisher=Knopf |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 31] |isbn=0-394-50694-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/mussolini0000mack/page/31 }}</ref> marked the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti|end of the war on the Italian Front]], secured the dissolution of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and contributed to the [[Armistice with Germany|end of the World War I]] just one week later.<ref name=Luden>{{cite book |quote=...&nbsp;[[Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]] wrote: ''In Vittorio Veneto, Austria did not lose a battle, but lose the war and itself, dragging Germany in its fall. Without the destructive battle of Vittorio Veneto, we would have been able, in a military union with the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, to continue the desperate resistance through the whole winter, in order to obtain a less harsh peace, because the Allies were very fatigued. |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |title=A Military History of Italy |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=150 |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}</ref>]] Italy yikanjira mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu 1915 na cilato ca kumalizga umoza wa chalo: pa cifukwa ici, kunjilirapo kwa Italy mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose kukuwonekaso nga ni Nkhondo Yacinayi ya ku Italiya ya Kujiyimira paŵekha, mu kawonekero ka historiographical ako kakulongora kuti nkondo iyi yikaŵa umaliro wa kuwungana kwa Italy, uko kukacitika nkhondo ya nkhondo iyo yikayamba mu 1848 na Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italiya. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918) yikaŵa cakucitika cambura kunozgekera ico cikapangiska kuti ŵambe kusopa pamoza na Germany na Austria. Kwa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, caru ca Italy cikaŵa cambura kuvikilira, cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Triple Alliance ŵakaŵanga na mulimo wa kuvikilira caru. Mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakanjira mu nkhondo iyi nangauli ŵakakhumbanga yayi kunjilirapo. Charu cha Italy chikaŵa chikuru kweniso chikaŵa mukavu. Wupu wa Triple Alliance ukaŵa wakuzirwa viŵi yayi ku Italy panji ku Austria. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri, nduna yikuru Antonio Salandra na nduna ya vyaru vinyake Sidney Sonnino ndiwo ŵakasankhanga vinthu vyose, nga ni umo vikaŵira mu ndyali za ku Italy. Ŵakacitanga vinthu mwakubisilizga, ndipo pamasinda ŵakalembeska themba, kweni ŵasilikari na ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali ŵakamanyanga yayi. Ŵakapangana na vigaŵa vyose viŵiri kuti ŵasangane ndalama zinandi, ndipo ŵakasanga ndalama kufuma ku ŵasilikari ŵa Entente, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵalayizga vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Ufumu wa Austria-Hungary, kusazgapo Tyrol na Trieste, kweniso kuti Albania waŵe chigaŵa chakutetezgeka. Russia wakakana kupeleka Dalmatia ku Italy. Britain yikaŵa yakunozgeka kupeleka wovwiri na ngongoli kuti yikope ŵanthu 36 miliyoni ŵa ku Italy kuŵa ŵabwezi ŵaphya awo ŵakasuzganga Austria kumwera.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lowe |first1=C.J. |year=1969 |title=Britain and Italian Intervention 1914–1915 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=12 |issue=3|pages=533–548 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00007275|s2cid=162738142 }}</ref>[[File:Liberazione di Trieste.jpg|thumb|Italian troops landing in [[Trieste]], 3 November 1918]] Mu Meyi 1915, pakapharazgika phangano la ku London. Salandra wakafumapo pa udindo wake, kweni pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakawovwira kuti paŵe ŵanthu ŵanandi. Ŵanandi ŵa ndyali, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy, ŵakasuskanga nkhondo, kusazgapo Ŵakatolika ŵanandi. Malipoti agho ghakafuma ku Italy ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakawopanga nkhondo, ndipo ŵakakondwanga yayi na malo. Ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi ŵakawonanga nkhondo kuŵa soka, nga ni chilangalanga, njara, panji nthenda yakofya. Ŵamalonda ŵanandi ŵakasuskanga, cifukwa ŵakawopanga kuti boma lingaŵakanizga kuguliska vinthu na misonkho yinandi, kweniso kuti ŵangaluza malonda ghawo. Vikaŵa nga vingachitika yayi kuti ŵasintheso ivyo ŵakadumura, cifukwa ŵasilikari ŵa Triple Alliance ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuti Italy wawelere, ndipo ufumu wa themba ukaŵa pangozi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na nkhondo ŵakafuma mu misewu, ŵakachemerezganga kuti: "Tiyeni, tiyeni, tiyeni!" Benito Mussolini, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa Socialist Party, wakaŵa mulongozgi, kweni ŵakamucimbizga mu chipani ndipo ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakamulondezga. Padera pa caru ca Russia, ici cikaŵa cipani cimoza pera ku Europe ico cikasuskanga nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yankhaza comene cifukwa ca ndyali, kutondeka, kukhuŵara, na ucindere wa ŵamazaza.<ref>Martin Clark, ''Modern Italy: 1871–1995'' (1996) pp 180–85</ref><ref>Denis Mack Smith, ''Italy: A Modern History'' (1969) pp 292–305.</ref> [[File:Sacrario militare di Redipuglia agosto 2014.JPG|thumb|The [[Redipuglia War Memorial]] of [[Fogliano Redipuglia|Redipuglia]], with the tomb of [[Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta (1869–1931)|Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta]] in the foreground, nicknamed the ''Undefeated Duke'' for having reported numerous victories in the [[First World War]] without ever being defeated on the battlefield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/savoia-aosta-emanuele-filiberto-di-duca-d-aosta_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/|title=SAVOIA AOSTA, Emanuele Filiberto di, duca d'Aosta|access-date=23 November 2021|language=it}}</ref> This War Memorial is the resting place of 100,187 Italian soldiers killed between 1915 and 1917 in the [[Battles of the Isonzo|eleven battles]] fought on the Karst and [[Isonzo front]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.turismofvg.it/Monumenti-e-Siti-Storici/Sacrario-Militare-di-Redipuglia|title=Il più grande Sacrario Militare Italiano}}</ref>]] Italy wakanjira mu nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵakukwana 875,000, kweni ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵambura kulongozgeka makora ndipo ŵakaŵavya vilwero vikuru vya nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakatondeka kumazga nkhondo iyi, cifukwa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Austria ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo iyi. Mu 1916, caru ca Italy cikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany, ndipo ici cikapeleka wovwiri ukuru ku Ŵaustria. Ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakukwana 650,000 ŵakafwa ndipo 950,000 ŵakapwetekeka, apo chuma chikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti chileke kunangika. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, boma likaŵikako mahara yayi ku nkhani za ŵantchito, kweni sono likakhumbikwiranga kunjilirapo kuti liŵawovwire. Pakuti chipani chikuru cha Socialist chikakhumbanga yayi kovwira nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵakachitanga viwawa kanandi waka ndipo ŵakakolerananga viŵi yayi, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya Piedmont na Lombardy. Boma likakhazikiska malipiro ghapachanya, ndipo likaŵikapo mtima kuti ŵantchito ŵagwirenge lumoza ntchito. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakakura comene. Ŵantchito ŵa Ansaldo ŵakakwera kufuma pa 6,000 kufika pa 110,000, ndipo ŵakapanga vilwero 10,900, ndege za nkhondo 3,800, ngaraŵa za nkhondo 95, na mabomba 10 miliyoni. Pa kampani ya Fiat, ŵantchito ŵakakwera kufuma pa 4,000 kufika pa 40,000. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ndalama, ndalama zikakwera chomene. Malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakakwera, kweni gha ŵalimi ghakakwera yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitikanga ku mizi, cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga nchito, nchito mu mafakitale zikaŵavya, malipiro ghakakweranga pacoko, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa vinthu kukaŵa kuheni comene. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakumalizga nkhondo ya ku Italy, yikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Austria na Hungary uparanyike, ndipo yikawovwira kuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yimare pakati pajumpha masabata ghaŵiri. Ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 651,000 ŵa ku Italy ŵakafwa pa nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya ŵakakwana 589,000. Nkhondo yikati yamara, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, nduna yikuru ya Italy, wakakumana na David Lloyd George, nduna yikuru ya Britain, Georges Clemenceau, nduna yikuru ya France, na Woodrow Wilson, nduna yikuru ya United States, ku Versailles, kuti ŵadumbiskane umo mphaka za ku Europe zikwenera kuŵikikira mwakuti nkhondo ya ku Europe yileke kucitika.[[File:Promised Borders of the Tready of London.png|thumb|right|Territories promised to Italy by the [[Treaty of London (1915)]], i.e. [[Trentino-Alto Adige]], [[Julian March]] and [[Dalmatia]] (tan), and the [[Snežnik (plateau)|Snežnik Plateau]] area (green)]] Pa nyengo iyi, Wilson wakalayizga kuti mitundu yose ya ku Europe yizamuŵa na wanangwa wa kupanga vyaru vyawo. Pa cifukwa ici, phangano la Versailles likapeleka yayi Dalmatia na Albania ku Italy nga umo phangano la London likayowoyera. Kweniso, Britain na France ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵagaŵane vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Germany. Charu cha Italy chikapokako yayi malo kufuma apo Ufumu wa Ottoman ukaparanyikira, nangauli boma la United Kingdom na France likapeleka ulongozgi ku Italy pa nyengo ya nkhondo, kweni vyaru ivi vikagaŵikana pakati pawo. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni Orlando wakazomera kusaina phangano la Versailles, ilo likakwiyiska boma lake. Phangano la Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) na la Rapallo (1920) likapeleka mwaŵi wakuti Trentino Alto-Adige, Julian March, Istria, Kvarner kweniso msumba wa Zara mu Dalmatia, viŵikike mu ufumu wa Italy. [[File:The celebration of the birthday of the Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III on November 11, 1918.jpg|thumb|Residents of [[Fiume]] cheering D'Annunzio and his ''Legionari'' in September 1919, when Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants]] Cifukwa ca kukwiya comene na mtende uwu, Gabriele D'Annunzio, mulembi wa sumu wa ku Italy, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵambura kukondwa na nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru cawo kuti ŵapange boma la Fiume mu Seputembala 1919. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakamutemwanga comene, ŵakamuthya kuti Il Duce ("Mulongozgi"), ndipo wakagwiliskira nchito ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na malaya ghamdima apo wakawukiranga Fiume. Muwuso wa Duce na yunifomu ya ŵasilikari ŵa malaya ghaswesi vikapokelereka pamanyuma na gulu la Fascist la Benito Mussolini. Ivyo boma la Italy likakhumbanga vikafika ku vigaŵa vyose vya ndyali, kusazgapo Ŵafarisi ŵa Mussolini. Ivyo D'Annunzio wakayowoyanga vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Croatia ŵambe kumutemwa. Pamasinda, phangano la Rome (1924) likapangiska kuti msumba wa Fiume uŵe wa Italy. Charu cha Italy chikapokera yayi vigaŵa vinyake ivyo chikalayizgika na phangano la ku London (1915), nga ni Dalmatia, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakatenge chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa chakupwetekeka. Benito Mussolini ndiyo wakambiska chisopa cha Chiitaliya icho chikachemekanga Fascism. Ŵakumanya vya mdauko ŵakuwona kuti kutonda uku ni "nthoto ya ndyali", iyo yikugwiliskirika nchito na ŵasilikari ŵa Fashisti kuti ŵakhozge ufumu wa Italy na kubisa ivyo boma la Italy likacita pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Italy nayo wakaŵa na malo ghakukhazikika mu wupu wa League of Nations.<ref>G.Sabbatucci, ''La vittoria mutilata'', in AA.VV., ''Miti e storia dell'Italia unita'', Il Mulino, Bologna 1999, pp.101-106</ref> ==Fascist regime, World War II, and Civil War (1922–1946)== ===Rise of Fascism into power=== {{Main|Italian Fascism}} [[File:Mussolini mezzobusto.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Benito Mussolini]], who titled himself [[Duce]] and [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|ruled the country from 1922 to 1943]]]] Mu 1914, Benito Mussolini wakacimbizgika mu chipani ca Italian Socialist Party cifukwa cakuti wakacema Italy kuti wanjire mu nkhondo na Austria-Hungary. Pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe, Mussolini wakasuskanga kujilemba usilikari, wakasuskanga umo Italy wakawuskiranga Libya, ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Socialist Party, Avanti!, kweni pamanyuma pake wakacemerezga kuti paŵe kusintha kwambura kuzunura nkhondo ya magulu. Mu 1914, Mussolini wakasanga ndalama ku Ansaldo (kampani yakupanga vilwero) na makampani ghanyake kuti wapange nyuzipepara yake, Il Popolo d'Italia. Ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakakhumbanga kuti Italy wanjire mu nkhondo. Pamanyuma, nkhondo yikati yamara, buku ili likazgoka nyuzipepara yakuzomerezgeka na boma. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, Mussolini wakateŵetera mu ŵasilikari ndipo wakapwetekeka kamoza. Nkhondo yikati yamara na phangano la Versailles mu 1919, Mussolini wakambiska wupu wakuchemeka Combat League. Pakwamba, ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga fundo za chipani cha Socialist Party ŵakasuskanga fundo za chipani ichi. Mu nyengo yakwambilira, gulu ili likaŵa na pulogiramu yakutemwera kumazere, ilo likayowoyerathu kuti kuzamuŵa kusintha kwa ndyali, ŵanakazi ŵazamunjira mu maungano, kuzamuŵa wanangwa wa kusankha (kanyengo kanyake mu 1925) kweniso kuti katundu wa ŵanthu wose wazamupambana. Ŵakapambanaso na Ŵasilikari ŵaciŵiri aŵa cifukwa ŵakasuskanga boma lakuyuzga ŵanthu. Mussolini wakati "tikutemwa wanangwa wa waliyose, nanga ni wa ŵalwani ŵithu". Pa 15 Epulero, 1919, Ŵafarisi ŵakamba nkhaza za ndyali apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mu gulu la Fasci di Combattimento likapoka ofesi ya Avanti!.[[File:Kingdom of Italy 1924 map.svg|thumbnail|The Kingdom of Italy in 1924.]] Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, nyengo iyo yikamanyikwanga kuti Biennio Rosso (vyaka viŵiri vyakuthwa) yikacitika mu vilimika viŵiri vyati vyalondezga Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose mu nyengo ya suzgo la vya cuma, kusoŵa nchito kwa ŵanthu ŵanandi, na kuleka kukhazikika kwa ndyali. Mu 1919-1920, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵamalonda, ŵantchito ŵakachitanga viyezgelero, kweniso ŵakachitanga viyezgo kuti ŵajikorenge. Ku Turin na Milan, mabungwe gha ŵantchito ghakaŵako ndipo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵakagwira nchito mu mafakitale. Kuwukira uku kukasazgikira ku vigaŵa vya minda ya mu Padan ndipo kukaŵa na viwawa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi, viwawa vya ku mizi, na nkhondo za ŵasilikari pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa ku mphepo na ŵa ku mphepo. Kufuma nyengo yira, gulu la Fasci di Combattimento la Benito Mussolini likagwiliskira nchito makora fundo za ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy na kukhumba kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu caru. Mu 1920, nduna yikuru Giolitti yikasankhikaso kuti yiwovwirepo pa suzgo ilo likaŵa mu Italy, kweni nduna yake yikaŵa yambura nkhongono ndipo yikaŵa pangozi chifukwa cha ŵakususka ŵa chipani cha Socialist. Giolitti wakagomezganga kuti Ŵachifasita ŵangakanizgika ndipo ŵangaŵawovwira kuvikilira ufumu ku ŵasilikari. Mu 1921, Ŵafarisi ŵakatonda yayi, kweni boma la Giolitti likathera yayi kuwunganya ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵalongozge. Ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist ŵakakana ivyo Giolitti wakaŵaphalira ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵanyake kuti ŵathereske boma lake.{{sfn|Bosworth|2005|page=112}}[[File:March on Rome.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benito Mussolini]] during the [[March on Rome]] in 1922.]] Mu Okutobala 1922, Mussolini wakapharazga kuti boma la Italy lipelekenge mazaza ku chipani cha Fascist. Nangauli pakaŵavya uyo wakazomera, kweni gulu la ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakamba ulendo utali kujumpha mu Italy kuluta ku Roma (March on Rome). Ŵafarisi ŵakakhumbanga kuti Luigi Facta, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru wa boma ili, wafumeko pa udindo wake. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakaŵa na vilwero viwemi comene kuluska ŵasilikari ŵa Fascist, kweni boma la Italy na Themba Victor Emmanuel III ŵakaŵa mu suzgo yikuru. Themba likakhumbikwiranga kusankhapo gulu limoza pakati pa magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa pa mphindano mu Italy ilo likate lilongozgenge boma. Wakasankha Ŵafasisi.[[File:Giacomo Matteotti crop.jpg|thumb|150px|Socialist leader [[Giacomo Matteotti]] was murdered a few days after he openly denounced Fascist violence during the 1924 elections.]] Wakati waŵa na mazaza, Mussolini wakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru na ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa. Mu 1923, muwuso wa Mussolini ukazomerezga dango la Acerbo, ilo likapeleka vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mipando ku chipani icho chikapokera mavoti 25. Chipani cha Fascist chikagwiliskira ntchito nkhaza na kofya ŵanthu kuti chiŵe na mazaza pa maungano gha mu 1924. Mubali Giacomo Matteotti, uyo wakaŵa mu chipani cha Socialist, wakakomeka wati wapempha kuti mavoti ghaleke kuchitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Mu vilimika vinayi vyakulondezgapo, Mussolini wakawuskapo vinthu vyose ivyo vikakanizganga mazaza ghake. Pa Disembala 24, 1925, wakalemba dango ilo likati ndiyo yekha wakeneranga kulongozga mu nyumba ya ufumu. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakalekeka, ndipo ŵalara ŵa boma (awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "Podestà") ŵakamba kulamulira m'malo mwa ŵeneco. Mu 1928, magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika, ndipo maungano gha boma ghakasintha na maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Christopher Duggan, wakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghake na makalata, kweniso maofesi gha ŵapolisi, ndipo wakuti Mussolini wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwira. Mussolini wakawuska ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususka mu Italy, ndipo wakalutilira kutchuka nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakamususka mu 1940. Duggan wakati muwuso wake ukagwiliskira ntchito makora mazaza gha Mussolini ndipo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>Christopher Duggan, ''Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy'' (2012) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Fascist-Voices-Intimate-History-Mussolinis/dp/1847921035/ excerpt]</ref> In summary, historian [[Stanley G. Payne]] says that Fascism in Italy was: :A primarily political dictatorship. The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy. ... The Fascist militia was placed under military control. The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders, nor was a major new police elite created. There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience. Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda-and-culture ministry existed. The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive.<ref>{{cite book|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC&pg=PA122|year=1996|publisher=U of Wisconsin Press|page=122|isbn=978-0-299-14873-7}}</ref> ===End of the Roman question=== [[File:Group of Vatican and Italian government notables posing at the Lateran Palace before the signing of the treaty.jpg|thumb|Vatican and Italian delegations prior to signing the [[Lateran Treaty]]]] Wakati waŵa na mazaza, Mussolini wakakolerana na ŵanthu ŵakutemwa caru na ŵakutemwa vya wanangwa. Mu 1923, muwuso wa Mussolini ukazomerezga dango la Acerbo, ilo likapeleka vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya mipando ku chipani icho chikapokera mavoti 25. Chipani cha Fascist chikagwiliskira ntchito nkhaza na kofya ŵanthu kuti chiŵe na mazaza pa maungano gha mu 1924. Mubali Giacomo Matteotti, uyo wakaŵa mu chipani cha Socialist, wakakomeka wati wapempha kuti mavoti ghaleke kuchitika cifukwa ca vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ichi ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Mu vilimika vinayi vyakulondezgapo, Mussolini wakawuskapo vinthu vyose ivyo vikakanizganga mazaza ghake. Pa Disembala 24, 1925, wakalemba dango ilo likati ndiyo yekha wakeneranga kulongozga mu nyumba ya ufumu. Maboma gha vigaŵa ghakalekeka, ndipo ŵalara ŵa boma (awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "Podestà") ŵakamba kulamulira m'malo mwa ŵeneco. Mu 1928, magulu ghose gha ndyali ghakakanizgika, ndipo maungano gha boma ghakasintha na maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Christopher Duggan, wakugwiliskira nchito mabuku ghake na makalata, kweniso maofesi gha ŵapolisi, ndipo wakuti Mussolini wakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamovwira. Mussolini wakawuska ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamususka mu Italy, ndipo wakalutilira kutchuka nangauli ŵasilikari ŵakamususka mu 1940. Duggan wakati muwuso wake ukagwiliskira ntchito makora mazaza gha Mussolini ndipo ukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na nkharo yiwemi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Western Society|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofwestern0000unse|url-access=registration|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|page=900|edition=Tenth}}</ref> ===Foreign politics=== {{Further|Italian Empire|Italian irredentism}} [[File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg|thumb|left|Italian ethnic regions claimed by the [[Italian irredentism]] in the 1930s: * Green: [[Italian irredentism in Nice|Nice]], [[Italian irredentism in Switzerland|Ticino]] and [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia|Dalmatia]] * Red: [[Italian irredentism in Malta|Malta]] * Violet: [[Italian irredentism in Corsica|Corsica]] * [[Italian irredentism in Savoy|Savoy]] and [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Corfu]] were later claimed]] Lee wakalongosora fundo zikuruzikuru zitatu za Mussolini. Cakwamba cikaŵa kulondezga fundo za ndyali za boma la Liberal. Ku Italy kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora mu vyaru vya Balkan na kumpoto kwa Africa. Kufuma waka apo ŵakathereskekera ku Ethiopia mu 1896, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵatore charu ichi. Caciŵiri nchakuti ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca nyifwa ya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Vyaru vinyake, comenecomene Poland na Yugoslavia, vikapokera vinandi comene, ndipo Italy yikajiwona kuti yacita upusikizgi. Cacitatu, Mussolini wakalayizga kuti wawezgerengepo ufumu wakale wa Roma. Chisopa cha ku Italy icho chikuchemeka Fascism chikukolerana na chisopa cha ku Italy ndipo chikukhumba kumalizga mulimo wa Risorgimento. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Italy, Ŵafarisi ŵakatenge Dalmatia ni charu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy, kusazgapo awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku South Slavic, ŵakachimbizgika mu Dalmatia na kuluta ku wuzga ku Italy. Mussolini wakamanya kuti Dalmatia wakaŵa na mitheto ya ku Italy kwa vyaka vinandi, nga umo vikaŵira na Istria, kwizira mu Ufumu wa Roma na Republic of Venice. Kumwera kwa Italy, Ŵasilikari ŵa Fashisti ŵakatenge caru ca Malta, ico cikaŵa ca Britain, na Corfu, ico cikaŵa ca Greece, kumpoto ŵakatenge ni Switzerland, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakatenge ni Corsica, Nice na Savoy, ivyo vikaŵa vya France. Boma la Fascist likalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya caru ca Corsica. Boma la Nazi likalemba mabuku ghakulongosora vya msumba wa Nice, agho ghakalongosoranga kuti msumba uwu ukaŵa wa ku Italy cifukwa ca mbiri yake, mtundu wake, na ciyowoyero cake.<ref name="Davide Rodogno 2006. P. 88">Davide Rodogno. ''Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War''. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006. P. 88.</ref>[[File:Italy aims Europe 1936.png|thumb|Ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.<br/>Legend:{{Legend|#073A09|Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;}}{{Legend|#0F7612|[[Client state]]s;}}{{Legend|#083A39|Claimed territories to be annexed;}}{{Legend|#107776|Territories to be transformed into client states.}} [[Albania]], which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.]] Mussolini wakalayizga kuti wazamuwezgerapo ufumu wa Italy kuŵa wankhongono comene mu Europe, kuzengaso "Ufumu wa Ŵaroma" na kuwusa pa Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Pakupharazga, Ŵafarisi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mazgu gha Ŵaroma ghakuti "Mare Nostrum" (Cilatini, "Nyanja Yithu") pakulongosora nyanja ya Mediterranean. Pa cifukwa ici, muwuso wa Ŵafasisi ukacitanga ndyali za ku Europe. Mu 1923, caru ca Greece ca Corfu cikapokeka na Italy pamanyuma pakuti Tellini wakomeka. Mu 1925, Albania wakakhwaskika comene na caru ca Italy cifukwa ca phangano la Tirana. Kweni vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku France. Boma la Nazi likakhumbanga kuwina vigaŵa vya France ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy. Apo muwuso wa Nazi ukakuranga, boma la Italy likamba kufipa mtima comene na umo boma la Germany lingakhwaskira caru ici. Cifukwa ca kwenjerwa cifukwa ca kupanikizgika kwa caru ca Germany, caru ca Italy cikakolerana na France na United Kingdom mu Stresa Front, iyo yikaŵako mu 1935 m'paka 1936. Boma la Nazi likalutilira kukhumba Dalmatia, ntheura likalutilira kutinkha Yugoslavia. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Caru na Caru ya ku Spain, iyo yikacitika pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa chipani ca Socialist Republicans na Nationalists awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Francisco Franco, caru ca Italy cikatuma vilwero na ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 60,000 kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵa chipani ici. Ivi vikawovwira kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵanjire mu virwa vya ku Spain. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy likaponyapo sitima za nkhondo na vyakuponyera maji 91. Kweniso, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakatimba ngalaŵa za Republican 48 na 44 za ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>Clodfelter 2017: 338</ref> During all the 1930s, Italy strongly pursued a policy of naval rearmament; by 1940, the [[Regia Marina]] was the fourth largest navy in the world. [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R69173, Münchener Abkommen, Staatschefs.jpg|thumb|left|alt=[[Neville Chamberlain|Chamberlain]], [[Édouard Daladier|Daladier]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], Mussolini, and Italian Foreign Minister Count Ciano, as they prepared to sign the Munich Agreement|From left to right, Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini and Italian Foreign Minister [[Count Ciano]] at the signing of [[Munich Agreement]].]] Mussolini na Adolf Hitler ŵakakumana kakwamba mu Juni 1934, apo nkhani ya kujiyimira paŵekha ya Austria yikaŵa mu suzgo. Mussolini wakakhumbanga kuti Nazi Germany yileke kuŵa na mazaza pa caru ca Europe. Kuti ivi vichitike, wakalimbana na ivyo boma la Germany likakhumbanga kuchita kuti likore charu cha Austria pamanyuma pa kukoma Engelbert Dollfuss. Nyengo zose ŵanthu ŵakalongoranga kuti Mussolini na Hitler ŵakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora, kweniso kuti visopa vyautesi vya ku Italy vikaŵa vyakuyana na vya ku Germany. Nangauli visambizgo vyose viŵiri vikaŵa vyakuyana, kweni wose ŵakakanizgana, ndipo ŵalongozgi wose ŵaŵiri ŵakakwesananga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa caru cose. Mu 1935, Mussolini wakakhumbanga kuwukira Ethiopia; Ŵaitaliya 2,313 na Ŵaetiyopiya 275,000 ŵakafwa. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikapangiska kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe cambura kukolerana na vyaru vinyake, cifukwa cakuti France na Britain vikathera luŵiro kwa Mussolini. Boma la Nazi likaŵa ilo likawovwira Italy. Pamasinda pakuti wupu wa League of Nations wamususka, Italy wakafumamo mu wupu uwu pa Disembala 11, 1937, ndipo Mussolini wakati wupu uwu ni "malo ghakusoperapo". Pa nyengo iyi, Mussolini wakaŵa na mwaŵi yayi wa kwendera lumoza na Hitler pa nkhani za ndyali, ntheura wakaleka kukhozgera boma la Austria. Mu 1938, Hitler wakambiska nkhondo yakucemeka Anschluss. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, Mussolini wakakhozgera fundo za ku Germany pa nkhani ya Sudetenland, cigaŵa ca Czechoslovakia ico cikakhalanga ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany. Mu 1938, Mussolini wakawovwira kuti mu Italy ŵaŵike malango ghakususkana na Ŵayuda. Mu Malichi 1939, Germany yikati yapoka Czechoslovakia, Mussolini wakawukira Albania cifukwa cakuti wakawopanga kuti ŵanthu ŵamuwonenge nga ni muwuso waciŵiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Axis. Pa Epulero 7, 1939, Italy yikawukira Albania na kuzgora charu ichi kuŵa chigaŵa cha Italy.[[File:Hitler and Mussolini June 1940.jpg|thumb|Mussolini and Hitler in June 1940.]] As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that Italian people were suffering in France. This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated Alsace-Lorraine and Italy on the mixed Italian and French populated Nice and Corsica. In May 1939, a formal alliance with Germany was signed, known as the Pact of Steel. Mussolini felt obliged to sign the pact in spite of his own concerns that Italy could not fight a war in the near future. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe. Mussolini was repulsed by the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreement where Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to partition the Second Polish Republic into German and Soviet zones for an impending invasion. The Fascist government saw this as a betrayal of the Anti-Comintern Pact, but decided to remain officially silent.{{sfn|Smith|1997|page=401}} ===World War II and fall of Fascism=== {{Main|Military history of Italy during World War II|Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy}} [[File:ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg|thumb|left|Map of ''Great Italy'' according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won the [[Second World War]] (the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged [[Italian Empire]])]] Apo boma la Germany likapoka Poland pa Seputembala 1, 1939, ndipo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikamba, Mussolini wakasankha kuleka kurwa nkhondo, nangauli wakayowoya kuti wakovwira Hitler. Pakunozga vyakuti ŵarwe nkhondo, Mussolini na boma la Fascist ŵakaghanaghana kuti caru ca Italy ciŵe na vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya Africa na Middle East kuti viŵe mu ufumu wawo. Themba na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Pietro Badoglio, ŵakalutilira kukayikira, ndipo ŵakachenjezga Mussolini kuti caru ca Italy cilije magaleta ghakurughakuru, vilwero vya nkhondo, na ndege zakukwana nkhondo yitali. Mussolini na boma la Nazi ŵakalondezga ulongozgi uwu, ndipo ŵakalindilira mpaka apo Germany yikawukira France mu Juni 1940 (Nkhondo ya ku France) pambere ŵandambe kunjilirapo. Cifukwa cakuti kutondeka kwa caru ca France kukaŵa kwakuwonekerathu, Italy wakanjira mu nkhondo pa Juni 10, 1940, kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ku Wupu wa Steel. Mussolini wakaghanaghana kuti wapoke luŵiro Savoy, Nice, Corsica, na vyaru vya ku Africa nga ni Tunisia na Algeria ku Ŵafulentshi, kweni Germany wakalembapo phangano la kuleka nkhondo (22 June: Second Armistice at Compiègne) na Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ici cikakwiyiska boma la Nazi. Mu cihanya ca 1940, Mussolini wakalangura kuti ŵaponye mabomba pa caru ca Palestina na kupoka caru ca British Somaliland. Mu Seputembala, wakalangura kuti ŵanjire mu Eguputo; nangauli pakwamba vinthu vikenda makora, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakachimbizgika na Ŵanandi (wonani Operation Compass). Hitler wakeneranga kunjilirapo na kutuma ŵasilikari ŵa Afrika Corps ŵa Jenerale Erwin Rommel, awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo ya ku North Africa. Pa Okutobala 28, Mussolini wakawukira Greece kwambura kufumba Hitler, uyo wakapulika vya nkhondo ya ku Greece na Italy cifukwa ca kuŵazga mu nyuzipepara ya mulenji. Mussolini wakayezga kukhozga mubwezi wake mwa kuyowoya kuti waŵenge ku Athens mu masabata ghaŵiri kufuma apo Greece yikaparanyikira. Ndipouli, ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Air Force ŵakakanizga ŵasilikari ŵa Italy kuti ŵanjire mu Albania.[[File:Impero_italiano.svg|thumb|The [[Italian Empire]] (red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the [[Italian Concession of Tientsin|Tientsin concession]] in China is not shown).]] Hitler wakawovwira Mussolini apo wakawukira Ŵagiriki kufuma ku Balkan. Nkhondo ya ku Balkans iyo yikapangiska kuti Yugoslavia yidumulike na kuthereskeka kwa Greece. Pa nyengo iyi, Italy wakapoka vyaru vya kumwera kwa Slovenia, Dalmatia, Montenegro, na kukhazikiska vyaru vya Croatia na Greece. Kuzakafika mu 1942, caru ici cikaŵa pa ngozi cifukwa cakuti cuma cake cikaleka kusintha cifukwa ca nkhondo, ndipo misumba ya ku Italy yikaponyekanga mabomba na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerananga nawo. Kweniso, nangauli Rommel wakacitanga vinthu vinandi, kweni nkhondo ya ku North Africa yikamba kutondeka kuumaliro wa 1942. Ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa nkhondo ya El Alamein, caru cikamara. Kuzakafika mu 1943, caru ca Italy cikaŵa kuti cikutondeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Mu Janyuwale wa chaka chenechicho, hafu ya ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakarwanga nkhondo mu Soviet Union ŵakakomeka, nkhondo ya ku Africa yikatondeka, caru ca Balkan cikalutilira kuŵa cambura kukhazikika, ndipo Ŵataliyana ŵakakhumbanga kuti nkhondo yimare. Mu Julayi 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakanjira mu Sicily kuti ŵathereske Italy ku nkhondo. Pa Julayi 25, Mussolini wakathereskeka na wupu wa Great Council of Fascism ndipo wakakakika na themba Victor Emmanuel III, uyo wakasora Jenerale Pietro Badoglio kuŵa nduna yikuru. Badoglio wakawuskapo vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa Fascist mwa kukanizga chipani cha National Fascist Party, ndipo wakalemba phangano la kuleka nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pages=412–413}}[[File:El Alamein Italian prisoners 1942.jpg|thumb|left|Italian prisoners in El Alamein, November 1942.]] Donald Detwiler notes that "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Donald S.|last1=Detwiler|first2=Charles B.|last2=Burdick|first3=Jürgen|last3=Rohwer|title=World War II German Military Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XfzAAAAMAAJ|year=1979|page=96|isbn=978-0-8240-4313-1}}</ref> Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity – war – that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox says the explanation, "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions."<ref>{{cite book|first=MacGregor|last=Knox|title=Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge UP|page=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersitalianal00knox/page/10 10]|isbn=978-1-139-43203-0}}</ref> Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen argue that "the Regia Aeronautica failed to perform effectively in modern conflict. Although the Italian Air Force had been in action in the conquest of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War, it was totally unprepared for combat...in June 1940. At the time Italy had about 2,500 military aircraft in service. Only 11,000 more were produced during the next three years, far fewer than any of the other major belligerents."<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norman|last1=Polmar|first2=Thomas B.|last2=Allen|title=World War II: the Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30gRAGjXrIIC&pg=PA421|year=2012|page=421|isbn=978-0-486-47962-0}}</ref> James Sadkovich gives the most charitable interpretation of Italian failures, blaming inferior equipment, overextension, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps."<ref>James J. Sadkovich, "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' (1989) 24#1 pp. 27–61 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/260699 online].</ref> [[File:Croatia-41-45.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the [[Axis powers]]. {{legend|#339966|Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the [[province of Ljubljana]], the area merged with the [[province of Fiume]] and the areas making up the [[Governorate of Dalmatia]]}} {{legend|#ff0000|[[Independent State of Croatia]]}} {{legend|#0000ff|Area occupied by [[Nazi Germany]]}} {{legend|#996666|Areas occupied by [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]}}]] About Italian troops in El Alamein, Italian Defence ministry chief of staff [[Luigi Binelli Mantelli]] said: "The spirit of service and cohesion are fundamental elements for the operational capacity of the armed forces ... The ([[185th Paratroopers Division Folgore|Folgore]]) Paratroopers have always shown this. El Alamein was a battle that was lost with great honour, facing up to overwhelmingly superior firepower with poor weapons but with great spirit and capacity to resist and to hold up high the honour of Italy".<ref name="Alamein">{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2014/10/31/el-alamein-lost-with-great-honour_a6aedfe0-da47-45c6-b8c9-07bd0d1c6203.html |website= ANSA.it|title=El Alamein 'lost with great honour'|date= 31 October 2014}}</ref> British historian John Bierman said that the Italian tank regiment "fought with great audacity, just as the [[Ariete]] artillery regiment did". According to American historian John W. Gordon, the British special forces were so impressed by the methods and tactics of the Italian desert corps "that they actually copied them".<ref name="Alamein"/> German General [[Erwin Rommel]] praised the Italians on several occasions, describing their as "extraordinary, courageous, disciplined, but badly commanded and equipped."<ref>Arrigo Petacco, ''[[iarchive:larmataneldesert0000peta|L'armata nel deserto. Il segreto di El Alamein]]'', Mondadori, 2002, {{ISBN|88-04-50824-8}}</ref> Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein, he stated: "The Italians were willing, unselfish and good comrades in the frontline. There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units, especially the motorised elements, far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years. Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers".<ref>Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p. 128</ref> During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively.<ref>Jon E. Lewis (1999), The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, p. 318</ref> On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein, Rommel wrote: "The German soldier has impressed the world; the Italian [[Bersagliere]] has impressed the German soldier."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ardito2000.it/ELALAMEIN2.html|title=El Alamein 2|publisher=Ardito2000 website|language=it|access-date=19 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722023911/http://www.ardito2000.it/ELALAMEIN2.html|archive-date=22 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Civil War, Allied advance, and Liberation=== {{Further|Italian Civil War|Liberation of Italy}} [[File:Quattrogiornate.jpg|thumb|left|Insurgents celebrating the liberation of Naples after the [[Four days of Naples]] (27–30 September 1943).]] Although other European countries such as [[Norway]], the [[Netherlands]], and [[France]] also had partisan movements and [[Wartime collaborationism|collaborationist]] governments with [[Nazi Germany]], armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique.<ref>{{cite book|first=Renzo|last=De Felice|title=Rosso e Nero |trans-title=Red and Black |year=1995|publisher=Baldini & Castoldi|isbn=88-85987-95-8|language=it|page=22}}</ref> In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian [[Giorgio Pisanò]] in his books,<ref>[http://www.istitutobiggini.it/storia_pisano.pdf Storia della guerra civile in Italia]</ref><ref>See the books from Italian historian [[Giorgio Pisanò]] ''Storia della guerra civile in Italia'', 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book ''L'Italia della guerra civile'' ("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist [[Indro Montanelli]] as the fifteen volume of the ''Storia d'Italia'' ("History of Italy") by the same author.</ref> while [[Claudio Pavone]]'s book ''Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza'' (''A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance''), published in 1991, led to the term "[[Italian Civil War]]" being used more frequently by Italian{{#tag:ref|See as examples [[Renzo De Felice]] and [[Gianni Oliva]].|group=nb}} and international<ref>See as examples the [http://www.societasalutediritti.com/rassegnastampa/20052507MILZAPIERRE.htm interview] to French historian [[Pierre Milza]] on the ''Corriere della Sera'' of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the [https://archive.today/20120904173354/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/index.php?id=280&type=1&L=3class=l lessons] of historian [[Thomas Schlemmer]] at the University of Munchen (in German).</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Payne |first=Stanley G. |title=Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011|isbn=9781139499644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4ikZ_o3V8C|page=202}}</ref> historiography. [[File:01 partigiani a milano1.jpg|thumb|[[Italian resistance movement|Italian anti-fascist partisans]] in Milan during the [[Italian Civil War]], April 1945]] Soon after being ousted, Mussolini was rescued by a German commando in [[Gran Sasso raid|Operation Eiche]] ("Oak"). The Germans brought Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a Fascist puppet state, the [[Italian Social Republic]] (RSI). Meanwhile, the Allies advanced in southern Italy. In September 1943, [[Four days of Naples|Naples]] rose against the occupying German forces. The Allies organized some royalist Italian troops into the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]], while other troops continued to fight alongside Nazi Germany in the ''Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano'', the [[National Republican Army]]. In addition, a large [[Italian resistance movement]] started a long [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the German and Fascist forces. As a consequence, the country descended into [[Italian Civil War|civil war]], with the Italian Co-belligerent Army and the resistance movement, supported by the Allies, contended the Social Republic's forces and its German allies. The Germans, often helped by Fascists, committed several [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht|atrocities]] against Italian civilians in occupied zones, such as the [[Ardeatine massacre]] and the [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre]]. The Kingdom of Italy declared war on Nazi Germany on 13 October 1943;<ref name=italyswitchesstayinwar>{{cite news|url=https://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/13/oct-13-1943-italy-switches-sides-in-world-war-ii/|title=Oct. 13, 1943 {{!}} Italy Switches Sides in World War II|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 October 2011|access-date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italy-declares-war-on-germany|title=Italy declares war on Germany|publisher=History.com|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> tensions between the Axis Powers and the Italian military were rising following the failure to defend Sicily, with New York Times correspondent Milton Bracker noting that "Italian hatred of the Germans unquestionably grew as the fighting spirit waned, and episodes between German and Italian soldiers and civilians before and after the armistice have shown pretty clearly a complete and incontrovertible end of all sympathy between the former Axis partners."<ref name=italyswitchesstayinwar /> On 16 October, the Rastenburg Protocol was signed with Nazi Germany. In accordance with this protocol, the RSI was allowed to raise [[Division (military)|division]]-sized military formations. This allowed Graziani to raise four RSI divisions totalling 52,000 men. In July 1944, the first of these divisions completed training and was sent to the front. Recruiting military forces was difficult for the RSI, as most of the Italian army had been interned by German forces in 1943, many Italians had been [[Italian military internees|conscripted into forced labour in Germany]] and few wanted to fight on Nazi Germany's side after 8 September 1943. The RSI became so desperate for soldiers that it granted convicts freedom if they would join the army and the sentence of death was imposed on anyone who opposed being conscripted.{{sfn|Smith|1983|p=308}} Autonomous military forces in the RSI also fought against the Allies including the notorious ''[[Decima Flottiglia MAS]]'' under command of Prince [[Junio Valerio Borghese]]. Borghese held no allegiance to Mussolini and even suggested that he would take him prisoner if he could.{{sfn|Smith|1983|p=308}} On 4 June 1944, the German occupation of Rome came to an end as the Allies advanced. As the Allies advanced north, they encountered increasingly difficult terrain, as mountains offered excellent defensive positions to Axis forces. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the [[Gothic Line]], leading to the surrender of German and Fascist forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945, some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy.{{#tag:ref|In ''Alexander's Generals'' Blaxland quotes 59,151 Allied deaths between 3 September 1943 and 2 May 1945 as recorded at AFHQ and gives the breakdown between 20 nationalities: United States 20,442; United Kingdom, 18,737; France, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal and Belgium 5,241; Canada, 4,798; India, Pakistan, Nepal 4,078; Poland 2,028; New Zealand 1,688; Italy (excluding irregulars) 917; South Africa 800; Brazil 275; Greece 115; [[Jewish Brigade|Jewish volunteers]] from the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate in Palestine]] 32. In addition, 35 soldiers were killed by enemy action while serving with pioneer units from Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Seychelles, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Cyprus and the West Indies<ref name="Blax11">Blaxland (1979), p. 11</ref>|group=nb}} [[File:Litorale 1.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975. {{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}} {{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}} {{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}} {{legend|#eee8aa|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}]] During World War II, [[Italian war crimes]] included [[extrajudicial killing]]s and [[ethnic cleansing]]<ref name="JamesBurgwyn_2004">James H. Burgwyn (2004). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005 General Roatta's war against the partisans in Yugoslavia: 1942] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054155/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/rmis/2004/00000009/00000003/art00005 |date=21 September 2013}}, Journal of Modern Italian Studies, Volume 9, Number 3, pp. 314–329(16)</ref> by the deportation of about 25,000 people, mainly Jews, Croats, and Slovenians, to the [[List of Italian concentration camps|Italian concentration camps]], such as [[Rab concentration camp|Rab]], [[Gonars concentration camp|Gonars]], [[Monigo]], [[Renicci di Anghiari]] and elsewhere. [[Yugoslav Partisans]] perpetrated their own crimes against the local ethnic Italian population ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]) during and after the war, including the [[foibe massacres]]. In Italy and Yugoslavia, unlike in Germany, few war crimes were prosecuted.<ref name="RoryCarroll_2001">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130716012326/http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/jun/25/artsandhumanities.highereducation Italy's bloody secret] (archived by [[WebCite]]), written by [[Rory Carroll]], Education, [[The Guardian]], June 2001</ref><ref name="Pedaliu_JContHistory">[[Effie Pedaliu]] (2004) {{JSTOR|4141408?}} Britain and the 'Hand-over' of Italian War Criminals to Yugoslavia, 1945–48. Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 39, No. 4, Special Issue: Collective Memory, pp. 503–529</ref><ref name="oliva06">[[Gianni Oliva|Oliva, Gianni]] (2006) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720023109/http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294 ''«Si ammazza troppo poco». I crimini di guerra italiani. 1940–43''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720023109/http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/si-ammazza-troppo-poco-crimini/libro/9788804551294|date=20 July 2011}}, Mondadori, {{ISBN|88-04-55129-1}}</ref><ref name="blpp2004">Baldissara, Luca & Pezzino, Paolo (2004). ''Crimini e memorie di guerra: violenze contro le popolazioni e politiche del ricordo'', L'Ancora del Mediterraneo. {{ISBN|978-88-8325-135-1}}</ref> On 25 April 1945 the [[National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy]] proclaimed a general insurrection in all the territories still occupied by the Nazi-fascists, indicating to all the partisan forces active in Northern Italy that were part of the Volunteer Corps of Freedom to attack the fascist and German garrisons by imposing the surrender, days before the arrival of the Allied troops; at the same time, the National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy personally issued legislative decrees,<ref>There are three fundamental decrees that seal the legislative work, already active since 1944: ''All powers to CLNAI''; ''Decree for the administration of justice''; ''Of socialization''.</ref> assuming power "in the name of the Italian people and as a delegate of the Italian Government", establishing among other things the death sentence for all fascist hierarchs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.associazioni.milano.it/isec/ita/cronologia/crono25apr.htm|title=Fondazione ISEC - cronologia dell'insurrezione a Milano - 25 aprile|access-date=14 February 2022|language=it}}</ref> "Surrender or die!" was the rallying call of the partisans that day and those immediately following. Today the event is commemorated in [[Italy]] every 25 April by the [[Liberation Day (Italy)|Liberation Day]], [[National Day]] introduced on 22 April 1946, which celebrates the liberation of the country from [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1946-04-24&atto.codiceRedazionale=046U0185&elenco30giorni=false |title =DECRETO LEGISLATIVO LUOGOTENENZIALE 22 aprile 1946, n. 185|access-date =28 April 2015| language=Italian}}</ref> Mussolini was captured on 27 April 1945, by [[Partito Comunista Italiano|communist]] [[Italian partisans]] near the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] border as he tried to escape Italy. On the next day, he was executed for high treason, as sentenced in absentia by a tribunal of the [[National Liberation Committee|CLN]]. Afterwards, the bodies of Mussolini, his mistress, and about fifteen other Fascists were taken to [[Milan]] where they were displayed to the public. Days later on 2 May 1945, the German forces in Italy surrendered. The government of Badoglio had remained in being for some nine months. On 9 June 1944, he was replaced as Prime Minister by the 70-year-old anti-fascist leader [[Ivanoe Bonomi]]. In June 1945 Bonomi was in turn replaced by [[Ferruccio Parri]], who in turn gave way to [[Alcide de Gasperi]] on 4 December 1945. Finally, De Gasperi supervised the transition to a Republic following the abdication of Vittorio Emanuele III on 9 May 1946, the one-month-long reign of his son [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] ("King of May") and the [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|Constitutional Referendum]] that abolished the monarchy; De Gasperi briefly became acting Head of State as well as Prime Minister on 18 June 1946, but ceded the former role to Provisional President [[Enrico de Nicola]] ten days later. ===Anti-fascism against Mussolini's regime=== {{see also|Anti-fascism}} [[File:Flag of the Arditi del Popolo Battalion.svg|thumb|left|Flag of ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]'', an axe cutting a ''[[fasces]]''. ''Arditi del Popolo'' was a militant [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] group founded in 1921]] In Italy, Mussolini's [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] regime used the term ''[[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]]'' to describe its opponents. Mussolini's [[secret police]] was officially known as the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]]. During the 1920s in the [[Kingdom of Italy]], anti-fascists, many of them from the [[labor movement]], fought against the violent [[Blackshirts]] and against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the [[Italian Socialist Party]] (PSI) signed a [[Pact of Pacification|pacification pact]] with Mussolini and his [[Fasci Italiani di Combattimento|Fasces of Combat]] on 3 August 1921,<ref>Charles F. Delzell, edit., ''Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945'', New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26</ref> and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed ''[[Arditi del Popolo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |title=Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22 |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Italian General Confederation of Labour]] (CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the [[Communist Party of Italy]] (PCd'I) ordered its members to quit the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor.<ref>[https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919-22] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319044401/https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/17283245.pdf|date=19 March 2022}}, Antonio Sonnessa, in the ''[[European History Quarterly]]'', Vol. 33, No. 2, 183-218 (2003)</ref> The Italian anarchist [[Severino Di Giovanni]], who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922 [[March on Rome]], organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anarchist_century.tripod.com/timeline.html |title=Anarchist Century |publisher=Anarchist_century.tripod.com |access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> The Italian liberal anti-fascist [[Benedetto Croce]] wrote his ''[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]'', which was published in 1925.<ref>David Ward ''Antifascisms: Cultural Politics in Italy, 1943–1946''</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2020}} Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were [[Piero Gobetti]] and [[Carlo Rosselli]].<ref>James Martin, 'Piero Gobetti's Agonistic Liberalism', ''History of European Ideas'', '''32''', (2006), pp. 205–222.</ref> [[File:Concentrazione_di_azione_antifascista.jpg|thumb|1931 badge of a member of [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]]]] [[Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana]] ({{lang-en|Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration}}), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in [[Nérac]], France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled ''La Libertà''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pugliese |first1=Stanislao G. |last2=Pugliese |first2=Stanislao |title=Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present |date=2004 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-3123-9 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sDyqHO2LVosC&pg=PA10 |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tollardo |first1=Elisabetta |title=Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922-1935 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-95028-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6JlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |page=152 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Scala |first1=Spencer M. Di |title=Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi |date=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536396-8 |pages=6–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8gGaCQDLUsC&pg=PA6 |access-date=11 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Flag of Giustizia e Liberta.svg|thumb|Flag of [[Giustizia e Libertà]], anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945]] [[Giustizia e Libertà]] ({{lang-en|Justice and Freedom}}) was an Italian [[anti-fascist]] [[resistance movement]], active from 1929 to 1945.<ref name=jam>James D. Wilkinson (1981). ''The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe''. Harvard University Press. p. 224.</ref> The movement was cofounded by [[Carlo Rosselli]],<ref name=jam/> [[Ferruccio Parri]], who later became [[Prime Minister of Italy]], and [[Sandro Pertini]], who became [[President of Italy]], were among the movement's leaders.<ref>Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999). ''Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile''. Harvard University Press. p. 51.</ref> The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties. ''Giustizia e Libertà'' also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of [[Gaetano Salvemini]]. Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the [[Spanish Civil War]] with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collettiva.it/rubriche/buona-memoria/2023/05/07/news/_oggi_in_spagna_domani_in_italia_-2984121/|title="Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia"|access-date=12 May 2023|language=it}}</ref> Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the [[Slovenes]] and [[Croats]] in the territories annexed to Italy after [[World War I]], known as the [[Julian March]].<ref>[[Milica Kacin Wohinz]], [[Jože Pirjevec]], ''Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866–1998'' (Venice: Marsilio, 1998)</ref><ref>Milica Kacin Wohinz, ''Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921–1928'' (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1977)</ref> The most influential was the militant insurgent organization [[TIGR]], which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military.<ref>[[Milica Kacin Wohinz]], ''Prvi antifašizem v Evropi'' (Koper: Lipa, 1990)</ref><ref>Mira Cenčič, ''TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj'' (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)</ref> Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the [[Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism]] (OVRA) in 1940 and 1941,<ref>Vid Vremec, Pinko Tomažič in drugi tržaški proces 1941 (Trieste: Založništvo tržaškega tiska, 1989)</ref> and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the [[Slovene Partisans]]. During [[World War II]], many members of the [[Italian resistance]] left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and [[Nazi Germany|German Nazi]] soldiers during the [[Italian Civil War]]. Many cities in Italy, including [[Turin]], [[Naples]] and [[Milan]], were freed by anti-fascist uprisings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://darbysrangers.tripod.com/id102.htm |title=Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance |publisher=Darbysrangers.tripod.com}}</ref> ==Republican era (1946–present)== {{Main|History of the Italian Republic}} ===Birth of the Republic=== {{Main|1946 Italian institutional referendum}} [[File:Umberto II, 1944.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Umberto II]], the last [[King of Italy]], was exiled to Portugal.]] Much like [[Japan]] and [[Germany]], the aftermath of World War II left Italy with a destroyed economy, a divided society, and anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement.<ref>{{Citation|year=1970|title=Italia|encyclopedia=Dizionario enciclopedico italiano|volume=VI|page=456|publisher=[[Treccani]]|language=it}}</ref> Following Victor Emmanuel III's abdication, his son, the new king [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]], was pressured by the threat of another civil war to call a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 1946|Constitutional Referendum]] to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. On 2 June 1946, the republican side won 54% of the vote and Italy officially became a republic. All male members of the [[House of Savoy]] were barred from entering Italy, a ban which was only repealed in 2002. Under the [[Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947]], [[Istria]], [[Kvarner Gulf|Kvarner]], most of the [[Julian March]] as well as the [[Dalmatia]]n city of [[Zadar|Zara]] was annexed by [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] causing the [[Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]], which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 local ethnic [[Italians]] ([[Istrian Italians]] and [[Dalmatian Italians]]), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic [[Istro-Romanians]], choosing to maintain Italian citizenship.<ref>{{cite web |first=Benedetta |last=Tobagi |url=http://www.treccani.it/scuola/lezioni/storia/la_repubblica_italiana.html |title=La Repubblica italiana &#124; Treccani, il portale del sapere |publisher=Treccani.it |access-date=28 January 2015}}</ref> [[File:Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Alcide De Gasperi]], [[List of Prime Ministers of Italy|first]] republican [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and one of the [[Founding fathers of the European Union|Founding Fathers of the European Union]]]] Later, the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] was divided between the two states. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the [[Italian Empire]]. In 1950, [[Italian Somaliland]] was made a [[Trust Territory of Somaliland|United Nations Trust Territory]] under Italian administration until 1 July 1960. The Italian border that applies today has existed since 1975, when [[Trieste]] was formally re-annexed to Italy. The [[Italian general election, 1946|General Elections of 1946]], held at the same time as the Constitutional Referendum, elected 556 members of a [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]], of which 207 were [[Democrazia Cristiana|Christian Democrats]], 115 [[Partito Socialista Italiano|Socialists]] and 104 [[Partito Comunista Italiano|Communists]]. A [[Italian Constitution|new constitution]] was approved, setting up a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary]] democracy. In 1947, under American pressure, the communists were expelled from the government. The [[Italian general election, 1948]] saw a landslide victory for Christian Democrats, that dominated the system for the following forty years. ====Marshall Plan aid from the United States==== [[File:Римський договір.jpg|thumb|left|The signing ceremony of the [[Treaty of Rome]] on 25 March 1957, creating the [[European Economic Community|EEC]], forerunner of the present-day [[European Union|EU]].]] Italy joined the [[Marshall Plan]] (ERP) and [[NATO]]. By 1950, the economy had largely stabilized and started booming.<ref>Christopher Duggan, '' Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796'' (2008) ch 27</ref> In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the [[European Economic Community]], which later transformed into the European Union (EU). The Marshall Plan's long-term legacy was to help modernize Italy's economy. How Italian society built mechanisms to adapt, translate, resist, and domesticate this challenge had a lasting effect on the nation's development over the subsequent decades.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Ellwood | first1 = David W. | year = 2003 | title = The Propaganda of the Marshall Plan in Italy in a Cold War Context | journal = Intelligence and National Security | volume = 18 | issue = 2| pages = 225–236 | doi = 10.1080/02684520412331306820 | s2cid = 153463824}}</ref> After Fascism's failure, the United States offered a vision of modernization that was unprecedented in its power, internationalism, and invitation to emulation. However Stalinism was a powerful political force. The ERP was one of the main ways that this modernization was operationalized. The old prevailing vision of the country's industrial prospects had been rooted in traditional ideas of craftsmanship, frugality and thrift, which stood in contrast to the dynamism seen in automobiles and fashion, anxious to leave behind the protectionism of the Fascist era and take advantage of the opportunities offered by rapidly expanding world trade. By 1953, industrial production had doubled compared with 1938 and the annual rate of productivity increase was 6.4%, twice the British rate. At [[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat]], automobile production per employee quadrupled between 1948 and 1955, the fruit of an intense, Marshall Plan-aided application of American technology (as well as much more intense discipline on the factory-floor). Vittorio Valletta, Fiat's general manager, helped by trade barriers that blocked French and German cars, focused on technological innovations as well as an aggressive export strategy. He successfully bet on serving the more dynamic foreign markets from modern plants built with the help of Marshall Plan funds. From this export base he later sold into a growing domestic market, where Fiat was without serious competition. Fiat managed to remain at the cutting edge of car manufacturing technology, enabling it to expand production, foreign sales, and profits.<ref>Francesca Fauri, "The Role of Fiat in the Development of the Italian Car Industry in the 1950s" ''Business History Review'' 1996 70(2): 167–206. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3116880 in Jstor]</ref> ===Economic miracle=== [[File:Roma 1998 08 14 Fiat 600.jpg|thumb|left|[[Fiat 600]], iconic middle-class dream car and status symbol of the 1950-60s.]] {{Main|Italian economic miracle}} In the 1950s and 1960s the country enjoyed prolonged economic boom, which was accompanied by a dramatic rise in the standard of living of ordinary Italians.<ref>Modern Italy 1871–1995 by Martin Clark</ref> The so-called [[Italian economic miracle]] lasted almost uninterruptedly until the "[[Hot Autumn]]'s" massive strikes and social unrest of 1969–70, that combined with the later [[1973 oil crisis]], gradually cooled the economy, that has never returned to its heady post-war growth rates. It has been calculated that the Italian economy experienced an average rate of growth of GDP of 5.8% per year between 1951 and 1963, and 5.0% per year between 1964 and 1973.<ref>{{Cite book| first1=Nicholas |last1=Crafts |first2=Gianni |last2=Toniolo | title = Economic growth in Europe since 1945| url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowtheu1945craf_729| url-access=limited| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year= 1996| page = [https://archive.org/details/economicgrowtheu1945craf_729/page/n452 428]| isbn = 0-521-49627-6}}</ref> Italian rates of growth were second only, but very close, to the [[West Germany|German]] rates, in Europe, and among the [[OEEC]] countries only Japan had been doing better.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Ennio |last=Di Nolfo| title = Power in Europe? II: Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, and the Origins of the EEC 1952–57| publisher=de Gruyter| year= 1992| location = Berlin| page = 198| isbn = 3-11-012158-1}}</ref> Between 1955 and 1971, around 9 million people are estimated to have been involved in inter-regional migrations in Italy, uprooting entire communities.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Paul| last=Ginsborg| title = A history of contemporary Italy| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| year= 2003| location = New York| page = 219| isbn = 1-4039-6153-0}}</ref> Emigration was especially directed to the factories of the so-called "industrial triangle", a region encompassed between the major manufacturing centres of [[Milan]] and [[Turin]] and the seaport of [[Genoa]]. The needs of a modernizing economy demanded new transport and energy infrastructures. Thousands of kilometres of railways and highways were completed in record times to connect the main urban areas, while dams and power plants were built all over Italy, often without regard for geological and environmental conditions. Strong urban growth led to uncontrolled urban sprawl. The natural environment was constantly under threat by wild industrial expansion, leading to ecological disasters like the [[Vajont Dam]] inundation and the [[Seveso disaster|Seveso]] chemical accident. The boom had also a huge impact on Italian society and culture. The pervasive [[influence of mass media]] and [[consumerism]] on society has often been fiercely criticized by intellectuals like [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] and film directors like [[Dino Risi]], [[Vittorio De Sica]] and [[Ettore Scola]], that stigmatized selfishness and immorality that characterized miracle's years. ===Years of Lead=== {{Main|Years of lead (Italy)}} [[File:Stragedibologna-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bologna massacre|Attack]] of the far-right terrorist group [[Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari|NAR]] at the [[Bologna]] railway station on 2 August 1980, which caused the death of 85 people.]] During the 1970s, Italy saw an unexpected escalation of political violence. From 1969 to 1980, repeated neofascist outrages were launched such as the [[Piazza Fontana bombing]] in 1969. Red Brigades and many other groups decided on armed attacks as a revolutionary strategy. They carried out urban riots, as in Rome and Bologna in 1977. Known as the [[History of Italy (1970s-1980s)|Years of Lead]], this period was characterised by widespread social conflicts and terrorist acts carried out by extra-parliamentary movements. The assassination of the leader of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC), [[Aldo Moro]], led to the end of a "[[historic compromise]]" between the DC and the [[Italian Communist Party|Communist Party]] (PCI). In the 1980s, for the first time, two governments were managed by a Republican ([[Giovanni Spadolini]] 1981–82) and a Socialist ([[Bettino Craxi]] 1983–87) rather than by a Christian Democrat.<ref>Alessandra Diazzi and Alvise Sforza Tarabochia, ''The Years of Alienation in Italy: Factory and Asylum Between the Economic Miracle and the Years of Lead'' (2019), pp 1-40.</ref><ref>Richard Drake, "Italy in the 1960s: A Legacy of Terrorism and Liberation." ''South central review'' 16 (1999): 62-76. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3190077 online]</ref> At the end of the Lead years, the PCI gradually increased their votes thanks to [[Enrico Berlinguer]]. The [[Italian Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] (PSI), led by [[Bettino Craxi]], became more and more critical of the Communists and of the [[Soviet Union]]; Craxi himself pushed in favour of US President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s positioning of [[Pershing II]] missiles in Italy. ===Second Republic (1992–present)=== Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993, perpetrated by the [[Sicilian Mafia]] as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "[[Maxi Trial]]", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges [[Giovanni Falcone]] (23 May in the [[Capaci bombing]]) and [[Paolo Borsellino]] (19 July in the [[Via D'Amelio bombing]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml |title=New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack |publisher=corriere.it |date=8 March 2012}}</ref> One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the [[Via dei Georgofili bombing|Via dei Georgofili]] in Florence, [[Via Palestro massacre|Via Palestro]] in Milan, and the Piazza [[San Giovanni in Laterano]] and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the [[Uffizi Gallery]]. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf|title=Sentenza del processo di 1º grado a Francesco Tagliavia per le stragi del 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf|title=Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia – XVI LEGISLATURA (PDF).}}</ref> [[File:Echadas_de_Monedas.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bettino Craxi]], viewed by many as the symbol of [[Tangentopoli]], Leader of the [[Italian Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] and Prime Minister from 1983 to 1987, is greeted by a salvo of coins as a sign of loathing by protesters.]] From 1992 to 1997, Italy faced significant challenges as voters disenchanted with political paralysis, massive government debt, extensive corruption, and organised crime's considerable influence collectively called the political system [[Tangentopoli]]. As Tangentopoli was under a set of judicial investigations by the name of [[Mani pulite]] (Italian for "clean hands"), voters demanded political, economic, and ethical reforms. The Tangentopoli scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: between 1992-94 the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]] underwent a severe crisis and was dissolved, splitting up into several pieces, among whom the [[Italian People's Party (1994–2002)|Italian People's Party]] and the [[Christian Democratic Center]]. The [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (along with other minor governing parties) completely dissolved.<ref>Sarah Waters, "'Tangentopoli' and the emergence of a new political order in Italy." ''West European Politics'' (1994): 17#1 pp:169–182.</ref><ref>Donald Sassoon, "Tangentopoli or the democratization of corruption: Considerations on the end of Italy's first republic." ''Journal of Modern Italian Studies'' (1995) 1#1 pp: 124–143.</ref> The [[Italian general election, 1994|1994 general election]] also swept media magnate [[Silvio Berlusconi]] (Leader of "[[Pole of Freedoms]]" coalition) into office as Prime Minister. Berlusconi, however, was forced to step down in December 1994 when his [[Lega Nord]] partners withdrew support. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a [[technical government]] headed by Prime Minister [[Lamberto Dini]], which left office in early-1996. At the [[Italian general election, 1996|1996 general election]], [[Romano Prodi]] led a centre-left coalition to victory. Prodi's first government became the third-longest to stay in power before he narrowly lost a vote of confidence, by three votes, in October 1998. A new government was formed by [[Democrats of the Left]] leader and former Communist [[Massimo D'Alema]], but in April 2000, following poor performance by his coalition in regional elections, D'Alema resigned. The succeeding centre-left government, including most of the same parties, was headed by [[Giuliano Amato]] (social-democratic), who previously served as Prime Minister from 1992 to 1993 and again from April 2000 until June 2001. That same year, a centre-right coalition [[Italian general election, 2001|formed the government]] and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] was able to regain power and keep it for a complete five-year mandate; becoming the longest-serving government in post-war Italy. Berlusconi participated in the US-led [[multinational coalition in Iraq]]. {{multiple image |align=right|direction=horizontal | image1 = Romano Prodi 1999 (cropped).jpg | width1 = 122 | image2 = Silvio Berlusconi 1996.jpg | width2 = 131 | caption1 = [[Romano Prodi]], Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998 and from 2006 to 2008, and long-time leader of the [[Centre-left coalition (Italy)|centre-left coalition]] | caption2 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]], Prime Minister from 1994 to 1995, from 2001 to 2006 and from 2008 to 2011, and long-time leader of the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] }} The [[Italian general election, 2006|2006 general election]] returned Prodi to government, leading an all-encompassing centre-left coalition of 11 parties ([[The Union (political coalition)|The Union]]). Prodi won with only a narrow majority in the Senate, also due to the new proportional [[electoral law]] introduced by Berlusconi and [[Roberto Calderoli|Calderoli]] in 2005. In the first year of his government, Prodi followed a cautious policy of economic liberalisation and reduction of public debt. His government, in loss of popularity, was anyway sacked by the end of support from centrist MPs led by [[Clemente Mastella]]. Berlusconi won the [[Italian general election, 2008|2008 general election]], with the [[People of Freedom]] party (fusion of his previous [[Forza Italia]] party and of Fini's [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]]) against [[Walter Veltroni]] of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]]. Italy was among the countries hit hardest by the [[Great Recession]] of 2008–09 and the subsequent [[European debt crisis]]. The national economy shrunk by 6.76% during the whole period, totalling seven quarters of recession.<ref name="OECD">{{cite web |url=http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350 |title=Quarterly Growth Rates of real GDP, change over previous quarter |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> In 2010, Berlusconi's party saw the splintering of [[Gianfranco Fini]]'s new faction, which formed a parliamentary group and voted against him in a no-confidence vote on 14 December 2010. Berlusconi's government was able to avoid no-confidence thanks to support from sparse MPs, but has lost a consistent majority in the lower Chamber. In November 2011, the Italian bond yield was 6.74 per cent for 10-year bonds, nearing a 7% level where Italy is thought to lose access to financial markets.