Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6933 123311 122540 2026-10-23T21:12:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in West Africa}} {{distinguish|Guinea|Equatorial Guinea|Western New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Guinea-Bissau | native_name = {{native name|pt|República da Guiné-Bissau}}<br>{{native name|ff|𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫 𞤄𞤭𞤧𞤢𞥄𞤱𞤮}}<br>{{native name|mnk|ߖߌߣߍ ߺ ߓߌߛߊߥߏ߫}} | common_name = Guinea-Bissau | image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Guinea-Bissau.svg | coa_size = 80 | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = Location Guinea Bissau AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|pt|Unidade, Luta, Progresso|paren=off}}<br />"Unity, Struggle, Progress" | national_anthem = <br />{{native phrase|pt|[[Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada]]|paren=off}}<br />"This is Our Beloved Homeland"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"></div> | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}}|[[Guinea-Bissau Creole]]|[[English language|English]] |[[French language|French]]|[[Arabic]]| |[[Balanta languages|Balanta]]|[[Hassaniya]]|[[Jola-Fonyi language|Jola-Fonyi]]|[[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]|[[Manjak language|Mandjak]]|[[Mankanya language|Mankanya]]|[[Noon language|Noon]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | demonym = Bissau-Guinean<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu "Guinea-Bissau" – Field Listing: Nationality.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#pu#pu |date=26 June 2015 }} ''The World Factbook 2013–14.'' Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2015.</ref><br>Guinea-Bissauan | capital = [[Bissau]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/|title= Africa :: GUINEA-BISSAU|date= 12 July 2022|publisher= CIA The World Factbook|access-date= 2 February 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/|archive-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 30% [[Balanta people|Balanta]] | 30% [[Fula people|Fula]] | 14% [[Manjak people|Manjak]] | 13% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] | 7% [[Papel people|Papel]] | 6% Unspecified }} | religion = {{unbulleted list|46.1% [[Islam]]|30.6% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]]|18.9% [[Christianity]]|4.4% [[Religion in Guinea-Bissau|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]]}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/guinea-bissau/ |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=United States Department of State }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Religions in Guinea Bissau {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/guinea-bissau#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Guinea-Bissau |date=22 September 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ |archive-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|11|52|N|15|36|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[List of presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[List of prime ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Nuno Gomes Nabiam]] | legislature = {{nowrap|[[National People's Assembly (Guinea-Bissau)|National People's Assembly]]}} | area_rank = 134th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 36,125 | area_sq_mi = 13,948 | percent_water = 22.4 | population_estimate = 2,078,820<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Guinea-Bissau|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 150th | population_density_km2 = 46.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 121.4 | population_density_rank = 154th | GDP_PPP = $3.8 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=96&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Guinea-Bissau |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111151257/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=96&pr.y=9&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=654&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |archive-date=11 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,950<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal = $1.480 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $850<ref name=imf2/> | sovereignty_type = [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Independence]] {{nobold|from [[Portugal]]}} | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 24 September 1973 | established_event2 = Recognized | established_date2 = 10 September 1974 | established_event3 = Independence | established_date3 = 5 July 1975 | Gini = 50.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2010 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.483 <!--number only--> | HDI_rank = 177th | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215063955/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-15 |url-status=live|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Guinea-Bissau|+245]] | cctld = [[.gw]] | iso3166code = GW | today = }} '''Guinea-Bissau''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Guinea-Bissau.ogg|ˌ|ɡ|ɪ|n|i|_|b|ᵻ|ˈ|s|aʊ}} ; {{lang-pt|Guiné-Bissau}}; <!--The script, named Adlam, actually exists as a functional script for the Fula. Do not remove.--> [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]: ''Gine-Bisawo''), mwalamulo '''Charu cha Guinea-Bissau''' ({{lang-pt|República da Guiné-Bissau|links=no}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ βiˈsaw|}}), ni chalo icho chili ku West Africa ndipo chili na malo ghakukwana 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi) ndipo chili na ŵanthu 2,026,778. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Senegal ndipo kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwake ni Guinea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/guineabissau/overview |website=World Bank |access-date=26 January 2021 }}</ref> Nyengo yinyake caru ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Kaabu, kweniso cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Mali. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu uwu vikaŵako m'paka m'ma 1700, ndipo vinyake vikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Ŵaphwitikizi kufuma waka m'ma 1500. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, charu ichi chikachemekanga kuti Portuguese Guinea.<ref name="nationsonline.org">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau – Country Profile – Nations Online Project |url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/guinea_bissau.htm |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.nationsonline.org}}</ref> Boma la Portugal likaŵa na mazaza ghacoko ndipo likaŵavya mazaza mpaka kukwambilira kwa vilimika vya m'ma 1900. Nkhondo yaumaliro ya Ŵaputukezi iyo yikachitika mu 1915, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Papel awo ŵakakhalanga ku Bissau. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakathereskeka na msilikari wa ku Wolof zina lake Abdul Injai.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Bowman |first1=Joye L. |title=Abdul Njai: Ally and Enemy of the Portuguese in Guinea-Bissau, 1895–1919 |journal= The Journal of African History|date=22 January 2009 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=463–479 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700023276 |s2cid=162344466 }}</ref> Virwa vya Bissagos, ivyo vili kufupi na Guinea-Bissau, vikathereskeka mu 1936, ndipo vikawovwira kuti Portugal yiŵe na mazaza pa virwa na charu chose. Ŵakati ŵajiyimira paŵekha mu 1973, ndipo mu 1974 ŵakazomera kuti boma ili lili na wanangwa, zina lakuti Bissau likasazgikaso ku zina la caru ici kuti ŵaleke kutimbanizga zina ili na la Guinea (uyo kale wakacemekanga French Guinea). Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili na mdauko wa masuzgo gha ndyali kufuma waka apo chikapokelera wanangwa, ndipo pali pulezidenti yumoza pera uyo wali kuteŵeterapo kwa vyaka vinkhondi. Purezidenti wamakono ndi Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yemwe adasankhidwa pa 29 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2020|title=Guinea-Bissau: Swearing-in of new President unlikely to bring stability, says UN representative|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/02/1057441|access-date=23 September 2020|website=UN News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Guinea-Bissau – History|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Corbin |first1=Amy |last2=Tindall |first2=Ashley |title=Bijagós Archipelago |url=https://sacredland.org/bijagos-archipelago-guinea-bissau/ |website=Sacred Land Film Project |access-date=2 November 2022}}</ref> Pafupifupi ŵanthu 2 pera pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi, ciyowoyero ca boma, ndipo 33 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri. Ndipouli, ciyowoyero ca ku Guinea-Bissau, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndico cikuyowoyeka mu caru cose ici, ndipo cikulongoraso umoza. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2012, wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 54 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya Chikiliyo, ndipo ŵanthu 40 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero chinyake.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Handem |first=Myrna |title=Portuguese, Creole, or Both: The Problematic of Language Choice in the Republic of Guinea-Bissau. The Social, Political and Economic Implications of Language Choice |date=2015 |degree=Ph. D. |publisher=Howard University}}</ref> Ŵanyake wose ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa. Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na visopa vinyake, nangauli palije gulu la chisopa ilo likulongozga ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="cia-religion">{{cite web |title=Africa: Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=1 January 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022205949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_pu.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Pa caru cose pa caru pali vinthu vyambura kuzirwa comene ivyo vikucitikira waliyose. Guinea-Bissau ni membala wa wupu wa [[United Nations]], [[African Union]], [[Economic Community of West African States]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], na [[South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone]], ndipo wakaŵa mu gulu ilo pasono kulije [[Latin Union]]. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Guinea-Bissau|Portuguese Guinea}} === Pre-European contact === ==== People and society ==== Ŵasayansi ŵakutondeka kulongosora makora umo vinthu vikaŵira ku Guinea-Bissau. Mu 1000 AD, kukaŵa ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhanga vyakurya mu cigaŵa ici, pamanyuma pa vilimika vikwi vinandi kufuma apo ŵakambukira mu vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa. Ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakasanga kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakununkhira ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito visulo.<ref>{{cite web | title=Early history | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau/History| newspaper=Encyclopedia Britannica | access-date=24 May 2020 }}</ref> Mulimo wa ku Guinea-Bissau ukaŵa wakukhwaskana na vyaru vya ku Sudan. 18).<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Rodney |first=Walter Anthony |date=May 1966 |title=A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31255/1/Rodney_History_Upper_Guinea_Coast.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307115621/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31255/1/Rodney_History_Upper_Guinea_Coast.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-07 |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Eprints}}</ref> Malibwe ghanyake agho ŵakasanga ku Guinea Bissau ghakaŵa ghakuyana waka na ivyo ŵakajambura mu mapiri gha Sahara, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵakavalo na ngamila, kweniso vinthu vyakale vya golide (p. 19). Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafumanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga comene na maboma gha ku Sudan. (p.19, 25) Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko la Jolas, Papels, Manjaks, Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos. <ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last=Wright |first=Donald R |date=1987 |title=The Epic of Kalefa Saane as a guide to the Nature of Precolonial Senegambian Society-and Vice Versa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3171842.pdf |journal= History in Africa|volume=14 |pages=287–309 |doi=10.2307/3171842 |jstor=3171842 |s2cid=162851641 |via=JSTOR}}</ref>Pamasinda ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka na Fulani ŵakasamira ku malo agha. 20). Ŵanthu ŵa Mandinka ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300, chifukwa cha kuwukira na kukolerana kwa Senegambia na Ufumu wa Mali na General Tiramakhan Troare, uyo wakapangiska kuti Kaabu yiŵe chigaŵa cha Mali. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵakaŵako mu cigaŵa ici mu vilimika vya m'ma 1000 C.E. <ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=1980 |title=Kaabu Oral History Project Proposal |url=https://archives.au.int/bitstream/handle/123456789/6326/Kaabu%20oral%20history%20project%20proposal_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Archives}}</ref>Ŵakaŵa ŵalovi, ŵalovi, na ŵamalonda awo ŵakasamukira ku Senegambia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakazomera ndipo ŵakamba "kulondezga visambizgo vya Mandinki". 6). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fulani ŵakafika mu cilimika ca m'ma 1200 C.E. ndipo ŵakakhalanga na viŵeto, kweni mu vilimika vya m'ma 1400 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=History of Guinea Bissau |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau/History |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Ŵapapel ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Biombo, Balanta mu chigaŵa cha Oio, Manjaks mu chigaŵa cha Cacheu, Ŵamandinka ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Bafata, Biafada mu chigaŵa cha Quinara, Ŵajagos mu chigaŵa cha Bijagos, ndipo Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Gabu, nangauli Ŵamandinka na Ŵafulani ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa cha Oio. (p. 23). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵayowoye kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Buramos ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyawo. 6).<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Hair |first=P.E.H. |date=22 January 2009 |title=Ethnolinguistic Continuity on the Guinea Coast |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179482.pdf |journal= The Journal of African History|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=247–268 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007040 |jstor=179482 |s2cid=161528479 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjak, na Biafada ŵakaŵa na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balanta ŵakaŵavya ufumu uwo ukajintha pa katundu, mazaza, panji mazaza, kweni ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa vikaya na mbumba. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Jola ŵakaŵa na mafumu, kweni ŵakaŵavya malango ghakudunjika ghakukhwaskana na mafumu. 64). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana ŵakalondezganga ndondomeko ya vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa na ŵalongozgi, ndipo ŵalongozgi aŵa ŵakalondezganga fundo za mathemba. Ufumu wa Biafada ukaŵa na maufumu ghatatu agho ghakaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi. 65). Mafumu ghakaŵa na mitheto yakupambanapambana, maluso ghakupambanapambana, na vyakucitika vyakupambanapambana. 66, 67). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakawonanga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa na ŵamazaza awo ŵakachemekanga kuti "meya", "ŵawusi", "ŵambasadara", na "ŵakaronga" (p. 68). Ŵanthu ŵakagaŵikana mu magulu gha mafumu, ŵalongozgi, ŵakuzirwa, na ŵanthu bweka (p. 73). Dango la caru likaŵa la themba ndipo dango ili likapelekekanga na themba na ŵeruzgi ŵake, ŵeruzgi awo wose ŵakafumanga ku ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa (p. 227). Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakupoka ufumu, panji maudindo ghanyake ghapacanya mu ufumu. 74–76). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyamtundu unyake. Ŵakavu ŵakavwaranga minjilira ya utheka, ŵanthu ŵasambazi ŵakavwaranga vikumba vya mbuzi, mathemba na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakavwaranga malaya na mathalauza gha thonje. Ŵakaronga na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakavwaranga vingwe vyachisulo na mabelu kuti ŵapeleke malango. Ŵakaronga na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ng'oma yakucemeka bombalon iyo yikagwiranga nchito pa kudumbiskana na ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵakawonanga kuti nyumba izo ŵakazenganga zikaŵa ziwemi kuluska izo ŵakazenganga mafumu na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa. Pa malo agha pakaŵa mahachi gha mathemba na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakaŵagwiliskiranga nchito ng'ombe za ng'ombe kuti ŵendeskenge vinthu. 77, 78). Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu ya Mandinka, Fula, Papel, Manjaks, na Biafadas ku Guinea Bissau ŵakamba kuŵa na nyumba zawoŵene. Ndipouli, Ŵabalanta ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana cifukwa Ŵabalanta ŵakaŵa na malo ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵakagwiranga nchito zawo mwakugwiliskira nchito malipiro agho ŵakapokeranga cifukwa ca malo agho ŵakagwiranga nchito. Ŵanyake ŵakususkana na fundo ya Balanta, yakuti mulimo wakuzenga malo ukaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na ndalama zakukwana kuti ŵagwire nchito, ndipo malo ghakaŵanga nga ni malipiro yayi. (p. 75).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Balanta ŵakaŵa na luso lwa kulima, ntheura ŵanthu ŵa ku Beafada na Papels ŵakagomezganga chomene vyakurya vya ku Balanta. Kuleka kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kukang'anamuranga kuti katundu wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada, ndipo m'malo mwake wakafikanga ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kwizira mu msewu wa Papel na Beafada. 69). Vinthu ivyo ŵakaguliskanga mu vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa vyakuti, ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada ŵakaguliskanga chitowe na vipasi vya kola kufuma ku nkhorongo za kumwera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Papel, Felupe, na Banhun ŵakaguliskanga vipasi vya kola, visulo, na vinthu vya visulo kufuma ku nkhorongo za ku savannah, ŵanthu ŵa ku coastal ŵakaguliskanga mchere na somba zakomira, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakaguliskanga salu za thonje (p. 4). Vinthu ivi ŵakaguliskanga pa misika na pa viphikiro ivyo vikachitikanga sabata yiliyose. 69). Misika yikajulikanga mulenji ndipo yikamara namise kuti yiŵengeso sabata yakulondezgapo. Ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgikanga kwenda mu misika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵakakhalanga mu misika kuti ŵavikilire mtende. 70). Misika na viphikiro vikaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵakukwana vikwi na vikwi awo ŵakaguranga na kuguliska vinthu kufuma kutali chomene, ndipo gulu ili likayowoya kuti, vigaŵa vinyake vya msika vikagaŵikiranga vinthu vinyake padera pa vinyo ilo likaguliskikanga palipose, kweni awo ŵakaguliskanga vinyo ŵakalongosoranga waka umo misika yikagwiliranga ntchito (p.70). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea Bissau ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito comene sitima za pa maji. Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico cingalaŵa cikagwiranga nchito, cikazunulika mu ntharika yinyake ya ku malo agha, iyo yikati: "Ndopa za mathemba na masozi gha awo ŵakuzenga cingalaŵa ni vinthu vyakupatulika, ndipo vikwenera yayi kukhwaska caru". 42–44). Vimphanyi vikaŵa vya ukuru wakupambanapambana, kufuma pa ivyo vikakwananga munthu yumoza kufika pa ivyo vikakwananga ŵanthu 60, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi vikamanyikwanga kuti vikakwananga kwenda pa nyanja. 42, 43). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Jolas ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti la munthu yumoza kuti ŵende mu minda yawo ya mpunga iyo yikazura maji, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito boti likuru kuti ŵayeghe ŵasilikari ŵawo para ŵakwenda mumphepete mwa nyanja. 42). Kuzenga maboti kukapambananga kuyana na chigaŵa icho munthu wakukhala. Mu vigaŵa vya nkhorongo, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ndiwo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti agha. 43). John Hawkins wa ku Britain ndiyo wakalongosora umo ŵakendeskera boti ili. "Vinthu ivi vikapangika kufuma ku khuni limoza ndipo vikakura mamita 24 pa mamita 3. Pa gulu lililose pakaŵanga ŵanalume 20 panji 30, kweni awo ŵakendangapo ŵakaŵa munthu yumoza na ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakendanga na maboti ghatali agho ghakaŵanga na malupanga ghachoko waka". (p. 42). Ŵakapanga maboti ghakupambanapambana, ndipo ghakaŵa ghawemi chomene. "yakupangika kufuma ku khuni likuru la thonje, ndipo yitali mamita pafupifupi 70. Ŵakapangaso viŵiya vinyake ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakavitemanga kuti falsas, ndipo para vyasinthika, viŵiya ivi vikanyamuliranga ŵanalume 24 na vilwero vyawo, kweniso ŵakayidi na viŵeto para ŵakuwerako ku vyaru vinyake". (p. 42). Nthowa iyo Ŵabijagos ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pakuŵaŵaja yikaŵa yakuti: Buku linyake la m'ma 1800, likuti boti ili likendanga mu nthowa yakupambana na zinyanja za ku Sierra Leone. Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa mu boti ŵakaŵa ŵakukwera boti, ndipo ŵakakhalanga pasi mu boti, ndipo ŵakanyamukanga para ŵakukwera boti". (p. 43).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Kingdom of Bissau (1300–1915) ==== ===== Origins ===== Ufumu wa Bissau ukambika na mwana wa Themba la Quinara, uyo wakayamba kuwusa apo wakasamira ku Bissau na mudumbu wake uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo, ŵanakazi ŵake 6, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu ufumu wa awiske. Ŵanthu ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakuyowoyeka kuti ŵakafuma kwa ŵadumbu ŵa Mecau na ŵawoli ŵake ŵankhondi na yumoza, awo ni Bottat, Bossuzu, Boiga, Bosafinte, Bodjukumo, Bosso, na Bossassun, ndipo ŵaumaliro aŵa ŵakufuma kwa ŵadumbu ŵa Mecau. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bossassun ndiwo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ufumu, ndipo iwo na ŵa Bodjukumo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza pa ufumu. Ufumu wa Bissau ukaŵa na maboma ghanandi agho ghakaŵalondezganga nga ni Prabis, Antula, Safim, Quisset, Tor, na Biombo.<ref name=":8">{{cite web |last=Nanque |first=Neemias Antonio |date=25 November 2016 |title=Revoltas e resistências dos Papéis da Guiné-Bissau contra o Colonialismo Português – 1886–1915 |url=https://repositorio.unilab.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/778/3/2016_mono_nnanque.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920143123/https://repositorio.unilab.edu.br/jspui/bitstream/123456789/778/3/2016_mono_nnanque.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-20 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Universidade de Integracao Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileiro}}</ref> ===== Society ===== Ufumu wa ku Bissau ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. 73–79). Themba la ku Bissau likaŵanga na mphumphu, ndipo likaŵanga na chimanyikwiro cha ufumu wake. 66). Para themba laŵikika pa chitengo, likaŵanga na kaluso ka kumukaka na kumutimba, pakuti themba likeneranga kumanya umo chilango chikaŵiranga pambere lindambe kulipeleka (p. 66). Ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana ndipo ŵakaŵanga na mazaza ghakupambanapambana. 364). Nyumba za mu ufumu uwu zikazengeka na dongo, ndipo madenga ghakazengeka na mahamba gha makuni agho ghakazingilizga msumba uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba izi ŵakaŵa ŵambura kusopa Ciuta m'paka apo Ŵayesuti ŵakafikira (p. 366). Ŵapapi ŵa Papels ŵakasuzgikanga na ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos awo ŵakalutanga ku Bissau kukapenja ŵazga (p. 204). Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa Papels ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos na wovwiri wa ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Lançados (p. 207).<ref name=":13" /> ===== Decline ===== Nkhondo iyo yikaŵapo pakati pa ufumu wa Bissau na ufumu wa Portugal, yikaŵavikilira, ndipo ŵakathereska Ŵaputukezi mu 1891, 1894, na 1904. 9). Kweni mu 1915, pamanyuma pa nkhondo izo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakarwanga kwa vyaka 30, Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakathereska Ufumu wa Bissau. Ŵakaphalirika na Teixeira Pinto, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, kweniso na Abdul Injai, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa nkhondo.<ref name=":3" /> ==== Beafada Kingdoms ==== ===== Kingdom of Guinala ===== Themba la ku Guinala likaŵa likuru comene, ndipo likaŵanga na ŵasilikari awo ŵakalondezganga, pamoza na ŵacenje 50 awo ŵakavwaranga vyakuvwara vyakukhora nga ni vya ng'ombe. (p. 365). Agha ghakaŵa agalu agho ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito kuti ŵawovwire ŵazga awo ŵakanjiranga mu nyumba za ŵanthu na kuŵakora. 365). Mu nyengo ya themba ili, ŵakaŵapo ŵalongozgi 7 awo ŵakavwaranga visulo ivyo ŵakaŵapelekanga nga ntchimanyikwiro cha udindo wawo. 365). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na mazaza pa maufumu ghanyake 6, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa maufumu agha ŵakakumananga mu wupu. Muwuso wa themba ukaŵa na kazembe uyo wakacemekanga kuti Pulezidenti (p. 365). Cisopa cawo cikaŵa kusopa vikozgo. Ŵangoza ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakacemekanga kuti 'Xina,' nangauli ŵanyake ŵakang'anamukira ku Chalichi la Katolika mu nyengo ya ku Europe (p. 366). Pa nyifwa ya themba, ŵanalume 12 awo ŵakavwara malaya ghatali gha mapapindo, ŵakalondezganga ŵakwimba awo ŵakalizganga sumu za citima, ndipo ŵakapharazganga nyifwa ya themba ku ŵanthu mu misewu. 366). Ŵakavwaranga malaya ghatuŵa zuŵa lose, ndipo ŵakacitanga kalikose yayi kweni kwenda mu misewu uku ŵali na citima. Ŵabwezi, ŵabali, na ŵateŵeti ŵa fumu yakufwa ŵakakumananga kuti ŵasankhe munthu uyo wazamunjira mu malo ghake (p. 366). Thupi la themba likageziskikanga, viwangwa vyake vikawochekanga panthazi pa cikozgo, vyoto vya viwangwa vyake vikasungikanga na kuŵikika pamoza na thupi lake kwa mwezi umoza, pamanyuma pake ŵanthu wose ŵa mu maufumu ŵakizanga na mafuta gha basamu, mure, amberere, musk, na mafuta ghanyake ghakununkhira kuti ŵaghaghawotche na kusumba pafupi na chitanda (p. 366). Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa 6 ŵakayeghanga thupi la munthu kuti ŵakasunge uku ŵavwara salu zituŵa, ŵakalondezgana na ŵakwimba awo ŵakalondezgana na sumu zachitima, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayimbanga sumu zachitima panji ŵakaliranga, ndipo fumu yikalondezgana nayo pa hachi uku yikuvwara salu zituŵa (p. 366). Pafupi na dindi, pakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵake, ŵateŵeti ŵake, mahaci, na ŵanthu awo wakaŵatemwanga, awo ŵakalindiliranga kuti ŵakomeke na kusungika pamoza na iyo, kuti ŵateŵetere para ŵafwa. Ŵakafwanga para ŵakudumura minwe na malundi ghawo, ndipo ŵakaswanga viwangwa vyawo. Ŵateŵeti ŵakakhumbanga kuleka kuteŵetera themba pambere lindafwe, panji ŵakabisamanga para ŵawona kuti lizamupora yayi (p. 366).<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Ogilby |first=John |date=2019 |title=Africa Being n Accurate Descriptions f the Regions of Aegypt Barbary Lybia |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A70735.0001.001/1:8?rgn=div1;view=toc |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Early English Books}}</ref> ===== Kingdom of Biguba ===== Ŵanthu ŵa mu ufumu uwu ŵakakhalanga nga ni awo ŵakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Guinala. Awo ŵakawonanga umo ufumu uwu ukendanga ŵakayowoyanga kuti para fumu yafwa, mphumphu yikakhalanga mu mawoko gha mbumba yakukhora, ndipo ivi vikapangiskanga kuti paŵe nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo zikalutiliranga mpaka apo mulwani wakukhora wakapangiskanga ŵalwani ŵake kuti ŵapulikirenge. 367). Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalondezganga cisopa cimoza na ca ŵanthu ŵa mu Ufumu wa Guinala (p. 367). Ufumu wa Biguba ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵachoko chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Guinala, ndipo ukaŵa na ŵalongozgi ŵanayi. 65). Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakakhalanga mu ufumu uwu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵalayizga kuti ŵalutilirenge kuŵa ŵakugomezgeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal, ndipo ŵakalondezganga visopa vya ku malo agha, kuvwara nga mbanthu ŵa ku malo agha, na kusuzgika chomene. 366).<ref name=":12" /> ==== Island States of the Bijagos ==== ===== Origins ===== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa icho kuli ŵanthu ŵa ku Biafada, ndipo ŵakafumako ku malo agho ŵakakhalanga na kuluta ku virwa ivi. Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamira ku virwa ivi ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana mitundu. 25). Cirwa cilicose cikawusikanga na mafumu agho ghakalapa kuti ghaŵenge ghakugomezgeka kwa Fumu ya Isla do Po (p. 364). Virwa vyose vikaŵa na ŵanthu padera pa Chirwa cha Bolama icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Biafada, kweni mazaza gha Chirwa ichi ghakasintha kanandi waka (p. 7) (p. 5).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bancroft Davis |first=J.C. |date=2007 |title=Arbitral award between Portugal and United Kingdom, regarding the dispute about the sovereignty over the Island of Bulama, and over a part of the mainland opposite to it |url=https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_xxviii/131-140.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503193351/https://legal.un.org/riaa/cases/vol_xxviii/131-140.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-03 |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=Legal}}</ref> ===== Society ===== Ŵakaŵanga ŵatali, ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakaŵa na cikanga ndiposo kuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono. Ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakamanyanga umo ŵangakwera maboti, umo ŵangakendera pa nyanja, na umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu mu nyanja, kweniso umo ŵangasuzgira ŵanthu pa mtunda. Ŵa Bijagos ŵakatemwanga kuwukira ngaraŵa za ku Europe izo zikendanga mu maji ghawo, kweniso awo ŵakakhumbanga kupoka caru cawo (p. 364). Ngalaŵa za Bijago zikaŵa zapadera cifukwa zikaŵa zambura kusuzga kunyamura, ntheura para ŵafika mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakeneranga yayi kopa kuti ŵathereskekenge.<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakaŵa ŵankhondo. Ŵanakazi ŵakalimanga minda, kuzenga nyumba, na kuwunjika vyakurya (p. 204). Ŵanalume ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kupanga maboti na kurwa nkhondo mu virwa, ŵakasuzganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja nga ni Jolas, Papels, na Balantas, ndipo ŵakagomezganga kuti ŵalije themba, ntheura ŵakasuzganga virwa vinyake (p. 204). Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakamanyikwanga kuti mbakusambira makora, ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, na ŵasilikari, ndipo mu gulu ili ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakasankhanga ŵafumu ŵawo, ŵakasankhanga ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa na lumbiri luwemi. Ŵasilikari awo ŵakathereskeka ŵakaŵa na ŵanakazi na maboti ghanandi, ndipo mwenecho wa maboti agha wakapikanga chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya vinthu vyose ivyo vikatoreka pa nkhondo. 205).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵasilikari ŵakasunkhizganga thupi lawo na mafuta gha golide, makara, na dongo lituŵa, ŵakaŵikanga mapapindo mu sisi lawo, na kulizga tumabango twa mahachi pa chifuŵa chawo. Ŵasembe ŵanakazi ŵakacitanga kuphwanya ciwuvi pa cingalaŵa, ndipo ŵakalutanga ku mtunda usiku. (p. 205). Ŵakafikanga pa mphepete mwa nyanja mwaluŵiro, ŵakazingiliranga mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, ŵakagoleranga moto mu nyumba, ndipo para ŵakumana na ŵalwani ŵakaŵakomanga, nangauli awo ŵakakhalanga mu mizi iyi ŵakajipelekanga (p. 205). Ŵakapharazga kuti ŵazga ŵaŵengeko mu caru ca Portugal, ndipo Lemos Coelho, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa ku Cape Verde, wakalongosora umo ŵazga ŵakukwana 1,000 ŵakakolelera mu maulendo 25 mu vilimika vicoko waka (p. 206). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland, ndipo ŵakasazgirako ŵasilikari na mabwato ghawo. 206). Maulendo agha ghakapangiska kuti fumu ya ku Guinala yitaye maufumu 6, ndipo yikachimbilira ku nkhorongo (p. 364). Ŵaputukezi ŵakasuzganga chomene ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijago chifukwa ŵakaŵachitiranga nkhaza. Ŵazga ŵakaŵanga ŵachoko chomene mu madoko, ndipo ŵakawonanga nga kuti zina lawo layuyuka. Ŵakapulikanga kuti para ŵakukoma ŵanthu, mbwenu ŵakuŵa na mtima wakujikuzga. 207).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bijagos ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakuvikilirika chomene ku ŵazga, chifukwa cha chirwa chawo ŵakaŵavikilira ku ŵalwani ŵa ŵazga awo ŵakizanga kufuma ku vyaru vinyake (p. 218). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵawonanga kuti mbazga yayi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuŵagwiliskira nchito nga mbazga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakuti ŵana ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵawemi, kweni ŵanthu ŵalara ŵakaŵanga ŵazga ŵawemi yayi. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakagomezganga kuti mizimu yawo yingawelera ku Bijagos. 218, 219).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Kaabu Province of Imperial Mali (1200–1537) – Kaabu Empire (1537–1865) ==== [[File:African slave trade.png|thumbnail|300px|States in medieval Africa]] ===== Origins ===== Kaabu wakapangika nga ni chigaŵa cha Mali kwizira mu kuwukira kwa Senegambia na yumoza wa ŵasilikari ŵa Sundiata Keita wakuchemeka Tiramakhan Troare. Kuyana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga, Tiramakhan wakaluta ku malo agha kuti wakawezgere mulandu uwo Themba la Ŵawolofu likapeleka kwa Sundiata, ivyo vikapangiska kuti Ŵawolofu ŵathereske Ŵawolofu, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakambukira ku Mlonga wa Gambia. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka ŵasamire ku malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200, nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1400, cigaŵa cikuru ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa pasi pa Mali ndipo cikalongozgekanga na Farim Kaabu (Mulongozgi wa Kaabu). The decline of the Mali Empire in the 14th century lead to Kaabu becoming independent in the 16th century.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Nyanchos in Kaabu Empire |url=https://edrisamanneh.wordpress.com/nyanchos-in-kaabu-empire/ |website=Gambian History for Youth|date=9 September 2013 }}</ref> Ŵakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa kufuma ku ufumu wawo. Ŵakafumiskapo Farim Kaabu na kuŵikapo Kaabu Mansaba. Msumba ukuru wa ufumu uwu ukaŵa Kansala, uwo lero ni Gabu, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea Bissau mu chigaŵa cha Geba (p. 4). Ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi, kupaturako Ŵapapepel, Ŵamanjak, na Ŵabiafadas ŵakapulikiranga na kupeleka msonkho ku Ŵamansaba. 367).<ref name=":12" /> ===== Society ===== Ufumu uwu ukaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga chomene kuluska Ufumu wa Mali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalamuliranga ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakufumira ku Nyancho ( Ñaanco) awo ŵakafumira ku Tiramakhan Troare, ndipo kufuma ku matrilineal ŵakaluta ku Baleba uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti wali na nkhongono zakuzizwiska (p. 3). Mansaba wakapangika mu mzere wa anyina kwizira mwa munung'una wa Mansaba, uyo mwana wake wakaŵa wakulondezgapo (p. 3). Ŵanchito ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima na kupwelelera viŵeto vyawo. Ŵanchito ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi ukuru comene para ŵafika ku Mansaba (p. 6). Ŵanyamata ŵakendanga cifukwa ca uryezi na nkhondo pera. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵalongozgi ŵa pa mahachi ŵakumanya comene, mwakuti maufumu ghanyake ghakaŵapemphanga, ndipo kanandi ŵakaŵanga na maudindo ghakuru mu ŵasilikari ŵa mitundu yinyake. 369).<ref name=":12" /> Ŵasilikari ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaguliskike mu cigaŵa ici. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca malonda agho ŵakacitanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (p. 6). Pakukhumba kuti Serer na Wolof ŵaleke kunjira mu vyaru vya kumpoto, kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kudumura malonda, iwo ŵakakolerana na vyaru vya pafupi, ndipo ŵakajivikilira makora kweniso ŵakasanganga ndalama zinandi pa malonda (p. 7). Vinthu ivi vikawovwiranga kuti ŵaŵe na ntchindi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe na vyakurya vinandi, kweniso kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵanyawo. 8). Umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ukeneranga kulutilira, ndipo apa ndipo ŵanthu bweka na ŵazga ŵakamba kuŵa ŵakovwira, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakendeskanga mahachi na kugwira ntchito zaulimi, ŵanthu bweka ndiwo ŵakalimanga, ŵanthu ŵa mawoko ŵakapanga vinthu vyakugwilira ntchito zaulimi na vyakugwilira mahachi, ndipo ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu yayi ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyamasalamusi na kuwukwa. 8). Maufumu agha ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, chiyowoyero chawo chikaŵa cha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ŵanthu ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, mabungwe gha ndyali ghakaŵa gha Ŵamandinka, ndipo mitheto yawo yikaŵa ya Ŵamandinka. 11). 'Mandinkization' yikaŵa yikuru mu ufumu, ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵakamba kuŵa Mandinka, ndipo nthengwa za pakati pa Mandinka na mafuko ghanyake zikawovwira kuti ivi vichitike. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakamba kuŵa 'Mandinkized' m'paka pa fundo yinyake. 12). Kuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵiranga mu caru, kuŵa paubwezi na munthu munyake kukaŵa kwakukhumbikwa comene. Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵakamanyikwanga na ŵanyawo kwambura kupwelerako mtundu wawo, Soninke uyo wakacitanga Soninkeya ndiyo wakamanyikwanga na ŵanthu aŵa, Soninke wakang'anamuranga ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti vyamoyo vili na umoyo mu cigaŵa ico, ndipo mazgu agha ghakaŵagwiranga pamoza ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa aŵa kwambura kupwelerako za uko ŵakafuma panji uko ŵakakhalanga (p. 12). Cisopa cawo cikaŵa kusopa mathabwa na malibwe ndipo nyengo zose ŵakayowoyeskananga na ŵakuloska, wasembe mukuru wakakhalanga mu msumba ukuru wa ufumu (p. 368). Kaabu ndiyo yikaŵa ufumu wankhongono comene wa ku Western Mandinka panyengo iyo Mali yikawa (p. 13). Ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na maluso ghakupambanapambana, nga ni kulima vyakurya, kulera viŵeto, kuŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa, panji kuŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito minthondwe kuti ŵawovwire ŵasilikari ŵankhongono (p. 15). Awo ŵakaŵavya mwaŵi wa kugwiliskira nchito maluso ghawo ŵakaŵa pa ngozi, ndipo kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ku North Africa, panji ku makhoti gha ku Africa uko kukaŵa kutali, kukaŵa pafupi kumara (p. 15). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kaabu ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito malonda gha ku Guinea Bissau na kumpoto kwa Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. 3). Vinthu ivyo Kaabu wakaguliskanga ku Guinea Bissau vikaŵanga vya ndalama zinandi (p. 4). Ŵazga ndiwo ŵakaŵapangiskanga ndalama zinandi, ndipo malipoti ghakulongora kuti mu vyaka vya pakati pa 1600 na 1700, ŵazga 700 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi chaka chilichose, ntheura mu vyaka 100 ŵazga 70,000 ŵakafumanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo Kaabu ndiyo wakawovwiranga chomene pa mulimo uwu. 5) Ŵaarabu (Ŵanthu ŵa ku North Africa) na ŵamalonda awo ŵakakhalanga kufupi na malo agha, ŵakamanyikwanga kuti ŵakaguliskanga golide mu chigaŵa ichi. 367).<ref name=":12" /> ===== Decline ===== Pamanyuma pa vilimika 800 vya kuwusa na vilimika 47 vya Mansa, ufumu ukamba kuchepa cifukwa ca vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo nkhondo ya pa caru cose. Mu virimika vya m'ma 18 na 19 maufumu gha Ŵasilamu ghakazingilizga caru ca Ŵapagani ici, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵa Imamate ŵa ku Futa Jallon ŵapharazge vya Jihad, na wovwiri wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Ŵasilamu ŵa Soninke na Mandinka. Futa Jallon wakakhozgeka na Ŵafula awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵajiyimire paŵekha. 5, 6). Maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghakalimbana kwa vyaka vinandi ndipo Kaabu wakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate kwa nyengo yitali. Ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Berekolong m'paka m'ma 1860, apo ŵakathereskeka pa Berekolong. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yaumaliro pakati pa Imamate na Kaabu mu 1867 iyo yikachemeka Nkhondo ya Kansala, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na General Alfa Molo Balde ŵakazingilizga viliŵa vya dongo vya Kansala kwa mazuŵa 11.<ref name=":10" /> Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Fulani likaŵa na ŵasilikari 35,000 na ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi 12,000. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga kuti munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Timbo wakaphalira ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Fulani kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge, ndipo munthu munyake wa mtundu wa Jakhanke wakaphalira ŵa mtundu wa Nyancho kuti para ŵangamba kulaska mbwenu ŵathereskekenge. Ŵandu ŵa ku Nyancho ŵakakwiya cifukwa cakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Fula ŵakaŵa kuwaro kwa viliŵa vyawo, ndipo ŵakawona kuti nchakusuzga kuti ŵaleke kuwukira. Ŵandu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakakanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Fulani kukwera viliŵa kwa nyengo yicoko waka, kweni viliŵa vikaŵa pasi pawo. Mansaba Dianke Walli wakati wawona kuti watherenge, wakapeleka mwaŵi kwa Imamate kuti wathereske nkhondo, ndipo wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawotche msumba na moto, ŵakakoma ŵanthu awo ŵakavikiliranga msumba pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa Imamate. Kutayika kwa Kansala kukaŵa umaliro wa Kaabu, pamoza na kuwusa kwa Mandinka mu chigaŵa ichi na kuŵikika mu Imamate ya Futa Jallon (p. 3). Vyaru vya Mandinka vikalutilira kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mpaka apo vikagaŵikana na Ufumu wa Portugal (p. 7).<ref name=":7">{{cite journal|last=Schoenmakers|first=Hans|date=2 December 2013|title=Old Men and New State Structures in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07329113.1987.10756396|journal=The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law|volume=19|issue=24–26|pages=99–138|doi=10.1080/07329113.1987.10756396|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> === European contact === ==== 15th–16th centuries ==== Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kuwona charu cha Guinea-Bissau cha m'ma 1400, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal. Mu 1455, Alvise Cadamosto wa ku Venice, Diogo Gomes wa ku Portugal, Duarte Pacheco Pareira wa ku Portugal, na Eustache de la Fosse wa ku Flanders. 7, 12, 13, 16). Kweniso malo agha ghakazunulikaso mu mabuku gha Gomes Eanes de Zurara mu vyaka vya m'ma 1450, Valentim Fernandes mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, na Jerome Münzer mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. (pp. 4, 9, 15). Chigaŵa ichi kufuma waka mu 1550 chikamanyikwanga na Ŵaphwitikizi kuti "The Guinea of Cape Verde", ndipo msumba ukuru wa chigaŵa ichi ukaŵa ku Santiago (p. 138). Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku Guinea-Bissau pa nyengo iyi ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ŵa ku Cape Verde. 139). Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe na ŵa ku Africa ŵakamba mu 1440 (p. 151).<ref name=":4" /> Boma la Portugal likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa ŵazungu kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa vya ku mtunda, kweni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu ŵakaŵachiskanga kuti ŵambe kukhazikika mu virwa ivi. Ŵalongozgi ŵa tchalitchi la Lançado ŵakakana kupulikira mazgu agha (p. 140). Tangomão ŵakaŵa ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakakolerana na mitheto na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici, ndipo ŵakayowoyanga za ŵamalonda ŵacisungu awo ŵakaŵa ŵacisulo. 141). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵa Lançado ni ŵa 'Grumete' awo ŵakaŵanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, awo pakwamba ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵakwendeska ngalaŵa, kweni pamanyuma ŵakamba kuŵa ŵantchito ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵazga, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵantchito, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵabali ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe. Grumetes wakalutilira kuŵa mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados (p. 151). Ŵanandi mwa ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakafumanga ku vyaru vikavu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafumanga ku Cape Verde, ku Portugal. Ŵamalonda ŵanyake ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda na Ŵakhristu ŵaphya chifukwa cha kutinkhana na Ŵayuda ku Iberia. 148, 150). Ŵalara ŵa boma la Portugal ŵakasuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado chifukwa chakuti ŵakasulako malango agho ghakaŵakanizganga kunjira mu chigaŵa kwambura kuzomerezgeka na themba, ŵakaguliskanga katundu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma, ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa izo zikaŵa mu madoko ghakuzomerezgeka pera, ŵalongozgi ŵa ngalaŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵanga na udindo wa awo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalaŵa zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵakakanizgikanga kuchezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha (p. 142). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, caru ca Portugal cikamba kulimbana na suzgo la ŵanthu ŵakucemeka Lançado. Malango ghakapelekeka kuti ghacepeskeko mwaŵi wa kugwiliskirika nchito panji kucita malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka. Malango agha ghakaŵa ghambura kovwira ndipo ghakatondeska yayi malonda ghambura kuzomerezgeka agho ghakacitikanga ku China (p. 144). Mu 1520, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado, ndipo malonda ghakalutilira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzenga misasa ku malo ghanyake. 145). Vifukwa ivyo ŵakachepeskera vinthu ivi vikaŵa vya cisopa na vya malonda, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, pakaŵavya malango ghaheni agho ghakapelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado (p. 145, 146). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha ŵakasazgikiranga ndipo cikaŵa ciwemi kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakhalenge pamoza na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal, kweni ku malo agha kukaŵaso ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain, Genoa, England, France, na Netherlands. 150). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga ndipo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Africa. Ŵamalonda aŵa ŵakendanga mu maboti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵagulire vyakurya ku Europe. Pakuti maji ndigho ghakaŵanga nthowa yikuru ya kwendera, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado na ŵa ku malo agha ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito maboti ghacoko kuti ŵende mu milonga iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaguranga maboti kufuma ku vyaru vya ku Europe, ndipo kanandi ŵakazenganga ŵekha. Ku malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusungirako maji, kukaŵanga malo ghakusungirako katundu, ndipo ghanyake ghakaŵanga gha ku Cape Verde. Malo agho ghakaŵa kutali comene na milonga iyi, ghakaŵa na malo ghakuguliskirako vyakurya ivyo vikafumanga mu vigaŵa vya ku mizi (pp. 153–157). Ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya ivi, ndipo ŵakasankha malo ghawemi ghakuti ŵakakhalengemo. Ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi wa Lançado ŵakakondweskanga ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa vya Bissau, Cacheu, Guinala, na ku malo uko kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵakapharazganga ku vigaŵa ivyo kukachitikiranga malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mande awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru ŵakapelekanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni gamu, mino gha zovu, vikumba, viswaswa, utoto, ŵazga, na golide, ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakendanga navyo mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru, na kuvitolera ku mphepete mwa nyanja kuti vipelekeke ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake (pp. 158–160). Boma la Lançados likawovwira kuti kuŵe malonda pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya Upper Guinea, ndipo malonda ghakamba kufuma ku Gambia na kuluta ku Guinea-Bissau kukafika ku Cape Mount. 162, 163).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi mu vikaya vyose. Ŵazungu, Ŵabalanta, na Ŵabijaga ŵakamba kuŵatinkha.<ref name=":4" /> "Usange mukutemwa yayi kukhala kuno, mbwenu panji mungatemwa kukhala ku Balantas panji ku Bijagos".<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake mu cigaŵa ici ŵakaŵa paubwezi na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, ndipo magulu ghose ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançados. Lançados ŵakadumbiskananga na ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene mu vigaŵa ivi, ndipo munthu waliyose uyo wakaguliskanga vinthu ku Europe mu charu cha themba la ku malo agha wakeneranga kupeleka msonkho (p. 164, 165). Kweniso, Lançados wakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya uko wakakhalanga, kweniso makhoti gha uko wakakhalanga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito mitheto ya ku malo agha kuti ŵajiwovwire, ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vilapo na kupangana vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakacitiranga kuti ŵaŵe na cigomezgo cose (pp. 172, 173). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakamba kukayikira kuti ŵakukhumba kulondezga mitheto ya ku malo agha, ndipo ŵakamba kususkana na ŵanthu ŵanyake. Mu 1580 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Buguendo, pafupi na Cacheu, ndipo mu 1583 ŵakaleka kukhala ku Guinala na Cacheu. Themba Chapala wa ku Cacheu ndiyo wakazenga linga ili mu 1589 (pp. 175–177).<ref name=":4" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Papels, Manjaks, na Biafadas ŵaleke kutemwana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. 177, 178). Mu 1591, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku mainland. Ŵanalume ŵa mtundu wa Manjaks ŵa ku Cacheu ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Cacheu, kweni ŵakatondeka. Ivi vikapambananga na ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakacita mu 1583. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi ku ŵazga na vinthu vinyake. 179, 180). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakawelera ku malo ghawo kuti ŵajivikilire ku ŵalwani, kweniso kuti ŵaleke kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Cifukwa cakuti pakaŵavya ŵanthu ŵakukwana, cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Cacheu na Guinala ŵakhalenge mu misasa, ntheura ŵakeneranga kulondezga malango na mitheto ya ku malo agha. Ŵakaŵachimbizga yayi cifukwa katundu uyo ŵakizanga nayo wakakhumbikwanga comene ku ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa. 180–184).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançados, awo ŵakasuzgikanga yayi nga umo vikaŵira kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500. 242). Mu 1580 cifukwa ca kukolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Iberia, caru ca Guinea Bissau na Cape Verde vikathereskeka na ŵalwani ŵa Spain. Ŵadokotala ŵa ku France, Netherlands, na England ŵakamba kulimbana na Ŵaphwitikizi, ndipo malonda ghakalutilira pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançado ŵakamba kwenda malonda na ŵanthu ŵa ku England, France, na Dutch, chomenechomene ku Cacheu, uko ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakaguliskanga vinthu. 244–253).<ref name=":4" /> ==== 17th–18th centuries ==== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, Upper Guinea wakagaŵika pa vigaŵa viŵiri: 'Sierra Leone' na 'Rivers of Guinea' ndipo cigaŵa ca Guinea Bissau cikaŵa mu vigaŵa viŵiri ivi. Mu 1637, phangano la Cape Verde-Guinea likaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu ivyo vikulongosora umo boma la chigaŵa ichi likachitiranga vinthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa vyakuti: kufuma ku Santiago, pa vyaka vinayi, ngaraŵa 12 zikeneranga kutumizgika ku nyanja, kukanizgika kuguliska vinthu vinyake ku ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi (Padera pa vilwero), kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea, kweniso kukanizgika kuguliska ŵazga ku charu cha Guinea. 243, 244). Kuzirwa kwa msumba wa Santiago kukalongoreka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Mu 1608 na 1615 ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde ŵakapempha boma kuti likhazikiske dango la Santiago, kweni likaŵavya ntchito. Mu 1619 boma la Portugal likazomerezga dango lakwamba lakuti maboti ghakwenera kujumpha mu msumba wa Santiago. Mu 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe mu chigaŵa cha Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau. Boma la Portugal likeneranga kuwezgerapo mazaza agho likaŵa nagho mu chigaŵa ichi, agho ghakaŵa kuti ghaphyokapo pa nyengo ya wupu wa Iberia (pp. 254–261).<ref name=":4" /> ==== Collapse of the Iberian Union (1640) ==== Vinthu vikuru-vikuru ivyo Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakachitanga pamanyuma pa kudumulika kwa vyaru vya Iberia mu 1640 vikaŵa vya ku Bissau na Cacheu (p. 260). Charu cha Portugal chikamba kulimbana na Spain, ndipo Themba João IV likadumura kuti Cape Verde-Guinea Bissau yileke kuguliskana na Spain, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikeneranga kuluta ku Portugal, ndipo ngalaŵa za ku Spain zikakanizgika kunjira mu madoko. Vinthu ivyo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakaŵika pa ngalaŵa za ku Spain vikaŵa vyakwamba kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Lançado. Kwambira mu 1580 m'paka 1640, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda mu chigaŵa ichi, ntheura malango gha Ŵaphwitikizi ghakususkana na Spain ghakaŵakhwaska ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi na awo ŵakakolerananga na Spain. 261, 262).<ref name=":4" /> Mu 1641, ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau, Guinala, Geba, na Cacheu ŵakapangana kuti ŵaŵenge ŵakugomezgeka kwa Themba la Portugal ndipo ŵakadandawura kuti Ŵasipanishi ŵakukana kuguliska vinthu chifukwa cha dango ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru ivi kuguliska vyakurya. Ŵakaŵaso na citima cifukwa ca njara iyo yikaŵako pakati pa 1639 na 1641 iyo yikaŵa cifukwa ca kulira kwa zombe. Mu 1641, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakambaso malonda gha ku Spain, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Lançados na Manjak ŵakakondwa nawo. Ŵanjak, awo ŵakalongozganga dowoko la Cacheu, ŵakawonanga katundu wa ku Europe kuti ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa. Ŵanjak ŵakawofya ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Cacheu kuti ŵaŵakomenge usange Captain-Major Luis de Magalhães waleka kuzomerezga malonda (p. 263). Ku malo gha Cacheu kukaŵavya maji ghakukwana, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵa Manjak ŵaŵike dango lakuti ŵaleke kupeleka maji ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Kweniso, mu 1639 na 1641, njara yikakoma ŵazga awo ŵakavikiliranga malo agha. <ref name=":4" />Ŵazga ŵa Manjak ŵakazingilizga madoko para ŵawona ngalaŵa kuti ŵaguliske, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Captain-Major Luis de Magalhães wamazge dango ili. Boma la Spain likalutilira kukanizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain, Bissau, Geba, na Cacheu kuti ŵaleke kuguliskana malonda, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Lançados, Manjak, Papel, na Biafada ŵakaŵawovwira. 263–265).<ref name=":4" /> Wupu uwo ukawungananga ku Ultramarino ndiwo ukasankha munthu uyo wakeneranga kuŵa Captain-Major, ndipo mu 1641, Luis de Magalhães wakafumapo pa udindo wake, ndipo wakasinthika na Gonçalo de Gamboa de Ayala, ndipo Paulo Barradas da Silva wakimikika kuŵa musungichuma. Ŵakapangiska kuti msumba wa Cacheu uŵe wa malibwe kuti uŵavikilire ku Ŵazungu na ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ayala wakathereska Themba la Mata, Mulongozgi wa Mompatas, Mulongozgi wa Baorilla, na kumazga ngalaŵa za Spain pa Cacheu. Ŵakapangana na themba Equendé wa ku Bissau kuti ŵambe kudumbiskana vya mtende. Ŵakati ŵanjira mu Bissau, ŵakasanga kuti ngalaŵa ziŵiri za ku Spain zikuŵavikilira. Suzgo linyake likaŵa lakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Lançados ŵakeneranga kuŵa na mazaza pa malo agha. Wakaŵawovwira kuti ŵasame ku malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni ku Geba na ku Farim kumpoto kwa Cacheu. 