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Barry|last1=Moody|first2=James|last2=Mackenzie|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-idUSTRE7A72NG20111108|title=Berlusconi to resign after parliamentary setback|date=8 November 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 February 2015|archive-date=18 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918220156/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/08/us-italy-idUSTRE7A72NG20111108|url-status=live}}</ref> On 12 November 2011, Berlusconi eventually resigned, and the famous economist [[Mario Monti]] was sworn in as Prime Minister at the head of a [[technocracy|technocratic]] government. As a shock therapy to avoid the debt crisis and kick-start economic growth, Monti's [[national unity government]] launched a massive programme of [[austerity measures]]; that reduced the deficit but precipitated the country in a [[double-dip recession]] in 2012 and 2013, receiving criticism from numerous economists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krugman|first1=Paul|title=Austerity, Italian-Style|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/25/opinion/krugman-austerity-italian-style.html|access-date=26 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=24 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Orsi|first1=Roberto|title=The Demise of Italy and the Rise of Chaos|date=8 October 2013 |url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/eurocrisispress/2013/10/08/the-demise-of-italy-and-the-rise-of-chaos/|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|access-date=26 November 2017}}</ref> [[File:2015 sicily.jpg|thumb|left|Asylum seekers arrive in [[Sicily]], 2015. The [[Arab Spring]] and the [[Syrian Civil War|Syrian War]] created factors that led to a [[European migrant crisis|migrant crisis]] that saw hundreds of thousands of boat-dwellers seeking refuge in Italy and other Mediterranean countries.]] On 24 and 25 February 2013, a [[Italian general election, 2013|general election]] was held; a centre-left coalition led [[Pier Luigi Bersani]], Leader of the [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]], won a slight majority in the Chamber of Deputies but did not control the Senate. The election was characterised by the surprise success of the [[anti-establishment]] [[Five Star Movement]], founded by former comedian [[Beppe Grillo]], which came second with 25.5% of votes. On 24 April, President Napolitano gave to the Vice-Secretary of the Democratic Party, [[Enrico Letta]], the task of forming a government, having determined that Bersani could not form a government. Letta formed a short-lived [[Grand coalition (Italy)|grand coalition]] government, supported also by [[The People of Freedom]] of [[Silvio Berlusconi]] and [[Civic Choice]] of [[Mario Monti]]. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014 (for a total of 300 days), as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of [[Matteo Renzi]], the 39-year-old mayor of Florence and nicknamed "''Il Rottamatore''" (The scrapper), who formed a new [[Renzi Cabinet|government]] with the support of some centrist parties. The Cabinet was the youngest government of Italy up to date, with an average age of 47 years and the first in which the number of female ministers was equal to the number of male ministers. The government implemented numerous reforms, including changes to the [[Italian electoral law|electoral system]], a relaxation of labour and employment laws with the intention of boosting economic growth, a thorough reformation of the [[public administration]] and the introduction of [[Civil union|same-sex civil union]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/2015-09-29/italy-prime-minister-matteo-renzi-on-senate-reform|title= Italy Prime Minister Mattro Renzi on Senate Reform|publisher= [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|access-date= 29 September 2015}}</ref> However, Renzi resigned after losing a [[Italian constitutional referendum, 2016|constitutional referendum]] in December 2016, and was succeeded by [[Paolo Gentiloni]]. The centre-left Cabinets were plagued by the aftermath of the [[European debt crisis]] and the [[European migrant crisis]], which fuelled support for populist and right-wing parties.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fear of migrants feeds growth of Italy's far-right |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/fear-of-migrants-feeds-growth-of-italy-s-far-right-1.3393398 |access-date=10 June 2021 |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |date=17 February 2018}}</ref> [[File:Covid-19 San Salvatore 09.jpg|thumb|Exhausted nurse takes a break in an Italian hospital during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 emergency]].]] The [[Italian general election, 2018|2018 general election]] resulted in a [[hung parliament]] once again, which led to an unlikely [[Conte I Cabinet|populist government]] between the anti-establishment Five Star Movement and Salvini's [[Lega (political party)|Lega]], led by [[Giuseppe Conte]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/24/opinion/populists-rome-five-star-movement.html |title=Opinion – The Populists Take Rome |work=The New York Times |date=24 May 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> However, after only fourteen months, the League withdrew its support to Conte, who subsequently allied with the Democratic Party and other smaller left-wing parties to form a new Cabinet.<ref>{{cite news |title=Italy's Conte forms coalition of bitter rivals, booting far-right from power |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190905-italy-coalition-conte-five-star-populists-democrats |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=France 24 |date=5 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Italian government formed, allying M5S and the centre-left {{!}} DW {{!}} 4 September 2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/new-italian-government-formed-allying-m5s-and-the-center-left/a-50287864 |access-date=9 September 2019 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=4 September 2019}}</ref> In 2020, Italy was severely hit by the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>[http://www.salute.gov.it/nuovocoronavirus Nuovo coronavirus], ''Minsitero della Salute''</ref> From March to May 2020, Conte's government imposed a [[2020 Italy coronavirus lockdown|national lockdown]] as a measure to limit the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51810673 |title=Italy extends emergency measures nationwide}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/10/from-confidence-to-quarantine-how-coronavirus-swept-italy |title=From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy |date=10 March 2020 |work=The Guardian|access-date=12 March 2020 |last2=Sample |first2=Ian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The measures, despite being widely approved by public opinion,<ref>{{cite web |last1=De Feo |first1=Gianluca |title=Sondaggio Demos: gradimento per Conte alle stelle |url=https://www.youtrend.it/2020/03/20/sondaggio-demos-gradimento-per-conte-alle-stelle/ |website=YouTrend |access-date=22 March 2020 |language=it-IT |date=20 March 2020}}</ref> were also described as the largest suppression of [[constitutional right]]s in the history of the republic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blog {{!}} Coronavirus, la sospensione delle libertà costituzionali è realtà. Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene |url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2020/03/18/coronavirus-la-sospensione-delle-liberta-costituzionali-e-realta-ma-per-me-ce-la-stiamo-cavando-bene/5739296/ |access-date=22 March 2020 |work=Il Fatto Quotidiano |date=18 March 2020 |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Un uomo solo è al comando dell'Italia, e nessuno ha niente da ridire |url=https://www.linkiesta.it/2020/03/italia-coronavirus-conte-uomo-solo-al-comando/ |access-date=4 March 2020 |work=Linkiesta |date=24 March 2020 |language=it-IT}}</ref> With more than 100,000 confirmed fatalities, Italy was one of the countries with the highest total number of deaths in the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Italy mourns its 100,000 dead as third wave builds |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/0318/1204668-corovirus-global/ |access-date=10 June 2021 |agency=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]] |date=18 Mar 2021}}</ref> The pandemic caused also a [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic|severe economic disruption]], which resulted in Italy being one of the most affected countries.<ref>[https://www.agi.it/economia/news/2020-04-14/coronavirus-fmi-crisi-economica-8331041/ L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia], AGI</ref> In February 2021, these extraordinary circumstances brought to the formation of a [[Draghi Cabinet|national coalition government]] led by former President of the European Central Bank [[Mario Draghi]]. On 13 February 2021, he was sworn in as Prime Minister. The [[Draghi Cabinet|Draghi cabinet]] had support across the broad political spectrum.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56049115 |work=BBC News |date=13 February 2021}}</ref> In January 2022, President [[Sergio Mattarella]] was re-elected to serve a second consecutive seven-year term.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sergio Mattarella: At 80, Italy president re-elected on amid successor row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-60183929 |work=BBC News |date=29 January 2022}}</ref> On 21 July 2022, following a [[2022 Italian government crisis|government crisis]] which ended with FI, League and the M5S deciding to withdraw their support to the government, Prime Minister Draghi resigned. President [[Sergio Mattarella]] consequently dissolved the Parliament<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-legislature-italy-802d6ab0965feebf4e3f7bda1659df42 | title=Italy heads to early election after Draghi's coalition fails | website=[[Associated Press]] | date=21 July 2022 }}</ref> and called a [[2022 Italian general election|snap election]], which resulted in the [[Centre-right coalition (Italy)|centre-right coalition]] gaining an absolute majority of seats.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 September 2022|title=Italy's far-right Meloni begins tricky government talks|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220927-italy-s-far-right-meloni-begins-tricky-government-talks |access-date=2 October 2022|work=France 24|publisher=Agence France-Press}}</ref> On 22 October 2022, [[Giorgia Meloni]] was sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister. Her [[Brothers of Italy]] party formed a right-wing government with the far-right [[Lega (political party)|League]] and centre-right of ex-prime minister [[Silvio Berlusconi|Silvio Berlusconi's]] party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Who is Giorgia Meloni? The rise to power of Italy's new far-right PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63351655 |work=BBC News |date=21 October 2022}}</ref> ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} * [[Duchy of Urbino]] * [[Genetic history of Italy]] * [[History of Capri]] * [[History of Naples]] * [[History of Rome]] * [[History of Sardinia]] * [[History of Sicily]] * [[History of the Republic of Venice]] * [[History of Trentino]] * [[History of Tuscany]] * [[History of Verona]] * [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] * [[List of consorts of Montferrat]] * [[List of consorts of Naples]] * [[List of consorts of Savoy]] * [[List of consorts of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] * [[List of consorts of Tuscany]] * [[List of Italian queens]] * [[List of Italian inventions and discoveries]] * [[List of kings of the Lombards]] * [[List of Milanese consorts]] * [[List of Modenese consorts]] * [[List of monarchs of Naples]] * [[List of monarchs of Sardinia]] * [[List of monarchs of Sicily]] * [[List of monarchs of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]] * [[List of Parmese consorts]] * [[List of presidents of Italy]] * [[List of prime ministers of Italy]] * [[List of queens of the Lombards]] * [[List of Roman and Byzantine Empresses]] * [[List of rulers of Tuscany]] * [[List of Sardinian consorts]] * [[List of Sicilian consorts]] * [[List of State Archives of Italy]] * [[List of viceroys of Naples]] * [[List of viceroys of Sicily]] * [[Milan]] * [[Military history of Italy]] * [[Politics of Italy]] {{div col end}} ==Vyakulemba== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == ===Surveys=== * Coppa, Frank J. ed. ''Dictionary of Modern Italian History'' (1985) * Di Scala, Spencer M. ''Italy: From Revolution to Republic, 1700 to the Present.'' (1998) 436pp [https://www.questia.com/read/98920663 online edition] * Domenico, Roy. ''The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture'' (2002) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071013/http://www.questia.com/read/102135404?title=The%20Regions%20of%20Italy:%20A%20Reference%20Guide%20to%20History%20and%20Culture online edition] * Duggan, Christopher. ''The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0618353674 excerpt and text search] * Hearder, Henry, and D. P. Waley; ''A Short History of Italy: From Classical Times to the Present Day'' (1963) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621180349/http://www.questia.com/read/1149043 online edition] * Holmes, George. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Italy'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0192854445 excerpt and text search] * Killinger; Charles L. ''The History of Italy'' (2002) [https://www.questia.com/read/101544720 online edition] * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Modern Italy: A Political History'' (1997) * {{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Denis Mack |title=Mussolini: A Biography |date=1983 |publisher=Vintage Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0394716589}} ===Geography and environment=== * Armiero, Marco, and Marcus Hall, eds. ''Nature and History in Modern Italy'' (Ecology and History Series) (Ohio University Press, 2010) 295 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-0-8214-1916-8}} [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31962 online review] * [[Lorenzo Arnone Sipari|Arnone Sipari, Lorenzo]], ed. ''Scritti scelti di Erminio Sipari sul Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo (1922–1933)'' (Nature and Parks series) (Trento, 2011) 349 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|978-88-97372-05-9}} * Delano-Smith, Catherine. ''Western Mediterranean Europe: A Historical Geography of Italy, Spain, and Southern France Since the Neolithic'' (1980) ===Ancient=== * Cary, M. and H. H. Scullard. ''A History of Rome: Down to the Reign of Constantine'' (3rd ed. 1996), 690pp * Forsythe, Gary. ''A Critical History of Early Rome'' (2005) 400pp * Grant, Michael. ''History of Rome'' (1997) * Heather, Peter. ''The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians'' (2006) 572pp * Scullard, H. H. ''A History of the Roman World 753–146 BC'' (5th ed. 2002), 596pp * Zuppardo, Emanuele and Piccolo, Salvatore (Günther Hölbl preface). ''Terra Mater: Sulle Sponde del Gela greco'', Gela, Betania (2005), 175pp ===Medieval=== * Abulafia, David. ''Italy in the Central Middle Ages: 1000–1300'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0199247048 excerpt and text search] * Bullough, Donald A. ''Italy and Her Invaders'' (1968) * Herlihy, David, Robert S. Lopez, and Vsevolod Slessarev, eds., ''Economy, Society and Government in Medieval Italy'' (1969) * Hyde, J. K. ''Society and Politics in Medieval Italy'' (1973) * La Rocca, Cristina. ''Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700482 excerpt and text search] * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Medieval Sicily, 800–1713'' (1968) * Tobacco, Giovanni. ''The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Power'' (1989) * Wickham, Chris. ''Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society, 400–1000'' (1981) ===Renaissance=== * {{cite book |first=John Rigby |last=Hale |author-link=John Rigby Hale |year=1981 |title=A concise encyclopaedia of the Italian Renaissance |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |oclc=636355191}}. * Kohl, Benjamin G. and Allison Andrews Smith, eds. ''Major Problems in the History of the Italian Renaissance'' (1995). * Najemy, John M. ''Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550'' (The Short Oxford History of Italy) (2005) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700407 excerpt and text search] * White, John. ''Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250–1400'' (1993) ===Early modern=== * Cochrane, Eric. ''Italy, 1530–1630'' (1988) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071133/http://www.questia.com/read/52710416?title=Italy%201530-1630 online edition] * Carpanetto, Dino, and Giuseppe Ricuperati. ''Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685–1789'' (1987) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071159/http://www.questia.com/read/55015369?title=Italy%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Reason,%201685-1789 online edition] * Marino, John A. ''Early Modern Italy: 1550–1796'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198700423 excerpt and text search] * Roberts, J.M. "Italy, 1793–1830" in C.W. Crawley, ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History: IX. War and Peace in an age of upheaval 1793–1830'' (Cambridge University Press, 1965) pp 439–461. [https://archive.org/details/newcambridgemode0009unse online] * Venturi, Franco. ''Italy and the Enlightenment'' (1972) * Woolf, Stuart. ''A History of Italy, 1700–1860'' (1988) ===Risorgimento=== * Beales. D.. and E. Biagini, ''The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy'' (2002) * Clark, Martin. ''The Italian Risorgimento'' (Routledge, 2014) * Collier, Martin, ''Italian Unification, 1820–71'' (Heinemann, 2003); textbook, 156 pages * {{cite book | title = Italy in the nineteenth century: 1796–1900 | editor-last = Davis | editor-first = John A. | year = 2000 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = London | url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115250399}} * Farmer, Alan. "How was Italy Unified?", ''History Review'' 54, March 2006 * Hearder, Harry. ''Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870'' (1983) [https://www.amazon.com/Italy-Age-Risorgimento-1790-Longman/dp/0582491460 excerpt] * Holt, Edgar. ''The Making of Italy 1815–1870,'' (1971). * Laven, David. ''Restoration and Risorgimento: Italy 1796–1870'' (2012) * Pearce, Robert, and Andrina Stiles. ''Access to History: The Unification of Italy 1789–1896'' (4th rf., Hodder Education, 2015), textbook. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IFiGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3 excerpt] * Riall, Lucy. ''Risorgimento: The History of Italy from Napoleon to Nation State'' (2009) * Riall, Lucy. ''The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society, and National Unification'' (Routledge, 1994) [https://www.questia.com/library/103783059/the-italian-risorgimento-state-society-and-national online] * Riall, Lucy. ''Garibaldi: Invention of a hero'' (Yale UP, 2008). * {{cite journal | last1 = Riall | first1 = Lucy | year = 1998 | title = Hero, saint or revolutionary? Nineteenth-century politics and the cult of Garibaldi | journal = Modern Italy | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 191–204 | doi=10.1080/13532949808454803| s2cid = 143746713 }} * Ridley, Jasper. ''Garibaldi'' (1974), a standard biography. * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Cavour'' (1985) * Smith, Denis Mack. ''Victor Emanuel, Cavour, and the Risorgimento'' (Oxford UP, 1971) * Stiles, A. ''The Unification of Italy 1815–70'' (2nd edition, 2001) * {{cite book|last=Thayer |first=William Roscoe |title=The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfwNAQAAMAAJ |year=1911}} old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859; [https://books.google.com/books?id=sK_CnX3-ZMQC volume 2 online covers 1859–62] ===Since 1860=== {{Further|Economic history of Italy#Further reading}} * Alexander, J. ''The hunchback's tailor: Giovanni Giolitti and liberal Italy from the challenge of mass politics to the rise of fascism, 1882-1922'' (Greenwood, 2001). * {{cite book|last=Bosworth |first=Richard J. B. |title=Mussolini's Italy |year=2005}} * Burgwyn, H. James. ''Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918-1940'' (Greenwood, 1997), * Cannistraro, Philip V. ed. ''Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy'' (1982) * Chabod, Federico. ''Italian Foreign Policy: The Statecraft of the Founders, 1870-1896'' (Princeton UP, 2014). * Clark, Martin. ''Modern Italy: 1871–1982'' (1984, 3rd edn 2008) * {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=M. |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015 |publisher=McFarland |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |year=2017 |edition=4th |isbn=978-0786474707 }} * De Grand, Alexander. ''Giovanni Giolitti and Liberal Italy from the Challenge of Mass Politics to the Rise of Fascism, 1882–1922'' (2001) * De Grand, Alexander. ''Italian Fascism: Its Origins and Development'' (1989) * ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (12th ed. 1922) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30-31-32 that cover events 1911–1922 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony. Included also in 13th edition (1926) [[s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica|partly online]] ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYUAAAAQAAJ full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free] * Gilmour, David.''The Pursuit of Italy: A History of a Land, Its Regions, and Their Peoples'' (2011). [https://www.amazon.com/Pursuit-Italy-History-Regions-Peoples/dp/0374533601/ excerpt] * Ginsborg, Paul. ''A History of Contemporary Italy, 1943–1988'' (2003). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/1403961530 excerpt and text search] * Lyttelton, Adrian. ''Liberal and Fascist Italy: 1900–1945'' (Short Oxford History of Italy) (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0198731981 excerpt and text search] * McCarthy, Patrick ed. ''Italy since 1945'' (2000). * Overy, Richard. ''The road to war'' (4th ed. 1999, {{ISBN|978-0-14-028530-7}}), covers 1930s; pp 191–244. * {{cite book|last=Smith |first=D. Mack |title=Modern Italy: A Political History |year=1997 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |isbn=0-472-10895-6}} * Toniolo, Gianni. ''An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918'' (1990) * Toniolo, Gianni, ed. ''The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy since Unification'' (Oxford University Press, 2013) 785 pp. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43490 online review]; [http://eh.net/?s=Toniolo another online review] * Williams, Isobel. ''Allies and Italians under Occupation: Sicily and Southern Italy, 1943–45'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). xiv + 308 pp. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=43968 online review] * Zamagni, Vera. ''The Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990'' (1993) 413 pp.&nbsp;{{ISBN|0-19-828773-9}}. === Kulemba mbiri === * {{cite journal | last1 = Azzi | first1 = Stephen Corrado | date = 11 February 2009 | title = The Historiography of Fascist Foreign Policy | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 36 | issue = 1| pages = 187–203 | jstor=2639522 | doi=10.1017/s0018246x00016174| s2cid = 159720673 }} * {{cite journal | last1 = Bernhard | first1 = Patrick | year = 2014 | title = Renarrating Italian Fascism: New Directions in the Historiography of a European Dictatorship | journal = Contemporary European History | volume = 23 | issue = 1| pages = 151–163 | doi=10.1017/s0960777313000556| s2cid = 145319131 }} * Boardman, Jonathan. ''Umbria: A Cultural History'' (Signal Books; 2012). Charts a complex history of literature, religion, art, migration, and industry. * {{cite journal | last1 = Dipper | first1 = Christof | year = 2015 | title = Italian Contemporary Historiography. A Snapshot | journal = Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte | volume = 63 | issue = 3| page = 351 | doi=10.1515/vfzg-2015-0021| s2cid = 147390477}} * {{cite journal | last1 = Ferrari | first1 = Paolo | year = 2015 | title = The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy | journal = Comillas Journal of International Relations | volume = 2 | issue = 2| pages = 117–126 | doi = 10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 | doi-access = free}} * Foot, John. ''Italy's Divided Memory'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 262 pages; 2010). Describes regional, political, and other divisions in Italian public memory of history. * {{cite journal | last1 = Musi | first1 = Aurelio | year = 2013 | title = Modern Italy in French, English and American historiography | journal = Nuova Rivista Storica | volume = 97 | issue = 3| pages = 909–952}} * Pasquino, Gianfranco. "Political History in Italy," ''Journal of Policy History'' (2009) 21#3 pp 282–97, on 20th century historians; covers Italian politics after World War II, and works of Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia. Also discusses rise of the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315859/summary summary] * {{cite journal|last=Ramm |first=Agatha |title=The Risorgimento in Sicily: Recent Literature |journal=English Historical Review |date=1972 |volume=87 |issue=345 |pages=795–811 |doi=10.1093/ehr/lxxxvii.cccxlv.795|jstor=562204}} * Rao, Anna Maria. "Napoleonic Italy: Old and New Trends in Historiography." in Ute Planert, ed., ''Napoleon's Empire'' (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). pp 84–97. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042803/http://www.miol.it/stagniweb/foto6.asp?File=mappe_va&Tipo=index&Righe=50&Col=4 Detailed Maps of the History of Italy] * [http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Italy:_Primary_Documents History of Italy: Primary Documents] * [http://www.italyrevisited.org/ Italy Revisited (historical photo archives)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240708092045/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23766 Collection: Italy in 19th Century Photography] from the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]] * [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1148/the-dolmens-of-sicily Salvatore Piccolo, The Dolmens of Sicily] from the [[World History Encyclopedia]] {{Italy topics}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{History of Europe}} {{European history by country}} {{Former monarchies Italian peninsula}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History of Italy| ]] o2pcf3sjopr0mv79ubswfrrhxm5awl6 12 41242 117824 101268 2026-07-10T20:50:11Z en>CharlesTGillingham 0 /* Footnotes: embedding references */ Needed to give an example for those editors that complain about separating out explanatory footnotes. 117824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wikipedia help article}} {{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}} {{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}} {{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}} {{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory_notes}} <noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}} This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]. Footnotes are used most commonly to provide: * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]], * [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or * source information for tables and other elements. Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]]. Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]]. Footnotes are created using the {{cite.php}} software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}}. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed. ==Overview== The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page: * A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote. * A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font. :Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}. :For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example: {{dummy footnote|margin=5em}} :If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters: {{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}} :Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker. ===Footnotes in action=== The superscript numeral "1" in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.<ref>This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.</ref> {{reflist}} {{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}} ==Footnotes: the basics== {{See also|Help:Reftags}} To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used. The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show. ===Where to place ref tags=== Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag: {{markup |<nowiki>...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> &nbsp; &nbsp; {{xt|Correct}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki>...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>. {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>. &nbsp; &nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki>...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> &nbsp; &nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}} {{reflist}} }} ===Formatting ref tags=== The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} {{MediaWiki URL rules}} ==Reference lists: the basics== Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like. {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{fake heading|sub=2|References}} {{reflist}} }} '''Notes''' {{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}} * In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of {{tl|reflist}} on the same page required use of a {{para|close}} parameter; that bug has been fixed and the{{para|close}} parameter may safely be removed. {{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}} ==Footnotes: using a source more than once== {{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS}} {{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}} {{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} <!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --> {{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}} You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of "manchester2002", the syntax to define a named footnote is: :{{tag|ref|params=name="<var>manchester2002</var>"|content=<var>text of full reference</var>}} is the full "named" reference and used only once. To invoke the named reference: :{{tag|ref|s|params=name="<var>manchester2002</var>"}} is the short version that is used other places in the article. {{refname rules}} Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like <code>":0"</code>, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change <code>":0"</code> to <code>"manchester2002"</code>, or even better, an exact date, such as <code>"manchester_12/14/2002"</code>. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date. {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}} }} The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader. Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order: {{markup |<nowiki>This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}} }} When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is: :{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}} Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]]. ==Reference lists: columns== {{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}} {{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}} Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 10 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. The CSS "column-width" property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, "short", "medium", and "long". For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== {{refwidth|short}} <references /> </syntaxhighlight> {{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the "short" setting: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== {{reflist|20em}} </syntaxhighlight> The "short" or "20em" setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}. Setting a [[Template:Reflist#Columns|specific number of columns]] in reflist now no longer actually sets the "column-count" CSS property; instances of {{tlx|reflist|2}} or {{tlx|reflist|3}} can be replaced with the default behavior or variant requesting a specific column width. Given the range of reader screen sizes, fixing the number of columns would result in wasted space for some readers and overly narrow columns for others. ==List-defined references== {{shortcut|WP:LDR}} {{main|Help:List-defined references}} Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <references> <ref name="name1">Content</ref> <ref name="name2">Content</ref> <ref name="name...n">Content</ref> </references> </syntaxhighlight> The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> ==References== <references> <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> </references></nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} <references> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> </references>}} The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown. Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]]. {{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}} ==Footnotes: embedding references== {{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}} {{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}} [[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error. The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest references. The markup is: :{{tlx|efn|''content''}} :{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or :{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or :{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter) ''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another {{tl|r}} template. The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template. Examples: ===Using {{tl|efn}}=== {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} ===Using {{tl|refn}}=== With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} ===Using {{tl|r}}=== {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist|group=nb}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} The use of the magic word <code>#tag:ref</code> is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally. :<code>&#123;&#123;#tag:ref|<var>refcontent</var>|group=<var>groupname</var>|name=<var>name</var>}}</code> {{anchor|Grouping footnotes}} ==Footnotes: groups== {{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}} Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group. The syntax to define a footnote with a group is: :{{tag|ref|params=group=<var>groupname</var>|content=Content}} If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional. The syntax for the reference list with a group is: :{{tlx|reflist|2=group=<var>groupname</var>}} or: :<nowiki><references group="</nowiki><var>groupname</var><nowiki>"></nowiki> Example: {{markup |<nowiki>This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist|group=note}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name. When using both names and groups, the syntax is: :{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}} For the repeated note: :{{tag|ref|s|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"}} {{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}} ==Footnotes: predefined groups== {{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}} {{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}} {{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}} <section begin=pregroup /><!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates-->{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}} There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections. These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested. '''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like ^{'''''a b c'''''}) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&nbsp;Issues]]. ===Template use by reference group type=== <section begin=pregrouptable /> {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! Group type !! Footnote marker template<br/>or markup !! Reference list<br/> template !! Sample labels |- |rowspan=3|''none by default,<br>but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}} |rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}} |rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |- | {{tlx|r}} (for nested references) |- | {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references) |- | lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j |- | upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J |- | lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x |- | upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X |- | lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ |- |note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3 |}<section end="pregrouptable" /> * {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'. Do not enclose values in quotes. * {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes. In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list: {{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}} }} {{markup|title=With lower-roman labels |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}} }} {{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}} Notes: {{notelist|group=lower-roman}} Refs: {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}} Notes: {{notelist|group=lower-roman}} Refs: {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}} }} {{markup|title=With named references |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}} }} '''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name. {{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }} }} {{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&lt;references /&gt; groups}}.}} [[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example: <pre> <references group="lower-alpha"> <ref name="name1">Content</ref> <ref name="name2">Content</ref> </references> </pre> {{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths. {{collapsed bottom}} ===Issues=== * Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above. * The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if: ** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed. ** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed. ** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup. ** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}} * The entries in the reference list will have no styling if: ** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to <code>bodyclass=hlist</code>; to resolve this, replace the style with <code>listclass=hlist</code>.<section end=pregroup /> * If the note text contains an "=" sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: <code><nowiki>{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}</nowiki></code> * If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping <nowiki>{{notelist}}</nowiki> with <nowiki><div></nowiki> tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the <code>notelist</code> template. For instance, to call <code>notelist</code> within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, <code><nowiki><div style="font-size:108%">{{notelist}}</div></nowiki></code> will cause the output of the <code>notelist</code> template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox. ==Reference lists: automatically generated== {{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}} A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page. Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width: 10.6em;"> ==References== {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight> Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width: 15.6em;"> ==See also== ==Notes== ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== </syntaxhighlight> ===Talk pages=== On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion. {{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}} ==Footnotes: page numbers== {{main|Help:References and page numbers}} Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]). A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the "page" with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</nowiki> |Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} {{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and {{t|rp}}: <code><nowiki>{{r|Schudson}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref name="Schudson"/></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</nowiki></code>. ==Previewing edits== When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading "Preview of references", although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing. Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget. ==RefToolbar== {{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}} [[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]] [[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]] You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert. {{clear}} ==Issues and limitations== * {{cite.php|bug}} * [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}} * The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}} == Flagging inadequate referencing == {{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}} * The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''. ==See also== {{For|instructions on how to "bundle" citations|Help:Citation merging}} *[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}} * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources * [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page. * [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}} * [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags. * For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful. {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Help navigation}} [[Category:Wikipedia editor help]] [[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]] efl6ld093wrx4uvac5lfcruww5fk7g3 117825 117824 2026-07-22T19:25:09Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Help:Footnotes]] 117824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wikipedia help article}} {{For|the official guideline on citing sources|Wikipedia:Citing sources}} {{For|help with citation templates|Help:Citation Style 1}} {{Redirect|WP:FN|the fringe theories noticeboard|Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Noticeboard}} {{Redirect|WP:NOTES|hatnotes|Wikipedia:Hatnote|article layout of footnotes|MOS:NOTES|musical notes|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music#Images and notation}} {{Redirect|WP:FOOTNOTES|explanatory foot notes|Help:Explanatory_notes}} <noinclude>{{pp-semi-indef}}</noinclude> {{Wikipedia how to|H:FOOT|WP:FOOTNOTES|H:FN}} This page explains how to create the '''Footnotes''' section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of [[Note (typography)|footnotes]]. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]]. Footnotes are used most commonly to provide: * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources]], * [[Help:explanatory notes|explanatory information]], or * source information for tables and other elements. Footnotes or [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]] may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on [[WP:CITEVAR|Variation in citation methods]]. Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is [[Wikipedia:Inline citation#Citation density|no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence]], because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on [[WP:MINREF|When you must use inline citations]], the [[Wikipedia:Good article criteria|Good article criteria]] and [[Wikipedia:when to cite|When to cite]]. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|Citing sources]] and examples of [[Wikipedia:Citation templates#Examples|Citation templates]]. Footnotes are created using the {{cite.php}} software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements {{xtag|ref|p}}, {{xtag|references|s}} and {{tag|references}}. On many pages, {{tl|reflist}} is used as a wrapper to style the reference list, but it cannot be used with [[Help:List-defined references|list-defined references]] due to incompatibility with Visual Editor. CSS style templates can also be used ''alongside'' {{tag|references|s}}, for example, {{tl|refwidth}} (and this does not create Visual Editor compatibility problems). In general, {{tag|references|s}} is preferred when the capabilities of {{tl|reflist}} are not needed. ==Overview== The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page: * A '''Footnote marker''' is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: {{dummy ref}}{{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|Note 1}}. This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the desktop site and have Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote. * A '''Footnote''' displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font. :Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be {{dummy ref}}, the second would be {{dummy ref|2}} and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: {{dummy ref|a}}{{dummy ref|b}}{{dummy ref|c}}, {{dummy ref|Note 1}} {{dummy ref|Note 2}} {{dummy ref|Note 3}}. :For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example: {{dummy footnote|margin=5em}} :If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters: {{dummy footnote|2|a b c|margin=5em}} :Clicking on the backlink or pressing {{keypress|Alt|←}} returns to the footnote marker. ===Footnotes in action=== The superscript numeral "1" in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.<ref>This is a footnote that contains a citation or note.</ref> {{reflist}} {{anchor|Footnote markers: the basics}} ==Footnotes: the basics== {{See also|Help:Reftags}} To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the {{tag|ref}} tags. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} The {{tl|reflist}} template will be explained in the next section; {{tag|references|s}} can also be used. The content inside the {{tag|ref}} will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show. ===Where to place ref tags=== Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see [[WP:REFPUNC]]. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag: {{markup |<nowiki>...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text.<ref>Content of the reference</ref> &nbsp; &nbsp; {{xt|Correct}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki>...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>. {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text<ref>Content of the reference</ref>. &nbsp; &nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (tag before punctuation)}} {{reflist}} |<nowiki>...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |...text. <ref>Content of the reference</ref> &nbsp; &nbsp; {{!xt|Incorrect (space before tag)}} {{reflist}} }} ===Formatting ref tags=== The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] and [[Help:Substitution|template substitution]] will not work in footnotes. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link: {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.org LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}} }} {{MediaWiki URL rules}} ==Reference lists: the basics== Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{tag|references|s}} or {{tl|reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like. {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{fake heading|sub=2|References}} {{reflist}} }} '''Notes''' {{shortcut|HELP:MULTIREF}} * In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of {{tl|reflist}} on the same page required use of a {{para|close}} parameter; that bug has been fixed and the{{para|close}} parameter may safely be removed. {{anchor|Naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once|Footnote markers: using a source more than once}} ==Footnotes: using a source more than once== {{Shortcut|WP:REFNAME|WP:NAMEDREFS}} {{Anchor|Reference name (naming a ref tag so it can be used more than once)}}{{Anchor|Multiple references to the same footnote}} {{Anchor|WP:NAMEDREF}} <!-- from WP:NAMEDREFS redirect --> {{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Citing multiple pages of the same source}} You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using '''named references''', also called named footnotes. Using the example name of "manchester2002", the syntax to define a named footnote is: :{{tag|ref|params=name="<var>manchester2002</var>"|content=<var>text of full reference</var>}} is the full "named" reference and used only once. To invoke the named reference: :{{tag|ref|s|params=name="<var>manchester2002</var>"}} is the short version that is used other places in the article. {{refname rules}} Note that the colon-followed-by-numeral names, like <code>":0"</code>, are currently [[WP:VENAMEDREFS|generated by default]] in [[WP:VE|VisualEditor]]. They should be improved by replacement, using unique information from the citation, such as author and date of publication. For example, change <code>":0"</code> to <code>"manchester2002"</code>, or even better, an exact date, such as <code>"manchester_12/14/2002"</code>. Scientific publications and the [https://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/yadkard.fcgi Yadkard] tool always use unique ref names based on the last name(s) of the author(s) and the full publication date. {{markup |<nowiki>This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is page content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> {{reflist}} }} The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have information derived from the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name by associating it with the information that is visible to the reader. Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order: {{markup |<nowiki>This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002">{{cite book|title=LibreOffice for Starters|edition=First|publisher=Flexible Minds|location=Manchester|year=2002|p=18}}</ref> This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004">{{cite book|title=OpenOffice for Experts|publisher=Lexington|year=2004|p=18}}</ref> And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /> And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /> {{reflist}} }} When using both names and [[#Footnotes:_groups|groups]], the syntax is: :{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}} Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See [[Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes#Deleting...|Avoiding common mistakes]]. ==Reference lists: columns== {{Shortcut|H:REFCOLS}} {{Hatnote|Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{tl|Reflist}} for technical details}} Footnote lists generated by {{tl|Reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} automatically split into columns if there are 10 or more items. The number of columns adjusts responsively to the width of the display, which can range from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. The CSS "column-width" property is by default set at 25–30 [[em (typography)|em]] depending on the skin. Browsers interpret this as a minimum width suggestion; if there is leftover space that cannot be used by an additional column, columns may render wider. This property can be adjusted with {{tl|reflist}} or {{tl|refwidth}}. {{tl|refwidth}} only allows three settings, "short", "medium", and "long". For example: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== {{refwidth|short}} <references /> </syntaxhighlight> {{tl|reflist}} allows this property to be set directly. To accommodate different fonts and zoom settings, this should always be done in em and not pixels. For example, to make narrow columns similar to the "short" setting: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> ==References== {{reflist|20em}} </syntaxhighlight> The "short" or "20em" setting is commonly used for [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened footnotes]], but not for [[Help:Citation Style 1|Citation Style 1]]. For a shortened footnote example, see {{oldid|NBR 224 and 420 Classes|442508215#Notes|NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)}}. Setting a [[Template:Reflist#Columns|specific number of columns]] in reflist now no longer actually sets the "column-count" CSS property; instances of {{tlx|reflist|2}} or {{tlx|reflist|3}} can be replaced with the default behavior or variant requesting a specific column width. Given the range of reader screen sizes, fixing the number of columns would result in wasted space for some readers and overly narrow columns for others. ==List-defined references== {{shortcut|WP:LDR}} {{main|Help:List-defined references}} Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code change{{snd}}the actual display of the citation in the text to a reader is unaffected. For a more detailed evaluation of this method, see [[WP:LDRHOW]]. The syntax is: <syntaxhighlight lang="xml"> <references> <ref name="name1">Content</ref> <ref name="name2">Content</ref> <ref name="name...n">Content</ref> </references> </syntaxhighlight> The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> ==References== <references> <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> </references></nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/> {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} <references> <ref name="LazyDog">This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name="Jukeboxes">This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name="JumpingFrogs">This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> </references>}} The references will be numbered, and appear in the output, ''in the order that they are first referred to in the content,'' regardless of their order within the list. All references in the reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown. Although the template {{T|Reflist}} with {{para|refs}} parameter also supports list-defined references, its use is deprecated as it is not supported by the [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]]. {{anchor|Embedding references within footnotes}} ==Footnotes: embedding references== {{shortcut|WP:REFNEST}} {{See also|WP:Nesting footnotes}} [[Help:Explanatory notes|Explanatory notes]] may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the {{cite.php}} software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of {{tag|ref}} tags cannot be placed inside another pair of {{tag|ref}} tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error. The templates {{tl|efn}}, {{tl|r}} and {{tl|refn}} can be used to nest references. The markup is: :{{tlx|efn|''content''}} :{{tlx|refn|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=''content''}} or :{{tlx|r|2=group=''group''|3=name=''name''|4=refn=''content''}} or :{{tlx|r|2=g=''group''|3=n=''name''|4=r=''content''}} (shorter) ''name'' and ''group'' being optional parameters. The ''content'' may include {{tag|ref|o}} tags or another {{tl|r}} template. The other templates listed below in [[#Footnotes: predefined groups|Predefined groups]] are variants of {{tl|refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template. Examples: ===Using {{tl|efn}}=== {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{efn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{notelist}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} ===Using {{tl|refn}}=== With no separate section for explanatory notes. The citation footnotes ''precede'' the explanatory footnotes in the list. {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} ===Using {{tl|r}}=== {{markup |<nowiki>The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}} </nowiki> |The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist|group=nb}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} The use of the magic word <code>#tag:ref</code> is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{tl|r}} as well as {{tl|refn}} and its variants use this markup internally. :<code>&#123;&#123;#tag:ref|<var>refcontent</var>|group=<var>groupname</var>|name=<var>name</var>}}</code> {{anchor|Grouping footnotes}} ==Footnotes: groups== {{shortcut|WP:REFGROUP|WP:CITELABEL}} Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group. The syntax to define a footnote with a group is: :{{tag|ref|params=group=<var>groupname</var>|content=Content}} If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name ''must'' be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional. The syntax for the reference list with a group is: :{{tlx|reflist|2=group=<var>groupname</var>}} or: :<nowiki><references group="</nowiki><var>groupname</var><nowiki>"></nowiki> Example: {{markup |<nowiki>This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}}</nowiki> |This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation</ref> And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> {{fake heading|sub=3|Notes}} {{reflist|group=note}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name. When using both names and groups, the syntax is: :{{tag|ref|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"|content=Content}} For the repeated note: :{{tag|ref|s|params=group="<var>groupname</var>" name="<var>name</var>"}} {{anchor|Footnotes:predefinedgroups}} ==Footnotes: predefined groups== {{shortcut|H:PREGROUP|WP:EXPLNOTE}} {{for|technical details|Help:Cite link labels}} {{for|Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes|Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes}} {{See also|Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references}} <section begin=pregroup /><!--this section is used as the documentation for the efn/notelist templates-->{{anchor|footnotes_predefined_groups}} There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., {{dummy ref|1}}) of an [[Help:Explanatory notes|explanatory note]] or citation ({{aka}} footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Separating citations from explanatory footnotes|more than one of these groups' lists]] in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections. These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the [[wikitext]] markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested. '''Note:''' If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters (superscript lowercase letters like ^{'''''a b c'''''}) will be ''next to'' the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See [[Help:Footnotes#Footnotes: using a source more than once|WP:REFNAME]] and the first point below in [[#Issues|§&nbsp;Issues]]. ===Template use by reference group type=== <section begin=pregrouptable /> {| class="wikitable" |- style="vertical-align:top;" ! Group type !! Footnote marker template<br/>or markup !! Reference list<br/> template !! Sample labels |- |rowspan=3|''none by default,<br>but optionally any'' || {{tag|ref}} |rowspan=3| {{tlx|reflist}} |rowspan=3| 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |- | {{tlx|r}} (for nested references) |- | {{tlx|refn}} (for nested references) |- | lower-alpha || {{ubl| {{tlx|efn}} | {{tlx|efn-la}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|notelist}} | {{tlx|notelist-la}} }} || a b c d e f g h i j |- | upper-alpha || {{tlx|efn-ua}} || {{tlx|notelist-ua}} || A B C D E F G H I J |- | lower-roman || {{tlx|efn-lr}} || {{tlx|notelist-lr}} || i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix x |- | upper-roman || {{tlx|efn-ur}} || {{tlx|notelist-ur}} || I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X |- | lower-greek || {{tlx|efn-lg}} || {{tlx|notelist-lg}} || α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ |- |note || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteTag}} | {{tlx|efn-num}} }} || {{ubl| {{tlx|NoteFoot}} | {{tlx|notelist-num}} }} || note 1 note 2 note 3 |}<section end="pregrouptable" /> * {{tlx|efn}} supports {{para|name}}, which works the same as the parameter in {{tag|ref|o}} (see, for instance, the 4th and 5th examples below). It also supports {{para|group}}, which functions similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tag|ref|o}} but accepts only 'lower-alpha', 'upper-alpha', 'lower-roman', 'upper-roman', 'lower-greek', or 'note'. Do not enclose values in quotes. * {{tlx|notelist}} supports the {{para|colwidth}} and {{para|refs}} parameters, which work the same as the same parameters in {{tlx|reflist}}, and {{para|group}}, which works similarly to the parameter of the same name in {{tlx|efn}}. Do not enclose values in quotes. In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list: {{markup|title=With lower-alpha labels |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}} }} {{markup|title=With lower-roman labels |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}} }} {{markup|title=With {{para|group}} and multiple types |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}} Notes: {{notelist|group=lower-roman}} Refs: {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|group=lower-alpha|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|group=lower-roman|Footnote 3}} Notes: {{notelist|group=lower-roman}} Refs: {{notelist|group=lower-alpha}} }} {{markup|title=With named references |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}} }} '''Note''': With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name. {{markup|title=Named references can also be defined in the notelist |<nowiki>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }} </nowiki> |Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }} }} {{collapsed top|title=Currently broken; see {{section link|MediaWiki talk:Common.css|&lt;references /&gt; groups}}.}} [[WP:LDR|List-defined footnotes]] are incompatible with Visual Editor. {{tl|notelist}} is a simply a wrapper for {{tl|reflist}}, which is a wrapper for {{tag|references|s}}. Explanatory footnotes can be used with the raw tag (which ''is'' compatible with Visual Editor) by specifying the correct group name, for example: <pre> <references group="lower-alpha"> <ref name="name1">Content</ref> <ref name="name2">Content</ref> </references> </pre> {{tl|refwidth}} can be used to set column widths. {{collapsed bottom}} ===Issues=== * Multiple backlink labels (see [[WP:REFNAME]]) are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{tlx|efn}} is used. See the note in the introduction of [[#footnotes_predefined_groups|this section]], above. * The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if: ** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed. ** The value for {{para|group}} in {{tlx|reflist}} or {{tag|references|s}} is enclosed by quotes; use {{tlx|efn}} or variant as {{para|group}} will not be needed. ** {{tlx|reflist}} is indented with the {{code|:}} markup. ** {{tag|references|s}} is used instead of {{tlx|reflist}} * The entries in the reference list will have no styling if: ** A reference is included in {{tlx|navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to <code>bodyclass=hlist</code>; to resolve this, replace the style with <code>listclass=hlist</code>.<section end=pregroup /> * If the note text contains an "=" sign, precede the note text with {{para|1}}, like this: <code><nowiki>{{efn|name=fn1|1=Very long footnote with an equation, 2+2=4}}</nowiki></code> * If {{tlx|notelist}} is embedded within an infobox, a navbox or a reference section that already uses a small font size, the footnotes will likely render in a font size that breaches the 85% minimum needed to maintain accessibility described at [[MOS:SMALLFONT]]. This can be addressed by wrapping <nowiki>{{notelist}}</nowiki> with <nowiki><div></nowiki> tags that increase the font size of the output produced by the <code>notelist</code> template. For instance, to call <code>notelist</code> within an infobox that calls {{tlx|infobox}}, <code><nowiki><div style="font-size:108%">{{notelist}}</div></nowiki></code> will cause the output of the <code>notelist</code> template to render in the same font size as the remainder of the text in the infobox. ==Reference lists: automatically generated== {{main|Help:Automatically generated reference list}} A page with {{tag|ref|o}} tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of Wikipedia, the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page. Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width: 10.6em;"> ==References== {{reflist}} </syntaxhighlight> Add it at the position [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Order of article elements|where the reference list would normally appear]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" style="width: 15.6em;"> ==See also== ==Notes== ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== </syntaxhighlight> ===Talk pages=== On talk pages, the {{tl|reflist-talk}} template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion. {{anchor|Citing one book repeatedly with different page numbers}} ==Footnotes: page numbers== {{main|Help:References and page numbers}} Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use [[Help:Shortened footnotes|shortened citations]]. The long citation to support the shortened citations can either be placed as a bullet point in a separate ''References section'' after the ''Footnotes section''; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number[s]). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number[s]). A less common approach is to attach a {{tlx|rp|page}} right after the footnote marker replacing the "page" with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example: {{markup |<nowiki>Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</nowiki> |Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}} {{fake heading|sub=3|References}} {{reflist}} }} {{tlx|r}} compactly combines the functions of <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> and {{t|rp}}: <code><nowiki>{{r|Schudson}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref name="Schudson"/></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}</nowiki></code> is equivalent to <code><nowiki><ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241-3}}</nowiki></code>. ==Previewing edits== When you [[Help:Section#Section editing|edit a single section]] of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you [[Help:Show preview|preview your edits]] under the heading "Preview of references", although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing. Tools that can be used are the [[user:js/ajaxPreview]] or [[User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js]] scripts or the [[User:Cacycle/wikEd|wikEd]] gadget. ==RefToolbar== {{main|Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0}} [[File:Cite web named ref 01.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference]] [[File:Citation toolbar named ref.png|thumb|400px|Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source]] You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert. {{clear}} ==Issues and limitations== * {{cite.php|bug}} * [[Help:Substitution#substitution in references|subst:]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}} * The [[Help:Pipe trick|pipe trick]] does not work within {{tag|ref|o}} tags. {{phab|T4700}} == Flagging inadequate referencing == {{See also|Template: Unreferenced/doc#Usage|Template:Citation style}} * The template {{Tlx|Refimprove}} should be added to articles where there are '''some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material''' currently in the article. For [[WP:BLP|biographies of living persons]], use {{tlx|BLP sources}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced}} should be added to articles with '''no references at all'''. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Unreferenced section}} is for '''individual sections that have no citations''' in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use {{tlx|BLP unsourced section}} instead. * The template {{Tlx|Medref}} is specifically for articles '''needing additional ''medical'' references'''. ==See also== {{For|instructions on how to "bundle" citations|Help:Citation merging}} *[[Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly]] and {{tl|sfnref}} * [[Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations]]—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources * [[Wikipedia:Help desk]]—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page. * [[Template:Editor tools]]—{{tl|Editor tools}} * [[mw:Help:Cite]]—Mediawiki documentation of the {{tag|ref}} and {{tag|references|s}} tags. * For details on what CSS is available to style reference list output, the source code and CSS styles for {{tl|reflist}} and {{tl|refwidth}} may be helpful. {{Wikipedia referencing}} {{Help navigation}} [[Category:Wikipedia editor help]] [[Category:Wikipedia citation administration]] efl6ld093wrx4uvac5lfcruww5fk7g3 10 41246 117828 101282 2026-07-10T10:42:02Z en>FaviFake 0 /* */ fix order 117828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} {{Transwiki guide |small=yes |text=See [[Template:Notelist/Transwiki guide|'''this information''']] on copying this template and modifying it for use on another wiki.}}{{High-use}} {{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "description": "This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting \"Apply changes\" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting \"Publish page\" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Columns / Column width", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Two modes supported. First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33&nbsp;em' will not be recognized", "default": " 1 if < 11 references; otherwise 30em", "aliases": [ "colwidth" ] }, "liststyle": { "label": "Liststyle", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type", "default": "decimal", "suggestedvalues": [ "none", "disc", "circle", "square", "decimal", "decimal-leading-zero", "lower-roman", "upper-roman", "lower-alpha", "upper-alpha", "lower-greek", "armenian", "georgian" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Name of predefined style group to which the note belongs. Unrecognized values are treated as \"lower-alpha\".", "suggestedvalues": [ "upper-alpha", "lower-greek", "note", "lower-roman", "upper-roman" ], "default": "lower-alpha" }, "refs": { "label": "List of references", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Provides a space to define named references for use in the article. References defined in this space are not shown unless used somewhere in the article. This parameter is not compatible with the VisualEditor; <references group=\"...\">...</references> should be used instead.", "deprecated": true, "aliases": [ "notes" ] } } } </templatedata> ==Tracking categories== *{{clc|Category:Pages using notelist with unknown parameters}} ==See also== * [[Template:Cnote]] - A manual system alternative *[[Help:Citation merging|Help:Citation merging (bundling)]] <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]] [[Category:Reference list templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> jvh9089nh40hcvbyvz4amfe059uci5k 117829 117828 2026-07-22T19:25:11Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Notelist/doc]] 117828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} <!-- Please place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page and interwikis at Wikidata (see [[Wikipedia:Wikidata]]) --> {{Lua|Module:Check for unknown parameters}} {{Transwiki guide |small=yes |text=See [[Template:Notelist/Transwiki guide|'''this information''']] on copying this template and modifying it for use on another wiki.}}{{High-use}} {{#section:Help:footnotes|pregroup}} ==TemplateData== {{TemplateData header}} <templatedata> { "description": "This template displays the list of footnotes at the end of an article and provides additional formatting and organizing options. After hitting \"Apply changes\" and turning back to VE read mode, you will not see the references list. After hitting \"Publish page\" and turning back to normal read mode the reference list will reappear with the changes applied, see T53146.", "params": { "1": { "label": "Columns / Column width", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Two modes supported. First mode (deprecated): integer number of fixed columns into which the reference list is to be rendered. Second mode: typographic unit of measurement such as 'em', specifying the width for the reference list columns, e.g. '33em'; spaced '33&nbsp;em' will not be recognized", "default": " 1 if < 11 references; otherwise 30em", "aliases": [ "colwidth" ] }, "liststyle": { "label": "Liststyle", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Specifies the style used when the reference list is enumerated; accepts any valid CSS value defined for list-style-type", "default": "decimal", "suggestedvalues": [ "none", "disc", "circle", "square", "decimal", "decimal-leading-zero", "lower-roman", "upper-roman", "lower-alpha", "upper-alpha", "lower-greek", "armenian", "georgian" ] }, "group": { "label": "Group", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Name of predefined style group to which the note belongs. Unrecognized values are treated as \"lower-alpha\".", "suggestedvalues": [ "upper-alpha", "lower-greek", "note", "lower-roman", "upper-roman" ], "default": "lower-alpha" }, "refs": { "label": "List of references", "type": "string", "required": false, "description": "Provides a space to define named references for use in the article. References defined in this space are not shown unless used somewhere in the article. This parameter is not compatible with the VisualEditor; <references group=\"...\">...</references> should be used instead.", "deprecated": true, "aliases": [ "notes" ] } } } </templatedata> ==Tracking categories== *{{clc|Category:Pages using notelist with unknown parameters}} ==See also== * [[Template:Cnote]] - A manual system alternative *[[Help:Citation merging|Help:Citation merging (bundling)]] <includeonly>{{sandbox other|| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Explanatory footnote templates]] [[Category:Reference list templates]] [[Category:Footnote templates]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}</includeonly> jvh9089nh40hcvbyvz4amfe059uci5k 10 43857 117769 117532 2026-07-20T21:37:44Z en>MSGJ 0 changes to support merging of [[Template:Parameter2]] 117769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}}{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}}{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}}{{{color|}}} | <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}} | border: none; background-color: inherit; }} {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{color|}}} | color: {{{color}}}; | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}} | color: #006400; | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}} | color: #8B0000; | color: inherit; }} }} }} {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}">&#124;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}} | {{{1}}}&#61; }}{{{2|}}}</code> | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline style="display: none;" /><!-- required to fetch syntaxhighlight's css --><code class="mw-highlight"><span class="p">&#124;</span>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}} | <span class="nl">{{{1}}}</span><span class="o">=</span> }}{{{2|}}}</code> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Categories go near the bottom of the /doc subpage – interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --> </noinclude> n9iqo9v0cpnffgle7c8palq6k3n5yle 117770 117769 2026-07-22T19:10:23Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Parameter]] 117769 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}}{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}}{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}}{{{color|}}} | <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{plain|}}} | border: none; background-color: inherit; }} {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{color|}}} | color: {{{color}}}; | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{mxt|}}}{{{green|}}} | color: #006400; | {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{!mxt|}}}{{{red|}}} | color: #8B0000; | color: inherit; }} }} }} {{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{style|}}}|{{{style}}}}}">&#124;{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}} | {{{1}}}&#61; }}{{{2|}}}</code> | <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline style="display: none;" /><!-- required to fetch syntaxhighlight's css --><code class="mw-highlight"><span class="p">&#124;</span>{{safesubst:<noinclude />#if:{{{1|}}} | <span class="nl">{{{1}}}</span><span class="o">=</span> }}{{{2|}}}</code> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Categories go near the bottom of the /doc subpage – interwikis go to Wikidata, thank you! --> </noinclude> n9iqo9v0cpnffgle7c8palq6k3n5yle 3 46760 117720 112711 2026-07-21T17:40:29Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Misc */ Zgolo 117720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Welcome}}--[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:29, 31 Disembala 2024 (UTC) == Misc == @[[User:Kachende|Kachende]], muli makola ŵakulu? Pano mwasoŵa chomene. Mulipo? [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 11:23, 31 Meyi 2025 (UTC) :hello [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:40, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 8gx7cmwrxvbcc1vyzgmveikzxyrngqn 3 46901 117697 113526 2026-07-21T02:37:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Welcome again */ new section 117697 wikitext text/x-wiki == Nomination == @[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] Hi, can you indicate the acceptance or decline of the candidate's nomination for sysop [[Wikipedia:Vidumbizgano vya chikaya#Request for Adminship: User:Jon Gua and User:CubanoBoi|here]]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 04:57, 10 Juni 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Ŵaoneli) will expire on 2025-09-12 07:55:08. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[User:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[User talk:Leaderbot|pakuchezgela]]) 19:43, 5 Sekutembala 2025 (UTC)</div> == Welcome again == @[[User:Jon Gua|Jon Gua]], hi, long time. I just removed a global block on you on this wiki which means you can keep on editing here whenever you have a chance/time. You have been good to this wiki. Thanks it's in this state because of you. Be well. Taonga chomene/Gracias. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 02:37, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 1bd2tyg4x1sqtvjn1ql8suzl8mtuf8r 0 47098 117749 113457 2026-07-22T12:24:08Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Mahamba gha Lutatavi]] to [[Webusaiti]] 113456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:United_States_Antarctic_Program_website_from_2018_02_22.png|right|thumb|482x482px|Hamba la lutatavi la usap.gov]] '''Mahamba gha Lutatavi''' ni mahamba gha pa intaneti ghalighose agho vinthu vyawo vyose vikumanyikwa na zina la domeni ndipo vikupharazgika pa seva ya webusayiti yimoza panji ghanandi. Kanandi mawebusaiti ghakulongosora nkhani panji chilato chinyake, nga ni nkhani, masambiro, malonda, vyakusanguluska, panji [[Mapulogalamu gha ntchezgo|vyakusanguluska]]. Hyperlinking pakati pa masamba gha pa webusayiti yikulongozga umo munthu wangayendera pa webusayiti, iyo kanandi yikwamba na hamba lakwamba. Malo agho ghakuchezgeka chomene ni Google, [[YouTube|Youtube]], na [[Facebook]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top websites |url=https://www.semrush.com/trending-websites/global/all |website=[[Semrush]]}}</ref> qk4rt8f4zqu1j23pyz1iqwyt6mrp2c5 10 47150 117808 114991 2025-10-26T18:00:15Z en>MusikBot II 0 Changed protection settings for "[[Template:Also known as]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 2500 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite) [Move=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 114990 wikitext text/x-wiki <abbr title="also known as">{{#if:{{{AKA|}}}{{{uc|}}}|AKA|a.k.a.}}</abbr><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> chjzueuipegr5jw1k9eo1p45gji6m77 117809 117808 2026-07-22T19:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Also_known_as]] 114990 wikitext text/x-wiki <abbr title="also known as">{{#if:{{{AKA|}}}{{{uc|}}}|AKA|a.k.a.}}</abbr><noinclude> {{documentation}}<!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, interwikis to Wikidata, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> chjzueuipegr5jw1k9eo1p45gji6m77 3 47402 117708 117693 2026-07-21T12:27:51Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Chonde ikani "Email" */ Zgolo 117708 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ljrwt96xpupmu8mbr1ea753qwsnzblb 117709 117708 2026-07-21T12:35:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi */ Zgolo 117709 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 68grepgff1hp7jbbks782ffthubuakm 117713 117709 2026-07-21T15:14:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Admin flag */ new section 117713 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 0qnhqindt07wzz57ygavpayfid8nfmg 117717 117713 2026-07-21T17:35:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ new section 117717 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) lbpmm5s6swanqrpdffky1ecn546ykbp 117730 117717 2026-07-22T00:04:23Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ Zgolo 117730 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :One issue - I do not have an interest in actively expanding a Wiktionary. My main focus is Wikipedia, unfortunately. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:04, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) qdod7ykc9bv5p3clir5xfpn2e70dw61 117731 117730 2026-07-22T00:05:53Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 /* Admin flag */ Zgolo 117731 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :I would love that, thanks. Completely ok. However, I am a bit worried I am too new to be an admin. Anyways, thank you so much. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:05, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :One issue - I do not have an interest in actively expanding a Wiktionary. My main focus is Wikipedia, unfortunately. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:04, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) gokjw0xjpcra6nyxe89gmedv9ww24et 117892 117731 2026-07-23T10:05:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary */ Zgolo 117892 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :I would love that, thanks. Completely ok. However, I am a bit worried I am too new to be an admin. Anyways, thank you so much. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:05, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :One issue - I do not have an interest in actively expanding a Wiktionary. My main focus is Wikipedia, unfortunately. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:04, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Great! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 10:05, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 7np0elzwfzs08ysa6infxvn6xq5872d 117893 117892 2026-07-23T10:07:18Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Admin flag */ Zgolo 117893 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wow == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Greetings, wow, muli makola? I am super impressed by your work here. It's good to see you here and can't imagine how happy I am to see someone editing here. Yewo chomene. Chonde pitilizgani kuchita ntchito iwemi iyi. And again, welcome :). [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:43, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Forgot to mention your English Wikipedia work also, amazing! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 23:44, 22 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::Hi, would you mind linking the page [[Palau]] to https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q695, since I cannot yet. Thank you so much! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:11, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) == Chonde ikani "Email" == Hi, please add email. If you use from a new device or location, you may be locked out forever with no means of retrieving your account. Email helps with password resets, private emails, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 00:01, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :Thank you. I am also letting you know the articles I am creating are very very short. I am planning on expanding them all soon, when I get more info. Thanks! [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:07, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) :I don't have a email yet, I am from Mozambique and I only just moved to Australia and are trying to set an email. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 01:10, 23 Meyi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], please can you make a temporary email and link it to this account. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 13:16, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :::I will look into it. Thanks. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] ([[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|pakuchezgela]]) 12:27, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Join Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi == Hello @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], '''Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi''' welcomes Wikimedia contributors from Malawi and contributors interested in Malawi-related knowledge to participate in building a stronger Wikimedia community. We invite contributors from Tumbuka, English and Chewa Wikipedias, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and other Wikimedia projects to become participating members of the community. If you would like to participate: # Visit the [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating|Founding and Participating Members]] page. # Open the '''Participating members''' section directly: [[:Meta:Wikimedia_Community_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating#List_of_participants]] # Add your Wikimedia username under the list of participating members. # Sign your entry by adding <nowiki>#~~~~</nowiki> after your username. Your participation will help strengthen Wikimedia projects in Malawi, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, and Malawian language content. Participants may contribute to community discussions, outreach activities, edit-a-thons, language projects, cultural documentation, and other free knowledge initiatives. Everyone interested in creating, improving, and sharing free knowledge is welcome to participate. Thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 14:07, 19 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] thanks. And here too: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Community_User_Group_Malawi/Founding_and_Participating [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:20, 20 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::Of course, anytime! Nyengo zose nkhukondwa kutorapo mbali. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 12:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Admin flag == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hi, I would like to nominate you as an admin so that you move some pages without leaving a redirect, import templates, delete pages that you would consider not useful, protect pages, etc. Let me know if it is okay with you. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 15:14, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :I would love that, thanks. Completely ok. However, I am a bit worried I am too new to be an admin. Anyways, thank you so much. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:05, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] if you are nervous about that, then take your time. At least notify when you will need it after couple of months. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 10:07, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) == Lets wake up Tumbuka Wiktionary == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Can we please wake this project up? It has been almost 4 years now and it is not yet ready. It only needs few entries to get going. 10 entries from you, me and the lest of other editors then it will be published. We already requested it [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_new_languages/Wiktionary_Tumbuka here], the main page is [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Jani_likulu here]. This how its articles [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/tum/Malawi look like here], and others are on main page. If it has some entries, I will then post on Meta. See last time I posted there and what the response [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee/2024#Request_for_Approval_of_Tumbuka_Wiktionary was this]. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:35, 21 Julayi 2026 (UTC) :One issue - I do not have an interest in actively expanding a Wiktionary. My main focus is Wikipedia, unfortunately. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 00:04, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Great! [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 10:05, 23 Julayi 2026 (UTC) 01t123112gqxygjfxn43lqoa8hvrfws 0 47778 117891 117391 2026-07-22T20:07:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Melania Trump */ 117891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Banja la ku America la bizinesi na ndale}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Use American English|date=August 2023}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox family | name = Banja la Trump | image = {{multiple image |align=center |direction=horizontal |border=infobox |image1=Frederick Trump (cropped).jpg |width1=92 |caption1=[[Frederick Trump]] |image2=Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg |width2=92 |caption2=[[Fred Trump]] |image3=Donald Trump in the Oval Office, June 2017 (cropped) (b).jpg |width3=96 |caption3=[[Donald Trump]] | total_width = }} | founder = Frederick Trump | origin = [[Kallstadt]], Germany | region = [[Msumba wa New York]] na [[Palm Beach, Florida]], U.S. | members = {{Collapsible list|[[Frederick Trump|Frederick]]|[[Fred Trump|Fred]]|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Fred Trump III|Fred III]]|[[Mary L. Trump|Mary]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald Jr.]]|[[Kai Trump|Kai]]|[[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]]|[[Eric Trump|Eric]]|[[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]]|[[Barron Trump|Barron]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]|[[John G. Trump|John]]}} | connectedmembers = [[Elizabeth Christ Trump]][[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne Trump]][[John W. Walter]][[Melania Trump]][[Jared Kushner]][[Lara Trump]][[Michael Boulos]] | otherfamilies = [[Fuko la MacLeod]][[Banja la Kushner]] | current head = Donald Trump | titles = {{Collapsible list | [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] ([[Ulongozgi wakwamba wa Donald Trump|wa 45]] & [[Ulongozgi wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump|wa 47]]) | [[Mama wakwamba wa United States]] | [[Ofesi ya White House|Mulongozgi wa Ofesi ya Economic Initiatives and Entrepreneurship]] | [[Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti wa United States#Mndandanda wa alangizi ŵa pulezidenti|Mulongozgi wa Pulezidenti]] | [[Mweruzgi wa boma la United States]] (wa [[Khoti la Chigaŵa la United States la Chigaŵa cha New Jersey|Khoti la Chigaŵa la New Jersey]] na [[Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu|Khoti la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu]]) | [[Udindo wa mweruzgi mukuru|Mweruzgi mukuru]] wa Khoti la United States la Apilo la Dera Lachitatu | [[Republican National Committee|Wachiŵiri Mulongozgi wa Republican National Committee]] }} }} {{Donald Trump series|expanded=Life and business}} '''Banja la Trump''' ni banja lakumanyikwa chomene la ku America ilo lili na usambazi ukuru. Munthu uyo wakumanyikwa chomene mu banja ili ni [[Donald Trump]], mutu wa banja, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa 45 ndipo sono ni pulezidenti wa 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]] (2017–2021, 2025–sono). Ŵa Trump mba [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa German]].{{cite web |url=https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |title=Scottish Roots – Donald Trump |website=Scottish Roots |access-date=January 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235639/https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php |archive-date=January 26, 2018 |url-status=live }} Mbakuchita bizinesi, vyakusanguluska, ndale, na vya malo na nyumba. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakumanyikwa mu banja ili ni awiske ŵa Donald Trump [[Fred Trump]], na sekuru ŵake [[Frederick Trump]]. == Banja lapafupi == === Mutu wa banja === ==== Donald Trump ==== {{Main|Donald Trump}} === Wives === ==== Ivana Trump ==== {{Main|Ivana Trump}} Ivana Marie Trump ({{née| Zelníčková}}), muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa February 20, 1949, mu [[Zlín]], [[Czechoslovakia]] (sono [[Czech Republic]]). Wakaŵa wakuwoneska mafashoni na mwanakazi wa bizinesi uyo wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States mu 1988. Ŵakaŵa pa nthengwa kufuma mu 1977 m'paka 1990. Ivana wakafwa mu 2022 chifukwa cha [[Vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono|vikuluzikulu vya kuvulala chifukwa cha kugongana mwankhongono]] pa [[Chifuŵa|chigaŵa cha thupi]] pamanyuma pakuti wawa pa masitepu pa nyumba yake ku [[Upper East Side]] ya [[Manhattan]]. Ivana wakaŵa mukuru wa [[Trump Organization]] kwa vyaka vinkhondi na viŵiri, kusazgapo udindo wa vice president mukuru wa kapangidwe ka mukati mwa nyumba. Wakalongozga kapangidwe ka mukati mwa [[Trump Tower]] uko kukamanyikwa na malibwe gha pink marble. Ivana wakimikika kuŵa CEO kweniso pulezidenti wa [[Trump Castle Hotel and Casino]] mu [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa [[Plaza Hotel]] mu Manhattan. ==== Marla Maples ==== {{main|Marla Maples}} Marla Ann Maples, muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa October 27, 1963, mu [[Cohutta, Georgia]], U.S. Wakaŵa mulembi wa mafilimu, munthu wakumanyikwa pa kanema wa pa TV, wakuwoneska mafashoni, wakwimba sumu ndiposo wakulongozga mapulogalamu. Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu December 1993, myezi yiŵiri pamanyuma pa kubabika kwa mwana wawo mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany]], ŵakapatukana mu 1997 ndipo ŵakaparana mu 1999. ==== Melania Trump ==== {{Main|Melania Trump}} Melania Trump ({{née|Knauss}}), muwoli wachitatu ndiposo wa sono wa Donald Trump, wakababikira pa April 26, 1970, mu [[Novo Mesto]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] (sono [[Slovenia]]). Wakaŵa na ntchito yitali ya kuwoneska mafashoni ndipo ni mama wakwamba wachiŵiri wa ku United States wakubabikira ku charu chinyake, wakwamba wakaŵa [[Louisa Adams]]. Ŵakanjira nthengwa mu 2005. Melania wakaŵa nzika ya ku United States pa July 28, 2006. Wakasamukira nyengo yeneyiyo yayi ku [[White House]] apo mfumu wake yikazgoka pulezidenti, kweni wakakhala ku [[Trump Tower]] pamoza na mwana wawo [[Barron Trump]] m'pakaumaliro wa chaka cha masambiro cha 2016–2017. Melania na mwana wake ŵakasamukira ku White House pa June 11, 2017. === Ŵana === {{See also|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump]]|l1=Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Ivana Trump|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald Trump na Marla Maples]]|l2=#Donald Trump na Marla Maples|[[Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump|Mndandanda wa ŵana ŵa mapulezidenti ŵa United States#Donald na Melania Trump]]|l3=#Donald na Melania Trump}} Trump wali na ŵana ŵankhondi kufuma ku nthengwa zitatu: [[Donald Trump Jr.|Don{{spaces}}Jr.]], [[Ivanka Trump|Ivanka]], na [[Eric Trump]] na [[Ivana Trump]]; [[Tiffany Trump]] na [[Marla Maples]]; kweniso [[Barron Trump|Barron]] na [[Melania Trump]]. ==== Nthengwa yakwamba ==== {{Main|Donald Trump Jr.|Ivanka Trump|Eric Trump}} Donald Jr., Ivanka, na Eric mbaŵana ŵatatu ŵalara chomene ŵa Trump, kufuma ku nthengwa yake yakwamba na [[Ivana Trump]]. Pambere visola vindachitike, waliyose wa ŵabali aŵa wakaŵa na udindo wa vice president mukuru pa [[Trump Organization]]. Pa nyengo ya kampeni, ŵakimilira awiske pa mapulogalamu gha nkhani gha charu chose. Pamanyuma pakuti Trump watonda pa visola, wose ŵatatu ŵakasankhika ku [[gulu la kusinthana kwa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti]]. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiskika mu udindo, Donald{{spaces}}Jr. na Eric ŵakapokera ulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba ya malo na nyumba. Ivanka wakasamukira ku [[Washington, D.C.]], pamoza na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]], uyo wakimikika kuŵa [[Mulongozgi Mukuru wa Pulezidenti wa United States|mulongozgi mukuru wa White House]]. ==== Nthengwa yachiŵiri ==== {{Main|Tiffany Trump}} Tiffany Ariana Trump (wakababika pa October 13, 1993) ni mwana yekha wa Donald Trump na [[Marla Maples]]. Mu 2016, wakachitako pachoko waka pa kampeni ya awiske chifukwa wakasambiranga [[Sociology|sociology]] na [[Urban studies|masambiro gha misumba]] pa [[Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania]]. Pati pajumpha kanyengo kachoko waka kufuma apo wakamalizgira masambiro ghake, wakayowoya mazgu ghakukhozgera awiske pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016|Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2016]] apo wakaŵa na vyaka 22. Wakapokera digiri ya [[Doctor of Jurisprudence|J.D.]] kufuma ku [[Georgetown University Law Center]] mu [[Washington, D.C.]], mu May 2020. ==== Nthengwa yachitatu ==== {{main|Barron Trump}} [[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Barron Trump mu 2025]] Barron William Trump (wakababika pa March 20, 2006) ni mwana muchoko chomene wa Trump ndiposo mwana wake yekha na [[Melania Trump]]. Mu May 2006, Barron waka[[Ubapatizo|batizika]] ku tchalitchi la [[Tchalitchi la Episcopal (United States)|Episcopal]] la [[Bethesda-by-the-Sea]] ku Palm Beach, Florida. Wakasambira pa [[Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School]] mu [[Manhattan]] na [[Oxbridge Academy (Florida)|Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach, Florida]]. Sono wakusambira pa [[Leonard N. Stern School of Business]] ya [[Yunivesite ya New York]] mu [[Manhattan]]. Padera pa [[Chingelezi|Chingelezi]], Barron wakuyowoya makora [[Chislovenia]]. Trump wakaŵa munthu wambura kunjilirapo mu ndale pa nyengo ya maulamuliro gha awiske, kweni wakakopa chidwi cha vyakupharazga nkhani nangauli Melania wakayezgayezga kulekeska mwana wake kulekana na ndale. Pamanyuma pakuti nyengo yakwamba ya ulamuliro wa awiske yamara, wakasamukira ku Florida ndipo wakamalizga masambiro mu May 2024 pa [[Oxbridge Academy]] mu [[West Palm Beach]]. Trump wakachemeka kuŵa mulembi mukuru wa Florida pa [[Msonkhano Wapachaka wa Republican wa 2024]], kweni wakakana. === Ŵazukuru === Trump wali na ŵazukuru 11. Mwana wake [[Donald Trump Jr.]] na muwoli wake wakale [[Vanessa Trump|Vanessa]] ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi, mukuru wawo ni [[Kai Trump|Kai]]; mwana wake mwanakazi [[Ivanka Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Jared Kushner]] ŵali na ŵana ŵatatu; mwana wake [[Eric Trump]] na muwoli wake [[Lara Trump|Lara]] ŵali na ŵana ŵaŵiri; ndipo mwana wake mwanakazi [[Tiffany Trump]] na mfumu wake [[Michael Boulos]] ŵali na mwana yumoza. == Uthenga wa mphapu == [[File:Kallstadt Hauptstrasse.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kallstadt]], Germany, uko banja la Trump likwambira]] Kuyana na mulembi wa mbiri [[Gwenda Blair]], banja ili likafuma kwa loya wakwendakwenda zina lake Hanns Drumpf, uyo wakakhazikika mu [[Kallstadt]], msumba uchoko mu [[Electoral Palatinate]] wa [[Holy Roman Empire]], mu 1608, ndipo ŵana ŵake ŵakasintha zina la mbumba kufuma ku Drumpf kuya ku Trump pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka Makhumi Ghatatu]] (1618–1648). Zina la Trump likusangika mu mabuku gha Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1700. Mupharazgi wa nkhani Kate Connolly, wakati waluta ku Kallstadt, wakasanga mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kalembero ka zina la mbumba mu mabuku gha msumba, kusazgapo Drumb, Tromb, Tromp, Trum, Trumpff, na Dromb. Johannes Trump, wakababikira mu msumba wapafupi wa [[Bobenheim am Berg]] mu 1789, wakaŵa mulimi wa mpheska mu Kallstadt kwambira m'ma 1830, apo malo agha ghakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]], uko muzukuru wake [[Frederick Trump|Friedrich Trump]], sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, wakababikira mu 1869. Ŵanandi mwa mphapu zake nawo ŵakaŵa [[Ŵalimi ŵa mpheska|ŵalimi ŵa mpheska]] mu Kallstadt, yimoza mwa misumba yinandi ya chigaŵa chakumanyikwa cha kulima mpheska cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] (''Pfalz''). Mudumbu wa Johannes Trump, Charlotte Louisa, wakatora Johann Georg Heinz. Ŵakaŵa ŵasekuru ŵa [[Henry J. Heinz]] (1844–1919), uyo wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]. Mphapu iyi ya Chijeremani yikabiskika kwa nyengo yitali na awiske ŵa Donald Trump, [[Fred Trump]], awo ŵakakulira mu malo agho ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga Chijeremani m'paka apo ŵakaŵa na vyaka 10;Blair, ''The Trumps'', p. 115. pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose]] m'paka m'ma 1980, ŵakaphaliranga ŵanthu kuti ŵakaŵa ŵa mphapu ya ku Sweden. Donald Trump nayo wakawerezgapo fundo iyi mu ''The Art of the Deal'' (1987), kweni pamanyuma wakati wakunyadira mphapu yake ya Chijeremani, ndipo wakaŵa [[Grand marshal|grand marshal]] wa [[German-American Steuben Parade]] wa 1999 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Banja la Trump ku Germany likaŵa la [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]].The small town of Kallstadt has only one religious building, the Central Lutheran church. See [[Kallstadt]] for more information. Apapi ŵa Donald Trump ŵakasopanga ku [[First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens]], uko Trump waka[[Confirmation|khwaskika mu chisimikizgo]] mu 1959. === Mndandanda === {{Tree list}} [[File:Trumpoathofoffice2025.jpg|thumb|Kufuma kumazere kuya kumalyero: [[Barron Trump]], [[Donald Trump Jr.]], [[Eric Trump]], [[Ivanka Trump]], [[Tiffany Trump]], na [[Kai Trump]] (''kumanyuma kwa Tiffany'') pa [[Kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025|kukhazikiskika kwa Donald Trump mu 2025]].]] {{Tree list/final branch}} Johann Paul Trump (1727–1792), wakatora Maria Elisabetha Setzer ** Charlotte Louisa Trump (1789–1833), wakatora Johann Georg Heinz *** John Henry Heinz (1811–1891), wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840, wakatora Anna Margaretha Schmidt (1822–1899), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1840{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |pages= 28–29}} **** [[Henry J. Heinz|Henry John Heinz]] (1844–1919), wakambiska kampani ya [[Heinz]]{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=PxqCy0R-VzAC |title= H.J. Heinz: A Biography |first= Quentin R. |last= Skrabec |publisher= McFarland & Company |year= 2009 |isbn= 978-0-7864-4178-5 |page= 28}} ***** Howard Heinz (1877–1941) ****** [[Jack Heinz|Henry John "Jack" Heinz II]] (1908–1987), CEO wa [[Heinz|H. J. Heinz Company]], wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Joan Diehl (1911–1999) ******* [[John Heinz|Henry John Heinz III]], [[Mubali wa Congress ya United States|Mubali wa Congress]] ndipo pamanyuma [[Mndandanda wa ŵaseneta ŵa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania|Seneta wa United States kufuma ku Pennsylvania]] (1938–1991), wakatora [[Teresa Heinz|Teresa Simões-Ferreira]] (wakababika mu 1938), uyo pamanyuma wakatoraso [[John Kerry]] ******** [[André Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1969) ******** [[Christopher Heinz]] (wakababika mu 1973) ** {{Tree list/final branch}} Johannes Trump (1789–1835), wakatora Susanna Maria Bechtloff *** Johannes Trump Jr. (1829–1877), wakatora Katharina Kober (1836–1922){{cite book | last = Blair | first = Gwenda | author-link = Gwenda Blair | title = The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate | publisher = Simon & Schuster | edition = 1st | date = 2001 | page = [https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 27] | url = https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/27 | isbn = 9780743210799 }} **** [[Friedrich Trump]] (1869–1918), wakumeta sisi, mulembi wa malo ghakurya na mahotelo, wakasamukira ku United States mu 1885/1905, ndipo wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elisabeth Christ]] (1880–1966), uyo nayo wakasamukira ku United States mu 1902/1905. ***** Elizabeth (Elisabeth) Trump (1904–1961), wakatora William Otto Walter ****** William Trump Walter (1931–2020) ****** [[John Whitney Walter]] (1934–2018), wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mulembi wa mbiri ya banja la Trump", meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York]], ndipo pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi wa mbiri ya msumba uwu,[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html For Donald Trump's Family, an Immigrant's Tale With 2 Beginnings] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815192005/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/22/us/politics/for-donald-trumps-family-an-immigrants-tale-with-2-beginnings.html |date=August 15, 2018 }}, ''The New York Times'' wakatora Joan Smith{{cite web|url=https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|title=John Walter, Flower Hill mayor and cousin of the president, dies|date=January 10, 2018|publisher=The Island Now|access-date=November 23, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052147/https://theislandnow.com/news-98/john-walter-flower-hill-mayor-cousin-president-dies/|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|title=Obituary of John Walter – Fairchild and Sons Funeral Chapel Inc.|website=fairchildsons.com|access-date=August 15, 2020|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052150/https://fairchildsons.com/tribute/details/1766/John-Walter/obituary.html|url-status=live}} ******* Christine Walter ******* Nancy Walter ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} Cindy Walter ***** [[Fred Trump|Frederick Christ "Fred" Trump]] (1905–1999), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, wakatora [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary MacLeod]] (1912–2000), uyo wakasamukira ku United States kufuma ku [[Scotland]] mu 1930. ****** [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne Trump]] (1937–2023), mweruzgi wa boma, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na David Desmond; pamanyuma wakatora John Barry ******* David William Desmond, wakatora Lisa Aitken ****** [[Fred Trump Jr.|Frederick Crist "Freddy" Trump Jr.]] (1938–1981), wakwendeska ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines|TWA]],{{Cite news |first=Gerber |last=Drew |date=August 3, 2016 |url=http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |title=Trump's Brother Rebelled Against Their Authoritarian Father By Joining a Jewish Frat |newspaper=[[The Forward]] |access-date=January 23, 2017 |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120165856/http://forward.com/news/346731/trumps-brother-rebelled-against-their-authoritarian-father-by-joining-a-jew/ |url-status=live }} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Linda Clapp ******* [[Fred Trump III|Frederick Crist "Fritz" Trump III]] (wakababika mu 1962), wakatora Lisa Beth Lorant{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant|date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|title=Trump family gives back to agency that helps developmental disabled|date=June 10, 2013|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128052157/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Trump-family-gives-back-to-agency-that-helps-4590816.php|url-status=live}} ******** Cristopher Trump ******** Andrea Trump ******** William Trump ******* [[Mary Lea Trump]] (wakababika mu 1965), wakusambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu, mulembi, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na Dina Nowak ******** {{Tree list/final branch}} Avary Trump{{cite news |last1=Phelps |first1=Rob |title=Mary L. Trump on her life as an openly gay member of the First Family |url=https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |access-date=July 14, 2022 |publisher=Boston Spirit Magazine |date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=July 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714234334/https://bostonspiritmagazine.com/2020/11/mary-l-trump-on-her-life-as-an-openly-gay-member-of-the-first-family/ |url-status=live }} ****** Elizabeth Joan Trump (wakababika mu 1942), wakatora James Walter Grau ****** '''[[Donald Trump|Donald John Trump]]''' (wakababika mu 1946), wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba, pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States, wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana Zelníčková]] (1949–2022); wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Marla Maples]]; wakatora [[Melania Trump|Melania Knauss]] ******* [[Donald Trump Jr.|Donald John Trump Jr.]] (wakababika mu 1977; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Vanessa Haydon]]; wakatora [[Bettina Anderson]] ******** [[Kai Trump|Kai Madison Trump]] (wakababika mu 2007; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Donald John Trump III (wakababika mu 2009; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Tristan Milos Trump (wakababika mu 2011; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Spencer Frederick Trump (wakababika mu 2012; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******** Chloe Sophia Trump (wakababika mu 2014; wa nthengwa yakwamba) ******* [[Ivanka Trump|Ivana Marie "Ivanka" Trump]] (wakababika mu 1981; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Jared Kushner]] ******** Arabella Rose Kushner (wakababika mu 2011) ******** Joseph Frederick Kushner (wakababika mu 2013) ******** Theodore James Kushner (wakababika mu 2016) ******* [[Eric Trump|Eric Frederick Trump]] (wakababika mu 1984; wa nthengwa yakwamba), wakatora [[Lara Yunaska]] ******** Eric Luke Trump (wakababika mu 2017) ******** Carolina Dorothy Trump (wakababika mu 2019) ******* [[Tiffany Trump|Tiffany Ariana Trump]] (wakababika mu 1993; wa nthengwa yachiŵiri), wakatora [[Michael Boulos]] ******** Alexander Trump Boulos (wakababika mu 2025) ******* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Barron Trump|Barron William Trump]] (wakababika mu 2006; wa nthengwa yachitatu) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Robert Trump|Robert Stewart Trump]] (1948–2020),{{Cite news|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August 15, 2020|agency=Fox News|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}} wakatora ndipo wakaparana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]];{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|title=Michael Kors, Anna Wintour, Kate Hudson and Blaine Trump at God's Love We Deliver Gala|date=October 18, 2016|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022|archive-date=March 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005439/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/fashion/michael-kors-anna-wintour-gods-love-we-deliver-gala.html|url-status=live |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jacob }} pamanyuma wakatora Ann Marie Pallan ***** [[John G. Trump|John George Trump]] (1907–1985), wakatora Elora Gordon Sauerbrun (1913–1983) ****** John Gordon Trump (1938–2012) ****** Christine Elora Trump Philp (1942–2021) ****** {{Tree list/final branch}} Karen Elizabeth Trump Ingraham (wakababika mu 1949) {{Tree list/end}} {{Trump family tree}} == Ŵapapi == === Fred Trump === {{Main|Fred Trump}} [[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2) (b).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Fred Trump]] mu 1986]] Wiske wa Donald Trump, Fred Trump (1905–1999), wakababikira mu New York, wakaŵa munthu wakuzenga na kusambaza malo na nyumba wakuchita makora chomene mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Pakugwiliskira ntchito chiharo chawo, Fred Trump na anyina Elizabeth ŵakambiska kampani ya E. Trump & Son mu 1927.{{cite news|date=April 16, 1927|title=New concerns function with Queens capital|page=16|newspaper=The Daily Star|quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty.}} Kampani iyi yikakura ndipo yikazenga na kulaŵilira nyumba za mbumba yimoza mu [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵasilikari na maapartment gha munda gha ŵantchito ŵa [[Nkhondo ya pa Nyanja ya United States|U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuru ghakuzengera ngalaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi, kweniso maapartment ghakujumpha 27,000 mu [[Msumba wa New York]]. Trump wakafufuzika na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[Kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga mu bizinesi|kupenja phindu mwakujumphizga]] mu 1954, ndipo so na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=213–216}} Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa bizinesi ya malo na nyumba ya wiske wake mu 1971, ndipo wakayizunura zina lakuti Trump Organization pafupifupi mu 1973. Chaka chenechicho, Donald na wiske ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu|Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu cha Dipatimenti ya Malango ya U.S.]] chifukwa cha kuswa [[Dango la Nyumba Zakwenelera kwa Wose]]. Pakati pa m'ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa wiske wake zakujumpha $14{{spaces}} miliyoni (pamanyuma Donald wakati zikaŵa $1{{spaces}} miliyoni pera). Donald wakateŵetera nga ni mulaŵiliri mukuru na pulezidenti wa Trump Organization mpaka wakati waŵa [[Pulezidenti wa United States|Pulezidenti wa U.S.]]. === Mary Anne MacLeod Trump === {{Main|Mary Anne MacLeod Trump}} {{further|MacLeod}} Wakababika nga ni Mary Anne MacLeod (1912–2000) ku [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]], mizi uchoko kufupi na [[Stornoway]], mu [[Vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi vya Scotland|Western Isles]] vya Scotland. Wakaŵa mwana wa mulovi Malcolm MacLeod na Mary MacLeod ({{née|Smith}}). Wakati waŵa na vyaka 17, wakasamukira ku United States na madola 50 pera ({{Inflation|index=US|value=50|start_year=1929|fmt=eq}}), ndipo wakakhala na mudumbu wake pambere wandambe ntchito ya [[Muteŵeti wa pa nyumba|muteŵeti wa pa nyumba]] mu New York. Mary na Fred Trump ŵakakumana mu New York ndipo ŵakatorana mu 1936, na kukhazikika pamoza mu [[Queens]]. Mary wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States mu 1942. Apo Donald Trump wakaluta ku Scotland mu Juni 2008, wakati, "Nkhujipulika kuti nili wa ku Scotland." == Ŵasekuru == === Frederick Trump === {{Main|Frederick Trump}} Mu 1885, sekuru ŵa Donald Trump, Friedrich Trump, ŵakasamuka kufuma ku Kallstadt, Palatinate (pa nyengo iyo chikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]) kuluta ku United States apo wakaŵa na vyaka 16. Wakasintha zina lake ku Chingelezi kuŵa ''Frederick'' mu 1892 apo wakaŵa mwanarume wa United States. Pa nyengo ya [[Kudumbuka kwa golide kwa Klondike]], wakasanga usambazi mwa kujura malo ghakurya na hotelo ku [[Bennett, British Columbia|Bennett]] ndipo pamanyuma ku [[Whitehorse, Yukon|Whitehorse]], uko wakateŵeteranga [[Ŵakupenja golide|ŵakupenja golide]] awo ŵakalutanga ku chigaŵa ichi. Mulembi munyake wa mbiri wakalemba kuti bizinesi iyi yikaŵaso na nyumba ya uhule, ivyo Donald Trump wakati "mbutesi kwambura unenesko". Wakati wawelera ku Kallstadt mu 1901, Frederick wakatemwa Elisabeth Christ. Ŵakatorana mu 1902 ndipo ŵakaweleraso ku United States. Kweni Elisabeth wakakhumbanga kwawo, ntheura ŵakawelera ku Germany. Ndipouli, boma likamukanizga Frederick kukhazikika kwenekuko ndipo likamuchimbizga mu Germany mu 1905 chifukwa chakuti wakateŵetera yayi usilikari uwo ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa ndipo wakaphalira yayi boma apo wakafumanga mu 1885. Kupempha kwake kukakanika. Wakafwa mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha nthenda ya [[Nthenda ya chimfine ya ku Spain]] mu 1918. Wakati wafwa, usambazi wake ukapokelereka na muwoli wake na mwana wake. === Elizabeth Christ Trump === {{Main|Elizabeth Christ Trump}} Donald Trump's grandmother, Elizabeth Christ Trump, was born in 1880 and died on June 6, 1966. She married Frederick Trump in 1902 and moved to the United States with him. Like her husband, she was a native of Kallstadt, born as the daughter of Philipp and Marie Christ. Philipp Christ was descended from Johannes Christ of [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump was a descendant of organ builder [[Johann Michael Hartung]] through her paternal grandmother Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS: Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siblings == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) was Donald Trump's eldest sister. She was a senior [[United States federal judge|federal judge]] on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Third Circuit Court of Appeals]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> became inactive in 2017 after her brother took office, and retired in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0">{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref> was Donald Trump's older brother. On September 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> at the age of 42, he died from a heart attack.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (born 1942) is an older sister of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1989, she married film producer James Grau.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She worked as an administrative assistant for [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> before retiring to Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2026, she is the only living sibling of Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Donald Trump gogo wawo, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakasamukira nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakaŵa wakwawo ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakababika nga ni mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakaŵa mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa ku [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya munthu wakazenganga maorgani, [[Johann Michael Hartung]], kwizira mwa gogo wawo wa kwa awiske, Sabina Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=[https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS](https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|title=GEDBAS): Vorfahren von Frederick Christ TRUMP|access-date=November 10, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November](https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075957/https://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/ancestors/1178251526|archive-date=November) 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Abali na ŵadumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la United States la Madandawuro la Dera Lachitatu]],<ref>{{cite news|url=[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's](https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|title=Trump's) sister weighs in on Supreme Court pick|last=Goldmacher|first=Shane|date=January 25, 2017|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=August 16, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194016/http://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/trump-supreme-court-pick-234202|archive-date=August) 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakaŵa pulezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |title=Trump's sister retires, negating judicial ethics complaints |work=[[Associated Press]] |first1=Larry |last1=Neumeister |first2=Maryclaire |last2=Dale |date=April 11, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a](https://web.archive.org/web/20190526105259/https://www.apnews.com/872fc6adeaca4bd8a2875b23c3f3782a) |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}<ref name=":0">{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref> wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981,<ref name=":0" /> wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha matenda gha mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Trumps: The family tree of Donald Trump|newspaper=MSN News|date=May 8, 2018|url=[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May](https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054348/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/photos/meet-the-trumps-the-family-tree-of-president-elect-donald-trump/ss-AAkkfXe#image=15|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 1989, wakatorana na James Grau, uyo wakapanganga mafilimu.<ref name=jamesgrau>{{cite news|title=Elizabeth Trump weds James Grau|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 27, 1989|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May](https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054327/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/27/style/elizabeth-trump-weds-james-grau.html|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Wakagwirapo ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]],<ref name=jamesgrau /> pambere wandapumure na kusamukira ku Florida.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M|newspaper=[[Newsday]]|location=Melville, New York City|first=Michael|last=Gavin|date=June 23, 2017|url=[https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May](https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488|access-date=May) 28, 2018|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May](https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122|archive-date=May) 29, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mudumbu wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |title=Maryanne Trump Barry, the former president's older sister and a retired federal judge, dies at 86 |date=November 13, 2023 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |first1=MaryClaire |last1=Dale |first2=Karen |last2=Matthews |access-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529](https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021041/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/maryanne-trump-barry-former-presidents-older-sister-retired-104856529) |url-status=live }}</ref> === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa munung'una wa Donald Trump.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chabba|first1=Seerat|title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings?|url=[https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March](https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|access-date=March) 23, 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|agency=[[Yahoo News]]|date=November 15, 2016|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March](https://web.archive.org/web/20170324000111/https://www.yahoo.com/news/donald-trump-siblings-121333034.html|archive-date=March) 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalaŵiliranga Trump Management Inc, iyo yikalaŵiliranga nyumba na malo gha Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=454}} Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 28, 1987|title=The Winning Ways of Blaine Trump|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February](https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|url-status=live|access-date=February) 11, 2017|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January](https://web.archive.org/web/20170127082911/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/28/garden/the-winning-ways-of-blaine-trump.html|archive-date=January) 27, 2017}}</ref> Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti Robert wasiya muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization, Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=[https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |title=Robert Trump obituary |date=August 17, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-date=May 27, 2023 |archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t](https://web.archive.org/web/20230527211948/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robert-trump-obituary-f9qz0sx7t) |url-status=live }}</ref> Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 16, 2020|title=Robert Trump: brother of president Donald Trump dies aged 71|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August](https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215845/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/16/robert-trump-brother-of-president-donald-trump-dies-aged-71|url-status=live}})</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=[https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August](https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August) 16, 2020|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}})</ref> Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[kukha magazi mu ubongo|kukha magazi mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karni|first=Annie|author-link=Annie Karni|date=August 15, 2020|title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|access-date=August) 16, 2020|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}}](https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html|url-status=live}})</ref> == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} John George Trump (1907–1985), dada munyake wa Donald Trump kwa awiske, wakaŵa enjiniya wa magetsi, msambiri wa sayansi, kweniso munthu wakapanganga vinthu viphya. Wakambiska mtundu wa [[chithandizo cha radiation]] wakuzingilira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwambilira gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] agho ghakaŵa na miliyoni yimoza ya ma volti. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Pulezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]], ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} Donald Trump wa munyake wa mwanakazi wa sekuru ŵake, Elizabeth Christ Trump, wakababika mu 1880 ndipo wakafwa pa Juni 6, 1966. Wakatorana na Frederick Trump mu 1902 ndipo wakaluta nayo ku United States. Nga ni mfumu wake, nayo wakababikira ku Kallstadt, ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa Philipp na Marie Christ. Philipp Christ wakafuma mu mphapu ya Johannes Christ wa [[Flörsheim]], [[Hesse]]. Elizabeth Christ Trump wakaŵa mphapu ya mupangi wa maorgani [[Johann Michael Hartung]] kwizira mwa gogomukuru wake wa upande wa awiske, Sabina Christ. == Abali na azilumbu == === Maryanne Trump Barry === {{Main|Maryanne Trump Barry}} Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023) wakaŵa mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa [[mulongi wa khoti la boma la United States|mulongi mukuru wa khoti la boma]] pa [[Khoti la Apilu la United States la Dera Lachitatu]]. Wakaleka kugwira ntchito mu 2017 pamanyuma pakuti mudumbu wake wakamba uteŵeti wake nga ni purezidenti, ndipo wakapumura ntchito mu 2019. === Fred Trump Jr. === {{Main|Fred Trump Jr.}} Frederick "Freddy" Crist Trump{{spaces}}Jr. (1938–1981){{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=31}}{{cite episode|title=Part 1: New Frontiers|series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty|date=February 25, 2019|time=1:21|network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}} wakaŵa mukuru wa Donald Trump. Pa Seputembala 26, 1981, wali na vyaka 42, wakafwa chifukwa cha nthenda ya mtima.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=320}} === Elizabeth Trump Grau === Elizabeth Joan Trump Grau (wakababika mu 1942) ni mudumbu mukuru wa Donald Trump. Mu 1989, wakatorana na mupangi wa mafilimu James Grau. Wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni mulembi wa ofesi pa [[Chase Manhattan Bank]], pambere wandapumure na kukhala ku Florida. Kufika mu 2026, ndiyo yekha mubali wa Donald Trump uyo wachali wamoyo. === Robert Trump === {{Main|Robert Trump}} Robert Stewart Trump (1948–2020) wakaŵa mudumbu muchoko wa Donald Trump. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wa bizinesi uyo wakalongozganga Trump Management Inc, kampani iyo yikalaŵiliranga katundu wa nyumba wa Trump Organization kuwaro kwa Manhattan. Wakaŵaso mmoza wa ŵa ndalama mu SHiRT LLC, yimoza mwa makampani ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa na CertiPathx ya ku Virginia, iyo yikapokera mgwirizano wa boma wa madola 33 miliyoni mu 2019. Robert Trump wakatorana na [[Blaine Trump|Blaine Beard]] mu 1980. Ŵakapatukana mu 2009 pamanyuma pakuti wakaleka muwoli wake chifukwa cha wantchito wa Trump Organization Ann Marie Pallan. Wakatorana na Pallan kukwambilira kwa 2020. Robert wakafwa pa Ogasiti 15, 2020, wali na vyaka 71. Kuyana na ''The New York Times'', wakaŵa na [[intracerebral hemorrhage|kutuluka ndopa mu ubongo]] pamanyuma pa kuwa sonosono apa. == Ŵabali ŵanyake == === John G. Trump === {{Main|John G. Trump}} Sekuru wa Donald Trump wa upande wa awiske, John George Trump (1907–1985), wakaŵa mainjiniya wa magetsi, mupangi wa vinthu, ndiposo wasayansi wa fiziki uyo wakapangiska [[radiation therapy]] yakuzungulira, ndipo pamoza na [[Robert J. Van de Graaff]], wakapanga yimoza mwa makina ghakwamba gha [[X-ray generator|kupangira ma X-ray]] gha miliyoni yimoza ya volts. Wakapokera [[National Medal of Science]] kufuma kwa Purezidenti [[Ronald Reagan]] ndipo wakaŵa membala wa [[National Academy of Engineering]]. === John W. Walter === {{Main|John W. Walter}} John W. Walter (1934–2018), uyo wakaŵa muzukuru wa Donald Trump, wakaŵa mwana wa Elizabeth Trump (mudumbu wa Fred Trump) na William Walter. Wakagwira ntchito ku Trump Organization kwa umoyo wake unandi ndipo wakaŵa vice president mukuru wa Trump Management, Inc.{{sfn|Trump|2020|pp=193–94}} Wakaŵaso na umwini wa All County Building Supply & Maintenance Corp pamoza na Donald Trump, Maryanne Trump Barry, Elizabeth Trump Grau, na Robert Trump. Walter wakaŵaso meya wa [[Flower Hill, New York]] kufuma mu 1988 m'paka 1996, ndipo wakaŵa mulembi wa mdauko wa tawuni iyi kufuma mu 1996 m'paka nyifwa yake mu 2018. === Mary L. Trump === {{Main|Mary L. Trump}} Mary L. Trump, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni [[clinical psychology|dokotala wa sayansi ya maghanoghano]], munthu wa bizinesi, ndiposo mulembi. Wamanyikwa chifukwa cha kususka Donald Trump ndipo wakalemba buku lakukhwaskana nayo na mbumba yake lakuti ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020). === Fred Trump III === {{Main|Fred Trump III}} Fred Trump III, muzukuru wa Donald Trump, ni munthu wa bizinesi, mulembi, ndiposo mulwani wa wanthu ŵakukhala na ulwari. Wakamususka Donald Trump mu [[memoir]] yake ya 2024 ndipo walutilira kumususka kufuma apo buku ili likafumira. == Chidule cha mbumba == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kubabika !Nyifwa !Chithuzithuzi !Zina !Ubale na Donald Trump !Ufumu !Udindo !Nchito !{{Reference column heading}} |- |1869 |1918 |[[File:Elisabeth Christ & Friedrich Trump (cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Frederick Trump]] |Sekuru wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani | |Wakumeta sisi, mwenecho wa malo ghakurughirako vyakurya na hotelo, kweniso mwenecho wa nyumba ya uhule |<ref name="brothel">{{cite web |last1=Panetta |first1=Alexander |date=September 19, 2015 |title=Donald Trump's grandfather ran Canadian brothel during gold rush |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |access-date=December 10, 2015 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112759/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/trump-canada-yukon-1.3235254 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="WhoHeIs">{{cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=August 24, 2015 |title=The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647/ |access-date=March 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Politico]] |ref=none |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428214907/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/the-man-who-made-trump-who-he-is-121647 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1880 |1966 |[[File:Elisabeth_Christ.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] |Sekuru mwanakazi wa awisi wa Donald Trump |Mujeremani-Muamerika | |Wamalonda wa bizinesi ya malo |<ref>{{cite news |date=August 3, 1918 |title=Real Estate News |page=16 |work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041345/https://www.newspapers.com/image/55626090/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=November 22, 1918 |title=Real Estate Field |page=18 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814041337/https://www.newspapers.com/image/26761488/?terms=%22e%20trump%22&match=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1905 |1999 |[[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (3x4 cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump]] |Awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Mupangiska wa malo na wamalonda |{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–5}} |- |1907 |1985 |[[File:John G Trump portrait c1955 cropped.png|frameless|100px]] |[[John G. Trump]] |Dada wa awiske Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Injiniya wa vya magetsi, msambiri, na wasayansi wa fiziki |<ref name="NAP2">{{cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |title=John George Trump &#124; Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 3 &#124; The National Academies Press |publisher=Nap.edu |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-309-03939-0 |doi=10.17226/1384 |access-date=2016-12-24 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910075219/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1384&page=333 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1912 |2000 | |[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump]] |Anyina a Donald Trump |Muskotilandi-Muamerika | |Wantchito wa pa nyumba |<ref name="kruse">{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=November 4, 2017 |title=The Mystery of Mary Trump |work=[[Politico Magazine]] |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779/ |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420055351/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1934 |2018 | |[[John W. Walter]] |Mubali wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Meya wa nambara 14 wa [[Flower Hill, New York|Flower Hill]] |Mulembi wa mdauko, injiniya, wamalonda, mulembi, na wandale |<ref name="obituary" /><ref name=":02" /> |- |1937 |2023 |[[File:Maryanne_Trump_Barry.png|frameless|100px]] |[[Maryanne Trump Barry]] |Mudumbu wa Donald Trump |Muamerika |Mweruzgi wa [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit|Khoti la Apilu la Third Circuit]] |Loya, mweruzgi |<ref name="Blair_2000">{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |url=https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a President |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0743210799 |location=New York City |pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/592 592] |orig-year=2000}}</ref> |- |1938 |1981 |[[File:Fred_Trump_Jr._1966_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Fred Trump Jr.]] |Mubali mukuru wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakwendeska ndege |<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kordes |first1=John |date=March 29, 2018 |title=The Kordes Korner |work=Garden City News |location=Garden City, NY |url=https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112172254/https://www.gcnews.com/articles/the-kordes-korner-55/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1946 |– |[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025) (cropped)(2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump]] |Iyomwene |Muamerika |Purezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[Purezidenti wa United States]] |Wandale, munthu wa pa mawayilesi, na wamalonda |<ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|Department of Health]] – City of New York – Bureau of Records and Statistics |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512232306/https://abcnews.go.com/US/page?id=13248168 |archive-date=May 12, 2016 |via=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Certificate of Birth: Donald John Trump |publisher=[[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]] |url=https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |access-date=October 23, 2018 |archive-date=April 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409070650/https://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/20110328125536753.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1948 |2020 | |[[Robert Trump]] |Mubali wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Karni |first=Annie |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Robert S. Trump, the President's Younger Brother, Dies at 71 |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816024006/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/politics/robert-s-trump-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1949 |2022 |[[File:Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivana Trump]] |Muwoli wakwamba wa Donald Trump |Muchiki na Muamerika | |Wamalonda |<ref>{{cite web |author=Adela Suliman and Shayna Jacobs |date=July 16, 2022 |title=Ivana Trump died of 'blunt impact injuries,' medical examiner says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716160620/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/16/ivana-trump-death-accident-torso/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1962 |– | |[[Fred Trump III]] |Mupwa wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, mulembi, na wakuvikilira wanthu ŵakulemala |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html|title=F. C. Trump 3d, Realty Manager, Weds Ms. Lorant |date=September 17, 1989|website=The New York Times|access-date=May 7, 2022 |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315005336/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/09/17/style/f-c-trump-3d-realty-manager-weds-ms-lorant.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1963 |– |[[File:Marla_Maples_LF_crop_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Marla Maples]] |Muwoli wachiŵiri wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Woseŵera mafilimu, munthu wa pa wayilesi ya kanema, modeli, muvwiri, na mupharazgi |<ref>{{cite web |editor=David L. Beckwith |title=Marla Ann Maples b. 27 Oct 1963 Georgia |url=https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |access-date=December 1, 2016 |work=Smoky Mountain Ancestral Quest |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140317/https://www.smokykin.com/tng/getperson.php?personID=I179444&tree=Smokykin |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1965 |– |[[File:Mary L. Trump (3x4 cropped).jpg|left|frameless|100px]] |[[Mary L. Trump]] |Muzukuru mwanakazi wa Donald Trump |Muamerika | |Wakumanya vya maghanoghano na mulembi |<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Carlson |first=Adam |date=June 15, 2020 |title=What to Know About Donald Trump's Niece Mary, Who Fought Him in Court & Is Writing a Tell-All |url=https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |location=United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704013654/https://people.com/politics/what-to-know-about-donald-trump-niece-mary-trump/ |archive-date=July 4, 2020 |access-date=July 4, 2020}}</ref> |- |1970 |– |[[File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (much further cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Melania Trump]] |Muwoli wachitatu wa Donald Trump |Musloveni na Muamerika |[[First Lady of the United States|Dona Wakwamba wa United States]] |Modeli na wamalonda |<ref name="CollinsModel">{{cite news |last=Collins |first=Lauren |date=May 9, 2016 |title=The Model American: Melania Trump is the exception to her husband's nativist politics |magazine=The New Yorker |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |url-status=live |access-date=May 3, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119152650/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/05/09/who-is-melania-trump |archive-date=November 19, 2018}}</ref> |- |1977 |– |[[File:Donald_Trump,_Jr._(51770696331)_(cropped).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Donald Trump Jr.]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wakovwira vya ndale, wamalonda, mulembi na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema |<ref name="gq">{{cite news |last=Ioffe |first=Julia |date=June 20, 2018 |title=The Real Story of Donald Trump Jr. |work=[[GQ (magazine)|GQ]] |url=https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621141307/https://www.gq.com/story/real-story-of-donald-trump-jr |archive-date=June 21, 2018}}</ref> |- |1981 |– |[[File:Ivanka_Trump_official_portrait_(cropped_2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Ivanka Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika |[[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Mulongozgi wa Purezidenti]] |Wamalonda na wakale wantchito wa ndale |<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2017 |title=From rich kid to first daughter: The fabulous life of Ivanka Trump |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |access-date=January 26, 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=January 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126190924/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/from-rich-kid-to-first-daughter-the-fabulous-life-of-ivanka-trump-a7618966.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |1984 |– |[[File:Eric_Trump_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Eric Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Ivana |Muamerika | |Wamalonda, wakovwira vya ŵanthu na wakale wakupharazga pa wayilesi ya kanema ya ''reality'' |- |1993 |– |[[File:Tiffany_Trump_RNC_2016_cropped.jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Tiffany Trump]] |Mwana mwanakazi wa Donald Trump na Marla Maples |Muamerika | |Mulongozgi wakovwira pa kafukufuku wa malango |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Struyk |first=Ryan |date=April 11, 2016 |title=Trump Kids Eric and Ivanka Miss Deadline to Vote in NY GOP Primary |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105540/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trumps-kids-eric-ivanka-miss-deadline-vote/story?id=38303943 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]}}</ref> |- |2006 |– |[[File:Barron Trump at Donald Trump's second inauguration (2).jpg|frameless|100px]] |[[Barron Trump]] |Mwana wa Donald Trump na Melania |Muamerika | |Msambiri wa pa yunivesite |<ref name="peopleCM">{{cite magazine |last1=Chamlee |first1=Virginia |date=August 20, 2021 |first2=Linda |last2=Marx |title=Barron Trump Enrolls in Private School in Palm Beach After Family Leaves White House |url=https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]] |access-date=February 18, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=February 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216155331/https://people.com/politics/barron-trump-enrolls-in-palm-beach-private-school/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |} == Heraldry == [[Joseph E. Davies]], mfumu wachitatu wa [[Marjorie Merriweather Post]] ndiposo wakaŵa nthumwi yakale ya United States wa mphapu ya [[Wales|Welsh]], wakapika chimanyikwiro cha mbumba (coat of arms), icho chikaŵa na [[motto]] yakuti ''Integritas'', na [[King of Arms#Kings of Arms for England, Wales and Northern Ireland|British heraldic authority]] pa [[College of Arms]], mu 1939. Davies wakaŵavya ŵana ŵanalume ŵakuhara, ndipo wakati wafwa, mwana wake mukuru mwanakazi Eleanor Tydings wakaŵa [[heraldic heiress]]. Pamanyuma pake, kuyana na mwambo wa [[Anglosphere]] wa [[male primogeniture]], chimanyikwiro chakuhalira icho Tydings wakapokera chikafuma kwa mwana wake, [[Joseph Tydings|Senator Joseph Tydings]], ndipo pamanyuma pake chikapita ku mwana wake wakwamba mwanalume wakubabika mwakwenelera, nga mbahaliri ŵa chimanyikwiro icho, muyirayira. Donald Trump wakagura malo gha ku Florida gha [[Mar-a-Lago]] mu 1985. Malo agha ghakazengeka na Merriweather Post, uyo wakalongoranga chomene chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha mfumu wake wakufwa pa malo agha. Wakati wagura malo agha, Trump wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito chimanyikwiro cha mbumba cha Davies nga ntchake. Vimanyikwiro ivi vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa [[Trump National Golf Club (disambiguation)|malo gha gofu gha Trump]] ndiposo pa malo ghanyake ghanandi gha [[Trump Organization]] mu United States yose. Pamanyuma pake Trump wakambaso kugwiliskira ntchito mtundu wakusintha pachoko wa chimanyikwiro cha Davies, uwo nawo ukalembeskeka na Trump ku ofesi ya United States ya ma patent na ma trademark.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump (Davies).svg|escutcheon=Argent ermined Or, two Chevronels couped between three demi-Lions, all Or.|crest=A Cubit Arm erected Argent, enfiling a Mascle and holding a Spear point upward, all Or.|name=Donald Trump|armiger=Donald Trump (1946–)|symbolism=|year_adopted=1985}} Mu 2008, Trump wakayezga kukhazikiska logo ya ku America pa [[Trump International Golf Links, Scotland|Trump International Golf Links]] yake yiphya mu [[Balmedie]], Scotland, kweni wakachenjezgeka na [[Lord Lyon King of Arms]], uyo ni mukuru chomene pa nkhani za [[Scottish heraldry]], kuti dango la Nyumba ya Malango ya Scotland la mu 1672 likukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira ntchito vimanyikwiro vya mbumba vyambura kulembeskeka. Mu Janyuwale 2012, pati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka kufuma apo malo gha gofu ghakajulikiranga, Trump wakavumbura chimanyikwiro chiphya cha mbumba icho chikapika ku "The Trump International Golf Club Scotland Ltd" na Lord Lyon mu 2011. Sarah Malone, muteŵeti mukuru wakulongozga wa "The Trump International Golf Links, Scotland", wakati: "chimanyikwiro cha mbumba ichi chikuphatikizapo vimanyikwiro vyakuwoneka ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya mphapu ya mbumba ya Trump [...], Lion Rampant (pa crest) wakuyimira Scotland ndipo nyenyezi zikuyimira America. Ma chevronels ghatatu ghakuyimira kuchanya, mchenga wa mapiri gha m'mphepete mwa nyanja, na nyanja—ivyo ni vigaŵa vikuru vya malo agha. Mphungu ya mitu yiŵiri yikuyimira mphapu ziŵiri na mtundu wa Trump (wa ku Scotland na wa ku Germany). Mphungu iyi yikukora mipira ya gofu, yakuyimira zina likuru la maseŵero gha gofu, ndipo [[motto]] yakuti ''Numquam Concedere'' ni Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti 'Kuleka yayi'—ivyo ni fundo ya umoyo wa Trump." Kwambira mu 2014, Trump wakamba kugwiliskiraso ntchito logo yeneyiyi pa [[Trump International Golf Links and Hotel Ireland|Trump International Golf Links, Ireland]], malo gha gofu agho wakazenga pamanyuma pa kugura [[Doonbeg]] Golf Club.{{Infobox COA wide|image=File:Coat of Arms of Trump International Golf Club.svg|escutcheon=Party per chevron: Azure two Mullets Argent; Vert a double headed Eagle of the second, wings displayed and inverted, armed and langued Gules, holding in its talons two Globes of the second; overall three chevronels Or.|crest=A demi-Lion rampant Gules, armed and langued Azure, holding in the paws a Pennon Or flowing to the sinister.|name=the Trump International Golf Links|armiger=Trump International Golf Links (2012–)|symbolism=|year_granted=2011|motto="Numquam concedere" (Chilatini chakung'anamura kuti "Kuleka yayi").}} ==Wonaniso== * [[Mbumba ya Barack Obama]], uyo wakalongozga Donald Trump pa udindo wa purezidenti mu nyengo yake yakwamba (2009–2017) * [[Mbumba ya Joe Biden]], uyo wakalondezgapo Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yakwamba ndipo wakamulongozga pambere wandawelere pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri (2021–2025) * [[Mbumba ya JD Vance]], waŵiri wa purezidenti wa Donald Trump pa nyengo yake yachiŵiri == Maukaboni == === Maukaboni gha m'malemba === {{Reflist|30em}} === Mabuku ghakugwiliskirika ntchito === <!--Chigaŵa ichi ntcha mabuku pera agho ghakuzunulika mu maukaboni gha pasi pa peji la nkhani iyi ya Wikipedia.--> {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|author-link=Gwenda Blair|year=2015|orig-year=2000|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-1-5011-3936-9|location=New York|language=en|access-date=April 8, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418082225/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} * {{cite book |title=Too Much and Never Enough |last=Trump |first=Mary L. |author-link=Mary L. Trump |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-982141-46-2 |location=New York |oclc=1164093746 }} {{refend}} {{Trump family|state=expanded}} {{Donald Trump}} {{United States presidential family political lines}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump family}} [[Category:Trump family|*]] [[Category:Mbumba za ku America za mphapu ya ku Scotland]] [[Category:Mbumba za bizinesi za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba zakwamba za United States]] [[Category:Mbumba kuyana na munthu]] 7zkvd8jvc3hp1qojohjaoa82ym429av 0 48051 117701 2026-07-21T11:34:14Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Chiŵaro|chiŵaro]]. Lili pakati pa [[Nthumbo|nthumbo]] na [[Mtumbo ghakuru|matumbo ghakuru]]. Mtumbo uchoko ukutalika pafupifupi mamita 6.5 (21 feet) ndipo ukupindika kanandi waka kuti uŵe.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532263/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chiŵalo]]" 117701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Chiŵaro|chiŵaro]]. Lili pakati pa [[Nthumbo|nthumbo]] na [[Mtumbo ghakuru|matumbo ghakuru]]. Mtumbo uchoko ukutalika pafupifupi mamita 6.5 (21 feet) ndipo ukupindika kanandi waka kuti uŵe.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532263/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chiŵalo]] 992ny73xnizibhn0vgck5df7dhiy68i 117702 117701 2026-07-21T11:35:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Chiŵaro|chiŵaro]]. Lili pakati pa [[Nthumbo|nthumbo]] na [[Mtumbo ghakuru|matumbo ghakuru]]. Mtumbo uchoko ukutalika pafupifupi mamita 6.5 (21 feet) ndipo ukupindika kanandi waka .<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532263/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chiŵalo]] jyx1603cxjrr9j77ntvo734jmcvxbdx 117703 117702 2026-07-21T11:35:57Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' ni [[Chiŵaro|chiŵaro]]. Lili pakati pa [[Nthumbo|nthumbo]] na [[Mtumbo ghakuru|matumbo ghakuru]]. Mtumbo uchoko ukutalika pafupifupi mamita 6.5 (21 feet) ndipo ukupindika kanandi waka.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532263/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Chiŵalo]] 9xmw5sbystazsklds7kyn5jqxje895p 0 48052 117704 2026-07-21T11:39:47Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Peroneus longus''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ili mu chipinda cha kumbali cha [[Mwendo|mwendo]]. [[Category:Minofu]]" 117704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peroneus longus''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ili mu chipinda cha kumbali cha [[Mwendo|mwendo]]. [[Category:Minofu]] md0tjj43n2rghxqojludcmmx4w5ckko 0 48053 117705 2026-07-21T11:42:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Peroneus brevis''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ili mu chipinda cha kumbali cha [[Mwendo|mwendo]]. Lili pasi pa [[peroneus longus]]. [[Category:Minofu]]" 117705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peroneus brevis''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ili mu chipinda cha kumbali cha [[Mwendo|mwendo]]. Lili pasi pa [[peroneus longus]]. [[Category:Minofu]] j8ks5malr59brngca8rzywwj7qz1gnn 0 48054 117707 2026-07-21T12:21:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Peroneus tertius''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Iwo ukuchita kuti upende pasi pa lundi kutali na mzere wa pakati wa thupi. [[Category:Minofu]]" 117707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peroneus tertius''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Iwo ukuchita kuti upende pasi pa lundi kutali na mzere wa pakati wa thupi. [[Category:Minofu]] gabjgl1h9v2ieey976kelp7ee6612e0 0 48055 117732 2026-07-22T02:39:22Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Nupediya''' yikaŵa buku la viyowoyero vinandi pa [[Intaneti]] ilo nkhani zake zikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakamanyanga makora nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani iyi, ndipo ŵakawoneseskanga na ŵamazaza awo ŵakalembanga nkhani pambere ŵandalembe, ndipo ŵakapokera layisensi yakuti ŵaŵe ŵambura kulipiliska. Likakhazikiska [[Jimmy Wales]] ndipo likalembeka na Bomis. Nupediya wakagwiranga ntchito kufuma mu Malichi 2000<ref>http://www.theatlant..." 117732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nupediya''' yikaŵa buku la viyowoyero vinandi pa [[Intaneti]] ilo nkhani zake zikalembeka na ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakamanyanga makora nkhani zakukhwaskana na nkhani iyi, ndipo ŵakawoneseskanga na ŵamazaza awo ŵakalembanga nkhani pambere ŵandalembe, ndipo ŵakapokera layisensi yakuti ŵaŵe ŵambura kulipiliska. Likakhazikiska [[Jimmy Wales]] ndipo likalembeka na Bomis. Nupediya wakagwiranga ntchito kufuma mu Malichi 2000<ref>http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/09/the-hive/305118/?single_page=true</ref> m'paka Seputembala 2003. Likumanyikwa chomene mazuŵa ghano kuti ni [[Wikipediya]] wakale. Kupambana na Wikipediya, Nupediya yikaŵa wiki yayi; m’malo mwake likamanyikwanga na ndondomeko yikuru ya kuwoneseska ŵanyawo, iyo yikapangika kuti nkhani zake ziŵe zakuyana waka na za mabuku ghakusambizga vya sayansi. Nupedia wakakhumbanga ŵasambiri (ŵawemi na PhDs) kuti ŵajipeleke ku vyakulembeka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Lih |title=[[The Wikipedia Revolution|The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia]] | date=2009 | publisher=Aurum | location=London | isbn=9781845134730 | oclc=280430641|page=38|quote=His academic roots compelled Sanger to insist on one rigid requirement for his editors: a pedigree. "We wish editors to be true experts in their fields and (with a few exceptions) possess Ph.Ds." read the Nupedia policy.}}</ref> Pambere Nupediya yindaleke kugwira ntchito, yikalemba nkhani 24 izo zikazomerezgeka<ref>Craig 2013, p. 84</ref><ref>Ayers 2008</ref><ref>Myers 2006, p. 163</ref> iyo yikamalizga mulimo wake wa kuwoneseska ndipo nkhani zinyake 150 zikaŵa kuti zikulutilira.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://vator.tv/news/2017-06-13-when-wikipedia-was-young-the-early-years|title=When Wikipedia was young: the early years|date=13 June 2017|work=VatorNews|access-date=25 July 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226112427/https://vator.tv/news/2017-06-13-when-wikipedia-was-young-the-early-years|url-status=live}}</ref> == Vilembo vifupi == <references /> [[Category:Wikipediya]] f080zm06m79c3ninzk0ewprh0ib0wz6 0 48056 117738 2026-07-22T04:42:17Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Cab pachanya''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: '''cab over engine'''; '''COE''') ni thupi la [[galimoto]] panji [[Basi|basi]] iyo yili na kunthazi kwakuyimilira, "nkhope yakuphapha" panji semi-hood. Cab ya galimoto yakukhala pachanya (panji panthazi pa) injini. [[Category:Magalimoto]]" 117738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cab pachanya''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: '''cab over engine'''; '''COE''') ni thupi la [[galimoto]] panji [[Basi|basi]] iyo yili na kunthazi kwakuyimilira, "nkhope yakuphapha" panji semi-hood. Cab ya galimoto yakukhala pachanya (panji panthazi pa) injini. [[Category:Magalimoto]] lo98aiq35h0818uj4oxd44hzn38tyut 117739 117738 2026-07-22T04:46:19Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cab pachanya''' panji '''cab pachanya injini''' ([[ChiNgelezi]]: '''cab over engine'''; '''COE''') ni thupi la [[galimoto]] panji [[Basi|basi]] iyo yili na kunthazi kwakuyimilira, "nkhope yakuphapha" panji semi-hood. Cab ya galimoto yakukhala pachanya (panji panthazi pa) injini. [[Category:Magalimoto]] 5is3b8qix39dn5p5ts9fvxp7zg9goek 0 48057 117740 2026-07-22T05:10:27Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Sternocleidomastoid''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ntchito zikuru izo minofu yikuchita ni kuzungulira mutu ku chigaŵa chinyake na kukhotakhota kwa singo.<ref> Kohan, Emil J.; Wirth, Garrett A. (2014). "Anatomy of the neck". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 41 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2013.09.016. ISSN 1558-0504. PMID 24295343.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Minofu]]" 117740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sternocleidomastoid''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ntchito zikuru izo minofu yikuchita ni kuzungulira mutu ku chigaŵa chinyake na kukhotakhota kwa singo.<ref> Kohan, Emil J.; Wirth, Garrett A. (2014). "Anatomy of the neck". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 41 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2013.09.016. ISSN 1558-0504. PMID 24295343.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Minofu]] d9cq1etkbotl1qnwukt89hnl5yamdka 117742 117740 2026-07-22T05:14:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Sternocleidomastoid]] to [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid]] 117740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sternocleidomastoid''' ni [[Minofu|minofu]]. Ntchito zikuru izo minofu yikuchita ni kuzungulira mutu ku chigaŵa chinyake na kukhotakhota kwa singo.<ref> Kohan, Emil J.; Wirth, Garrett A. (2014). "Anatomy of the neck". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 41 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2013.09.016. ISSN 1558-0504. PMID 24295343.</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Minofu]] d9cq1etkbotl1qnwukt89hnl5yamdka 14 48058 117741 2026-07-22T05:11:46Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "{{PAGENAME}}" 117741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{PAGENAME}} ql7em3iplcfeaiu8hvtxv0k9gq9mbec 0 48059 117743 2026-07-22T05:14:07Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Sternocleidomastoid]] to [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid]] 117743 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid]] tw7fug7cejbxvc8ri0v8pohvcgjablk 0 48060 117744 2026-07-22T07:40:04Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361721172|Information technology audit]]" 117744 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kupima vilwero vya uthenga''', panji '''kufufuza kwa ndondomeko za uthenga''', ni kusanda-sanda kwa ndondomeko ya kulongozga mukati mwa vipangizo vya luso vya uthenga (IT) na vigwiliski vya bizinesi. Kupima ukaboni uwo wasangika kukulongora usange ndondomeko za uthenga zikuvikilira katundu, kusunga kugomezgeka kwa data, na kugwira ntchito makora kuti vifiske vilato panji vilato vya wupu. Kuwoneseska uku kungachitika pamoza na kupenda kwa ndalama, kupenda kwa mukati, panji mtundu unyake wa kukhozgera. te8qj3kuou4em9i9dpg1i0upx1lddtw 0 48061 117748 2026-07-22T12:22:06Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Created page with "[[File:Google AI Overview results.png|thumb|upright=1.3|AI Overviews chakufumapo cha "tallest building within 500 miles of paris", wakapangika pa 2 Juni 2026]] '''AI Overviews''' ni vinjeru vyakupangika (AI) ivyo vikuŵikika mu [[Google Search]] ivyo vikupanga vyakudumura vya vyakusangikamo vyakupangika na AI. Chida ichi chasuskika chifukwa chakuti nchambura kwenelera.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/may/05/canadian-ashley-macisaac-fiddler-musician-singer-song..." 117748 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Google AI Overview results.png|thumb|upright=1.3|AI Overviews chakufumapo cha "tallest building within 500 miles of paris", wakapangika pa 2 Juni 2026]] '''AI Overviews''' ni vinjeru vyakupangika (AI) ivyo vikuŵikika mu [[Google Search]] ivyo vikupanga vyakudumura vya vyakusangikamo vyakupangika na AI. Chida ichi chasuskika chifukwa chakuti nchambura kwenelera.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/may/05/canadian-ashley-macisaac-fiddler-musician-singer-songwriter-sues-google-ai-sex-offender-ntwnfb</ref> ==Ntchito== Chida cha AI Overviews chikugwiriskira nchito viyowoyero vikuruvikuru kuti chipangiske vithuzithuzi vyakudumura kufuma pa ivyo vili mu [[mahamba gha Lutatavi|mahamba gha lutatavi]].<ref>https://blog.google/products/search/generative-ai-google-search-may-2024/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Search]] toc4oy3peyj6c7s6k3lpxpiwbz5d9ui 117751 117748 2026-07-22T12:24:36Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 117751 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Google AI Overview results.png|thumb|upright=1.3|AI Overviews chakufumapo cha "tallest building within 500 miles of paris", wakapangika pa 2 Juni 2026]] '''AI Overviews''' ni vinjeru vyakupangika (AI) ivyo vikuŵikika mu [[Google Search]] ivyo vikupanga vyakudumura vya vyakusangikamo vyakupangika na AI. Chida ichi chasuskika chifukwa chakuti nchambura kwenelera.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/may/05/canadian-ashley-macisaac-fiddler-musician-singer-songwriter-sues-google-ai-sex-offender-ntwnfb</ref> ==Ntchito== Chida cha AI Overviews chikugwiriskira nchito viyowoyero vikuruvikuru kuti chipangiske vithuzithuzi vyakudumura kufuma pa ivyo vili mu [[webusaiti]].<ref>https://blog.google/products/search/generative-ai-google-search-may-2024/</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Google]] [[Category:Google Search]] kr3ad94aazgonxxgnfrt4o1i1ulkamb 0 48062 117750 2026-07-22T12:24:09Z Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi 11606 Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi moved page [[Mahamba gha Lutatavi]] to [[Webusaiti]] 117750 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Webusaiti]] 1wydg5b76sujkdy8iqtqje42954y3mh 14 48063 117752 2026-07-22T17:14:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117752 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 48064 117753 2026-07-22T17:14:35Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 117753 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1 48065 117756 2026-07-22T17:39:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* General */ new section 117756 wikitext text/x-wiki == General == @[[User:CubanoBoi|CubanoBoi]], @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]], @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], this is how you can write a Tumbuka wiki page using AI translations. The good thing about this is that at least we get to have pages that are at least long and useful than 2–3-line stubs (which are not bad, of course, but are so in summary). This works only in Chatgpt best, not Claude, XAI, etc. 1. Step one, copy the whole source page of enwiki in full. 2. Come on tumwiki and paste the whole copied source mode page from enwiki, dont publish it yet. 3. In Chatgpt, log in and type this (copy it as it): <br> <br> <nowiki> Translate into Tumbuka in raw MediaWiki source (wikitext) only. Output exactly as it would appear in Wikipedia Source Editor. Preserve all templates, references, categories, tables, and formatting. Translate all article links completely (both target and display text), including red links. Do not use Markdown, explanations, or code fences. Put the entire output inside a copyable wikitext block. I am translating article(s) on Tumbuka Wikipedia from the English Wikipedia. I have copied the entire English Wikipedia article in source mode into Tumbuka Wikipedia. I will send portions for translation. Translate only the article content from English (en) to Tumbuka (tum), preserving the original MediaWiki source formatting. Requirements: Translate all comments if exist ==References/reference== becomes "ukaboni", notes becomes "Vyakukumbuska" Preserve all templates exactly as they are ({{main}}, {{further}}, {{see also}}, {{about}}, {{for}}, {{redirect}}, {{cite news}}, {{reflist}}, infoboxes, navboxes, etc.). Preserve all references (<ref>...</ref>), notes, and citation templates exactly. Do not translate anything inside references unless I specifically ask. Preserve tables, categories, file syntax, formatting, italics, bold, headings, lists, HTML tags, and all other MediaWiki markup. Translate only the article text. <br> Translate every internal wiki link completely, including both the page title (link target) and the displayed text. Translate red links exactly the same way. Always localize hyperlinks into Tumbuka, not only the displayed text. <br> Example: [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris (1783)]] becomes <br> [[Phangano la Paris (1783)|Phangano la Paris (1783)]] <br> Use visola (not visankho) wherever appropriate. Always translate hyperlinks into Tumbuka, not just the display text but also the actual linked article title. If a piped link is used, translate both sides into natural Tumbuka. Example: [[Affirmation in law|Affirmation]] becomes [[Kukhozgera mu malango|Kukhozgera]] Do not place [[...]] inside templates that already automatically create links. For templates such as {{main}}, {{further}}, {{see also}}, {{about}}, {{for}}, and similar templates, provide only the translated page title as the template parameter. Example: {{main|2016 United States presidential election}} becomes {{main|Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016}} not {{main|[[Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016|Visola vya mlongozgi wa United States vya 2016]]}} Output requirements: Output only raw MediaWiki source (wikitext). Do not use Markdown. Do not use code fences. Do not add explanations or notes. Return exactly what should be pasted into Wikipedia's Source Editor. Put the entire translated output inside a single copyable wikitext block. </nowiki> <br> <br> <br> <br> After that, then copy 3-4 paragraphs into Chatgpt to begin translations. Paste results into tumwiki. Those articles are just okay as far as I have tried, with no known problem so far. Dont respond to this message, just take what I have said. Thank you. Please remember to copy that prompt as it is, or else, your results won't work as expected and needed. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 17:39, 22 Julayi 2026 (UTC) esptx75nvzcxug3s39i6hmpnpa04u6a 0 48066 117757 2026-07-22T18:51:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Infobox German location |image_photo = Kallstadt 21.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Kallstadt.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|29|26|N|08|10|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kallstadt in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 134 |area = 6.57 |postal_code = 67169 |area_code = 06322 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 028 |website..." 117757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Kallstadt 21.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Kallstadt.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|29|26|N|08|10|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kallstadt in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 134 |area = 6.57 |postal_code = 67169 |area_code = 06322 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 028 |website = [http://www.kallstadt.de/ www.kallstadt.de] |mayor = Dr. Thomas Jaworek<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Kallstadt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkalʃtat}}) ni msumba uchoko mu chigaŵa cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa [[vyaru vya Germany|vyaru 16 vya boma]] vya Germany. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar|Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar]], uko msumba ukuru chomene ni [[Mannheim]], uwo ni [[Mndandanda wa misumba ya ku Germany mwakulingana na unandi wa ŵanthu|msumba wa nambara 22 pa misumba yose ya Germany pakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu]]. Mu nyengo yinandi ya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]. Wamanyikwa pa charu chose chifukwa ni kwawo kwa [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|mabanja gha Trump]], agho ni mabanja ghaŵiri ghakumanyikwa chomene pa vya malonda na ndyali mu [[United States]]. == Jogirafi == [[File:Palatinate in Rhineland-Palatinate.png|thumb|left]] [[File:Kallstadt 22.JPG|thumb|left|Kulima mpheska ku Kallstadt, 2014]] Kallstadt wali pa [[Nthowa ya Vinyo ya Germany]]. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Freinsheim (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ya Freinsheim]], iyo ofesi yake yikuru yili mu [[Freinsheim|msumba uwo uli na zina lenelira]]. <!-- Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira kufuma ku Kallstadt ŵalongosoreka kuti kanandi ŵakaŵanga ŵakujipeleka chomene kuluska kuŵa ŵakavu.<ref name=":0" /> Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi chikuwoneka nga nkhusopera munthu. Kasi ŵanthu ŵalinga ndiwo ŵakasamuka? Ŵakaluta ku vyaru wuli, ndipo pa nyengo wuli? Kasi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu wuli la ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakaŵa na usambazi wuli? Kasi mbanjani mwa iwo awo ŵakachita makora? Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi ni mazgu ghakusopera ndipo chikukhumbikwira ukaboni wakukwana pambere chindasazgikemo.--> Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,200 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa icho chuma chake chikukura mwaluŵiro. Uli na malo ghakurya agho ghangapokelera ŵalendo pafupifupi 2,000 pamoza na mahotelo agho ghali na mabedi pafupifupi 400. Ŵalendo ŵakusazgapo ŵa ku America awo ŵakufuma ku [[Ramstein Air Base]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|title=Im Ort von Trumps Vorfahren: 'Trump hat sich wenigstens getraut, das auch zu zeigen'|last=Frasch|first=Timo|date=2016-11-09|newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|issn=0174-4909|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050608/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbiri == [[File:Kallstadt_Hauptstrasse.jpg|Nthowa yikuru|thumb]] Nthowa ya [[Roma wakale|Ŵaroma]] yikakoleraniskanga Altenstadt – sono ni chigaŵa cha [[Alsace]] ku France ndiposo chigaŵa cha [[Wissembourg]] – na [[Rhineland]]; malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵapo kuno ghakasambazganga chomene mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma. Vinthu vinandi vya [[vyakusanda vya mbiri|kusanda vya mbiri]] vikulongora kuti malo agha ghakakhalanga ŵamalonda, ŵasilikari ŵakale ŵa gulu la Ŵaroma ndiposo [[kulima mpheska|ŵakulima mpheska]] kufuma pafupifupi mu 79 BC mpaka pa 383 AD. Mbumba ya [[Ŵafuranki|Ŵafuranki]] yikamba pafupifupi mu chaka cha 500 ndipo mulongozgi wawo, Chagilo, ndiyo wakapeleka zina ku msumba uwu. Mu 824, Kallstadt wakazunulika kakwamba mu mabuku gha mbiri nga ''Cagelenstat.'' Pakwamba ukaŵa [[Msumba wa Ufumu]], kweni pamanyuma ukaluta ku County ya Pfeffingen (Homburg). Kufuma mu 1321 ukaŵa pasi pa ŵankhondo ŵa Monfort, ndipo kufuma mu 1451 mpaka pafupifupi mu 1551 ukaŵa wa Nyumba ya Blicken von Lichtenberg. Kufuma apo mpaka mu 1794, Kallstadt wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Electoral Palatinate]] icho chikaŵa pasi pa [[Nyumba ya Leiningen]]. [[Banki ya kumazere ya Mlonga wa Rhine]] yikapokeka na France pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Mgwirizano Wakudanga]]. Pamanyuma pa [[Phangano la Campo Formio]] (1797), [[Republic Yakwamba ya France]] yikapoka chigaŵa ichi ndipo pakati pa 1798 na 1814, Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[madipatimenti gha France|dipatimenti ya France]] ya [[Mont-Tonnerre]]. Nanga ni [[Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma]] panji Electoral Palatinate vikawelerapo yayi pa [[Ungano wa Vienna]] mu 1815. Germany yikazgoka [[Mgwirizano wa vyaru vya Germany|mgwirizano wa vyaru]] uwo ukalamulirikanga chomene na [[Ufumu wa Austria]] na [[Ufumu wa Prussia]], awo ŵakajipoka vigaŵa vinandi vya Germany ivyo vikakhalako kumazere kwa Mlonga wa Rhine. Kallstadt wakaluta pasi pa Austria, kweni Austria yikasinthana mwaluŵiro [[Phangano la Munich (1816)|chigaŵa ichi]] na [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]] mu 1816. Pamanyuma pa phangano ili, Kallstadt [[Circle of the Rhine|wakaŵa wa Bavaria]], ndipo Bavaria yikanjira mu [[Ufumu wa Germany]] mu 1871. Palatinate (Kumanjiliro gha dazi), kusazgapo Kallstadt, wakalutilira kuŵa wa Bavaria mpaka pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], apo vyaru vya Germany vikanozgekaso mwalamulo pamanyuma pakuti vikamara nkhongono pasi pa [[Germany wa Nazi|boma la Nazi]], apo Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[Gau Westmark]]. Mu 1946 Palatinate wakapatulika ku Bavaria ndipo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[vyaru vya Germany|Charu]] chiphya cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. Referendamu yakuti Palatinate na Bavaria viŵeso pamoza yikatondeka mu 1956, ndipo Kallstadt wachali chigaŵa cha Rhineland-Palatinate. === Nyumba na vyakuzenga === *'''Bismarck Tower''' – [[Bismarck tower (Kallstadt)|Bismarck Tower]] wali pa [[Peterskopf (Palatinate)|Peterskopf]] uyo ngwakutowa mamita 497 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa cha Kallstadt icho chili kutali na msumba mukuru, mu [[Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]]. *'''St. Salvator,''' mpingo wa [[Lutheran]] uwo uli mu [[Mpingo wa Evangelical wa Palatinate]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire]]|date=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743210799|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/28 28–9]|author1=Gwenda Blair}}</ref> Mpingo uwu ni nyumba yakale chomene mu tawuni iyi; vigaŵa vinyake vikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Parishi yikaŵa ya [[Yunivesite ya Heidelberg]] mpaka mu 1563 ndipo pamanyuma yikaweleraso ku [[Electoral Palatinate]]. Kusintha kwa chisopa (Reformation) mu Palatinate, kusazgapo Kallstadt, kukamba mu 1556. *Pali '''nyumba zinandi za vinyo''', izo zikusazga malo ghakusungiramo vinyo na malo ghakurya. [[Karl Benz|Carl Benz]] ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kwendeskera galimoto kuluta ku nyumba za alendo za ku Kallstadt kufuma ku msumba wake wa [[Ladenburg]]. Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali kuluta ku Weinhaus Henninger ni [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Aristoteles Onassis]], [[Piper-Heidsieck|Remy Heidsiek]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari|Mfumukazi Soraya]], [[Will Quadflieg]] na [[Erika Köth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|title=Geschichte des Henningers|website=Hotel und Restaurant Weinhaus Henninger|language=de-DE|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135138/http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mabanja gha Heinz na Trump=== [[File:Salvatorkirche Kallstadt.JPG|thumb|Salvatorkirche (Mpingo wa Muponoski) wa ku Kallstadt]] Kallstadt ni kwawo kwa ŵasekuru ŵakale awo ŵakasamukira ku United States ŵa mabanja ghaŵiri, [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|Trump]]. Mabanja agha ghakolerana. Banja la Trump lakhala ku Kallstadt kufuma m'ma 1600. Mu 2015, Simone Wendel, uyo ni wakupanga mafilimu ndipo wakufuma ku Kallstadt (kweniso wali kutali waka kukolerana na banja la Trump), wakapanga filimu yakulemba vyaunenesko yakucemeka ''[[Mafumu gha ku Kallstadt]].'' Filimu iyi yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakukoleranira na ŵabali ŵawo ŵakumanyikwa ku USA. Wendel wakalongora mwambo wakale wa kupanga vinyo na vyakurya uwo walutilira kwa nyengo yitali ku Kallstadt. Wakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakutemwa chomene banja la Heinz chifukwa chakuti katundu wawo mukuru ni vyakununkhiskira vyakurya vyakovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ndipo ni vyakupulikikwa chomene kuluska malonda gha malo gha Donald Trump.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|title=Deutsche Großeltern: Donald Trump, King of Kallstadt|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130205618/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |title=Kings of Kallstadt {{!}} Dokumentarfilm: Mein Dorf, Ketchup & der König von New York |publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR Fernsehen]] |language=German |access-date=2016-11-27 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803230249/https://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakukumbuka makora apo trust ya Heinz yikapokera gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kallstadt. Sonosono apa banja la Heinz likapeleka ndalama zinandi ([[Euro|€]]40,000) zakunozgeraso ogani wa mu mpingo wa St. Salvator, apo Donald Trump wakapelekako chilichose yayi pa ntchito iyi.<ref name="knall2">{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|title=Donald Trumps Wurzeln: King of New York, Knallkopf of Kallstadt|last=|first=|date=20 January 2016|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020214441/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wendel wakafumba Donald Trump mafumbo ku New York ndipo wakalongoraso gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kallstadt pa ulendo wa [[Steuben Day]]. Trump wakasazgirako nyengo ya kufumbika kuluska iyo yikanozgekera kale ndipo wakalayizga kuti wazamwiza ku Kallstadt.<ref name=":02" /> == Ndale == === Khonsolo ya tauni === Khonsolo iyi yili na ŵanthu 16 awo mba khonsolo, awo ŵakasankhika pa [[visola vya tauni mu Rheinland-Palatinate vya 2014|visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014]], kweniso [[mulara wa tauni]] nga ni wapampando. Visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014 vikapeleka vyakufuma ivi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|title=LWL RLP - Kommunalwahlen: Ergebnisse der Ratswahlen: Wahlergebnisse 2014: Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen|first=Statistisches Landesamt|last=Rheinland-Pfalz|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-21|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821150837/http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" | || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || '''Wose''' |- align="center" | 2014 || 4 || 7 || 5 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2009 || 4 || 6 || 6 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2004 || 4 || 5 || 7 || mipando 16 |} === Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha === Blazon ya Chijeremani yikuti: ''{{lang|de|Über goldener Zinnenmauer, darin ein roter Reichsapfel mit goldenem Reif und rotem Kreuz, beseitet von je einer blauen Schießscharte, in Blau ein rotbewehrter silberner Adler.}}'' [[Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha|Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha]] cha tauni iyi chingalongosoreka mu [[Heraldry|mazgu gha heraldry]] gha Chingelezi nthena: ''Per fess embattled, azure an eagle displayed argent armed and langued gules, and Or masoned an orb of the third banded of the field and ensigned with a cross fleuretty of the third, this last between two arrowslits of the first.'' Chimanyikwilo chakale chomene chakumanyikwa cha Kallstadt nchakufuma mu 1494 ndipo chili na [[charge (heraldry)|vithuzithuzi]] vya [[Palatine Lion]] na mtundu wa [[Wittelsbach]] wa bendy lozengy (madiyamondi ghakupendekeka agho ghakusinthana [[tincture (heraldry)|mitundu]] ya argent na azure, kung'anamura siliva na buluu), ndipo pasi pali chilembo chichoko cha K. Mu 1506, chinthu chakuyana na chimanyikwilo cha mazuŵa ghano chikawoneka apo chimanyikwilo chinyake chikalongora nombo pachanya pa linga. Ichi chikimiranga kunjira kwa msumba uwu mu malo gha Leiningen. Kapangikiro kakuyana waka kakalutilira mpaka mu 1711 apo pakawoneka chimanyikwilo icho chikaŵa na [[globus cruciger]] pera. Ichi chikimiranga Ŵaŵerengeka Ŵa Palatinate, ndipo panji chikafuma pambere chaka cha 1506 chindafike. Pa 15 Janyuwale 1845, chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha icho chingalongosoreka kuti "Azure an orb ensigned with a cross Or", kung'anamura [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] wa buluu uwo uli na globus cruciger wagolide na mphinjika pachanya, chikapelekeka kuŵa chimanyikwilo cha tauni iyi. Pa 22 Juni 1962, kweni, chimanyikwilo icho chilipo sono, icho chikuphatikizga vithuzithuzi vya chimanyikwilo ichi na chimanyikwilo cha 1506, ndicho chikapelekeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|title=Heraldry of the world - Outdated file|publisher=|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514191044/http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * Wilhelm Heinrich von Creuzer (1740–1794), mujere wa ku Germany ndiposo pulezidenti wa khoti<ref>Kurt Stuck. ''Verwaltungspersonal im Herzogtum Zweibrücken''. Ludwigshafen am Rhein: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde, 1993, p. 16.</ref> * Johann Heinrich Heinz, awiske ŵa [[United States|waku America]] wakwambiska makampani gha vyakurya [[Henry J. Heinz]], uyo wakambiska [[H. J. Heinz Company]] * [[Frederick Trump|Frederick Trump]] (wakababika kuti Friedrich Trumpf), wabizinesi wa ku Germany-America, sekuru wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Trump]], (wakababika kuti Elisabeth Christ), wabizinesi mwanakazi wa ku Germany-America, muwoli wa Frederick Trump ndiposo gogo wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa United States Donald Trump * {{ill|Norbert Scharf|de||WD=}}, wandale (SPD) == Wonaniso == *[[Karlstad, Sweden]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Kuŵazga kunthazi == * Merk, Ernst. ''Heimatbuch des Edelweinortes Kallstadt''. 1952 == Pa intaneti == {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.kallstadt.de/ Webusayiti ya boma ya tauni] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.landjugend-kallstadt.de/ Brulljesmacher Kallstadt], webusayiti ya [[Landjugend]] ya ku Kallstadt (Chijeremani) * [http://kings-of-kallstadt.blogspot.de/2014/03/wie-schon-gesagt.html Kings of Kallstadt, webusayiti ya filimu] (Chijeremani na Chingelezi) {{Cities and towns in Bad Dürkheim (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]] [[Category:Bad Dürkheim (district)]] [[Category:Banja la Trump]] [[Category:Misumba ya Ufumu]] 1kck7ms1k1wf61lu21k9hmf7hgqgm4w 117758 117757 2026-07-22T18:53:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* Jogirafi */ 117758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Kallstadt 21.JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Kallstadt.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|29|26|N|08|10|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Kallstadt in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 134 |area = 6.57 |postal_code = 67169 |area_code = 06322 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 028 |website = [http://www.kallstadt.de/ www.kallstadt.de] |mayor = Dr. Thomas Jaworek<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Kallstadt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkalʃtat}}) ni msumba uchoko mu chigaŵa cha [[Palatinate (chigaŵa)|Palatinate]] cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa [[vyaru vya Germany|vyaru 16 vya boma]] vya Germany. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar|Chigaŵa Chikuru cha Msumba cha Rhine-Neckar]], uko msumba ukuru chomene ni [[Mannheim]], uwo ni [[Mndandanda wa misumba ya ku Germany mwakulingana na unandi wa ŵanthu|msumba wa nambara 22 pa misumba yose ya Germany pakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu]]. Mu nyengo yinandi ya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]]. Wamanyikwa pa charu chose chifukwa ni kwawo kwa [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|mabanja gha Trump]], agho ni mabanja ghaŵiri ghakumanyikwa chomene pa vya malonda na ndyali mu [[United States]]. == Makhalilo gha malo == [[File:Palatinate in Rhineland-Palatinate.png|thumb|left]] [[File:Kallstadt 22.JPG|thumb|left|Kulima mpheska ku Kallstadt, 2014]] Kallstadt wali pa [[Nthowa ya Vinyo ya Germany]]. Ni chigaŵa cha [[Freinsheim (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ya Freinsheim]], iyo ofesi yake yikuru yili mu [[Freinsheim|msumba uwo uli na zina lenelira]]. <!-- Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira kufuma ku Kallstadt ŵalongosoreka kuti kanandi ŵakaŵanga ŵakujipeleka chomene kuluska kuŵa ŵakavu.<ref name=":0" /> Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi chikuwoneka nga nkhusopera munthu. Kasi ŵanthu ŵalinga ndiwo ŵakasamuka? Ŵakaluta ku vyaru wuli, ndipo pa nyengo wuli? Kasi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu gulu wuli la ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakaŵa na usambazi wuli? Kasi mbanjani mwa iwo awo ŵakachita makora? Pakuyana na fundo wuli? Ichi ni mazgu ghakusopera ndipo chikukhumbikwira ukaboni wakukwana pambere chindasazgikemo.--> Msumba uwu uli na ŵanthu pafupifupi 1,200 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa icho chuma chake chikukura mwaluŵiro. Uli na malo ghakurya agho ghangapokelera ŵalendo pafupifupi 2,000 pamoza na mahotelo agho ghali na mabedi pafupifupi 400. Ŵalendo ŵakusazgapo ŵa ku America awo ŵakufuma ku [[Ramstein Air Base]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|title=Im Ort von Trumps Vorfahren: 'Trump hat sich wenigstens getraut, das auch zu zeigen'|last=Frasch|first=Timo|date=2016-11-09|newspaper=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]]|issn=0174-4909|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050608/http://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/besuch-im-geburtsort-vom-grossvater-von-donald-trump-14520414.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == Mbiri == [[File:Kallstadt_Hauptstrasse.jpg|Nthowa yikuru|thumb]] Nthowa ya [[Roma wakale|Ŵaroma]] yikakoleraniskanga Altenstadt – sono ni chigaŵa cha [[Alsace]] ku France ndiposo chigaŵa cha [[Wissembourg]] – na [[Rhineland]]; malo ghakwambilira agho ghakaŵapo kuno ghakasambazganga chomene mu nyengo ya Ŵaroma. Vinthu vinandi vya [[vyakusanda vya mbiri|kusanda vya mbiri]] vikulongora kuti malo agha ghakakhalanga ŵamalonda, ŵasilikari ŵakale ŵa gulu la Ŵaroma ndiposo [[kulima mpheska|ŵakulima mpheska]] kufuma pafupifupi mu 79 BC mpaka pa 383 AD. Mbumba ya [[Ŵafuranki|Ŵafuranki]] yikamba pafupifupi mu chaka cha 500 ndipo mulongozgi wawo, Chagilo, ndiyo wakapeleka zina ku msumba uwu. Mu 824, Kallstadt wakazunulika kakwamba mu mabuku gha mbiri nga ''Cagelenstat.'' Pakwamba ukaŵa [[Msumba wa Ufumu]], kweni pamanyuma ukaluta ku County ya Pfeffingen (Homburg). Kufuma mu 1321 ukaŵa pasi pa ŵankhondo ŵa Monfort, ndipo kufuma mu 1451 mpaka pafupifupi mu 1551 ukaŵa wa Nyumba ya Blicken von Lichtenberg. Kufuma apo mpaka mu 1794, Kallstadt wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Electoral Palatinate]] icho chikaŵa pasi pa [[Nyumba ya Leiningen]]. [[Banki ya kumazere ya Mlonga wa Rhine]] yikapokeka na France pa nyengo ya [[Nkhondo ya Mgwirizano Wakudanga]]. Pamanyuma pa [[Phangano la Campo Formio]] (1797), [[Republic Yakwamba ya France]] yikapoka chigaŵa ichi ndipo pakati pa 1798 na 1814, Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[madipatimenti gha France|dipatimenti ya France]] ya [[Mont-Tonnerre]]. Nanga ni [[Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma]] panji Electoral Palatinate vikawelerapo yayi pa [[Ungano wa Vienna]] mu 1815. Germany yikazgoka [[Mgwirizano wa vyaru vya Germany|mgwirizano wa vyaru]] uwo ukalamulirikanga chomene na [[Ufumu wa Austria]] na [[Ufumu wa Prussia]], awo ŵakajipoka vigaŵa vinandi vya Germany ivyo vikakhalako kumazere kwa Mlonga wa Rhine. Kallstadt wakaluta pasi pa Austria, kweni Austria yikasinthana mwaluŵiro [[Phangano la Munich (1816)|chigaŵa ichi]] na [[Ufumu wa Bavaria]] mu 1816. Pamanyuma pa phangano ili, Kallstadt [[Circle of the Rhine|wakaŵa wa Bavaria]], ndipo Bavaria yikanjira mu [[Ufumu wa Germany]] mu 1871. Palatinate (Kumanjiliro gha dazi), kusazgapo Kallstadt, wakalutilira kuŵa wa Bavaria mpaka pamanyuma pa [[Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]], apo vyaru vya Germany vikanozgekaso mwalamulo pamanyuma pakuti vikamara nkhongono pasi pa [[Germany wa Nazi|boma la Nazi]], apo Kallstadt wakaŵa mu [[Gau Westmark]]. Mu 1946 Palatinate wakapatulika ku Bavaria ndipo wakaŵa chigaŵa cha [[vyaru vya Germany|Charu]] chiphya cha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], yimoza mwa vyaru vyakwambilira vya [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. Referendamu yakuti Palatinate na Bavaria viŵeso pamoza yikatondeka mu 1956, ndipo Kallstadt wachali chigaŵa cha Rhineland-Palatinate. === Nyumba na vyakuzenga === *'''Bismarck Tower''' – [[Bismarck tower (Kallstadt)|Bismarck Tower]] wali pa [[Peterskopf (Palatinate)|Peterskopf]] uyo ngwakutowa mamita 497 ndipo uli mu chigaŵa cha Kallstadt icho chili kutali na msumba mukuru, mu [[Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]]. *'''St. Salvator,''' mpingo wa [[Lutheran]] uwo uli mu [[Mpingo wa Evangelical wa Palatinate]].<ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire]]|date=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743210799|pages=[https://archive.org/details/trumps00gwen/page/28 28–9]|author1=Gwenda Blair}}</ref> Mpingo uwu ni nyumba yakale chomene mu tawuni iyi; vigaŵa vinyake vikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400. Parishi yikaŵa ya [[Yunivesite ya Heidelberg]] mpaka mu 1563 ndipo pamanyuma yikaweleraso ku [[Electoral Palatinate]]. Kusintha kwa chisopa (Reformation) mu Palatinate, kusazgapo Kallstadt, kukamba mu 1556. *Pali '''nyumba zinandi za vinyo''', izo zikusazga malo ghakusungiramo vinyo na malo ghakurya. [[Karl Benz|Carl Benz]] ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kwendeskera galimoto kuluta ku nyumba za alendo za ku Kallstadt kufuma ku msumba wake wa [[Ladenburg]]. Ŵalendo ŵakumanyikwa awo ŵali kuluta ku Weinhaus Henninger ni [[Zhou Enlai]], [[Aristoteles Onassis]], [[Piper-Heidsieck|Remy Heidsiek]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], [[Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiari|Mfumukazi Soraya]], [[Will Quadflieg]] na [[Erika Köth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|title=Geschichte des Henningers|website=Hotel und Restaurant Weinhaus Henninger|language=de-DE|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128135138/http://www.weinhaus-henninger.de/aktuelles/news/119-geschichte-weinhaus-henninger.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mabanja gha Heinz na Trump=== [[File:Salvatorkirche Kallstadt.JPG|thumb|Salvatorkirche (Mpingo wa Muponoski) wa ku Kallstadt]] Kallstadt ni kwawo kwa ŵasekuru ŵakale awo ŵakasamukira ku United States ŵa mabanja ghaŵiri, [[Heinz]] na [[Banja la Trump|Trump]]. Mabanja agha ghakolerana. Banja la Trump lakhala ku Kallstadt kufuma m'ma 1600. Mu 2015, Simone Wendel, uyo ni wakupanga mafilimu ndipo wakufuma ku Kallstadt (kweniso wali kutali waka kukolerana na banja la Trump), wakapanga filimu yakulemba vyaunenesko yakucemeka ''[[Mafumu gha ku Kallstadt]].'' Filimu iyi yikulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu ŵakukoleranira na ŵabali ŵawo ŵakumanyikwa ku USA. Wendel wakalongora mwambo wakale wa kupanga vinyo na vyakurya uwo walutilira kwa nyengo yitali ku Kallstadt. Wakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakutemwa chomene banja la Heinz chifukwa chakuti katundu wawo mukuru ni vyakununkhiskira vyakurya vyakovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ndipo ni vyakupulikikwa chomene kuluska malonda gha malo gha Donald Trump.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|title=Deutsche Großeltern: Donald Trump, King of Kallstadt|newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|access-date=2016-11-27|archive-date=2016-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130205618/https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article145558110/Donald-Trump-King-of-Kallstadt.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |title=Kings of Kallstadt {{!}} Dokumentarfilm: Mein Dorf, Ketchup & der König von New York |publisher=[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR Fernsehen]] |language=German |access-date=2016-11-27 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803230249/https://www.swr.de/film/kings-of-kallstadt-donald-trump-heinz-tomaten-ketchup-doku/-/id=5791128/did=18372210/nid=5791128/yj0an/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mu Kallstadt ŵakukumbuka makora apo trust ya Heinz yikapokera gulu la ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Kallstadt. Sonosono apa banja la Heinz likapeleka ndalama zinandi ([[Euro|€]]40,000) zakunozgeraso ogani wa mu mpingo wa St. Salvator, apo Donald Trump wakapelekako chilichose yayi pa ntchito iyi.<ref name="knall2">{{cite news|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|title=Donald Trumps Wurzeln: King of New York, Knallkopf of Kallstadt|last=|first=|date=20 January 2016|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|access-date=2 June 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020214441/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/wahl-in-amerika/trumps-wurzeln-king-of-new-york-knallkopf-of-kallstadt-14017048.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wendel wakafumba Donald Trump mafumbo ku New York ndipo wakalongoraso gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kallstadt pa ulendo wa [[Steuben Day]]. Trump wakasazgirako nyengo ya kufumbika kuluska iyo yikanozgekera kale ndipo wakalayizga kuti wazamwiza ku Kallstadt.<ref name=":02" /> == Ndale == === Khonsolo ya tauni === Khonsolo iyi yili na ŵanthu 16 awo mba khonsolo, awo ŵakasankhika pa [[visola vya tauni mu Rheinland-Palatinate vya 2014|visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014]], kweniso [[mulara wa tauni]] nga ni wapampando. Visola vya tauni ivyo vikachitika pa 25 Meyi 2014 vikapeleka vyakufuma ivi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|title=LWL RLP - Kommunalwahlen: Ergebnisse der Ratswahlen: Wahlergebnisse 2014: Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen|first=Statistisches Landesamt|last=Rheinland-Pfalz|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-21|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821150837/http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2014/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320202800.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" | || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || '''Wose''' |- align="center" | 2014 || 4 || 7 || 5 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2009 || 4 || 6 || 6 || mipando 16 |- align="center" | 2004 || 4 || 5 || 7 || mipando 16 |} === Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha === Blazon ya Chijeremani yikuti: ''{{lang|de|Über goldener Zinnenmauer, darin ein roter Reichsapfel mit goldenem Reif und rotem Kreuz, beseitet von je einer blauen Schießscharte, in Blau ein rotbewehrter silberner Adler.}}'' [[Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha|Chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha]] cha tauni iyi chingalongosoreka mu [[Heraldry|mazgu gha heraldry]] gha Chingelezi nthena: ''Per fess embattled, azure an eagle displayed argent armed and langued gules, and Or masoned an orb of the third banded of the field and ensigned with a cross fleuretty of the third, this last between two arrowslits of the first.'' Chimanyikwilo chakale chomene chakumanyikwa cha Kallstadt nchakufuma mu 1494 ndipo chili na [[charge (heraldry)|vithuzithuzi]] vya [[Palatine Lion]] na mtundu wa [[Wittelsbach]] wa bendy lozengy (madiyamondi ghakupendekeka agho ghakusinthana [[tincture (heraldry)|mitundu]] ya argent na azure, kung'anamura siliva na buluu), ndipo pasi pali chilembo chichoko cha K. Mu 1506, chinthu chakuyana na chimanyikwilo cha mazuŵa ghano chikawoneka apo chimanyikwilo chinyake chikalongora nombo pachanya pa linga. Ichi chikimiranga kunjira kwa msumba uwu mu malo gha Leiningen. Kapangikiro kakuyana waka kakalutilira mpaka mu 1711 apo pakawoneka chimanyikwilo icho chikaŵa na [[globus cruciger]] pera. Ichi chikimiranga Ŵaŵerengeka Ŵa Palatinate, ndipo panji chikafuma pambere chaka cha 1506 chindafike. Pa 15 Janyuwale 1845, chimanyikwilo cha nkhwantha icho chingalongosoreka kuti "Azure an orb ensigned with a cross Or", kung'anamura [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] wa buluu uwo uli na globus cruciger wagolide na mphinjika pachanya, chikapelekeka kuŵa chimanyikwilo cha tauni iyi. Pa 22 Juni 1962, kweni, chimanyikwilo icho chilipo sono, icho chikuphatikizga vithuzithuzi vya chimanyikwilo ichi na chimanyikwilo cha 1506, ndicho chikapelekeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|title=Heraldry of the world - Outdated file|publisher=|access-date=2010-02-28|archive-date=2011-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514191044/http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/k/kallstad.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == * Wilhelm Heinrich von Creuzer (1740–1794), mujere wa ku Germany ndiposo pulezidenti wa khoti<ref>Kurt Stuck. ''Verwaltungspersonal im Herzogtum Zweibrücken''. Ludwigshafen am Rhein: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Pfälzisch-Rheinische Familienkunde, 1993, p. 16.</ref> * Johann Heinrich Heinz, awiske ŵa [[United States|waku America]] wakwambiska makampani gha vyakurya [[Henry J. Heinz]], uyo wakambiska [[H. J. Heinz Company]] * [[Frederick Trump|Frederick Trump]] (wakababika kuti Friedrich Trumpf), wabizinesi wa ku Germany-America, sekuru wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa 45 na wa 47 wa United States [[Donald Trump]] * [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Trump]], (wakababika kuti Elisabeth Christ), wabizinesi mwanakazi wa ku Germany-America, muwoli wa Frederick Trump ndiposo gogo wa awiske ŵa pulezidenti wa United States Donald Trump * {{ill|Norbert Scharf|de||WD=}}, wandale (SPD) == Wonaniso == *[[Karlstad, Sweden]] == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Kuŵazga kunthazi == * Merk, Ernst. ''Heimatbuch des Edelweinortes Kallstadt''. 1952 == Pa intaneti == {{commonscat-inline}} * [http://www.kallstadt.de/ Webusayiti ya boma ya tauni] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.landjugend-kallstadt.de/ Brulljesmacher Kallstadt], webusayiti ya [[Landjugend]] ya ku Kallstadt (Chijeremani) * [http://kings-of-kallstadt.blogspot.de/2014/03/wie-schon-gesagt.html Kings of Kallstadt, webusayiti ya filimu] (Chijeremani na Chingelezi) {{Cities and towns in Bad Dürkheim (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nkhorongo ya Palatinate]] [[Category:Bad Dürkheim (district)]] [[Category:Banja la Trump]] [[Category:Misumba ya Ufumu]] ef4qkkpjqq2j8fw3yr1lbicio7s9srs 0 48067 117759 2026-07-22T19:07:50Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Charu mu Germany (1806–1918)}} {{About|charu cha m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900|charu cha m'ma pakati icho kwa nyengo yichoko chikamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bavaria|Duchy of Bavaria}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox country | native_name = {{small|(1806–1825)}}<br>{{small|{{native name|de|Königreich Baiern}}}}<br>{{small|{{native name|bar|Kinereich Baiern}}}}<hr>{{small|(1825–1918)}}<br>{{small|{{native name|..." 117759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Charu mu Germany (1806–1918)}} {{About|charu cha m'ma 1800 na kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900|charu cha m'ma pakati icho kwa nyengo yichoko chikamanyikwanga kuti Ufumu wa Bavaria|Duchy of Bavaria}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}} {{Infobox country | native_name = {{small|(1806–1825)}}<br>{{small|{{native name|de|Königreich Baiern}}}}<br>{{small|{{native name|bar|Kinereich Baiern}}}}<hr>{{small|(1825–1918)}}<br>{{small|{{native name|de|Königreich Bayern}}}}<br>{{small|{{native name|bar|Kinereich Bayern}}}} | conventional_long_name = Ufumu wa Bavaria | era = {{ubl|[[Nkhondo za Napoleon]]|[[Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia]]|[[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]}} | status = {{ubli|[[Prince-elector|Electorate]] ya [[Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma]]<br>(1806)|Charu cha [[Confederation of the Rhine]]<br>(1806–1813)|[[States of the German Confederation|Charu]] cha [[German Confederation]]<br>(1815–1866)|[[States of the German Empire|Charu cha Federal]] cha [[Ufumu wa Germany]]<br>(1871–1918)}} | year_start = 1806 | year_end = 1918 | year_exile_start = | year_exile_end = | event_start = | date_start = 26 Disembala | event_end = [[Chimanyikwiro cha Anif]] | date_end = 12 Novembala | event1 = [[Phangano la Ried]] | date_event1 = 8 Okutobala 1813 | event2 = [[Phangano la Paris (1814)|Phangano la Paris]] | date_event2 = 30 Meyi 1814 | event3 = [[Kuwungana kwa Germany]] | date_event3 = 18 Janyuwale 1871 | event4 = [[Chiwukirano cha Germany]] | date_event4 = 9 Novembala 1918 | event_pre = Kupharazgika kwa ufumu | date_pre = 1 Janyuwale 1806 | event_post = | date_post = | p1 = Electorate of Bavaria | flag_p1 = Electoral Standard of Bavaria (1623-1806).svg | p2 = Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg | flag_p2 = CoA Würzburg Diocese.svg | border_p2 = no | p3 = Imperial County of Ortenburg | flag_p3 = Grafschaft Ortenburg coat of arms.svg | border_p3 = no | s1 = People's State of Bavaria | flag_s1 = Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg | s2 = | flag_s2 = | today = [[Germany]] | image_flag = Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Bavaria 1835-1918.svg | image_map = Map-DR-Bavaria (blau).svg | image_map_caption = Ufumu wa Bavaria mu 1914, nga ni chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Germany | capital = [[Munich]] | national_anthem = {{native name|de|[[Heil unserm König, Heil!|Bayerische Königshymne]]}}<ref>{{Cite book |access-date=2022-07-15 |first=König Schwein |last=Boehm |date=1901 |page=38 |title=Die Volkshymnen aller Staaten des deutschen Reiches. Beiträge zu einer Geschichte über ihre Entstehung und Verbreitung |url=https://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ulbdsp/periodical/pageview/7460682}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><br>"Sumu ya Ufumu wa Bavaria"<br><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:God Save The Queen (Band of the Grenadier Guards, 1952 instrumental).oga]] Kuyimbika kwa vyakwimbira pera mu [[B major]]</div> | government_type = [[Ufumu wa malango gha dango]] uwo uli na nyumba ya malango | common_languages = [[Chiyowoyelo cha Bavaria|Chibavaria]], viyowoyero vya [[Upper German]] | largest_city = Munich | religion = '''Ŵanandi:'''<br>[[Mpingo wa Katolika|Katolika wa Roma]]{{collapsible list|title=Ŵachoko:|bullets=yes|[[Lutheranism]]|[[Calvinism]]|[[Judaism]]}} | currency = {{ubli|[[Bavarian gulden]]<br>(1806–1873)|[[German gold mark]]<br>(1873–1914)|[[German Papiermark]]<br>(1914–1918)}} | leader1 = [[Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria|Maximilian I Joseph]] | leader2 = [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]] | leader3 = [[Maximilian II of Bavaria|Maximilian II]] | leader4 = [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]] | leader5 = [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto]] | leader6 = [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]] | year_leader1 = 1806–1825 | year_leader2 = 1825–1848 | year_leader3 = 1848–1864 | year_leader4 = 1864–1886 | year_leader5 = 1886–1913 | year_leader6 = 1913–1918 | title_leader = [[Fumu ya Bavaria|Fumu]] | representative1 = [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]] | representative2 = [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig]] | year_representative1 = 1886–1912 | year_representative2 = 1912–1913 | title_representative = [[Prince regent|Prince Regent]] | deputy1 = [[Maximilian von Montgelas]] | deputy2 = [[Georg von Hertling]] | deputy3 = [[Otto Ritter von Dandl]] | year_deputy1 = 1806–1817 | year_deputy2 = 1912–1917 | year_deputy3 = 1917–1918 | title_deputy = [[Mndandanda wa ŵalaraŵalara ŵa nduna ŵa Bavaria|Nduna Yikuru]] | legislature = [[Landtag ya Bavaria|Landtag]] | house1 = [[House of Councillors (Bavaria)|Nyumba ya Ŵalongozgi]] | type_house1 = Nyumba ya Pachanya | house2 = [[House of Representatives (Bavaria)|Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri]] | type_house2 = Nyumba ya Pasi | stat_year1 = 1910 | stat_area1 = 75865 | ref_area1 = <ref name="Statistics" /> | stat_pop1 = 6,524,372 | ref_pop1 = <ref name="Statistics" /> | motto = {{lang|de|[[In Treue fest]]}}<br>("Wakukhora mu kugomezgeka")<ref>Joost Augusteijn, Storm. H. J., ''Region and State in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Nation-Building, Regional Identities and Separatism'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2012, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cVrs_hXWt0C&pg=PA102 p. 102].</ref> }} '''Ufumu wa Bavaria'''<ref>({{langx|de|Königreich Bayern}} {{IPA|de|ˈkøːnɪkʁaɪç ˈbaɪɐn|}}; {{langx|bar|Kinereich Bayern}} {{IPA|bar|ˈkɪnəraɪ̯x ˈb̥ajɛɐ̯n|}}; ukalembekanga kuti ''Baiern'' mpaka mu 1825)</ref> ukaŵa charu cha ku Germany icho chikahalira malo gha [[Electorate of Bavaria]] mu 1806 ndipo chikalutilira kulipo mpaka mu 1918. Pamanyuma pa [[kuwungana kwa Germany]] kuŵa [[Ufumu wa Germany]] mu 1871, ufumu uwu ukazgoka [[charu cha federal]] cha ufumu uphya uwu, ndipo ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa ukuru, nkhongono, na usambazi pamanyuma pa charu chikuru chomene, [[Ufumu wa Prussia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bavaria Becomes a Kingdom |url=https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/bavaria-becomes-a-kingdom.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=museum.bayern |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126132257/https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/bavaria-becomes-a-kingdom.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwamba kwa [[charu]] ichi kukwambira apo Elector [[Maximilian I Joseph wa Bavaria|Maximilian IV Joseph]] wa [[Nyumba ya Wittelsbach]] wakimikikira kuŵa [[Fumu ya Bavaria]] mu 1806. Chiwovu chikalutilira kuŵa cha banja la Wittelsbach mpaka apo ufumu uwu ukamara mu 1918. Malire ghanandi gha [[Bavaria#Free State of Bavaria|Charu Chaŵanangwa cha Bavaria]] cha mazuŵa ghano ghakakhazikiskika pamanyuma pa 1814 na [[Phangano la Paris (1814)|Phangano la Paris]], apo Ufumu wa Bavaria ukapeleka [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] na [[Vorarlberg]] ku [[Ufumu wa Austria]] apo ukapokera [[Aschaffenburg]] na [[Grand Duchy of Würzburg|Würzburg]]. Mu 1918, Bavaria yikazgoka republic pamanyuma pa [[Chiwukirano cha Germany]], ndipo ufumu uwu ukahalirapo na [[Charu Chaŵanangwa cha Bavaria]] icho chilipo mazuŵa ghano. == Mbiri == === Kwamba na kukura pasi pa Maximilian I === {{Main|Mbiri ya Bavaria}} [[File:Bild-Montgelas.jpg|thumb|left|[[Maximilian von Montgelas]]]] Pa 30 Disembala 1777, mzere wa banja la Wittelsbach wa ku Bavaria ukamara, ndipo [[Electorate of Bavaria]] yikaluta kwa [[Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria|Charles Theodore]], [[Elector Palatine]]. Pamanyuma pa kupatukana kwa vyaka 450, [[Electoral Palatinate]], uko kukasazgikako maduke gha [[Duchy of Jülich|Jülich]] na [[Duchy of Berg|Berg]], kukawunganaso na Bavaria. Mu 1793, [[French Revolutionary Army]] yikapoka Palatinate; mu 1795, [[French First Republic|Ŵafarisi]], pasi pa [[Jean Victor Moreau|Moreau]], ŵakanjira mu Bavaria yenyecho, ŵakafika ku [[Munich]]—uko ŵakapokelereka na chimwemwe na ŵanthu ŵa maghanoghano gha uwanangwa awo ŵakasuzgikanga kwa nyengo yitali—ndipo ŵakazingilizga [[Ingolstadt]]. Charles Theodore, uyo wakachitapo kanthu yayi kuti waleke nkhondo panji kukana kunjira kwa ŵalwani, wakachimbilira ku [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], ndipo wakasida boma lakwimilira, ilo likalemba phangano na Moreau, umo wakapelekera kuleka nkhondo kwa nyengo yichoko mwakusintha na msonkho ukuru (7 Seputembala 1796). Pakati pa Ŵafarisi na [[Habsburg monarchy|Ŵaustria]], Bavaria sono wakaŵa mu suzgo likuru. Pambere Charles Theodore wandafwe (16 Febuluwale 1799), Ŵaustria ŵakapokaso charu ichi, pakunozgekera kuwuskaso nkhondo na France.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional monarchy in the Kingdom of Bavaria {{!}} bavarikon |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=bavarikon.de |language=de}}</ref> [[Maximilian I Joseph wa Bavaria|Maximilian IV]] Joseph (wa [[Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken]]), Elector muphya, wakapokera uhali uwo ukaŵa wakusuzga. Nangauli iyo na nduna yake yankhongono chomene, [[Maximilian von Montgelas]], ŵakaŵa pafupi na France kuluska Austria, kweni ndalama za boma la Bavaria zikaŵa mu hali yiheni, ndipo [[Bavarian Army]] yikabalalika ndiposo yikaŵavya kunozgeka makora, ntheura wakaŵavya nkhongono ndipo wakaŵa mu mawoko gha Austria. Pa 2 Disembala 1800, ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria ŵakanjira mu kuthereskeka kwa Austria pa [[Nkhondo ya Hohenlinden|Hohenlinden]], ndipo Moreau wakapokaso Munich. Mwakuyana na [[Phangano la Lunéville]] (9 Febuluwale 1801), Bavaria wakaluza Palatinate na maduke gha [[Palatine Zweibrücken|Zweibrücken]] na [[Duchy of Jülich|Jülich]]. Chifukwa cha khumbiro na machenjelero agho ghakaŵa ghakubisika yayi gha khoti la Austria, Montgelas wakagomezga kuti vyakukhumbikwa vya Bavaria vikaŵa mu kupanga ubwezi wakuwonekera na French Republic. Wakafiska kukhozga Maximilian Joseph kuti wazomerezge, ndipo pa 24 Ogasiti, phangano lapadera la mtende na ubwezi na France likalembeka ku Paris.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} Mu 1805 [[Mtende wa Mtende wa Pressburg (1805)|Mtende wa Pressburg]] ukazomerezga Maximilian kukweza Bavaria kuŵa ufumu. Ntheura, Maximilian wakajipharazga kuŵa fumu pa 1 Janyuwale 1806 nga ni Maximilian I. Fumu yikalutilira kuŵa elector mpaka apo Bavaria yikajipatulira ku [[Ufumu Wakupatulika wa Roma]] pa 1 Ogasiti 1806, ndipo yikasazgikana na [[Confederation of the Rhine]]. [[Duchy of Berg]] yikapelekeka kwa Napoleon mu 1806 pera. Ufumu uphya ukakumana na masuzgo kwamba waka, ndipo ukathembanga wovwiri wa [[Napoleonic France]]. Ufumu ukachichizgika kupeleka ŵasilikari ŵakukoleka kwa Napoleon pa [[Nkhondo ya ku Iberia]], ukakumana na [[Nkhondo ya Fifth Coalition|nkhondo]] na [[Ufumu wa Austria|Austria]] mu 1809 ndipo kwambira mu 1810 mpaka 1814 ukaluza malo kwa [[Ufumu wa Württemberg|Württemberg]] na [[Ufumu wa Italy (Napoleonic)|Italy]]. Mu 1808, vyose ivyo vikakhwaskana na ukapolo wa ŵanthu vikamara. Mu chaka chenichi, Maximilian wakapharazga dango lakwamba lakulembeka la Bavaria. Mu vyaka vyakulondezgapo, dango ili likasintha kanandi mwakuyana na ivyo Paris wakakhumbanga. Mu nyengo ya [[Napoleon kuwukira Russia]] mu 1812, ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria pafupifupi 30,000 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo. Na [[Phangano la Ried]] la pa 8 Okutobala 1813, Bavaria yikafumamo mu Confederation of the Rhine ndipo yikazomera kusazgikana na [[Sixth Coalition]] yakulimbana na Napoleon, mwakupokera chisimikizgo cha kulutilira kuŵa na wanangwa na kujilamulira. Pa 14 Okutobala, Bavaria yikapharazga mwakudunjika nkhondo yakulimbana na Napoleonic France. Phangano ili likakhozgeka chomene na Kalonga wa Ufumu [[Ludwig I wa Bavaria|Ludwig]] na Marshal [[Karl Philipp von Wrede]]. Na [[Nkhondo ya Leipzig]] mu Okutobala 1813, [[German campaign of 1813|Nkhondo ya Germany ya 1813]] yikamara na vyaru vya Coalition kuŵa ŵakuthereska, ndipo yikaŵa kuleka kufiska kwa Ŵafarisi, nangauli ŵakasanga chipambano chichoko apo ŵasilikari ŵa Bavaria ŵakayezga kutondeska kubwelera kwa ŵasilikari ŵa France [[Grande Armée]] pa [[Nkhondo ya Hanau|Hanau]]. Pamanyuma pa kuthereskeka kwa France ya Napoleon mu 1814, Bavaria yikataya malo agho yikapokera ku Austria, kweni yikapokera chimoza mwa ivyo yikataya, kupokera malo ghaphya nga ni [[Grand Duchy of Würzburg]], [[Grand Duchy of Frankfurt]] na vigaŵa vya [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. Paumaliro, [[Circle of the Rhine|Rhenish Palatinate]] yikaperekeka kwa Bavaria na [[Phangano la Munich (1816)|Phangano la Munich]]. Yikaŵa charu chachiŵiri chikuru na chachiŵiri cha nkhongono kumwera kwa [[Mto Main|Main]], pamanyuma pa Austria pera. Mu Germany yose, yikaŵa yachitatu pamanyuma pa [[Prussia]] na Austria. Pakati pa 1799 na 1817, nduna yikuru Count Montgelas yikalondezga ndondomeko yikuru ya kusintha vinthu ndipo yikakhazikiska ndondomeko za maofesi izo zikapona nanga ni pamanyuma pa kumara kwa ufumu ndipo (mu fundo yake yikuru) zikulutilira kugwira ntchito mpaka sono. Pa 1 Febuluwale 1817, Montgelas wakasezgeka pa udindo ndipo Bavaria yikanjira mu nyengo yiphya ya kusintha kwa dango. === Dango la boma === Pa 26 Meyi 1818, dango lachiŵiri la Bavaria likapharazgika. Dango ili likakhazikiska Nyumba ya Malango ya vipinda viŵiri ([[Landtag ya Bavaria|Landtag]]). Nyumba ya pachanya ([[House of Councillors (Bavaria)|Kammer der Reichsräte]], kung'anamura "Nyumba ya Ŵalongozgi") yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa ufumu na ŵakuzirwa, kusazgapo ŵana ŵa fumu, ŵakwimilira maudindo gha ufumu, maaskopu, ŵanthu ŵa mu [[Mediatized Houses]] mu Bavaria, ndiposo ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhikanga na chisoti cha ufumu umoyo wawo wose panji mwakubabika. Nyumba ya pasi ("Kammer der Abgeordneten", kung'anamura "Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri") yikaŵa na ŵakwimilira ŵa ŵene malo, mayunivesite ghatatu, ŵaliska (Ŵakatolika na Ŵaprotesitanti), misumba na ŵalimi. Kwambura kuzomerezgeka na nyumba zose ziŵiri, palije dango ilo likatenge lingaperekeka ndipo palije msonkho uwo ukatenge ungatoŵeka. Wanangwa wa [[Ŵaprotesitanti]] ukasungika mu dango ili na fundo izo zikakhozga kuyanana kwa visopa vyose, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakukhozgera Mpingo wa Katolika wa Roma ŵakakananga. Dango lakwamba likakhala pafupi kuparanya ufumu, chifukwa cha mphindano nga ni zakuti ŵasilikari ŵalape kugomezgeka ku dango liphya. Ufumu ukapempha ulongozgi kwa Prussia na Austria, kweni vyaru viŵiri ivi vikakana kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani ya Bavaria; nthimbanizgo zikachepa ndipo charu chikakhazikika apo [[Ludwig I wa Bavaria|Ludwig I]] wakakwera pa chitengo cha ufumu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Maximilian mu 1825. Mu Ufumu wa Bavaria, Palatinate yikaŵa na malo ghapadera pa nkhani ya malango na maofesi, chifukwa boma la Bavaria likasunga vinthu vinandi ivyo vikachitika mu nyengo ya France. Mwanaluso wa mbili wa Germany Heiner Haan<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html |title=Forschung – Universität Regensburg |publisher=Uni-regensburg.de |access-date=2012-09-09 |archive-date=21 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221100401/http://www.uni-regensburg.de/Universitaet/Forschungsbericht/Bericht_7/phil3/prof10.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> wakalongosora malo ghapadera gha Palatinate mu Bavaria nga ubwezi wa ''Hauptstaat'' (charu chikuru, kung'anamura Bavaria) na ''Nebenstaat'' (charu chinyake icho chili pamoza, kung'anamura Palatinate). === Ludwig I, Maximilian II na Viwukirano === [[File:Joseph Karl Stieler - King Ludwig I in his Coronation Robes - WGA21796.jpg|thumb|left|''Chithuzithuzi cha Ludwig I'' cha [[Joseph Karl Stieler]], 1826]] [[File:Aerial image of the Walhalla memorial (view from the southeast).jpg|thumb|Kuwona kufuma kuchanya kwa [[Chikumbusho cha Walhalla]] cha Ludwig I]] Mu 1825, Ludwig I wakakwera pa chitengo cha ufumu wa Bavaria. Pasi pa ulamulilo wa Ludwig, vyakusanguluska na luso vikakura chomene mu Bavaria, ndipo Ludwig iyo mweneko wakalangura na kovwira pa ndalama pakuzenga nyumba zinandi na vinthu vya [[Neoclassical architecture|mapangidwe gha nyumba gha neoclassical]] mu Bavaria yose. Ludwig wakakwezgaso ulendo wa Bavaria kuŵa charu chakuzenga mafakitale mu muwuso wake. Pa nkhani za vyaru vinyake, Bavaria pasi pa ulamulilo wa Ludwig yikawovwira Ŵagiriki pa [[Nkhondo ya Wanangwa ya Greece]], ndipo mwana wake wachiŵiri, [[Otto of Greece|Otto]], wakasankhika kuŵa [[Fumu ya Greece]] mu 1832. Pa nkhani za ndyali, kusintha uko Ludwig wakakhumbanga pakwamba kukaŵa kwa wanangwa na kusintha vinthu. Kweni pamanyuma pa [[Viwukirano vya 1830]], Ludwig wakazgokera ku ndondomeko yakukhozgera ŵakale. [[Hambacher Fest]] mu 1832 yikalongora kusakondwa kwa ŵanthu chifukwa cha misonkho yapachanya na kukanizga kuyowoya. Bavaria yikasazgikana na [[Zollverein]] mu 1834. Mu 1835, [[Mbili ya njanji mu Germany|njanji yakwamba ya Germany]] yikazengeka mu Bavaria, pakati pa misumba ya [[Fürth]] na [[Nuremberg]]. [[File:Schatzkammer Residenz Muenchen Krone des Koenigreichs Bayern2.jpg|thumb|[[Chisoti cha Bavaria]], [[Munich Residence]]]] Mu 1837, gulu la visopa la Ŵakatolika ŵa Roma ilo likawovwirika na Ŵakatolika, [[Ultramontanism|Ultramontanes]], likamba kulamulira mu nyumba ya malango ya Bavaria ndipo likamba ndondomeko ya kusintha dango, iyo yikawuskapo wanangwa wa ŵanthu uwo ukapelekeka kale ku Ŵaprotesitanti, kweniso kukhozga kukanizga nkhani na kukanizga kudumbiskana mwawanangwa pa ndyali za mukati. Boma ili likakhala nyengo yichoko chifukwa cha khumbo la Ultramontanes lakuti Lola Montez, mwanakazi wa ku Ireland uyo wakaŵa chibwezi cha Ludwig I, waŵe mwanakazi wa charu, uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa chomene nga ni munthu wakuvina na wakukondweska ŵanthu, ndipo ichi chikakwiya Ludwig. Ntheura Ultramontanes ŵakasezgeka mu boma. Mu nyengo ya [[Viwukirano vya 1848]], Ludwig wakaleka chitengo cha ufumu pa 20 Malichi 1848 kuti mwana wake mukuru, [[Maximilian II wa Bavaria|Maximilian II]], wambe kuwusa. Viwukirano ivi vikizaso na kusintha mu dango, kusazgapo kusintha mu nyumba yapasi ya Landtag uko kukapeleka wanangwa wakuvota wakuyana kwa mwanalume waliyose uyo wakalipanga msonkho wakudunjika. Maximilian II wakazgora ku vipempho vya ŵanthu vya charu chakukolerana cha Germany mwa kuluta ku [[Frankfurt Parliament]], iyo yikakhumbanga kupanga charu chanthena. Kweni Maximilian II wakakana [[Frankfurt Constitution]] mu 1849, ndipo ichi chikapangiska [[Palatine uprising|chiwukirano mu Bavarian Palatinate]] pasi pa [[Joseph Martin Reichard]], icho chikathereskeka na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa Prussia. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, Maximilian II wakaŵa pamoza na munyake wa Bavaria, [[Ufumu wa Austria]], pakususkana na mulwani wa Austria, Prussia. Fundo iyi yikakondweska yayi ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa Bavaria, awo ŵakakhumbanga Germany yimoza. Paumaliro Prussia yikakana chisoti cha ufumu icho chikapelekeka na Frankfurt Parliament chifukwa dango ilo likapangika la charu cha Germany likawonekanga kuŵa la wanangwa chomene ndipo likalutilira yayi na vyakukhumba vya Prussia. Pamanyuma pa kutondeka kwa Frankfurt Parliament, Prussia na Austria ŵakalutilira kuphalirana za fumu iyo yikaŵa na wanangwa wakulamulira Germany. Mphindano pakati pa Austria na Elector wa [[Electorate of Hesse|Hesse-Kassel]] yikagwiliskirika ntchito na Austria na ŵabwezi ŵake (kusazgapo Bavaria) kuti ŵaleke kukolerana na Prussia pa vya ndyali za Germany. Mzinda uwu wa vyakuchitira soni pa ndyali ukakhazgaka pafupi kuŵa nkhondo apo Austria, Bavaria, na ŵabwezi ŵanyake ŵakatuma ŵasilikari kwizira mu Bavaria kuluta ku Hesse-Kassel mu 1850. Kweni Prussia yikawelera ku Austria ndipo yikazomera ulongozgi wake wa ndyali mu Germany. Chochitika ichi chikamanyikwa kuti [[Punctation of Olmütz]], kweni chikamanyikwaso na Prussia kuti "Kuyuyulika kwa Olmütz". Chochitika ichi chikakhozga ubwezi wa ufumu wa Bavaria na Austria wakususkana na Prussia. Apo ndondomeko yakukolerana vyaru vya Germany vyapakati pasi pa ulongozgi wa Bavaria kulimbana na Prussia na Austria (iyo yikamanyikwa kuti ''Trias'') yikatondeka, Nduna Yikuru [[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten|von der Pfordten]] yikafumapo mu udindo mu 1859. Kuyezga kwa Prussia kunozga umo [[German Confederation]] yikawusikiliranga mwakuleka kukolerana kukakanika na Bavaria na Austria, ndipo Bavaria yikatora chigaŵa mu vidumbirano vyake na Austria na ŵabwezi ŵake mu 1863, ku Frankfurt, kwambura Prussia kunjizgikamo. === Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia === [[File:Ludwig Freiherr von der Pfordten.jpg|thumb|Mlongozgi wa boma [[Baron Karl Ludwig von der Pfordten|Ludwig von der Pfordten]], uyo wakafumapo pa udindo pamanyuma pakuti Bavaria watondeka mu nkhondo ya 1866]] Mu 1864, Maximilian II wakafwa mwaluŵiro, ndipo mwana wake wa vyaka 18, [[Ludwig II]], wakaŵa Themba la Bavaria apo mphindano pakati pa Austria na Prussia zikakuranga mwapachokopachoko. [[Minister President of Prussia|Mlongozgi wa boma wa Prussia]] [[Otto von Bismarck]], pakumanya kuti nkhondo yikate yizenge luŵiro, wakayezga kusunga Bavaria yambura kutolera chigaŵa. Ludwig II wakakana ivyo Bismarck wakamupempha ndipo wakalutilira ubwezi wa Bavaria na Austria. Mu 1866, [[Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia|Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia]] yikamba. Bavaria na vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Germany vikakolerana na Austria, kweni vikapeleka wovwiri uchoko chomene pa nkhondo yakulimbana na Prussia. Prussia yikathereska mwaluŵiro [[Ufumu wa Hanover]], pamanyuma yikathereska [[Nkhondo ya Königgrätz]] (3 Julayi 1866) yakulimbana na Austria, iyo yikapempha mtende nyengo yichoko pamanyuma. Vyaru vya [[German Confederation]] vikaŵavya ndondomeko yimoza ya umo vingachitira mu nkhondo. Ntheura mawupu ghawo gha nkhondo ghakathereskeka umo ghakafikanga na Prussia. [[Bavarian Army|Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria]] likathereskeka mu [[Franconia Wakumwera]] pa [[Nkhondo ya Kissingen]] (10 Julayi 1866). [[Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria]] wakatora ulongozgi wa gulu lankhondo, kweni Ŵabavaria ŵakathereskeka chomene pa [[Battle of Roßbrunn|Roßbrunn]] (26 Julayi 1866). Austria yikathereskeka, ndipo German Confederation yikamara, kumalizga mazaza gha Austria pa vyaru vichoko vya Germany. Bavaria wakataya [[Gersfeld]], [[Bad Orb]] na [[Kaulsdorf (Saale)|Kaulsdorf]] kwa Prussia; viŵiri vyakwamba vikazgoka vigaŵa vya [[Province of Hesse-Nassau]], apo chachitatu chikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Province of Saxony]]. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, Bavaria wakalutilira kunjira mu chigaŵa cha mazaza gha Prussia. === Ludwig II na Ufumu wa Germany === [[File:Ludwig II of Bavaria.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Themba Ludwig II]]]] [[File:Neuschwanstein Castle LOC print.jpg|thumb|Chithuzi cha [[photochrom]] cha mu ma 1890 cha [[Neuschwanstein|Chigongwe cha Neuschwanstein]]. Chigongwe ichi chikapangika na kuzengedwa mu nyengo ya uthemba wa Ludwig II ndipo chicali malo ghakukopa ŵalendo chomene mu Bavaria.]] Pamanyuma pakuti Austria yathereskeka mu Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia, vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Germany vikakolerana mwaluŵiro kupanga [[North German Confederation]], na themba la Prussia likulongozga ufumu uwu. Ivyo Bavaria wakakhumbanga yayi vya Prussia vikasintha, pamoza na vyaru vinandi vya kumwera kwa Germany, pamanyuma pakuti Mthemba wa France [[Napoleon III]] wakamba kuyowoya vya kufumiska "chawanangwa" ku France chifukwa cha kutaya malo mu 1814 ndipo wakasazgirapo [[Circle of the Rhine|Pfalz]] ya Bavaria mu ivyo wakakhumbanga. Ludwig II wakakolerana na Prussia mu 1870 kulimbana na France, iyo Ŵajeremani ŵakawonanga kuti ndiyo wakaŵa mulwani mukuru wa Germany wakukolerana. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, Bavaria wakasazgirako ubwezi wake wa ndyali, malango na malonda na North German Confederation. Mu 1870, nkhondo yikabuka pakati pa France na Prussia mu [[Nkhondo ya France na Prussia]]. [[Bavarian Army|Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria]] likatumika pasi pa ulongozgi wa Mwana wa Themba la Prussia [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Frederick]] kulimbana na [[French Army|Gulu lankhondo la France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Drama of Ludwig II |url=https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/the-royal-drama-of-ludwig-ii.html |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=museum.bayern |archive-date=26 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126133421/https://www.museum.bayern/en/museum/concept/generations/the-royal-drama-of-ludwig-ii.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> France yikati yathereskeka na kupanikizgika na mawupu gha Germany ghakakolerana, Ludwig II ndiyo wakapeleka fundo lakuti Themba la Prussia [[Wilhelm I]] lipangike kuŵa Mthemba wa Germany (''Kaiser'') wa [[German Empire|Ufumu uphya wa Germany]] ({{Lang|de|[[Deutsches Reich]]}}), ndipo ichi chikachitika mu 1871 ku [[Palace of Versailles]], France, apo pakaŵa pasi pa chipani cha Germany. Vigaŵa vya [[German Empire|Ufumu wa Germany]] vikalangika, ndipo vikasazgapo vyaru vya North German Confederation na vyaru vyose vya kumwera kwa Germany, kupatula chomene Austria. Ufumu uwu ukasazgaso chigaŵa chakale cha France cha [[Alsace-Lorraine]], chomene chifukwa cha khumbo la Ludwig lakuti mphaka ya France yende kutali na Pfalz. Kunjira kwa Bavaria mu Ufumu wa Germany kukasintha kufuma ku chimwemwe chifukwa cha kuthereskeka kwa France kuŵa chitima pamanyuma chifukwa cha nthowa iyo Germany yikatora pasi pa [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Mkanzala wa Germany]] waphya ndiposo Nduna Yikuru ya Prussia, [[Otto von Bismarck]]. Gulu la ŵimiliri ŵa Bavaria pasi pa [[Count Otto von Bray-Steinburg]] likasanga udindo wapadera wa Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa Ufumu wa Germany (''Reservatrechte''). Ufumu wa Bavaria ukasungilira nanga ni wupu wake wa vyakuzenga ubwezi na vyaru vinyake kweniso gulu lake la nkhondo, ilo likatenge likalamulikenge na Prussia para pajumpha nkhondo pera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=16 Bizarre Facts About King Ludwig II, The Most Extreme Fanboy of All Time |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/tragic-king-ludwig-ii-facts/setareh-janda |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=ranker.com |language=en}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kunjira kwa Bavaria mu ufumu uwu, Ludwig II wakamba kuŵa kutali chomene na vya ndyali vya Bavaria ndipo wakamalira ndalama zinandi pa milimo yake, nga nkhuzenga vigongwe na nyumba za uthemba za nga ni mu nthano, ndipo chakumanyikwa chomene ni [[Neuschwanstein Castle|Chigongwe cha Neuschwanstein]] cha kalembera wa [[Wagnerian]]. Ludwig wakagwiliskira ntchito usambazi wake kuti walipire milimo iyi, osati ndalama za boma, ndipo milimo yakuzenga yikamupangiska kuŵa na mangawa ghakuru chomene. Mangawa agha ghakapangiska ŵalongozgi ŵa ndyali mu Bavaria kuŵa na suzgo, ndipo ŵakayezga kumupempha Ludwig kuti waleke kuzenga; iyo wakakana, ndipo ubwezi pakati pa ŵateŵeti ŵa boma na ufumu ukalutilira kuŵa uheni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-11 |title=Be careful what you wish for…especially if you wish you were a king. |url=https://portiabridget.wordpress.com/2010/12/11/be-careful-what-you-wish-for-especially-if-you-wish-you-were-a-king/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=portiabridget.wordpress.com |language=en}}</ref> Paumaliro, mu 1886, suzgo likafika pachanya. Wupu wa madokotala uwo ukasankhika na nduna za boma ukati Ludwig wakaŵa wakuzgoka misala ndipo wakaleka kuŵa wakwenelera kulamulira. Wakutemwa wake, Prince [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria|Luitpold]], wakimikika kuŵa [[regent|mulongozgi wa nyengo]. Zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti Ludwig wafumiskika pa uthemba, themba likafwa mwakupulikikwa yayi pamanyuma pakupempha dokotala mukuru wa wupu uwu kuti ŵakendere lumoza mumphepete mwa [[Lake Starnberg]] (iyo pa nyengo iyo yikachemekanga Lake Würm). Ludwig na dokotala uyu ŵakasangika ŵafwa, ŵakuyandama mu nyanja. Lipoti la kupima thupi likati chifukwa cha nyifwa chikaŵa kujikoma mwa kumira mu maji, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoya kuti mukaŵavya maji mu mapapu gha Ludwig. Nangauli ivyo vingalongosoreka na [[dry drowning|kumira kwambura maji kunjira mu mapapu]], vikalengaso kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kughanaghana za [[Conspiracy theory|vipingo vya kuti wakakomeka chifukwa cha ndyali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foundation of the German Reich in 1871 {{!}} bavarikon |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/ |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=bavarikon.de |language=de}}</ref> === Ulongozgi wa nyengo na kusintha kwa mabungwe === [[File:Prinzregent Luitpold im Münchner Justizpalast.jpg|thumb|left|Chiboliboli cha Prince Regent Luitpold pa [[Justizpalast (Munich)|Justizpalast]]]] Chisanko cha ufumu chikajumphira kwa munung'una wa Ludwig, [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto]]. Kweni Otto wakaŵa na mbili yitali ya suzgo la maghanoghano ndipo wakapimika na ŵadokotala vyaka vitatu kumasinda. Milimo ya mulongozgi wa boma yikakhala mu mawoko gha Prince Luitpold, uyo wakalutilira kuŵa mulongozgi wa nyengo wa Otto. Mu nyengo ya ulongozgi wa Prince-Regent Luitpold, kufuma mu 1886 mpaka 1912, ubwezi pakati pa Bavaria na Prussia ukalutilira kuŵa wakuzizima, apo Ŵabavaria ŵakakumbukanga ndondomeko yakulimbana na Ŵakatolika ya Bismarck ya ''[[Kulturkampf]]'', kweniso mazaza gha Prussia pa ufumu. Bavaria wakasuska mazaza gha Prussia pa Germany ndipo wakaleka kupereka ntchindi ku Mthemba wa Germany wakababika ku Prussia, [[Wilhelm II]], mu 1900, pakukanizga kuŵika mbendera yiliyose yinyake pamoza na mbendera ya Bavaria pa nyumba za boma pa zuŵa la kubabika kwa themba; kweni ichi chikasinthika luŵiro pamanyuma, ndipo mbendera ya ufumu wa Germany yikazomerezgeka kuŵikika pamoza na mbendera ya Bavaria. Chipani cha Katolika, chachisungililo cha Patriotic Party icho chikakhazikiskika mu 1868 chikaŵa chipani chikuru mu [[Landtag of Bavaria|Landtag ya Bavaria]] (Nyumba ya Malango). Mu 1887, zina lake likasinthika kuŵa [[Centre Party (Germany)|Bavarian Centre]]. Mu 1893, [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democrats]] ŵakasankhika kunjira mu nyumba ya malango. Kufuma mu 1903, masambiro gha ku yunivesite nayo ghakazomerezgeka kwa [[Female education|ŵanakazi ŵasambiri]]. Kusintha kwa visola kukasintha visankho vya nyumba ya malango kufuma ku [[Indirect election|visankho vyambura kwimikana mwakudunjika]] ku [[Direct election|visankho vyakudunjika]] mu 1906. Na ndale za Centre [[Georg von Hertling]], Prince Regent wakasankha boma ilo likalongozgekanga na munthu wakimirira ŵanandi mu Landtag kwa nyengo yakwamba mu 1912. Nyengo ya Luitpold nga ni mulongozgi wa nyengo yikamanyikwa na vinthu vinandi vya luso na chikhalidwe mu Bavaria, ndipo yikamanyikwa nga ni ''Prinzregentenjahre'' ("Mazuŵa gha Prince Regent"). Mu 1912, Luitpold wakafwa, ndipo mwana wake, Prince Regent Ludwig, wakatora udindo wa mulongozgi wa nyengo. Pa nyengo iyi, vikawonekanga kale kuti Otto wazamuŵavya nkhongono zakulamulira, ndipo khumbo lakuti Ludwig waŵe themba mu wanangwa wake likakura. Pa 6 Novembala, zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti Landtag yapasika dango lakumzomerezga kuchita nthena, Ludwig wakamalizga ulongozgi wa nyengo, wakafumiska Otto pa uthemba ndipo wakajilengezga kuŵa Themba la Bavaria nga ni [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]]. ''Prinzregentenzeit'' ("nyengo ya ulongozgi wa kalonga"), nga umo ulongozgi wa Luitpold ukwimanyikwa kanandi, yikaŵa nyengo iyo vyakukhumba vya Bavaria vikamba kusamira pachoko pasi pa vyakukhumba vya Ufumu wa Germany. Chifukwa cha umaliro wambura kukondweska wa uthemba wakale wa Themba Ludwig II, kupatuka uku mu ufumu wa Bavaria kukawoneka chomene. Paumaliro, kusintha kwa malango gha mu 1913 kukapangiska mphambano yakuzirwa mu kulutilira kwa uthemba wa themba mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakulemba mdauko ŵakuwonera, chomenechomene chifukwa kusintha uku kukaperekeka na Landtag nga ni Nyumba ya Ŵimiliri ndipo ntheura mwambura kudunjika kukaŵa nthowa yakwamba yakuluta ku boma la malango ghakuzomerezgeka chomene. Mazuŵa ghano, ubwezi wa vinthu viŵiri ivi ukuwoneka nga ni chifukwa chikuru cha umaliro wambura kulimbana wa ufumu wa Bavaria mu nyengo ya chiwawa cha November cha 1918. Kweni mu nyengo ya vyaka 26 vya ulongozgi wake, Luitpold wakamanya kumazga kusoŵa kukhorwa kwakwamba kwa ŵanthu ŵake, kwizira mu kujichefya, maluso na kutemweka kwake. Vyaka vya ulongozgi wa kalonga uyu vikasintha kuŵa, paumaliro — chomenechomene pakukumbuka kwa nyengo yakale — nyengo ya golide ya Bavaria, nangauli ŵanthu ŵakhaliranga kulira "themba la mu nthano" Ludwig II, icho chikuchitika mu nthowa ya chikhalidwe na kukumbukira vinthu vya kale mpaka lero. === Kudziyimira pa vya nkhondo === {{Main|Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria}} Pakukhazikiskika kwa Ufumu wa Germany, mapangano ghanandi ghakapangiska kuti magulu ghanandi gha nkhondo gha vyaru vinyake ghaŵe pasi pa ulongozgi wa Unduna wa Nkhondo wa Prussia. Kweni Bavaria wakasungilira ufulu unyake mu nyengo ya mtende, na magulu ghake gha nkhondo ghaŵiri (pamanyuma ghakaŵa ghatatu) agho ghakakhalanga kuwaro kwa ndondomeko ya nkhondo ya Prussia.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Albert |last=Seaton |pages=24, 26 |title=The Army of the German Empire 1870-1888 |date=15 June 1973 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=0-85045-150-7}}</ref> Magulu gha ŵasilikari na ŵakwera mahachi gha Bavaria ghakasungilira malaya ghawo gha kale gha buluu na green, agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na mtundu wa Prussia uwo ukagwiliskirika ntchito mu magulu ghanandi gha nkhondo. Msilikari waliyose wa Bavaria wakalapa chilapo cha kugomezgeka kwa Themba Ludwig, kweni mu nyengo ya nkhondo chilapo ichi chikakwezgekera kwa Kaiser Wilhelm nga ni mulongozgi mukuru. Mu Julayi 1914, Gulu lankhondo la Bavaria likaŵa na ŵasilikari 92,400 panji 11 peresenti ya Gulu lankhondo la Imperial Germany.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Nigel |last=Thomas |page=3 |title=The German Army in World War I |date=20 August 2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |isbn=1-84176-565-1}}</ref> === Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose na umaliro wa ufumu === [[File:Ludwig in Lemberg.jpg|thumb|Themba Ludwig III mu [[Lwów]] (Lemberg), 1915 mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya pa Charu Chose]] Mu 1914, mphindano ya mapangano gha vyaru yikabuka chifukwa cha [[Austria-Hungary]] [[Serbian campaign|kuwukira Serbia]] pamanyuma pa kukomeka kwa Archduke wa Austria [[Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Franz Ferdinand]] na mulwani wa chigaŵa cha [[Bosnian Serb]]. Germany yikakhwima ku chigaŵa cha munyake uyo wakaŵa mulwani kale kweni sono wakazgoka mubwezi, Austria-Hungary, ndipo yikapharazga nkhondo ku [[French Third Republic|France]] na [[Russian Empire|Russia]]. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira [[Belgium]] iyo yikaŵa yambura kunjira nkhondo, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] yikapharazga nkhondo ku Germany. Pakwamba, mu Bavaria na mu Germany yose, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakajipeleka ŵakakhumbisiska kunjira mu Gulu lankhondo. Pa kwamba kwa nkhondo, Themba Ludwig III likatumira uthenga wakuzomerezga ku Berlin, kulongora kuti Bavaria wakakolerana na Germany. Pamanyuma Ludwig wakakhumbaso kuti Bavaria yisange vigaŵa vinyake (Alsace{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} na msumba wa [[Antwerp]] mu [[Belgium]], kuti lisange nthowa yakufikira ku nyanja). Khumbo lake lakubisika likaŵa kusunga mphimo ya mazaza pakati pa Prussia na Bavaria mukati mwa Ufumu wa Germany para ŵathereska. Apo nkhondo yikalutilira kwambura kumalizgika ndipo yikaŵa ya ndopa zinandi ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Europe, Ŵabavaria, nga ni Ŵajeremani ŵanandi, ŵakamba kuvuka nkhondo iyi. Mu 1917, Nduna Yikuru ya Bavaria [[Georg von Hertling]] wakaŵa Mkanzala wa Germany ndiposo Nduna Yikuru ya Prussia; [[Otto Ritter von Dandl]] wakaŵa Nduna Yikuru yiphya ya Bavaria. Pakupanikizgika kuti wakalongora kugomezgeka kwambura kupima kwa Prussia, Ludwig III wakamba kutondeka kutemweka chomene mu nyengo ya nkhondo. Mu 1918, ufumu ukayezga kupangana mtende wapadera na ŵakolani nawo, kweni ukatondeka. M'ma 1918, vivulupi vya ŵanthu vikamba kusambalala mu Bavaria na Germany, ndipo kukana mazaza gha Prussia kweniso khumbo la kujipatura kwa Bavaria vikaŵa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapangiska ichi. Pa 7 November 1918, Ludwig wakachimbira kufuma ku [[Munich Residenz]] na mbumba yake chifukwa cha kwamba kwa [[German Revolution of 1918-1919|Chiŵanangwa cha Germany cha 1918–1919]]. Wakaŵa waŵerekuzi wa mathemba gha mu Ufumu wa Germany kufumiskika pa uthemba; mazuŵa ghachoko pamanyuma, Kaiser nayo wakalekera pasi uthemba wa Germany. Ludwig wakakhala ku Austria, uko wakakhumbanga kukhala nyengo yichoko waka. Pa 12 November, wakalemba [[Anif declaration]], kuyowoya kuti chifukwa cha umo vinthu vikaŵira, wakaŵa "wambura makora kulongozga boma." Ntheura, wakafumiska ŵasilikari ŵake na ŵateŵeti ŵake ku chilapo chawo kwa iyo. Nangauli wakaleka yayi uthemba mwalamulo, boma la ŵa socialist ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Kurt Eisner]] likatora mazgu gha Ludwig nga ni kuleka uthemba ndipo likapharazga kuti [[House of Wittelsbach]] yafumiskika. Na ichi, uthemba wa vyaka 700 wa fuko la Wittelsbach ukamara, ndipo Ufumu wakale wa Bavaria ukazgoka [[People's State of Bavaria]]. Mu 1921, nyifwa ya Ludwig III yikawopereka panji kuŵa na chilindizga chakuti [[Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918|ufumu wa ku Bavaria uzakawelereske]]. Nangauli ufumu ukamara, themba lakale likasungika pamaso pa ŵa mu banja la ufumu lakale, boma la Bavaria, ŵasilikari, kweniso ŵanthu ŵakukwana 100,000 awo ŵakawonelera, mu ndondomeko yakuyana na masungiro gha mathemba. [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria]] wakakhumba yayi kugwiliskira ntchito nyifwa ya awiske kuyezga kuwezgerapo ufumu mwa nkhongono, kweni wakakhumbanga kuchita ichi kwizira mu nthowa zakuzomerezgeka na malango. Kadinala [[Michael von Faulhaber]], [[Archbishop of Munich]], mu nkhani yake ya pa nyifwa, wakalongora kuti wakakhozgera chomene ufumu, apo Rupprecht wakayowoya waka kuti wakatora udindo wake wa kubabika.<ref>[http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/artikel/artikel_44449 Beisetzung Ludwigs III., München, 5. November 1921] {{in lang|de}} Historisches Lexikon Bayerns – Funeral of Ludwig III... accessed: 1 July 2011</ref> == Kakhalilo ka malo, vigaŵa vya maulamuliro na ŵanthu == [[File:Karte Bayern 1808.jpg|thumb|upright|Vigaŵa vya maulamuliro vya Ufumu wa Bavaria mu 1808, kusazgapo Tyrol]] [[File:Bayern von 1800 bis heute.png|thumb|Electorate (1778) na Ufumu wa Bavaria (1815)]] Pamanyuma pakuti [[Napoleon]] wakhazikiska [[Confederation of the Rhine]], ndipo Bavaria yikazgoka ufumu mu 1806, chigaŵa chake chikakura kaŵiri.{{clarify|date=June 2017}} [[County of Tyrol|Tyrol]] (1806–1814) na [[Duchy of Salzburg|Salzburg]] (1810–1816) vikaŵa kwa kanyengo kamoza pasi pa Bavaria, kweni pamanyuma vikaweleraso (Tyrol) panji kuperekeka (Salzburg) ku muwuso wa Habsburg/Austria. M'malo mwake, [[Palatinate region|Rhenish Palatinate]] na [[Franconia]] vikaphatikizgika mu Bavaria mu 1815. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikika kwa ufumu, charu chikasinthika chomene ndipo mu 1808 chikagaŵika mu vigaŵa 15 vya maulamuliro ({{lang|de|Regierungsbezirke}}, limoza {{lang|de|[[Regierungsbezirk]]}}) mu Bavaria ivyo vikachemekanga {{lang|de|Kreise}} (limoza {{lang|de|Kreis}}). Vikaŵa vyakupangika mwakuyana na ma {{lang|fr|départements}} gha ku France, ndipo vikaŵa vyakuyana mu ukuru na unandi wa ŵanthu, ndipo vikapika mazina kufuma ku milonga yawo yikuru: Altmühl-, Eisack-, Etsch-, Iller-, Inn-, Isar-, Lech-, Main-, Naab-, Oberdonau-, Pegnitz-, Regen-, Rezat-, Salzach- na Unterdonaukreis. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa vigaŵa mu 1810 na 1815, magawano agha ghakakhumbikwira kusinthika ndipo unandi wa Kreise ukachepa kufika pa 8: Isar-, Unterdonau-, Oberdonau-, Regen-, Rezat-, Untermain-, Obermain- na Rheinkreis. Mu 1838, pa ulongozgi wa Themba Ludwig I, ma Kreise ghakapikaso mazina ghakufuma ku mafuko gha kale na vigaŵa vya mbiri ya malo agha: ''[[Upper Bavaria]]'', ''[[Lower Bavaria]]'', ''[[Swabia (Bavaria)|Swabia and Neuburg]]'', ''[[Upper Palatinate|Upper Palatinate and Regensburg]]'', ''[[Middle Franconia]]'', ''[[Lower Franconia|Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg]]'', ''[[Upper Franconia]]'' na ''[[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]]''. Mazina gha matauni gha Neuburg, Regensburg na Aschaffenburg ghakazakatolekamo pamanyuma. Mwakuyana na ichi, themba likasintha mazina ghake gha ufumu kuŵa ''Ludwig, Themba la Bavaria, Duke wa Franconia, Duke mu Swabia na [[List of rulers of the Electoral Palatinate|Count Palatine wa Rhine]]'', ndipo mazina agha ghakasungika na mathemba ghake ghakumulondezganga. [[Circle of the Rhine|Palatinate]] iyo Bavaria yikapokera yikaŵa chomene chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi cha [[Electoral Palatinate]] wakale. Ndondomeko ya Ludwig yakuti wapokere so chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi cha Electoral Palatinate yikafiskika yayi. Electorate, uwo ukaŵa muwuso wakale wa mafumu gha Wittelsbach mu Bavaria, ukagaŵikana mu 1815; chigaŵa cha kumafumilo gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Rhine, kusazgapo msumba wakale wa likuru [[Mannheim]] na [[Heidelberg]], chikaperekeka ku [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]. Chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi chikaperekeka kwa Bavaria kuŵa chawanangwa chifukwa cha kutaya Tyrol na Salzburg. Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Austria na Prussia (1866), iyo Bavaria yikakolerana na Austria iyo yikathereskeka, yikakhumbikwira kupereka vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Lower Franconia kwa Prussia. Duchy ya [[Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] yikaŵa yayi chigaŵa cha Ufumu wa Bavaria, chifukwa yikaphatikizgika mu Bavaria mu 1920 pera, pamanyuma pakuti yikazgoka Free State ya Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. [[Ostheim]] nayo yikasazgikamo mu Bavaria mu 1945. Mu hafu yakwamba ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, mazina ghakwambilira gha {{lang|de|Kreis}} na {{lang|de|Bezirk}} ghakasinthika na kugwiliskika ntchito mazina gha {{lang|de|Regierungsbezirk}} na {{lang|de|Landkreis}}. === Maukaboni gha chiŵerengero === [[File:Rheinbund 1806, political map.png|thumb|Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa [[Confederation of the Rhine]] mu 1806, kusazgapo Tyrol]] [[File:Rheinbund 1812, political map.png|thumb|Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa [[Confederation of the Rhine]] mu 1812, kusazgapo Salzburg]] [[File:Deutscher Bund.png|thumb|Ufumu wa Bavaria mukati mwa [[German Confederation]] mu 1816, kusazgapo Rhenish Palatinate]] Ukaboni:<ref name="Statistics">Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel (1983). Wilhelm Volkert, ed. {{lang|de|Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799–1980}} [''Guide to the Bavarian Offices, Municipalities and Courts 1799–1980''], Munich. {{ISBN|3-406-09669-7}}</ref> * '''Ukulu wa chigaŵa''': 75,865 km2 (1900) * '''Unandi wa ŵanthu''': 3,707,966 (1818) / 4,370,977 (1840) / 6,176,057 (1900) / 6,524,372 (1910) * '''Vigaŵa vya boma''' ({{lang|de|Kreise}}) (1808–1817): ** Altmühlkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara) ** Eisackkreis (1808–1810 / ukaperekeka ku Italy) ** Etschkreis (1808–1810 / ukaperekeka ku Italy) ** Illerkreis (1808–1817 / ukamara) ** Innkreis (1808–1814 / ukaperekeka ku Austria) ** [[Isarkreis]] (1808–1838) ** Lechkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara) ** [[Mainkreis (Bavaria)|Mainkreis]] (1808–1838) ** Naabkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara) ** [[Oberdonaukreis]] (1808–1838) ** Pegnitzkreis (1808–1810 / ukamara) ** [[Regenkreis]] (1808–1838) ** [[Rezatkreis]] (1808–1838) ** Salzachkreis (1810–1816 / ukaperekeka ku Austria) ** [[Unterdonaukreis]] (1808–1838) * '''Vigaŵa vya boma''' ({{lang|de|Kreise}}) (1816/1817–1838) ** [[Isarkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Upper Bavaria) ** [[Mainkreis (Bavaria)|Obermainkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Upper Franconia) ** [[Oberdonaukreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Swabia) ** [[Regenkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Upper Palatinate) ** [[Rezatkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Middle Franconia) ** [[Unterdonaukreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Lower Bavaria) ** [[Untermainkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Lower Franconia) ** [[Circle of the Rhine|Rheinkreis]] (yikasinthika kuŵa Palatinate) * '''Vigaŵa vya boma''' ({{lang|de|Kreise}}) (1838–1918): ** [[Upper Bavaria]] ({{lang|de|Oberbayern}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Munich]]) ** [[Upper Franconia]] ({{lang|de|Oberfranken}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Bayreuth]]) ** [[Bavarian Swabia|Swabia]] ({{lang|de|Schwaben}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Augsburg]]) ** [[Upper Palatinate]] ({{lang|de|Oberpfalz}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Regensburg]]) ** [[Middle Franconia]] ({{lang|de|Mittelfranken}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Ansbach]]) ** [[Lower Bavaria]] ({{lang|de|Niederbayern}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Landshut]]) ** [[Lower Franconia]] ({{lang|de|Unterfranken}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Würzburg]]) ** [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] ({{lang|de|Pfalz}}) (Msumba wa likuru: [[Speyer]]) == Wonaniso == * [[King of Bavaria]] * [[Electorate of Bavaria]] * [[Duchy of Bavaria]] * [[List of minister-presidents of Bavaria]] * [[Bavaria]] * [[History of Bavaria]] * [[Bavaria Party|Bayernpartei]] * [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] * [[Bavarian Army]] * [[Bavarian nationalism]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakukolerana vya pa intaneti == * {{commons category-inline}} * [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02353c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia: Ufumu wa Bavaria] * [http://www.guide-to-bavaria.com/en/Bavaria-Kingdom-Kings.html Guide to Bavaria: Ufumu wa Bavaria] {{States of the Confederation of the Rhine}} {{States of the German Confederation}} {{States of the German Empire}} {{Former Monarchies}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|48.1333|N|11.5667|E|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bavaria, Kingdom of}} [[Category:Ufumu wa Bavaria| ]] [[Category:Mafumu ghakale]] [[Category:Vyaru vya German Empire]] [[Category:Vyaru vya German Confederation]] [[Category:Vyaru vya Confederation of the Rhine]] [[Category:Kukhazikiskika mu Bavaria mu 1806|.]] [[Category:Kumara kwa vyaru mu Germany mu 1918|Ufumu wa Bavaria]] [[Category:Vyaru na malo agho ghakakhazikiskika mu 1806|Ufumu wa Bavaria]] [[Category:Vyaru na malo agho vikamara mu 1918|Ufumu wa Bavaria]] [[Category:Kukhazikiskika mu Europe mu 1806|Ufumu wa Bavaria]] [[Category:Kumara mu Europe mu 1918|Ufumu wa Bavaria]] [[Category:Vyaru na malo ghakale gha Bavaria]] gf22v2wirzqg1xqmiwyedcoigzpp51w 0 48068 117760 2026-07-22T19:09:48Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Bobenheim am Berg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|31|27|N|8|8|54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bobenheim am Berg in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 196 |area = 6.33 |postal_code = 67273 |area_code = 06353 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel =..." 117760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Bobenheim am Berg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|31|27|N|8|8|54|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bobenheim am Berg in DÜW.svg |state = Rheinland-Pfalz |district = Bad Dürkheim |Verbandsgemeinde = Freinsheim |elevation = 196 |area = 6.33 |postal_code = 67273 |area_code = 06353 |licence = DÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 32 005 |website = [http://www.bobenheim-am-berg.de/ www.bobenheim-am-berg.de] |mayor = Dietmar Leist<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bad Dürkheim], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Bobenheim am Berg''' ni ''Ortsgemeinde'' – [[Matawuni gha Germany|tawuni]] ilo lili mu ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', mtundu wa tawuni zakuwungana – mu chigaŵa cha [[Bad Dürkheim (district)|Bad Dürkheim]] ku [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany]]. == Kakhalilo ka malo == === Malo === Tawuni iyi yili mu [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] ndipo yili chigaŵa cha msumba ukuru wa [[Rhine-Neckar]]. Bobenheim am Berg wali mu [[Freinsheim (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ya Freinsheim]], iyo ofesi yake yikuru yili mu [[Freinsheim|tawuni ya Freinsheim]]. == Ŵanthu == === Chisopa === Mu 2007, 43.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Ŵaevangeliko]] ndipo 30.9% ŵakaŵa [[Roman Catholicism|Ŵakatolika]]. Awo ŵakaŵa na chisopa chinyake panji ŵalije chisopa ŵakaŵa 25.6%.<ref>[http://www.kommwis.de/uploads/media/Online-Gemeindestatistik_02.htm KommWis, Stand: 31.12.2007] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133331/http://www.kommwis.de/uploads/media/Online-Gemeindestatistik_02.htm |date=September 29, 2007 }}</ref> == Ndyali == === Khonsolo ya tawuni === Khonsolo yili na ŵanthu 12 awo mba khonsolo, awo ŵakasankhika pa visola vya tawuni ivyo vikachitika pa 7 Juni 2009, kweniso meya wambura malipiro uyo ni mulongozgi wa khonsolo. Visola vya tawuni ivyo vikachitika pa 7 Juni 2009 vikapeleka vyakufuma ivi:<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3320200500.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="300" |- bgcolor="#eeeeee" align="center" | || [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] || [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]] || [[Free Voters|FWG]] || '''Vyose''' |- align="center" | 2009 || 3 || 6 || 3 || 12 vikaro |- align="center" | 2004 || 3 || 7 || 2 || 12 vikaro |} === Chimanyikwilo === Mazgu gha Chijeremani ghakuti: ''In Gold ein schwarzes Gemarkungszeichen.'' Lizgu lakumaliska likung'anamula [[charge (heraldry)|chimanyikwilo]] chachilendo icho chikuwoneka pa [[escutcheon (heraldry)|chikopa cha chikwangwani]], icho chikuchemeka “chimanyikwilo cha malo gha tawuni”. [[Coat of arms|Chimanyikwilo]] cha tawuni iyi chikung'anamulika mu mazgu gha [[Heraldry|heraldry]] ya Chingelezi nthena: ''Or a bar and a saltire both couped, the arm in sinister chief crossed by a bendlet couped and the two arms in base conjoined by a chevron reversed sable.'' [[tincture (heraldry)|Mitundu]] iyi ni mitundu ya [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]].<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/b/bobenheb.htm Description and explanation of Bobenheim am Berg’s arms]</ref> Chimanyikwilo ichi chikazomerezgeka mu 1983 na ''[[Regierungsbezirk]]'' ya [[Rheinhessen-Pfalz]], iyo sono yiliko yayi, ndipo chikufuma ku chidindo cha khoti cha 1714.<ref>Karl Heinz Debus: ''Das große Wappenbuch der Pfalz''. Neustadt an der Weinstraße 1988, {{ISBN|3-9801574-2-3}}</ref> == Chikhalidwe na malo ghakuwoneka == === Vyakuchitika chaka chilichose === Chaka chilichose pa sabata yachiŵiri ya mwezi wa Ogasiti, kukuchitika [[kermis]] (chiphikiro cha kupatulira tchalitchi, icho ku malo agha chikuchemeka ''Kerwe''), ndipo pa sabata yakwamba ya [[Advent]], pakuchitika ''Belzenickelmarkt'' (“Msika wa Father Christmas/Santa Claus”). == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == Mubali wa Bundestag, Norbert Schindler, wakukhala ku Bobenheim am Berg.<ref>Quelle: Die Rheinpfalz Nr. 247 22. Oktober 2008 : Nach dem Traumergebnis spendiert Schindler Schwarzriesling für alle - Neustadt: 59 -Jähriger als CDU-Bundestagskanditat für Wahlkreis Neustadt - Speyer nominiert</ref> == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukolerana vya pa intaneti == {{Commons category|Bobenheim am Berg}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105035158/http://www.bobenheim.de/html/hp-engl.html Webusayiti yovomerezeka ya tawuni (peji la Chingelezi)] {{in lang|de}} {{Cities and towns in Bad Dürkheim (district)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bad Dürkheim (district)]] {{BadDürkheim-geo-stub}} 974ubxow94vdekmw1e52a54h3vh90rv 829 48069 117773 2026-07-17T02:35:17Z en>Zackmann08 0 /* Issue found */ Reply 117773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Permanently protected}} {{Talk header}} {{WikiProject banner shell|1= {{WikiProject Maps|importance=top}} {{WikiProject Geographical coordinates}} }} {{Centralized talk page|text=several talk pages redirect here.}} {{Copied |from=Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition |from_oldid=1207855218 |to=Template:Location map data documentation/doc |date=15 February 2024 |afd= |merge= |diff= |to_diff=1207858852 |to_oldid=1207854611 }} {{Lua sidebar}}{{User:MiszaBot/config |algo=old(365d) |archive=Module talk:Location map/Archive %(counter)d |archiveheader={{talk archive navigation}} |counter=11 |maxarchivesize=150K |minthreadstoarchive=2 |minthreadsleft=10 }} == Bad contrast == Hi. Look at this please: [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_2025-02-27_170348_wc6e.png The entry] And these are the provided links in the entry: [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_20250224_153809_chrome_4ac6.jpg This], and [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_20250224_154028_chrome_hydo.jpg this]. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 13:42, 27 February 2025 (UTC) :[[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]], thank you for providing screenshots, which illustrate the issue. :Which articles are affected? When reporting such issues with template, please always include links to articles, where you've encountered the problem. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:27, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Andrybak|Andrybak]] Hi. Thank you. The article was [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League]]. Of course, I think the issue is fixed now. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 10:58, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Proposal: Add Custom Label Positioning in Module:Location map == I would like to propose an enhancement to <code>Module:Location map</code> that would allow for more precise label positioning. Currently, the module supports basic label positions (<code>top</code>, <code>bottom</code>, <code>left</code>, <code>right</code>), but does not include options for diagonal placements like <code>northeast</code>, <code>northwest</code>, <code>southeast</code>, or <code>southwest</code>. === Suggested Changes: === * Expand the {{para|position}} argument to recognize and support: ** <code>northeast</code> (<code>ne</code>) ** <code>northwest</code> (<code>nw</code>) ** <code>southeast</code> (<code>se</code>) ** <code>southwest</code> (<code>sw</code>) === Benefits: === * '''Greater Precision''': Labels can be positioned more naturally relative to markers, reducing overlap and improving clarity. * '''Consistency''': Many mapping tools and templates already support compass-based positioning, making this a logical extension. * '''Improved Readability''': This would allow editors to optimize label placement in cases where the default positions (<code>top</code>, <code>bottom</code>, <code>left</code>, <code>right</code>) do not work well. === Possible Implementation: === * Modify the {{para|position}} handling in <code>Module:Location map</code> to recognize the additional options and adjust label offsets accordingly. * Use a simple logic-based adjustment to move the label diagonally when a compass-based position is selected. This enhancement would improve the flexibility and usability of location maps across Wikipedia. I welcome feedback and discussion on this proposal. [[User:Abhiramakella|Abhiramakella]] ([[User talk:Abhiramakella|talk]]) 23:42, 2 April 2025 (UTC) :I would find this very helpful, particularly for locations that are very close to each other that the editor wishes to label. I would suggest alternatively that every label could have a certain "offset" parameter, in pixels, on top of the existing position parameter. This would specify the offset from a default position so editors could adjust the label to be anywhere they wish on the map. [[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]] ([[User talk:LivinAWestLife|talk]]) 18:41, 8 August 2025 (UTC) {{outdent}} @[[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]]: Adding some vertical offset to left- and right-positioned labels isn't too hard ([[Special:Diff/1305013356/1305042106]]). I don't think we need it for top- and bottom-positioned ones, and I'd advise against adding any left-right offset to those, as people tend to fine tune the absolute positions to what looks good on their screens, disregarding many other different devices and font sizes. The new parameter is <code>top_offset</code>, available in <syntaxhighlight inline lang="wikitext">{{Location map/sandbox |top_offset=}}</syntaxhighlight> {| !current!!top_offset=0!!SW: top_ofset=−1!!NW: top_offset=+1 |- |{{Location map|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=|top_offset=-1}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=|marksize=13|label_size=110|top_offset=1}} |- !current!!top_offset=0!!NE: top_ofset=−0.8!!SE: top_offset=+0.6 |- |{{Location map|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=|top_offset=-0.8}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=|marksize=13|label_size=110|top_offset=0.6|label_width=4}} |} Let me know what you think! [[User:Ponor|Ponor]] ([[User talk:Ponor|talk]]) 18:51, 9 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi, this looks like it would be very useful, thank you! I hope implementing it wasn't very hard. I can understand why you wouldn't want to be able to fine tuning the absolute positions if it makes the display worse on certain screens. I will try it out now. [[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]] ([[User talk:LivinAWestLife|talk]]) 19:37, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Edit request 13 May 2025 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map/styles.css|answered=yes}} '''Description of suggested change:''' the whole map section, including the caption, gets affected by the grayscaling effect on lines [[module:location map/styles.css#L-66|66]] and [[module:location map/styles.css#L-79|79]] in [[module:location map/styles.css|styles.css]], which causes some weird coloring (see [https://ibb.co/LXYjbtkm]) '''Diff:''' {{TextDiff| html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap { filter: grayscale(0.6); } | html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } }} [[User:Əkrəm|<span style="padding: 4px 6px; background-color: black; color: white; font-weight: bold">əkrəm<span style="color: #ABABAB">.</span></span>]] 18:06, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}<!-- Template:ETp --> [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 23:48, 23 May 2025 (UTC) ==Discussion at [[:Template talk:Wikidata location map#fallback default map vs. mapframe|Template talk:Wikidata location map §&nbsp;fallback default map vs. mapframe]]== [[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;You are invited to join the discussion at [[:Template talk:Wikidata location map#fallback default map vs. mapframe|Template talk:Wikidata location map §&nbsp;fallback default map vs. mapframe]]. -- [[User:Joy|Joy]] ([[User talk:Joy|talk]]) 15:26, 16 August 2025 (UTC)<!-- [[Template:Please see]] --> ==Discussion at [[:Template talk:MergedMap]]== [[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;You are invited to join the discussion at [[:Template talk:MergedMap]]. --<!-- Template:Please see --> [[User:Joy|Joy]] ([[User talk:Joy|talk]]) 12:36, 27 November 2025 (UTC) == [[Module:Location map/data/Ukraine Ternopil Oblast]] == This map requires different coordinates for image and image1. I tried adding the top1/right1/... parameters (for the relief map) but they don't work. Maybe someone will be able to prepare a module with different coordinates for both images. [[User:Malarz pl|Malarz pl]] ([[User talk:Malarz pl|talk]]) 23:25, 29 December 2025 (UTC) :Wouldn't it be easier to just crop [[:File:Ternopil province physical map.svg]] to fit the boundary of [[:File:Ternopil Oblast location map.svg]]? —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:33, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 30 December 2025 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=y}} In the function <code>markLabelDiv</code>, append "<code>:addClass'notheme mw-no-invert')</code>" to the line that instantiates <code>builder</code>. Right now, the font color of the marker label is inverted in dark mode, which makes it completely unreadable since the underlying image is not inverted. So either the image should be inverted or the font should not be inverted. I'm not sure whether the former is possible, so I think the simplest solution is to add the classes <code>notheme</code> and <code>mw-no-invert</code> to the label div, which cause it to remain black even in dark mode. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 20:30, 30 December 2025 (UTC) {{NDFN}} To avoid possible misinterpretation, please make the requested change in the sandbox, then check the test-cases. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 13:43, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == Edit request 3 January 2026 == {{edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Description of suggested change:''' Append "<code>:addClass('notheme mw-no-invert')</code>" to line 326, to ensure the label text color is not inverted <del>in dark mode</del> when using the [[WP:Dark mode (gadget)|WikimediaUI Dark Mode gadget]], thus matching the behavior of the underlying image and ensuring good contrast. I've implemented this in the sandbox, so you can see the improved behavior by viewing the [[Template:Location_map/testcases|test cases]] in a browser with <del>dark mode</del> the Dark Mode gadget enabled. '''Diff:''' {{Text diff |1=local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') |2=local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') :addClass('notheme mw-no-invert') }} [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:26, 3 January 2026 (UTC) :{{not done for now}}''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> I don't see any meaningful difference on the test case pages with the standard dark mode. Please provide an actual test case that demonstrates the correction. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 23:41, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Izno|Izno]] Ah, apparently the problem only appears in the [[WP:Dark mode (gadget)|''WikimediaUI gadget'' version of dark mode]], and not in the [[WP:Dark mode|newer native version of dark mode]]. So you'll have to enable the gadget to reproduce it. Here's a screenshot of what I see for [[Template:Location map/testcases#Croatia|testcases#Croatia]]: [https://imgur.com/a/OcsrmpA imgur.com/a/OcsrmpA]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 01:46, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::So, we don't generally support that old gadget. I'd recommend disabling it. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 02:17, 15 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Oh, I didn't know that. I'll do that. Is there a reason not to make this change, though? I imagine some users besides me probably still use the gadget, so it would benefit them, and adding these classes doesn't add much complexity to the module. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::I am fairly certain those classes have a meaning in the supported dark mode and I don't necessarily know if their meaning is the same. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 03:31, 15 January 2026 (UTC) == Making all location maps embed maplinks == {{#invoke:Sandbox/Justinkunimune|main |USA Southern Oahu |coordinates={{coord|21|22|15|N|157|56|03|W}} |label=Hālawa Station |maplink_marker=rail-light |maplink_marker_color=#0044cc |caption=Location of Hālawa Station in southern Oʻahu (click for interactive map) }} Right now when you click on a location map, it takes you to the file page for the underlying map. I think this is really unintuitive and problematic for accessibility, as many users will want to enlarge the map. I think that instead, when you click on it, it should open an interactive [[mw:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map. I've mocked up a new version of Location map that does this, as can be seen to the right. Do people here think that would be a good change to make, or have alternative ideas for how it might work? For example, another user mocked up [[User:Bawolff/location map lightbox|a version that enlarges the location map]] rather than opening a Kartographer map, but personally I like my version because I feel that it combines the best of Location map and [[Template:Maplink|Maplink]]: a clean hand-made map for small scales, and a more detailed interactive map for large scales. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 16:38, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Edit request 31 January 2026 === {{Edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Make it so that clicking on the image opens an interactive Kartographer map.''' This is the change I described in [[#Making all location maps embed maplinks]], which I've now implemented in the [[Module:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]]. I solicited feedback here and on [[WT:WikiProject Maps]], and haven't heard anything for or against, so I'm [[WP:SILENCE|presuming I have consensus until someone says otherwise]]. You can check the behavior in the [[Template:Location map/testcases|test cases]]. If you click on the sandbox version of the map you should see the Kartographer map, as opposed to the current version which takes you to the file page; otherwise as far as I can tell there is no difference in behavior. Editors won't need to change anything about how they use the template, but it does create three new optional arguments – <code>maplink_marker</code>, <code>maplink_marker_size</code>, and <code>maplink_marker_color</code> – which can be used to customize the appearance of the marker in the interactive map. You can see the diff here: : [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3ALocation_map%2Fsandbox&diff=1335901918&oldid=1330873844 en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3ALocation_map%2Fsandbox&diff=1335901918&oldid=1330873844] As far as changes to the actual code, the main thing is that when the <code>maplink</code> argument is empty, I construct and preprocess a <code><nowiki><maplink/></nowiki></code> tag and wrap the image in it. I moved the part that parses the coordinate arguments into a separate function, <code>getCoordinates</code>, so that the same coordinates can be used in both the mark placement and Kartographer. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 21:48, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :Regarding consensus: this change would affect ~700000 articles, i.e. ~10% of all articles on enwiki (see also [[WP:WPSIZE]]). Because of the potential impact, I recommend getting a wider consensus at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)]]. I also recommend notifying [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)]] for possible technical ramifications. :The proposal is very concrete and actionable, which is good. I myself have been annoyed in the way [[:File:Red pog.svg]] works, or rather how it does not. The user experience of clicking to see better and only opening the underlying map picture without any indicators is terrible indeed. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:08, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::Also, [[Template:MergedMap]] (found in [[#Discussion at Template talk%3AMergedMap|a section above]]), which was in active development just a month ago, seems to be trying to solve a similar issue. A notification to editors working on it might be a good idea as well. To their user talk pages and/or at [[Template talk:MergedMap]]. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:17, 4 February 2026 (UTC) :::Fair enough! I've left messages on [[WP:Village_pump_(proposals)#Make_it_so_clicking_on_a_location_map_opens_an_interactive_Kartographer_map|Village pump (proposals)]] and the [[Template talk:MergedMap#Related proposal discussion at Module:Location map|MergedMap talk page]]; I'll give it a while and see what people there think. I did bring this up previously on [[WP:Village pump (technical)/Archive 226#Making_it_so_clicking_on_a_Template:Location_map_opens_a_Template:Infobox_mapframe|Village pump (technical)]]; I got some advice there but no concerns relevant to the current proposal. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:50, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Great, thank you! I've disabled the edit request for now. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 23:13, 4 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{Location map|Croatia|lat=44|long=16|relief=2|caption=No relief maps in Kartographer.}} First of all, I love Kartographer, I've myself brought it to thousands of articles. Unfortunatelly, I don't think this is the way to go, at least not until Kartographer gets more layers, such as different terrain options. The red pog not appearing when you click on a location map shouldn't be too hard to fix, if people choose to do so. That's a bug. But clicking on a relief map, and getting something completely different is a [[WP:SURPRISE]], so a NO from me. One day we'll be able to replace Location maps with Kartographer. Let's all support [[:m:Community Wishlist/W323]]. [[User:Ponor|Ponor]] ([[User talk:Ponor|talk]]) 01:03, 5 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ponor|Ponor]] thank you for feedback. To avoid [[WP:DISCUSSFORK]], please post it to [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#Make it so clicking on a location map opens an interactive Kartographer map]]. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:06, 5 February 2026 (UTC) === Edit request 23 February 2026 === {{edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Make it so that clicking on the image opens an interactive Kartographer map.''' I'm re-requesting the change described above, with some modifications. See the [[Module:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]] for the exact updated code that I'm requesting. I posted this at [[WP:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 226#Make it so clicking on a location map opens an interactive Kartographer map|Village pump (proposals)]], and I think we achieved consensus for implementing this (there was one voice of opposition, but the rest of the !votes and comments were all supportive). I did make two changes to my proposal based on that discussion: * One user requested that there be a visual indication that clicking on the map will open a larger map, so I added a square button with a map icon [[File:Codex icon map color-base.svg]], with the same styling as the full-screen button that [[Template:Mapframe|mapframes]] have (I used a map icon instead of an enlarge icon [[File:Codex icon fullscreen color-base.svg]] since the large interactive map is different from the small one, so "fullscreen" is potentially misleading while "map" is still accurate). Like mapframes, you can click anywhere on the image to enlarge it, not just on the button. And the icon is now tagged as {{template|PD-shape}}, so it should be good to use without linking to its file page. It does cover up some of the map, which is kind of annoying, but I've rigged it to move to the left side when the marker is near the upper right, so it at least shouldn't ever interfere with the marker. * I realized that removing the link to the map's file page is a problem for attribution, so I added a small link to the bottom right that says "Map credit" and links to the file page. Again, this is similar to what mapframes do. While I didn't call this out last time, I should note that while all existing maps will work fine with this change without any action from any other editors, there are two new functionalities that infobox editors ''can'' use that I will note in the documentation if this change goes into effect: * There are new tempate arguments to style the marker in the fullscreen Kartographer view: <code>maplink_marker</code>, <code>maplink_marker_size</code>, and <code>maplink_marker_color</code>. These work the same way as the <code>marker</code>, <code>marker_size</code>, and <code>marker_color</code> parameters in {{template|Maplink}}. * There is a new optional argument for the data pages: <code>publicdomain</code>. If set to <code>true</code>, this suppresses the credit link in the lower right-hand corner. This can be used to reduce visual clutter for PD and CC0 maps that don't require attribution. It also works with alternative maps; you can mark <code>image1</code> as PD with <code>publicdomain1=true</code>, you can mark <code>image2</code> as PD with <code>publicdomain2=true</code>, and cetera. See the [[Module:Location map/testcases|test cases]] to see how the new button and credit link look. Note especially the maps of Brčko and Uelen where you can see the button move to the left to make space for the marker. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:45, 23 February 2026 (UTC) : <del>{{done}} [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:00, 5 March 2026 (UTC)</del> :: I have reverted this since it broke things at [[2026 Iran war]] ("Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 223: attempt to compare number with nil.") [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:23, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Justinkunimune}} Feel free to reactivate once you've fixed your code. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:26, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :::: {{ping|Pppery}} Sorry, I forgot to check how my changes would affect {{tl|Location map+}}, as it imports one of the functions from this module. I've fixed it in the [[Template:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]]; I had to move some code around which makes the diff annoyingly large, but now each function can be called independently, I see no problems on either [[Template:Location map/testcases]] or [[Template:Location map+/testcases]], and there are no more errors in my sandbox where I reproduced the issue. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:30, 6 March 2026 (UTC) ::::'''Question:''' Why not replace maps that use this module with [[Template:OSM Location map]]? [[User:Assadzadeh|Assadzadeh]] ([[User talk:Assadzadeh|talk]]) 03:40, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :::::I would generally support that, but it doesn't look like it's a direct drop-in replacement, so I think it would be a lot of work to replace all instances. Also, {{tl|Location map}} has some nice features that Kartographer doesn't (like the ability to use any map image, and the ability to use any map projection), so there may be cases where changing to {{tl|OSM Location map}} would be undesirable. The advantage of this change is that it adds functionality onto existing maps without otherwise changing them or requiring any action for infobox editors. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:36, 6 March 2026 (UTC) ::::: (I do not generally re-implement requests after my own edit needs to be reverted for breaking things; someone else is welcome to handle this) [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 14:23, 11 March 2026 (UTC) :::::: <del>{{Done}} --[[User:MikeVitale|<span style="color: #ce6300; background: #fff">Mike</span>]][[User_talk:MikeVitale|<span style="color: #fff; background: #ce6300;">Vitale</span>]] 14:14, 20 March 2026 (UTC)</del> :::::::Reverted again, as it was now causing "Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 191: No value was provided for longitude." on multiple pages. The first maps I was looking at was [[The Ashes#Match venues]], so maybe you could start from there? [[User:Zzyzx11|Zzyzx11]] ([[User talk:Zzyzx11|talk]]) 14:42, 20 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Heck, sorry. I see the problem. In addition to {{tl|Location map+}} which imports this module via <code>#invoke:</code>, [[Module:Location map/multi]] also imports this module via <code>require()</code> (specifically it calls <code>top()</code> to generate the base map, but without a latitude or longitude since there are multiple sets; I've now set it to safely skip over the embedded maplink code when this happens). I've searched for all modules that require this one, and there seem to be two: [[Module:Location map/multi]] and [[Module:Infobox military conflict]]. ::::::::I've fixed that problem, and I've set both those modules' sandboxes to point toward [[Module:Location map/sandbox]] instead of [[Module:Location map]], meaning that [[Template:Location map+/testcases]] and [[Template:Infobox military conflict/testcases]] should now fully reflect this change; I see no problems on either. I also created my own copies of both under [[Module:Sandbox/Justinkunimune]] which import each other, and both work fine in [[User:Justinkunimune/sandbox|my sandbox]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 12:25, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::::There's now a separate edit request being mocked up in the sandbox. I don't want to conflict with that, so I'm moving my version with the embedded maplink to [[Module:Sandbox/Justinkunimune]]. I'll keep it up to date with the current state of the module so that it can be copied and pasted in here, until this request is either completed or denied. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 01:00, 27 May 2026 (UTC) :{{not done for now}}<nowiki />''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> Does not seem there is consensus for this change to happen. Stale for over a month. If there is new information or new cause to discuss, you are free to reopen this request with that new information. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 03:51, 30 June 2026 (UTC) == Is there a way to use part of the location map? == For example, how can I use [[:File:Central Europe location map 2.svg]] in {Location map many | Europe}? --[[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 22:51, 14 February 2026 (UTC) More generally, can I specify top+bottom+left+right coordinates to display only a part of a standard locator map? --[[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 22:51, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :I don't think there are options for that in the template. You'll have to create a new data page with the new coordinates. See [[Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:58, 14 February 2026 (UTC) == AlternativeMap param == So {{para|AlternativeMap}} is the one parameter I see here that does not conform for [[MOS:INFOBOXNAME]]... Namely the param ''should'' be {{para|alternative_map}}. Now obviously with so many uses, not going to remove the existing... But any objection to allowing for the arguably ''correct'' form of the param to also work? '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 00:50, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 5 March 2026 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=yes}} It says "Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 223: attempt to compare number with nil." I don't know Lua, so that's all I can say really, sorry. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:22, 5 March 2026 (UTC) : Fixed. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:23, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Broken <code>notpageimage</code> markup == The magnify icon currently has broken markup. For example, the Yellowstone map on the documentation page has: <syntaxhighlight lang=html><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" title="File:Usa edcp relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div></syntaxhighlight> This is the corresponding code in the module: <syntaxhighlight lang=lua>retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '|class=notpageimage| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>'</syntaxhighlight> [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 08:29, 9 March 2026 (UTC) :Pinging {{u|Elli}}, who added the parameter in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Location_map&diff=prev&oldid=1072912488 this edit]. The issue seems to me that, unlike the other places in the code with that parameter, the <code>[[:File:</code> code is not image syntax, but link syntax, so the <code>class=</code> gets interpreted as piped wikilink text. The solution would be to add that class to the generated link directly somehow. :Though the class probably isn't even needed at all here since the magnify icon is unlikely to [[:mw:Extension:PageImages#How_are_images_scored?|ever get picked]] as a page image over the map it follows. [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 09:12, 9 March 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] you're totally right, I didn't notice those were links and not images... sorry! I've changed the line now. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 15:51, 9 March 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks! I've confirmed the markup looks good now. [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 16:08, 9 March 2026 (UTC) == Frames disappearing == The documentation for {{tlx|Location map}} says that {{para|caption}} "will cause the map to be displayed with a frame", and many examples there show framed maps. However, this currently does not seem to work in articles. Moreover, if you click "edit" on "Template documentation" and then "Show preview" (without making any changes), all the frames are gone, and ''some'' maps that were right-floating become not floating at all. Apparently, something was broken recently. Please check and correct. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 23:51, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :It works fine for me, including when I edit and preview the template documentation. It might be an issue with previewing on your browser, or maybe something to do with the particular skin you're using. :Here are some captions/frames I added just now in my Sandbox: [[User:Justinkunimune/sandbox#Plain Location map]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 11:26, 22 May 2026 (UTC) :: Well, after trying to see what really happens, I found at least that the module uses the class <code>tright</code>, which is deprecated and since ~yesterday is dropper from the CSS by default (see [[phab:T426452]] and [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/1278517 this commit]). More curious is that the class <code>thumbinner</code> is also not defined when I do the preview. Manually removing these two in the browser developer tools makes the rendered documentation appear broken the same way as I see in the preview. So for <code>tright</code>, it definitely ''must'' be replaced in the module code by <code>floatright</code> (and similarly for all other alignment classes), but I didn't dig deeper regarding <code>thumbinner</code>. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 05:33, 23 May 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Izno}} I see that you have edited this module before and are subscribed to the mentioned ticket. Could you please take a look at these problems? — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 04:44, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::::It was IDd at [[WP:VPT]] so you might want to add an annoyed comment there. There are enough modules and templates that I don't want to handle this by my lonesome, per se. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 20:33, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Jonesey95}} thanks for {{diff||1356192714||updating the alignment classes}}. Could you please also take a look at the <code>thumbinner</code> problem? [[phab:T426452]] has a recent comment referring to [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Media structure/FAQ]], which seems relevant. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 10:27, 26 May 2026 (UTC) ::::I don't know anything about <code>thumbinner</code>, and the ticket doesn't really explain it to me. Maybe someone else here will understand. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 13:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) == Night mode == Currently the display is extremely bright for night mode and any point made on the map becomes essentially invisible. The div forces a white background and black frame which overwrites any browsers night mode. Here's a fix: <nowiki><div style="background-color: var(--background-color-base, #ffffff); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #000000); padding: 2px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; width: 260px; position: relative;"></nowiki> I'm not fluent in wikitext so let me know if I'm missing something here. [[User:Dunkleosteus77|<span style="font-weight: bold; color: #8B0000;">Dunkleosteus77</span>]] [[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|'''(talk)''']] 23:37, 25 May 2026 (UTC) == Unknown parameter tracking == Looking at adding [[Module:Check for unknown parameters]] to this Module and its templates. Running up against a few issues that I want some feedback on before proceeding. As this has multiple entry points ({{tl|Location map}}, {{tl|Location map~}}, {{tl|Location map+}}, etc.) I am wondering the following: # Does it make more sense to implement this on each individual Template or should it be implemented in the module as I have started to test out in the [[Module:Location map/sandbox]]? # Should each template have its own tracking category? (i.e. {{cl|Category:Pages using location map with unknown parameters}}, {{cl|Category:Pages using location map~ with unknown parameters}}, {{cl|Category:Pages using location map+ with unknown parameters}}, etc) or can all these co-exist in one category? {{ping|Frietjes|Pppery|Izno|Jonesey95|Hike395}} and anyone else, please share your thoughts! '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 23:52, 26 May 2026 (UTC) :Anyone have any thoughts? '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:31, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == location map not scrollable on mobile platforms == The location map in the link https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Federaci%C3%B3n_2025-26#Grupo_I is 500 pixels wide. On a mobile browser the map is not scrollable and parts of it are hidden from view. How could the map be scrolled? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-32427-52|&#126;2026-32427-52]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-32427-52|talk]]) 06:13, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Discussion notice == I have started a discussion [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#Proposal_to_refactor_the_way_Template:Location_map_works_in_Infoboxes|here]] about a proposal to refactor the way [[Template:Location map]] works in Infoboxes. PLEASE join the discussion. Need lots of feedback on this one. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 17:40, 22 June 2026 (UTC) == Proposal to refactor the way [[Template:Location map]] works in Infoboxes == {{Moved discussion from|Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#Proposal_to_refactor_the_way_Template:Location_map_works_in_Infoboxes|2='''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 19:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC)}} I have long been kicking around the idea of refactoring the way that [[Template:Location map]] works specifically in infoboxes and want to solicit some feedback on the idea. ; The problem : Every implementation of pushpin maps in an Infobox is different. There are numerous different parameters used to define the base map including: {{para|map}}, {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|location_map}}, {{para|locmapin}} and {{para|map_type}}. This makes it very difficult to go from one Infobox to another as you never know what parameters to use. The same issue applies to other aspects of the pushpin map such as the label, caption, label position, relief, etc. If you compare this to [[Template:Infobox mapframe]], every single Infobox that uses a mapframe uses the exact same parameter names. Want to change the marker? That will '''always''' be set via {{para|maprame-marker}}. The zoom? '''Always''' {{para|mapframe-zoom}}. Doesn't matter what Infobox you are on. ; A solution : What I would like to do is create a new entry point to [[Module:Location map]], probably {{mlx|Location map|infobox_location_map}}, that would allow for calling the location map (aka the pushpin map) in an Infobox and keeping the parameter names the same across every Infobox. That way, whether you are using {{tl|Infobox settlement}}, {{tl|Infobox airport}} or {{tl|Infobox military installation}} the parameter names would all be the same. Just like [[Template:Infobox mapframe]], I would also create a template for documentation (see {{tl|Infobox mapframe/doc/parameters}}) so that documentation would be consistent across Infoboxes as well. ; Implementation : Make no mistake, this would be a HUGE undertaking. It would involve refactoring close to 100 templates and then doing bot runs to clean up the hundreds of thousands of transclusions of those templates. Setting aside how much work it will be for a moment (and I am happy to undertake these clean ups...) my question is: "Is it worth it"? Is achieving consistency across Infoboxes and making it easier to go from one Infobox to another worth the effort here? I would argue it absolutely is, but I want to hear other inputs. {{courtesy ping|Joy|JMF|Jonesey95|Hike395|Primefac|Gonnym|Jessicapierce|GreenLipstickLesbian|Johnuniq|Phuzion|Plastikspork}} who I feel may have opinions on this, but of course ALL inputs welcome!! --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 17:39, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :On the subject of whether it's worth it: Templates are a tool to ensure that we have consistency between articles. There's a reason we have a standardized infobox module that we use. There's a reason we use {{tl|cite web}} when referencing web sources. I think it makes sense to have consistency between similar templates, especially when those templates are doing the exact same thing. An editor should not need to know 10 different ways to invoke a map just because they work across multiple areas of expertise on the project. As an example, if I'm working on the infobox of a racetrack and then a church later in the day, I shouldn't have to know that the racetrack infobox uses {{param|track_map}} and the church infobox uses {{param|monastery map}}. :Based on a few recent instances of negative reactions to some template changes, I can safely predict that there will be at least some opposition to some of these changes. I think that the burden will be on us as template editors to prove why the new standardized map systems will be better. We should prove to them why it's worth re-learning how to use the templates that they're accustomed to, and why they should support the cleanup effort that will ensue after said template change occurs. :If this is implemented, I think something that will ease the maintenance burden moving forward is very clear wording in previews that says "You have used {{param|old parameter}}, which is no longer supported, please use {{param|other parameter}} instead." The current wording of "deprecated parameters" is somewhat unclear to an amateur editing an infobox. In unknown parameter cleanup, we see this somewhat often. Someone sees a parameter named {{param|foobar}} and wants the label on it to read '''Foobars''', not realizing that the {{param|label}} has {{tl|Pluralize from text}} applied to it. They change {{param|foobar}} to {{param|foobars}} and the article gets chucked into an "unknown parameters" maintenance category. :As always, I'm here to offer [[User:PhuzBot|my bot]] in support of any cleanup work that needs to be done after the fact. [[User:Phuzion|phuzion]] ([[User talk:Phuzion|talk]]) 18:10, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :Well as one of the editors who has had suffered a right royal pain in the ass every time I have tried to make what seemed a trivial change to the mapping in an infobox, I totally endorse this proposal. [[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 18:40, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|JMF}} this one is for you {{wink}} '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 18:52, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :Can't argue with the logic here, happy to do bot runs as needed. I'll keep an eye on this discussion. [[User:Primefac|Primefac]] ([[User talk:Primefac|talk]]) 21:03, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :I think this makes sense, but I feel like I'm missing something about the implementation. Why does this require a new entry point to [[Module:Location map]]? Isn't this just a matter of editing the templates to use consistent parameter names? :Also, separate from that question, template parameters have aliases sometimes, right? To ease the transition, would it make sense to set it up so that editors using each infobox template can use either the old parameter names or the new standardized parameter names? [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:12, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Justinkunimune}} I have not yet dived into the code so a {{tq|new entry point}} may ultimately not be needed. The tricky part is how to make this new idea work '''without breaking anything else'''. That is why I might opt for a new entry point so that I can use the existing code but also customize it to fit. Gotta make sure that uses of {{tl|Location map}} that are not in an Infobox continue to work when this is all done. Not 100% certain as to the how just yet, but I have a number of ideas. ::As to your second question about aliases, that is 100% accurate and exactly how this will work. If we move forward with this, once the coding is done and we start the roll it out, we will deprecate the old parameter names in favor of the new names that are decided upon. Then we will do a bot run to clean them all up and only then will the old existing aliases be removed. Translation: at NO POINT should any pages be affected '''for the reader'''. This is all backend code refactoring that would only be a noticeable different if you are editing. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 22:18, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :What about removing pixel map size while you are at it? MOS (manual of style) already says that images are supposed to be default size. :Images could be under 250px size. (250px is the default image width) An sub 250px image would be more likely as an non-free image. :I do not see an map being smaller than 250px wide. I ran an SQL query for an sub 250px image on commons with "map" in the name, and gave up once it had ran for 15 minutes. Mapframe would not be smaller than 250px as it uses maptiles. You would want to support countries like [[Norway]] and [[Vietnam]] that are thin and long, but that is what upright is for. See also [[Module_talk:InfoboxImage/Archive_2#Help_with_improving_default_image_sizes]] for an previous discussion. [[User:Snævar|Snævar]] ([[User talk:Snævar|talk]]) 23:35, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Snævar}} I'm wary of removing functionality as part of this changeover. In my experience, when you mix a refactor with actual substantial changes, the project collapses. Someone objects to the change and so the refactor never occurs. While I don't disagree with your point about size vs upright, I would note that almost every Infobox has a {{para|image_size}} still. ::That all being said, this changeover will make the eventual removal of {{para|pushpin_map_size}} much easier as all we have to do is remove support from the new entry point for this and poof, all transclusions no longer use it. I just think that removal warrants further discussion. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 23:43, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :The technical details here are a bit over my head, but I'm extremely in favor of standardizing and simplifying things like this. Sounds like it would take some work up-front, resulting in things being more streamlined in the future. I'm all for it. [[User:Jessicapierce|Jessicapierce]] ([[User talk:Jessicapierce|talk]]) 01:42, 23 June 2026 (UTC) '''NOTE''': {{ping|Snævar|Justinkunimune|JMF|Phuzion|Primefac|Jessicapierce}}: I have moved this discussion, please update your watchlist if you wish to follow the discussion. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 19:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC) === Update === As there seemed to be interest in this solution, I have started working on it in the sandbox: [[Module:Location_map/sandbox#L-514]]. Far from done, but making great headway. * To see how it will be implemented versus the current solution, you can look at [[Template:Location map/infobox testcases/infobox]] * I have setup some testcases for this at [[Template:Location_map/infobox_testcases]] which specifically compare how this currently displays versus how the new function will display. PLEASE add more testcases if you can think of any! --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:02, 23 June 2026 (UTC) :What do people think of the parameter names I have chosen? {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|pushpin_caption}}, etc... '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC) ::One thing I'd like to see is the infoboxes accepting raw coordinates, not just the output of {{tl|Coord}}. The VAST majority of articles in [[:Category:Pages with script errors]] before I just cleaned it out were caused by editors putting raw coordinates into the infobox. I put some code in [[Module:Coordinates/sandbox]] that can do the parsing, that could could either be integrated into [[Module:Location map]] or that module could just call [[Module:Coordinates]] to do the parsing. <span class="nowrap">--[[User:Ahecht|Ahecht]] ([[User talk:Ahecht|<b style="color:#FFF;background:#04A;display:inline-block;padding:1px;vertical-align:middle;font:bold 50%/1 sans-serif;text-align:center">TALK<br />PAGE</b>]])</span> 21:02, 24 June 2026 (UTC) :::I have no objection to this idea, but I feel like it is outside the scope of what I am trying to achieve here... That can be done from within the existing module and will fix things across the board. All for it, but don't want to make that part of this project... '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 21:13, 24 June 2026 (UTC) :Without any objection I will be starting to roll this new methodology out in the coming the days. Can always improve on it later! '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 21:06, 26 June 2026 (UTC) ::Support this whole idea. I also agree that the parameter name change should be without any other changes (even if that means two bot edits), as we need to give people less reasons to oppose this. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 09:05, 30 June 2026 (UTC) === Issue found === So I found an issue with what I have implemented... In short, {{tl|location map}} automatically pulls coordinates from Wikidata when no other coordinates are supplied. This only works on articles with existing Wikidata coords (I could not find a supported {{para|qid|...}} param that works for testing). So If you go to [[New York City]] and add the following to the top of the page: <syntaxhighlight inline lang="wikitext">{{Location map|World}} {{Infobox tree|pushpin_map = World }}</syntaxhighlight> you will see the first one produces a map, the second one does not. So I need to add a call to Wikidata. Will get on this tomorrow.... --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 05:13, 16 July 2026 (UTC) :{{fixed}} '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 02:35, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 13 July 2026 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=yes}} Please remove the coordinates (latitude and longitude) with no given values in lines 425 and line 426 [[User:Rangoon creeper|Rangoon creeper]] ([[User talk:Rangoon creeper|talk]]) 06:19, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :{{not done}}''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> Those checks are there for a reason and you have offered no reason for why they should be removed. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 14:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, I was in a hurry to go somewhere,and please correct me If I am wrong, but the coordinates with no given values are the reason why the map does not display properly, which is why I asked if they could be removed, so sorry if I caused a misunderstanding. [[User:Rangoon creeper|Rangoon creeper]] ([[User talk:Rangoon creeper|talk]]) 08:50, 14 July 2026 (UTC) q4dk6n8puo1y95e4h3z98lublo2urte 117774 117773 2026-07-22T19:10:24Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module_talk:Location_map]] 117773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Permanently protected}} {{Talk header}} {{WikiProject banner shell|1= {{WikiProject Maps|importance=top}} {{WikiProject Geographical coordinates}} }} {{Centralized talk page|text=several talk pages redirect here.}} {{Copied |from=Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition |from_oldid=1207855218 |to=Template:Location map data documentation/doc |date=15 February 2024 |afd= |merge= |diff= |to_diff=1207858852 |to_oldid=1207854611 }} {{Lua sidebar}}{{User:MiszaBot/config |algo=old(365d) |archive=Module talk:Location map/Archive %(counter)d |archiveheader={{talk archive navigation}} |counter=11 |maxarchivesize=150K |minthreadstoarchive=2 |minthreadsleft=10 }} == Bad contrast == Hi. Look at this please: [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_2025-02-27_170348_wc6e.png The entry] And these are the provided links in the entry: [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_20250224_153809_chrome_4ac6.jpg This], and [https://s6.uupload.ir/files/screenshot_20250224_154028_chrome_hydo.jpg this]. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 13:42, 27 February 2025 (UTC) :[[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]], thank you for providing screenshots, which illustrate the issue. :Which articles are affected? When reporting such issues with template, please always include links to articles, where you've encountered the problem. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:27, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Andrybak|Andrybak]] Hi. Thank you. The article was [[2024–25 UEFA Champions League]]. Of course, I think the issue is fixed now. [[User:Aminabzz|Aminabzz]] ([[User talk:Aminabzz|talk]]) 10:58, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Proposal: Add Custom Label Positioning in Module:Location map == I would like to propose an enhancement to <code>Module:Location map</code> that would allow for more precise label positioning. Currently, the module supports basic label positions (<code>top</code>, <code>bottom</code>, <code>left</code>, <code>right</code>), but does not include options for diagonal placements like <code>northeast</code>, <code>northwest</code>, <code>southeast</code>, or <code>southwest</code>. === Suggested Changes: === * Expand the {{para|position}} argument to recognize and support: ** <code>northeast</code> (<code>ne</code>) ** <code>northwest</code> (<code>nw</code>) ** <code>southeast</code> (<code>se</code>) ** <code>southwest</code> (<code>sw</code>) === Benefits: === * '''Greater Precision''': Labels can be positioned more naturally relative to markers, reducing overlap and improving clarity. * '''Consistency''': Many mapping tools and templates already support compass-based positioning, making this a logical extension. * '''Improved Readability''': This would allow editors to optimize label placement in cases where the default positions (<code>top</code>, <code>bottom</code>, <code>left</code>, <code>right</code>) do not work well. === Possible Implementation: === * Modify the {{para|position}} handling in <code>Module:Location map</code> to recognize the additional options and adjust label offsets accordingly. * Use a simple logic-based adjustment to move the label diagonally when a compass-based position is selected. This enhancement would improve the flexibility and usability of location maps across Wikipedia. I welcome feedback and discussion on this proposal. [[User:Abhiramakella|Abhiramakella]] ([[User talk:Abhiramakella|talk]]) 23:42, 2 April 2025 (UTC) :I would find this very helpful, particularly for locations that are very close to each other that the editor wishes to label. I would suggest alternatively that every label could have a certain "offset" parameter, in pixels, on top of the existing position parameter. This would specify the offset from a default position so editors could adjust the label to be anywhere they wish on the map. [[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]] ([[User talk:LivinAWestLife|talk]]) 18:41, 8 August 2025 (UTC) {{outdent}} @[[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]]: Adding some vertical offset to left- and right-positioned labels isn't too hard ([[Special:Diff/1305013356/1305042106]]). I don't think we need it for top- and bottom-positioned ones, and I'd advise against adding any left-right offset to those, as people tend to fine tune the absolute positions to what looks good on their screens, disregarding many other different devices and font sizes. The new parameter is <code>top_offset</code>, available in <syntaxhighlight inline lang="wikitext">{{Location map/sandbox |top_offset=}}</syntaxhighlight> {| !current!!top_offset=0!!SW: top_ofset=−1!!NW: top_offset=+1 |- |{{Location map|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=|top_offset=-1}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=left|width=180|float=none|caption=|marksize=13|label_size=110|top_offset=1}} |- !current!!top_offset=0!!NE: top_ofset=−0.8!!SE: top_offset=+0.6 |- |{{Location map|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=|top_offset=-0.8}} |{{Location map/sandbox|Croatia Dalmatia|label=[[Vela Luka]]|lat=43|long=16.7|position=right|width=180|float=none|caption=|marksize=13|label_size=110|top_offset=0.6|label_width=4}} |} Let me know what you think! [[User:Ponor|Ponor]] ([[User talk:Ponor|talk]]) 18:51, 9 August 2025 (UTC) :Hi, this looks like it would be very useful, thank you! I hope implementing it wasn't very hard. I can understand why you wouldn't want to be able to fine tuning the absolute positions if it makes the display worse on certain screens. I will try it out now. [[User:LivinAWestLife|LivinAWestLife]] ([[User talk:LivinAWestLife|talk]]) 19:37, 9 August 2025 (UTC) == Edit request 13 May 2025 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map/styles.css|answered=yes}} '''Description of suggested change:''' the whole map section, including the caption, gets affected by the grayscaling effect on lines [[module:location map/styles.css#L-66|66]] and [[module:location map/styles.css#L-79|79]] in [[module:location map/styles.css|styles.css]], which causes some weird coloring (see [https://ibb.co/LXYjbtkm]) '''Diff:''' {{TextDiff| html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap { filter: grayscale(0.6); } | html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .locmap img { filter: grayscale(0.6); } }} [[User:Əkrəm|<span style="padding: 4px 6px; background-color: black; color: white; font-weight: bold">əkrəm<span style="color: #ABABAB">.</span></span>]] 18:06, 13 May 2025 (UTC) :{{done}}<!-- Template:ETp --> [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 23:48, 23 May 2025 (UTC) ==Discussion at [[:Template talk:Wikidata location map#fallback default map vs. mapframe|Template talk:Wikidata location map §&nbsp;fallback default map vs. mapframe]]== [[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;You are invited to join the discussion at [[:Template talk:Wikidata location map#fallback default map vs. mapframe|Template talk:Wikidata location map §&nbsp;fallback default map vs. mapframe]]. -- [[User:Joy|Joy]] ([[User talk:Joy|talk]]) 15:26, 16 August 2025 (UTC)<!-- [[Template:Please see]] --> ==Discussion at [[:Template talk:MergedMap]]== [[File:Symbol watching blue lashes high contrast.svg|25px|link=|alt=]]&nbsp;You are invited to join the discussion at [[:Template talk:MergedMap]]. --<!-- Template:Please see --> [[User:Joy|Joy]] ([[User talk:Joy|talk]]) 12:36, 27 November 2025 (UTC) == [[Module:Location map/data/Ukraine Ternopil Oblast]] == This map requires different coordinates for image and image1. I tried adding the top1/right1/... parameters (for the relief map) but they don't work. Maybe someone will be able to prepare a module with different coordinates for both images. [[User:Malarz pl|Malarz pl]] ([[User talk:Malarz pl|talk]]) 23:25, 29 December 2025 (UTC) :Wouldn't it be easier to just crop [[:File:Ternopil province physical map.svg]] to fit the boundary of [[:File:Ternopil Oblast location map.svg]]? —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:33, 4 February 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 30 December 2025 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=y}} In the function <code>markLabelDiv</code>, append "<code>:addClass'notheme mw-no-invert')</code>" to the line that instantiates <code>builder</code>. Right now, the font color of the marker label is inverted in dark mode, which makes it completely unreadable since the underlying image is not inverted. So either the image should be inverted or the font should not be inverted. I'm not sure whether the former is possible, so I think the simplest solution is to add the classes <code>notheme</code> and <code>mw-no-invert</code> to the label div, which cause it to remain black even in dark mode. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 20:30, 30 December 2025 (UTC) {{NDFN}} To avoid possible misinterpretation, please make the requested change in the sandbox, then check the test-cases. <span class="vcard"><span class="fn">[[User:Pigsonthewing|Andy Mabbett]]</span> (<span class="nickname">Pigsonthewing</span>); [[User talk:Pigsonthewing|Talk to Andy]]; [[Special:Contributions/Pigsonthewing|Andy's edits]]</span> 13:43, 31 December 2025 (UTC) == Edit request 3 January 2026 == {{edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Description of suggested change:''' Append "<code>:addClass('notheme mw-no-invert')</code>" to line 326, to ensure the label text color is not inverted <del>in dark mode</del> when using the [[WP:Dark mode (gadget)|WikimediaUI Dark Mode gadget]], thus matching the behavior of the underlying image and ensuring good contrast. I've implemented this in the sandbox, so you can see the improved behavior by viewing the [[Template:Location_map/testcases|test cases]] in a browser with <del>dark mode</del> the Dark Mode gadget enabled. '''Diff:''' {{Text diff |1=local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') |2=local builder = mw.html.create('div') :cssText('width:' .. label_width .. 'em') :addClass('notheme mw-no-invert') }} [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:26, 3 January 2026 (UTC) :{{not done for now}}''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> I don't see any meaningful difference on the test case pages with the standard dark mode. Please provide an actual test case that demonstrates the correction. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 23:41, 14 January 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Izno|Izno]] Ah, apparently the problem only appears in the [[WP:Dark mode (gadget)|''WikimediaUI gadget'' version of dark mode]], and not in the [[WP:Dark mode|newer native version of dark mode]]. So you'll have to enable the gadget to reproduce it. Here's a screenshot of what I see for [[Template:Location map/testcases#Croatia|testcases#Croatia]]: [https://imgur.com/a/OcsrmpA imgur.com/a/OcsrmpA]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 01:46, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::So, we don't generally support that old gadget. I'd recommend disabling it. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 02:17, 15 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Oh, I didn't know that. I'll do that. Is there a reason not to make this change, though? I imagine some users besides me probably still use the gadget, so it would benefit them, and adding these classes doesn't add much complexity to the module. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:50, 15 January 2026 (UTC) :::::I am fairly certain those classes have a meaning in the supported dark mode and I don't necessarily know if their meaning is the same. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 03:31, 15 January 2026 (UTC) == Making all location maps embed maplinks == {{#invoke:Sandbox/Justinkunimune|main |USA Southern Oahu |coordinates={{coord|21|22|15|N|157|56|03|W}} |label=Hālawa Station |maplink_marker=rail-light |maplink_marker_color=#0044cc |caption=Location of Hālawa Station in southern Oʻahu (click for interactive map) }} Right now when you click on a location map, it takes you to the file page for the underlying map. I think this is really unintuitive and problematic for accessibility, as many users will want to enlarge the map. I think that instead, when you click on it, it should open an interactive [[mw:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] map. I've mocked up a new version of Location map that does this, as can be seen to the right. Do people here think that would be a good change to make, or have alternative ideas for how it might work? For example, another user mocked up [[User:Bawolff/location map lightbox|a version that enlarges the location map]] rather than opening a Kartographer map, but personally I like my version because I feel that it combines the best of Location map and [[Template:Maplink|Maplink]]: a clean hand-made map for small scales, and a more detailed interactive map for large scales. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 16:38, 11 January 2026 (UTC) === Edit request 31 January 2026 === {{Edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Make it so that clicking on the image opens an interactive Kartographer map.''' This is the change I described in [[#Making all location maps embed maplinks]], which I've now implemented in the [[Module:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]]. I solicited feedback here and on [[WT:WikiProject Maps]], and haven't heard anything for or against, so I'm [[WP:SILENCE|presuming I have consensus until someone says otherwise]]. You can check the behavior in the [[Template:Location map/testcases|test cases]]. If you click on the sandbox version of the map you should see the Kartographer map, as opposed to the current version which takes you to the file page; otherwise as far as I can tell there is no difference in behavior. Editors won't need to change anything about how they use the template, but it does create three new optional arguments – <code>maplink_marker</code>, <code>maplink_marker_size</code>, and <code>maplink_marker_color</code> – which can be used to customize the appearance of the marker in the interactive map. You can see the diff here: : [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3ALocation_map%2Fsandbox&diff=1335901918&oldid=1330873844 en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module%3ALocation_map%2Fsandbox&diff=1335901918&oldid=1330873844] As far as changes to the actual code, the main thing is that when the <code>maplink</code> argument is empty, I construct and preprocess a <code><nowiki><maplink/></nowiki></code> tag and wrap the image in it. I moved the part that parses the coordinate arguments into a separate function, <code>getCoordinates</code>, so that the same coordinates can be used in both the mark placement and Kartographer. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 21:48, 31 January 2026 (UTC) :Regarding consensus: this change would affect ~700000 articles, i.e. ~10% of all articles on enwiki (see also [[WP:WPSIZE]]). Because of the potential impact, I recommend getting a wider consensus at [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)]]. I also recommend notifying [[Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)]] for possible technical ramifications. :The proposal is very concrete and actionable, which is good. I myself have been annoyed in the way [[:File:Red pog.svg]] works, or rather how it does not. The user experience of clicking to see better and only opening the underlying map picture without any indicators is terrible indeed. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:08, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::Also, [[Template:MergedMap]] (found in [[#Discussion at Template talk%3AMergedMap|a section above]]), which was in active development just a month ago, seems to be trying to solve a similar issue. A notification to editors working on it might be a good idea as well. To their user talk pages and/or at [[Template talk:MergedMap]]. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:17, 4 February 2026 (UTC) :::Fair enough! I've left messages on [[WP:Village_pump_(proposals)#Make_it_so_clicking_on_a_location_map_opens_an_interactive_Kartographer_map|Village pump (proposals)]] and the [[Template talk:MergedMap#Related proposal discussion at Module:Location map|MergedMap talk page]]; I'll give it a while and see what people there think. I did bring this up previously on [[WP:Village pump (technical)/Archive 226#Making_it_so_clicking_on_a_Template:Location_map_opens_a_Template:Infobox_mapframe|Village pump (technical)]]; I got some advice there but no concerns relevant to the current proposal. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:50, 4 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Great, thank you! I've disabled the edit request for now. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 23:13, 4 February 2026 (UTC) {{outdent}} {{Location map|Croatia|lat=44|long=16|relief=2|caption=No relief maps in Kartographer.}} First of all, I love Kartographer, I've myself brought it to thousands of articles. Unfortunatelly, I don't think this is the way to go, at least not until Kartographer gets more layers, such as different terrain options. The red pog not appearing when you click on a location map shouldn't be too hard to fix, if people choose to do so. That's a bug. But clicking on a relief map, and getting something completely different is a [[WP:SURPRISE]], so a NO from me. One day we'll be able to replace Location maps with Kartographer. Let's all support [[:m:Community Wishlist/W323]]. [[User:Ponor|Ponor]] ([[User talk:Ponor|talk]]) 01:03, 5 February 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Ponor|Ponor]] thank you for feedback. To avoid [[WP:DISCUSSFORK]], please post it to [[Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#Make it so clicking on a location map opens an interactive Kartographer map]]. —⁠[[User:Andrybak|andrybak]] ([[User talk:Andrybak|talk]]) 01:06, 5 February 2026 (UTC) === Edit request 23 February 2026 === {{edit template-protected|answered=yes}} '''Make it so that clicking on the image opens an interactive Kartographer map.''' I'm re-requesting the change described above, with some modifications. See the [[Module:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]] for the exact updated code that I'm requesting. I posted this at [[WP:Village pump (proposals)/Archive 226#Make it so clicking on a location map opens an interactive Kartographer map|Village pump (proposals)]], and I think we achieved consensus for implementing this (there was one voice of opposition, but the rest of the !votes and comments were all supportive). I did make two changes to my proposal based on that discussion: * One user requested that there be a visual indication that clicking on the map will open a larger map, so I added a square button with a map icon [[File:Codex icon map color-base.svg]], with the same styling as the full-screen button that [[Template:Mapframe|mapframes]] have (I used a map icon instead of an enlarge icon [[File:Codex icon fullscreen color-base.svg]] since the large interactive map is different from the small one, so "fullscreen" is potentially misleading while "map" is still accurate). Like mapframes, you can click anywhere on the image to enlarge it, not just on the button. And the icon is now tagged as {{template|PD-shape}}, so it should be good to use without linking to its file page. It does cover up some of the map, which is kind of annoying, but I've rigged it to move to the left side when the marker is near the upper right, so it at least shouldn't ever interfere with the marker. * I realized that removing the link to the map's file page is a problem for attribution, so I added a small link to the bottom right that says "Map credit" and links to the file page. Again, this is similar to what mapframes do. While I didn't call this out last time, I should note that while all existing maps will work fine with this change without any action from any other editors, there are two new functionalities that infobox editors ''can'' use that I will note in the documentation if this change goes into effect: * There are new tempate arguments to style the marker in the fullscreen Kartographer view: <code>maplink_marker</code>, <code>maplink_marker_size</code>, and <code>maplink_marker_color</code>. These work the same way as the <code>marker</code>, <code>marker_size</code>, and <code>marker_color</code> parameters in {{template|Maplink}}. * There is a new optional argument for the data pages: <code>publicdomain</code>. If set to <code>true</code>, this suppresses the credit link in the lower right-hand corner. This can be used to reduce visual clutter for PD and CC0 maps that don't require attribution. It also works with alternative maps; you can mark <code>image1</code> as PD with <code>publicdomain1=true</code>, you can mark <code>image2</code> as PD with <code>publicdomain2=true</code>, and cetera. See the [[Module:Location map/testcases|test cases]] to see how the new button and credit link look. Note especially the maps of Brčko and Uelen where you can see the button move to the left to make space for the marker. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:45, 23 February 2026 (UTC) : <del>{{done}} [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:00, 5 March 2026 (UTC)</del> :: I have reverted this since it broke things at [[2026 Iran war]] ("Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 223: attempt to compare number with nil.") [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:23, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Justinkunimune}} Feel free to reactivate once you've fixed your code. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:26, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :::: {{ping|Pppery}} Sorry, I forgot to check how my changes would affect {{tl|Location map+}}, as it imports one of the functions from this module. I've fixed it in the [[Template:Location map/sandbox|sandbox]]; I had to move some code around which makes the diff annoyingly large, but now each function can be called independently, I see no problems on either [[Template:Location map/testcases]] or [[Template:Location map+/testcases]], and there are no more errors in my sandbox where I reproduced the issue. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:30, 6 March 2026 (UTC) ::::'''Question:''' Why not replace maps that use this module with [[Template:OSM Location map]]? [[User:Assadzadeh|Assadzadeh]] ([[User talk:Assadzadeh|talk]]) 03:40, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :::::I would generally support that, but it doesn't look like it's a direct drop-in replacement, so I think it would be a lot of work to replace all instances. Also, {{tl|Location map}} has some nice features that Kartographer doesn't (like the ability to use any map image, and the ability to use any map projection), so there may be cases where changing to {{tl|OSM Location map}} would be undesirable. The advantage of this change is that it adds functionality onto existing maps without otherwise changing them or requiring any action for infobox editors. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 02:36, 6 March 2026 (UTC) ::::: (I do not generally re-implement requests after my own edit needs to be reverted for breaking things; someone else is welcome to handle this) [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 14:23, 11 March 2026 (UTC) :::::: <del>{{Done}} --[[User:MikeVitale|<span style="color: #ce6300; background: #fff">Mike</span>]][[User_talk:MikeVitale|<span style="color: #fff; background: #ce6300;">Vitale</span>]] 14:14, 20 March 2026 (UTC)</del> :::::::Reverted again, as it was now causing "Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 191: No value was provided for longitude." on multiple pages. The first maps I was looking at was [[The Ashes#Match venues]], so maybe you could start from there? [[User:Zzyzx11|Zzyzx11]] ([[User talk:Zzyzx11|talk]]) 14:42, 20 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Heck, sorry. I see the problem. In addition to {{tl|Location map+}} which imports this module via <code>#invoke:</code>, [[Module:Location map/multi]] also imports this module via <code>require()</code> (specifically it calls <code>top()</code> to generate the base map, but without a latitude or longitude since there are multiple sets; I've now set it to safely skip over the embedded maplink code when this happens). I've searched for all modules that require this one, and there seem to be two: [[Module:Location map/multi]] and [[Module:Infobox military conflict]]. ::::::::I've fixed that problem, and I've set both those modules' sandboxes to point toward [[Module:Location map/sandbox]] instead of [[Module:Location map]], meaning that [[Template:Location map+/testcases]] and [[Template:Infobox military conflict/testcases]] should now fully reflect this change; I see no problems on either. I also created my own copies of both under [[Module:Sandbox/Justinkunimune]] which import each other, and both work fine in [[User:Justinkunimune/sandbox|my sandbox]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 12:25, 22 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::::There's now a separate edit request being mocked up in the sandbox. I don't want to conflict with that, so I'm moving my version with the embedded maplink to [[Module:Sandbox/Justinkunimune]]. I'll keep it up to date with the current state of the module so that it can be copied and pasted in here, until this request is either completed or denied. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 01:00, 27 May 2026 (UTC) :{{not done for now}}<nowiki />''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> Does not seem there is consensus for this change to happen. Stale for over a month. If there is new information or new cause to discuss, you are free to reopen this request with that new information. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 03:51, 30 June 2026 (UTC) == Is there a way to use part of the location map? == For example, how can I use [[:File:Central Europe location map 2.svg]] in {Location map many | Europe}? --[[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 22:51, 14 February 2026 (UTC) More generally, can I specify top+bottom+left+right coordinates to display only a part of a standard locator map? --[[user:Altenmann|Altenmann]] [[user talk:Altenmann|>talk]] 22:51, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :I don't think there are options for that in the template. You'll have to create a new data page with the new coordinates. See [[Template:Location map/Creating a new map definition]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:58, 14 February 2026 (UTC) == AlternativeMap param == So {{para|AlternativeMap}} is the one parameter I see here that does not conform for [[MOS:INFOBOXNAME]]... Namely the param ''should'' be {{para|alternative_map}}. Now obviously with so many uses, not going to remove the existing... But any objection to allowing for the arguably ''correct'' form of the param to also work? '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 00:50, 22 February 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 5 March 2026 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=yes}} It says "Lua error in Module:Location_map at line 223: attempt to compare number with nil." I don't know Lua, so that's all I can say really, sorry. [[User:Raskuly|Raskuly]] ([[User talk:Raskuly|talk]]) 03:22, 5 March 2026 (UTC) : Fixed. [[User:Pppery|* Pppery *]] [[User talk:Pppery|<sub style="color:#800000">it has begun...</sub>]] 03:23, 5 March 2026 (UTC) == Broken <code>notpageimage</code> markup == The magnify icon currently has broken markup. For example, the Yellowstone map on the documentation page has: <syntaxhighlight lang=html><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" title="File:Usa edcp relief location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div></syntaxhighlight> This is the corresponding code in the module: <syntaxhighlight lang=lua>retval = retval .. '<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify">[[:File:' .. getContainerImage(args, map) .. '|class=notpageimage| ]]</div>' .. args.caption .. '</div>'</syntaxhighlight> [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 08:29, 9 March 2026 (UTC) :Pinging {{u|Elli}}, who added the parameter in [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Module:Location_map&diff=prev&oldid=1072912488 this edit]. The issue seems to me that, unlike the other places in the code with that parameter, the <code>[[:File:</code> code is not image syntax, but link syntax, so the <code>class=</code> gets interpreted as piped wikilink text. The solution would be to add that class to the generated link directly somehow. :Though the class probably isn't even needed at all here since the magnify icon is unlikely to [[:mw:Extension:PageImages#How_are_images_scored?|ever get picked]] as a page image over the map it follows. [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 09:12, 9 March 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] you're totally right, I didn't notice those were links and not images... sorry! I've changed the line now. [[User:Elli|Elli]] ([[User_talk:Elli|talk]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Elli|contribs]]) 15:51, 9 March 2026 (UTC) :::Thanks! I've confirmed the markup looks good now. [[User:Opencooper|Opencooper]] ([[User talk:Opencooper|talk]]) 16:08, 9 March 2026 (UTC) == Frames disappearing == The documentation for {{tlx|Location map}} says that {{para|caption}} "will cause the map to be displayed with a frame", and many examples there show framed maps. However, this currently does not seem to work in articles. Moreover, if you click "edit" on "Template documentation" and then "Show preview" (without making any changes), all the frames are gone, and ''some'' maps that were right-floating become not floating at all. Apparently, something was broken recently. Please check and correct. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 23:51, 21 May 2026 (UTC) :It works fine for me, including when I edit and preview the template documentation. It might be an issue with previewing on your browser, or maybe something to do with the particular skin you're using. :Here are some captions/frames I added just now in my Sandbox: [[User:Justinkunimune/sandbox#Plain Location map]]. [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 11:26, 22 May 2026 (UTC) :: Well, after trying to see what really happens, I found at least that the module uses the class <code>tright</code>, which is deprecated and since ~yesterday is dropper from the CSS by default (see [[phab:T426452]] and [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/core/+/1278517 this commit]). More curious is that the class <code>thumbinner</code> is also not defined when I do the preview. Manually removing these two in the browser developer tools makes the rendered documentation appear broken the same way as I see in the preview. So for <code>tright</code>, it definitely ''must'' be replaced in the module code by <code>floatright</code> (and similarly for all other alignment classes), but I didn't dig deeper regarding <code>thumbinner</code>. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 05:33, 23 May 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Izno}} I see that you have edited this module before and are subscribed to the mentioned ticket. Could you please take a look at these problems? — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 04:44, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::::It was IDd at [[WP:VPT]] so you might want to add an annoyed comment there. There are enough modules and templates that I don't want to handle this by my lonesome, per se. [[User:Izno|Izno]] ([[User talk:Izno|talk]]) 20:33, 24 May 2026 (UTC) ::: {{ping|Jonesey95}} thanks for {{diff||1356192714||updating the alignment classes}}. Could you please also take a look at the <code>thumbinner</code> problem? [[phab:T426452]] has a recent comment referring to [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Media structure/FAQ]], which seems relevant. — [[User:Mikhail Ryazanov|Mikhail Ryazanov]] ([[User talk:Mikhail Ryazanov|talk]]) 10:27, 26 May 2026 (UTC) ::::I don't know anything about <code>thumbinner</code>, and the ticket doesn't really explain it to me. Maybe someone else here will understand. – [[User:Jonesey95|Jonesey95]] ([[User talk:Jonesey95|talk]]) 13:23, 26 May 2026 (UTC) == Night mode == Currently the display is extremely bright for night mode and any point made on the map becomes essentially invisible. The div forces a white background and black frame which overwrites any browsers night mode. Here's a fix: <nowiki><div style="background-color: var(--background-color-base, #ffffff); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #000000); padding: 2px; margin: 0 auto; text-align: left; width: 260px; position: relative;"></nowiki> I'm not fluent in wikitext so let me know if I'm missing something here. [[User:Dunkleosteus77|<span style="font-weight: bold; color: #8B0000;">Dunkleosteus77</span>]] [[User talk:Dunkleosteus77|'''(talk)''']] 23:37, 25 May 2026 (UTC) == Unknown parameter tracking == Looking at adding [[Module:Check for unknown parameters]] to this Module and its templates. Running up against a few issues that I want some feedback on before proceeding. As this has multiple entry points ({{tl|Location map}}, {{tl|Location map~}}, {{tl|Location map+}}, etc.) I am wondering the following: # Does it make more sense to implement this on each individual Template or should it be implemented in the module as I have started to test out in the [[Module:Location map/sandbox]]? # Should each template have its own tracking category? (i.e. {{cl|Category:Pages using location map with unknown parameters}}, {{cl|Category:Pages using location map~ with unknown parameters}}, {{cl|Category:Pages using location map+ with unknown parameters}}, etc) or can all these co-exist in one category? {{ping|Frietjes|Pppery|Izno|Jonesey95|Hike395}} and anyone else, please share your thoughts! '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 23:52, 26 May 2026 (UTC) :Anyone have any thoughts? '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:31, 28 May 2026 (UTC) == location map not scrollable on mobile platforms == The location map in the link https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Federaci%C3%B3n_2025-26#Grupo_I is 500 pixels wide. On a mobile browser the map is not scrollable and parts of it are hidden from view. How could the map be scrolled? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-32427-52|&#126;2026-32427-52]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-32427-52|talk]]) 06:13, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Discussion notice == I have started a discussion [[Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#Proposal_to_refactor_the_way_Template:Location_map_works_in_Infoboxes|here]] about a proposal to refactor the way [[Template:Location map]] works in Infoboxes. PLEASE join the discussion. Need lots of feedback on this one. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 17:40, 22 June 2026 (UTC) == Proposal to refactor the way [[Template:Location map]] works in Infoboxes == {{Moved discussion from|Wikipedia:Village_pump_(technical)#Proposal_to_refactor_the_way_Template:Location_map_works_in_Infoboxes|2='''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 19:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC)}} I have long been kicking around the idea of refactoring the way that [[Template:Location map]] works specifically in infoboxes and want to solicit some feedback on the idea. ; The problem : Every implementation of pushpin maps in an Infobox is different. There are numerous different parameters used to define the base map including: {{para|map}}, {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|location_map}}, {{para|locmapin}} and {{para|map_type}}. This makes it very difficult to go from one Infobox to another as you never know what parameters to use. The same issue applies to other aspects of the pushpin map such as the label, caption, label position, relief, etc. If you compare this to [[Template:Infobox mapframe]], every single Infobox that uses a mapframe uses the exact same parameter names. Want to change the marker? That will '''always''' be set via {{para|maprame-marker}}. The zoom? '''Always''' {{para|mapframe-zoom}}. Doesn't matter what Infobox you are on. ; A solution : What I would like to do is create a new entry point to [[Module:Location map]], probably {{mlx|Location map|infobox_location_map}}, that would allow for calling the location map (aka the pushpin map) in an Infobox and keeping the parameter names the same across every Infobox. That way, whether you are using {{tl|Infobox settlement}}, {{tl|Infobox airport}} or {{tl|Infobox military installation}} the parameter names would all be the same. Just like [[Template:Infobox mapframe]], I would also create a template for documentation (see {{tl|Infobox mapframe/doc/parameters}}) so that documentation would be consistent across Infoboxes as well. ; Implementation : Make no mistake, this would be a HUGE undertaking. It would involve refactoring close to 100 templates and then doing bot runs to clean up the hundreds of thousands of transclusions of those templates. Setting aside how much work it will be for a moment (and I am happy to undertake these clean ups...) my question is: "Is it worth it"? Is achieving consistency across Infoboxes and making it easier to go from one Infobox to another worth the effort here? I would argue it absolutely is, but I want to hear other inputs. {{courtesy ping|Joy|JMF|Jonesey95|Hike395|Primefac|Gonnym|Jessicapierce|GreenLipstickLesbian|Johnuniq|Phuzion|Plastikspork}} who I feel may have opinions on this, but of course ALL inputs welcome!! --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 17:39, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :On the subject of whether it's worth it: Templates are a tool to ensure that we have consistency between articles. There's a reason we have a standardized infobox module that we use. There's a reason we use {{tl|cite web}} when referencing web sources. I think it makes sense to have consistency between similar templates, especially when those templates are doing the exact same thing. An editor should not need to know 10 different ways to invoke a map just because they work across multiple areas of expertise on the project. As an example, if I'm working on the infobox of a racetrack and then a church later in the day, I shouldn't have to know that the racetrack infobox uses {{param|track_map}} and the church infobox uses {{param|monastery map}}. :Based on a few recent instances of negative reactions to some template changes, I can safely predict that there will be at least some opposition to some of these changes. I think that the burden will be on us as template editors to prove why the new standardized map systems will be better. We should prove to them why it's worth re-learning how to use the templates that they're accustomed to, and why they should support the cleanup effort that will ensue after said template change occurs. :If this is implemented, I think something that will ease the maintenance burden moving forward is very clear wording in previews that says "You have used {{param|old parameter}}, which is no longer supported, please use {{param|other parameter}} instead." The current wording of "deprecated parameters" is somewhat unclear to an amateur editing an infobox. In unknown parameter cleanup, we see this somewhat often. Someone sees a parameter named {{param|foobar}} and wants the label on it to read '''Foobars''', not realizing that the {{param|label}} has {{tl|Pluralize from text}} applied to it. They change {{param|foobar}} to {{param|foobars}} and the article gets chucked into an "unknown parameters" maintenance category. :As always, I'm here to offer [[User:PhuzBot|my bot]] in support of any cleanup work that needs to be done after the fact. [[User:Phuzion|phuzion]] ([[User talk:Phuzion|talk]]) 18:10, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :Well as one of the editors who has had suffered a right royal pain in the ass every time I have tried to make what seemed a trivial change to the mapping in an infobox, I totally endorse this proposal. [[User:JMF|𝕁𝕄𝔽]] ([[User talk:JMF|talk]]) 18:40, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|JMF}} this one is for you {{wink}} '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 18:52, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :Can't argue with the logic here, happy to do bot runs as needed. I'll keep an eye on this discussion. [[User:Primefac|Primefac]] ([[User talk:Primefac|talk]]) 21:03, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :I think this makes sense, but I feel like I'm missing something about the implementation. Why does this require a new entry point to [[Module:Location map]]? Isn't this just a matter of editing the templates to use consistent parameter names? :Also, separate from that question, template parameters have aliases sometimes, right? To ease the transition, would it make sense to set it up so that editors using each infobox template can use either the old parameter names or the new standardized parameter names? [[User:Justinkunimune|Justin Kunimune]] ([[User talk:Justinkunimune|talk]]) 22:12, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Justinkunimune}} I have not yet dived into the code so a {{tq|new entry point}} may ultimately not be needed. The tricky part is how to make this new idea work '''without breaking anything else'''. That is why I might opt for a new entry point so that I can use the existing code but also customize it to fit. Gotta make sure that uses of {{tl|Location map}} that are not in an Infobox continue to work when this is all done. Not 100% certain as to the how just yet, but I have a number of ideas. ::As to your second question about aliases, that is 100% accurate and exactly how this will work. If we move forward with this, once the coding is done and we start the roll it out, we will deprecate the old parameter names in favor of the new names that are decided upon. Then we will do a bot run to clean them all up and only then will the old existing aliases be removed. Translation: at NO POINT should any pages be affected '''for the reader'''. This is all backend code refactoring that would only be a noticeable different if you are editing. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 22:18, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :What about removing pixel map size while you are at it? MOS (manual of style) already says that images are supposed to be default size. :Images could be under 250px size. (250px is the default image width) An sub 250px image would be more likely as an non-free image. :I do not see an map being smaller than 250px wide. I ran an SQL query for an sub 250px image on commons with "map" in the name, and gave up once it had ran for 15 minutes. Mapframe would not be smaller than 250px as it uses maptiles. You would want to support countries like [[Norway]] and [[Vietnam]] that are thin and long, but that is what upright is for. See also [[Module_talk:InfoboxImage/Archive_2#Help_with_improving_default_image_sizes]] for an previous discussion. [[User:Snævar|Snævar]] ([[User talk:Snævar|talk]]) 23:35, 22 June 2026 (UTC) ::{{ping|Snævar}} I'm wary of removing functionality as part of this changeover. In my experience, when you mix a refactor with actual substantial changes, the project collapses. Someone objects to the change and so the refactor never occurs. While I don't disagree with your point about size vs upright, I would note that almost every Infobox has a {{para|image_size}} still. ::That all being said, this changeover will make the eventual removal of {{para|pushpin_map_size}} much easier as all we have to do is remove support from the new entry point for this and poof, all transclusions no longer use it. I just think that removal warrants further discussion. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 23:43, 22 June 2026 (UTC) :The technical details here are a bit over my head, but I'm extremely in favor of standardizing and simplifying things like this. Sounds like it would take some work up-front, resulting in things being more streamlined in the future. I'm all for it. [[User:Jessicapierce|Jessicapierce]] ([[User talk:Jessicapierce|talk]]) 01:42, 23 June 2026 (UTC) '''NOTE''': {{ping|Snævar|Justinkunimune|JMF|Phuzion|Primefac|Jessicapierce}}: I have moved this discussion, please update your watchlist if you wish to follow the discussion. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 19:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC) === Update === As there seemed to be interest in this solution, I have started working on it in the sandbox: [[Module:Location_map/sandbox#L-514]]. Far from done, but making great headway. * To see how it will be implemented versus the current solution, you can look at [[Template:Location map/infobox testcases/infobox]] * I have setup some testcases for this at [[Template:Location_map/infobox_testcases]] which specifically compare how this currently displays versus how the new function will display. PLEASE add more testcases if you can think of any! --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:02, 23 June 2026 (UTC) :What do people think of the parameter names I have chosen? {{para|pushpin_map}}, {{para|pushpin_caption}}, etc... '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 20:55, 23 June 2026 (UTC) ::One thing I'd like to see is the infoboxes accepting raw coordinates, not just the output of {{tl|Coord}}. The VAST majority of articles in [[:Category:Pages with script errors]] before I just cleaned it out were caused by editors putting raw coordinates into the infobox. I put some code in [[Module:Coordinates/sandbox]] that can do the parsing, that could could either be integrated into [[Module:Location map]] or that module could just call [[Module:Coordinates]] to do the parsing. <span class="nowrap">--[[User:Ahecht|Ahecht]] ([[User talk:Ahecht|<b style="color:#FFF;background:#04A;display:inline-block;padding:1px;vertical-align:middle;font:bold 50%/1 sans-serif;text-align:center">TALK<br />PAGE</b>]])</span> 21:02, 24 June 2026 (UTC) :::I have no objection to this idea, but I feel like it is outside the scope of what I am trying to achieve here... That can be done from within the existing module and will fix things across the board. All for it, but don't want to make that part of this project... '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 21:13, 24 June 2026 (UTC) :Without any objection I will be starting to roll this new methodology out in the coming the days. Can always improve on it later! '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff !important">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94 !important">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange !important">What I been doing</span>]]}) 21:06, 26 June 2026 (UTC) ::Support this whole idea. I also agree that the parameter name change should be without any other changes (even if that means two bot edits), as we need to give people less reasons to oppose this. [[User:Gonnym|Gonnym]] ([[User talk:Gonnym|talk]]) 09:05, 30 June 2026 (UTC) === Issue found === So I found an issue with what I have implemented... In short, {{tl|location map}} automatically pulls coordinates from Wikidata when no other coordinates are supplied. This only works on articles with existing Wikidata coords (I could not find a supported {{para|qid|...}} param that works for testing). So If you go to [[New York City]] and add the following to the top of the page: <syntaxhighlight inline lang="wikitext">{{Location map|World}} {{Infobox tree|pushpin_map = World }}</syntaxhighlight> you will see the first one produces a map, the second one does not. So I need to add a call to Wikidata. Will get on this tomorrow.... --'''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 05:13, 16 July 2026 (UTC) :{{fixed}} '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 02:35, 17 July 2026 (UTC) == Template-protected edit request on 13 July 2026 == {{edit template-protected|Module:Location map|answered=yes}} Please remove the coordinates (latitude and longitude) with no given values in lines 425 and line 426 [[User:Rangoon creeper|Rangoon creeper]] ([[User talk:Rangoon creeper|talk]]) 06:19, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :{{not done}}''':'''<!-- Template:ETp --> Those checks are there for a reason and you have offered no reason for why they should be removed. '''[[User:Zackmann08|<span style="color:#00d5ff">Zack</span><span style="color:#007F94">mann</span>]]''' (^{[[User_talk:Zackmann08|Talk to me]]}/_{[[Special:Contributions/Zackmann08|<span style="color:orange">What I been doing</span>]]}) 14:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) ::Sorry, I was in a hurry to go somewhere,and please correct me If I am wrong, but the coordinates with no given values are the reason why the map does not display properly, which is why I asked if they could be removed, so sorry if I caused a misunderstanding. [[User:Rangoon creeper|Rangoon creeper]] ([[User talk:Rangoon creeper|talk]]) 08:50, 14 July 2026 (UTC) q4dk6n8puo1y95e4h3z98lublo2urte 10 48070 117775 2024-08-08T18:11:36Z en>Jon (WMF) 0 Fixes [[phab:T369874]]. Please see talk page and do not revert without discussion. See also [[meta:User:Jon_(WMF)/Edit_for_dark_mode_support]] 117775 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #EEE; color: var(--color-base); } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #171a1d; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark ) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #171a1d; } } dxlcnl1iygay3brsqqnplmpgishklaz 117776 117775 2026-07-22T19:10:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Kbd/styles.css]] 117775 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #EEE; color: var(--color-base); } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #171a1d; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark ) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-tmpl-kbd { background: #171a1d; } } dxlcnl1iygay3brsqqnplmpgishklaz 10 48071 117777 2026-07-07T13:13:06Z en>Hike395 0 clarify 117777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbar|Template:Location map/doc/infobox parameters|plain=y|style=float: right;}} Below are the parameters used by [[Module:Location map]] to produce the pushpin map in this Infobox. These parameters are available for editors to set in articles that use this infobox. {| class="wikitable" ! Parameter ! Description ! Default |- |{{para|pushpin_map}} | The map(s) to display. For example, specifying England will use the values for England in Module:Location map/data/England.Multiple maps can be shown by providing a list of map names separated by {{code|#}}. For multiple maps, the first is shown by default. A reader can select the others with radio buttons. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_map|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_caption}} | The text of a caption to be displayed below the map. If not provided a default caption will be generated. Multiple captions can be shown when separated by {{code|##}} (that's two). | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_caption|}}}|Location within MAPNAME}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_relief}} | Any non-blank value ({{code|1}}, {{code|yes}}, etc.) will cause the template to display the map specified in the map definition template as {{code|image1}}, which is usually a [[Cartographic relief depiction|relief map]]; see the example at [[Template:Location map+/relief|Location map+/relief]]. Other numerical values such as {{code|2}} or {{code|3}} will display {{code|image2}} or {{code|image3}}, if those images are defined. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_relief|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_label}} | The text of the label to display next to the identifying mark; a [[H:WIKILINK|wikilink]] can be used. You can enclose the label inside of {{tl|nowrap}} if you want to make sure that it stays on a single line. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_label_size}} | The font size to use for the label, given as a percentage of the normal font size (<100=smaller, >100=larger); the default size is 90. Do not include {{kbd|%}}. For example, use {{para|pushpin_label_size|80}}, not {{para|pushpin_label_size|80%}}. If set to {{code|0}}, the label is only displayed when the user hovers over the mark. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label_size|}}}|90}}'' |- |style="white-space:nowrap;"<!--Only need to nowrap the longest one-->|{{para|pushpin_label_position}} | The position of the label relative to the identifying mark; valid values are {{code|left}}, {{code|right}}, {{code|top}}, {{code|bottom}} and {{code|none}}. This defaults to either {{code|left}} or {{code|right}}, depending on the coordinates of the marker and its position relative to the right border of the map image. When {{para|pushpin_label_position|none}}, any defined label will not be displayed with the mark, but it will be used to create the default caption. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label_position|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_mark}} | The name of an image file to display as the identifying mark; the default is {{#if:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|[[:File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}]] [[File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}px]]|[[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]}}. See examples at [[Commons:Location markers]] and [[Commons:Category:Map icons]]. | ''{{#if:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|[[:File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}]] [[File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}px]]|[[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_mark_size}} | The size of the identifying mark in pixels. Do not include {{kbd|px}} | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_alt}} | Alt text for map; used by [[screen reader]]s. See [[WP:ALT]]. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_alt|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_background}} | The background color to use for the label; see [[Web colors]]. The default is no background color, which shows the map image behind the label. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_background|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_map_size}} | Determines the width of the map in [[pixel]]s, overriding any default values; do not include {{kbd|px}}. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_map_size|}}}|N/A}}'' |} mnn3hg7rwdtpevfs02j1lowta65dmm1 117778 117777 2026-07-22T19:10:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Location_map/doc/infobox_parameters]] 117777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{navbar|Template:Location map/doc/infobox parameters|plain=y|style=float: right;}} Below are the parameters used by [[Module:Location map]] to produce the pushpin map in this Infobox. These parameters are available for editors to set in articles that use this infobox. {| class="wikitable" ! Parameter ! Description ! Default |- |{{para|pushpin_map}} | The map(s) to display. For example, specifying England will use the values for England in Module:Location map/data/England.Multiple maps can be shown by providing a list of map names separated by {{code|#}}. For multiple maps, the first is shown by default. A reader can select the others with radio buttons. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_map|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_caption}} | The text of a caption to be displayed below the map. If not provided a default caption will be generated. Multiple captions can be shown when separated by {{code|##}} (that's two). | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_caption|}}}|Location within MAPNAME}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_relief}} | Any non-blank value ({{code|1}}, {{code|yes}}, etc.) will cause the template to display the map specified in the map definition template as {{code|image1}}, which is usually a [[Cartographic relief depiction|relief map]]; see the example at [[Template:Location map+/relief|Location map+/relief]]. Other numerical values such as {{code|2}} or {{code|3}} will display {{code|image2}} or {{code|image3}}, if those images are defined. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_relief|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_label}} | The text of the label to display next to the identifying mark; a [[H:WIKILINK|wikilink]] can be used. You can enclose the label inside of {{tl|nowrap}} if you want to make sure that it stays on a single line. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_label_size}} | The font size to use for the label, given as a percentage of the normal font size (<100=smaller, >100=larger); the default size is 90. Do not include {{kbd|%}}. For example, use {{para|pushpin_label_size|80}}, not {{para|pushpin_label_size|80%}}. If set to {{code|0}}, the label is only displayed when the user hovers over the mark. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label_size|}}}|90}}'' |- |style="white-space:nowrap;"<!--Only need to nowrap the longest one-->|{{para|pushpin_label_position}} | The position of the label relative to the identifying mark; valid values are {{code|left}}, {{code|right}}, {{code|top}}, {{code|bottom}} and {{code|none}}. This defaults to either {{code|left}} or {{code|right}}, depending on the coordinates of the marker and its position relative to the right border of the map image. When {{para|pushpin_label_position|none}}, any defined label will not be displayed with the mark, but it will be used to create the default caption. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_label_position|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_mark}} | The name of an image file to display as the identifying mark; the default is {{#if:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|[[:File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}]] [[File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}px]]|[[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]}}. See examples at [[Commons:Location markers]] and [[Commons:Category:Map icons]]. | ''{{#if:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|[[:File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}]] [[File:{{{pushpin_mark|}}}|{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}px]]|[[:File:Red pog.svg|Red pog.svg]] [[File:Red pog.svg|8px]]}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_mark_size}} | The size of the identifying mark in pixels. Do not include {{kbd|px}} | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_mark_size|}}}|8}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_alt}} | Alt text for map; used by [[screen reader]]s. See [[WP:ALT]]. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_alt|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_background}} | The background color to use for the label; see [[Web colors]]. The default is no background color, which shows the map image behind the label. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_background|}}}|N/A}}'' |- |{{para|pushpin_map_size}} | Determines the width of the map in [[pixel]]s, overriding any default values; do not include {{kbd|px}}. | ''{{if empty|{{{pushpin_map_size|}}}|N/A}}'' |} mnn3hg7rwdtpevfs02j1lowta65dmm1 828 48072 117779 2019-01-24T21:23:12Z en>MusikAnimal 0 Protected "[[Module:Location map/data/Germany Rhineland-Palatinate]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk module]] ([Edit=Require extended confirmed access] (indefinite)) 117779 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Rhineland-Palatinate', top = 50.98, bottom = 48.79, left = 6.03, right = 8.59, image = 'Rhineland-Palatinate location map.svg', image1 = 'Rhineland-Palatinate relief location map.svg' } 74dtw9qle4q06bmlts1stznvkgoy7ya 117780 117779 2026-07-22T19:11:02Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Rhineland-Palatinate]] 117779 Scribunto text/plain return { name = 'Rhineland-Palatinate', top = 50.98, bottom = 48.79, left = 6.03, right = 8.59, image = 'Rhineland-Palatinate location map.svg', image1 = 'Rhineland-Palatinate relief location map.svg' } 74dtw9qle4q06bmlts1stznvkgoy7ya 828 48073 117783 2023-12-27T15:43:13Z en>Tom.Reding 0 /* top */{{High-use}} 117783 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page; interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Module:Location map/data/doc | see also = * [[Module:Location map/data/Germany]] }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Germany location map modules|Rhineland-Palatinate]] }}</includeonly> fpt3ht5dks6uo612we91ub963bwsadz 117784 117783 2026-07-22T19:11:03Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/data/Germany_Rhineland-Palatinate/doc]] 117783 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Place categories where indicated at the bottom of this page; interwikis at Wikidata --> {{High-use}} {{Module:Location map/data/doc | see also = * [[Module:Location map/data/Germany]] }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox|| <!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Germany location map modules|Rhineland-Palatinate]] }}</includeonly> fpt3ht5dks6uo612we91ub963bwsadz 829 48074 117785 2024-07-18T10:14:03Z en>Lisbean 0 /* Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 July 2024 */ Reply 117785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WikiProject banner shell| {{WikiProject Maps}} {{WikiProject Germany}} }} == Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 July 2024 == {{edit extended-protected|Module:Location map/data/Germany Rhineland-Palatinate|answered=yes}} Include an alternative map version with both Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland (File:Rhineland-Palatinate-Saarland location map.svg), for use in women's regional football league. [[User:Lisbean|Lisbean]] ([[User talk:Lisbean|talk]]) 06:26, 18 July 2024 (UTC) :I have realised this change is not required for my use of the alternative map. Please dismiss. [[User:Lisbean|Lisbean]] ([[User talk:Lisbean|talk]]) 10:14, 18 July 2024 (UTC) 8vtcvfuthop9wx1fh2k2lher9avha8b 117786 117785 2026-07-22T19:11:03Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module_talk:Location_map/data/Germany_Rhineland-Palatinate]] 117785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{WikiProject banner shell| {{WikiProject Maps}} {{WikiProject Germany}} }} == Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 18 July 2024 == {{edit extended-protected|Module:Location map/data/Germany Rhineland-Palatinate|answered=yes}} Include an alternative map version with both Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland (File:Rhineland-Palatinate-Saarland location map.svg), for use in women's regional football league. [[User:Lisbean|Lisbean]] ([[User talk:Lisbean|talk]]) 06:26, 18 July 2024 (UTC) :I have realised this change is not required for my use of the alternative map. Please dismiss. [[User:Lisbean|Lisbean]] ([[User talk:Lisbean|talk]]) 10:14, 18 July 2024 (UTC) 8vtcvfuthop9wx1fh2k2lher9avha8b 828 48075 117795 2022-06-03T06:37:24Z en>JJMC89 bot III 0 Moving [[:Category:Germany location map templates]] to [[:Category:Germany location map modules]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]] 117795 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{high-use| 13,000+ }}</includeonly> <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{Module:Location map/data/doc|image=[[File:Germany-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|250px|Map of Germany]] |examples= === Location map, using default map (image) === {{Location map | Germany | width = 200 | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map | Germany | width = 200 | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map many, using relief map (image1) === {{Location map many | Germany | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | lat1_deg = 52.5 | lon1_deg = 13.4 | label1 = Berlin | lat2_deg = 48.13 | lon2_deg = 11.57 | label2 = Munich }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map many | Germany | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | lat1_deg = 52.5 | lon1_deg = 13.4 | label1 = Berlin | lat2_deg = 48.13 | lon2_deg = 11.57 | label2 = Munich }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map+, using AlternativeMap === {{Location map+ | Germany | AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Germany.png | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | places = {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 48.13 | lon_deg = 11.57 | label = Munich }} }} <pre style="width:35em"> {{Location map+ | Germany | AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Germany.png | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | places = {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 48.13 | lon_deg = 11.57 | label = Munich }} }} </pre> }} <includeonly> <!-- CATEGORIES HERE, THANKS --> [[Category:Germany location map modules| ]] </includeonly> cf9zir5bymluzj0xlswn6x45xgr5yx1 117796 117795 2026-07-22T19:11:20Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/data/Germany/doc]] 117795 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{high-use| 13,000+ }}</includeonly> <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --> {{Module:Location map/data/doc|image=[[File:Germany-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|250px|Map of Germany]] |examples= === Location map, using default map (image) === {{Location map | Germany | width = 200 | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map | Germany | width = 200 | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map many, using relief map (image1) === {{Location map many | Germany | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | lat1_deg = 52.5 | lon1_deg = 13.4 | label1 = Berlin | lat2_deg = 48.13 | lon2_deg = 11.57 | label2 = Munich }} <pre style="width:30em"> {{Location map many | Germany | relief = yes | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | lat1_deg = 52.5 | lon1_deg = 13.4 | label1 = Berlin | lat2_deg = 48.13 | lon2_deg = 11.57 | label2 = Munich }} </pre> {{clear}} === Location map+, using AlternativeMap === {{Location map+ | Germany | AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Germany.png | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | places = {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 48.13 | lon_deg = 11.57 | label = Munich }} }} <pre style="width:35em"> {{Location map+ | Germany | AlternativeMap = Relief Map of Germany.png | width = 200 | caption = Two locations in Germany | places = {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 52.5 | lon_deg = 13.4 | label = Berlin }} {{Location map~ | Germany | lat_deg = 48.13 | lon_deg = 11.57 | label = Munich }} }} </pre> }} <includeonly> <!-- CATEGORIES HERE, THANKS --> [[Category:Germany location map modules| ]] </includeonly> cf9zir5bymluzj0xlswn6x45xgr5yx1 0 48076 117797 2026-07-22T19:23:52Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{Short description|Mama ŵa Donald Trump (1912–2000)}} {{redirect|Mary Anne Trump|mwana wake mwanakazi kweniso wakweruzga wakale wa boma la U.S.|Maryanne Trump Barry}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Use American English|date=November 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Mary Anne Trump | image = Donald Trump Truth Social Post on March 13, 2026—Military Academy (Mary Trump crop).jpg | caption = Trump mu 1964 | birth_name..." 117797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Mama ŵa Donald Trump (1912–2000)}} {{redirect|Mary Anne Trump|mwana wake mwanakazi kweniso wakweruzga wakale wa boma la U.S.|Maryanne Trump Barry}} {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Use American English|date=November 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Mary Anne Trump | image = Donald Trump Truth Social Post on March 13, 2026—Military Academy (Mary Trump crop).jpg | caption = Trump mu 1964 | birth_name = Mary Anne MacLeod | birth_date = May 10, 1912 | birth_place = [[Tong, Lewis]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|2000|08|07|1912|05|10}} | death_place = [[New Hyde Park, New York]], U.S. | burial_place = Lutheran [[Masele gha All Faiths]], New York City | citizenship = {{plainlist| *[[British subject]] *United States (kwambira mu 1942)}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Fred Trump]]|January 1936|June 25, 1999|reason=died}} | children = {{hlist|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Banja la Donald Trump#Elizabeth Trump Grau|Elizabeth]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]}} | relatives = [[Mbumba ya MacLeod]] | family = [[Banja la Trump]] (kwizira mu nthengwa) }} '''Mary Anne Trump''' ({{nee|'''MacLeod'''}};{{efn|Chingelezi: {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|k|l|aʊ|d}} {{respell|mə|KLOWD}}; {{langx|gd|Màiri Anna Nic Leòid}} {{IPA|gd|ˈmaːɾʲɪ ˈan̪ˠa ɲiçkʲ ˈʎɔːtʲ|}}.}} May 10, 1912 – August 7, 2000) wakaŵa mwanakazi wa ku Scotland na United States uyo wakaŵa wakumanyikwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu kweniso mulwiri wa ntchito za wovwiri. Wakaŵa muwoli wa mulembi wa bizinesi ya malo [[Fred Trump]] ndiposo mama wa ŵana ŵankhondi, kusazgapo [[Donald Trump]], purezidenti wa nambara 45 na 47 wa [[purezidenti wa United States]]. Wakababikira ndipo wakakulira kuyowoyanga [[Chigaelic cha ku Scotland]] mu [[Outer Hebrides]], MacLeod wakasamukira ku United States mu 1930 ndipo wakaŵa nzika yakulembeka ya United States mu Malichi 1942.<ref name="marymac">{{Cite magazine |last=Pilon |first=Mary |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |access-date=November 19, 2016 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |quote=On March 10, 1942, the U.S. District Court in Brooklyn made Mary Trump a naturalized citizen |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |url-status=live }}</ref> Wakalera ŵana ŵankhondi pamoza na mfumu wake ndipo wakakhala mu New York City.<ref name="nytobit" /> == Umoyo wa kwambilira == [[File:Mary Anne MacLeod’s Grandparents.png|thumb|Agogo ŵa MacLeod kuwiskewo, Alexander (1830–1900), na Anne MacLeod (1833–1923), pamoza na mwana wawo Donald (wayimilira)]] Mary Anne MacLeod wakababika pa Meyi 10, 1912, mu mizi wa [[Tong, Lewis|Tong]] pa [[Chilwa cha Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Reid, Tony | author2 = Reid, Stuart | display-authors = etal | date = January 30, 2017 | title = People: Donald Trump | work = ScottishRoots.com | location = Edinburgh, SCT | url = https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php | access-date = August 20, 2018 | archive-date = January 26, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235639/https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="kruse">{{cite news |last=Kruse |first=Michael |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779/ |title=The Mystery of Mary Trump |work=[[Politico Magazine]] |date=November 4, 2017 |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104020106/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/11/03/mary-macleod-trump-donald-trump-mother-biography-mom-immigrant-scotland-215779 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wakalereka mu nyumba yakuyowoya Chigaelic, ndipo wakaŵa waumaliro pa ŵana khumi awo ŵakababikira ku ŵapapi ŵa [[ŴaGaelic|ŴaScottish ŴaGaelic]], Mary MacLeod ({{nee|Smith}}; 1867–1963) na Malcolm MacLeod (1866–1954).<ref name=time>{{cite book|last=Dougherty|first=Steve |title=Donald Trump: The Rise of a Rule Breaker|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6kDDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|year=2016|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time Inc. Books]]|isbn=978-1-68330-237-7|chapter=Family Saga}}</ref> Awiske ŵake ŵakaŵa [[mulimi wa croft]], [[mulovi]], kweniso [[mulongozgi wa ŵana ŵakusambira awo ŵakeneranga kuluta ku sukulu|muwoneleri wa ŵana ŵakeneranga kuluta ku sukulu]] pa sukulu ya Mary.<ref name="kruse" /><ref name=marymac /><ref name=marymac2>{{Cite news |last = Hannan |first = Martin |url = https://www.thenational.scot/news/14903149.The_mysterious_Mary_Trump__The_full_untold_story_of_how_a_young_Scotswoman_escaped_to_New_York_and_raised_a_US_presidential_candidate/ |title = The mysterious Mary Trump |date = May 20, 2016 |work = [[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date = November 19, 2016 |archive-date = November 19, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161119184112/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903149.The_mysterious_Mary_Trump__The_full_untold_story_of_how_a_young_Scotswoman_escaped_to_New_York_and_raised_a_US_presidential_candidate/ |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=marymac3>{{Cite news |last = Hannan |first = Martin |url = http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.An_inconvenient_truth__Donald_Trump_s_Scottish_mother_was_a_low_earning_migrant/ |title = An inconvenient truth? Donald Trump's Scottish mother was a low-earning migrant |date = May 20, 2016 |work = [[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date = November 19, 2016 |archive-date = October 14, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054533/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.An_inconvenient_truth__Donald_Trump_s_Scottish_mother_was_a_low_earning_migrant/ |url-status = live }}</ref> [[Chingelezi]] chikaŵa chiyowoyero chake chachiŵiri, icho wakasambira pa sukulu iyo wakalutanga m'paka [[sukulu ya sekondale]].<ref name="kruse" /> Agogo ŵake kuwiskewo ŵakaŵa Alexander [[Mbumba ya MacLeod|MacLeod]] na Anne MacLeod; agogo ŵake kunyinawo ŵakaŵa Donald Smith na Mary [[Mbumba ya MacAulay|MacAulay]]. Iwo ŵakafuma ku [[Back, Lewis|Vatisker]] na [[Park, Outer Hebrides|South Lochs]], mwakulondezgana.<ref name=bbcnews /> Donald wakafwa mu nyanja wali na vyaka 34 apo sitima yake yakamizga, icho chikaŵa chakuzgoŵeleka kwa ŵanalume ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi chifukwa umoyo wawo ukazingiranga pa ulovi.<ref name=kranish-fisher /> Vikuyowoyeka kuti mibadwo yinyake yakwambilira ya mbumba yawo yikachimbizgika pa nyengo ya [[Highland Clearances]].<ref name=cnn>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/02/politics/donald-trump-ancestry-scotland/index.html|title=Donald Trump's Scottish roots|author1=Nic Robertson|author2=Antonia Mortensen|date=November 2, 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=November 6, 2017|archive-date=May 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507192300/https://www.cnn.com/2016/11/02/politics/donald-trump-ancestry-scotland/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kuyana na nkhani yinyake ya mphapu za mbumba, mbumba izo zikachimbizgika mu mizi wa Mary zikakhalanga mu "ukavu wakofya wa ŵanthu" apo malo ghapafupi ghakulimika ghakagwiliskirikanga ntchito pakuliska mberere.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I_lCQAAQBAJ&q=human+wretchedness+d%27antonio+trump&pg=PA309|title=Never Enough: Donald Trump and the Pursuit of Success|first=Michael|last=D'Antonio|date=September 22, 2015|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4668-4042-3|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> [[Mbili ya ku malo|Ŵakulemba mbiri ŵa ku malo]] ŵati nyumba za pa nyengo iyo zikaŵa "zakufipiska mwakuti vingalongosoreka yayi", ndipo mbumba za mu chigaŵa ichi zikakhalanga umoyo wakusuzga nga mbalovi, ŵalimi na ŵakukumba [[peat]].<ref name=kranish-fisher>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2jUDQAAQBAJ&q=indescribably+filthy+trump+revealed&pg=PA19|title=Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President|first1=Michael|last1=Kranish|first2=Marc|last2=Fisher|date=January 10, 2017|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-5011-5652-6|via=Google Books}}</ref> Kwanda kwa {{nowrap|[[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]}} kukafyofyora chuma cha mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo kukachepeskaso chiŵelengero cha ŵanalume.<ref name=kruse /> Ŵabali ŵake ŵanandi nawo ŵakasamukira ku United States kweniso ku Canada, uko kukaŵa malo agho ŴaScottish ŵa ku Highlands ŵakazgoŵeleranga kusamukirako pa nyengo iyo.<ref name="marymac3" /> == Kusamukira ku United States == Pakuti ŵabali ŵake ŵanandi ŵakakhazikika kale kwenekura,<ref name =marymac3 /> MacLeod panyake wakaluta kakwamba ku United States kukakhala kwa nyengo yichoko waka mu Disembala 1929. Wakapika nambala ya visa ya [[Kusamukira ku United States|kusamukira ku United States]] 26698 ku [[Glasgow]] pa Febuluwale 17, 1930.<ref name=marymac2 /> Pa Meyi 2, MacLeod wakanyamuka ku Glasgow pa [[RMS Transylvania (1926)|RMS ''Transylvania'']] ndipo wakafika mu New York City pa Meyi 11 (zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pa kubabika kwake kwa vyaka 18). Wakayowoya kuti wakakhumbanga kuzgoka nzika ya United States ndipo wakhalenge ku America kwamuyirayira.<ref name=marymac /><ref name=marymac2 /><ref name=marymac3 /> Wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵa ku [[ŴaScottish]] awo ŵakasamukira ku U.S. panji Canada pa nyengo iyi, chifukwa Scotland yikasuzgika chomene na ivyo vikachitika pa [[Highland Clearances|Clearances]] kweniso pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose.<ref name=bbcnews /><ref name=cnn /> Lembelo la ŵalendo awo ŵakendera pa sitima ya ''Transylvania'' likulongora kuti ntchito yake yikaŵa ya [[wantchito wa pa nyumba]].<ref name="kruse" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Alien Passenger list -SS Transylvania, May 2, 1930|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:33SQ-G54W-XS3?i=19&cc=1923888|via=[[FamilySearch]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped2).jpg|thumb|upright|Mfumu wake [[Fred Trump]], {{circa|1980}}]] Wakati wafika ku United States na madola 50 (ghakukwana pafupifupi madola 945 mu chaka cha 2024), MacLeod wakakhala na mudumbu wake mulara, Christina Matheson, ku [[Astoria, Queens]], ndipo wakagwiranga nchito ya uteŵeti wa pa nyumba kwa vyaka vyakujumpha vinayi.<ref name=marymac /><ref name=marymac2 /><ref name=marymac3 /> Nchito yimoza iyo wakachitanga yikwenera kuti yikaŵa ya kulera ŵana ([[nanny]]) pa nyumba ya mbumba yisambazi ku tawuni yinyake pafupi na New York, kweni nchito iyi yikamara chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama agho ghakiza chifukwa cha [[Great Depression]].<ref name=bbcnews /> Nga umo nyuzipepala ya ku Scotland ''[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]'' yikalembela mu 2016, iyo "wakamba umoyo wake ku America nga ni muteŵeti wakavu chomene, wakuchimbira ukavu ukuru chomene wa ku charu chake."<ref name=marymac2 /> Wakati wapokera [[U.S. Re-entry Permit]], icho chikapelekekanga waka ku ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu charu awo ŵakakhumbanga kukhala kwamuyirayira na kuzgoka ŵanthu ŵa ku United States,<ref name=marymac2 /><ref name=marymac3 /> wakawelera ku Scotland pa sitima ya [[SS Cameronia (1919)|SS ''Cameronia'']] pa Seputembala 12, 1934.<ref name=tree>{{cite web|url=https://biographytree.com/biography/biography-mary-anne-macleod-trumpmother-donald-trump/|title=Mary Anne Macleod Trump Biography; Mother of Donald Trump|website=BiographyTree|date=September 30, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403134033/https://biographytree.com/biography/biography-mary-anne-macleod-trumpmother-donald-trump/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wakalembeka kuti wakakhalanga ku New York kufika mu Epulero 1935, nga umo vikulongosorekera mu [[1940 U.S. census]].<ref name=tree /> Nangauli fomu ya kalembero ka ŵanthu (census) ya 1940 iyo Mary Anne na mfumu wake [[Fred Trump]] ŵakazuzga yikayowoya kuti wakaŵa kale [[Citizenship of the United States#Naturalized citizenship|mwenekaya wa ku United States mwa ndondomeko ya naturalization]], nadi wakazgoka mwenekaya pa Malichi 10, 1942.<ref name=marymac /><ref name=marymac2 /><ref name=marymac3 /> Ndipouli, palije ukaboni wakulongora kuti wakaswa malango gha ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu charu pambere wandazgoke mwenekaya, chifukwa wakendanga nyengo zose ku vyaru vinyake ndipo pamanyuma pake wakazomerezgekanga kuweleraso ku United States.<ref name=snopes>{{cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/donald-trumps-mother-illegal-immigrant/|title=Fact Check: Was Donald Trump's Mother an Illegal Immigrant?|date=January 30, 2017|publisher=Snopes.com|access-date=November 6, 2017|archive-date=November 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110011139/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/donald-trumps-mother-immigrant/|url-status=live}}</ref> MacLeod wakawelerangaso nyengo zinandi ku chigaŵa icho wakababikira ku Scotland mu umoyo wake wose, ndipo wakayowoyanga chiyowoyelo cha [[Scottish Gaelic|Chigaelic cha ku Scotland]] para wali kwenekura.<ref name=bbcnews>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-38648877|title=Trump's mother: From a Scottish island to New York's elite|first=Steven|last=Brocklehurst|date=November 6, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=November 6, 2017|archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331183428/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-38648877|url-status=live}}</ref> == Nthengwa, mbumba na milimo == Pakati pa m'ma 1930, apo Mary Anne wakakhalanga na mudumbu wake ku Queens, wakakumana na Fred Trump pa phwando. Pa nyengo iyi, Fred Trump wakaŵa kale munthu wakuzenga nyumba na wakuchita bizinesi ya malo.<ref name=marymac /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Kranish|first1=Michael|title=[[Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power]]|last2=Fisher|first2=Marc|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2016|isbn=978-1-5011-5578-9|location=New York|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Lqf0CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 29]|author-link=Michael Kranish|author-link2=Marc Fisher}}</ref> Pa ulendo unyake uwo wakawelerako ku Scotland, wakaphalira ŵabali ŵake kuti wakakumana na mwanalume uyo wazamuzgoka mfumu wake. Ŵakatorana pa [[Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church]] ku [[Upper East Side]] pa Janyuwale 11, 1936,<ref name=blair147>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ | title = The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate | last = Blair | first = Gwenda | author-link = Gwenda Blair | year = 2015 | orig-year = 2000 | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster]] | isbn = 978-1-5011-3936-9 | location = New York City | pages = 147–148 | archive-date = November 11, 2024 | access-date = April 26, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241111132416/https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}</ref> ndipo [[George Arthur Buttrick]] ndiyo wakalongozga mwambo wa nthengwa. Phwando la nthengwa ilo likachitikira ŵalendo 25 likachitikira pa [[Carlyle Hotel]] ku [[Manhattan]].<ref name=marymac3 /> Pamanyuma pa nthengwa, ŵakaluta ku [[Atlantic City]], [[New Jersey]], kukachita ulendo wa honeymoon.<ref name=blair147 /> Pa Epulero 5, 1937, Mary Anne wakababa mwana wawo wakwamba, [[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]] (1937–2023). Pamanyuma pake wakababa [[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred C. Trump Jr.]] (1938–1981), [[Elizabeth Trump Grau|Elizabeth]] (wakababika mu 1942), [[Donald Trump|Donald]] (wakababika mu 1946), na [[Robert Trump|Robert]] (1948–2020).<ref name=marymac /><ref name=marymac2 /><ref name=marymac3 /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Phillips|first=Morgan|date=August 14, 2020|title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|access-date=August 15, 2020|website=[[Fox News]]|language=en-US|archive-date=January 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead|url-status=live}}</ref> Kubabika kwa mwana wawo waumaliro kukapangiska kuti Mary Anne wachitike opareshoni ya mwaluŵiro yakufumiska chiberekero ([[hysterectomy]]). Wakaŵa pafupi kufwa, kweni wakapona.<ref name=kruse /> [[File:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|upright|thumb|Mwana wake [[Donald Trump]] mu 1964]] [[File:Maryanne Trump Barry.png|thumb|upright|Mwana wake msungwana [[Maryanne Trump Barry]] mu 2006]] Mbumba iyi yikakhalanga ku [[Jamaica, Queens]], ndipo pamanyuma yikasamira ku [[Jamaica Estates]].<ref name=marymac /><ref name=nytobit /> Pakwamba, Mary Anne na Fred Trump ŵakakhalanga pa nyumba ya anyinavyalume ŵake, [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth]].<ref name=queens>{{cite news|last=Marzlock|first=Ron|title=Trump's Queens home|url=http://qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/trump-s-queens-home/article_9a0811ea-c1a0-5960-9ecc-b73a48500342.html?TNNoMobile|work=[[Queens Chronicle]]|date=March 3, 2016|archive-date=December 12, 2019|access-date=July 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212130750/http://qchron.com/qboro/i_have_often_walked/trump-s-queens-home/article_9a0811ea-c1a0-5960-9ecc-b73a48500342.html?TNNoMobile|url-status=live}}</ref> Kufika mu 1940, umoyo wa mbumba iyi ukaŵa uli kunozgeka chomene, ndipo ŵakalemba muteŵeti wa pa nyumba wa ku Scotland.<ref name=au>{{cite news |title=Pictured: Donald Trump inherited his mother Mary's hairstyle, plus much more |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/pictured-donald-trump-inherited-his-mother-marys-hairstyle-plus-much-more/news-story/7e1eb0aad9d1496f6e1d82998f313a97 |work=[[News.com.au]] |date=February 24, 2017 |archive-date=August 12, 2018 |access-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812032541/https://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/pictured-donald-trump-inherited-his-mother-marys-hairstyle-plus-much-more/news-story/7e1eb0aad9d1496f6e1d82998f313a97 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mwakuyana na mulembi wa mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump, [[Harry Hurt III]], MacLeod wakatemwanga kuwunganya ndalama izo zikasidiranga mu makina ghakusambizgira malaya gha pa nyumba za ma apartment izo mbumba yawo yikeneranga.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hurt III |first=Harry |title=Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=1993 |isbn=9780393030297}}</ref> Nkhani iyi yikayowoyekaso na ŵana ŵa MacLeod pakuyowoya vya anyina ŵa Fred Trump, ndipo Donald Trump nayo wakayowoyapo kuti nayo wakachitangaso nthena.<ref name="Blair1">{{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |title=[[The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire]] |date=2000 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |isbn=978-0743210799 |location=New York City |pages=510}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |date=April 18, 2016 |title=Our Woman in New York: Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders on Friendly Turf |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/us/politics/new-york-primary-trump-clinton-sanders.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |access-date=December 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814031019/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/19/us/politics/new-york-primary-trump-clinton-sanders.html |url-status=live }}</ref> MacLeod wakalera ŵana ŵake mu chisopa cha [[Presbyterian]], icho nayo wakakulira nacho. Pa Janyuwale 20, 2017, apo Donald Trump wakajumphanga chilapo pakwamba ntchito nga ni pulezidenti wa United States, wakagwiliskira ntchito [[Bible]] ya [[Revised Standard Version]] iyo anyina ŵake ŵakamupa mu 1955 wakati wamalizga sukulu ya [[Sunday school]] ya Presbyterian.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/religion/2017/01/17/donald-trump-sworn-lincoln-family-bibles/96387086/|title=What Bible did Donald Trump use on Inauguration Day?|first=Holly|last=Meyer|publisher=The Tennessean|date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> MacLeod wakendeskanga galimoto ya [[Rolls-Royce Motors|Rolls-Royce]] iyo yikaŵa na [[vanity plates]] yakulembekapo vilembo vyakwambilira vya zina lake, "MMT".<ref name=kruse /> MacLeod nayo wakagwiranga nchito ya kujipeleka mwaulele pa chipatala,<ref name=kruse/> ndipo wakachitanga milimo ya ku sukulu na ya mawovwelo gha ŵanthu,<ref name=kruse/> kusazgapo kovwira ŵanthu ŵa matenda gha [[cerebral palsy]] na kovwira kuti umoyo wa ŵalara awo ŵali na suzgo la mahara unozgeke.<ref name=marymac/> Mbumba ya Trump yikachitanga milimo yakovwira ŵanthu kwizira mu [[Salvation Army]], [[Boy Scouts of America]], na Lighthouse for the Blind, pamoza na mabungwe ghanyake gha mawovwelo.<ref name=nytobit/> MacLeod wakaŵa na udindo ukuru mu Women's Auxiliary ya Jamaica Hospital kweniso ku Jamaica Day Nursery. Iyo na mfumu wake ŵakapelekanga nyengo yawo, nkhongono, uteŵeti, kweniso ŵakawovwira kuzenga nyumba zinandi za munkhwala ku New York.<ref name=nytobit/><ref name=tnr/> Nyumba yakusungirako ŵalwari ya mabedi 228 pa [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]], uko wakachitanga nchito ya kujipeleka kwa vyaka vinandi, yikathya zina lake.<ref name=tnr>{{cite magazine |last1=Pilon |first1=Mary |title=Life at Trump Pavilion |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=June 14, 2017 |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/142995/trump-pavilion-medicaid-budget-cuts |access-date=November 9, 2017 |archive-date=September 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908020114/https://newrepublic.com/article/142995/trump-pavilion-medicaid-budget-cuts |url-status=live }}</ref> MacLeod nayo wakaŵa membala wa mabungwe ghanandi gha pa umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name=marymac/><ref name=kruse/> Nga ni munyinawo, MacLeod wakaŵa wakujikhizga chomene kuluska mfumu wake. Ŵabwezi ŵa ŵana ŵawo ŵakawonanga kuti wakachitanga nawo vinandi yayi poyerezgera na awiske.<ref name=kruse/> Wakati wachali msungwana, wakaŵa wa thupi lakufipa pachoko na sisi lifipa. Mu vyaka vyake vyaumaliro, nga umo wakaŵira mwana wake [[Donald Trump]], wakamanyikwanga na kawonekero kake ka sisi lakupakika la mtundu wa blond ilo mulembi [[Mary Pilon]] wakalichema kuti "dynamic orange swirl".<ref name=marymac/> Mu 1981, mwana wakwamba wa Mary Anne MacLeod, [[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred C. Trump Jr.]], wakafwa chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakachitika chifukwa cha [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sibling-bios-judge-sister-alcoholic-brother-retirees-2018-10|title=Meet Donald Trump's siblings, the oldest of whom just retired as a federal judge|last=Collman|first=Ashley|date=April 11, 2019|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-date=December 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211081519/https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-sibling-bios-judge-sister-alcoholic-brother-retirees-2018-10|url-status=live}}</ref> == Umoyo waumaliro na nyifwa == Apo wakalutiliranga kukalamba, MacLeod wakamba kusuzgika na matenda ghakuru gha [[osteoporosis]].<ref name=kruse /> Pa Okutobala 31, 1991, apo wakaŵa na vyaka 79, wakakoleka na munthu wakupoka pa nyengo iyo wakagulanga vinthu pa [[Union Turnpike (New York)|Union Turnpike]] ku [[Long Island]], kufupi na nyumba yake.<ref name=daily /> Wakakanizga uyo wakakhumbanga kumupoka chikwama chake icho mukaŵa madola 14, ndipo pamanyuma wakawiskika pasi na kutimbika chomene.<ref name=daily /> Wakapwetekeka nthumbo chifukwa cha nthambo zakusweka, maso ghake ghakatupa, wakasweka viwangwa vinandi, wakasuzgika na kuthika ndopa mu ubongo ([[brain hemorrhage]]), ndipo wakasakaso yayi kuwona na kupulika makora umoyo wake wose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/01/style/chronicle-650091.html|title=Chronicle|last=Brozan|first=Nadine|date=November 1, 1991|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064646/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/01/style/chronicle-650091.