266–271). <ref name=":4" />Nangauli Ŵangelezi, Ŵafalansa, na Ŵacidachi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza ghose mu cigaŵa ici, kweni ŵakalutilira kusanga candulo na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal na ŵa ku malo agha (p. 277). Boma la Portugal likaŵa lakusuzga kupangana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal kuti ŵaŵe na wanangwa wakucita malonda, cifukwa vinthu ivyo ŵakakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakukolerana yayi na ivyo Ŵaputukezi ŵakakhumbanga.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Slave trade ==== Wuzga wa ŵazga mu cigaŵa ici ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene yayi nga umo ukaŵira mu vigaŵa vinyake; kweni, cigaŵa ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cakuzirwa comene pa malonda gha ŵazga mu vyaru vya ku Atlantic (p. 186). Pakwamba ŵazga ŵakatumizgikanga comene ku Cape Verde na ku Iberia, ndipo ku Madeira na Canary Islands kukaŵanga ŵazga ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Bissau. 187). Kufuma mu 1580 m'paka mu 1640, ŵazga ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya ku Spain (p. 278). Pakaŵa nthowa zikuruzikuru zinkhondi izo ŵazga ŵakacitikiranga, nga ni cilango cifukwa ca kuswa dango, kujiguliska panji kuguliska ŵabali ŵawo mu nyengo ya njara, kukomeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ku Europe, uyo kale wakaŵa muzga wakuguliskika ku Ŵazungu na fumu yake, panji kuŵa muzga wa nkhondo (pp. 198, 199, 210, 211, 216). Ŵazga ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskikanga viŵi yayi, ndipo kanandi ŵazga ŵakaguranga ku ŵalongozgi panji ŵamalonda ŵa ku malo agha. 199, 200).<ref name=":4" /> Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ndiwo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, ndipo nkhondo zikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaguliskike. 204). Ŵa Bijagos nawo ŵakacitanga nthena, ndipo ŵakambanga kuwukira ŵanthu kuti ŵatore ŵazga. Ŵazga ŵa Bijagos ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Biafadas, Papels, Jolas, na Balantas. 204). Ŵazga ŵa Papels ŵakaluta ku Balantas, Biafadas, na Bijagos na wovwiri wa Lançados (p. 209). Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mandinka ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru pa nkhani ya ndyali na nkhondo mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo mu ufumu wa Kaabu, ŵazga ŵakambanga kuwukira ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mumphepete mwa nyanja (pp. 219–221). Ŵa Biafada ŵakasuskika cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaguliskikanga ku Europe, ndipo magulu gha ŵazengezgani ghakaŵacimanga kuti ndiwo ŵakambiska wuzga. 217). Ŵabalantas na Ŵajola ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito ŵazga yayi ndipo ŵakaŵatinkhanga (p. 208, 217). Ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Mandinka awo ŵakafuma ku Gambia ŵakaluta kumwera na kukakora ŵazga ŵa mtundu wa Jolas. 208). Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakaŵa kutali comene na caru, ndipo cifukwa cakuti ŵakaŵa ŵankhaza, ŵakakhumbanga kujikoma, ŵakacitanga viwawa pa sitima, kweniso ŵakatemwanga kucimbira ku minda, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵatemwanga yayi nga mbazga. 218). Nkhondo za mafuko ghakupambanapambana zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kupindana kwa vyaru panji kupindana pa ndyali yayi, ndipo ni viŵi yayi kuti zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kutinkhana (p. 208). Nkhondo izi zikacitikanga cifukwa ca kukhumba vinthu vya ku Europe, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakawonanga nkhondo izi nga ni kwiba na kupenja ŵanthu. 209). Ŵazga ŵakamba kupoka ŵazga kuti ŵasangirepo phindu. Mu 1600, themba la ku Bissau likamba kupoka ŵazga. (p. 210). Ŵazga ŵakaguliskikanga na kugaŵikana mu magulu. Ŵazga ŵakaguliskikanga na ŵanthu ŵa mu magulu ghapasi. "Ŵasambazi na ŵankhongono ŵali na mwaŵi wa kupoka ŵazga, cifukwa palije uyo wangaŵasuska. Iwo (ŵakaronga) ŵakutinkha ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo para ŵakukhumba kucita nthena, ŵakugwiliskira nchito mwaŵi wawo mwambura kusuzga, cifukwa ŵeneko ŵakukhwaskika yayi na uryezi wawo. Themba nalo likucita mwakuyana waka". (p. 228). Usange ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka kufwatulika, pakuti awo ŵakaŵakora ŵakapokeranga ndalama, nanga ni ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bijagos ŵakaŵanga ŵakunozgeka kuwuwezga ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka na kupokera ndalama, ndipo kaluso aka kakalutilira m'paka kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1700, apo ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa awo ŵakakoleka ŵakasuturikanga para ŵapokera ndalama. 229). Ŵazga awo ŵakacimbiranga ku wuzga ŵakasambizgikaso na Ŵazungu. Para ŵazga ŵakomeka, ŵakaŵafwaturanga para ŵamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵakuzirwa. 230). Ŵafumu na ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerananga pakucita malonda, ndipo nyengo zose ŵakakolerananga umo malonda agha ghacitikirenge, uyo waŵenge muzga na uyo waleke kuŵa muzga, ndiposo mitengo ya ŵazga. 230, 233, 234). Fernão Guerreiro na Mateo de Anguiano ŵakati ŵafumba mafumu ghanandi pa nkhani ya kuguliska ŵazga, ŵakamanya kuti kuguliska ŵazga kukaŵa uheni, kweni ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakachitanga nthena cifukwa cakuti Ŵazungu ŵakaguliskanga vinthu vinyake yayi. 234). Ndipo ŵakalutilira kucita malonda agha mpaka mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800, apo ŵakamalizga.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Summary ==== [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|300px|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]] Nyengo yinyake caru ca Guinea-Bissau cikaŵa cigaŵa ca ufumu wa Kaabu, uwo ukaŵa cigaŵa ca Ufumu wa Mali mu vilimika vya m'ma 1500. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ufumu uwu vikalutilira kuwusa m'paka m'ma 1700. Cigaŵa cinyake ca caru ici cikaŵa ca Ŵaphwitikizi. Charu cha Portuguese Guinea chikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Slave Coast, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ŵa ku Africa kuluta ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>Gale Group. (2017). Guinea-Bissau. In M. S. Hill (Ed.), ''Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations'' (14th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 379–392). Gale.</ref><ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU">{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?ParagraphID=oxa#:~:text=HISTORY%20OF%20GUINEA%2DBISSAU&text=From%20the%20viewpoint%20of%20European,region%20is%20the%20Slave%20Coast. |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=www.historyworld.net}}</ref> Mabuku ghakwambilira ghakulongosora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi, ghakuyowoya za ulendo wa Alvise Cadamosto wa ku Venice mu 1455, ulendo wa Eustache de la Fosse wa ku Flanders na Diogo Cão mu 1479-1480. M'ma 1480, munthu wa ku Portugal uyu wakafika ku Mlonga wa Congo na ku vyaru vya Bakongo, ndipo wakayala vipasi vya Angola, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 4200 kufuma ku Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{cite web |title=Diogo Cão |url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/cao.html |website=win.tue.nl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208055908/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/cao.html |archive-date=8 February 2007 |access-date=7 February 2006}}</ref> [[File:Flag of the Casa da Guiné.svg|thumb|left|Flag of the Portuguese [[Company of Guinea]]]] Nangauli mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha chifukwa cha malonda, kweni ŵakamba kupenjerezga malo agha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Guinea, awo ŵanji mwa iwo ŵakasambazga comene cifukwa ca kuguliska ŵazga, ndiwo ŵakendeskanga malonda agha ndipo ŵakazomerezganga yayi kuti Ŵazungu ŵanjire mu caru ici. Ŵakaŵasunganga mu mizi ya mumphepete mwa nyanja, uko ŵakacitiranga malonda. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakalimbana na ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga nawo ŵakagomezganga yayi ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakizanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal awo ŵakakhalanga ku Guinea, ŵakagwiranga waka nchito mu dowoko la Bissau na Cacheu. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kukhala pa malo ghakupambanapambana mu milonga ya ku Bissau. Kwa kanyengo kacoko waka mu vilimika vya m'ma 1790, Ŵabritish ŵakayezga kukhazikika pa cirwa cinyake ku Bolama. Kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵaphwitikizi ŵakaŵa ŵakukhora mu msumba wa Bissau ndipo ŵakawonanga nyanja iyo yikaŵa kufupi na iwo kuŵa chigaŵa chawo.<ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU"/>[[File:LG&CD - Guine Barro Jagudis 11.jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese Colonial War]] in [[Portuguese Guinea]], 1968]] Mu 1956, ŵasilikari ŵa chipani cha African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), icho chikaŵa pasi pa Amílcar Cabral, ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Portugal. Mwakupambana na ŵasilikari ŵanyake mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Portugal, gulu la PAIGC likamba kuwusa vigaŵa vinandi vya caru ici mwaluŵiro, cifukwa ca malo agho ghakaŵa nga ni nkhorongo, kweniso cifukwa ca vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na mphaka na vyaru vinyake, kweniso cifukwa ca unandi wa vilwero vyakufuma ku Cuba, China, Soviet Union, na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa. Kweniso, caru ca Cuba cikapangana kuti ciŵapenge ŵasilikari, ŵadokotala, na ŵantchito. Gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na vilwero vyakupambanapambana vyakulwera ndege kuti lijivikilire. Kufika mu 1973, gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Guinea, kweni mu Janyuwale 1973, gulu ili likathera apo Cabral wakakomeka.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/lumumba-50th-anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Victoria | last=Brittain | title=Africa: a continent drenched in the blood of revolutionary heroes | date=17 January 2011 | access-date=14 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117225438/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/lumumba-50th-anniversary-african-leaders-assassinations# | archive-date=17 January 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> ===Independence (1973)=== [[File:Hastear da bandeira da Guiné Bissau após o arrear da de Portugal.jpg|thumb|[[PAIGC]] forces raise the [[flag of Guinea-Bissau]] in 1974.]] Charu ichi chikapika wanangwa pa 24 Seputembala 1973, ndipo sono chikukondwelera zuŵa ili nga ni zuŵa la wanangwa. Kuzomerezgeka kwa boma la Portugal kukaŵako pa caru cose pa 25 Epulero 1974 cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari ku Portugal, uko kukawuskapo boma la Estado Novo la ku Lisbon. Boma la Romania la Nicolae Ceaușescu likaŵa lakwamba kuzomerezga kuti Guinea-Bissau njumoza wa vyaru ivyo vikacita phangano na chipani cha African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z0dpAAAAMAAJ&q=formal+recognition| title = Ion Rațiu, Foreign Affairs Publishing Company, 1975, ''Contemporary Romania: Her Place in World Affairs'', p. 90| isbn = 9780900380167| last1 = Ratiu| first1 = Ion| last2 = Rațiu| first2 = Ion| year = 1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kS1NAAAAYAAJ&q=bissau| title = RFE/RL, 1979. ''Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 4, Issues 15–27''| date = April 1979}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, sumu ya fuko la Guinea-Bissau yikacemekanga Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada, ndipo yikacemekangaso Cântico da Liberdade. Luís Cabral, munung'una wa Amílcar na uyo wakambiska PAIGC, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Guinea-Bissau.<ref name="HISTORY OF GUINEA-BISSAU"/> Mulimo wa kujiyimira pawekha ukayamba na ŵanthu ŵawemi comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau na Guinea ŵakawelera ku caru cawo. Ndondomeko yakuti waliyose wasambirenge sukulu yikapangika. Mabuku ghakaŵanga ghawanangwa, ndipo sukulu zikawonekanga kuti zili na ŵasambizgi ŵanandi. Masambiro gha ŵasungwana, agho kale ghakaŵa kuti ghakumanyikwa yayi, ghakaciskika, ndipo kalendala ya sukulu iyo yikaŵa yakukolerana na malo gha ku mizi yikapelekeka. Mu 1980, cuma cikamba kunangika comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na boma ilo likaŵapo. Pa Novembala 14, 1980, João Bernardo Vieira, uyo wakamanyikwanga kuti "Nino Vieira", wakathereska Pulezidenti Luís Cabral. Ndondomeko ya boma yikalekeka kugwira nchito, ndipo ŵakakhazikiska wupu wa ŵasilikari 9, uwo ukalongozgekanga na Vieira. Kufuma nyengo iyo, caru ici camba kuŵa na cuma cakulongozgeka na boma. Kucepeskako ndalama kwacitika cifukwa ca vinthu ivyo vikucitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na masambiro. M'paka mu 1984 caru cikaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵandyali. Mu 1994, kukacitika masankho ghakwamba gha vipani vinandi. Mu Meyi 1998, ŵasilikari ŵakagaluka ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kuŵe nkhondo mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau, ndipo mu Juni 1999 pulezidenti wakathereskeka. Mu 2000, kukaŵaso visora ndipo Kumba Ialá ndiyo wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti. Mu Seputembala 2003, ŵasilikari ŵakawukira boma. Ŵasilikari ŵakamukora Ialá na kumupa mulandu wakuti "wakutondeka kumazga masuzgo". Mu Malici 2004, pamanyuma pa kucedwa kwa nyengo zinandi, kukacitika visankho vya nduna za boma. Mu Okutobala 2004, ŵasilikari ŵakagalukira boma pa nkhani ya malipiro agho likapeleka yayi, ndipo ŵakakoma mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed forces chief killed as soldiers mutiny over pay arrears |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/51624/guinea-bissau-armed-forces-chief-killed-soldiers-mutiny-over-pay-arrears |website=The New Humanitarian |access-date=28 October 2022 |date=7 October 2004}}</ref> ===From Vieira years to present=== Mu Juni 2005, kukacitika mavoti ghakwamba kufuma apo Ialá wakathereskeka. Ialá wakaweleraso nga ni nduna ya chipani cha PRS, ndipo wakati iyo ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa chalo, kweni chisankho chikathereskeka na Joao Bernardo Vieira, uyo wakathereskeka mu 1999. Vieira wakathereska Malam Bacai Sanhá mu visankho vya ku chigaŵa chachiŵiri. Sanhá pakwamba wakakananga kuti wakanizgike, ndipo wakati vinthu vyaupusikizgi vikacitika mu vigaŵa viŵiri, kusazgapo msumba wa Bissau. Nangauli pali malipoti ghakuti ŵasilikari ŵakanjizga vilwero mu caru pambere ŵandatoreke, kweniso kuti pakaŵa masuzgo ghanyake pa nyengo ya kampeni, kusazgapo kuwukira maofesi gha boma na ŵanthu ŵambura kumanyikwa awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero, kweni ŵalonda ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakayowoya kuti mu 2005 vinthu vikaŵa makora. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vitatu, gulu la PAIGC likaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana 67, ndipo likapoka vigaŵa 100 pa visankho ivyo vikacitika mu Novembala 2008. Mu Novembala 2008, nyumba ya Pulezidenti Vieira yikatoleka na ŵasilikari, awo ŵakakoma mulinda, kweni pulezidenti wakakhwaskika. Kweni pa 2 March 2009, Vieira wakakomeka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwezgera nyifwa ya mulongozgi wa Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Batista Tagme Na Wai, uyo wakakomeka pa bomba zuŵa lakulondezgapo. Nyifwa ya Vieira yikapangiska kuti paŵe vivulupi vinandi yayi, kweni pakaŵa vimanyikwiro vya vivulupi mu caru, mwakuyana na wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa Swisspeace. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari mu caru ici ŵakacita phangano lakuti ŵacindikenge dango la malango la umo munthu wangaŵira na mazaza. Wapampando wa National Assembly Raimundo Pereira wakasoleka kuŵa wapampando wa kanyengo mpaka pa chisankho cha pa chalo pa 28 June 2009. Malam Bacai Sanhá wa chipani cha PAIGC ndiyo wakathereska Kumba Ialá uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe pulezidenti wa chipani cha PRS.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dabo|first=Alberto|date=29 July 2009|title=Sanha wins Guinea-Bissau presidential election|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-41398320090729|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>[[File:Putin-Embalo meeting (2022-10-25) 02.jpg|thumb|Guinea-Bissau President [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]] with Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] in Moscow, Russia, 25 October 2022]] Pa 9 Janyuwale 2012, Pulezidenti Sanhá wakafwa na matenda gha shuga, ndipo Pereira wakasoleka kuŵa pulezidenti wa kanyengo kachoko. Pa usiku wa pa 12 April 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici ŵakacitapo kanthu ndipo ŵakakora pulezidenti wa kanyengo na munthu munyake uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waŵe pulezidenti. Mkulu wa boma wakale, General Mamadu Ture Kuruma, adalamulira dzikoli munthawi yosinthira ndipo adayamba kukambirana ndi zipani zotsutsa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq-cyAdeGs3liZQlCd2mIxBvmQog?docId=CNG.a1b03f8f1a0eb41d95bf872bb307d7bf.681 |title=Fears grow for members of toppled G.Bissau government |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=14 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |author=Embalo, Allen Yero |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303160107/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq-cyAdeGs3liZQlCd2mIxBvmQog?docId=CNG.a1b03f8f1a0eb41d95bf872bb307d7bf.681 |archive-date=3 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/guinea-bissau-opposition-vows-reach-deal-junta |title=Guinea-Bissau opposition vows to reach deal with junta &#124; Radio Netherlands Worldwide |publisher=Rnw.nl |date=15 April 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012103639/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/guinea-bissau-opposition-vows-reach-deal-junta |archive-date=12 October 2014}}</ref> José Mário Vaz wakaŵa pulezidenti wa ku Guinea-Bissau kufuma mu 2014 mpaka mu 2019. Wakati wamalizga uteŵeti wake, Vaz wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kusankhika kuti wamalizge uteŵeti wake wa vilimika vinkhondi. Komabe, adataya chisankho cha 2019 kwa Umaro Sissoco Embaló, yemwe adayamba kugwira ntchito mu February 2020. Embaló ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba kusankhika kwambura wovwiri wa PAIGC.<ref name="aa.com.tr">{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/guinea-bissaus-leader-concedes-election-defeat/1658683|last=Tasamba| first=James| date = 29 November 2019|title = Guinea-Bissau's leader concedes election defeat|access-date = 14 June 2021|publisher = [[Anadolu Agency]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-50965779|title = Guinea-Bissau: Former PM Embalo wins presidential election|date= 1 January 2020| access-date = 14 June 2021| website = BBC news}}</ref> Pa 1 February 2022, pakaŵa chiyezgo cha kupoka boma kuti wapoke Pulezidenti Umaro Sissoco Embaló..<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Fears of Guinea-Bissau coup attempt amid gunfire in capital|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/01/fears-of-guinea-bissau-coup-attempt-amid-gunfire-in-capital|access-date=1 February 2022|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Heavy gunfire heard near presidential palace in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/1/gunfire-heard-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau|access-date=1 February 2022|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2022|title=Gunfire near government house in Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220201-gunfire-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau|access-date=1 February 2022|website=France 24}}</ref> Pa 2 February 2022, wayilesi ya boma yikapharazga kuti ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakakomeka na ŵalinda ŵaŵiri ŵa pulezidenti ŵakomeka. Wupu wa African Union na ECOWAS wose ŵakasuska ivyo vikacitika. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 6 kufuma apo boma likakhumbanga kupoka boma, pa 7 Febuluwale 2022, nyumba ya Rádio Capital FM, iyo yikayuyuranga boma la Bissau-Guinea, yikapokeka. Aka kakaŵa kaŵiri kuti nyumba ya wayilesi iyi yikomeke mu vyaka viŵiri pera. Mulembi munyake wa nyuzipepara ya TV iyi wakayowoya kuti munyake uyo ŵakagwiranga nayo nchito wakamanya kuti limoza mwa magalimoto agho ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵara likaŵa la pulezidenti.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Guiné-Bissau vive 'clima de terror' |url=https://sol.sapo.pt/artigo/762208/guine-bissau-vive-clima-de-terror |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Jornal SOL |language=pt}}</ref> ==Ndale== {{Main|Politics of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Palácio_Presidencial_em_Bissau_(2).jpg|thumb|The Presidential Palace of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Fernanda_Nossa,_Guinea-Bissau,_photo_3.jpg|thumb|right|Public Order Police officer during a parade in Guinea-Bissau]] Charu cha Guinea-Bissau ni repubulika. Mu nyengo yakale, boma likaŵa na mazaza ghakuru. Boma la vyaru vyakupambanapambana likamba mu 1991. Pulezidenti ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma ndipo nduna yikuru ndiyo ni mulongozgi wa boma. Kufumira pa wanangwa mu 1974, mpaka apo Jose Mario Vaz wakamalizgira vyaka vinkhondi vya kuwusa kwake pa 24 June 2019, palije mulongozgi uyo wakakhalako vyaka vinkhondi vyose.<ref name="aa.com.tr"/> Pa wupu wa malango, wupu wa Asembleia Nacional Popular (National People's Assembly) uwo uli na nyumba yimoza uli na mamembara 100. Ŵakusankhika na ŵanthu kufuma mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana kuti ŵakateŵetere kwa vilimika vinayi. Ŵeruzgi ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti ndipo ŵakucita ivyo pulezidenti wakhumba. Vipani viŵiri vikuruvikuru vya ndyali ni PAIGC (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde) na PRS (Party for Social Renewal). Pali vipani vyakujumpha 20 ivyo vikupambana maghanoghano.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html#b Guinea-Bissau Political Parties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509121607/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-POLITICAL-PARTIES.html#b#b |date=9 May 2013 }}. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Guinea-Bissau}} Charu cha Guinea-Bissau ndicho chikambiska vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chiphwitikizi (Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)), icho chikuchemekaso Lusophone Commonwealth, ndipo ni wupu wa vyaru ivyo vikuyowoya Chiphwitikizi.<ref>{{cite web|title=CPLP – Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa – Histórico – Como surgiu?|url=https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx|access-date=26 January 2021|website=www.cplp.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627025943/https://www.cplp.org/id-2752.aspx|archive-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> ===Military=== {{Further|Military of Guinea-Bissau}} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2019, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵalipo pafupifupi 4,400 ndipo ndalama izo ŵakupeleka pa nkhondo ni pacoko waka pa 2% ya GDP. Mu 2018, charu cha Guinea-Bissau chikasayinira phangano la UN lakukanizga kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017}}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Guinea-Bissau|Sectors of Guinea-Bissau}} {{Regions of Guinea-Bissau Image Map}} Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 8 (regiões) na chigaŵa chimoza (sector autónomo). Maofesi agha ghali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 37. Vigaŵa ivi ni ivi:<ref name="Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Maps & Facts |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/maps/guinea-bissau |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= *[[Bafatá Region|Bafatá]] *[[Biombo Region|Biombo]] *[[Bissau Region|Bissau]]{{efn|[[Autonomous administrative division|Autonomous]] sector.}} *[[Bolama Region|Bolama]] *[[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]] *[[Gabu Region|Gabu]] *[[Oio Region|Oio]] *[[Quinara Region|Quinara]] *[[Tombali Region|Tombali]] }} {{notelist}} ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Lagoa_com_hipopótamos_01.jpg|thumb|230px|Rare salt water [[Hippopotamus]]es in [[Orango|Orango Island]]]] [[File:CaravelaIvybeach1p.jpg|thumb|230px|Caravela, Bissagos Islands]] [[File:20130611-DSC 9018 (9290631541) (2).jpg|thumb|230px|Typical scenery in Guinea-Bissau]] Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili kumpoto kwa Senegal, kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Guinea, ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kwake kuli Nyanja ya Atlantic. Charu ichi chili pakati pa 11° na 13° kumpoto (chinyake chili kumwera kwa 11°), ndipo chapakati pa 11° na 15° kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021|title=Coordinates of Guinea-Bissau|url=https://www.geodatos.net/en/coordinates/guinea-bissau|access-date=25 February 2021|website=GeoDatos}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 36,125 square kilometres (13,948 sq mi), ndipo ntchikuru kuluska Taiwan na Belgium. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Monte Torin, agho ghakaŵa pa mtunda wa mamita 262. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakuthambalara, ndipo malo agha ghakukolerana na makuni gha mangrove agho ghali ku Guinea. Nyengo ya vula iyo yikuŵa nga ni nyengo ya vula yikupambana na nyengo ya cimphepo cakofya ico cikufuma ku Sahara. Virwa vya Bijagos vili kutali na caru. Charu ichi chili na vigaŵa viŵiri: nkhorongo ya ku Guinea na nkhorongo ya ku Guinea.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{main|Climate of Guinea-Bissau}} Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chikupya chaka chose, ndipo nyengo yikutenthemera pachokopachoko. Chiwerengero cha mvula ku Bissau ndi 2,024 mm (79.7 in), ngakhale kuti izi zimawerengedwa pafupifupi nyengo yamvula yomwe imagwa pakati pa June ndi September / October. Kufumira mu Disembala mpaka Epulero, mu caru ici mukuŵa cikhutu.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b Guinea-Bissau Climate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509093130/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Guinea-Bissau-CLIMATE.html#b#b |date=9 May 2013 }}. Nationsencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> [[File:Climate diagram of Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.svg|centre|600px]] ===Environmental problems=== Masuzgo ghakuru gha malo ghakutowa ghakuŵa kudumulika kwa makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, kuliskika kwa viŵeto, na kukoma somba mwakutalulira. Guinea-Bissau wakaŵa na nkhorongo ya 5.7 pa nkhorongo 10 pa nkhorongo ya 2019.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main| Wildlife of Guinea-Bissau}} ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Guinea-Bissau|Mining industry of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Guinea-Bissau Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|left|A proportional representation of Guinea-Bissau exports, 2019]] [[File:Banco Centra Da Guine Bissau.JPG|thumb|left|Seat of the Central Bank of Guinea-Bissau]] [[File:Posto_Galp_em_S%C3%A3o_Domingos,_Guin%C3%A9_(1).jpg|thumb|left|Petrol station in [[São Domingos (Guinea-Bissau)|São Domingos]]]] Pa caru cose, caru ca Guinea-Bissau nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zicoko comene pa caru cose, ndipo ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici nchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zicoko comene. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya caru ici mbakavu comene. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba chomene ulimi. Vyakurya ivyo ŵakuguliska ni somba, mtedza wa cashew, na mtedza wa groundnut.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13443186 |website=BBC News |access-date=26 January 2021 |date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Kwa nyengo yitali vinthu vikwenda makora yayi pa ndyali ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora pa nkhani ya ndalama, umoyo wa ŵanthu uhenipe, kweniso kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora pa nkhani ya ndalama. Ku Guinea-Bissau, pakutora nyengo yitali kuti munthu walembeske bizinesi yake (233 mazuŵa panji pafupifupi masabata 33). Chalo cha Guinea-Bissau chamba kulongora umo chuma chikuyendera, pamanyuma pakuti vyaru vikuru-vikuru vya mu charu ichi vyasazga phangano la umo vinthu viŵirenge, ivyo vyapangiska kuti paŵe ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu mu charu ichi iyo yikukhozgeka na wupu wa IMF.