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/update-youth-is-sentenced-in-robbery-of-mrs-trump.html|title=Update; Youth Is Sentenced In Robbery of Mrs. Trump|date=July 26, 1992|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064651/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/update-youth-is-sentenced-in-robbery-of-mrs-trump.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mulendo wa galimoto yakunyamura vingwa zina lake Lawrence Herbert ndiyo wakakora mnyamata wa vyaka 16 uyo wakamuwukira. Chifukwa cha ntchito iyi, Donald Trump wakamupa Herbert cheke cha ndalama icho chikamovwira kuti nyumba yake yileke kupokeka chifukwa cha ngongole ([[foreclosure]]).<ref name=marymac3 /><ref>{{Cite magazine|year=1991|title=Trump Makes the Holiday Brighter For New Yorker Who Rescued His Mother|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mroDAAAAMBAJ&q=donald+trump+Lawrence+Herbert+check+foreclosure&pg=PA8|journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]|volume=81|number=11|page=8|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company|location=Chicago, Illinois|via=Google Books}}</ref> Pamanyuma pake, uyo wakamuwukira wakazomera mulandu wa kupoka na kutimba munthu, ndipo wakalangika kukhala mu jele vyaka vitatu kufika pa 9.<ref>{{cite news|url =https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/update-youth-is-sentenced-in-robbery-of-mrs-trump.html|title =Update; Youth Is Sentenced In Robbery of Mrs. Trump|website =[[The New York Times]]|date =July 26, 1992|archive-date =April 3, 2019|access-date =February 17, 2017|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064651/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/26/nyregion/update-youth-is-sentenced-in-robbery-of-mrs-trump.html|url-status =live}}</ref> Muwoli wa MacLeod, [[Fred Trump]], wakafwa pa vyaka 93 pa Juni 25, 1999, pamanyuma pakulwara [[chimfine cha mapapu]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|last=Rozhon|first=Tracie|date=June 26, 1999|title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418131121/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, MacLeod wakafwa pa Ogasiti 7, 2000, pa [[Long Island Jewish Medical Center]] ku [[New Hyde Park, New York]], wali na vyaka 88.<ref name="nytobit">{{cite news|title=Mary MacLeod Trump Philanthropist, 88|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html|access-date=May 25, 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 9, 2000|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323085602/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Ungano wa nyifwa ukachitikira pa [[Marble Collegiate Church]] ku Manhattan,<ref name =daily>{{cite news |last1=Moritz |first1=Owen |title=Trump family matriarch dead at 88 |url=http://nydailynews.com/archives/news/trump-family-matriarch-dead-88-article-1.886184 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |date=August 9, 2000 |language=en |access-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-date=July 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716053904/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trump-family-matriarch-dead-88-article-1.886184 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ndipo wakasungika pamoza na muwoli wake na mwana wake mwanalume (Fred Jr.) pa Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery ku [[Middle Village, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/|first=Nell|last=Scovell|title=A Visit to the Trump Family Gravesite Took a Very Trumpian Turn|date=October 11, 2016|website=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]|access-date=June 16, 2018|archive-date=February 24, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224115548/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/|url-status=live}}</ref> Uthenga wa nyifwa uwo ukafumiskika mu nyuzipepala ya kwawo ya ku Scotland, ''[[Stornoway Gazette]]'', ukati: "Wakafwa mwamtende ku New York pa 7 Ogasiti, Mary Ann {{sic}} Trump, wali na vyaka 88. Mwana wa Malcolm na Mary MacLeod awo mbakufwa kale, 5 Tong. Walirengeka chomene."<ref name=marymac3 /> == Mu chikhalidwe chakutchuka == * Wakaseŵeka na Catherine McNally mu filimu ya 2024 [[The Apprentice (filimu ya 2024)|''The Apprentice'']]. == Vyakukumbuska == {{notelist}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukoleranako vya kuwaro == * [https://www.scottishroots.com/people/donald.php Scottish Roots page] * [http://trumppavilion.org/ Pavilion website named after her] *{{findagrave|105719970| Mary Anne MacLeod Trump}} {{Trump family}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Mary Anne MacLeod}} [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakubabika mu 1912]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufwa mu 2000]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa m'ma 1900]] [[Category:Ŵanakazi ŵa ku America ŵa m'ma 1900]] [[Category:Anyina ŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa United States]] [[Category:Ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera unzika wa United States]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Isle of Lewis]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Jamaica Estates, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku New York (state)]] [[Category:Ŵa ku Scotland awo ŵakasamukira ku United States]] [[Category:Mbumba ya Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]] [[Category:Ŵa Presbyterian ŵa ku New York (state)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakutchuka ŵa ku Scotland]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵakutchuka ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Scotland ŵa m'ma 1900]] 3afag54nk97r7qwb0nyw8g0sjiw9rpa 10 48077 117810 2019-09-11T17:59:46Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Template:Collapsed bottom]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]] ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 117810 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Collapse bottom]] 7mew2vfn0t93rnp5fn8nnmy3qkudjlf 117811 117810 2026-07-22T19:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Collapsed_bottom]] 117810 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Collapse bottom]] 7mew2vfn0t93rnp5fn8nnmy3qkudjlf 10 48078 117812 2020-12-06T18:02:06Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Template:Collapsed top]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]] ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 117812 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Collapse top]] fc0t22rv90z9jvpuay2numb4ffqhm88 117813 117812 2026-07-22T19:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 1 revision imported from [[:en:Template:Collapsed_top]] 117812 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Collapse top]] fc0t22rv90z9jvpuay2numb4ffqhm88 10 48079 117830 2026-07-06T18:16:25Z en>ABreault (WMF) 0 For [[phab:T398967|T398967]], see the talk page 117830 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */ .markup { margin: 0; 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Wakumwetulira, ndipo mawungu ghake ghakuru na vipapo vya pasi pa..." 117832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo wa ku America (1905–1999)}} {{other people}} {{pp-blp|small=yes}} {{use American English|date=August 2020}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{infobox person | name = Fred Trump | image = Fred Trump in the 1980s (cropped3).jpg | alt = Chithuzi cha mwanalume muchekuru wambura sisi zinandi za mutu, wakuŵa na masharubu. Wakumwetulira, ndipo mawungu ghake ghakuru na vipapo vya pasi pa maso vikubenekelera pafupifupi maso ghake ghakuwoneka ghakutowa. Chigongono chake cha kumalyero chili kubira mkati pafupi na chibwano. Mano ghake ghawemi ghakuwoneka gha mtundu wa uswesi. | caption = Trump mu 1986 | birth_name = Frederick Christ Trump | birth_date = {{Birth date|1905|10|11}} | birth_place = New York City, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1999|6|25|1905|10|11}} | death_place = New York City, U.S. | burial_place = Lutheran [[Masiŵa gha All Faiths]], Queens | political_party = [[Chipani cha Republican (United States)|Republican]] | other_party = [[Chipani cha Democratic cha Boma la New York]] | education = [[Pratt Institute]] | occupation = {{hlist|Mubizinesi|Wakuzenga na kukhozga malo}} | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary Anne MacLeod]]|January 1936}} | children = {{hlist|[[Maryanne Trump Barry|Maryanne]]|[[Fred Trump Jr.|Fred Jr.]]|[[Elizabeth Trump Grau|Elizabeth]]|[[Donald Trump|Donald]]|[[Robert Trump|Robert]]}} | parents = [[Frederick Trump]]<br/>[[Elizabeth Christ Trump]] | family = [[Mbumba ya Trump]] | awards = [[Mphotho ya Horatio Alger]] }} '''Frederick Christ Trump'''{{efn|Zina lake lapakati likuzunulika {{IPAc-en|k|ɹ|ɪ|s|t}}, likuyana na mazgu ghakuti "fist".}} (Okutobala 11, 1905 – Juni 25, 1999) wakaŵa [[wakuzenga na kukhozga malo]] kweniso mubizinesi wa ku America. Wakaŵa awiske ŵa [[Donald Trump]], mlongozgi wa 45 na 47 wa [[Pulezidenti wa United States]], pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake ŵanayi. Wakababikira ku [[Bronx]] mu [[New York City]] kwa ŵapapi [[Ŵa Germany|Ŵa Germany]] awo ŵakasamukira ku America, Trump wakamba ntchito ya [[kuzenga nyumba]] na kuguliska nyumba m'ma 1920 pambere wandalongozge bizinesi ya malo iyo yikambika na ŵapapi ŵake (iyo pamanyuma yikamanyikwa kuti [[Trump Organization]]).{{efn|name="fredco"|Kale yikaŵavya zina limoza, kweni yikachemekanga Fred (C.) Trump Organization<ref>{{cite news |date=December 23, 1951 |title=Controller |work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005031005/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24272037/controller/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Ryan |date=February 11, 1961 |title=Real estate |work=New York Daily News |url= https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/|access-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181005030955/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/24271973/real_estate/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo yikendereskanga makampani ghanyake nga ni Trump Management na Trump Construction Corp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Inc |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/0123132D:US |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg.com]] |archive-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216192109/https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=1fe0f160-708c-11eb-8844-8908c1824c1f&url=L3Byb2ZpbGUvY29tcGFueS8wMTIzMTMyRDpVUw== |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gerstein-2016"/>}} Kampani yake yikachita makora chomene, pakuzenga na kwendeska nyumba za mbumba yimoza ku [[Queens]], nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku [[Mphepete mwa nyanja wa Kumafumiro gha Dazi wa United States]] pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kweniso nyumba zakujumpha 27,000 ku New York yose. Trump wakafumbikiskika chifukwa cha [[kupenja phindu mwambura kwenelera]] na komiti ya [[Seneti ya United States]] mu 1954 ndipo wakafumbikiskikaso na [[Boma la New York]] mu 1966. Donald Trump wakaŵa pulezidenti wa kampani ya malo ya awiske mu 1971. Vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma, iwo ŵakapelekeka ku khoti na [[Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States, Chigaŵa cha Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu]] chifukwa cha [[kusankhana mitundu ku United States|kusankhana ŵanthu ŵafipa chifukwa cha mtundu wawo]]. Kuyana na ''[[The New York Times]]'', Fred na muwoli wake, [[Mary Anne MacLeod Trump|Mary]], ŵakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha US$1 biliyoni (kuyana na mtengo wa ndalama wa 2018) ku ŵana ŵawo, [[kugega msonkho|ŵakugega]] kulipira ndalama zakujumpha US$500 miliyoni za [[msonkho wa mphatso ku United States|msonkho wa mphatso]]. Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakambiska kampani yinyake iyo yikagwiliskirika ntchito kusamuskira usambazi wa Fred ku ŵana ŵake. Pafupifupi nyengo yakuti wafwe, Fred wakasamuskira umwini wa nyumba zake zinandi ku ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo, ndipo vyaka vichoko waka pamanyuma ŵakaziguliska pa mtengo uwo ukaŵa wakujumpha maulendo 16 kuluska uwo ŵakaphalira kale. Trump wakakakika pa chiyezgo cha [[Ku Klux Klan]] mu 1927, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana wakuti wakawovwiranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"|Mu Seputembala 2015, ''[[Boing Boing]]'' wakalembaso nkhani ya ''[[New York Times]]'' yakukhwaskana na kukakika kwa Fred mu 1927 iyo yikalongosora adiresi yake,<ref name="boing"/> ndipo Donald wakazomerezga adiresi iyi ku ''Times''. Pamanyuma, apo wakafumbika vya nkhani ya 1927, Donald wakakana kuti awiske ŵakakhalapo ku malo agho panji kuti ŵakakakikapo,<ref>{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=September 22, 2015 |title=In Interview, Donald Trump Denies Report of Father's Arrest in 1927 |department=First Draft |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131024147/https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/09/22/in-interview-donald-trump-denies-report-of-fathers-arrest-in-1927/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo pakwenera kuŵa munthu munyake uyo wakachita mulandu uwu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeyinka |first=Gem |date=March 4, 2024 |title=Donald Isn't The Only Trump With A Criminal History. Here's Why His Dad Fred Was Arrested |url=https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=The List|archive-date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308071149/https://www.thelist.com/1531276/donald-trump-dad-fred-trump-arrested/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}}{{efn|name="k1k"|KKK mu nyengo iyo yikaŵa gulu lakutali chomene la [[white nationalist|ŵanthu ŵakutemwa mtundu wa ŵatuŵa]] la [[Protestantism in the United States|Ŵaprotesitanti]] ku U.S. ilo likalimbana chomene na [[Anti-Black racism|ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Africa]], [[Antisemitism in the United States|Ŵayuda]], [[Anti-Catholicism in the United States|Ŵakatolika]], na [[Immigration reduction in the United States|ŵanthu ŵakusama]]. (Likasuskangaso [[Christian views on birth control|nthowa zakukanizga kubaba]], [[Prohibition in the United States|kumwa moŵa]], na [[Objections to evolution|kusambizga chisanduko cha vinthu mwakugwiliskira ntchito sayansi]].)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rothman |first=Joshua D. |date=December 4, 2016 |title=When Bigotry Paraded Through the Streets |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |access-date=November 5, 2023 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110120823/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/12/second-klan/509468/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Kwambira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kuti waleke kulumikizika na [[Nazism]], Trump wakakana kuti wakafuma ku Germany ndipo wakawovwiranga milimo ya [[Jewish|Ŵayuda]].{{efn|name="brsh"|Trump wakamba kuvwara [[toothbrush mustache]] mu 1950, nyengo iyo ukaŵa kuti waleka kutemweka chifukwa cha kulumikizika na [[Adolf&nbsp;Hitler]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Cohen |first=Rich |author-link=Rich Cohen |date=November 2007 |title=Becoming Adolf |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221180319/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/11/cohen200711 |archive-date=December 21, 2014 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2023 |title=How Donald Trump's father Fred built a billion-dollar property empire |url=https://www.loveproperty.com/galleries/157358/how-donald-trumps-father-fred-built-a-billiondollar-property-empire |access-date=September 5, 2023 |website=Love Property |quote=Bizarrely, by 1950 he was sporting a Hitler toothbrush moustache, which had understandably become a major no-no.}}</ref>}}{{Efn|name="sam"|Ŵabali ŵanyake ŵa [[fraternity]] ku [[Sigma Alpha Mu]] ilo kale likaŵa gulu la Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakati munyawo [[Fred Trump&nbsp;Jr.]] wakayowoya kuti awiske ŵakaŵa Muyuda.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Does Donald Trump Have Jewish Roots? |url=https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |access-date=August 12, 2020 |work=[[Vos Iz Neias?]] |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421112422/https://vosizneias.com/2019/11/01/donald-trump-have-jewish-roots/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2018, munthu wakusanda maghanoghano [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred&nbsp;Jr. wakajoyina gulu ili kuti wasuskane na awiske, awo Frank wakuti ŵakaŵa {{nowrap|[[Antisemitism in the United States|ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda]]}}.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred&nbsp;Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], nayo pamanyuma wakayowoya kuti sekuru ŵake ŵakaŵa "ŵakutinkha Ŵayuda chomene".<ref name="why"/>}}{{efn|name="kt"|Apo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa U.S., Donald wakayowoyapo kanandi waka mwautesi kuti awiske ŵakafuma ku Germany.<ref name="Germany"/><ref name="fourth"/><ref name="health"/> Apo wakayowoyanga vya [[German Chancellor|Mulongozgi wa boma la Germany]], Donald wakuti wakayowoya kuti, "Nkhakulira pasi pa Mjeremani mukuru chomene kuluska wose,"<ref name="Alone"/> kugwiliskira ntchito lizgu lakunyoza Mjeremani, chomenechomene msilikari wa [[World War I|Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu Chose]]/[[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]].<ref name="kraut"/>}} ==Umoyo wa pakwamba na ntchito== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:Elisabeth and Friedrich Trump circa 1915.jpg|thumb|Fred Trump (kumazere chomene) pamoza na mbumba yake, {{circa|1915}}]] Adada ŵa Trump, [[Frederick Trump]] awo ŵakababika ku Germany (pakwamba ŵakachemekanga Friedrich), ŵakasanga usambazi ukuru pa nyengo ya [[Klondike Gold Rush]] chifukwa cha kwendeska malo ghakulyeramo na nyumba ya mahule ya ŵakukumba golide. Friedrich wakawelera ku [[Kallstadt]] mu 1901, ndipo mu chaka chakulondezgapo wakakumana na kweniso wakatora [[Elizabeth Christ Trump|Elizabeth Christ]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=90, 94–95}} Ŵakasamira ku [[New York City]], uko mwana wawo wakwamba, Elizabeth, wakababika mu 1904.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=97}} Pamanyuma mu chaka chenechicho, mbumba yikawelera ku Kallstadt.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Fred wakababikira mu [[Bavaria]], uko ŵapapi ŵake ŵakakhumbanga {{nowrap|kuwelera}} kukakhala, kweni Friedrich wakachimbizgika chifukwa cha [[Draft evasion|kukana kuluta ku nkhondo]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Connolly |first=Kate |date=November 21, 2016 |title=Historian finds German decree banishing Trump's grandfather |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415144100/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/21/trump-grandfather-friedrich-banished-germany-historian-royal-decree |archive-date=April 15, 2025 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=98}} Mbumba yikawelera ku New York pa Julayi 1, 1905, ndipo yikasamira ku [[the Bronx]], uko Frederick Christ Trump wakababika pa Okutobala 11, 1905.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=110}}{{efn|name="kt"}} Munung'una wa Fred, [[John G. Trump]], wakababika mu 1907. Ŵana wose ŵatatu ŵakakulira uku ŵakayowoyanga [[Chiyowoyero cha Germany|Chijeremani]] ku nyumba.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=29}} Mu Seputembala 1908, mbumba yikasamira ku [[Woodhaven, Queens]].{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=112}} Ukaboni wakulongosora vinandi vya ubwana wa Trump ukufuma ku nkhani izo wakalemba yekha ndipo vikulongosora kujiyimira yekha, kusambira kweniso chomene [[ntchito yakulimbikira]]{{snd}}mwakuti vinyake vikawoneka nga ni nkhani zakwambika waka.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=67|ps=. "Mu 1950 [Fred] wakalemba kampani yakusambizga vya ubale na ŵanthu ya Madison Avenue kuti yilenge chikalata cha manyuzipepala icho chikayowoya vya 'nkhani ya chipambano iyo yikuyana na nkhani ya kubendeseka ya [[Horatio Alger]] yakukhwaskana na mwana uyo wakasandura ndalama zichoko waka kuŵa ufumu wa bizinesi.' Kweni nkhani ya Fred Trump yakukhwaskana na umoyo wake, iyo ŵalutirizgi ŵake ŵakayiyika mu manyuzipepala ghanyake gha mu chigaŵa, nayo yikaŵa ya kubendeseka nga umo yikaŵira nkhani ya Horatio Alger."}}{{efn|Mu buku lake la mbiri ya mbumba ya Trump, [[Gwenda Blair]] wakugwiliskira ntchito nkhani izi kweniso mafunso agho wakafumba Fred na ŵabali ŵake.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=486}} Blair wakakumana na Fred kakwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, apo wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa "wakufoka chomene".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Glasser |first1=Susan B. |last2=Kruse |first2=Michael |date=April 2016 |title=Trumpology: A Master Class |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Politico Magazine]] |archive-date=August 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816000748/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/04/donald-trump-2016-campaign-biography-psychology-history-barrett-hurt-dantiono-blair-obrien-213835/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Apo wakaŵa na vyaka 10, Trump wakagwiranga ntchito ya kwiza na kutolera katundu kwa munthu wakuguliska nyama.<ref name="Horowitz-2016">{{cite news |last=Horowitz |first=Jason |date=August 12, 2016 |title=Fred Trump Taught His Son the Essentials of Showboating Self-Promotion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503091137/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/13/us/politics/fred-donald-trump-father.html |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Pakajumpha vyaka viŵiri, pa [[Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari|Zuŵa lakukumbukira ŵasilikari]], awiske ŵakafwa mu [[nthenda ya chimfine ya 1918]],<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |last=Rozhon |first=Tracie |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred C. Trump, Postwar Master Builder of Housing for Middle Class, Dies at 93 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418131121/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/26/nyregion/fred-c-trump-postwar-master-builder-of-housing-for-middle-class-dies-at-93.html |archive-date=April 18, 2010}}</ref> mwaluŵiro chomene kuyana na ivyo Fred wakayowoya.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=116}}<ref>[https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 NYC Municipal Archives Historical Vital Records, Department of Records and Information Services] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124081625/https://a860-historicalvitalrecords.nyc.gov/view/5166022 |date=January 24, 2023}}. Accessed December 2, 2023. "[A doctor] attended the deceased from May 23 ... to May 30, 1918."</ref> Kufuma mu 1918 mpaka 1923, Fred wakasambira ku [[Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill (Queens)|Sukulu ya sekondare ya Richmond Hill]] mu Queens,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=117}} uku wakagwiranga ntchito nga ni [[Caddie|msungiliri wa vinthu pa malo gha gofu]], wakupenta vizingo vya misewu, wakupokera na kutumizga katundu, kweniso wakuguliska manyuzipepala.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Wendell |first=Ed |date=July 28, 2015 |title=The Trump name's humble Woodhaven roots |url=http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234528/http://leaderobserver.com/view/full_story/26776139/article-The-Trump-name-humble-Woodhaven-roots |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |access-date=August 16, 2021 |publisher=The Leader/Observer |location=Queens, New York}}</ref> Pa nyengo iyi, amama ŵake ŵakalutilira bizinesi ya [[vyakuzenga nyumba]] iyo Friedrich wakambiska. Pakukhumba kuŵa muzengi, Fred wakazenga garaja la mzengezgani ndipo wakasambiranga masambiro gha usiku gha [[uchekaji]] na kuŵazga mapulani gha vyakuzenga; vikuyowoyeka kuti wakasambira [[vyakupakira maji]], [[uzengi wa malibwe]], na [[mawaya gha magesi]] kwizira mu [[masambiro gha makalata]],{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=119}} nangauli mabuku ghanyake gha mbiri ghakulongora kuti masambiro ghake gha vyakuzenga ghakaŵa pa nyengo ya pamanyuma pa sekondare, apo wakaŵa wakugwirangaso ntchito mu ntchitoyi.<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=}} Pamanyuma pakumaliza masambiro mu Januwale 1923, Trump wakasanga ntchito ya nyengo yose yakuguzura matabwa kuya ku malo gha vyakuzenga.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakawerenga vya uchekaji ndipo wakaŵa mskhasu wa kalipentara.{{Efn|Manyuzipepala ghakale ghakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambilira masambiro ghake ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> apo mabuku ghakuzaka ghakuyowoya waka za [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la m'ma 2000 la mbiri ya umoyo wake, Blair wakuyowoya kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro gha YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondare ndipo wakasambira ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Amama ŵa Trump ŵakasunga bizinesi mu zina lawo m'paka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[msinkhu wakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likawoneka mu vyakupharazga kufuma mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa amama ŵake kuti wamalizge na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Kweni malemba gha boma ghakulongora kuti wakamba kuzenga yayi m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani yikapangika kuŵa [[Incorporation (business)|kampani yakuzomerezgeka mwalamulo]]<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> (ndipo pamanyuma pa kufika kwa Trump pa vyaka 21). Trump wakayowoyeka kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliska zinyake pambere zindamalizike kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndalama zake pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Muwalebi wa kafukufuku [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga ukuru wa nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakalombanga ku [[Makhoti gha boma la United States|khoti la boma]] kuti wapokere kampani iyo yikaleka kugwira ntchito ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakhozgeranga gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga umoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba ghakuguliska vinthu vya mtundu wa [[supermarket]] mu Msumba wa New York, uwo ukachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Ukapangika mwakuyana na sitolo ya [[Long Island]] ya [[King Kullen]], iyo yikaŵa msakato wa masitolo ghakuguliska vinthu mwakuti ŵanthu ŵakujitengera vyawo. Sitolo ya Trump yikapharazganga kuti "Jiguliskirani na kusunga ndalama!" ndipo yikamba kutemweka luŵiro. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakaguliska iyo ku King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yachigaŵa ya kusungira ngongole za nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J.&nbsp;Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafwa ndalama ndipo pamanyuma yikasambazgika. Ichi chikamupa Trump mwayi wakusanga mazina gha malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa pafupi [[kukatika chifukwa cha kutondeka kulipira ngongole]], ndipo wakagura malo agha pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na mabizinesi ghanyake gha vyakuzenga nyumba vikamupangiska kuti wamanyikwe luŵiro nga ni yumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuluska mu Msumba wa New York.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Pamanyuma pakumalizga masambiro mu January 1923, Trump wakamba ntchito ya nyengo yose yakutolera matabwa kuya ku malo ghakuzengapo.{{sfn|Whitman|1973}} Wakachita masambiro gha vya uchisumi ndipo wakaŵa mthandizi wa musisiteri.{{Efn|Magazini ghakale ghakalemba kuti Trump wakasambira masambiro agha ku [[YMCA]],<ref name="aces"/><ref name="whitman"/> kweni mabuku gha pamanyuma ghakuzunura waka [[Pratt Institute]].{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=26}} Mu buku lake la vyaka vya m'ma 2000, Blair wakuti Trump wakasambira ku YMCA apo wakaŵa ku sekondale ndipo wakalutizga masambiro ku Pratt pamanyuma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=120}}}} Anyina ŵa Trump ŵakasunga zina la bizinesi mu zina lawo mpaka apo wakafikira vyaka 21, [[vyaka vya ukuru]].<ref name="whitman"/> Zina la kampani "[[E. Trump & Son]]" likamba kuwoneka mu malonda mu 1924,<ref>{{cite news |date=August 16, 1924 |title=Classified ad |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406031008/https://www.newspapers.com/image/576094536/?terms=%22E.%20Trump%20%26%20Son%22&match=1 |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=The Chat |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=53}}</ref> ndipo mu chaka ichi Trump wakuti wakagwiliskira ntchito ngongole ya madola 800 kufuma kwa anyina kuti wamare kuzenga na kuguliska nyumba yake yakwamba.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire">{{cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Gerald S. |date=July 26, 1964 |title=Millionaire Calls Work His Hobby |journal=[[The Bridgeport Post]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |page=65 |via=Newspapers.com |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502060102/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7174250/the_bridgeport_post/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="whitman">{{cite news |last=Whitman |first=Alden |date=January 28, 1973 |title=A builder looks back – and moves forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502133920/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/28/archives/a-builder-looks-backand-moves-forward-builder-looks-back-but-moves.html |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=October 8, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Ndipouli, ivyo vikulongora vya boma vikukolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakazenga nyumba m'paka mu 1927,{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34–35}} chaka icho kampani iyi yikasazikika mwalamulo [[Incorporation (business)|nga kampani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=April 16, 1927 |title=New concerns function with Queens capital |page=16 |work=The Daily Star |url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252015%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Daily%2520Star%25201927%2520-%25200653.pdf&xml=http%3A%2F%2Fultonhistory.com%2FdtSearch%2Fdtisapi6.dll%3Fcmd%3Dgetpdfhits%26u%3D6c404f01%26Do |quote=E. Trump & Son Company, Inc., of Jamaica, has been formed with $50,000 capital to deal in realty. |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408221322/https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2015/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927/Brooklyn%20NY%20Daily%20Star%201927%20-%200653.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakayowoyanga kuti wakazenga nyumba zinyake 19 mu 1926 mu [[Hollis, Queens]], ndipo wakaguliskanga zinyake pambere zindamare kuti wagwiliskire ntchito ndarama izo pakuzengaso zinyake.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=120–122}} Mlembi wakufufuza nkhani [[Wayne Barrett]] wakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene nyengo ya ntchito yake mu 1934 apo wakayezganga kuphalira khoti la boma chifukwa icho wakeneranga kupokera kampani yakale iyo yikapwanyika ya [[mortgage servicer]] na katundu wake.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=34, 37, 39}} Mu 1927, Trump [[#kkk|wakakakika]] pa chiwonetsero cha [[Ku Klux Klan]], kweni palije [[ukaboni wakukwana]] wakuti wakakolerananga na gulu ili.{{efn|name="bb"}} ===Kukwera ku chipambano=== Mu 1933, Trump wakazenga sitolo yimoza mwa masitolo ghakwamba gha ma [[supermarket]] ghakale mu New York City, iyo yikachemekanga Trump Market, mu Woodhaven, Queens. Yikaŵa yakuyana na [[Long Island]]'s [[King Kullen]], kampani ya masitolo gha kujisangira vinthu. Malonda gha sitolo iyi ghakati "Jisangirani na Kusunga Ndalama!" ndipo yikazgoka yakumanyikwa chomene. Pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi na umoza, Trump wakayiguliska kwa King Kullen.<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=123}} Mu khoti la boma mu 1934, Trump na munyake ŵakapokera kampani yakugwiliska ntchito ya ndalama za ngongole ya nyumba ya [[Brooklyn]] ya [[J. Lehrenkrauss Corporation]],{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=127}} iyo yikaŵa yafika pa ubankabankha ndipo pamanyuma yikagaŵikana. Ichi chikapeleka mwaŵi kwa Trump kuti wasange mazina gha nyumba zinandi izo zikaŵa pafupi kupokera na maboma cifukwa ca kuleka kulipira ngongole, ndipo wakagulanga nyumba izi pa mtengo wakuchepa na kuziguliskaso kuti wasange phindu. Ichi na milimo yinyake ya vyakuzenga nyumba vikapangiska kuti Trump wamanyikwe nga njumoza wa ŵamalonda ŵakuchita makora chomene mu New York City.{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}}<ref name="aces">{{cite news |last=Roth |first=Richard J. |date=May 14, 1950 |title=Trump the Builder Plays Mothers as Ace Cards |url=https://img0.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426081241/https://www.newspapers.com/image/53867067/ |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |access-date=July 23, 2020 |work=[[Brooklyn Eagle]] |page=25 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito ndalama zakovwira pa ngongole za nyumba [[Subsidized housing in the United States|izomwe zikapelekeka]] na [[Federal Housing Administration]] (FHA) pamanyuma pachoko pakwambiska pulogiramu iyi kwizira mu [[National Housing Act of 1934]],<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> iyo yikazomerezgaso mchitiro wakupambana mitundu wa [[Racism in the United States|kugaŵa malo mwakutengera mtundu]] uwo ukuchemeka [[redlining]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gross |first=Terry |date=May 3, 2017 |title=A 'Forgotten History' Of How The U.S. Government Segregated America |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=[[NPR]] |archive-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://web.archive.org/web/20200603055315/https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1936, Trump wakaŵa na ŵantchito 400{{efn|Blair wakulongora kuti wose ŵakaŵa [[Ŵazungu|ŵanthu ŵazungu]], kweni ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyakupambana.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}}}} awo ŵakafukanga misingi ya nyumba izo zikaguliskikanga pa mitengo yakufuma pa madola 3,000 kufika pa madola 6,250.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=150}} Trump wakagwiliskira ntchito nthowa ya wiske ya [[Psychological pricing|kuŵika mitengo mwakupangiska maghanoghano]], apo wakalembanga mitengo iyo yamalizgikanga na "... 9.99".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu ma 1930 ghakumaliro, wakagwiliskira ntchito [[showboat|boti lakulanga malonda]] mumphepete mwa [[Coney Island]]; boti ili likayimbanga [[American patriotic music|sumu zakukhuŵilizga chitemwa cha charu]] ndipo likanyamulanga mabaluni ghakuyana na [[swordfish]] agho ŵanthu ŵakatenge ŵangagwiliskira ntchito kupeza madola 25 panji 250 pa kugura nyumba zake.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/> Mu 1938, ''[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]'' yikachema Trump kuti "the [[Henry Ford]] wa bizinesi yakuzenga nyumba".<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/><ref>{{Cite news|date=July 10, 1938|title=Recovery Going Into High, Says Youthful B'klyn Builder|page=39|work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=August 9, 2021|access-date=August 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809033310/http://www.newspapers.com/image/52610700/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu nyengo iyi, Trump wakayowoya kuti wazamusanga phindu kufuma ku [[World War II]].{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Mu 1942, wakazenga nyumba 2,000 mu Brooklyn kwizira mu ndalama za FHA.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=146}} Mu nyengo ya nkhondo, [[Office of Production Management]] ya boma la United States (iyo yikakhazikiskika mu 1941) yikazomerezga kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama za FHA pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo mu [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn]], cifukwa cha kufupi kwake na [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]]. Trump wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba 700 kweneku, iyo mphanyi yikaŵa ntchito yake yikuru chomene kweniso ya ofesi ya FHA ya boma la New York pa nyengo iyo, kweni pamanyuma pa [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] na [[United States declaration of war on Japan|kulengeka kwa nkhondo kwa United States pa Japan]], pulani iyi yikasinthika na kuŵika mtima pa nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo ku malo ghanyake ghakuzengera ŵasilikari pa [[East Coast of the United States|mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi]], ku [[Hampton Roads]] pafupi na [[Norfolk, Virginia]], uko Trump wakaŵa kuti wakamba kale kuzenga nyumba za ŵanthu.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} [[United States Congress|Bungwe la malango la United States]] likasazgirako chigaŵa mu National Housing Act icho chikapeleka [[mortgage insurance]] ku nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo, ndipo kwizira mu nthowa iyi Trump wakazomerezgeka kuŵa mwenecho wa nyumba izo wakazenga. Mu 1944, wakazenga nyumba za ŵantchito ŵa nkhondo zakukwana 1,360, pafupifupi 10% ya nyumba zose izo zikazengeka mu Norfolk.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|pp=156–161}} Wakazengaso [[barracks]] na nyumba za munda (garden apartments) za ŵantchito ŵa [[U.S. Navy]] kufupi na malo ghakuzengera sitima mu Norfolk na [[Newport News, Virginia]], kweniso ku [[Chester, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="nyt"/> Vyaka vinandi pamanyuma pakuguliska ntchito ya munthu wakumanyiska vya malonda, [[Howard Rubenstein]], kuti wawovwire kupanga nkhani zakukhwaskana na umoyo wake izo zikayerezganga nkhani za [[rags-to-riches]] za mulembi wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, [[Horatio Alger]],<ref name="Belkin-2016">{{Cite web |last=Belkin |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Belkin |date=July 16, 2016 |title=Be a killer, be a king: The education of Donald Trump |url=https://news.yahoo.com/killer-king-education-donald-trump-000000711.html |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News }}</ref> mu 1985, Fred wakapokera [[Horatio Alger Award]] (chifukwa cha "Ŵamerika ŵakumanyikwa chomene").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fred C. Trump |url=https://horatioalger.org/members/ |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=Horatio Alger Association|archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419114634/https://horatioalger.org/members/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Munthu wakumanyikwa pa wayilesi na televizioni [[Art Linkletter]] ndiyo wakamanyiska Trump pa mwambo uwu, ndipo minisitala wa [[Protestant]] [[Norman Vincent Peale]] na muwoli wake (Ruth Stafford Peale, uyo wakapokera kale chawanangwa ichi), [[Ruth Stafford Peale|Ruth Peale]], ndiwo ŵakamupa chawanangwa ichi.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KNJLzxHwENo |title=Fred C. Trump* – 1985 Horatio Alger Award Recipient |publisher=Horatio Alger Association |access-date=August 27, 2022 |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827110510/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=KNJLzxHwENo |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa nkhani yake yakupokera chawanangwa, Trump wakayowoya kuti chinthu chakuzirwa pa chipambano chake chikaŵa kutemwa ntchito yake ndipo kuti "wakawonanga ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakasanga chipambano ... awo ŵakachita vinthu viwemi na viheni ndipo ... wakalondezganga mikhaliro yiwemi iyo ŵakaŵa nayo". Pamanyuma wakayowoya (panji mwakubudika)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=David Cay |author-link=David Cay Johnston |date=August 26, 2016 |title=Q&A |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |access-date=April 6, 2023 |website=[[C-SPAN]] |quote=. "I don't remember reading that in Shakespeare." Event occurs at 48. |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://web.archive.org/web/20230406052843/https://www.c-span.org/video/?414381-1/qa-david-cay-johnston |url-status=live}}</ref> kuti mazgu ghakuti "Lekani kulondezga ngolo yakuzura yayi chifukwa", apo wakalongora ku mutu wake, "palije ico chikugwa kufuma mwenemumo" ghakaŵa gha [[William Shakespeare]]. Wakapitiriza na kumanyiska ŵamumbumba yake awo ŵakaŵa ŵachali ŵamoyo.<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> ==Milimo yinyake== [[File:FredTrump1950-05.png|thumb|upright=.5|alt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of a man with slicked-back hair and a faint mustache. He wears a suit.|Trump pafupi na {{circa|1950}}]] Kukwambilira kwa 1954, Purezidenti [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] na ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵa boma ŵakamba kususka ŵamalonda ŵa vyakuzenga nyumba awo ŵakapanga phindu lakujumphizga pa ntchito za boma. Mu Juni chaka icho, ''[[The New York Times]]'' yikaŵika zina la Trump pa ndandanda ya ŵakuzenga nyumba 35 mu msumba awo ŵakaŵapanikizgika kuti ŵakasanga phindu lakujumphizga kufuma ku mapangano gha boma.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}} Iye na ŵanyake ŵakafufuzika na [[United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs|komiti ya ndalama ya Senate ya United States]] chifukwa cha [[windfall gain]]. Trump na munyake William Tomasello{{efn|Tomasello, uyo wakaŵa na kukolerana na [[mafia]],{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}<!-- Blair refers to William as James. --> wakaŵa na 25% ya Beach Haven Apartments ndipo Trump wakamulongosora kuti ni "mupanga wa njerwa [ndipo] mwenecho wa malo wakale".<ref>{{cite web |date=June 18, 1954 |title=Executive Session in the Matter of: Special Interview to Investigate Federal Housing Administration |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Columbia Reporting Company |location=Washington, D.C. |page=342 |via=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=September 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901052804/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/1954-06-18-senate-interview-of-fred-trump.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Padera pa ndalama, Trump panji wakagwilira ntchito na Tomasello kuti waŵe kutali na masuzgo gha mafia panji mabungwe gha ŵantchito.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=51–53}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=171–172}}}} ŵakazunulika nga ni viyelezgero vya umo ŵakuzenga nyumba ŵakasangira phindu kwizira mu FHA.{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=409}} Ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakalipira madola 34,200 pa malo agho ŵakapanga kuti kampani yawo yiŵe na renti ya madola 76,960 pa chaka mu pangano la vyaka 99, mwakuti usange nyumba izo ŵakazenga pa malo agha zingalekera kulipira ngongole, FHA mphanyi yikaŵapa madola 1.924 miliyoni. Trump na Tomasello ŵakawoneka kuti ŵakapokera ngongole zakukwana madola 3.5 miliyoni kwakuluska mtengo uwo Beach Haven Apartments yikaguliranga.<ref name="unbelievable"/>{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=58}} Trump wakayowoya kuti cifukwa chakuti wakafumiskapo yayi ndalama izi, wakangapokera yayi phindu mwakudunjika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|p=410}} Wakayowoyaso kuti cifukwa cha kukwera kwa mitengo, mphanyi wakeneranga kuŵikapo ndalama zinandi kuluska 10% ya [[mortgage loan]] iyo yikaŵavya kupelekeka na FHA, ndipo mphanyi wakasangana na suzgo la kutaya ndalama usange wakazenga nyumba mu nthowa iyi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=175–176}}{{sfn|Senate|1954|pp=414–415}} Mu 1961, Trump wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $2,500 ku kampeni yakusankhikaso ya meya wa New York [[Robert F. Wagner Jr.]], ndipo ichi chikamovwira kusanga chitemwa cha boma pa ntchito yakuzenga [[Trump Village]], malo ghakuru gha nyumba zakukhalamo ku Coney Island.<ref name="Blair-2018">{{Cite web |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fred Trump Slays the King of Cooperative Housing |url=https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |access-date=January 17, 2022 |website=The Gotham Center for New York City History|archive-date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://web.archive.org/web/20220117080755/https://www.gothamcenter.org/blog/fred-trump-slays-the-king-of-cooperative-housing |url-status=live}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikazengeka mu vyaka vya 1963–64 ndipo yikagula ndalama zakukwana $70 miliyoni. Yikaŵa yimoza mwa ntchito zikuru chomene kweniso zakumalizga za Trump,<ref name="bridgeportmillionaire"/><ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=30, 32 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |number=1}}</ref> ndipo ndiyo pera yikaŵa na zina lake.<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza, wakazenga nyumba zakukwana 27,000 za ŵanthu ŵakavu kweniso nyumba zakulongozgana mu chigaŵa cha New York, kusazgapo ku Brooklyn (ku Coney Island, Bensonhurst, [[Sheepshead Bay]], [[Flatbush]], na [[Brighton Beach]]) kweniso ku Queens (ku [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]] na [[Jamaica Estates]]).<ref name="nyt"/>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pages=121, 156}} Mu 1966, Trump wakafufuzikaso chifukwa cha kupoka phindu likuru chomene, nyengo iyi na ŵakufufuza ŵa boma la New York [[Office of Inspector General (United States)|State investigators]].<!-- Per nyc.gov/site/doi/about/timeline.page --> Pamanyuma pakuti Trump wakakwezga chomene ndalama zakuzengera izo zikapelekeka na pulogalamu ya boma, wakasanga phindu la $598,000 kwizira mu kupangiska renti ya vinthu vyakuzengera pa ntchito ya Trump Village, ndipo ndalama izi zikagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito zinyake. Mu ukaboni uwo wakapeleka pa January 27, 1966, Trump wakati iyo payekha wandachite chinthu chiheni ndipo wakalumba umo ntchito yake yakuzengera yikendeskera.{{sfn|Blair|2015 |pages=213–216 |postscript=. "Trump Village has the finest reputation. We finished eight months ahead of schedule, millions of dollars under anticipated constructions {{sic}} costs, and I don't think there will ever be another job in the city that will be able to shine a candle up against Trump Village."}} Komiti yikati Trump wakaŵa "munthu wakuchenjera chomene" ndipo wakaŵa na "luso la kusanga phindu lose ilo lingasangika mu ntchito yake yakuzenga nyumba", kweni pakaŵavya milandu yakuphalirika ku khoti ([[indictment]]s). M'malo mwake, ŵakayowoya kuti pulogalamu ya nyumba ya boma yikakhumbikwiranga ndondomeko zakukhora pa kayendeskero na kuyankha pa ivyo vikachitika.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=215–216}} Mphala wa wachiŵiri wa nduna ya milandu wakalemberana na [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) kuti wamanye usange yikaŵa na malipoti ghaliyose ghakukhwaskana na Trump pambere wandayowoyepo ku khoti pa March 31, 1966.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> ===Steeplechase Park=== [[File:Steeplechase Park at night, Coney Island, N. Y. (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha [[Steeplechase Park]], icho chikulongora chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" cha Pavilion of Fun pakati pa chigaŵa chake|alt=Chithuzithuzi cha Pavilion of Fun cha Steeplechase Park. Chizindikiro cha "Funny Face" chili pakati pa chigaŵa chake.]] Pa July 1, 1965, Trump wakagula [[Steeplechase Park]] ya ku Coney Island iyo yikaŵa kuti yajulika sonono, pa mtengo wa $2.3 miliyoni, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuzenga nyumba zapachanya za ŵanthu ŵakusanga ndalama zinandi.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 1, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Park Planned as the Site Of Housing Project |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031636/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/07/01/archives/steeplechase-park-planned-as-the-site-of-housing-project.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Robert |last2=Abelman |first2=Lester |date=July 2, 1965 |title=Steeplechase Sold; Loses Race to the Sands of Time |page=6 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/ |access-date=July 14, 2019 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921021201/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33933720/steeplechase-sold-loses-race-to-the/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Fowler 1979">{{cite web |last=Fowler |first=Glenn |date=June 3, 1979 |title=15-Year Dispute Over Lease for Coney Island Steeplechase Continues |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915192610/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/06/03/archives/15year-dispute-over-lease-for-coney-island-steeplechase-continues.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chakulondezgapo, wakapharazga mapulani ghakuzenga denga lakuzingilizgika la mamita 160 kufuma pasi, ilo likaŵa na malo gha maseŵero kweniso malo gha maungano.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 24, 1966 |title=A 160-Foot-High Pleasure Dome Is Proposed for Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031544/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/a-160foothigh-pleasure-dome-is-proposed-for-coney-island-a-dome.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Pa ungano uwo ukachitika mwakuzindikirika chomene mu September 1966, Trump wakabwangura Pavilion of Fun ya pa malo agha, malo ghakuru gha maseŵero ghakupangika na magalasi.<ref name="Immerso2002">{{cite book |last=Immerso |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4POVzmwY9cC |title=Coney Island: The People's Playground |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8135-3138-0 |edition=illustrated |pages=172 |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 22, 1966 |title=6 Bikinied Beauties Attend Demolishing Of Coney Landmark |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218214508/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/09/22/archives/6-bikinied-beauties-attend-demolishing-of-coney-landmark.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti wakaguliska njerwa ku ŵalendo ŵa ungano uwu kuti ŵabwangure magalasi agho ghakaŵa kuti ghasalapo, kusazgapo chithuzithuzi chakumanyikwa cha chizindikiro cha malo agha, chakuchemeka "[[Steeplechase Face|Funny Face]]".<ref name="The Telegraph 2017">{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Soo |date=December 4, 2017 |title=New York's family funfair spoiled by Donald Trump's dad |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=The Telegraph |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716002154/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/north-america/united-states/new-york/articles/coney-island-history-amusement-parks-fred-trump/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Dana |date=May 17, 2016 |title=52 years ago, Donald Trump's father demolished Coney Island's beloved Steeplechase Park |url=https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=6sqft |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711153349/https://www.6sqft.com/50-years-ago-donald-trumps-father-demolished-coney-islands-beloved-steeplechase-park/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BP-Remembering-2016">{{cite web |last=Lynch |first=Dennis |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Remembering the day Trump's dad destroyed a Coney icon |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=[[Brooklyn Paper]] |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716213417/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/39/21/24-trump-steeplechase-2016-05-20-bk.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwezi wakulondezgapo, Msumba wa New York ukapharazga mapulani ghakugula malo agha kuti ghagwiliskike ntchito ngati malo gha maseŵero.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fowle |first=Farnsworth |date=October 5, 1966 |title=City Wants Site of Steeplechase For Seafront Coney Island Park; Planning Board Sets Oct. 19 Hearing to Bar Area for High-Rise Homes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |access-date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031859/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/05/archives/city-wants-site-of-steeplechase-for-seafront-coney-island-park.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakatora milandu yinandi ku khoti yakukhwaskana na kusintha kwa kagwiliskiranga ntchito malo agha, ndipo paumaliro wakapokera chipukuta ndalama cha $1.3 miliyoni.<ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pamanyuma pakuti malo agha ghakhala ghambura kugwiliskika ntchito kwa vyaka vinandi, Trump wakamba kupangiska munthu uyo wakendeskanga maseŵero gha pa malo gha maungano kugwiliskira ntchito malo agha mwakukopa renti.<ref name="Immerso2002"/><ref name="Fowler 1979"/> Pakuluta kwa vyaka vinyake khumi, msumba ukakwaniska kuwelerako na kutora malo agha.<ref name="Chambers 1977">{{cite web |last=Chambers |first=Marcia |date=April 3, 1977 |title=New York, After 10 Years, Finds Plan to Create a Coney Island Park Is Unsuccessful |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |access-date=September 15, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711032447/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/03/archives/new-york-after-10-years-finds-plan-to-create-a-coney-island-park-is.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |date=August 29, 1981 |title=Beleaguered Coney Islanders Rally With Sense Of Affection; The Talk of Coney Island |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |access-date=September 16, 2018 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916060313/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/29/nyregion/beleaguered-coney-islanders-rally-with-sense-affection-talk-coney-island.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mirabella 1985">{{cite news |last=Mirabella |first=Alan |date=June 2, 1985 |title=A plan to bring back Coney Island |page=311 |work=New York Daily News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/ |access-date=May 5, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108150411/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/28804609/a-plan-to-bring-back-coney-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Julayi 2016, [[Coney Island History Project]] yikachita chiwonetsero chapadera chakukumbukira "Myaka 50 kufuma apo Fred Trump's Demolition of Steeplechase Pavilion".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Denson |first=Charles |date=July 5, 2016 |title=Fred Trump's Coney Island: 50th Anniversary Exhibit |url=https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=Coney Island History Project |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://web.archive.org/web/20230407053301/https://www.coneyislandhistory.org/blog/news/fred-trumps-coney-island-50th-anniversary-exhibit |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Mwana wake wakawa purezidenti wa kampani=== {{See also|#Wealth and death|The Trump Organization#Valuation disputes}} [[File:Donald Trump with Fred Trump (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Fred na mwana wake [[Donald Trump|Donald]] pa [[Central Park]]'s [[Wollman Rink|Wollman Ice Rink]] ({{circa|lk=no|1986}}), iyo yikanozgeka na kampani yawo pakati pa 1980 na 1986|alt=Fred na mwana wake Donald pa malo gha Wollman Ice Rink ku Central Park. Fred wakavwara suti na tayi, ndipo Donald wakavwara jasi na tayi.]] Mwana wa Fred, [[Donald Trump|Donald]], wakamba kugwira ntchito mu bizinesi ya nyumba ya awiske mu 1968, pakwamba wakagwiranga ntchito ku Brooklyn.{{Sfn|Blair|2015|p=308}} Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakamovwira Donald kuti waleke kuluta ku nkhondo ya Vietnam mwa kupeleka chikalata cha kusazgika pa nkhondo chifukwa cha mulandu wa munthu wakukhalamo mu nyumba uyo (mwakuyowoya) wakamupima Donald ndipo wakati wali na [[bone spurs]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stracqualursi |first=Veronica |date=December 26, 2018 |title=New York Times: Daughters of foot doctor say he diagnosed Trump with bone spurs as 'favor' to Fred Trump |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |access-date=November 3, 2024 |website=CNN |archive-date=November 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://web.archive.org/web/20241118031631/https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/26/politics/trump-bone-spurs-vietnam-war/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=89–91}} Mu 1971, Donald wakaŵa purezidenti wa kampani,<ref>{{cite news |last=Swanson |first=Ana |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The myth and the reality of Donald Trump's business empire |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://web.archive.org/web/20230322145047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/02/29/the-myth-and-the-reality-of-donald-trumps-business-empire/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo Fred wakaŵa [[chairman]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Donald wakamba kuchema kampani iyi kuti "the Trump Organization" mu 1973.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trump |first1=Donald J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye6e_VxM00kC&pg=PA105 |title=Trump: The Art of the Deal |last2=Schwartz |first2=Tony |author-link2=Tony Schwartz (writer) |date=2009 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-307-57533-3 |pages=105 |orig-year=1987}}</ref>{{efn|name="fredco"}} Mwana uyu wakamba bizinesi ya nyumba ku [[Manhattan]], apo awiske Fred wakalutilira kugwira ntchito ku Brooklyn, Queens, na [[Staten Island]].<ref name="whitman"/> Donald wakayowoya kuti, "Vikaŵa viwemi kwa ine. Chifukwa para ndiwe mwana wa munthu munyake, vingaŵa chiphalizgano. Kweni munthowa iyi, Manhattan nkhaŵa nayo nekha."<ref name="nyt"/> Fred wakayowoya kuti, "Nikamupa Donald wanangwa wakugwira ntchito. Wali na maŵanakiro ghakuru ndipo chilichose icho wakukora chikuwoneka kusintha ku golide... [Iyo] ni munthu wamahara chomene uyo namumanya."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brockington |first=Ariana |date=November 7, 2024 |title=Who were Donald Trump's parents? What he's shared about his upbringing |url=https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=TODAY.com |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://web.archive.org/web/20241109104205/https://www.today.com/parents/donald-trump-parents-rcna178986 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mwakuyana na vinyake, Fred ndiyo wakakhumbanga kuti kampani yikure kuluta ku Manhattan.<ref name="whitman"/><ref>{{Cite interview|last=Blair|first=Gwenda|interviewer=[[Michael Kirk]]|title=The Choice 2020: Gwenda Blair|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|work=[[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]]|date=June 19, 2020|quote=I think [Donald] was something of an extension of the Trump Organization. I think Fred wanted to explore Manhattan.|access-date=August 11, 2021|archive-date=August 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061801/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/interview/gwenda-blair/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mzukulu wake [[Mary L. Trump]] wakayowoya kuti Fred "wakakhwaskika chomene pa vinthu vyose vya ulendo wakwamba wa Donald mu msika wa nyumba ku Manhattan".{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=89}} [[Louise Sunshine]] (uyo wakaŵa vice president wa kampani pakati pa 1973 na 1985) wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "panyuma pa Donald mu nthowa zose, kusazgapo ndalama".<ref>{{Cite interview |last=Sunshine |first=Louise |interviewer=Jim Gilmore |title=The FRONTLINE Interview: Louise Sunshine |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |access-date=August 11, 2021 |work=Frontline |publisher=PBS |date=July 25, 2016 |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://web.archive.org/web/20210811061754/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/the-frontline-interview-louise-sunshine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya pakati pa ma 1970, Donald wakapokera ngongoli kufuma kwa awiske zakujumpha $14 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Alexandra |last1=Berzon |first2=Richard |last2=Rubin |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Trump's Father Helped GOP Candidate With Numerous Loans |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828054816/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trumps-father-helped-gop-candidate-with-numerous-loans-1474656573 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 2015–16, apo wakaŵa pa kampeni yake ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States, [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|kampeni yake ya pulezidenti]], [[False or misleading statements by Donald Trump|Donald wakayowoya utesi]] kuti awiske ŵakamupa "ngongoli yichoko ya miliyoni yimoza ya madola" iyo wakagwiliskira ntchito kuzenga "kampani iyo njakuzirwa chomene kuluska $10 biliyoni".<ref>{{cite news |last=Glum |first=Julia |date=September 26, 2016 |title=How Much Money Did Trump Get From His Dad? The Small Loan Controversy Explained |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818150911/https://www.ibtimes.com/how-much-money-did-trump-get-his-dad-small-loan-controversy-explained-2422185 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kessler160303">{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://web.archive.org/web/20191030225446/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lipoti la mu Okutobala 2018 mu ''[[The New York Times]]'' lakuyowoya vya ndalama za Fred na Donald Trump likavumbura kuti Fred wakapanga nthowa 295 zakupokera ndalama kwa Donald ndipo likamalizga kuti Donald "wakaŵa miliyoniya apo wakaŵa na vyaka 8", ndipo wakapokera $413 miliyoni (mwakusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo ya katundu; $483.6 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142745/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=413000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> kufuma ku bizinesi ya awiske mu umoyo wake wose, kusazgapo ndalama zakujumpha $60.7 miliyoni (kwambura kusintha na kukwera kwa mitengo; $163.9 miliyoni mu ndalama za 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=November 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://web.archive.org/web/20211120142744/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=140000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=02&MM=10&YYYY=2018&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|url-status=live}}</ref> izo zikaŵa ngongoli ndipo zinyake zikalipilirika yayi.<ref name="tax schemes">{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://web.archive.org/web/20230906075853/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{efn|Apo Donald Trump wakanozga [[Grand Hyatt New York]] mu kumalizga kwa ma 1970, Fred wakamovwira na $2 miliyoni kuti walipire ngongoli ya kuzenga. Kweniso wakamupaska mwana wake nthowa ya ngongoli ya $35 miliyoni, [[mortgage]] ya $30 miliyoni, na ngongoli yinyake ya kampani.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=295, 305}}}} Mwakuyana na Barbara Res, uyo wakaŵa vice president wa bizinesi ya Trump pa vya kuzenga, Fred wakakhala ŵalendo ŵa bizinesi pa mpando uwo ukaŵa wakupendama ndipo wakaphalira Donald kuti wanozge ofesi yake mwakuti awo ŵakususka ŵake ŵakhalenge ŵakulaŵiska ku dazi.{{sfn|Baker|Glasser|2022|p=16}} ===Mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti la boma=== Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakanika kupokera nyumba zakupanga lendi ŵakadandawura ku [[New York City Commission on Human Rights]] na [[Urban League]], ndipo magulu agha ghakatuma ŵanthu ŵakuyesa ku nyumba za Trump mu Julayi 1972. Ŵakasanga kuti [[white people|ŵanthu ŵatuŵa]] ŵakapokera nyumba, apo [[black people|ŵanthu ŵafipa]] kanandi ŵakakanikanga (mwakuphalirika kuti pakaŵavya malo);{{efn|Mary L. Trump wakalemba mu 2020 kuti Fred wakachemanga ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake awo ŵakakhumbanga kupanga lendi kwa iyo kuti "''die Schwarze''" ('ŵafipa').<ref name="OBrien"/>}} mwakuyana na superintendent wa Beach Haven Apartments, ichi chikachitikanga chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa bwana wake.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=Biography: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |publisher=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]] |time=46}}</ref> Magulu gha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ghakapeleka nkhani iyi ku [[United States Department of Justice|Dipatimenti ya vya Malango ya United States]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123">{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Kranish |first2=Robert Jr. |last2=O'Harrow |date=January 23, 2016 |title=Inside the Government's Racial Bias Case Against Donald Trump's Company, and How He Fought It |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=July 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20160729171242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-the-governments-racial-bias-case-against-donald-trumps-company-and-how-he-fought-it/2016/01/23/fb90163e-bfbe-11e5-bcda-62a36b394160_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 1973, [[United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division|Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya vya Malango pa Civil Rights]] yikapeleka mulandu wa wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku khoti pa [[Trump Organization]] (Fred Trump, chairman, na Donald Trump, president) chifukwa chakuswa [[Fair Housing Act of 1968]].<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/> Pakuzgora, loya wa Trump [[Roy Cohn]] wakapeleka mulandu wakuti DoJ yikupharazga utesi, ndipo wakakhumbanga ndalama zakulipilira za $100 miliyoni.<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="fbi3">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 03 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 5, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |pages=8, 19, 52–54, 63–64 |format=pdf |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001400/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2003%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> FBI wakafumba ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito pafupifupi ŵanthu makumi ghatatu na ŵatatu ŵa kampani ya Trump.<ref name="fbi3"/> Ŵanyake ŵakati ŵakamanyanga yayi za malango ghakusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu [[kusankhira ŵanthu chifukwa cha mtundu wa khungu|racial profiling]] ndipo ŵakati nyumba zawo zicoko waka ndizo zikapangika kupangiska ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black panji [[Ŵa Puerto Rico]].{{efn|Trump yekha wakapempha kuti pangano la kupangiska nyumba ligwiskike yayi usange munthu wakupenja nyumba wakaŵa na ndalama zakunjira pa mwezi zakukwana kanayi kuluska renti.<ref name="fbi3"/><ref name="fbi2">{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 02 of 03 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=August 4, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |pages=22–26, 45–47 |archive-date=May 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521001315/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2002%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakugwira ntchito ŵakafumbika usange ŵanthu Ŵayuda ŵakaphalirikanga makora pakupenja nyumba; munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito wakati ŵanthu aŵa "ŵakasanganga nyumba mwambura kusuzgika kuluska munthu munyake waliyose".<ref name="fbi3"/>}} Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga nchito yakulinda pa mulyango wakaphalira khoti kuti mulara wake wakamutuma kuti waphalire ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black awo ŵakapenjanga nyumba kuti renti yikaŵa yakukwera kaŵiri kuluska umo yikaŵira nadi.<ref name="fbi2"/> Ŵakwendeska nyumba panji ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera mapempho gha nyumba ŵakazomera kuti mafomu agho ghakatumizgikanga ku ofesi yikuru ya gulu la Trump kuti ghazomerezgeke ghakapharazgikanga na chizindikiro cha mtundu wa munthu uyo wakapempha.<ref name="BarrettVV790115">{{cite news |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |date=January 15, 1979 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Anatomy of a Young Power Broker |work=[[The Village Voice]] |url= https://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170523012016/http://www.villagevoice.com/2015/07/20/how-a-young-donald-trump-forced-his-way-from-avenue-z-to-manhattan/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 23, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> Munthu munyake uyo wakagwiranga ntchito kale wakaphalira kuti chizindikiro icho{{Snd}}icho wakagomezganga kuti chikagwiranga ntchito mu nthambi ya Brooklyn ya kampani{{Snd}}chikayowoyanga vya "ŵanthu ŵambura kwenelera" nga ni "ŵa black, Ŵa Puerto Rico, awo ŵakukayikirika kuti ŵakugwiriska ntchito munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo, panji munthu waliyose uyo wakawonekanga kuti ngwambura kwenelera", ndipo kanayi pa khumi chikaŵanga kuti munthu uyo wakapempha wakaŵa wa mtundu wa black; ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black ŵakaphalirikanga utesi kuti malo ghakhalamo ghalije.<ref name="fbi3"/> Munthu uyo wakagwiranga ntchito yakupenja ŵakupenja nyumba kwa masabata ghaŵiri wakati apo wakafumba Fred Trump usange wakwenera kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa black, wakaphalirika kuti chikaŵa "chakukanizgika chomene na dango kusankhira ŵanthu",<ref name="Choi-2017">{{cite web |last=Choi |first=David |date=February 15, 2017 |title=The FBI released hundreds of pages related to a 1970s housing discrimination lawsuit against Trump |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250330161110/https://www.businessinsider.com/fbi-report-trump-housing-discrimination-2017-2 |archive-date=March 30, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2020 |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> kweni wakati wafumbaso, wakaphalirika "kuleka kupangiska nyumba ku ŵa black", ndipo wakaphalirika kuti:<ref>{{cite web |title=Trump Management Company Part 01 of 01 |url=https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |access-date=June 30, 2020 |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |format=pdf |page=37 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111000733/https://vault.fbi.gov/trump-management-company/Trump%20Management%20Company%20Part%2001%20of%2008/at_download/file |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=ŵachimbizge ŵa black awo ŵakaŵa mu nyumba iyo mwa kuŵaphalira kuti pali nyumba zakutchipa izo ŵangasangamo na kulipira $500 pera pakwamba, ndalama izo Trump wakati waŵalipirenge yekha. Trump wakaphalira yayi uko nyumba izi zikaŵa. Wakaniŵiska kuti nileke kupangiska nyumba ku ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma.}} Pa nyengo iyi, Trump wakasanga chigaŵa cha 20% mu [[Starrett City]] ya ku Brooklyn, malo ghakurughakuru ghakhalamo agho ghakawovwirikanga na boma, agho ghakatsegulika mu 1974 na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakhalenge lumoza, apo 70% ya nyumba zake zikeneranga kupangikira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa white ndipo zinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Sale of Brooklyn Housing Complex Would Benefit Trump|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |access-date=December 22, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708132438/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/nyregion/starrett-city-housing-complex-trump-sale.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Genevro |first=Rosalie |date=November 16, 2011 |title=Starrett City: A Home of One's Own—with Party Walls |url=http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Urban Omnibus]] |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035352/http://urbanomnibus.net/2011/11/starrett-city-a-home-of-ones-own-with-party-walls/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pangano la [[Dango lakuzomera khoti]] pakati pa DoJ na gulu la Trump likasayinika pa Juni 10, 1975, ndipo waliyose wakayowoya kuti wapokera chinthu chinyake{{Snd}}gulu la Trump chifukwa pangano ili likakhumbanga yayi kuti "lipokelere ŵanthu awo ŵakapokera ndalama zakovwira kufuma ku boma nga mbakukhala", ndipo mulongozgi wa chigaŵa cha nyumba cha DoJ wakayowoya kuti ili likaŵa "pangano limoza mwa agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora chomene agho ghakachitikapo".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Pangano ili likakanizga Fred na Donald Trump pamoza na kampani yawo "kusankhira munthu waliyose pa nkhani ya kuguliska panji kupangiska nyumba", ndipo "likakhumbanga kuti Trump walembeske malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mu manyuzipepara gha ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko [kwa vyaka viŵiri], wakwezge ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yichoko ku ntchito zakukwana, ndiposo kulemba malo agho ghakaŵa ghambura ŵakukhala mwakupereka pakwamba".<ref name="BarrettVV790115"/> Paumaliro, likalangura a Trump kuti "ŵamanye mwakukwana paŵekha vya [[Dango la nyumba zakukhalamo mwakuyana la 1968|Dango la Fair Housing Act la 1968]]".<ref name="KranishOHarrowWP160123"/><ref>{{cite court |litigants=United States of America vs. Fred C. Trump and Trump Management, Inc.|court=East District of New York Court |date=October 15, 1973 |url= https://archive.org/stream/DonaldTrumpArchive/Discrimination%20case%20%20US%20v%20Trump%20case%20via%20National%20Archives%20FOIA_djvu.txt}}</ref> ===Milandu ya pamanyuma=== Mu 1975, ŵapangiska mu nyumba mu minara yiŵiri ya Trump ku Norfolk ŵakachita [[rent strike|kunangira kulipira renti]] kwa mwezi umoza chifukwa cha [[infestation|kuŵapo kwa vinyama na vyakujambuka]] nga ni mbewa na vibenene, kweniso masuzgo gha [[water heating|kutentheska maji]], [[air conditioning|makina ghakuŵeya mphepo]], na uteŵeti wa [[elevator|makwelero gha nyumba]].<ref name="Pierceall-2016">{{Cite web |last=Pierceall |first=Kimberly |date=August 13, 2016 |title=Tracing Donald Trump's financial ties to Norfolk starts with father Fred |url=https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html/ |access-date=June 21, 2023 |website=[[The Virginian-Pilot]]|archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005015424/https://www.pilotonline.com/business/article_9bfa0ac1-a79c-5048-904b-b557efd4dc5c.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu kwamba 1976, Trump wakaphalirika na jaji wa chiga kuti wanozge vyakuswa malango gha nyumba mu chinthu cha nyumba 504 ku [[Seat Pleasant, Maryland|Seat Pleasant, Maryland]]. Kuyana na wakuwona vya nyumba wa [[Prince George's County|chiga ichi]], vyakuswa malango vikaŵa na mazenera ghakuphyoka, mathabwa gha pa mtenje ghakuvunda, na vyakuzimya moto ivyo vikaŵavya.{{efn|Kuyana na pulezidenti wachiŵiri wa kampani yaying'ono iyo yikawoneranga malo agha, nyengo yasono pakwamba pakawoneka kuŵa kwakusazgikira ŵapangiska ŵa ndalama zichoko.<ref name="pgunits"/>}} Pamanyuma pa zuŵa la khoti na mafoni ghanandi na Trump, wakachemeka ku malo agha kukakumana na ŵalara ŵa chiga mu Seputembala 1976 ndipo wakakakika apo wakaŵa pa malo agha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Vernon C. |title=New Carrollton mayor seeks housing inspector |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 10, 1977 |access-date=December 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818115605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/03/10/new-carrolton-mayor-seeks-housing-inspector/250e7105-8f1c-4a9d-8f06-56839b346ad9/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakafumiskika pa bail ya $1,000.<ref name="pgunits">{{cite news |last1=DeYoung |first1=Karen |title=N.Y. Owner of P.G. Units Seized in Code Violations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=September 30, 1976 |archive-date=February 14, 2021 |access-date=August 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214210802/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/ny-owner-of-pg-units-seize-in-code-violations-pg-2.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu 1987, apo ngongoli wa Donald kwa awiske ŵake wakajumpha $11 miliyoni, Fred wakaŵika $15.5 miliyoni mu [[Trump Palace Condominiums|nyumba za Trump Palace Condominiums]]; mu 1991, wakaguliska magawo agha kwa mwana wake pa $10,000, ivyo vikawoneka nga ni nthowa yakuti [[Tax evasion in the United States|waleke kulipira msonkho]] wa mamiliyoni gha madola wa [[gift tax|vyawanangwa]] mwa kubisa chawanangwa, kweniso wakasanga chandulo ku [[write-off|kuchita kuchita kulemba pasi kwa ngongoli]].<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuumaliro wa 1990, apo malipiro gha bondi ya $18.4 miliyoni gha [[Atlantic City|Atlantic City's]] [[Trump's Castle|Trump's Castle]] ghakafikanga nyengo, Fred wakatuma [[bookkeeper|mulembi wa maakaunti]] kukagura $3.5 miliyoni mu [[casino chips|mipukutu ya kasino]], iyo yikagwiliskika ntchito yayi. Trump's Castle yikamalizga mwaluŵiro kulipira bondi yake. [[Casino Control Commission|Komishoni ya Malango gha Kasino ya chiga]] yikati ntchinthu chakubwerekeska ndalama mwakupambana na dango ndipo yikalipiska kasino $65,000.<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosenthal |first=Max J. |date=September 23, 2020 |title=The very shady way Fred Trump tried to save his son's casino |url=https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=[[MotherJones.com|Mother Jones]]|archive-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704092407/https://www.motherjones.com/2020-elections/2020/09/trump-files-fred-trump-funneled-cash-donald-using-casino-chips/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|p=200}} Mu 1992, Fred na Donald ŵakakhazikiska kampani yaying'ono<!--All County--> iyo mwana waliyose wamoyo wa Fred wakaŵa na chigaŵa cha 20%. Nga umo vikulongosoreka mu 2018 na ''The New York Times'', kampani iyi yikaŵavya chifukwa chakuwoneka kuti njakwenelera ndipo vikawoneka kuti yikagwiliskika ntchito pakuchita upusikizgi wa msonkho mwa kutumizga mamiliyoni gha ndalama za Fred ku ŵana ŵake kwambura kulipira msonkho wa vyawanangwa. Ichi chikachitika mwa kumulipiska Fred ndalama zinandi kuluska mtengo weneko wa ntchito zakunozga vinthu na katundu nga ni [[boiler|makina ghakutentheska maji]].