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/country/gnb/index.htm Guinea-Bissau and the IMF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016083143/http://www.imf.org/external/country/GNB/index.htm# |date=16 October 2012 }}. Imf.org (13 May 2013). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> After several years of economic downturn and political instability, in 1997, Guinea-Bissau entered the [[CFA franc]] monetary system, bringing about some internal monetary stability.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015835/http://www.uemoa.int/Pages/Home.aspx CFA Franc and Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026015835/http://www.uemoa.int/Pages/Home.aspx# |date=26 October 2012 }}. Uemoa.int. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Nkhondo ya pa caru cose iyo yikacitika mu 1998 na 1999, na kuwukira kwa ŵasilikari mu Seputembala 2003, vikapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vicitike mu caru. Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viheni vicitike mu caru, ndipo ukavu ukalutilira. Pamanyuma pa visankho vya pa wupu wa malango mu Malichi 2004 na vya pulezidenti mu Julayi 2005, caru ici cikulutilira kusuzgika na vinthu vyambura urunji. Kwambira mu 2005, ŵamalonda ŵa munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo ŵa ku Latin America ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito caru ca Guinea-Bissau, pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya ku West Africa, kuti ŵaguliske cocaine ku Europe. Mulara wa wupu wa United Nations wakayowoya kuti caru ici cili pangozi ya kuzgoka "cigaŵa cakupanga munkhwala wakuzweteska wongo". Boma na ŵasilikari ŵakucita vinandi yayi kuti ŵalekeske malonda gha minkhwala yakutimbanizga wongo, agho ghakafika paheni comene pamasinda pa kuwukira mu 2012. Mwakuyana na magazini ya The Week, boma la Guinea-Bissau likulutilira kusuzgika cifukwa ca kuguliska munkhwala wa kokeni. Guinea-Bissau ndi membala wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web|title=OHADA.com • The business law portal in Africa|language=fr|url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php|website=[[OHADA|OHADA.com]]|publisher=Paul Bayzelon|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php|archive-date=26 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Guinea-Bissau drug trade 'rises since coup' | work=BBC News | date=31 July 2012 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19060861 | access-date=5 October 2012 | location=London | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027005635/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19060861# | archive-date=27 October 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/11/02/guinea-bissau-africas-most-famous-narco-state-goes-to-the-polls|title=Guinea-Bissau, Africa's most famous narco-state, goes to the polls|magazine=The Economist|date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="drugs">{{cite news | title=Route of Evil: How a tiny West African nation became a key smuggling hub for Colombian cocaine, and the price it is paying | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401676.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | last=Sullivan | first=Kevin | date=25 May 2008 | access-date=27 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525120229/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/24/AR2008052401676.html# | archive-date=25 May 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121029230410/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1933291,00.html Guinea-Bissau:A narco-state?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029230410/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1933291,00.html# |date=29 October 2012 }}. ''Time''. (29 October 2009). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guinea-Bissau |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2020 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau}}</ref> ==Ukhalilo== ===Demographics=== {{Main|Demographics of Guinea-Bissau}} {{multiple image | width1 = 175 | image1 = Population Guinea-Bissau 1950-2020.jpg | width2 = 150 | image2 = Pyramide Guinee-Bissau.PNG | footer = (Left) Guinea-Bissau's population between 1950 and 2020. (Right) Guinea-Bissau's [[population pyramid]], 2005. In 2010, 41.3% of Guinea-Bissau's population were aged under 15.<ref name="WPP 2010"/> | alt1 = Population Guinea-Bissau 1950–2020 }} Kuyana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵalipo 2,060,721 mu 2021, ndipo mu 1950 ŵakaŵa 518,000. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa vyaka vyambura kukwana 15 mu 2010 chikaŵa 41.3%, 55.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 65, ndipo 3.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka 65 panji kujumphirapo.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |title=Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision |publisher=Esa.un.org |access-date=20 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{bar box |title=Ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau<ref name="Censo2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |title=Recenseamento Geral da População e Habitação 2009 Características Socioculturais |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estatística Guiné-Bissau| df=dmy |page=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113143028/http://www.stat-guinebissau.com/publicacao/caracteristicas_socio_cultural.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic groups |right1=percent |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Fula people|Fula]]|darkgreen|28.5}} {{bar percent|[[Balanta people|Balanta]]|purple|22.5}} {{bar percent|[[Mandinka people|Mandinka]]|red|14.7}} {{bar percent|[[Papel people|Papel]]|black|9.1}} {{bar percent|[[Manjack people|Manjaca]]|orange|8.3}} {{bar percent|[[Beafada people|Beafada]]|darkblue|3.5}} {{bar percent|[[Mancanha people|Mancanha]]|red|3.1}} {{bar percent|{{ill|Bijagós people|pt|Bijagós|lt=Bijagós}}|maroon|2.1}} {{bar percent|{{ill|Felupe people|pt|Felupes|lt=Felupe}}|darkgray|1.7}} {{bar percent|[[Mansoanca people|Mansoanca]]|gray|1.4}} {{bar percent|[[Balanta Mane people|Balanta Mane]]|tan|1}} {{bar percent|[[Nalu people|Nalu]]|lime|0.9}} {{bar percent|[[Saracule people|Saracule]]|Violet|0.5}} {{bar percent|[[Sosso people|Sosso]]|darkgreen|0.4}} {{bar percent|Not Stated|purple|2.2}} }} [[File:Geographic location of Guinea-Bissau and present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups.jpg|thumb|330px|Guinea-Bissau present-day settlement pattern of the ethnic groups]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau ŵali na mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵali na viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana, mitheto yakupambana, na kakhaliro kakupambana. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau-Guinea ŵangagaŵika mu mitundu iyi:<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03">{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau (09/03) |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/guineabissau/31802.htm |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> *[[Fula people|Fula]] and the [[Mandinka language|Mandinka]]-speaking people, who constitute the largest portion of the population and are concentrated in the north and northeast;<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> *[[Balanta people|Balanta]] and Papel people, who live in the southern coastal regions;<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> and *Manjaco na Mancanha, awo ŵakukhala pakati pa nyanja na kumpoto kwake.<ref name="Guinea-Bissau 09/03"/> Most of the remainder are ''[[mestizo|mestiços]]'' of mixed [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and African descent.<ref name="cciei.org">{{cite web |title=History & Geography – GUINEA BISSAU REPUBLIC |url=http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131073951/http://cciei.org/new-guinebissaurepublic-com/history-geography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berlin |first1=Ira |title=From Creole to African |journal=William and Mary Quarterly |date=1 April 1996 |volume=53 |issue=2 |page=266 |doi=10.2307/2947401 |jstor=2947401 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947401 |access-date=6 June 2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal mbacoko comene pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Bissau-Guinea. Guinea-Bissau yikati yajiyimira payekha, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Mu caru ici muli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku China. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Portugal na Canton, ndipo ŵakakhalanga ku Macau.<ref name="cciei.org"/> ===Major cities=== Main [[List of cities in Guinea-Bissau|cities in Guinea-Bissau]] include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html|title=Guinea-Bissau: Regions, Cities & Urban Localities – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|website=citypopulation.de|access-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053028/http://www.citypopulation.de/GuineaBissau.html#|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !rowspan="2" | Rank !! rowspan="2" | City !! colspan="2" | Population |- !2015 estimate !! Region |- |align=right | 1 || [[Bissau]] || align=right | 492,004 || [[Bissau Region|Bissau]] |- |align=right | 2 || [[Gabú]] || align=right | 48,670 || [[Gabú Region|Gabú]] |- |align=right | 3 || [[Bafatá]] || align=right | 37,985 || [[Bafatá Region|Bafatá]] |- |align=right | 4 || [[Bissorã]] || align=right | 29,468 || [[Oio Region|Oio]] |- |align=right | 5 || [[Bolama (town)|Bolama]] || align="right" | 16,216 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]] |- |align=right | 6 || [[Cacheu]] || align=right | 14,320 || [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]] |- |align=right | 7 || [[Bubaque]] || align=right | 12,922 || [[Bolama Region|Bolama]] |- |align=right | 8 || [[Catió]]|| align=right | 11,498 || [[Tombali Region|Tombali]] |- |align=right | 9 || [[Mansôa]] || align=right | 9,198 || [[Oio Region|Oio]] |- |align=right | 10 || [[Buba]] || align=right | 8,993 || [[Quinara Region|Quinara]] |} ===Languages=== {{bar box |title=Languages in Guinea-Bissau<ref name="Censo2009"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Languages |right1=percent |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|Portuguese Creole|green|90.4}} {{bar percent|Portuguese|darkgreen|32.1}} {{bar percent|Fula|#EFCC00|16.0}} {{bar percent|Balanta|#FFEF00|14.0}} {{bar percent|French|blue|7.1}} {{bar percent|Mandinka|#FFFF00|7.0}} {{bar percent|Manjak|#FCE883|5.0}} {{bar percent|Papel|#EEED09|3.0}} {{bar percent|English|red|2.9}} {{bar percent|Felupe|#FADA5E|1.0}} {{bar percent|Spanish|orange|0.5}} {{bar percent|Russian|darkblue|0.1}}{{bar percent|Other|gray|1.8}} }} {{Main|Languages of Guinea-Bissau}} [[File:Voter education for guinea bissau elections 2008.jpg|thumb|left|Voter education posters in [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|Kriol]] for [[Guinea-Bissau legislative election, 2008]], [[Biombo Region]]]] Nangauli ni caru cicoko, kweni ku Guinea-Bissau kuli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo ŵali na mitheto na viyowoyero vyawo. Vili nthena cifukwa cakuti mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau muli ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo na awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakamba kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi na ciyowoyero ca ku Portugal ico cikucemeka Kriol panji crioulo.<ref name="barbosa">{{cite thesis |last=Barbosa |first=José |title=Língua e desenvolvimento: O caso da Guiné-Bissau |date=2015 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universidade de Lisboa |url=http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18319/1/ulfl183078_tm.pdf |language=pt |trans-title=Language and Development: The case of Guinea-Bissau |access-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809055311/http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18319/1/ulfl183078_tm.pdf# |archive-date=9 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ciphwitikizi cikayowoyekanga comene nga ni ciyowoyero caciŵiri, kweni ŵanthu ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya, ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵavinjeru na ŵandyali ndiwo ŵakuyowoya. Cikaŵa ciyowoyero ca boma na ciyowoyero cakupharazgira ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake, ico cikafuma ku muwuso wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale na gha ku sekondare ghakusambizgika mu Ciphwitikizi, nangauli ŵana 67% pera ndiwo ŵakusambira. Vimanyikwiro vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi ŵalipo pafupifupi 11 panji 15 peresenti.<ref name="cciei.org"/> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2009, ŵanthu 27.1% awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu ŵakayowoya Chiphwitikizi icho chikaŵa cha chiyowoyero chawo yayi.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Mendes |first=Etoal |title=Experiências de ensino bilíngue em Bubaque, Guiné-Bissau: línguas e saberes locais na educação escolar |date=2018 |degree=Master's |publisher=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul |url=https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/178453/001065976.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224112551/https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/178453/001065976.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-24 |url-status=live |hdl=10183/178453 |language=pt |trans-title=Bilingual teaching experiences in Bubaque, Guinea-Bissau: languages and local knowledge in school education}}</ref> Ŵanthu 44 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ciyowoyero ici cikulutilira kupharazgika ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucimanya. Ndipouli, viyowoyero ivi vikupambana na viyowoyero vinyake chifukwa vikupambana na viyowoyero vinyake vya ku Portugal. Ku Guinea-Bissau kuli ciyowoyero ico cikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa ivyo vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana: Fula (16%), Balanta (14%), Mandinka (7%), Manjak (5%), Papel (3%), Felupe (1%), Beafada (0.7%), Bijagó (0.3%), na Nalu (0.1%), izo ni viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakuyowoya. Ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi na Cisemesi ŵakuyowoyaso ciyowoyero cinyake ca ku Africa na ciyowoyero ca Kriol. Viyowoyero vya mu Africa vikugongowa yayi nanga vingaŵa kuti ni viwemi waka. Viyowoyero ivi vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana ŵakolerane, ndipo vikuyowoyeka mu vikaya, ku ŵabwezi na ŵazengezgani, pa viphikiro na pa visopa, kweniso mu misumba na ku mizi. Ndipouli, pa viyowoyero vyose ivi, palije ico cikuyowoyeka comene mu Guinea-Bissau. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakuyowoya Chifurenchi. Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chili na wanangwa wose wakuyowoya Chifurenchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to the International Organisation of La Francophonie's Official Website |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html |website=Francophonie.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401162352/http://www.francophonie.org/Welcome-to-the-International.html# |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date= 22 June 2013}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Guinea-Bissau}} {{bar box |title=Religion in Guinea-Bissau (CIA, 2020 est.)<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|title= Guinea Bissau|website= [[The World Factbook]]|publisher= [[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date= 14 June 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/#people-and-society|archive-date= 10 January 2021}}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1='''Religion''' |right1='''Percent''' |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam in Guinea-Bissau|Islam]]|green|46.1}} {{bar percent|[[Folk religion]]s|red|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Guinea-Bissau|Christianity]]|blue|18.9}} {{bar percent|Other/unaffiliated|yellow|4.4}} }} Kafukufuku wakulongora kuti pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu Guinea-Bissau, hafu ni Ŵasilamu, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakulondezga visopa vinyake panji Chikhristu. Kuyana na ivyo CIA World Factbook yikayowoya, ŵanthu 46.1% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 30.6% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake, 18.9% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 4.4% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake. Mu 2010, kafukufuku wa Pew Research wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 45.1% ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu ndipo 19.7% ŵakaŵa ŵa Chikhristu, 30.9% ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha ŵanthu na 4.3 ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake.<ref name=":0">{{cite report |chapter-url=https://www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/religious-affiliation-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |title=Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=15 April 2010 |publisher=Pew Research Center |chapter=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation}}</ref><ref name="Pew Africa">{{cite report |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf |title=Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=April 2010 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430133219/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-full-report.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2018 |url-status=dead |page=20}}</ref>Kafukufuku wa Pew-Templeton wa mu 2015 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 45.1% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, 30.9% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake, 19.7% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu, ndipo 4.3% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake yayi. ARDA yikayowoya kuti mu 2020 Ŵasilamu ŵazamuŵa 44.7%. Kweniso likati ŵanthu 41.2 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakasopanga ŵa mitundu yinyake ndipo 13 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau: Major World Religions (1900–2050) |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=100c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> [[File:Bafata1.jpg|thumb|Men in Islamic garb, [[Bafatá]], Guinea-Bissau]] Pa nkhani ya cisopa ca Ŵasilamu, lipoti la wupu wa Pew likati mu caru ca Guinea-Bissau mulije cisopa cakupambanapambana. Charu cha Guinea-Bissau chikapika ntchindi izi pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya kumwera kwa Sahara nga ni Tanzania, Uganda, Liberia, Nigeria, na Cameroon. Kafukufuku wa Pew uyu wakalongoraso kuti vyaru ivyo vikulongosora kuti vilije vimanyikwiro vya visopa vikusangika comene mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Sahara. Lipoti linyake la Pew, la mutu wakuti The Future of World Religions, likayowoyerathu kuti kwambira mu 2010 m'paka mu 2050, Ŵasilamu ŵazamusazgikira ku Guinea-Bissau. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala ku malo agha ŵali mu visopa vya Chisilamu na Chikhristu, ndipo ŵakulondezga visambizgo vya mu Afrika.<ref name=cia>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101228200903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html "Guinea-Bissau"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228200903/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pu.html# |date=28 December 2010 }}, ''CIA the World Factbook'', Cia.gov. Retrieved 5 February 2012.</ref><ref name=EB>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau/ "Guinea-Bissau"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416213709/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau# |date=16 April 2009 }}, ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref> Ŵasilamu ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵakukhala kumwera na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chalichi la Katolika ndilo likuyowoya kuti ndilo lili na Ŵakristu ŵanandi. Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Vyamalango ya ku United States la mu 2021 pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa visopa likuyowoya kuti ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakugomezga kuti visopa ivi vikukolerana, kweni ŵakwenjerwa na kusazgikira kwa chisopa chautesi mu charu ichi. Mu Julayi 2022, tchalitchi la Katolika mu chigaŵa cha Gabú, icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu, likabwangandulika, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Ŵakhristu ŵambe kufipa mtima kuti Ŵasilamu ŵanjirenge mu charu ichi. Ndipouli, pakaŵavya vinthu vyanthena ivi ivyo vikacitika, ndipo pakaŵavya vinthu vyakuti vikukolerana na Ŵasilamu ŵankhaza.<ref>{{cite web |last=dimasaryo |date=8 July 2022 |title=Catholics in Guinea-Bissau unsettled by vandalism of a church |url=https://acninternational.org/guinea-bissau-vandalism-of-a-catholic-church/ |access-date=1 November 2022 |website=ACN International }}</ref> ===Health=== {{main|Health in Guinea-Bissau}} === Masambiro === {{main|Education in Guinea-Bissau}} {{ multiple image | direction =vertical | width = | footer = | image1 = Universidade_Lus%C3%B3fona,_Bissau.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Ungdomsbiblioteket Bissau.jpg | caption2 = [[Universidade Lusófona]] of Bissau (up). Students at Biblioteca Jovem, Bairro da Ajuda, in Guinea-Bissau. (down) }} Ŵana ŵa vyaka 7 mpaka 13 ŵakwenera kusambira.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Education System |url=https://www.scholaro.com/pro/Countries/Guinea-Bissau/Education-System |website=www.scholaro.com |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Ŵana awo ŵali na vyaka vyapakati pa vitatu na vinkhondi na chimoza ŵakusambizgika yayi sukulu. Pali vigaŵa vinkhondi vya masambiro: masambiro gha ku pulayimale, masambiro gha pulayimale, masambiro gha pa sekondare, masambiro gha pa sekondare, masambiro gha pa yunivesite na masambiro ghapachanya. Maphunziro oyambira akusinthidwa, ndipo tsopano amapanga gawo limodzi, lokhala ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi za maphunziro. Masambiro gha sekondale ghakusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo pali vigaŵa viŵiri (vigaŵa 7 m'paka 9 na vigaŵa 10 m'paka 11). Maphunziro a ntchito mu mabungwe a boma sagwira ntchito, komabe sukulu zapadera zatsegulidwa, kuphatikizapo Centro de Formação São João Bosco (kuyambira 2004) ndi Centro de Formação Luís Inácio Lula da Silva (kuyambira 2011).<ref name="barbosa" /> Masambiro ghapacanya ghakukwana yayi ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kuluta ku caru cinyake kuti ŵakasambire masambiro agha. Ŵasambiri ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kuluta ku Portugal. Ma yunivesite ghanandi, kusazgapo Faculty of Law na Faculty of Medicine, ghakusangika mu matawuni ghakupambanapambana. Ŵana ŵakugwira nchito mwambura kwenelera. Ŵanyamata ndiwo ŵakulembeka comene kuluska ŵasungwana. Mu 1998, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka pa sukulu ya pulayimale chikaŵa 53.5%, ndipo ŵanalume 67.7% ndiwo ŵakalembeka kuluska ŵanakazi (40%). Masambiro gha pa sukulu ghakucitikira mu cikaya na kusambizga ŵanthu ŵalara. Mu 2011, ŵanthu awo ŵakamanyanga kuŵazga na kulemba ŵakaŵa 55.3% (68.9% ŵakaŵa ŵanalume, 42.1% ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html|work=The World Factbook|access-date=15 October 2014|title=Field Listing :: Literacy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124171442/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html#|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Conflicts=== Kanandi, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ku Guinea-Bissau yikukhala pamoza mwamtende, kweni para kwacitika nkhondo, yikwamba cifukwa ca kusanga malo ghakukhala.<ref name=D+C>{{cite news|title=Theatre sheds light on conflicts|url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts|author1=Armando Mussa Sani |author2=Jasmina Barckhausen |work=D+C, development and cooperation|date=23 June 2017|access-date=15 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815183225/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/guinea-bissau-must-finally-apply-its-land-law-order-resolve-conflicts#|archive-date=15 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Mwambo== [[File:Gabumainstreet.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Guinea-Bissau's second largest city, [[Gabú]]]] [[File:Porto_de_Bissau_02,_container_ship_Windhoek.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Port of Bissau]] [[File:Guinea-bissau 20130609-DSC 8955-2.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Bridge in [[São Vicente, Guinea-Bissau|São Vicente]], [[Cacheu Region|Cacheu]]]] [[File:Hotel_Ecolodge_Ponta_Anchaca_02.jpg|thumb|right|Hotels at [[Bissagos]] Islands]] [[File:Guinea-bissau-bissau-1.jpg|thumb|Carnival in Bissau]] [[File:Manecas Costa3.jpg|thumb|National singer Manecas Costa]] ===Media=== {{main|Media of Guinea-Bissau}} ===Music=== {{main|Music of Guinea-Bissau}} Nyimbo za ku Guinea-Bissau zikumanyikwa na sumu za gumbé, izo zikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca vivulupi na vinthu vinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutondeka kupulikiska sumu za gumba, nanga ni mu vyaru vya ku Africa.<ref>Lobeck, Katharina (21 May 2003) [https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bhw6 Manecas Costa Paraiso di Gumbe Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224004219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bhw6/# |date=24 February 2018 }}. BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> Cikaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Guinea-Bissau, ndipo cikagwiranga nchito pa kuvina mwaluŵiro comene. Mazgu gha sumu izi ghakulembeka mu ciyowoyero ca ku Guinea-Bissau, ciyowoyero ca ku Portugal, ndipo kanandi ghakuŵa ghakusekeska ndiposo ghakuyowoya nkhani izo zikucitika pa nyengo iyo. Lizgu lakuti gumbe nyengo zinyake likugwiriskirika nchito pa sumu zose za mu caru ici, nangauli lizgu ili likung'anamuraso sumu izo zikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici. Tina na tinga ni mitundu yinyake yakumanyikwa comene, ndipo sumu izo zikupulikikwa pa viphikiro na pa viphikiro vinyake, nga ni Balanta brosca na kussundé, Mandinga djambadon, na sumu za kundere izo zikupulikikwa pa virwa vya Bissagos.<ref>[http://ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com/w/page/35504203/Music%20of%20Guinea-Bissau Music of Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605091443/http://ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com/w/page/35504203/Music%20of%20Guinea-Bissau# |date=5 June 2013 }}. Ccas11bijagos.pbworks.com. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Cuisine of Guinea-Bissau}} Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya soups na stews. Vyakurya vinyake ivyo ŵakutemwa kurya ni vibama, mbatata, chivwati, mphoza, matamatisi, na mphoza. Vyakunoweskera vyakurya, vipepere, na chilli, kusazgapo mbuto za Aframomum melegueta (pepara la ku Guinea).<ref>{{cite web|date=25 July 2012|title=Eat locally in Guinea Bissau|url=https://www.slowfood.com/eat-locally-in-guinea-bissau/|access-date=2 February 2022|website=Slow Food International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131222154/https://www.slowfood.com/eat-locally-in-guinea-bissau/|archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref> ===Mafilimu=== Flora Gomes ni mulembi wa mafilimu wakumanyikwa pa charu chose. Mu 1988 Gomes wakapanga filimu ya Mortu Nega (Death Denied) iyo yikaŵa yakwamba kupangika ku Guinea-Bissau, ndipo yikaŵa yaciŵiri kupangika ku Guinea-Bissau. (Filimu yakwamba yikaŵa ya N ⁇ tturudu, ya Umban u ⁇ Kest [fr] mu 1987.) Pa ungano wa FESPACO mu 1989, Mortu Nega wakapokera njombe ya Oumarou Ganda. Mu 1992, Gomes wakapangiska filimu ya Udju Azul di Yonta, iyo yikaŵa mu chigaŵa cha Un Certain Regard pa 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Gomes walikuteŵeterapo pa mabungwe gha mafilimu agho ghakuwonelera mu vyaru vya mu Africa. Babetida Sadjo wakababikira ku Bafatá, Guinea-Bissau.<ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061 ''Mortu Nega''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218194148/http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0061# |date=18 December 2008 }}. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html|title=Festival de Cannes: Udju Azul di Yonta|access-date=16 August 2009|website=[[Cannes Film Festival|Festival de Cannes]]|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020080938/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/68/year/1992.html|archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=rtbf>{{cite web |first = Patrick |last = de Lamalle |title = Babetida Sadjo, est-ce que vous l'avez vu ? |url = https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 |language = FR |date = 19 October 2018 |website = [[RTBF]] |access-date = 12 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210309001139/https://www.rtbf.be/culture/dossier/tout-le-baz-art/detail%20babetida-sadjo-est-ce-que-vous-l-avez-vu?id=10050887 |archive-date = 9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>[http://newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099 ''Udju Azul di Yonta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705080524/http://www.newsreel.org/nav/title.asp?tc=CN0099# |date=5 July 2009 }}. California Newsreel. Newsreel.org. Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>[http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018 Flora Gomes The Two Faces of War: National Liberation in Guinea-Bissau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208112451/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/events_detail.cfm?id=1018# |date=8 February 2013 }}. Watsoninstitute.org (25 October 2007). Retrieved 22 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nha Fala/My Voice |url=http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm |date=2002 |website=spot.pcc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110801/http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Nha%20Fala.htm |archive-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> ===Sports=== Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Guinea-Bissau ŵakutemwa maseŵero gha bola. Timu ya mpira ya ku Guinea-Bissau yikupwelelereka na Federação de Futebol da Guinea-Bissau. Iwo ni membala wa Confederation of African Football (CAF) na FIFA. {{Further|Quinara FC}} ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} *[[Outline of Guinea-Bissau]] *[[Index of Guinea-Bissau-related articles]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{CIA World Factbook}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} *Abdel Malek, K.,"Le processus d'accès à l'indépendance de la Guinée-Bissau", In : Bulletin de l'Association des Anciens Elèves de l'Institut National de Langues et de Cultures Orientales, N°1, Avril 1998. – pp.&nbsp;53–60 *Forrest, Joshua B., ''Lineages of State Fragility. Rural Civil Society in Guinea-Bissau'' (Ohio University Press/James Currey Ltd., 2003) *Galli, Rosemary E, ''Guinea Bissau: Politics, Economics and Society'', (Pinter Pub Ltd., 1987) *Lobban Jr., Richard Andrew and Mendy, Peter Karibe, ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', third edition (Scarecrow Press, 1997) *Vigh, Henrik, ''Navigating Terrains of War: Youth And Soldiering in Guinea-Bissau'', (Berghahn Books, 2006) {{refend}} ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Guinea-Bissau|voy=Guinea-Bissau}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725090025/https://gb1.cc/ Exploring the Challenges and Richness of Guinea-Bissau: A Small West African Nation] from ''GB1'' *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043287.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110022253/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ Guinea-Bissau]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084923/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/guineabissau.htm Guinea-Bissau] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248853/Guinea-Bissau/ Guinea-Bissau] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Guinea-Bissau}} *{{wikiatlas|Guinea-Bissau}} *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=GW Key Development Forecasts for Guinea-Bissau] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' *{{Official website|https://www.gov.gw/}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725192938/http://www.constitutionnet.org/files/Guinea-Bissau%20Constitution.pdf Constitution of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau] *[http://portuguese-american-journal.com/guinea-bissau-prime-ministers-fate-unknow-after-apparent-military-coup-west-africa/ Guinea-Bissau: Prime Minister's fate unknown after apparent military coup – West Africa] – Portuguese American Journal *[http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/12/guinea-bissau-holds-first-post-coup-election/ Guinea-Bissau Holds First Post-Coup Election] '''Trade''' *[http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/GNB/Year/2005/Summary Guinea-Bissau 2005 Summary Trade Statistics] '''News media''' *[http://allafrica.com/guineabissau/ news headline links] from [[AllAfrica.com]] '''Tourism''' *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} *Guinea-Bissau Turismo – [https://web.archive.org/web/20230811144637/http://www.gbissau.org/wp2013/en/ambients/rios-and-lagoons/ RIOS AND LAGOONS] '''Health''' *The State of the World's Midwifery – [http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_GuineaBissau_SoWMy_Profile.pdf Guinea-Bissau Country Profile] '''GIS information''' *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150804204354/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/master-thesis/ Master Thesis] about the developing [https://web.archive.org/web/20150802002536/http://www.luisfilipemarques.com/site/management-and-integration-of-gi/ Geographical Information for Guinea-Bissau] {{coord|12|N|15|W|region:GW_dim:200000_type:country|display=title}} {{Guinea-Bissau topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)|state=collapsed}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|state=collapsed}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Guinea-Bissau| ]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1974]] [[Category:West African countries]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:1974 establishments in Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 5zquptqvx4y93hc4y72ce78yf4dlnzp 0 6977 123314 122848 2026-10-23T22:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Island nation in the Indian Ocean}} {{about|the African island nation in the Indian Ocean|||other uses}} {{distinguish|Mauritania}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Mauritius | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|fr|République de Maurice}}|{{native name|mfe|Repiblik Moris}}}} | common_name = Mauritius | image_flag = Flag of Mauritius.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg | coa_size = 90 | image_map = Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius (excluding Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin Island) | image_map2 = Mauritius (+claim islands).svg | map_caption2 = Islands of the Republic of Mauritius labelled in black; Chagos Archipelago and Tromelin are claimed by Mauritius. | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Stella Clavisque Maris Indici|italics=off}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Information Service – Coat of Arms |url=http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612094501/http://gis.govmu.org/English/About%20Mauritius/Pages/Coats-of-Arms.aspx |archive-date=12 June 2020 |access-date=29 July 2019 |publisher=govmu.org}}</ref><br />"Star and Key of the Indian Ocean" | national_anthem = "[[Motherland (anthem)|Motherland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Motherland_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | capital = [[Port Louis]] | languages2_type = [[Language Spoken at Home]] | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |86.5% [[Mauritian Creole]] |5.3% [[Bhojpuri]] |4.4% French |1.4% Two languages |2.4% [[Languages of Mauritius|Others]] (incl. English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]])}}<ref name="CIATONGA">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2022 |title=Africa :: MAURITIUS |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/ |publisher=CIA The World Factbook |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> | languages_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages = [[Mauritian Creole]] | official_languages = None {{small|(''de jure'')}}<br>{{nowrap|{{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]}} {{small|(''de facto'')}}<ref>The [[Constitution of Mauritius|Mauritian constitution]] makes no mention of an [[official language]]. The Constitution only mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member can also address the chair in French.</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 67% [[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indian]] | 28% [[Mauritian Creoles|Creole]] | 3% [[Mauritians of Chinese origin|Chinese]] | 2% [[Franco-Mauritians|French]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2021 |title=Mauritius – the World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |48.54% [[Hinduism in Mauritius|Hinduism]] |32.71% [[Christianity in Mauritius|Christianity]] |17.30% [[Islam in Mauritius|Islam]] |1.45% [[Religion in Mauritius|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2011 census | religion_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2010 Report |url=http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514112130/http://www.nsb.gov.sc/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Population_and_Housing_Census_2010_Report.pdf |archive-date=14 May 2014 |access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref> | coordinates = {{coord|-20.2|57.5|display=inline,title|type:country}} | demonym = [[Mauritian]] | largest_city = [[Port Louis]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Mauritius|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Prithvirajsing Roopun]] | leader_name2 = [[Eddy Boissézon]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Mauritius|Vice President]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Pravind Jugnauth]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Sooroojdev Phokeer]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Mauritius)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Mauritius]] | established_date1 = 12 March 1968 | established_event2 = Republic | established_date2 = 12 March 1992 | area_rank = 169th <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_km2 = 2040 | percent_water = 0.07 | population_estimate = 1,265,475<ref name="31 Dec 2019 Statistics">{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Population and Vital Statistics – Year 2019 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Pages/Pop_Vital_Yr19.aspx |access-date=6 May 2020 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 158th | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_census = 1,237,091<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |author-link=Statistics Mauritius |title=2011 Population Census – Main Results |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/ESI/pop2011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111152858/http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/CensusandSurveys/Documents/ESI/pop2011.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2017 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2011 | population_density_km2 = 618.24 | population_density_sq_mi = 1,602.55 | population_density_rank = 21st | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $36.794&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=10&pr.y=10&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=684&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 139th | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $29,164<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 62th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.570&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 143th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,548<ref name="IMFWEOMU" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 73rd | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 36.8 | Gini_ref =<ref>{{Cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mauritius |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MU |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase | HDI = 0.802 | HDI_ref =<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021/2022 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 63rd | currency = [[Mauritian rupee]] | currency_code = MUR | time_zone = [[Mauritius Time|MUT]] | utc_offset = +4 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+230]] | cctld = [[.mu]] }} '''Mauritius''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mauritius.ogg|m|ə|ˈ||r|ɪ|ʃ|(|i|)|ə|s|,_|m|ɔː|-}} ; {{lang-fr|Maurice|link=no}} {{IPA-fr|mɔʁis, moʁis||LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Maurice.wav}}; {{lang-mfe|label=[[Mauritian Creole]]|Moris}} {{IPA-mfe|moʁis|}}), mwalamulo '''Charu cha Mauritius''' ({{lang-fr|République de Maurice}}; {{lang-mfe|label=[[Mauritian Creole]]|Repiblik Moris}}), ni chalo icho chili pa [[chirwa]] cha [[Africa]] mu [[Indian Ocean]], pafupifupi makilomita 2,000 (1,100 nautical miles) kufupi na mphepete mwa nyanja ya East Africa, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Madagascar]]. Chirwa ichi chili na virwa vikuruvikuru nga ni [[Rodrigues]], [[Agaléga]], na [[St. Brandon]].<ref name="ICJ">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2018 |title=Written Statement of the Republic of Mauritius |url=https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20180301-WRI-05-00-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031708/https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20180301-WRI-05-00-EN.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=[[International Court of Justice]] |pages=23–24 |volume=1}}</ref><ref name="PCA Memorial Vol 1">{{Cite book |url=https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/1796 |title=Memorial of the Republic of Mauritius |date=1 August 2012 |publisher=[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] |volume=I |page=9}}</ref> Virwa vya Mauritius na Rodrigues, pamoza na [[Réunion]] (chigaŵa cha ku [[France]] icho chili kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Meditereniyani]]), ni vigaŵa vya [[Mascarene Islands]]. Cirwa cikuru ca Mauritius, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa [[Port Louis]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,040 square kilometres (790 sq mi) ndipo chili na chigaŵa cha vyamalonda icho chili na malo ghakukwana 2,300,000 square kilometres (670,000 square nautical miles).<ref name="EEZ 1977">{{Cite book |url=https://files.pca-cpa.org//pcadocs/mu-uk/Annexes%20to%20Memorial/MM%20Charts.pdf |title=Memorial of the Republic of Mauritius |publisher=[[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] |year=2012 |volume=IV |chapter=Figure 7: Mauritius' EEZ: 1977 |access-date=12 October 2019}}</ref> Ŵalwani ŵa ku Arabia ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kusanga cirwa ici, ca m'ma 975, ndipo ŵakacicema Dina Arobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History &#124; Mauritian Archaeology |url=https://mauritianarchaeology.sites.stanford.edu/history |access-date=1 August 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628000251/https://mauritianarchaeology.sites.stanford.edu/history }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA344 |title=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems |date=17 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317467519}}</ref> Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakalembeka kuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Admiral Van Warwyck, ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ghakuchemeka Grand Port ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira chilumba ichi mu 1598. Paumaliro, mu vilimika 120 vyakulondezgapo, ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, kuti ŵagwiliskirenge nchito makuni gha makuni gha ebeni na kupanga shuga. Ŵakaŵanga na vyakumera vya mkaka vyakufuma ku Java na ŵazga ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Madagascar. Mu 1715, caru ici cikapokeka na ŵa ku France ndipo ŵakacicemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1810, caru ca United Kingdom cikapoka cirwa ici, ndipo pati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, mu phangano la Paris, France likapeleka cirwa ca Mauritius na vyaru vinyake ku caru ca United Kingdom. Virwa vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Mauritius vikaŵa Rodrigues, Agaléga, St. Brandon, Chagos Archipelago, na Seychelles m'paka mu 1906.<ref name="ICJ" /><ref name="PCA Memorial Vol 1" /> Mauritius na France ŵakususkana za cilumba ca Tromelin cifukwa cakuti phangano la Paris likayowoyapo yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chikalutilira kulamulirika na Britain m'paka apo chikafwatukira mu 1968. Mu 1965, boma la Britain likawuskako virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius na kupanga British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵachimbizga pakati pa 1968 na 1973 ndipo chirwa chikuru chomene, Diego Garcia, ŵakagulira ku United States. Mauritius na Britain ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya mazaza gha visirwa vya Chagos. Mu 2019, khoti la International Court of Justice likapeleka upharazgi wakulangula UK kuti wawezgere virwa vya Chagos ku Mauritius, ndipo mu 2021, International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea yikadumura kuti yikukhozgera fundo iyi, yikati UK "yilije mazaza pa virwa vya Chagos". Boma la pa chirwa ichi likulondezga ndondomeko ya pa nyumba ya malango ya ku Westminster. Charu cha Mauritius chili na wanangwa wa vyachuma na ndyali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/}}</ref><ref name="WB GROUP">{{Cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=1 July 2020 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Charu ichi chili na boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri wa munkhwala, masambiro ghaulere, na kwendeska magalimoto ghaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵachekuru, na ŵakupendera. Cifukwa ca malo agho Mauritius ghali na ŵanthu ŵakupambana mitundu, mitheto, viyowoyero, na visopa. Ni caru cimoza pera mu Africa ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusopa ŵacihindu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religions in Africa {{!}} African Religions {{!}} PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/regions/sub-saharan-africa#/?region_map_religion=Hindus |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/ |access-date=28 April 2020 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=18 December 2012 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi mba Indo-Mauritian. Pamoza na virwa vinyake vya Mascarene, Mauritius ni malo agho kuli vyakumera na vinyama vinandi. Vinyama vinandi vikukhala pa cirwa ici. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakaŵa viyuni vinyake vinandi ivyo vikafwa cifukwa ca ŵanthu. Pali vinyama vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi nga ni mphazi ya ku Mauritius, na nkhunda ya pinki. ==Ukaboni== Ukaboni wakwamba wakulongora kuti cirwa ico sono cikucemeka Mauritius cikaŵako ni mapu agho wakalemba Alberto Cantino mu 1502.<ref>Toorawa, S. (2007). ''The medieval Waqwaq islands and the Mascarenes''. Hassam Toorawa Trust, Port Louis, Mauritius</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1502 |title=Cantino Planisphere by anonymous Portuguese (1502) – Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Modena, Italy, Public Domain |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26117950}}</ref> Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza pa chirwa ichi. Pa mapu ghakwambilira gha ku Portugal, pa chirwa ichi pakaŵa mazina gha Chiphwitikizi ghakuti Cirne panji Do-Cerne. Munthu munyake wa ku Portugal, zina lake Dom Pedro Mascarenhas, ndiyo wakathya chirwa ichi Mascarenes. Mu 1598, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Netherlands ilo likalongozgekanga na Admiral Wybrand van Warwyck, likakhira pa Grand Port na kuchema chirwa ichi kuti Mauritius, kucindika Fumu Maurice van Nassau, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Netherlands. Pamanyuma, chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa France ndipo chikachemeka Isle de France. Pa Disembala 3, 1810, ŵa ku France ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi ku Britain. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mauritius.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɪ|ʃ|ə|s}}. Charu cha Mauritius chikuchemekaso Mauritius (kuyowoya [mɔˈʁis]) na Île Maurice mu Chifurenchi, Moris mu Chikiliyo cha ku Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister's Office – Cabinet Decisions taken on 24 MAY 2019 |url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Cabinet-Decisions-taken-on-24-MAY-2019.aspx |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=pmo.govmu.org}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|History of Mauritius}} ===Mbili yakwambilila=== Cirwa ca Mauritius cikaŵa cambura ŵanthu pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Portugal ŵandambe kwiza ku malo agha mu ma 1500. Zina lakuti Dina Arobi likukolerana na awo ŵakamba kusanga cirwa ici. ==='Portuguese Mauritius' (1507–1590s)=== [[File:D._Pedro_Mascarenhas.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pedro Mascarenhas]], [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of Portuguese India]] and namesake of the [[Mascarene Islands]].]] Phangano la ku Tordesillas likaŵa lakuti Ufumu wa Portugal ndiwo uzakalamulire chigaŵa ichi. Mu 1507, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Portugal ŵakiza pa cirwa ici ndipo ŵakakhazikika penepara. Diogo Fernandes Pereira, uyo wakaŵa mweneko wa boti wa ku Portugal, ndiyo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kufika ku Mauritius. Wakathya cirwa ici zina lakuti "Ilha do Cisne". Ŵapwitikizi ŵakakhalako nyengo yitali yayi cifukwa ŵakakhumbanga yayi kuwona virwa ivi.<ref name="govt">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx#dutch |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016015207/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx#dutch }}</ref> Virwa vya Mascarene vili na zina la Pedro Mascarenhas, muwusi mulara wa ku India, uyo wakaluta ku virwa ivi mu 1512. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chikapika zina ili chifukwa cha Diogo Rodrigues, uyo wakafika pa chirwa ichi mu 1528. ===Dutch Mauritius (1638–1710)=== {{Main|Dutch Mauritius}} [[File:Het Tweede Boeck.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|left|Dutch activities on Mauritius, as well as the first published depiction of a [[dodo]] bird, on the left in front of a tree, 1601]] Mu 1598 gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Dutch ilo likaŵa pasi pa Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck likafika ku Grand Port na kulichema kuti "Mauritius" chifukwa cha zina la Fumu Maurice wa ku Nassau. Mu 1638, Ŵachidachi ŵakakhazikika pa chirwa ichi, ndipo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito makuni gha eboni na kunjizga mkaka, viŵeto, na nkharamu. Kufuma ku malo agha, Abel Tasman, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Netherlands, wakaluta kukapenja malo ghanyake gha ku South Australia. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Netherlands ŵakakhalako vyaka 20. Mu 1639, ŵazga ŵakiza ku Mauritius kufuma ku Madagascar. Wupu wa Dutch East India Company ukaŵatolera kuti ŵakadumulire makuni gha eboni na kugwira nchito mu minda yiphya ya hona na mskambo. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵanthu ŵakayezgapo kanandi waka kuti ŵakhazikiske malo ghakukhazikika, kweni malo agha ghakaŵa kuti ghandasangepo phindu, ntheura mu 1710 Ŵachidachi ŵakaleka kukhala ku Mauritius.<ref name="govt" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Mauritius |url=http://culture.govmu.org/English//DOCUMENTS/PAMPHLET%20STRIPPED.PDF |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius}}</ref> Nkhani yinyake iyo yikalembeka mu 1755 mu nyuzipepara ya Leeds Intelligencer yikati chirwa ichi chikalekeka chifukwa cha vibenene vinandi ivyo "vikaparanya vyose". Ŵalwani ŵa ku Portugal ŵakiza na vinyama ivi ku virwa ivi kufuma ku malo agho vikakhalanga ku Southeast Asia, pambere Ŵachidachi ŵandambe kulamulira.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macaque monkeys on Mauritius, a sad monkey's tale &#124; The Earth Times |url=https://earthtimes.org/conservation/macaque-monkeys-mauritius-sad-monkey-tale/1501/ |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=earthtimes.org|date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> ===French Mauritius (1715–1810)=== {{main|Isle de France (Mauritius)}} France, uyo wakaŵa kuti wali kale na mazaza pa charu cha Île Bourbon (sono ni Réunion), wakapoka Mauritius mu 1715 na kucemaso kuti Isle de France. Mu 1723, ŵakalemba dango lakucemeka Code Noir ilo likalongozganga wuzga. Dango ili likati ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ni "vinthu", mwakuti mwenecho wa vinthu ivi wapokere ndalama za inshuwalansi na malipiro para vinthu vyake vyazgeŵa. Mu 1735, kazembe wa ku France, Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais, wakiza ku France. Mahé de La Bourdonnais wakazenga Port Louis kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo na malo ghakuzengera ngalaŵa. Pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa kazembe, ŵakazenga nyumba zinandi izo zichalipo. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Nyumba ya Boma, Château de Mon Plaisir, na Line Barracks, malo agho ŵapolisi ŵakakhalanga. Chirwa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa boma la French East India Company, ilo likalutilira kulamulira m'paka mu 1767. Mu nyengo iyo Ŵafulentshi ŵakakhalanga mu caru ici, ŵazga ŵakizanga kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya mu Africa nga ni Mozambique na Zanzibar. Cifukwa ca ici, mu vilimika 30 ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakakwera comene kufuma pa 15,000 kufika pa 49,000. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa 80 peresenti ya ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici, ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵazga 60,000. Kukwambilira kwa 1729, ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakufuma ku Pondicherry ŵakafika ku Mauritius pa boti lakucemeka La Sirène. Ŵakamba kugwira nchito iyi mu 1734 apo ŵakaŵa ŵanangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2004 |title=Tamouls, les racines de l'histoire |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/tamouls-les-racines-de-lhistoire |access-date=5 February 2004 |website=L'Express}}</ref> [[File:Combat de Grand Port mg 9425.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Grand Port]] between French and British naval forces, 20–27 August 1810]] Kwambira mu 1767 m'paka mu 1810, kupaturako nyengo yichoko waka ya Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku France, apo ŵanthu ŵakakhazikiskanga boma lakujiyimira pawekha. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici kwambira mu 1768 m'paka mu 1771, ndipo wakawelera ku France, uko wakalemba Paul et Virginie, nkhani ya citemwa iyo yikapangiska kuti cirwa ici ciŵe cakumanyikwa kulikose uko ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci. Mu 1796, boma la Paris likayezga kumazga wuzga, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaleka kuwusika na ŵa ku France.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2019 |title=Mauritius profile – Timeline |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13882731 |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> Ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku France ŵakaŵa Vicomte de Souillac (uyo wakazenga msewu wa Chaussée mu Port Louis na kukhuŵilizga ŵalimi kuti ŵakhalenge mu cigaŵa ca Savanne) na Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux (uyo wakawoneseska kuti ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga mu Nyanja ya Indian ŵakhalenge ku Mauritius m'malo mwa ku Pondicherry mu India). Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari mu Nkhondo za Kuwukira ku France, ndipo nyengo zinyake wakalimbananga na Napoleon I. Wakaŵa kazembe wa Isle de France na Réunion kufuma mu 1803 m'paka 1810. Matthew Flinders, uyo wakaŵa wakulemba mapu wa ku Britain, wakakakika na kukakika na Jenerale Decaen pa cirwa ici mu 1803 m'paka 1810, mwakuswa dango la Napoléon. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo za ku Europe, Mauritius yikaŵa malo agho ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakalutanga kuti ŵakakome ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain. Ŵakacita nthena mpaka mu 1810, apo ŵasilikari ŵa Royal Navy awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Commodore Josias Rowley, R.N., uyo wakaŵa wa ku Ireland, ŵakatumika kuti ŵakakore cirwa ici. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakatonda nkhondo ya Grand Port, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵakathereskeka yayi. Ŵakapeleka chilumba ichi pa zuŵa lachinkhondi la kuwukira kwawo, pa Disembala 3, 1810, pa fundo izo zikapeleka mwaŵi ku ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵasungenge malo ghawo na katundu wawo, kweniso kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito chiyowoyero cha ku France na malango gha ku France pa milandu ya milandu na ya ŵanthu wose. Mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain, zina la cirwa ici likazgoka Mauritius. Nkhondo iyi yikalembeka mu buku la Patrick O'Brian lakuti The Mauritius Command. ===British Mauritius (1810–1968)=== {{main|British Mauritius}} [[File:Isle of France, 2 December 1810.jpg|thumb|British forces [[Invasion of Isle de France|seizing the Isle of France]] on 2 December 1810]] ==== 1830–1835: British rule and reform ==== Boma la Britain, ilo likamba na Sir Robert Farquhar kuŵa kazembe wakwamba, likawona kuti vinthu vikusintha mwaluŵiro pa umoyo wa ŵanthu na vyachuma. Ndipouli, suzgo la Ratsitatane likakhwaska comene. Ratsitatane, muzukuru wa Themba Radama la ku Madagascar, wakatolekera ku Mauritius nga ni kayidi wa ndyali. Wakacimbira mu jere ndipo wakambiska ciwukirano ico cikakhumbanga kufwatura ŵazga ŵa pa cirwa ici. Wakatoleka na munyawo Laizaf ndipo wakakoleka na gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Adrien d'Épinay, loya wa ku Mauritius. Ŵakamudumura mutu pa Plaine Verte pa Epulero 15, 1822, ndipo mutu wake ŵakawuŵika pa malo ghanyake kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuwukira ŵazga. Mu 1832, d'Épinay wakambiska nyuzipepara yakwamba ya ku Mauritius (Le Cernéen). Mu caka ceneco, loya wa boma wakakhumbanga kuti wuzga uleke kuŵako kwambura kulipira ŵeneco. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kukhorwa, ndipo boma likalangura ŵanthu wose kuti ŵajipeleke. Kweniso ŵakazenga linga la malibwe, Fort Adelaide, pa kaphiri (uko sono ni Citadel hill) mu msumba wa Port Louis kuti ŵathereske ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma. Kufumira mu 1833, ŵazga ŵakamara mu vilimika vinandi, ndipo paumaliro ŵalimi ŵakapokera ndalama zakukwana mapaundi mamiliyoni ghaŵiri gha ku United States kuti ŵaŵalipire ŵazga awo ŵakaŵatora ku Africa na ku Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius: Sugar, indentured labour and their consequences (1835–1910) |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview5.htm |access-date=20 September 2020 |publisher=EISA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207155908/https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview5.htm |archive-date=7 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Legacies of British Slave-ownership project |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/search/ |access-date=7 July 2021 |publisher=University College London}}</ref> ==== 1834–1921: Indian labour imported ==== [[File:Visual Art of the first indentured Indian labourers arriving in Mauritius (1834).jpg|thumb | alt= Mixed emotions and feelings are portrayed |First indentured Indian workers (1834)]] Kuwuskako wuzga kukaŵa na vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius. Ŵakulima ŵakiza na ŵantchito ŵanandi kufuma ku India kuti ŵakagwire nchito mu minda ya mkaka. Pakati pa 1834 na 1921, pa cirwa ici pakaŵa ŵantchito pafupifupi hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵakagwiranga nchito mu mafamu gha shuga, mafakitale, na mu malo ghakuzengera. Kweniso, ku virwa ivi kukaŵaso ŵasilikari ŵa ku India 8,740. Aapravasi Ghat, mu nyanja ya Port Louis, iyo sono ni malo ghakukumbukika na UNESCO, ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba gha Britain kupokelera ŵateŵeti. Mu 1885, ŵakalemba dango liphya. Chikachemekanga Cens Démocratique ndipo chikaŵa na fundo zinyake izo yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵa Creole, Onésipho Beaugeard, wakayowoya. Likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵasankhike mu Nyumba ya Malango, nangauli ŵakaŵavya wanangwa uwu. Mu 1886, Kazembe John Pope Hennessy wakasankha Gnanadicarayen Arlanda kuŵa mubali wakwamba wa ku India-Mauritius mu wupu wakulongozga nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakamutemwanga chomene Emile Sandapa. Arlanda wakateŵetera m'paka mu 1891. Pa nyengo iyi, pakaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha ndyali agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwakukolerana na Hennessy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2005 |title=Mauritian democracy: a caesarean birth |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/mauritian-democracy-caesarean-birth |access-date=3 December 2020 |website=L'Express}}</ref>[[File:Numa Desjardins Champ de Mars Port Louis 1880.jpg|thumb|[[Champ de Mars Racecourse]], Port Louis, 1880]] Ŵantchito awo ŵakafumanga ku India ŵakaŵapokeleranga makora yayi, ndipo Mujeremani munyake zina lake Adolph von Plevitz, wakajizgora yekha mulinda wa ŵanthu aŵa. Wakaŵa pamoza na ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo mu 1871 wakaŵawovwira kulemba kalata iyo ŵakatumizga kwa Kazembe Gordon. Komiti yikimikika kuti yiwoneso ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakadandawuranga, ndipo mu 1872 maloya ghaŵiri agho ghakasankhika na boma la Britain, ghakatumika kufuma ku England kuti ghapende. Komiti iyi yikayowoyapo vinthu vinandi ivyo vikhwaskenge umoyo wa ŵantchito ŵa ku India mu vilimika 50 vyakunthazi.<ref name="Toussaint">''A short History of Mauritius'', P.J. Barnwell & A. Toussaint</ref> ==== 1901–1914: Modernization and reform ==== Mu 1901, ŵanthu ŵakamba kwendeska mawoko mwaluŵiro kuluta ku Rodrigues. Mu 1903, ku Mauritius ŵakamba kugura magalimoto, ndipo mu 1910, magalimoto ghakwamba ghakamba kuguliskika. Mu 1909, msumba wa Port Louis ukaŵa na magesi, ndipo mu vyaka ivi, kampani ya Mauritius Hydro Electric Company ya ŵabali ŵa Atchia, yikapika mazaza kuti yivikilire misumba ya ku Upper Plaines Wilhems.[[File:The web of empire - a diary of the imperial tour of their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York in 1901 (1902) (14763807672).jpg|thumb|Ulendo wa Duke na Duchess wa ku Cornwall na York ku Mauritius, 1901]] Chizindikiro cha charu cha Mauritius chikapangika mu 1906, ndipo chili na njati ya Sambur na dodo. M'ma 1910, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi (ŵadokotala, maloya, na ŵasambizgi) ŵakamba kususka ŵeneco ŵa minda ya mkaka. Dr. Wakayama Eugène Laurent, meya wa Port Louis, ndiyo wakalongozganga gulu liphya ili. Chipani cha Action Libérale chikasuskika na chipani cha Parti de l'Ordre, icho chikalongozgekanga na Henri Leclézio, uyo wakaŵa na mazaza comene pa ŵamalonda ŵa shuga.<ref name="Toussaint" /> Mu 1911, mu Port Louis mukaŵa vivulupi cifukwa ca mphindano yakuti Dr. Eugène Laurent wakakomeka na ŵamazaza ŵa Curepipe. Ivi vikamanyikwa kuti ni vivulupi vya mu Curepipe mu 1911. Mu msumba uwu, mashopu na maofesi ghakasakazika ndipo munthu yumoza wakafwa. Mu 1911, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwonelera mafilimu mu tawuni ya Curepipe. Mu 1912, boma, makampani, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kwimba mafoni. ==== 1914–1919: World War I prosperity ==== Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵarwe nkhondo na Ŵachijeremani ku Europe na ku Mesopotamiya. Kweni nkhondo iyi yikatimbanizga comene Mauritius kuluska nkhondo izo zikacitika mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800. Nakuti nkhondo ya mu 1914-1918 yikaŵa nyengo iyo vinthu vikaŵa makora chomene chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wa shuga. Mu 1919, wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate ukaŵako, uwo ukaŵa na 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakapanga shuga.<ref name="Republic of Mauritius- History">{{Cite web |title=Republic of Mauritius- History |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx |access-date=29 May 2020 |website=govmu.org |archive-date=16 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016015207/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Pages/History.aspx }}</ref> ==== 1920–1939: Liberalisation and reaction ==== M'ma 1920 kukawuka gulu la "retrocessionism", ilo likakhumbanga kuti charu cha Mauritius chiwelere ku France. Mwaluŵiro, gulu ili likamara cifukwa palije uyo wakakhumbanga kuti Mauritius wawelere ku France. Mu nyengo ya suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikaŵako pamanyuma pa nkhondo, mtengo wa shuga ukakhira comene. Malo ghanandi ghakusungirako shuga ghakajalika, ndipo ivi vikalongora kuti ŵantchito ŵa mu vyaru ivi ŵamara. Raoul Rivet, mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya Le Mauricien, wakakhumbanga kuti boma lisinthe malango gha caru kuti ŵanthu ŵa m'maumba ghaciŵiri ŵambe kwendeska vinthu mu caru. Fundo za Arya Samaj zikamba kujintha mu ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chihindu, awo ŵakakhumbanga urunji.<ref name="Dinan">''Mauritius in the making across the censuses 1846–2000'', Monique Dinan. {{ISBN|99903-904-6-0}}</ref> Kufuma apo Arlanda wakambira kuwusa mu 1891, m'paka mu 1926, mu wupu wakulongozga mukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India na Mauritius. Ndipouli, pa 1926 chisankho, Dunputh Lallah na Rajcoomar Gujadhur ŵakaŵa ŵa Indo-Mauritian ŵakwamba kusankhika ku wupu wa malango. Ku Grand Port, Lallah wakathereska Fernand Louis Morel na Gaston Gebert; ku Flacq, Gujadhur wakatonda Pierre Montocchio. Mu 1936, pakababika chipani chakuchemeka Labour Party, icho chikambiska na Maurice Curé. Emmanuel Anquetil wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa mu matawuni apo Pandit Sahadeo wakawovwira ŵantchito ŵa ku mizi. Nkhondo ya Uba ya mu 1937 yikapangiska kuti boma la Britain lisinthe vinthu kuti ntchito yiŵe makora ndipo likamazga kukanizgika kwa mawupu gha ŵantchito. Zuŵa la Ŵantchito likakondwelereka kakwamba mu 1938. Ŵantchito ŵakujumpha 30,000 ŵakaleka malipiro ghawo gha zuŵa limoza ndipo ŵakiza kufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici kuzakaŵapo pa ungano ukuru uwo ukacitikira pa malo ghakucemeka Champ de Mars. Pamanyuma pa kunyamuka kwa ŵantchito ŵa pa dowoko, Emmanuel Anquetil uyo wakaŵa mu wupu wa ŵantchito wakatolekera ku Rodrigues, Maurice Curé na Pandit Sahadeo ŵakakakika pa nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa mu jele. Kazembe wa boma Sir Bede Clifford wakawovwira Mr. Jules Leclezio wa wupu wa Mauritius Sugar Syndicate kuti wawovwirepo pa suzgo ili mwa kugwiliskira nchito ŵantchito ŵanyake awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina lakuti "black legs".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of Truth and Justice Commission |url=https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |access-date=25 October 2011 |publisher=Government of Mauritius |ref=ISBN 978-99903-1-025-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908040459/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/ROL/TJC_Vol1.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> ==== 1939–1945: World War II ==== Apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga mu 1939, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakajipeleka kuti ŵateŵetere ku Africa na ku vyaru vya ku Near East. Ŵanyake ŵakaluta ku England kukapharazga ndipo ŵakamba kwendera ndege. Nangauli ku Mauritius kukaŵavya suzgo, kweni mu 1943, sitima za pasi pa maji za ku Germany zikabizga sitima zinandi za ku Britain kufupi na Port Louis. Mu nyengo yakwambilira ya nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku malo agha ŵakaŵikapo mtima kuvikilira caru usange ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumako. Gulu linyake la ŵasilikari likapika mulimo wa kwendeska maboti gha mlengalenga kuti ghasangirepo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Pa 24 March 1943, Mauritius Regiment, yikapangika nga ni gulu la ufumu na gulu liphya la East Africa Command (EAC), ilo lingagwiriskika nchito kulikose apo kale ŵasilikari ŵa Mauritius ŵakagwiriskikanga nchito pa vinthu vya mukati pera. Kuumaliro wa 1943, ŵasilikari ŵa 1st Battalion of the Mauritius Regiment (1MR) ŵakatumika ku Madagascar kuti ŵakasambizgike, ndipo mu malo mwawo, ŵasilikari ŵa King's African Rifles (KAR) ŵakatumika ku Mauritius. Ŵasilikari ŵanyake ŵakakwiya chomene na ivyo vikachitika, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku vyaru vinyake awo ŵakaŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa ŵambura kuzgoŵera nkhondo. Ŵasilikari ŵa 1MR ŵakakhuŵara comene cifukwa ca kusankhana mitundu, malipiro ghambura kuyana, masambiro ghakusuzga, ndiposo kopa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu caru ici. Pakaŵa vivulupi, ndipo boma likakanizga milimo yose ya wupu. Ndipouli, ŵantchito ŵa ku Belle Vue Harel Sugar Estate ŵakamba kunyenyenkha nchito pa Seputembala 27, 1943. Ŵapolisi ŵakamba kuwombera ŵanthu, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵantchito ŵanayi: Soondrum Pavatdan (uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Anjalay Coopen, mwanakazi wa vyaka 32 uyo wakaŵa na nthumbo), Moonsamy Moonien (msepuka wa vyaka 14), Kistnasamy Mooneesamy (wantchito wa vyaka 37), na Marday Panapen. Ici cikacemeka Belle Vue Harel Massacre mu 1943. Basdeo Bissoondoyal, uyo wakaŵa muteŵeti wa boma kweniso mulongozgi wa gulu la Jan Andolan, ndiyo wakanozga viphikiro vya nyifwa ya ŵantchito ŵanayi awo ŵakafwa. Pakati pajumpha myezi yitatu, pa Disembala 12, 1943, Bissoondoyal wakanozga ungano wa ŵanthu ŵanandi ku "Marie Reine de la Paix" ku Port Louis, ndipo wumba ukuru wa ŵantchito ŵakufuma mu vigaŵa vyose vya cirwa ici ukakhozgera kuti gulu lake la Jan Andolan ndakumanyikwa comene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soobarah |first=Paramanund |date=29 April 2019 |title=MBC defeats a government initiative |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/the-mbc-defeats-a-government-initiative/ |access-date=29 April 2019 |website=Mauritius Times}}</ref> ==== 1945–1960: Postwar politics, universal suffrage ==== Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska dango liphya la Mauritius mu 1947, pa Ogasiti 9, 1948, pakaŵa mavoti ghacigaŵa, ndipo aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti boma la ku Mauritius liŵape wanangwa wa kulemba mazina ŵanthu wose ŵakukhwima awo ŵangalemba mazina ghawo mu viyowoyero 19 vya pa cirwa ici.<ref name="CD">{{Cite web |title=Mauritius - Toward Independence |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-8615.html |access-date=12 March 2023 |website=country-data.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Mauritius: The road to independence (1945–1968) |encyclopedia=African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project |publisher=[[Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa]] |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview7.htm |access-date=1 July 2021 |date=September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508100629/https://www.eisa.org/wep/mauoverview7.htm |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Chipani cha Guy Rozemont cha Labour Party chikapokera mavoti ghanandi, ndipo pa malo 19 agho ghakaŵa ku mavoti, 11 ghakaŵa gha Ŵahindu. Ndipouli, Kazembe Mukuru Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy wakasora ŵa Conservative 12 mu Wupu Wakulongozga pa 23 Ogasiti 1948 kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵatuŵa ŵa ku France na Mauritius. Mu 1948, Emilienne Rochecouste wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kusankhika kuŵa mu wupu wakuwona vya malango. Gulu la Guy Rozemont likasintha comene mu 1953, ndipo likati lasanga candulo na maungano, likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1955 na 1957, ku London kukacitika ungano wa malango, ndipo boma likamba kwendera fundo za ŵalaŵiliri. Pa 9 Malichi, 1959, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuvota. Chisankho chachikulu chinapambananso ndi chipani cha Labour, chomwe chikutsogoleredwa ndi Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.<ref name="ram">{{Cite news |title=Histoire: Mauritius Independence 1961–1968 |work=Le Mauricien=9 March 2014 |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/histoire-mauritius-independence-1961-1968 |access-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> ==== 1960–1968: Ethnic tensions ==== Mu 1961, ku London kukacitika ungano wa kusanda malango, ndipo pakapangika pulogiramu ya kusanda malango. Mu 1963, chipani cha Labour na ŵabwezi ŵake ndiwo ŵakathereska ŵanthu. Ofesi ya Colonial Office yikayowoya kuti ndyali izo zikukolerana na mafuko zikamba kuwoneka chomene ku Mauritius, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakasankhanga ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi (ŵakupambanapambana) na awo ŵakukhumba kuvota (ŵakusankha). Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ku Britain, Richard Titmuss na James Meade, ŵakalemba lipoti lakulongosora masuzgo agho ŵanthu ŵakakumananga nagho pa chirwa ichi chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe ntchito yikuru ya kulekeska kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu. Kukwambilira kwa chaka cha 1965, ŵanthu ŵakakomeka mu tawuni ya Quatre Bornes, mu tawuni ya Belle-Rose.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sécurité: des gros bras indispensables à certains politiciens |work=L'Express |publisher=lexpress.mu |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/350433/securite-gros-bras-indispensables-certains-politiciens |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Li Ching Hum |first=Philip |title=Belle Rose-Quatre Bornes, Ville des Fleurs |work=Mauritius Times |url=http://www.mauritiustimes.com/mt/belle-rose-quatre-bornes-ville-des-fleurs/ |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Pa Meyi 10, 1965, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusankhana mitundu mu muzi wa Trois Boutiques kufupi na Souillac. Mu charu chose cha Britain mukaŵa suzgo likuru. Nkhondo iyi yikayamba cifukwa ca kukoma Beesoo mu galimoto yake na gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole. Kufuma apo, munthu munyake zina lake Mr. Robert Brousse ku Trois Boutiques. Kufuma apo, gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole ŵakaluta ku muzi wakale wa Mahébourg, uwo ukaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja, kuti ŵakawukire ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius awo ŵakawoneleranga mafilimu gha ku India. Apolisi a Mahébourg adalemba madandaulo pafupifupi 100 okhudza nkhanza za Indo-Mauritian.<ref name="vm">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2014 |title=Port Louis – Rioting against Independence at the General Elections of 1967 – Vintage Mauritius |url=http://vintagemauritius.org/port-louis/port-louis-rioting-independence-general-elections-1967/ |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Vintage Mauritius |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Independence (since 1968)=== {{main|Mauritius (1968–1992)}} [[File:Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.jpg|thumb|upright|Sir [[Seewoosagur Ramgoolam]], first [[Prime Minister of Mauritius]] at Lod airport, Israel 1962]] Pa ungano wa Lancaster mu 1965, vikamanyikwa kuti Britain yikukhumba kufumako ku Mauritius. Mu 1959, Harold Macmillan wakayowoya nkhani yake yakumanyikwa comene yakuti "Wind of Change Speech" (Mphepo ya Kusintha) umo wakazomerezga kuti nthowa yiwemi comene yakuti Britain yilondezge nkhupeleka wanangwa wose ku vyaru ivyo yikaŵa pasi pake. Mwantheura, kwamba kuumaliro wa ma 1950, caru cikaŵa cakunozgeka kuti ciŵe cakufwatuka. Pamanyuma, mu 1965, pamanyuma pa ungano wa Lancaster, chigaŵa cha Chagos chikapatuka ku Mauritius na kuzgoka British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Ogasiti 7, 1967, pakaŵa maungano gha boma, ndipo chipani cha Independence chikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mu Janyuwale 1968, masabata ghankhondi na limoza pambere boma la Mauritius lindambe kujiyimira palokha, mu Port Louis mukacitika vivulupi ivyo vikakoma ŵanthu 25.<ref name="mg">{{Cite web |date=6 October 2011 |title=An eye witness account of the 1968 riots |url=http://www.mauritiusmag.com/?p=598 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=mauritiusmag.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="eisa">{{Cite web |title=EISA Mauritius: The road to independence (1945–1968) |url=https://www.eisa.org.za/wep/mauoverview7.htm |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=eisa.org.za}}</ref>[[File:Stamp Mauritius 1954 5c.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Elizabeth II]] was [[Queen of Mauritius]] from 1968 to 1992.]] Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa na dango liphya ndipo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Malichi 12, 1968. Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakazgoka nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Mauritius yakujiyimira pawekha. Mu 1969, chipani cha opposition, Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), chikayambika, chakulongozgeka na Paul Bérenger. Pamanyuma pake, mu 1971, MMM - yakukhozgeka na mawupu gha ŵantchito - yikamba kubenekelerana mu dowoko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti mu caru cose muŵe suzgo. Boma la Labour Party na la PMSD (Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate) likakanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kukanizga wanangwa wa vyalo. Paul Bérenger wakayezgeka kukoma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. * On 1 October 1971, his supporter [[Fareed Muttur]] died in suspicious circumstances at Le Réduit, whilst driving Paul Bérenger's car.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Déjeuner à Rose Hill: Fareed Muttur est mort à ma place |date=18 July 2017 |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/le-mauricien/dejeuner-rose-hill-fareed-muttur-mort-ma-place-declare-paul-berenger/151890/ |access-date=18 July 2017 |publisher=Le Mauricien}}</ref> * Caciŵiri cikacitiska kuti Azor Adélaïde, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku dowoko na kucitako vinthu vinyake, wafwe pa Novembala 25, 1971. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano ghakakanizgika. Ŵabali ŵa MMM, kusazgapo Paul Bérenger ŵakakakika pa 23 Disembala 1971. Mulongozgi wa MMM wakafwatulika pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza. Mu Meyi 1975, ku Yunivesite ya ku Mauritius, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakagaluka. Ŵasambiri aŵa ŵakakhorwa yayi na masambiro agho ghakaŵapa yayi mwaŵi wa kusanga nchito. Pa Meyi 20, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵanandi ŵakayezga kunjira mu Port-Louis kujumpha pa mlatho wa Grand River North West, ndipo ŵakakumana na ŵapolisi. Pa Disembala 16, 1975, Nyumba ya Malamulo yikapeleka dango lakuti ŵana wose ŵa vyaka 18 ŵaŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti uwu ni nthowa yakuti ŵawukirano ŵaleke kukhuŵara. Pa Disembala 20, 1976 pakaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa. Wupu wa Labour-CAM ukapokera vithuzi 28 pera pa vithuzi 62. MMM yikasanga vithuzi 34 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo kweni Prime Minister wakufumapo Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam wakakwaniska kukhala mu ofesi, na vithuzi viŵiri, pamanyuma pa kukolerana na PMSD ya Gaetan Duval. Mu 1982, boma la MMM-PSM (lakulongozgeka na Nduna Nkuru Anerood Jugnauth, Nduna Nkuru Harish Boodhoo na Nduna ya vya Ndalama Paul Bérenger) likasoleka. Ndipouli, pakaŵa mphindano za maghanoghano na mikhaliro mu ŵalongozgi ŵa MMM na PSM. Nkhondo ya mazaza pakati pa Bérenger na Jugnauth yikamara mu Malichi 1983. Jugnauth wakaluta ku New Delhi kuti wakaŵepo pa ungano wa vyaru vyambura kukolerana; wati wawerako, Bérenger wakapempha kuti paŵe kusintha kwa dango la boma. Pa pempho la Jugnauth, nduna yikuru ya India, Indira Gandhi, yikanozga vyakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku India ŵanjirengepo kuti ŵaleke kuwukira boma.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2013 |title=When India drew Top Secret 'red line' in Mauritius |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/when-india-drew-top-secret-red-line-in-mauritius/article4493495.ece |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Medcalf |first=Rory |date=19 March 2013 |title=When India (Almost) Invaded Mauritius |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/flashpoints-blog/2013/03/19/when-india-almost-invaded-mauritius/ |access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=David |last=Brewster |url=https://www.academia.edu/7992843 |title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership}}. Retrieved 13 August 2014</ref> Boma la MMM-PSM likapatukana myezi 9 pamanyuma pa mavoti gha Juni 1982. Kuyana na nduna yinyake ya munthavi, myezi yinkhondi na yimoza iyi yikaŵa "ciyezgo ca wupu wa Socialist". Harish Boodhoo wakamazga chipani chake cha PSM kuti wanembare wose ŵa PSM ŵanjire chipani chiphya cha Jugnauth cha MSM, mwakuti ŵakhalilire mu boma uku ŵakujipatura ku MMM. Gulu la MSM-Labour-PMSD likathereska pa mavoti gha mu Ogasiti 1983, ndipo Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa Prime Minister ndipo Gaëtan Duval wakaŵa Deputy Prime Minister. Mu nyengo iyi, chigaŵa cha EPZ chikakura. Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu mizi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kugwira ntchito mu misasa. Ici cikapangiska kuti makampani gha shuga ghaleke kukhwaska comene cuma. Makampani ghakurughakuru ghakamba kujura mashopu mu 1985 na kupeleka ngongoli ku ŵanthu ŵambura kusanga ndalama zinandi. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuluta ku malo ghakwendakwenda, ndipo mahotelo ghaphya ghakazengeka pa chirwa chose. Mu 1989, ŵakajura msika wa malonda, ndipo mu 1992, ŵakajura chiŵanja cha nyanja. Mu 1990, nduna yikaluza pa kuvota pa kusintha Dango kuti caru ici ciŵe caru ca wupu.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jane |last=Perlez |date=27 August 1990 |title=Mauritius' Political Quarrel Saves the Queen |work=The New York Times |location=Great Britain; Mauritius |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/27/world/mauritius-political-quarrel-saves-the-queen.html |access-date=6 September 2016}}</ref> ===Republic (since 1992)=== Pa Malichi 12, 1992, vilimika 24 kufuma apo Mauritius wakapokera wanangwa wake, likapharazgika kuti ni charu cha Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Mauritius, Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo, wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba. Ivi vikacitika cifukwa ca ndondomeko ya nyengo yicoko waka, ndipo mu caka ici, Cassam Uteem ndiyo wakanjira mu malo ghake. Nduna yikuru ndiyo yikaŵa na mazaza pa ndyali. Nangauli vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu caru ici, ndipo mafuta ghakakhira, kweniso ndalama zikakwera, kweni boma likakondwa yayi na ŵanthu. Kuzakafika mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi. Kwizira mu Dango Lakukhwaskana na Manyuzipepara na Magazini, boma likayezga kuti nyuzipepara yiliyose yipeleke ndalama zakukwana hafu ya miliyoni. Ŵapharazgi 43 ŵakasuska na kunjilirapo pa ungano wa pa wumba ku Port Louis, panthazi pa Nyumba ya Ufumu. Ŵakakakika na kufwatulika pa kaunti. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵacitire ukali boma ndipo likakhumbikwiranga kuweleramo mu ndondomeko yake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na masambiro. Pakaŵavya masukulu gha masambiro ghaciŵiri ghapacanya agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuti ghapulikiske ŵanthu awo ŵakumalizga masambiro gha ku pulayimale. Mu 1991, boma likathereska boma chifukwa cha kuleka kukhozgera pulani ya masambiro. Mu Disembala 1995, Navin Ramgoolam wakasankhika kuŵa Prime Minister wa Labour/MMM alliance. Mu Okutobala 1996, ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakakomeka pa Gorah-Issac Street ku Port Louis, ŵakakakika na kufumbika nyengo yitali. Mu 1999, mu Febuluwale na Meyi mukaŵa viwawa. Pamanyuma pa vivulupi vya ku Kaya, Pulezidenti Cassam Uteem na Cardinal Jean Margéot ŵakendera caru cose ndipo mtende ukawelerapo pamanyuma pa mazuŵa ghanayi gha vivulupi. Pakaŵaso komiti yakudumbiskana kuti yamanye ivyo vikambiska suzgo ili. Lipoti ili likalongosora ivyo vikupangiska ukavu ndipo likati visambizgo vinandi vyautesi ni vyautesi. Mu Janyuwale 2000, Rajen Sabapathee, uyo wakaŵa wakulimbikira vya ndyali, wakakomeka na vilwero wati wafumamo mu jele la La Bastille.