<ref name="tax schemes"/><ref name="fambiz"/> ==Usambazi na nyifwa== Mu 1976, Trump wakakhazikiska [[trust funds|ndalama zakusungika mu trust]] za $1 miliyoni ($5.3 miliyoni mu 2023)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Historical currency converter with official exchange rates from 1953|url=https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go%21|access-date=February 10, 2023|website=FXTOP|archive-date=March 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306091731/https://fxtop.com/en/historical-currency-converter.php?A=1000000&C1=USD&C2=EUR&DD=01&MM=01&YYYY=1976&B=1&P=&I=1&btnOK=Go!|url-status=live}}</ref> kwa mwana wake waliyose pa ŵana ŵake ŵankhondi na ŵazukuru ŵatatu, ndipo zikalipanga [[dividend|vyandulo]] chaka chilichose.<ref name="Kessler160303"/> Trump wakawoneka pa ndandanda yakwamba ya ŵanthu ŵasambazi chomene ku America ya [[Forbes 400|''Forbes'' 400]] mu 1982 na usambazi wakukwana $200 miliyoni uwo ukagaŵikana na mwana wake Donald.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=March 24, 2016 |title=The Ups And Downs Of Donald Trump: Three Decades On And Off The Forbes 400 |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |access-date=June 9, 2018 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427184641/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2016/03/24/the-ups-and-downs-of-donald-trump-2016-03-24/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu chaka chenicho, Fred wakaguliska minara yiŵiri ya Norfolk na nyumba zinyake za ŵasilikari ku Hampton Roads, izo zakumalizga zikaguliskika pa $8–9 miliyoni, ndipo panyake $6.6 miliyoni zikaŵa mu [[promissory note|mapepala ghakulayizga kulipira]] (ivyo vikawoneka kuti vikaŵa vyambura kumalizgika kufika mu 2019). Mu 1998, chaka chimoza pambere Fred wandafwe, apo wakaŵa na [[Alzheimer's disease|nthenda ya Alzheimer]] ndipo mwana wake [[Robert Trump|Robert]] wakaŵa na [[power of attorney|mazaza gha kumuyimira]], mapepala agha ghakasamuskikira ku [[limited liability companies|makampani gha ma liability ghakachepeska]] ghakukolerana na makampani gha Trump Organization.<ref name="Pierceall-2016"/> Mu Disembala 1990, Donald Trump wakakhumba [[Codicil (will)|kusintha]] [[Will and testament|wilu]] ya awiske, iyo kuyana na mwana wa Fred [[Maryanne Trump Barry]], "yikaŵa nga nkhupeleka chuma chose ku Donald", kumupa mwaŵi wakuti "waguliske, wachite chilichose icho wakukhumba ... na malo agha".<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' yikalemba kuti ichi "chikapangika kuti chitaskire chiharo cha Donald Trump ku viyezgo vya ŵakukongozga ndalama na [[Ivana Trump|Ivana]]", uyo wakapatana nayo mu mwezi uwo.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/> Fred wakakana pempho ili, ndipo mu 1991, wakalemba wilu yake yaumaliro, iyo yikapangiska ŵana ŵake Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump kuŵa {{nowrap|ŵalongozgi ŵa chuma chake}}.<ref name="Evans-2000">{{cite web |last=Evans |first=Heidi |date=December 19, 2000 |title=Inside Trumps' bitter battle – Nephew's ailing baby caught in the middle |url= https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[New York Daily News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621050755/https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/trumps-bitter-battle-nephew-ailing-baby-caught-middle-article-1.888562 |archive-date=June 21, 2015 |url-status=live}} Mu 1993, vigabano vya chiharo cha Trump ivyo vikeneranga kupelekeka vikafika pa madola 35 miliyoni ku mwana waliyose wa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="OBrien2005Oct">{{cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=October 23, 2005 |title=What's He Really Worth? |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |access-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-date=February 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225085813/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/23/business/yourmoney/whats-he-really-worth.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|Pakuti Donald wakaŵa kuti wasangana na vyakusuzga vya ndalama pa nyengo iyi, wakapempha ŵabali ŵake kuti ŵamupheko madola 10 miliyoni kufuma ku vigabano vyawo, ndipo pamanyuma wakapempha madola 20 miliyoni ghanyake.<ref name="OBrien2005Oct"/>}} Nyumba zake zinandi zikapelekeka ku ma [[Grantor retained annuity trust|grantor-retained annuity trusts]] ghaŵiri pasi pa mazina ghake na gha muwoli wake, ivyo vikagwiliskirika ntchito kuti vipeleke pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vitatu vya vinthu ku ŵana ŵawo ŵanayi awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo, ndipo ŵakanjilira chigaŵa chinyake chakhalako kwizira mu malipiro gha [[annuity]] pakati pa 1995 na Novembala 1997.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|pp=153–154}}<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vinthu vyose pamoza vikapimika kuti ni madola 41.4 miliyoni pera, kweni mu 2004 vikaguliskika pa mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa mtengo uwu, ndipo vikazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kulipira mamiliyoni ghanandi gha msonkho wa vyawanangwa.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[File:Fred Trump gravesite illustration.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|alt=Color painting of tombstones, one on the left with inscriptions and on the right either blank or facing away; in front of these, a paved patch abruptly ends.|Chithuzithuzi cha malo ghakusungirako thupi la Trump{{efn|name="plot"|Malo agha ghali kumwera kwa [[Metropolitan Avenue]], ndipo pali nthowa yakupangika mwapadera iyo yikumara pafupi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Matt |date=2014 |title=The Trumps |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[Flickr]] |archive-date=April 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419081739/https://www.flickr.com/photos/imjustwalkin/14374959570/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2021 |title=Trump Family Gravesite |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=Presidential Sites |via=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041332/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLOxC9AcsNo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="scov"/>}}]] Paumaliro Trump wakalwara na [[pneumonia]] ndipo wakaluta ku [[Long Island Jewish Medical Center]] (LIJMC) masabata ghanandi, uko wakafwira pa vyaka 93 pa Juni 25, 1999.<ref name="NYP"/> [[Wake (ceremony)|Wake]] yikachitika ku [[Frank E. Campbell Funeral Chapel]] pambere wandayikike pa msinkhu wa malilo ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]],<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYP">{{cite journal |last=Mosconi |first=Angela |date=June 26, 1999 |title=Fred Trump, Dad of Donald, Dies at 93 |url=https://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |access-date=January 29, 2017 |journal=[[New York Post]] |archive-date=November 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224231/http://nypost.com/1999/06/26/fred-trump-dad-of-donald-dies-at-93/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 600 ŵakawungana.<ref name="lets">{{cite news |last1=Karni |first1=Annie |last2=Rogers |first2=Katie |date=July 28, 2020 |title=Like Father, Like Son: President Trump Lets Others Mourn |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |access-date=July 29, 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728201821/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/28/us/politics/donald-fred-trump.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Mu mazgu ghake gha malilo, Donald Trump wakayowoya chomene vya kupambana kwake mu bizinesi.<ref name="lets"/> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵapo ŵakaŵa meya wa New York [[Rudy Giuliani]], uyo wakayowoya mazgu,{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}}{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=166}} na mulembi wa mbili ya mbumba ya Trump, Gwenda Blair.<ref name="lets"/>}} Thupi lake likasungika mu malo gha mbumba ku [[Lutheran]]-Christian [[All Faiths Cemetery]] mu [[Middle Village, Queens]].<ref>{{cite web |last=McGowan |first=Clodagh |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Queens Cemetery Workers Say They've Lost Their Benefits Amid State Probe |url=https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |access-date=June 24, 2020 |work=Spectrum News NY1 |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://web.archive.org/web/20200626180602/https://www.ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2020/02/19/cemetery-in-queens-nyc-workers-say-they-have-lost-benefits-amid-state-investigation |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="plot"}} Pa nyengo iyo wakafwira, chiharo cha Trump chikapimika na mbumba yake kuti chikaŵa pakati pa madola 250 miliyoni na 300 miliyoni,<ref name="nyt"/> kweni wakaŵa na ndalama zakukhwima zakukwana madola 1.9 miliyoni pera.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Chikalata cha chiharo chake chikagaŵira madola ghakujumpha 20 miliyoni pamanyuma pa msonkho pakati pa ŵana ŵake awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo na ŵazukuru ŵake.<ref name="Kessler160303"/><ref name="Lessons"/> Muwoli wake Mary wakafwa pa Ogasiti 7, 2000, pa vyaka 88, nayo ku LIJMC.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Chiharo chawo pamoza cha Fred na Mary chikapimika kuti chikaŵa madola 51.8 miliyoni.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=191}} Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Trump, ŵana ŵa Fred Jr. ŵakasuska chikalata cha chiharo cha sekuru ŵawo, ŵakayowoya kuti wakasuzgika na matenda gha kusoŵa mahara ndipo ŵakati chikalata ichi "chikapangwa kwizira mu upusikizgi na kukakamizgika mwambura kwenelera" na Donald, Maryanne, na Robert Trump.<ref name="Lessons"/><ref name="Evans-2000"/> Ŵatatu aŵa ŵakayowoya mu [[Deposition (law)|mazgu ghawo gha mu khoti]] kuti Fred Trump wakaŵa "wakuthwa chomene nga ni chipinda" kufika nyengo yichoko waka pambere wandafwe,{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=175}} kweni pa nyengo yinyake ŵakazomerezga kuti ŵakamanyanga vya kusoŵa mahara kwake uko kukakuranga.<ref name="Kranish-2020"/><ref name="Kranish-2024"/><ref name="weiss"/> Kuyana na Mary L. Trump, Donald wakayamba kuyowoya viheni vya awiske pamanyuma pakuti Fred wakamba kulongora vimanyikwiro vya matenda gha Alzheimer's.<ref name="D'Antonio-2020">{{cite web |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=June 17, 2020 |title=The psychologist in the Trump family speaks |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203194054/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/opinions/mary-trump-book-opinion-dantonio/index.html |archive-date=February 3, 2025 |access-date=July 2, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2003, vikayowoyeka kuti ŵana ŵanayi ŵa Trump awo ŵakaŵa ŵamoyo ŵakaguliskanga nyumba zakupokelamo renti izo ŵakasanga mu 1997 ku gulu la ŵakuguliska vinthu lakulongozgeka na [[Rubin Schron]], pa mtengo wa madola 600 miliyoni;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weiss |first=Lois |date=December 18, 2003 |title=Trumps Lighten Up – Family Sells Outer-Borough Buildings For $600M |url=https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |access-date=May 1, 2023 |website=New York Post|archive-date=May 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044239/https://nypost.com/2003/12/18/trumps-lighten-up-family-sells-outer-borough-buildings-for-600m/ |url-status=live}}</ref> kuguliska uku kukachitika mu Meyi 2004. Kuvuza kwa 2016 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump]] cha chaka cha 2005, icho chikulongora ndalama zakukwana madola 153 miliyoni, kukapangiska ''The New York Times'' kuti yambe kufufuza, ndipo chikapangiska lipoti likuru la mu 2018.<ref name="fambiz">{{Cite AV media |title=The Family Business: Trump and Taxes |date=2018 |type=Television production |publisher=[[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] |minutes=1–6, 17–19}}</ref>{{Efn|Kufuma ku kusindikizika kwa 2017 kwa [[Tax returns of Donald Trump|chidziŵitso cha msonkho cha Donald Trump's]] cha chaka cha 2005, kufufuza uku kukagwiliskira ntchito mapepala 2,200 gha [[Financial disclosure of public servants|mazgu gha ndalama]] gha jaji wa boma la United States Maryanne Trump Barry,<ref name="fambiz"/> ma interview na ŵanthu awo kale ŵakagwiranga ntchito na Trump, na mapepala ghakujumpha 100,000 gha malipiro gha msonkho na marekhodi gha ndalama kufuma ku mabizinesi gha Trump.<ref name="tax schemes"/> [[Mary L. Trump]] wakapeleka mabokosi 19 gha marekhodi agha gha ndalama.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swan |first=Jonathan |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Mary Trump book: How she leaked Trump financials to NYT |url=https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |access-date=July 22, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722115838/https://www.axios.com/mary-trump-book-donald-trump-financials-c1635cb1-d1b0-48e0-b816-72d270170796.html |url-status=live}}</ref>|name="expose"}} ''Times'' yikati malo agho ghakaguliskika mu 2004 ghakaŵa na mtengo wakujumpha ka 16 pa umo ghakapimikiranga pakwamba.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Vikayowoyeka kuti Fred na Mary ŵakapeleka ku ŵana ŵawo ndalama zakujumpha madola 1 biliyoni pamoza, izo zikwenera kuti zikalipiranga msonkho wa 55% pa vyawanangwa na vigabano vyakujumpha madola 550 miliyoni, kweni marekhodi ghakulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana madola 52.2 miliyoni pera (pafupifupi 5%) ndizo zikalipika.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Kuyana na dango la New York State, ŵanthu ŵangazengerwa mulandu chifukwa cha kukana kulipira msonkho mwadala usange fomu ya msonkho ya upusikizgi yingapelekeka nga mbukaboni; [[statute of limitations]] yikugwira ntchito yayi mu milandu yanthena.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=Jon |last2=Spector |first2=Joseph |date=October 3, 2018 |title=New York could levy hefty penalties if Trump tax fraud is proven |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |access-date=October 2, 2020 |work=USA Today|archive-date=September 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://web.archive.org/web/20190908205443/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/new-york-trump-tax-fraud/1512265002/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Pofika pa Febuluwale 1, 2019, Maryanne Trump Barry wakaŵa wakufufuzika chifukwa cha [[judicial misconduct|makhaliro ghaheni gha jaji]] ghakukhwaskana na ndondomeko izi, kweni nkhani iyi yikamara pamanyuma mu mwezi uwo chifukwa cha kupuma kwake pa ntchito.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buettner |first1=Russ |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |date=April 10, 2019 |title=Retiring as a Judge, Trump's Sister Ends Court Inquiry Into Her Role in Tax Dodges |work=The New York Times |location=New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |access-date=August 16, 2020 |archive-date=April 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411010703/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/us/maryanne-trump-barry-misconduct-inquiry.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] awo ŵakakana kufumapo likuzingilizgika na ŵapolisi mu Queens pa Zuŵa la Kukumbukira ŵakufwa mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=A black-and-white photograph showing several hooded Ku Klux Klan members, one of whom is carrying an American flag. A few policemen are near the Klansmen, and more officers stand in a nearby car. To the right, a sashed Klansman is elevated. Civilians are intermixed and looking upon the scene. The letters "PEA" appear at bottom right.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵakuvwara malaya ghakulongora gulu la [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwara yayi malaya gha gulu ili ŵakanjira mu msambo wa Memorial Day parade ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kunjilirapo mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume 8 ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/> {{anchor|kkk}} ==Umoyo wamunthu== {{See also|Mbumba ya Trump}} [[File:1927 Memorial Day parade in Queens - police and Klansmen.png|thumb|upright=1.4|Gulu la ŵanthu ŵa [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK) awo ŵakakana kulondezga malango likukumana na ŵapolisi ku Queens pa zuŵa la Memorial Day mu 1927; ŵanyake ŵimilira pafupi.|alt=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru chikulongora ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya Ku Klux Klan, yumoza wali na mbendera ya United States. Ŵapolisi ŵachoko ŵali pafupi na ŵa Klan, ndipo ŵapolisi ŵanyake ŵali mu galimoto yapafupi. Ku chanya ku chigaŵa chakumanjila, munthu wa Klan wali pa malo ghakukwezgeka. Ŵanthu wose ŵali pakati ndipo ŵakulaŵiska ivyo vikuchitika. Mazgu "PEA" ghakuwoneka pasi ku chigaŵa chakumanjila.]] Mu Meyi 1927, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 awo ŵakakhazikika mu vyakuvwara vya [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK){{efn|name="k1k"}} na ŵakukhozgera KKK 400 awo ŵakavwaranga yayi vyakuvwara vya Klan ŵakanjira mu chigwada cha Memorial Day ku Queens, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵapolisi kuchitapo kanthu mwankhongono.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Michael |date=February 29, 2016 |title=The Klansmen and Mobsters in Donald Trump's Closet |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508092819/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/29/the-kkk-and-mob-allegations-haunting-donald-trump |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gr">{{Cite journal |last=Ayers |first=Oliver |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Fred Trump, the Ku Klux Klan and Grassroots Redlining in Interwar America |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |journal=[[Journal of Urban History]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=3–28 |doi=10.1177/0096144219858599 |issn=0096-1442 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://web.archive.org/web/20240502061829/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0096144219858599 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ŵanalume ŵankhondi na ŵatatu ŵakakakika,<ref name="gr"/><!-- * Thomas Carroll * Thomas Erwin * Harry J. Free/Lee (gray KKK militia garb) * John/Charles E. Kipp (confirmed KKK) * Ralph Losee (claimed bystander) * Fred Lyons * John Marcy * Fred Trump Trump wakakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi, [[Mary Anne MacLeod]], munthu wakusamira kufuma ku [[Tong, Lewis]], [[Scotland]], pa [[dansi]] mu vyaka vya kukwambilira kufika pakati pa ma 1930.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}}{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2016|pp=29–30}} Trump wakaphalira anyina pa usiku wenewura kuti wakumana na muwoli wake wa munthazi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} Trump, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha Lutheran, wakatora Mary, uyo wakaŵa wa chisopa cha [[Presbyterian]], pa Janyuwale 11, 1936,{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=147–148}} pa [[Tchalitchi la Presbyterian la Madison Avenue]] ndipo mwambo ukalongozgeka na [[George Arthur Buttrick]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Hannan |first=Martin |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.an-inconvenient-truth-donald-trumps-scottish-mother-was-a-low-earning-migrant/ |title=An inconvenient truth? Donald Trump's Scottish mother was a low-earning migrant |date=May 20, 2016 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |access-date=November 19, 2016 |archive-date=October 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014054533/http://www.thenational.scot/news/14903147.An_inconvenient_truth__Donald_Trump_s_Scottish_mother_was_a_low_earning_migrant/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Phwando la ukwati likachitikira ku [[Carlyle Hotel]] mu Manhattan, ndipo ŵakakhala usiku umoza pera pa ulendo wa ukwati ku Atlantic City.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=30}} Ŵakakakhala ku Jamaica, Queens,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Pilon |first=Mary |title=Donald Trump's Immigrant Mother |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=February 12, 2017 |date=June 24, 2016 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://web.archive.org/web/20240705092537/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/donald-trumps-immigrant-mother |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo ŵakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi: Maryanne Trump Barry (1937–2023),<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|title = Maryanne Trump Barry, Donald Trump's Older Sister, Dies at 86|last1 = Haberman|first1 = Maggie|last2 = Rashbaum|first2 = William K.|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|date = November 13, 2023|access-date = November 13, 2023|url-access = limited|archive-date = November 13, 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231113155340/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/us/politics/maryanne-trump-barry-dead.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Fred Trump Jr. (1938–1981; wakayendeskanga ndege wa [[Trans World Airlines]]),<ref>{{cite news| first=Jason |last=Horowitz| date=January 2, 2016 |title=For Donald Trump, Lessons From a Brother's Suffering |work=The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/us/politics/for-donald-trump-lessons-from-a-brothers-suffering.html |access-date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Trump Grau]] (wakababika mu 1942; uyo wakagwiranga ntchito ya ukuru ku [[Chase Manhattan Bank]]),<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump sister sells oceanfront Westhampton Beach home for $3.8M |work=[[Newsday]] |first=Michael |last=Gavin |date=June 23, 2017 |url=https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-m14488 |access-date=May 28, 2018 |archive-date=May 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130104/https://www.newsday.com/classifieds/real-estate/trump-sister-sells-oceanfront-westhampton-beach-home-for-3-8m-1.13759122 |url-status=live}}</ref> Donald Trump (wakababika mu 1946), na Robert Trump (1948–2020;<ref>{{cite web |last=Phillips |first=Morgan |date=August 14, 2020 |title=Robert Trump, brother of President Trump, dead at 71 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |access-date=August 15, 2020 |work=[[FoxNews.com]] |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://web.archive.org/web/20210114215857/https://www.foxnews.com/politics/robert-trump-dead |url-status=live}}</ref> mulara mukuru mu kampani ya adada ŵake ya kwendeska malo mpaka apo wakafumira pa ntchito).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chabba |first=Seerat |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Who Are Donald Trump's Siblings? What You Need To Know About Maryanne, Freddy, Elizabeth And Robert Trump |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152352/http://www.ibtimes.com/who-are-donald-trumps-siblings-what-you-need-know-about-maryanne-freddy-elizabeth-2446302 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Kimberly |last=Powell |date=March 2, 2016 |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/ancestry-of-donald-trump-1421916 |title=Donald Trump's German and Scottish Family Tree |work=ThoughtCo |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311161738/http://genealogy.about.com/od/famous_family_trees/p/trump_2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> {{multiple image |total_width=350 |image1=FredTrump1940.jpg|caption1={{center|c. 1940}}|alt1=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakura, chikuŵa pachoko kufuma pa ng'anamiro, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image2=FredTrump1941.jpg|caption2={{center|c. 1941}}|alt2=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma, mphuno yakupotoka na masharubu ghakugaŵikana. Wavwara suti. |image3=FredTrump1950-02.png|caption3={{center|c. 1950}}|alt3=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na masharubu ghakuyana na mswachi. Wavwara suti. |image4=Fred Trump c. 1950.jpg|caption4={{center|c. 1950}}|alt4=Chithuzi chakufipa na chakweru cha mwanalume wakuseka, wali na sisi lakubwelera kumanyuma na chimanyikwilo chakufipa pasi pa mphuno, kweniso chinyake chakuthwa pa hafu ya chibwano chake. Wavwara tayi ya kupota. |footer=Vinyake mwa vithuzi vya Trump vya pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900{{efn|name="brsh"}} vikulongora [[kusinthika kwa vithuzi]].{{efn|Vithuzi vya ŵanthu vya nyengo iyi vikaŵa vinandi kufuma ku ''[[Brooklyn Eagle]]'' iyo yikaŵa paubwezi na Trump.<ref name="Brighton"/><ref name="bklyn"/> Vithuzi vinandi vya ŵanthu vikamba kuŵako kufuma cha m'ma {{circa|1955}} kuya munthazi.<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisberg |first=Rabbi Yossi |date=June 24, 2025 |title=Memories from my grandfather and President Trump's father |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |access-date=December 21, 2025 |website=[[Israel National News]] |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://web.archive.org/web/20251221171825/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/410600 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Break Ground for New Jewish Center at Brighton Beach|date=August 1, 1954|page=1|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|newspaper=Brooklyn Eagle|via=Newspapers.com|archive-date=January 6, 2026|access-date=January 2, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://web.archive.org/web/20260106162341/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/576112203/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Blair-2018"/>}} |footer_align=center }} Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Trump wakamba kubisa chiyambi chake cha Chijeremani.<ref name="Brighton"/>{{efn|name="brsh"}} Nangauli wakaŵa na [[katchuliro ka Chijeremani]] (ako pamanyuma kakasinthika kuŵa [[katchuliro ka New York|katchuliro ka New York]]),<ref name="Horatio Alger Association"/> wakakana kuti wakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi.{{sfn|Barrett|1992|pp=35, 44, 55}}{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}} Chifukwa chinyake chikuru chikaŵa chifukwa cha kukwezgeka kwa [[Ŵayuda ku New York]], wakakhozgeranga milimo ya Ŵayuda, ndipo vyawanangwa vyake (ivyo vikuwoneka kuti vikamba mu 1941, masabata ghaŵiri pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu nkhondo) vikapangiska ŵanthu ŵanyake kughanaghana kuti wakalondezganga [[Chiyuda]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{Efn|name="sam"}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mwana wa Fred Jr., [[Mary L. Trump]], pamanyuma nayo wakayowoya kuti sekuru wake "wakaŵa na {{nowrap|mazgu ghakususka Ŵayuda}}".<ref name="why"/>{{efn|name="ushmm"|Nangauli kususkana na Ŵayuda kwa Hitler kukamanyikwanga makora,<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Americans Knew |url=https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |access-date=October 24, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |archive-date=November 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103083207/https://exhibitions.ushmm.org/americans-and-the-holocaust/topics/what-americans-knew |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nkhondo ya Holocaust]] yikamba chomene mu 1941, ndipo malipoti gha ku United States ghakamba kulembeka paumaliro wa 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=The United States and the Holocaust, 1942–45 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://web.archive.org/web/20231104155709/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-united-states-and-the-holocaust-1942-45 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Wakawuskaso kachilembo "h" mu zina lake la pakati (kuleka kulongora kuti wangasuskana na Ŵayuda chifukwa cha kuŵa Mkhristu).{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=25}} Pamanyuma Trump wakayowoya utesi kuti wakafumanga ku [[Ŵaswidi|Sweden]]{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}<ref name="nyt"/> ndipo mu 1973 wakayowoya mwambura kwenelera kuti wakababikira ku New Jersey;<ref name="whitman"/> mautesi agha ghakalutilira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 kwizira mwa Donald Trump na mulembi wa buku lakwamba la umoyo wa Donald.<ref name="CNN-2019">{{cite web |last=Lybrand |first=Holmes |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Fact Check: Trump's dad was not born in Germany |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129041054/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/03/politics/fact-check-trumps-dad-was-not-born-in-germany/index.html |archive-date=January 29, 2025 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |agency=CNN}}</ref>{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grimes |first=William |date=February 25, 2017 |title=Jerome Tuccille, Libertarian Author and Trump Biographer, Dies at 79 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |work=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://web.archive.org/web/20220615100034/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/books/jerome-tuccille-dead.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name="kt"}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, Fred wakazgoka mubwezi wa [[kazembe wa Israel ku United Nations]], [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], uyo pamanyuma wakaŵa [[nduna yikuru ya Israel]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sherman |first=Gabriel |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Trump Is Considering a Pre-Convention Visit to Israel |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |journal=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |access-date=January 29, 2017 |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826113558/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/trump-is-considering-pre-convention-israel-visit.html |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Start dates of BN's premierships are not relevant to this section. --> Pamasinda pa kubabika kwa Elizabeth, ndipo apo United States yikamba kusanganika chomene mu nkhondo, Trump wakasamuska mbumba yake kuya ku [[Virginia Beach]], ku Hampton Roads.<ref name="Horowitz-2016"/>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=32}} Mu 1944, apo chovwiro cha Trump chakufuma ku [[Federal Housing Administration|FHA]] chikamba kuchepa, iwo ŵakawelera ku [[Jamaica Estates, Queens]], uko Mary wakataya nthumbo.{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} Mu 1946, ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba ya [[Tudor architecture|mtundu wa Tudor]] ya vyumba vinkhondi, iyo Trump wakazenga mu Jamaica Estates,{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=225}} ndipo Trump wakagula malo ghapafupi agho ghakaŵa na ukuru wa {{convert|0.5|acre|sigfig=1|adj=on}},{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=33}} uko wakazenga nyumba yikuru ya vyumba 23 na mabafa 9. Mbumba iyi yikasamira mu nyumba iyi pakati pa 1950 na 1951, ndipo Fred na Mary ŵakakhala mwenemumo m'paka apo ŵakafwira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New York, Queens, 41-1457 |url=https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=[[1950 United States census|1950 Census]] |archive-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419004436/https://1950census.archives.gov/iiif/2/1950census%2F43290879-New_York%2F43290879-New_York-197073%2F43290879-New_York-197073-0009.jpg/full/2129,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Menza-2017">{{cite web |last=Menza |first=Kaitlin |date=April 5, 2017 |title=16 Things You Didn't Know About Donald Trump's Father, Fred |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/g9229257/fred-trump-facts/?slide=10 |access-date=August 3, 2020 |work=Town & Country}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Warren |first=Katie |date=December 19, 2019 |title=I visited Trump's childhood neighborhood on the outskirts of NYC, and it didn't take long to see why he's called it an 'oasis' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |access-date=August 10, 2020 |work=Business Insider |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803235724/https://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-childhood-neighborhood-queens-new-york-city-photos-2018-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=225, 453, 598}} Aŵa ŵakapokelaso nyumba mu chipinda cha nambala 55 (iyo yikachemekanga nambala 63){{refn|name=...}} cha [[Trump Tower]] ya Donald Trump ({{circa|1983}}),<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abelson |first1=Max |last2=Drucker |first2=Jesse |last3=Mider |first3=Zachary R. |date=October 25, 2016 |title=Inside Trump Tower, the Center of the Billionaire's Universe |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-trump-tower/ |access-date=May 1, 2019 |work=B.}}</ref> kweni ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nyumba iyi mwakachetechete panji yayi chomene.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=327}}{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=66}}<ref name="Belkin-2016"/> Trump wakaŵa [[teetotaler|munthu wakuleka kumwa moŵa]]{{Efn|Mwakuyana na kuwunika kwa [[Timothy L. O'Brien]] kwa buku ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'' (2020) la muzukuru wa Trump, Mary L. Trump, "Fred Sr., uyo wakalekerathu kumwa moŵa, wakaŵa na malo ghakukondweska ghakumwera agho ghakaŵa na vinthu vyose kwambura moŵa ... ghakaŵa ghakuvikililika" na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzengera mafano gha ŵanthu ŵakuguliska ndudu ([[cigar store Indian]]s).<ref name="OBrien"/>}} ndipo wakaŵa [[authoritarian parent|baba wankhongono chomene pa kulera ŵana]], ndipo wakakhazikiska malango ghakukhwima nga ni [[table manners|mikhaliro yakulyera pa thebulu]] na nyengo zakuwelera ku nyumba, kweniso wakakanizga kutuka, kupaka lipstick, na kurya vinthu pakati pa nyengo za chakurya.<ref name="OBrien">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Timothy L. |author-link=Timothy L. O'Brien |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Mary Trump's Guided Tour Into Her Uncle Donald's Troubled Mind |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709003017/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-07-08/mary-trump-s-guided-tour-into-her-uncle-donald-s-troubled-mind |archive-date=July 9, 2020 |access-date=July 9, 2020 |work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}}{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|pp=78–79}} Paumaliro pa zuŵa lililose, Trump wakapokeranga lipoti kufuma kwa Mary lakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵana ŵake ŵachita, ndipo usange pakakhumbikwanga, wakasankhanga chilango chakuti ŵapokere.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=228}} Kweniso, nyumba yikuru iyi yikaŵa na nthowa yakulaŵilira vinthu na [[intercom]], iyo Trump wakagwiliskiranga ntchito kuti wakhozge malango pa ŵana ŵake.{{Sfn|Trump III|2024|p=37}} Wakatoranga ŵana ŵake ku malo ghakuzengera nyumba kuti ŵakawunganye mabotolo ghambura kanthu na kughalipiliska kuti ŵapokere ndalama zakubwezerako.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Ŵana ŵanalume ŵakaŵa na ntchito yakuguliska manyuzipepara ([[Paperboy|paper routes]]), kweni para nyengo yikaŵa yiheni, wakaŵazomerezganga kuti ŵapereke manyuzipepara mu galimoto ya limousine.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=229}} Trump wakakanizganga vyakukondweska nga ni kwimba sumu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 11, 2025 |title='I could have been a flutist': Trump says he was once labelled 'brilliant at music'; briefly played flute as a child |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/i-could-have-been-a-flutist-trump-says-he-was-once-labelled-brilliant-at-music-briefly-played-the-flute-as-a-child/articleshow/121783525.cms |access-date=June 11, 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mwakuyana na mwana wa Fred Jr., Mary L. Trump, Fred Sr. wakakhumbanga kuti mwana wake mukuru waŵe munthu "wakuleka kutoreka" mu nkharo kuti wazakatore bizinesi ya mbumba, kweni Fred Jr. wakaŵa wakupambana na ichi.{{sfn|Trump|2020|p=41}} M'malo mwake, Trump wakasambizga Donald kuti wazakaŵe mulongozgi wa bizinesi ya mbumba, ndipo wakamuphalira kuti "ŵa wakukoma" na kuti "Ndiwe themba.".<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=David |date=September 8, 2015 |title=Trump's political skills praised – by Nixon in 1987 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/onpolitics/2015/09/08/trump-biography-nixon/81599662/ |access-date=July 5, 2020 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/> Mary L. Trump wakayowoya kuti Fred Sr. "wakaparanya [Fred Jr.] mwa kumunangira na kumunyoza mu vigaŵa vyose vya nkharo yake" ndipo wakamuseka chifukwa cha kusankha kwake kuŵa wakwendeska ndege.<ref name="Lozada-2020">{{cite news |last=Lozada |first=Carlos |date=July 9, 2020 |title=Review of 'Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man' by Mary L. Trump |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/09/real-villain-mary-trumps-family-tell-all-isnt-donald-its-fred/ |access-date=July 16, 2020}}</ref> Mu 1981, Fred Jr. wakafwa wali na vyaka 42 chifukwa cha masuzgo ghakukhwaskana na [[alcoholism|kumwa moŵa mwakujumphizga]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=Part 1: New Frontiers |series=[[Biography (TV program)|Biography]]: The Trump Dynasty |date=February 25, 2019 |time=1:21 |network=[[A&E (TV network)|A&E]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Trump|2020|ps=, author's note}} Mwakuyana na Donald Trump, apo amama ŵake ŵakalaŵiliranga [[coronation of Elizabeth II|kuvikika ufumu kwa Elizabeth II]] pa TV mu 1953, Fred wakayendayendanga mu nyumba ndipo wakati, "Kwa Chiuta, Mary. Vyakhala vyakukwana, zimani. Wose mbapusikizgi."{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=16}} Kweniso mu ma 1950, Fred wakamba kutemwa Norman Vincent Peale, uyo wakalemba buku ''[[The Power of Positive Thinking]]'' (1952), chifukwa cha umo wakalondoleranga umoyo na Chikhristu mwakuyana na bizinesi.<ref name="peale">{{Cite news |last=Elving |first=Ron |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Norman Vincent Peale Was A Conservative Hero Known Well Beyond His Era |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/24/894967922/norman-vincent-peale-was-a-conservative-hero-known-well-beyond-his-era |access-date=August 27, 2022 |work=NPR}}</ref> Trump na mbumba yake ŵakalutanga ku maulendo gha kusopa agho Peale wakachitanga ku [[Marble Collegiate Church]] mu Manhattan.<ref name="peale"/> Trump wakaŵaso wakukhozgera mupharazgi wa [[Southern Baptist]] [[Billy Graham]], ndipo wakatora mbumba yake kukawona Graham wakuyowoya ku [[Yankee Stadium (1923)|Yankee Stadium]] ({{Circa|1957|lk=off}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2018 |title=Inside Donald Trump's relationship with Rev. Billy Graham |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/inside-donald-trumps-relationship-rev-billy-graham/story?id=53448191 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2017 |title=This date in history: Billy Graham preaches at Yankee Stadium |url=https://billygrahamlibrary.org/this-date-in-history-billy-graham-preaches-at-yankee-stadium/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |website=The Billy Graham Library}}</ref> ===Chawanangwa=== Fred na Mary Trump ŵakawovwiranga mabungwe gha vya munkhwala mwa kupeleka nyumba. Pamanyuma pakuti Mary wapokera chovwiro cha munkhwala ku [[Jamaica Hospital Medical Center]], iwo ŵakapeleka nyumba ya chivwaro cha ŵalwari ya [[Trump Pavilion Rehabilitation building|Trump Pavilion]]; <ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809">{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=August 9, 2000 |title=Mary MacLeod Trump Philanthropist, 88 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |access-date=January 30, 2017 |journal=The New York Times |archive-date=March 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323085602/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/09/nyregion/mary-macleod-trump-philanthropist-88.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Fred wakaŵa so [[trustee|mwenekaya wakuwona vya kayendeskero]] ka chipatala ichi.{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Mbumba ya Trump yikapeleka nyumba ziŵiri mu Brooklyn kuti ziŵe malo ghakukhalamo ŵanthu "ŵakulephera kugwira ntchito makora mu maghanoghano", nyumba ku New Jersey yakukwana $4.75 miliyoni kwa [[United Cerebral Palsy]] (iyo Donald wakajipa ntchindi kuti ndiyo wakachita),<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Kaczynski|first1=Andrew|last2=McDermott|first2=Nathan|last3=Massie|first3=Christopher|date=July 18, 2016|title=Records Contradict Trump's Claims Of Charitable Giving To A Disability Nonprofit|work=[[BuzzFeed News]]|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/andrewkaczynski/records-contradict-trumps-claims-of-charitable-giving-to-a-d|access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref> kweniso nyumba zinyake kwa [[National Kidney Foundation]] (NKF).<ref name="nyt"/><ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"/> Trump wakapeleka malo ghake ghanyake ghambura kusanga phindu likuru ku NKF, ndipo mwakuyana na ''The New York Times'' ichi chikaŵa "chimoza mwa vyawanangwa vikuru chomene ivyo wakapeleka", chifukwa wakapokera [[Tax deduction|kuchitira mphindulo pa misonkho]] kuyana na mtengo uwo wakayowoya. Mu lipoti la misonkho la 1992, mtengo wake ukalembeka kuti ni $34 miliyoni.<ref name="tax schemes"/> Mwakukwambilira chomene pamanyuma pakuti United States yanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose kuumaliro wa 1941, Trump wakawovwira vyakukhwaskana na Ŵayuda na charu cha Israyeli.{{sfn|Blair|2015|pp=159, 493}}{{efn|name="sam"}}{{efn|name="ushmm"}} Ivi vikasazgapo kupeleka malo ghakuzengera [[Beach Haven Jewish Center]], [[synagogue|nyumba yakusoperamo ya Ŵayuda]] ku Flatbush, Brooklyn, pafupifupi mu 1951,<ref name="synagogue"/><ref name="take"/> kugura [[Israel Bonds]] (iyo yikamba mu 1951),{{sfn|Blair|2015|page=159}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=March 25, 2016 |title=The Swedish Whopper: Donald Trump's Long-standing Struggle With the Truth |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/donald-trump-s-struggle-with-the-truth-1.5422774 |format=print and online |journal=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=January 30, 2017}}</ref> kweniso kuŵa mulembi wa ndalama pa konsati ya chovwiro cha Israyeli mu 1952 iyo yikaŵa na ŵakwimba ŵa ku America ŵa mtundu wa [[easy-listening]].{{sfn|Blair|2015|p=174}} Fred wakawovwira sukulu yapadera ya [[Kew-Forest School]],<ref name="nyt"/> uko ŵana ŵake ŵakasambiranga ndipo wakaŵa mu komiti yakulongozga sukulu iyi.{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=38}} Mbumba ya Trump yikachitanga vinthu pamoza na [[The Salvation Army]], [[Boy Scouts of America]], kweniso Lighthouse for the Blind.<ref name="NYTstaffObit000809"> Fred wakawovwiraso [[Long Island Jewish Hospital]] na [[Hospital for Special Surgery]] mu Manhattan; <ref name="nyt"/> ku chipatala chakumaliro ichi, wakaŵa mulwari wa dokotala wa viŵaro [[Philip D. Wilson Jr.]], uyo wakaŵa dokotala mukuru wa chipatala ichi kufuma mu 1972 m'paka 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Gift Creates Mary and Fred Trump Institute for Implant Analysis |url=https://www.hss.edu/newsroom_hss-receives-implant-analysis-million-dollar-gift-from-trump.asp |access-date=August 20, 2023 |website=Discovery to Recovery |via=Hospital for Special Surgery}}</ref> Nangauli wakaŵa mulembi wa mavoti wa [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], Trump wakamba kuŵa paubwezi na [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] ku New York,<ref name="Belkin-2016"/>{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=60}} ndipo wakapelekanga ndalama ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba (kusazgapo $2,500 ku kampeni ya Mayor Wagner mu 1961, iyo yikawovwira kuzenga Trump Village).<ref name="Blair-2018"/> Pamoza na Donald mu ma 1980, Fred wakapeleka ndalama zakujumpha $350,000 ku ŵandyali ŵa mu msumba, kusazgapo Mayor [[Ed Koch]], pulezidenti wa khonsolo [[Andrew Stein]], Controller [[Harrison J. Goldin]], na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi pa ŵalongozgi ŵankhondi ŵa maboma gha mu msumba.<ref name="Gerstein-2016"/> Mu Okutobala 2018, ''The New York Times'' yikati mu lipoti lake la kufukura pa vya chuma cha Trump kuti ŵakasanga ukaboni uliwose yayi wakuti wakapeleka ndalama zikuru ku mabungwe gha chifundo.<ref name="tax schemes"/> ==Chiharo== {{see also|New York investigations of The Trump Organization}} [[File:Woody Guthrie 2.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] (1943)]] Wakwimba sumu wa mtundu wa folk [[Woody Guthrie]] wakaŵa munthu wakupanga lenti ku Beach Haven Apartments pakati pa 1950 na 1951.<ref name="unbelievable">{{cite news |last=Moyer |first=Justin William |date=January 22, 2016 |title=The Unbelievable Story of Why Woody Guthrie Hated Donald Trump's Dad |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-dad/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321224532/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/01/22/the-unbelievable-story-of-why-woody-guthrie-hated-donald-trumps-racist-dad/ |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021">{{Cite magazine |last=Kaufman |first=Gil |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Woody Guthrie's Daughter Cites Dad's Scathing 'Old Man Trump' in Reaction to Former President's Updated 'Heroes' Garden List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250211054510/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/woody-guthrie-daughter-responds-trump-heroes-garden-9514468/ |archive-date=February 11, 2025 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] }}</ref> Mu sumu yake yambura kulembeka mu ma CD "[[Old Man Trump]]", wakadandawura vya mtengo wa lenti ndipo wakayimba kuti Trump wakawovwira kusambazga [[Ethnic hatred|chitinkha pakati pa mitundu]] "mu mtima wa ŵanthu".<ref name="nytguthrie">{{cite news |last=Kaplan |first=Thomas |date=January 25, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote of His Contempt for His Landlord, Donald Trump's Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308075407/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2016/01/25/woody-guthrie-sang-of-his-contempt-for-donald-trumps-father/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Kaufman-2021"/> Mwakuyana, mu mtundu wa sumu ya "[[Ain't Got No Home (Woody Guthrie song)|Ain't Got No Home]]" iyo yikafumiskika yayi, Guthrie wakayowoya kuti:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Molloy |first=Tim |date=October 6, 2016 |title=Woody Guthrie Wrote a Poem Calling Donald Trump's Dad a Racist – Here It Is |url=https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=February 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260206202538/https://www.thewrap.com/woody-guthrie-poem-fred-trump-donald-trump-dad-racist-national-poetry-day/ |url-status=live}}</ref> {{Poem quote|text=Beach Haven chikuwoneka nga kuchanya Kweneko palije ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakwenda! Yayi, yayi, yayi! Mulara Trump! Beach Haven yakale ni kwangu yayi!}} Trump wakayowoyeka mwambura kwenelera kuti ni mubali wa mwanalpolitiki wa Republican [[Fred Trump (politician)|Fred J. Trump]], uyo wakaŵa wakupikisana pa mavoti gha [[1956 Arizona gubernatorial election]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 9, 1956 |title=Republican Fred Trump For Governor |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=7632026 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430134617/https://www.newspapers.com/image/163746941/?clipping_id=7632026 |archive-date=April 30, 2025 |access-date=July 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Arizona Daily Star]] |location=Tucson, Arizona |page=11 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> ndipo wakalemberana makalata na [[Richard Nixon]] pa nyengo ya kampeni yake ya [[1960 United States presidential election|mavoti gha pulezidenti gha 1960]] yakulimbana na [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>Trump, Fred (September 30, 1960). Letter to Richard Nixon – via the [[Richard Nixon Presidential Library]], Box 764. "Please refer to Sen.&nbsp;K, not by name, but as the 'Junior Senator from Massachusetts'!"</ref> [[Jerome Tuccille]] mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la mu 1985 wakawerezga utesi wa Fred wakuti wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakalemba mwakubudika kuti zina lake la pakati likaŵa Charles (chifukwa cha Christ).{{sfn|Tuccille|1985|p=25}} Buku la Donald la ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' (1987) nalo likuyowoya kuti Fred wakababikira ku New Jersey ndipo wakaŵa mwana wa munthu wakufuma ku Sweden (chifukwa cha Germany).<ref name="CNN-2019"/> ''[[The New York Post]]'' nayo yikawerezga fundo iyi mu mazgu ghake gha malilo gha Fred.{{sfn|Bernstein|2020|p=153}} Nga ni pulezidenti wa United States, Donald wakayowoya kanandi waka mwakubudika kuti awiske ŵakababikira ku Germany.<ref name="Germany">{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Analysis &#124; Trump wrongly claims his dad was born in Germany – for the third time |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718033014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/02/trump-wrongly-claims-his-dad-was-born-germany-third-time/ |archive-date=July 18, 2024 |access-date=April 4, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="fourth">{{Cite web |last=Riotta |first=Chris |date=April 3, 2019 |title=Donald Trump just claimed for fourth time that his father was born in Germany. He was wrong, again |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154334/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-father-fred-trump-born-germany-false-claim-new-york-city-nato-jens-stoltenberg-a8851946.html |archive-date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=September 3, 2022 |website=[[The Independent]] }}</ref><ref name="health">{{cite web |last=Sewell |first=Anne |title=Donald Trump's Health Under Scrutiny Again As He Forgets Key Family Detail |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/donald-trumps-health-under-scrutiny-again-as-he-forgets-key-family-detail |date=March 3, 2026 |access-date=March 4, 2026|website=[[Inquisitr]]}}</ref> Mwakuyana na buku la 2021 lakuyowoya vya chaka chaumaliro cha u pulezidenti wake wakwamba, Donald nyengo yinyake wakayowoya mwakuyuyura Chancellor wa Germany [[Angela Merkel]], kuti, "Nkhumanya makrauts awa", ndipo wakalongora pa chithuzithuzi cha awiske na kulutilira kuti, "Nkhakuliskika na mkraut mukuru chomene pa wose." <ref name="Alone">{{Cite book |last1=Leonnig |first1=Carol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVo5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PG384 |title=I Alone Can Fix It: Donald J. Trump's Catastrophic Final Year |last2=Rucker |first2=Philip |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-593-29894-7 |location=New York |pages=384 |author-link=Carol D. Leonnig |author-link2=Philip Rucker}}</ref><ref name="kraut">{{cite web |title=Kraut Definition & Meaning |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://web.archive.org/web/20250502034542/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/kraut |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |access-date=June 12, 2022 |website=[[Dictionary.com]] |publisher=}}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"|Mu 1990, Ivana Trump wakayowoya kuti mphwa wa Fred, uyo wakaŵa wakumanya mbiri ya mbumba kweniso mukuru mu gulu lawo, [[John Whitney Walter|John Walter]], wakamulondezga Donald ku ntchito mwa kudinya visinthiro vyake vya malundi na kuyowoya kuti "[[Heil Hitler|''Heil'' Hitler]]", ndipo ichi chikwenera kuti chikaŵa chithuzithuzi cha mbumba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brenner |first=Marie |author-link=Marie Brenner |date=September 1, 1990 |title=After the Gold Rush |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|archive-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://web.archive.org/web/20170803061942/https://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/2015/07/donald-ivana-trump-divorce-prenup-marie-brenner |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu u pulezidenti wake wachiŵiri, Donald wakayowoya kuti Chancellor wa Germany [[Friedrich Merz]] "wakumanya vyose vyakukhwaskana na awiske".<ref name="health"/> Mu buku lake la mbiri ya Donald Trump la 1993, [[Harry Hurt&nbsp;III]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[philanderer|munthu wakwendeska vyamaubwezi vya chigololo]], ndipo wakuti vyamaubwezi vyake vya ku Florida vikapangiska kuti wamanyikwe nga ni "The King of [[Miami Beach]]". Mu 1989 (apo Donald wakaŵa wachali mu nthengwa na Ivana kweni manyuzipepara ghakaŵa kwamba kale kulemba vya ubwezi wake na mwanakazi uyo wakazakaŵa muwoli wake Marla Maples), Fred wakayowoya kwa Donald kuti wangakaŵa na "ŵanakazi ŵanandi chikwi" kweni wakwenera yayi kugwilikira mu ubwezi umoza wa kuwaro kwa nthengwa.{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|pp=65–66}}{{sfn|Frank|2018|pp=85–86}} Mwakuyana na Hurt, Donald wati wasankha kuluta na Ivana ku malilo gha awiske ku [[Czechoslovakia]] (mu nyengo iyo chisudzulo chawo chikaŵa pafupi), Fred wakaphalira mlembi wake wakale kweniso munthu wakumupulikira chomene kuti, "Nkhukhumba ndege yawo yibwangike. Ndipo para vyachitika nthena, masuzgo ghane ghose ghazamumara."<ref name="D'Antonio-2020"/>{{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=349}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruse |first=Michael |date=March 6, 2018 |title='I Need Loyalty' |url=http://politi.co/2H9Z1aA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308050523/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/03/06/donald-trump-loyalty-staff-217227/ |archive-date=March 8, 2025 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |website=Politico }}</ref>{{efn|name="walter"}} Pa nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|pulayimale ya Donald Trump ya mu 2016]], kukakika kwa awiske pa chiwawa cha KKK mu 1927 kukayowoyeka so.{{Efn|name="bb"}} Pakati pa mwezi wa February 2017, nyuzipepala ya ku Israel iyo yikaŵa ya maghanoghano gha ku chiharo yikati Donald Trump (uyo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa" yekha kwa iyo) na nduna yikuru ya Israel [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ŵakasambiranga sankho ku ŵawiskewo, Trump ku [[ŵanthu ŵakufipa khungu]] ndipo Netanyahu [[Anti-Arabism|ku Ŵaarabu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Derfner |first=Larry |date=February 12, 2017 |title=My Racist Father, My Hero: Trump and Netanyahu's Meeting of Minds |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702172015/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-02-12/ty-article/.premium/my-racist-father-my-hero-trump-and-netanyahus-meeting-of-minds/0000017f-f367-d8a1-a5ff-f3eff98d0000 |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=June 6, 2023 |work=[[Haaretz]] }}</ref> Mazuŵa ghatatu pamanyuma pake, FBI yikafumiska makalata 389 gha kafukufuku wake uyo wakachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 wakukhwaskana na ivyo ŵakatenge ni sankho la mitundu na [[Trump Organization]].<ref name="Choi-2017"/> Mu mbiri yake ya maghanoghano gha Donald ya mu 2018, [[Justin A. Frank]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa wakutinkha Ŵayuda.{{sfn|Frank|2018|p=64}} Mu 2020, Mary L. Trump wakakhozgera fundo iyi ndipo wakayowoya kuti Fred wakwenera kuti wakakolerana na KKK.<ref name="why">{{Cite web |last=Corn |first=David |authorlink=David Corn |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Mary Trump on why Donald Trump lies, why he's 'racist,' and why she wrote her book |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227182416/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/07/watch-mary-trump-on-why-donald-trump-lies-why-hes-racist-and-why-she-wrote-her-book/ |archive-date=February 27, 2024 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] }}</ref> Mu Meyi 2016, mu nkhani yakukhwaskana na [[Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump|mazina ghawene gha Donald Trump]], ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' yikayowoya kuti awiske ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito zina lautesi "Mr.&nbsp;Green" kuti ŵafumbiske mwakubisika mitengo ya malo.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Antonio |first=Michael |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Donald Trump's Long, Strange History of Using Fake Names |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |access-date=July 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222135021/http://fortune.com/2016/05/18/donald-trump-fake-names/ |archive-date=February 22, 2019}}</ref> Mu Okutobala 2016, chifukwa cha ma pempho ghanandi gha [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Dango la wanangwa wa mazgu gha boma gha United States]], FBI yikafumiska fayilo yichoko iyo yikaŵapo ya Fred; yikaŵa na nkhani ya mu 1986 yakukhwaskana na vyawanangwa vya ndyali vya Trump Management, kalata ya mu 1991 iyo yikafufutika chomene yakukhwaskana na mphekesera za kukolerana na [[upusikizgi wakupangiska milandu|magulu gha uchigeŵenga]], kweniso lipoti la [[Background check|kafukufuku wa munthu]] la Trump Construction Corp.<ref name="Gerstein-2016">{{cite web |last=Gerstein |first=Josh |date=October 8, 2016 |title=FBI releases thin file on Donald Trump's father, Fred |url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116125456/https://www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2016/10/fbi-releases-thin-file-on-fred-trump-229361 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref> Mu 2018, pakulemba mu [[New York (magazini)|''New York'' magazine]] pakuyowoya za nkhani ya ''New York Times'', [[Jonathan Chait]] wakayowoya kuti vyawanangwa vinandi ivyo Fred wakapeleka kwa Donald vikaŵa vyakupalamura dango mwakuyana na umo vikaŵira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chait |first=Jonathan |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The New York Times Proves President Trump Is a Crook |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227171536/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/10/president-trump-crook-new-york-times-proves.html |archive-date=February 27, 2025 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] }}</ref> Pakati pa 2020, komiti ya ndyali ya PAC yakucema kuti njara yake njakumasuka [[MeidasTouch]] yikayowoya mazgu ghakuti "galimoto yambura kanthu" kufuma mu kayowoyero ka Trump ku Horatio Alger Association, pakuyowoya kuti Donald wakamalira waka chuma icho wakapokera kwa awiske kweniso "chuma chikuru cha vyamalonda" icho wakapokera kufuma ku [[Obama administration|boma la Obama]].<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[MeidasTouch]] |date=June 20, 2020 |title=Fred's Failure |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quhVLpGm2uk |access-date=April 7, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fearnow |first=Benjamin |date=June 20, 2021 |title=Donald Trump Roasted in MeidasTouch Father's Day Video Featuring His Dad |url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224101427/https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-roasted-meidastouch-fathers-day-video-featuring-his-dad-freds-failure-1602373 |archive-date=February 24, 2024 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=[[Newsweek]] }}</ref> Mulembi wa buku ''[[The Art of the Deal]]'' [[Tony Schwartz (writer)|Tony Schwartz]] wakayowoya mu 2020 kuti Fred "wakukhozga" wakaŵavya [[luntha lwa maghanoghano]], ndipo ichi chikakhwaska ŵana ŵake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taddonio |first=Patrice |date=September 22, 2020 |title=Trump the 'Bully': How Childhood & Military School Shaped the Future President |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[PBS Frontline]] |archive-date=June 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250607091733/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/trump-the-bully-how-childhood-military-school-shaped-the-future-president/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mu buku lake la 2020, ''[[Too Much and Never Enough]]'', Mary L. Trump (uyo ni [[wakasambira vya maghanoghano gha ŵanthu|muwemi wa maghanoghano]]) wakuyowoya kuti Fred wakaŵa [[sociopath|munthu uyo wali na mikhaliro ya sociopath yakukwana chomene]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=July 7, 2020|title=Donald Trump's behavior was shaped by his 'sociopath' father, niece writes in bombshell book|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|access-date=July 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707165418/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/07/donald-trump-abuse-father-niece-mary-book|archive-date=July 7, 2020}}</ref> uyo wakatimbanizga [[emotional development|kusambira kwa maghanoghano gha Donald]].{{Sfn|Trump|2020|p=43}} Kuyana na nkhani ya mu 2024 mu magazini ya vya mbiri ya maghanoghano ''[[Clio's Psyche]]'', Fred uyo wakaŵa "wankhaza" ndiposo wakupusikizga wakakanizga Donald "vyakukhumbikwa vya chitemwa na kusambizgika maghanoghano kuti waŵe na umoyo" (apo wakamucemanga kuti "wakukoma", na vinyake), ndipo ichi chikapangiska Donald kuŵavya "[[Morality|udindo wa makhaliro ghawemi]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eberle |first=Scott G. |date=June 19, 2024 |title=Finding Empathy Without Sympathy for Donald Trump |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/play-in-mind/202406/finding-empathy-without-sympathy-for-donald-trump |access-date=July 10, 2024 |website=[[Psychology Today]] }}</ref> Kufuma apo [[Ukolerekesko wa Donald Trump mu New York|Donald Trump wakakakika mu New York]] mu 2023, mabuku ghanyake gha nkhani ghakalemba kuti awiske ŵake ŵakakakikapo kaŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourie |first=Ilya |date=April 8, 2023 |title=Like Father, Like Son: Revisiting Fred Trump's Arrests |url=https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503041404/https://therealdeal.com/national/2023/04/08/like-father-like-son-revisiting-fred-trumps-arrests/ |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] }}</ref> === Mu mitheto === Mu 2011 ''[[Comedy Central Roast]]'' ya Donald Trump, wakusekeska wa ku America [[Seth MacFarlane]] wakayowoya kuti usambazi wa Donald ukafuma kwa awiske, ndipo wakaseka ivyo wakayowoya kuti Donald wakajipanga yekha "vyautesi vya munthu uyo wakamba yekha" ndipo wakayaniska ubwezi wawo na ubwezi wa [[Jaden Smith|Jaden]] na [[Will Smith]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaCroix |first=Emy |date=April 26, 2018 |title=The 2011 Donald Trump Roast Is Re-Airing on Comedy Central, See the Best Jokes Here |url=https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122084304/https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/donald-trump-roast-comedy-central-158933/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=Life & Style }}</ref> Kuumaliro kwa 2016, [[Nell Scovell]] wakalemba vya kuyezgayezga kwambura chipambano kwa kukawona dindi la Trump mu ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', ndipo wakayowoya kuti chithuzi icho chikaŵa pa intaneti chikulongora kuti dindi ili likaŵa lakuzizwiska chifukwa likaŵa lichoko.<ref name="plot"/> Pamanyuma pakupempha ulongozgi wa umo wangafikira, Scovell wakalimbikiskika mwakubisika na pulezidenti wa masisita gha malaro.<ref name="scov">{{cite web |last=Scovell |first=Nell |author-link=Nell Scovell |date=October 11, 2016 |title=A Visit to Trump's Graveyard |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224115548/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a49247/search-for-trump-grave/ |archive-date=February 24, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucking |first=Liz |date=October 11, 2016 |title=Trump Gravestone {{!}} The Lutheran All Faiths Cemetery |url=https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083151/https://therealdeal.com/new-york/2016/10/11/spirit-of-trump-family-haunts-this-queens-cemetery/ |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=April 13, 2023 |website=The Real Deal }}</ref> Mu 2018, ''[[Nylon.com]]'' wakagwiliskira ntchito chithuzi cha Trump wakukalamba icho chikaŵa na chibowo chakuwoneka chomene kunyuma kwa limoza la matama ghake (chifukwa cha [[mandibulectomy]]){{sfn|Hurt III|1993|p=65}} ndipo wakayowoya kuti ivyo ''New York Times'' yikavumbura "vikapangiska ŵanthu kumanya, panyake kakwamba, umo Fred Trump wakawonekera—ndipo vikawoneka kuti wakuyanako na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu nkhani za nthano awo mbaheni".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calfee |first=Bailey |date=October 4, 2018 |title=The Scariest New Meme Is Trump's Dad |url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122083958/https://www.nylon.com/articles/trump-dad-meme |archive-date=January 22, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[Nylon.com]] }}</ref> Kufuma mu 2018, Trump walongoreka mu vyakupharazga vya mitundu yakupambanapambana.{{Efn|E.g., mu chigaŵa cha ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', [[Fred Willard]] wakaseŵera nga ni Trump mzimu wakukondwa chifukwa wakatolera milandu yake ku dindi, kweni wakakwiya chifukwa cha kuleka kuchita makora kwa Donald.<ref>{{cite web|last=Maglio|first=Tony|date=October 4, 2018|title=Fred Willard's Fred Trump Returns from Hell to Call His Son a 'Moron'|url=https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|access-date=July 5, 2020|work=[[TheWrap]]|archive-date=July 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705101233/https://www.thewrap.com/fred-williard-fred-trump-ghost-hell-kimmel/|url-status=live}}</ref> Trump wakalongoreka mu vigaŵa vya ''[[Our Cartoon President]]'' (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Kaitlin|date=April 9, 2019|title=Showtime to Premiere Season Two of ''Our Cartoon President'' on May 12|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|access-date=May 8, 2020|work=[[BroadwayWorld]]|archive-date=August 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809165503/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Showtime-to-Premiere-Season-Two-of-OUR-CARTOON-PRESIDENT-on-May-12-20190409|url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo munthu wa sankho uyo wakuwoneka kuti wakapangika kufuma pa iyo wakawoneka mu [[Chinthu ichi chachilendo|chigaŵa]] cha 2019 cha pulogalamu ya pa TV ''[[Watchmen (TV series)|Watchmen]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Smail|first=Gretchen|date=November 25, 2019|title=There Was a Sneaky Dig at Trump's Family in 'Watchmen' This Week|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|magazine=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=November 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127230902/https://www.bustle.com/p/the-trump-reference-in-watchmen-is-so-sly-you-might-have-missed-it-19380144|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Abad-Santos|first=Alex|date=November 25, 2019|title=It sure seems like Watchmen turned Donald Trump's father into one of its racist villains|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|access-date=June 30, 2021|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021240/https://www.vox.com/2019/11/25/20981767/watchmen-episode-6-fred-trump-recap|url-status=live}}</ref> [[John Diehl]] wakamuseŵera mu filimu ya 2022 ''[[Armageddon Time]]'', iyo yikajambulika kuyana na ivyo mulara wa filimu [[James Gray (director)|James Gray]] wakakumbuka vya iyo ku Kew-Forest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edel |first=Victoria |date=November 9, 2022 |title=Yes, 'Armageddon Time'{{'}}s Fred and Maryanne Trump Scene Really Happened |url=https://www.popsugar.com/node/49006785 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |website=[[PopSugar]] }}</ref> Mu 2024, wakaseŵerezgeka na [[Martin Donovan]] mu filimu yakuyowoya vya umoyo wa Donald Trump ''[[The Apprentice (2024 film)|The Apprentice]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Tartaglione |first1=Nancy |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=May 20, 2024 |title=Donald Trump Origin Tale 'The Apprentice' Gets 11-Minute Ovation At Its Cannes World Premiere |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522022648/https://deadline.com/2024/05/the-apprentice-trump-movie-ovation-cannes-1235924376/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ndipo PAC ya [[Lincoln Project]] yikamulongora kwizira mu [[njira za luso la makompyuta|luso lwa kupanga vinthu na makompyuta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desmarais |first=Anna |date=February 19, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's father resurrected by AI to tell him he's 'a disgrace' |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |access-date=February 26, 2024 |website=[[Euronews]] |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226095107/https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/02/19/youre-a-disgrace-donald-trumps-late-father-resurrected-by-ai-to-blast-him-ahead-of-electio |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinclair |first=Carla |date=July 12, 2024 |title=Donald Trump's daddy, Fred Trump, scolds his buffoon son from the grave: 'You sound like you're a drunk' (video) |url=https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |access-date=July 13, 2024 |website=Boing Boing |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713070249/https://boingboing.net/2024/07/12/donald-trumps-daddy-fred-trump-rises-from-the-grave-to-scold-his-foolish-son-you-sound-like-youre-a-drunk-video.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Mu 2019, mulembi wa nkhani wa ku America ndiposo uyo wakugomezga vigomezgo vyakupangira [[Wayne Madsen (journalist)|Wayne Madsen]] wakayimba Fred kuti wakaŵa wakukhozgera [[Nazism in the Americas|Nazi]] chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa [[German American Bund]] mu New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madsen |first=Wayne |author-link= |date=October 8, 2019 |title=The America of Trump's Father |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310222412/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1910/S00036/the-america-of-trumps-father.htm |archive-date=March 10, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Scoop News]]}}</ref> Mu pakati pa 2020, kampani yakupima unenesko wa nkhani [[Logically (company)|Logically]] yikati palije ukaboni wakupulikikwa makora wakuti Trump wakaŵa wakukhozgera Nazi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J |first=Vivek |date=August 17, 2020 |title=False: Donald Trump's father Fred Trump was a Nazi spy |url=https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503005214/https://www.logicallyfacts.com/en/fact-check/false-was-fred-trump-a-nazi-spy |archive-date=May 3, 2025 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |website=[[Logically (company)|Logically]] }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|kampeni ya Donald Trump ya kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States mu 2024]], Donald Trump wakati awiske ŵakamuphalira kuti waleke kuyowoya mazgu ghakuti "Nazi" panji kutchula [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moran |first=Lee |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Trump's 'Opposite Of A Nazi' Claim Triggers Scathingly Awkward Flashback |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=[[Huffington Post]] |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029130026/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/donald-trump-opposite-of-a-nazi-claim_n_6720b73ee4b0dd72996c9eb2 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Munthu wakuchita maseŵero [[Stephen Colbert]] wakayowoya kuti Fred wakang'anamuranga waka kuti zina la munthu wankhaza likwenera yayi [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|kugwiriskika ntchito mwambura ntchindi]] ndipo kuti mbumba ya a Trump yikaŵa ku [[Ratlines (World War II)|Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parkel |first=Inga |date=October 30, 2024 |title=Stephen Colbert mocks Trump's 'weird' childhood family rule |url=https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |access-date=April 27, 2025 |website=The Independent |archive-date=April 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428094844/https://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/donald-trump-stephen-colbert-hitler-nazi-b2638550.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}} ==Vyakukumbuska== {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} ===Vyakufuma mmabuku=== * {{cite news|title=Hearings Before the Committee on Banking and Currency|publisher=United States Senate: [[Eighty-third Congress]]|via=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 20, 1954|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-stat/graphics/politics/trump-archive/docs/fha-investigation-1954-part-1.pdf|ref={{sfnRef|Senate|1954}}}} * {{Cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-VVEAAAQBAJ |title=The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 |last2=Glasser |first2=Susan |publisher=[[Knopf Doubleday]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-385-54654-6 }} * {{Cite book |last=Barrett |first=Wayne |author-link=Wayne Barrett |url=https://archive.org/details/trumpdealsdownfa00barr/ |title=Trump: The Deals and the Downfall |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-06-016704-2 |location=New York}} * {{Cite book |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7l6NEAAAQBAJ |title=American Oligarchs: The Kushners, the Trumps, and the Marriage of Money and Power |date=2020 |publisher=[[W.&nbsp;W. Norton]] |isbn=978-0-393-54130-4 }} * {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Gwenda |author-link=Gwenda Blair |title=The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate |date=2015 |orig-year=1st pub. in 2000 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-1501139369 |location=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJifCgAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite book |last=Frank |first=Justin A. |author-link=Justin A. Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-hqDwAAQBAJ |title=Trump on the Couch: Inside the Mind of the President |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7352-2032-4 }} *{{cite book|last=Hurt III|first=Harry|url=https://archive.org/details/losttycoonmanyli00hurt|title=Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump|publisher=W.&nbsp;W. Norton|year=1993|isbn=978-0393030297|location=New York|author-link=Harry Hurt III}} * {{cite book |last1=Kranish |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Kranish |last2=Fisher |first2=Marc |author-link2=Marc Fisher |url=https://archive.org/details/trumprevealedame0000kran_f0z7 |title=Trump Revealed: An American Journey of Ambition, Ego, Money, and Power |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-5011-5578-9 |location=New York}} * {{cite book|last=Trump III|first=Fred C.|author-link=Fred Trump III|title=All in the Family: The Trumps and How We Got This Way|publisher=[[Gallery Books]]|date=2024|isbn=978-1-6680-7217-2|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boz-EAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book|last=Trump|first=Mary L.|author-link=Mary L. Trump|title=Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World's Most Dangerous Man|publisher=Simon & Schuster|date=2020|isbn=978-1-9821-4146-2|location=New York|oclc=1164093746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDnhDwAAQBAJ}} *{{cite book|last=Tuccille|first=Jerome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50ss1oWeZBAC|title=Trump: The Saga of America's Most Powerful Real Estate Baron|date=1985|publisher=Beard Books|isbn=978-1587982231|author-link=Jerome Tuccille}} == Pa intaneti == {{Commons category|Fred Trump}} *{{Cite magazine|last=Levin|first=Bess|date=October 2, 2018|title=Trump's One Weird Trick to Getting Rich, Revealed!: 'Outright Fraud,' Deceptive Tax Schemes, and a Lifetime Allowance from Daddy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/10/donald-trump-fred-trump-taxes|magazine=Vanity Fair}} * {{cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |title=Donald Trump Says His Father Was Born In Germany (He Wasn't) |url= https://deadline.com/2019/04/donald-trump-says-his-father-was-born-in-germany-he-wasnt-oranges-mueller-investigation-1202587354/ |work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline.com]]|date=April 2, 2019}} {{Trump family}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trump, Fred}} [[Category:Ŵakubabika mu 1905]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa mu 1999]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakusunga mabiliyoni]] [[Category:Ŵakukhala matabwa ŵa ku America]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku America mu vya kuzenga]] [[Category:Ŵene nyumba ŵa ku America]] [[Category:ŴaLutheran ŵakufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa mphapu ya Germany]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] [[Category:Ŵayambiska makampani gha nyumba ku America]] [[Category:Kusankhana mitundu kwakuŵaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Black ku United States]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Bronx]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda kufuma ku Queens, New York]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na nthenda ya Alzheimer's mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵakufwa na chibayo mu New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵadada ŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa United States]] [[Category:ŴaRepublican ŵa New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jamaica Estates, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Woodhaven, Queens]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa kufuma ku New York (boma)]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa ku Pratt Institute]] [[Category:Kuleka kulipira msonkho mu United States]] [[Category:Trump family|Fred]] [[Category:Ŵantchito ŵa Trump Organization]] [[Category:Ŵasambiri ŵa Richmond Hill High School (Queens)]] [[Category:Ŵakupeleka vyawanangwa ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵaluso ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] [[Category:Ŵene malo ŵa ku America ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 20]] izjw05c6m0gwlyf7lm7ecxrnckxs1mi 10 48081 117833 2010-04-17T23:23:38Z en>Rich Farmbrough 0 moved [[Template:Findagrave]] to [[Template:Find a Grave]]: Separate words, caps 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