<ref>{{Cite web |title=La vérité sur la mort de mon père |url=https://www.5plus.mu/node/13712 |access-date=28 November 2020 |publisher=5 Plus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205034231/https://www.5plus.mu/node/13712 |archive-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>[[File:Mauriceybbrfrinwodas.jpg|thumbnail|Perceived failure of [[Government of Mauritius|the government]] to respond promptly and effectively to the [[MV Wakashio oil spill|MV ''Wakashio'' oil spill]] resulted in anti-government protests.]] Sir Anerood Jugnauth wa MSM wakawelera ku mazaza mu Seputembala 2000 pamanyuma pa kukolerana na MMM. Mu 2002, cirwa ca Rodrigues cikazgoka cigaŵa cakujiyimira pacekha mu caru ici ndipo cikaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha ŵimiliri ŵake kuti ŵakawusenge. Mu 2003, nduna yikuru yikapelekeka kwa Paul Bérenger wa MMM, ndipo Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakaŵa purezidenti. Bérenger wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya France na Mauritius mu mbiri ya chalo ichi. Mu mavoti gha 2005, Navin Ramgoolam wakazgoka Prime Minister pasi pa chipani chiphya cha Labour PMXDVFMRMMSM. Mu mavoti gha 2010 chipani cha Labour/MSM/PMSD chikapoka mazaza ndipo Navin Ramgoolam wakalutilira kuŵa Prime Minister mpaka 2014. Chipani cha MSM PMS DML chikapambana pa chisankho cha 2014 pasi pa Anerood Jugnauth. Nangauli pakaŵa mphindano mukati mwa chipani icho chikaŵa pa muwuso icho chikapangiska kuti PMSD yifumeko, kweni MSM ̊ML yikalutilira kuwusa kwa vyaka 5. Pa 21 January 2017, Sir Anerood Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo ndipo mwana wake Pravind Jugnauth ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Pa 23 January 2017, boma likasintha ndondomeko yake. Mu 2018, pulezidenti wa Mauritius Ameenah Gurib-Fakim wakaleka ntchito chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama. Purezidenti wapano ndi Prithvirajsing Roopun yemwe wakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira Disembala 2019. Pa chisankho cha November 2019 ku Mauritius, chipani cha Militant Socialist Movement (MSM) chikapambana mipando yakujumpha hafu mu nyumba ya malango, ndipo Prime Minister Pravind Kumar Jugnauth wakapika nyengo yinyakeso ya vyaka vinkhondi. Pa Julayi 25, 2020, sitima ya ku Japan yakuchemeka MV Wakashio yikakhira pa korali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Mauritius, ndipo mafuta ghakukwana matani 1,000 ghakafuma mu nyanja. Malo agha ghakaŵa pafupi na malo ghakutowa gha mu nyanja ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuzirwa pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2020 |title=Mauritius oil spill compensation could be limited by maritime law technicality |url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2020/08/28/mauritius-oil-spill-compensation-limited-maritime-law-technicality/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=Climate Home News}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{main|Geography of Mauritius}} Chigaŵa chose cha charu ichi ni 2,040 km2 (790 sq mi). Ni caru ca nambara 170 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na virwa vinandi. Chigaŵa cha chuma cha charu ichi chili na malo ghakujumpha 2.3 miliyoni km2 (890,000 sq mi) mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, kusazgapo malo ghakujumpha 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi) agho ghakwendeskeka pamoza na Seychelles.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mauritius: Promoting the Development of an Ocean Economy |url=https://intercontinentaltrust.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/ITL-Newsletter-Vol-6-Issue-11-Mauritius-Exclusive-Economic-Zone.pdf |url-status=live |magazine=Intercontinental Trust Newsletter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075149/http://www.intercontinentaltrust.com/admin/documents/all/ITL%20Newsletter%20Vol%206%20Issue%2011%20-%20Mauritius%20Exclusive%20Economic%20Zone.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2013 |access-date=25 November 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Coast Guard |url=http://police.govmu.org/English/Publication/Documents/NCG2013.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Government of Mauritius}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines:Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles |url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/submission_musc.htm |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> ===Mauritius Island=== Chilumba cha Mauritius chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,000 (1,200 mi) kufupi na kumwera kwa Africa, pakati pa latitude 19°58.8'S na 20°31.7'S na longitude 57°18.0'E na 57°46.5'E. Ni mtunda wa makilomita 65 mu utali na makilomita 45 mu usani. Malo ghake ghakukwana 1,864.8 km2 (720.0 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2008 |title=Meteorological Services − Monthly Bulletin of Climatological Summaries |url=http://metservice.intnet.mu/pdfs/monthly-climatological-summaries.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Mauritius Meteorological Services |page=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=General Info – Geography |url=http://www.mauritius.net/general_info/index.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212061824/http://www.mauritius.net/general_info/index.php |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Mauritius.net}}</ref> Chirwa ichi chili na mchenga uwemi wa mchenga uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 150. Ku Mauritius kuli virwa na tumazinga pafupifupi 49, ndipo vinandi vya vyaru ivi vili kuzunulika kuti ni malo ghakusungirako vyamoyo. Chirwa cha Mauritius (Mauritian Creole: Isle Moris; French: Île Maurice, [il mɔʁis]) chili na vyaka vichoko chomene chifukwa cha vimalibwe ivyo vikachitika vyaka 8 miliyoni ivyo vyajumpha. Pamoza na Saint Brandon, Réunion, na Rodrigues, cirwa ici nchimoza mwa virwa vya Mascarene. Virwa ivi vikababika cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa vimalibwe vikuruvikuru ivyo vikacitika pasi pa maji, makilomita ghanandi kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na Madagascar. Ŵali kuleka kuphulika, ndipo sono malo agha ghali kusi kwa Réunion Island. Mauritius wali kuzingilizgika na mapiri ghatali, agho ghakukwera mamita 300 m'paka 800. Malo agha ghakukwera kufuma ku malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku malo ghapakati apo ghakukwana mamita 670 (2,200 ft); pachanya pa mapiri ghose pali Piton de la Petite Rivière Noire (828 m). Pa chirwa ichi pali milonga na tumilonga tunandi uto tukapangika mu mipata iyo yilipo chifukwa cha maji agho ghakwenda.[[File:Mauritius.png|thumb|center|650px|A panoramic view of Mauritius Island]] ===Rodrigues Island=== {{main|Rodrigues}} Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Rodrigues ni cirwa ico cikucitika cifukwa ca vimalibwe ivyo vikufuma mu mphepete mwa mapiri gha Mascarene. Chirwa ichi chili na mapiri ndipo chili na msana ukuru uwo ukufika pachanya pa Phiri la Limon. Kweniso pa cirwa ici pali malibwe ghanandi gha korali. Malinga ndi Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 Julayi 2019, chiwerengero cha anthu pachilumbachi chinali 43,371.<ref name="1 July 2019 Statistics">{{Cite web |title=Population and Vital Statistics Republic of Mauritius, January – June 2019 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Documents/2019/EI1471/Pop_Vital_Jan-Jun19.pdf |access-date=12 October 2019 |publisher=[[Statistics Mauritius]]}}</ref> ===Chagos Archipelago=== {{main|Chagos Archipelago}} Chirwa cha Chagos chili na virwa vinandi, ndipo chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,200 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Chagos kuli Peros Banhos, Solomon Islands, na Nelson Island; kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli The Three Brothers, Eagle Islands, Egmont Islands, na Danger Island. Diego Garcia wali kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici. Mu 2016, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian chikaŵa 8,700 ku Mauritius, kusazgapo ŵanthu 483 ŵa ku Mauritius; ŵanthu 350 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian ŵakukhala ku Seychelles, kusazgapo ŵanthu 75 ŵa ku Seychelles, uku ŵanthu 3,000, kusazgapo ŵanthu 127 ŵa ku Seychelles, ŵakukhala ku UK (ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakura kufuma pa ŵanthu 1200 ŵa mtundu wa Chagossian awo ŵakasamira ku Seychelles).<ref name="chif">{{Cite journal |date=5 July 2016 |title=La population chagossienne en chiffres |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/287013/population-chagossienne-en-chiffres |journal=[[L'Express (Mauritius)]]}}</ref> ===St. Brandon=== [[File:The Thirteen Islands of St Brandon - Images of L'Île Coco, Cargados Carajos in Mauritius 02.jpg|thumb|The Thirteen Islands of St Brandon - Images of L'Île Coco, Cargados Carajos in Mauritius]] {{main|St. Brandon}} St. Brandon, uyo wakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Cargados Carajos Shoals, wali pa mtunda wa makilomita 402 kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chirwa cha Mauritius. Chirwa cha Saint Brandon chili na virwa vinkhondi ivyo vili kufuma ku Mauritius. Virwa ivi vili na virwa 28 m'paka 40. Mu 2008, khoti likuru la Britain (Privy Council) likadumura (Ndime 71) kuti Raphaël Fishing Company ndiyo yili na wanangwa wakukhalapo pa virwa 13 ivyo vili kulembeka mu chikalata cha mu 1901 (cholembeka mu buku la TB25 No. 342) ndipo vikukolerana na fundo izo zili kulembeka mu chikalata ichi'';''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v. The State of Mauritius & Anor (Mauritius) [2008] UKPC 43 (30 July 2008) |url=http://www.saflii.org/mu/cases/UKPC/2008/43.html |access-date=24 November 2017 |website=saflii.org}}</ref> ===Agaléga Islands=== {{main|Agaléga}} Virwa viŵiri vya Agaléga vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 1,000 kumpoto kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha North chili na utali wa makilomita 12.5 na usani wa makilomita 1.5. Malo ghose gha virwa ivi ni 26 km2. Kuyana na Statistics Mauritius, pa 1 July 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Agaléga na St. Brandon wakaŵa na vyaka 274.<ref name="1 July 2019 Statistics" /> ===Tromelin=== {{main|Tromelin Island}} [[File:Tromelin aerial photograph.JPG|thumb|Aerial view of Tromelin Island]] Cirwa ca Tromelin cili pa mtunda wa makilomita 430 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mauritius. Chirwa cha Tromelin chili pasi pa mazaza gha Mauritius, nangauli chili ku France. Mu 1715, ŵa ku France ŵakamba kulamulira Mauritius, ndipo ŵakamuthya Isle de France. Ku France, charu cha Mauritius chikapelekeka ku Britain na phangano la Paris ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 30, 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikaŵa pasi pa Britain. Brandon, Tromelin, na Chagos Archipelago, apo Seychelles ghakazgoka malo ghakupambana mu 1906. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana usange Isle de France (uko kukaŵa Mauritius pakwamba) na vigaŵa vyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa ufumu wa France vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Ndime 8 ya phangano la Paris yikati France wapelekenge ku Britain chilumba cha Isle de France "na vyaru ivyo vikuthemba pa charu ichi, nga ni Rodrigues na Seychelles". France yikuwona kuti ufumu wa cirwa ca Tromelin undapelekeke ku Britain. Fundo ya Mauritius yikukolerana na fundo yakuti Isle de France na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pasi pake vikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Charu cha Mauritius chikuyowoya kuti pakuti Tromelin yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Isle de France, yikapelekeka ku Britain mu 1814. Virwa vya Agaléga, St. Brandon na Chagos navyo vikazunulika yayi mu phangano la Paris, kweni vikazgoka chigaŵa cha Mauritius. Kweniso boma la Britain ku Mauritius likachitanga vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na Tromelin. Mwaciyelezgero, pakati pa 1901 na 1951, boma la Britain likapeleka wanangwa wa kugwiliskira nchito visomba vinayi pa cirwa ca Tromelin. Mu 1959, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ku Mauritius ŵakaphalira wupu wa World Meteorological Organization kuti boma ili likuwona kuti Tromelin ni malo ghawo. Mu 2010, France na Mauritius ŵakachita phangano la kuwusa pamoza, kweni ŵandalisinthe.<ref name="diploma">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=Political relations |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/mauritius/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |publisher=France Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs}}</ref> == Chagos Archipelago territorial dispute == {{main|Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute|Expulsion of the Chagossians}} [[File:Chagos map.PNG|thumb|Map of the [[Chagos Archipelago]]]] Mauritius yakhala nyengo yitali yikukhumba kuzomerezga Chirwa cha Chagos, icho chili kumpoto-mafumiro gha dazi kwa mtunda wa makilomita 1,287. Chagos yikaŵa chigaŵa cha Mauritius kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, apo Ŵafurentshi ŵakamba kukhazikika pa chirwa ichi. Virwa vyose ivyo vikaŵa vigaŵa vya Chirwa cha France (nga umo Mauritius yikaŵira nyengo yira) vikaŵaso vya Ŵangelezi mu 1810 pasi pa Dango la Capitulation ilo likasazgikira pakati pa maufumu ghaŵiri.<ref name="real">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2012 |title=Time for UK to Leave Chagos Archipelago |url=http://www.realclearworld.com/articles/2012/04/06/mauritius_chagos_archipelago_diego_garcia_99999.html |access-date=22 January 2015 |publisher=Real clear world}}</ref> Mu 1965, vyaka vitatu pambere Mauritius yindambe kujiyimira pawekha, Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukagaŵa virwa vya Chagos kufuma ku Mauritius na virwa vya Aldabra, Farquhar na Desroches kufuma ku Seychelles kuti viŵe British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). Pa Novembala 8, 1965, virwa ivi vikaŵa chigaŵa cha United Kingdom. Pa Juni 23, 1976, Aldabra, Farquhar, na Desroches ŵakawelera ku Seychelles cifukwa ca kujiwombora. Sono chigaŵa ichi chili na virwa vya Chagos pera. Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukapeleka ku United States cigaŵa cikuru ca Diego Garcia, kuti ciŵe cikaya ca ŵasilikari. Mu 2016, Britain yikatumizga katundu uyu ku United States m'paka mu 2036. Charu cha Mauritius chikayowoyapo kanandi waka kuti kupatukana kwa vigaŵa vyake nkhuswa fundo za wupu wa United Nations izo zikukanizga kugaŵikana kwa vigaŵa ivyo vikaŵa vyakukolerana na charu cha Mauritius pambere charu ichi chindaŵe na wanangwa wakulamulira. Pakati pa 1968 na 1973, ŵalara ŵa boma la Britain ŵakacicizga ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 ŵa ku Chagossian kuti ŵalute ku Mauritius na Seychelles. Pakufumiska ŵanthu mu caru ici, ŵamazaza ŵa ku Britain ŵakasuskika kuti ŵakapeleka dango lakuti ntcheŵe 1,000 za pa cirwa ici zikomeke na gasi.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Evers |first1=Sandra |url=https://archive.org/details/evictionfromchag00ever |title=Eviction from the Chagos Islands: Displacement and Struggle for Identity Against Two World Powers |last2=Kooy |first2=Marry |date=2011 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=9789004202603 |page=[https://archive.org/details/evictionfromchag00ever/page/n21 3] |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="dog">{{Cite news |last=Cork |first=Tristan |title=The shocking reason there are dogs hanging from a tree in Bristol |work=Bristol Post |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/shocking-reason-dogs-hanging-tree-2140149}}</ref> Pa wupu wa United Nations na pa Nyumba ya Malamulo, Britain yikati ku virwa vya Chagos kulije ŵanthu "ŵakukhora" ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka "ŵaganyu". Kwambira mu 1971, ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Diego Garcia, uko kuli ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari 3,000 ŵa Britain na United States. Kufuma nyengo yira, ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi ŵakamba kulimbikira kuti ŵawelere ku virwa ivi. Chilumba cha Mauritius chikuwona kuti nyanja ya Chagos Archipelago na chirwa cha Tromelin ni chigaŵa cha malo ghake gha vyamalonda.<ref name="EEZ 1977" />[[File:Camp Justice --Diego Garcia.jpg|thumb|The military base of [[Camp Justice (Diego Garcia)|Camp Justice]] on [[Diego Garcia]]]] Pa Disembala 20, 2010, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kuzenga mulandu ku United Kingdom kuyana na United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) kuti chipeleke ukaboni wakuti malo gha Chagos Marine Protected Area (MPA) agho charu cha United Kingdom chikakhumbanga kuzunura kuzingilizga chigaŵa cha Chagos mu Epulero 2010, ngaunenesko yayi. Khoti la Permanent Court of Arbitration ndilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Khoti likadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom uli na wanangwa wakuwezgera chilumba cha Chagos ku Mauritius. Pa Febuluwale 25, 2019, ŵeruzgi ŵa International Court of Justice ŵakadumura kuti Ufumu wa United Kingdom ukwenera kumazga mwaluŵiro boma la Chagos. Mweruzgi munyake wa ku America, Joan Donoghue, ndiyo wakazomerezga. Mulongozgi wa khoti ili, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, wakati chigaŵa cha Chagos mu 1965 chikafuma ku Mauritius chifukwa cha "kuyowoya mwakufwatuka ndiposo mwaunenesko yayi". Iyo wakati: "Ufumu wa Britain uli na mulimo wa kumazga boma la Chagos mwaluŵiro comene, ndipo vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu wupu uwu vikwenera kukolerana na wupu wa United Nations kuti Mauritius lileke kuŵa na ŵanthu". Pa Meyi 22, 2019, wupu wa United Nations General Assembly ukadumbiskana na kukolerana fundo iyo yikati chigaŵa cha Chagos, icho chili pasi pa boma la Britain kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 50, "ntchigaŵa cha Mauritius". Fundo iyi yikukolerana na fundo ya khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ), iyo yikati Britain "yifumiskemo boma lake mu vyaru vinyake mu myezi 6". Pa nyengo ya kudumbiskana, nduna yikuru ya Mauritius yikati kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Chagossi "nkhuheni kwa ŵanthu". Nangauli fundo iyi njambura kukanizgika na dango, kweni njakuzirwa comene pa nkhani za ndyali, cifukwa ni khoti likuru comene la UN ilo likadumura mulandu uwu. Fundo iyi yili na vyakufumapo viwemi: UN, mawupu ghake, na mawupu ghanyake ghose gha pa caru cose, sono ghali na wanangwa wa kwendera malango gha UN kuti ghawovwire Mauritius kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake nangauli UK yikuyowoya kuti yikukayika yayi za muwuso wake.<ref name="Resolution">{{Cite journal|last=Sands|first=Philippe|date=24 May 2019|title=At last, the Chagossians have a real chance of going back home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/24/chagossians-britain-colony-shameful-un-resolution?|journal=[[The Guardian]]|quote=Britain's behaviour towards its former colony has been shameful. The UN resolution changes everything}}</ref> == Chilengiwa == ===Biodiversity=== {{main|Wildlife of Mauritius}} [[File:Dronte dodo Raphus cucullatus.jpg|thumb|Ku Mauritius ndiko kukaŵa ciŵeto cimoza pera ico cikamanyikwanga kuti cikukhala na tuyuni utu.]] [[File:Phelsuma ornata - journal.pbio.1001382.png|thumb|[[Mauritius ornate day gecko]]]] Mu caru ici muli vyakumera na vinyama vinyake ivyo ni vichoko comene pa caru, kweni ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi ndipo vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu vyaru ivi vikumara. Cifukwa cakuti cirwa ca Mauritius cili na mapiri, nchitali comene, nchakutali comene, ndiposo cili na malo ghapadera, pali vyakumera na vinyama vyakupambanapambana. Pambere Ŵapwitikizi ŵandafike mu 1507, pa cirwa ici pakaŵavya vinyama. Ivi vikapangiska kuti viyuni vinandi ivyo vingawulukira yayi na vinyama vikuruvikuru viŵepo. Ŵanthu ŵati ŵafika, ŵakambiska vyamoyo vinyake ivyo vikaŵako mwaluŵiro chomene. Nkhuku ya dodo iyo yikuleka kuwuluka, iyo njimoza mwa vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu charu cha Mauritius, yili kumara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shapiro |first1=Beth |last2=Sibthorpe |first2=Dean |last3=Rambaut |first3=Andrew |last4=Wragg |first4=Graham M. |last5=Bininda-Emonds |first5=Olaf R.P. |last6=Lee |first6=Patricia L.M. |last7=Coooper |first7=Alan |display-authors=3 |year=2002 |title=Flight of the Dodo |url=http://pgl.soe.ucsc.edu/dodo_Shapiro02.pdf |journal=Science |volume=295 |issue=5560 |page=1683 |doi=10.1126/science.295.5560.1683 |pmid=11872833}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smaill |first=Belinda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3y8eDQAAQBAJ&dq=dodo+extinction+emblematic&pg=PA76 |title=Regarding Life: Animals and the Documentary Moving Image |date=21 September 2016 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-6249-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hollars |first=B. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K94nDwAAQBAJ&dq=dodo+%22poster+child%22&pg=PA3 |title=Flock Together: A Love Affair with Extinct Birds |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9642-8}}</ref> Nyama iyi yikuwoneka makora chomene pa vikozgo vya ku Mauritius. Pasono nkhorongo yichoko waka pa vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vili mu charu ichi, yili mu Black River Gorges National Park kumwera kwa charu ichi, Bambous Mountain Range kumwera kwa charu ichi, na Moka-Port Louis Ranges kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Mu tawuni iyi muli mapiri ghanandi, Corps de Garde, Le Morne Brabant, na virwa vinyake vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vinyama na vyakumera vyakujumpha 100 vili kumara ndipo vinyake vinandi vili pangozi. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, ntchito ya kuvikilira vyakumera na viyuni yikamba. Mu 2011, Unduna wa Vyakwendakwenda na Vyakuzenga ukafumiska lipoti lakuti "Mauritius Environment Outlook Report", ilo likayowoya kuti msumba wa St. Brandon uŵe malo ghakuvikilirika. Mu Malipoti gha Pulezidenti wa Mauritian Wildlife Foundation gha mu Malichi 2016, St Brandon wakuyowoyeka kuti ni projekiti ya MWF yakovwira kuvikilira cirwa ici. Nkhaŵala yakuwuluka ya ku Mauritius ndiyo yikukhala pa chirwa ichi, ndipo yili pangozi yikuru mu vyaka vyasonosono apa chifukwa cha boma ilo likakanizga kupha nkhunda mu Novembala 2015. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, chifukwa cha chimphepo chikuru, chiŵeto cha viyuni ivi chikakwera chomene. Mu Okutobala 2018, ŵakazomerezga kuti 20% ya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni vya viyuni ivi vifwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Mauritian Wildlife Foundation (MWF) – In The Field – Mauritius – Mauritius Fruit Bat |url=http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=30&tcid=81 |access-date=22 February 2019 |website=mauritian-wildlife.org |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316190712/http://www.mauritian-wildlife.org/application/index.php?tpid=30&tcid=81 }}</ref> ===Environment and climate=== [[File:Black River Gorges National Park, Mauritius.jpg|left|thumb|Black River Gorges National Park]] {{Anchor|Climate change in Mauritius}}Malo gha ku Mauritius ngakututuka mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Vivula ivyo vikuchitika nyengo na nyengo vikuparanya vyakumera na vinyama, nangauli vikusintha luŵiro. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghaciŵiri pa ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yikukhalira iyo yikalembeka na wupu wa vyaumoyo pa caru cose mu 2011. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa malo gha 100 pa vyaru 172. Pakuti charu cha Mauritius chili pafupi na Tropic of Capricorn, nyengo yake njakuthukira. Pali nyengo ziŵiri: chihanya chamoto kufuma mu Novembala m'paka Epulero, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikuŵa yakuzizima kufuma mu Juni m'paka Seputembala. Kusiyana kwa matenthedwe pakati pa nyengo za mu chaka ni 4.3°C pera. Miyezi yakuzizima chomene ni Janyuwale na Febuluwale, ndipo muhanya wakuzizima chomene wakufika pa 29.2 °C (84.6 °F). Ku chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 900 mm m'paka 1,500 mm mu chigaŵa chapakati. Nangauli nyengo ya vula yikuŵako yayi, kweni vula yinandi yikulokwa mu nyengo ya chihanya. Kutentha kwa nyanja mu nyanja iyi kukufuma pa 22°C kufika pa 27°C. Malo agha ngakutowa comene kuluska malo ghanyake gha mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ghakukhoma comene. Mphepo ya ku mpoto yikovwira kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa cirwa ici ciŵe cakupumulirapo ndipo yikupeleka vula yinandi. Nyengo zinyake, mu Janyuwale m'paka Malichi, kukuŵa chimphepo chikuru icho chikuchitiska kuti kuŵe vula zinandi. Prime Minister Pravind Jugnauth wakapharazga kuti pali suzgo la vyalo pamanyuma pa ngozi ya mafuta ya MV Wakashio pa 25 July 2020. France wakatumizga ndege na ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku Réunion ndipo Greenpeace yikati nthenda iyi yikananga vyamoyo vikuruvikuru, ivyo "vingafwa mu nyanja ya ukazuzi".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oil spill threatens ecological disaster as Mauritius declares emergency |publisher=Yahoo! News |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.yahoo.com/france-offers-aid-mauritius-declares-122144531.html |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> ==Boma na ndale== {{main|Politics of Mauritius}} [[File:Government House Port Louis.JPG|thumb|Government House, Port Louis]] Boma la Mauritius lili na boma la demokilase, ndipo pulezidenti ndiyo ni mutu wa boma. Charu cha Mauritius chili na vyaru vinandi. Boma ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongozga. Boma na Nyumba ya Malango ndivyo vili na mazaza gha kupanga malango. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Mauritius yikucemeka kuti Nyumba ya Malango m'paka mu 1992, apo charu ichi chikazgoka repubulika. Wupu uwu uli na ŵanthu 70, ndipo ŵanthu 62 ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinayi mu vigaŵa vinandi. Komiti ya UN ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (UNHRC), iyo yikulaŵilira umo vyaru vyamunyumba vikulondezgera phangano la wanangwa wa ndyali na wanangwa wa ŵanthu (ICPCR), yikususka ndondomeko ya boma ya "Best Loser System" pamanyuma pa kudandawura kwa wupu wa ŵawukirano na wupu wa wupu wa vyamalonda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Human Rights Committee criticises Best Loser System |url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=59556590&Country=Mauritius&topic=Politics&subtopic=Forecast&subsubtopic=Election+watch&u=1&pid=1764509560&oid=1764509560&uid=1 |access-date=6 September 2016 |publisher=Country.eiu.com}}</ref>Pulezidenti wakusankhika na Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti waŵepo vyaka vinkhondi. Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa 20, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na ŵanthu ŵatatu. Chirwa cha Rodrigues chili na chigaŵa chimoza icho chili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri. Para paŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, wupu wakuwona vya maungano ungimika ŵanthu ŵanyake 8 kuti ŵawovwirepo. Ndondomeko iyi yikumanyikwa kuti ndiyo yikovwira kuti munthu waleke kusuzgika. Chipani panji chipani icho chikupokera vithuzithuzi vinandi mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ndicho chikupangiska boma. Mulongozgi wake ni nduna yikuru, uyo wakusankha nduna kufuma mu ŵanthu awo ŵakusoleka mu wumba, padera pa loya mukuru wa Mauritius, uyo wangaŵa mu wumba yayi. Chipani panji wupu wa ndyali uwo uli na ŵimiliri ŵanandi chomene ndiwo ukuŵa chipani icho chikususkana na boma ndipo mulongozgi wake wakuŵa mulongozgi wa chipani ichi. Pa milimo yake yakwamba, wupu uwu ukusankha mulara wa komiti, mulara wa komiti, na mulara wa komiti. Charu cha Mauritius chili na boma la demokilase ilo likusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Chisankho chaposachedwa kwambiri cha National Assembly chidachitika pa 7 Novembala 2019 m'malo onse 20 osankhika, komanso m'chigawo chomwe chimaphimba chilumba cha Rodrigues. Pa nyengo iyi, maungano gha vipani viŵiri vikuru vikususkana pa nkhani ya kusankha ŵanthu. Mu 2018 Ibrahim Index of African Governance, Mauritius wali pa malo ghakwamba pa nkhani ya muwuso uwemi. Kuyana na Democracy Index ya 2017 iyo yikupangika na Economist Intelligence Unit iyo yikupima umo demokilase yiliri mu vyaru 167, Mauritius yili pa nambara 16 pa caru cose ndipo ndico cikaya cimoza pera mu Africa ico cili na "demokrasi yeneko".<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2012 |title=African democracy − A glass half-full |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/node/21551494 |access-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Office held!!Office holder!!Incumbency<ref name="foreign">{{Cite web |date=14 October 2014 |title=National lists of precedence of Mauritius |url=http://foreign.govmu.org/English/Documents/List%20of%20Precedence118.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211032755/http://foreign.govmu.org/English/Documents/List%20of%20Precedence118.pdf |archive-date=11 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- |[[President of Mauritius|President]]||[[Prithvirajsing Roopun]]||2 December 2019<ref name="president.govmu.org">{{Cite web |title=The President of the Republic - Home |url=http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209062453/http://president.govmu.org/English/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> |- |[[Prime Minister of Mauritius|Prime Minister]]||[[Pravind Jugnauth]]|| 23 January 2017 |- |[[Vice President of Mauritius|Vice President]]|| [[Marie Cyril Eddy Boissézon]] ||| 2 December 2019<ref name="president.govmu.org" /> |- |[[Deputy Prime Minister of Mauritius|Deputy Prime Minister]]|| [[Steven Obeegadoo]] || 25 June 2020 |- |[[Supreme Court of Mauritius|Chief Justice]]||[[Supreme Court of Mauritius|Rehana Mungly-Gulbul]]|| 18 November 2021 |- |[[List of Speakers of the National Assembly of Mauritius|Speaker of the National Assembly]]||[[Sooroojdev Phokeer]]|| 21 November 2019 |- |[[Leader of the Opposition (Mauritius)|Leader of the Opposition]]||[[Xavier-Luc Duval]]|| 4 March 2021 |} === Administrative subdivisions === {{Main|Outer Islands of Mauritius|Districts of Mauritius}} {{Mauritius Districts Labelled Map|float=right}} Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chimoza pera, cha Outer Islands of Mauritius (Chifurenchi: Îles éparses de Maurice). Chirwa cha Mauritius chili na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri.<ref name="gu">{{Cite web |title=Location – The territory of Mauritius |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Geography-People/Pages/GeographyPeople/Location.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327103512/http://www.govmu.org/English/ExploreMauritius/Geography-People/Pages/GeographyPeople/Location.aspx |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ===Military=== {{main|Military of Mauritius}} Ŵasilikari, ŵapolisi, na ŵavikiliri wose ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuteŵetera na ŵasilikari 10,000. Gulu la ŵapolisi ilo lili na ŵanthu 8,000, ndilo likuvikilira malango mu charu. Gulu la Special Mobile Force (SMF) la ŵanthu 1,400 na National Coast Guard la ŵanthu 688 ndiwo ni magulu ghaŵiri pera gha ŵasilikari ku Mauritius. Ŵapolisi ŵa mu maofesi agha ŵakugwira nchito nyengo yitali. Kweniso ku Mauritius kuli ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira ntchito zapadera ndipo ŵakumanyikwa kuti 'GIPM' awo ŵakunjilirapo para kwacitika vivulupi panji vinthu vinyake vyakofya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Background Note: Mauritius – Scoop News |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0901/S00160.htm |access-date=18 January 2017 |website=scoop.co.nz}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{main|Foreign relations of Mauritius}} [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Mauritius, Mr. Pravind Jugnauth, on the sidelines of CHOGM 2018, in London on April 19, 2018 (2).JPG|thumb|left|Prime Minister [[Pravind Jugnauth]] with Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], 19 April 2018]] Mauritius wali na ubwezi wakukhora na vyaru vya ku Africa, America, Asia, Europe na Oceania. Pakuti Mauritius ni cigaŵa ca ku Africa, wali na ubwezi na vyaru vya mu Africa, comenecomene na vyaru vya ku South Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakunjira mu vyaru vya ku Africa, comenecomene Madagascar, Mozambique na Zimbabwe. Vinthu vya ndyali ivyo charu ichi chikulondezga na kuthemba chomene vyamalonda vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, vyapangiska kuti chiŵe paubwezi na wupu wa European Union na vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene France. Ubwezi withu na India ngwakukhora comene cifukwa ca mbiri na malonda. Mu Epulero 1972, charu cha Mauritius chikamba kukolerana na charu cha China, ndipo mu chaka chenechichi chikachichizgika kuvikilira charu ichi. Kweniso likusazgirako mulimo wake wa ku Middle East mwa kuzenga ofesi ya ku Saudi Arabia, iyo yili na nthumwi ku Bahrain. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wa United Nations, World Trade Organization, African Union, Commonwealth of Nations, La Francophonie, Southern Africa Development Community, Indian Ocean Commission, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, na Indian Ocean Rim Association.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Republic of Mauritius – Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |url=https://foreign.govmu.org/Pages/Embassies%20and%20Consulates/Mauritius%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Overseas/EMBASSY-OF-THE-REPUBLIC-OF-MAURITIUS---RIYADH,-KINGDOM-OF-SAUDI-ARABIA.aspx |access-date=19 October 2020 |website=foreign.govmu.org}}</ref> ===Legal system=== {{further|Laws and regulations for electronic payment in Mauritius}} Charu cha Mauritius chili na malango ghakupambanapambana agho ghakafuma ku malango gha Britain na French. Ndondomeko ya Mauritius yikupatura mazaza pakati pa wupu wakulongozga, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wakweruzga. Mauritius yili na khoti limoza ilo lili na makhoti ghaŵiri, Khoti Likuru Chomene na makhoti ghapasi. Khoti Likuru Nkhanira lili na maofesi ghakupambanapambana nga ni Master's Court, Family Division, Commercial Division (Bankruptcy), Criminal Division, Mediation Division, Court of First Instance in civil and criminal proceedings, Appellate jurisdiction: the Court of Civil Appeal and the Court of Criminal Appeal. Makhoti ghakulongozga ghakusazgapo makhoti gha Intermediate Court, Industrial Court, District Courts, Bail and Remand Court na Court of Rodrigues. Komiti ya vya Malango ya Privy Council ndiyo ni khoti lakunjilirapo la Mauritius. Mauritius wakati wapokera wanangwa wake mu 1968, wakalutilira kuŵa na khoti lakunjilirapo. Para khoti la apilu panji la khoti likuru lakwera ku khoti ili, munthu wangapempha khoti ili kuti limovwire, nga umo vili kulembekera mu chigaŵa cha 81 cha Dango na chigaŵa cha 70A cha Dango la Makhoti. Komiti ya Malango yingapelekaso wanangwa wapadera wa kuchemerezga ku khoti la milandu ya wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa wa wanangwa kuyana na chigaŵa cha 81 (5) cha Dango.<ref name="Constitution">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2019 |title=Constitution of Mauritius |url=http://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/English/constitution/Pages/constitution2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826223209/http://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/English/constitution/Pages/constitution2016.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2018 |access-date=13 October 2019 |publisher=[[National Assembly (Mauritius)]]}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Largest cities | country = Mauritius | stat_ref = Source:<ref name=MAURITIUSCITIES>{{cite web |url=https://www.geonames.org/MU/largest-cities-in-mauritius.html|archive-date=2023-06-23|title=Mauritius Cities by Population 2022}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = Districts of Mauritius{{!}}District | city_1 = Port Louis| div_1 =Port Louis District{{!}}Port Louis| pop_1 = 155,226| img_1 = Port Louis Waterfront (4717482626).jpg | city_2 = Vacoas | div_2 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_2 = 115,289| img_2 = Bureau CEB Vacoas.jpg | city_3 =Beau Bassin-Rose Hill| div_3 =Plaines Wilhems| pop_3 = 111,355| img_3 =Plaza (Mauritius).jpg | city_4 = Curepipe | div_4 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_4 = 78,618| img_4 =Curepipe police station, Sir Winston Churchill Street.JPG | city_5 = Quatre Bornes | div_5 = Plaines Wilhems| pop_5 = 77,308 | city_6 = Triolet, Mauritius{{!}}Triolet| div_6 = Pamplemousses| pop_6 = 23,269 | city_7 = Goodlands, Mauritius{{!}}Goodlands| div_7 = Rivière du Rempart District{{!}}Rivière du Rempart | pop_7 = 20,910 | city_8 =Centre de Flacq| div_8 = Flacq| pop_8 = 17,710 | city_9 = Bel Air Rivière Sèche| div_9 =Flacq| pop_9 = 17,671 | city_10 = Mahébourg | div_10 = Grand Port| pop_10 = 17,042 }} {{main|Demographics of Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius population pyramid 2011.svg|thumb|[[Population pyramid]] (2011)]] Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius chikaŵa 1,265,985, ndipo 626,341 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 639,644 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi pa Julayi 1, 2019. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ca Mauritius ŵakaŵa 1,222,340, ndipo ŵa pa cirwa ca Rodrigues ŵakaŵa 43,371; Agaléga na Saint Brandon ŵakaŵa 274. Charu cha Mauritius ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska vyaru vinyake mu Africa. Kuyana na dango ilo likasintha mu 1982, kalembera uyu wakulembapo yayi vya ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake, kweni wakulembapo vya chisopa. Kafukufuku wa mu 1972 ndiyo wakaŵa waumaliro kupima mtundu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2008 |title=A critical appraisal of the Best Loser System |work=[[L'Express (Mauritius)]] |url=https://www.lexpress.mu/article/critical-appraisal-best-loser-system |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=M. Rafic |last=Soormally |date=10 September 2012 |title=Debate on Best Loser System |url=http://www.defimedia.info/blog/item/18524-debate-on-best-loser-system.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121084740/http://www.defimedia.info/blog/item/18524-debate-on-best-loser-system.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |publisher=Le Défi Media Group}}</ref> Charu cha Mauritius chili na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Kuyana na Dango la Mauritius, pali vigaŵa vinayi pa chirwa ichi. Kuyana na dango ili, maukaboni gha ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake gha mu 1972 ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mafuko ghanyake ŵagomezgeke makora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobson |first=Reena Jane |title='The Most Cosmopolitan Island under the Sun'? Negotiating Ethnicity and Nationhood in Everyday Mauritius |url=https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws%3A8256/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf |access-date=15 December 2009 |publisher=Centre for Cultural Research University of Western Sydney}}</ref>{{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Religion in Mauritius (2011)<ref name="2011 Census Religion" /> |label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 48.54 |color1 = DarkOrange |label2 = Christianity |value2 = 32.71 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3 = [[Islam]] |value3 = 17.30 |color3 = Green |label4 = [[Buddhism]] |value4 = 0.43 |color4 = Gold |label5 = Other/Not stated |value5 = 1.03 |color5 = DarkRed }} [[File:Maurice religions 2011.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Geographical distribution by religion (2011)]] === Chisopo === {{main|Religion in Mauritius}} Kuyana na kalembera wa 2011 uyo wakachitika na Statistics Mauritius, 48.5% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakulondezga Chihindu, ndipo ŵakulondezga Chikhristu (32.7%), mwa iwo 26.3% mba Katolika, Chisilamu (17.2%) na visopa vinyake (0.7%). Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 0,7% ŵakajiwonanga kuti ŵakusopa yayi ndipo 0,1% ŵakazgora yayi. Ndondomeko iyi yikukanizga kusankhana chifukwa cha chisopa ndipo yikuphalira munthu kuti waŵe na wanangwa wakusopa, kusintha chisopa, panji kuleka kuŵa nacho. Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic, Church of England, Presbyterian Church of Mauritius, Seventh-day Adventists, Hindu Temples Associations and Muslim Mosques Organizations, ŵakususkika pa msonkho ndipo ŵakupokera wovwiri wa ndalama mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Visopa vinyake vingalembeka na kufwatulika ku msonkho, kweni vikupokera ndalama yayi. Maholide gha visopa ni Maha Shivaratri, Ougadi, Thaipoosam Cavadee, Ganesh Chaturthi, na Diwali, kweniso Eid al-Fitr. Boma likucitapo kanthu pa ndondomeko iyi na makomiti ghapadera agho ghakulongozga ulendo wa ku Ganga Talao pa zuŵa la Maha Shivaratri na ulendo wa chaka na chaka wa Ŵakatolika ku malo ghakupumulirako Jacques-Désiré Laval ku Sainte-Croix.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mauritius: Maha Shivratree 2022 - the Prime Minister Chairs the National Task Force |date=25 November 2021 |publisher=[[Government of Mauritius]] |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202111260112.html |via=AllAfrica.com |place=Port Louis}}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{main|Languages of Mauritius}} Dango la Mauritius likuyowoyapo yayi za chiyowoyero cha boma. Dango la caru likulongosora waka kuti ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka ca Nyumba ya Ufumu ni Cingelezi. Kweni waliyose wangayowoya ciyowoyero ca ku France. Chiyowoyero cha Chingelezi na Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka chomene ku Mauritius chifukwa ndicho chikuŵa chiyowoyero cha boma, makhoti, na bizinesi. Dango la Mauritius lili kulembeka mu Cingelezi, kweni malango ghanyake nga ni Civil Code na Criminal code ghali kulembeka mu Cifurenci. Ndalama za ku Mauritius zili na vilembo vya Cilatini, Tamil, na Devanagari. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya makora Chingelezi na Chifurenchi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cifurenci na Cingelezi para ŵakusambira panji para ŵakuchita ntchito zinyake, kweni viyowoyero vya ku Asia vikugwiliskirika nchito comene pa nkhani ya sumu, cisopa, na mitheto. Ŵakupharazga na kulemba mabuku ghanandi mu Cifurenci. Chiyowoyero cha Mauritian Creole, icho chili kufuma ku Chifurenchi, chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni chiyowoyero chawo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics |url=http://mauritiusgovernment.com/demographics.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080648/http://mauritiusgovernment.com/demographics.htm |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=7 November 2013 |publisher=mauritiusgovernment.com}}</ref> Viyowoyero vya Creole ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu virwa vyakupambanapambana vya caru ici vikuyana: Creole ya ku Mauritius, Creole ya ku Rodrigues, Creole ya ku Agalega na Creole ya ku Chagos vikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agaléga na Chagos. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vikuyowoyeka mu Mauritius ni: Chi Bhojpuri, Chitchayinizi, Chihindi, ChiMarathi, Chitamilu, ChiTelugu, na Chiurdu. Pa nyengo yinyake, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero ici, kweni pasono ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya yayi. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2011, ŵanthu 5% ndiwo ŵakayowoyanga Ci Bhojpuri. Ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwenera kusambira Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Visambizgo vikupambana ku sukulu na sukulu, kweni visambizgo ivi vikuŵa mu Chingelezi ku masukulu gha boma na ghapadera. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakuchitika mu masukulu gha boma na ghapachekha agho boma likovwira. ==Masambilo== {{main|Education in Mauritius}} Masukulu gha ku Mauritius ghakupambanapambana. Masambiro agha ghakukhala vyaka viŵiri panji vitatu, vyaka vinkhondi na cimoza vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, vyaka vinkhondi vya masambiro gha ku sekondare, na vyaka viŵiri vya masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare ŵakuzunura mazgu ghakuti "koleji". Boma la Mauritius likupeleka masambiro ghaulere ku ŵanthu ŵake kwambira ku pulayimale m'paka ku masambiro ghapachanya. Mu 2013, ndalama izo boma likagwiliskiranga ntchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 13,584 miliyoni.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=Education statistics |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/ei1063/edu.pdf |access-date=22 January 2015 |website=Statistics Mauritius}}</ref> Kwambira mu Janyuwale 2017, boma lasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro mu charu ichi. Masambiro gha O-Level na A-Level ghakucitika na University of Cambridge kwizira mu University of Cambridge International Examinations mwakukolerana na MES. Masukulu ghapachanya ghakusazgapo mayunivesite na maofesi ghanyake gha vya sayansi mu Mauritius. Maunivesite ghaŵiri ghakuru gha boma ni Yunivesite ya Mauritius na Yunivesite ya Technology, kusazgapo Université des Mascareignes, iyo yikambika mu 2012, na Open University Mauritius. Masukulu ghanayi gha boma agha pamoza na masukulu ghanyake ghanandi gha masukulu gha masukulu ghapachanya, ghalije malipiro gha masambiro. Mu 2015, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 92.7%. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo 52 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, ndipo chili pa malo 1 mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/ |access-date=5 March 2022 |website=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=RTD – Item |url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index &#124; What is the future of innovation-driven growth? |url=https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/Home |website=Global Innovation Index}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Mauritius|International rankings of Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|upright=1.25|A proportional representation of Mauritius exports, 2019]] Kufuma apo charu cha Mauritius chikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain mu 1968, chikaŵa na ndalama zichoko chomene ndipo chikaŵa pa ulimi. Kweni sono chili na ndalama zinandi chomene. Mbiri ya vyachuma ya charu cha Mauritius kufuma apo chikapokera wanangwa yikuchemeka "Cakuzizwiska cha ku Mauritius" kweniso "Cakuzizwiska cha mu Africa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius: The Drivers of Growth&nbsp;– Can the Past be Extended? |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2014/wp14134.pdf |type=IMF Working paper 2014}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, vyakupharazga, vyakurya vya mu nyanja, kupokelera ŵalendo na kupanga katundu, vyakupwelelera umoyo, nkhongono zakusunkhunyikaso, na masambiro na masambiro vyazgoka vigaŵa vyakuzirwa, ndipo vikukopa ndalama zinandi kufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Charu cha Mauritius chilije mafuta agho ghangaŵawovwira, ntheura ghakuthemba pa mafuta kuti ghatovwire kusanga nkhongono. Magesi gha mu malo agha na ghakusangikaso ni biomass, hydro, solar na wind. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chigaŵa chikuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kukhozga vyalo vya mu nyanja. Charu cha Mauritius chili pa malo ghapacanya comene pa nkhani ya mpikisano wa vya cuma, malo ghakwendeskera ndalama, muwuso uwemi, na cuma cakufwatuka. GDP (PPP) yikayaniskika pa US$ 29.187 billion mu 2018, ndipo GDP (PPP) pa munthu yumoza yikajumpha US$ 22,909, ndiyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyaru vinandi mu Africa.<ref name="heritage foundation">{{Cite news|title=Mauritius|publisher=[[The Heritage Foundation]]|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/mauritius|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="State.gov">{{Cite web |date=June 2012 |title=2012 Investment Climate Statement – Mauritius |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2012/191196.htm |access-date=8 August 2012 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref><ref name="Doing business">{{Cite web |title=Economy Rankings |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025055932/http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=24 October 2012 |website=Doing Business}}</ref> Ku Mauritius kuli vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu lipoti la World Bank la Ease of Doing Business Index la 2019, Mauritius wali pa nambara 13 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chose. Kuyana na Unduna wa Vyachilendo wa ku Mauritius, masuzgo agho caru ici cikukumana nagho nkhugomezga comene vigaŵa vicoko waka vya vyamalonda, kucenjera comene, kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito ŵaluso, ucekuru wa ŵanthu, na makampani gha boma na mawupu gha boma agho ghakucita makora yayi. Charu cha Mauritius chili na chuma cha msika. Kuyana na lipoti la 2019 Economic Freedom of the World, Mauritius wali pa nambara 9 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma cha wanangwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Economic Freedom of the World: 2019 Annual Report |url=https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/economic-freedom-of-the-world-2019.pdf |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref> ===Financial services=== [[File:Evening Port Louis.jpg|thumb|[[Port-Louis]], the capital of Mauritius]] Wupu wa Financial Services Commission ukati mu 2018, ntchito za ndalama na za inshuwalansi zikapangiska kuti GDP ya charu ichi yikwane 11.1%. Mu vyaka vyose ivi, Mauritius wali kujilongora kuti ni malo ghakwenelera kugwilira nchito mu vyaru vya ku Africa cifukwa ca malo agho ghalipo pakati pa Asia na Africa, malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vinyake, kucita bizinesi mwakupepuka, malango ghakovwira kuvikilira ndalama, malango ghakukanizga msonkho, ŵanthu awo ŵali na maluso ghanandi ndiposo awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi, mtende wa ndyali, unonono wa milandu, kweniso vinthu vyamahara ivyo vingawovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana. Mu tawuni iyi muli mabanki ghanandi gha pa caru cose, mawupu gha malango, mawupu ghakupeleka wovwiri ku mabungwe, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, na mabungwe ghanyake. Vinthu vya ndalama na mauteŵeti, vikusazgapo banki ya ŵanthu ŵekha, bizinesi ya pa caru cose, inshuwalansi na reinshuwalansi, mabungwe ghakukanizgika, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe ghakusungirako vinthu, mabungwe gha vya ndalama, maofesi gha boma gha pa caru cose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview of the Financial Services Sector |url=http://www.edbmauritius.org/opportunities/financial-services/fs-overview/#tabname-3901-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181342/http://www.edbmauritius.org/opportunities/financial-services/fs-overview/#tabname-3901-2 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Economic Development Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Strategy |url=http://www.edbmauritius.org/africa-strategy/africa-strategy/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131530/http://www.edbmauritius.org/africa-strategy/africa-strategy/ |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=Economic Development Board}}</ref> Msonkho wa ŵanthu wose ukufuma pa 15% m'paka 17% ndipo msonkho wa munthu waliyose ukufuma pa 10% m'paka 25%.<ref name="taxindividual">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=MAURITIUS PERSONAL TAX: SOLIDARITY LEVY |url=https://www.dtos-mu.com/mauritius-personal-tax-solidarity-levy/ |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=DTOS}}</ref><ref name="corporate tax">{{Cite web |title=Corporate – Taxes on corporate income |url=https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mauritius/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income |access-date=9 August 2021 |website=PWC}}</ref> Nangauli caru ici cikuperekaso vyandulo nga ni msonkho na kufwatuka mu vigaŵa vinyake kuti cikhozge mpikisano wake, kweni kanandi ŵapharazgi ŵakuciwona nga ni malo gha msonkho cifukwa ca ŵanthu na makampani agho ghakucita vinthu vyambura kwenelera mu cigaŵa ca vya ndalama. Charu ichi chili na mbiri yiwemi chifukwa cha kulondezga ndondomeko yiwemi na malango ghakukhora. Mu Juni 2015, charu cha Mauritius chikapokelera phangano la vyaru vinandi lakukhwaskana na wovwiri wa boma pa nkhani za misonkho. Charu cha Mauritius chili mu wupu wakuzenga wupu wa Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, ndipo chili panthazi pa kulimbana na vigeŵenga. Charu chazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵasinthane mauthenga mwakuyana na Common Reporting Standard na Foreign Accounts Tax Compliance Act.<ref name="govt5">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister denies Mauritius being a tax haven |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/-Prime-Minister-denies-Mauritius-being-a-tax-haven.aspx |access-date=31 March 2019 |website=[[Government of Mauritius]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131526/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/-Prime-Minister-denies-Mauritius-being-a-tax-haven.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{main|Tourism in Mauritius}} [[File:Mauritius beach.png|thumb|A tropical beach in [[Trou-aux-Biches]]]] Charu cha Mauritius ntchigaŵa chikuru icho ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda, ndipo vyalo ivi ndivyo vikovwira chomene pa vyachuma. Chirwa ichi chili na maji ghawemi, vigaŵa vya nyanja vyakubisilizga, vigaŵa vya nyanja, vyakumera na vyakumera vya mu vyaru vyamuthondo, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Code of ethics of tourism for Mauritius |url=http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/documents/ethic_code.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121054348/http://www.tourism-mauritius.mu/documents/ethic_code.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2012 |access-date=28 January 2012 |publisher=MTPA}}</ref> Chiŵelengero cha ŵalendo awo ŵizenge mu charu ichi mu 2019 chikukwana 1,450,000. Mazuŵa ghano, charu cha Mauritius chili na malo ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na UNESCO kuti ntchiharo cha charu chose. Kweniso, Black River Gorges National Park yili pa ndondomeko ya UNESCO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/mu/ |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{main|Transport in Mauritius}} [[File:Metro Express Mauritius.jpg|thumb|An [[CAF Urbos|Urbos 100–3]] at Rose Hill Central Station]] Kwambira mu 2005, basi za ŵanthu wose ku Mauritius ni zaulere ku ŵana ŵa sukulu, ŵanthu ŵakupendera, na ŵacekuru. Pasono ku Mauritius kuli nchito ya kujintha njanji, cifukwa njanji izo kale zikaŵa za ŵanthu ŵacilendo zili kuleka kugwira nchito. Ku Port Louis kuli dowoko la malonda gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana kweniso malo ghakwendako sitima. Malo ghekha ghakwendera ndege gha pa charu chose ni Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, ndipo ni malo ghakwendera ndege gha boma la Mauritius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritius airport inaugurates US$305m terminal |url=http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/viewnews.php?NewsID=51796 |access-date=22 August 2014 |publisher=Passenger Terminal Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114356/http://www.passengerterminaltoday.com/viewnews.php?NewsID=51796 |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> Malo ghanyake ghakwendera ndege ni Sir Gaëtan Duval Airport ku Rodrigues. Charu cha Mauritius chili na suzgo likuru la magalimoto cifukwa ca unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda pa msewu, comenecomene awo ŵakwenda pa galimoto. Kuti ŵamazge suzgo la kunjira mu misewu, boma la Japan lakwamba kupanga sitima ya Metro Express. Mzere uwu ukufuma ku Port Louis na kuluta ku Curepipe. Chigaŵa chakwamba chikamba mu 2020 ndipo chigaŵa chachiŵiri chikamara mu 2021. Ntchito iyi yili pafupi kumara ndipo yizamwamba mu Okutobala 2023. Boma likunozgaso vinyake. ===Information and communications technology=== Munda wa umanyi na mawupu (ICT) ndiwo ukapangiska 5.7% ya GDP mu 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Mauritius – ICT Statistics Year 2016 |url=http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/Publications/Pages/ICT_Stats_Yr2016.aspx |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=statsmauritius.govmu.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Kweniso, wupu wa African Network Information Centre (AFRINIC) (Ubungwe wa pa Intaneti ku Africa) uli na ofesi yake mu Ebene. Charu cha Mauritius chikukolerana na Intaneti pa charu chose kwizira mu tumakompyuta tunandi uto tukwendeskeka na maji, nga ni Lower Indian Ocean Network (LION), Mauritius-Rodrigues Submarine Cable, na South Africa Far East (SAFE). ==Mwambo== {{main|Culture of Mauritius}} ===Art=== Ŵaluso ŵa ku Mauritius nga ni Henri Le Sidaner, Malcolm de Chazal, Raouf Oderuth na Vaco Baissac.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Experience Mauritius Through Vaco Baissac |magazine=Kreol International Magazine |url=https://kreolmagazine.com/culture/art/experience-mauritius-through-vaco-baissac/}}</ref> [[File:Place D’Armes, Port Louis, Mauritius 1930s.jpg|thumb | alt= Vintage Mauritius | Historical Mauritius. A scene from the 1950s]] [[File:Chinatown, Port Louis, Mauritius 1860s.jpg|thumb|alt= Vintage years |Chinatown 1960s]] Gabrielle Wiehe ni munthu wakumanyikwa comene pakucita vithuzithuzi na kupanga vithuzi. Kweniso ku Mauritius ndiko kukafuma mathamalero gha ku Mauritius, agho ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pa mathamalero ghose pa caru capasi.<ref>David Feldman SA, ''Mauritius: Classic Postage Stamps and Postal History'', Switzerland (1993), ''Prices Realized supplement''.</ref> ===Architecture=== Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vili mu charu cha Mauritius vikulongora umo charu ichi chikaŵira pakwamba. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ŵanthu ŵa ku Netherlands, France, na Britain ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana na ku India na East Africa. Vinthu vya ku Mauritius vili kupangika mu nthowa zakupambanapambana, kweniso vili na vinthu vyakutowa ivyo vikukolerana na mbiri ya charu cha Mauritius, nyanja ya Indian Ocean, na vyaru vya ku Europe.<ref name="wmf.org">{{Cite web |title=Traditional Architecture of Mauritius |url=https://www.wmf.org/project/traditional-architecture-mauritius |website=World Monuments Fund}}</ref> Vyaka vinandi vya kusintha kwa ndyali, umoyo wa ŵanthu, na vya cuma, vyapangiska kuti vinthu vya ku Mauritius vileke kusangikaso. Pakati pa 1960 na 1980, nyumba zakutowa izo zikaŵa pa malo ghapacanya gha pa cirwa ici, zikamara kuzimwika. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵanthu ŵabwangandura minda, nyumba za ŵanthu, na nyumba za ŵanthu. Msumba ukuru wa Port Louis ndiwo ukasintha yayi m'paka pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, kweni sono uli na vinthu vinandi ivyo vinganangikirathu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale ku Mauritius vikupangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kuŵa na phindu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Creole.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2014 |title=Old Colonial and Creole-Style Houses in Mauritius – Part 1 – Vintage Mauritius |url=http://vintagemauritius.org/vintage-houses/old-colonial-creole-style-houses-mauritius-part-1/ |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222172800/http://vintagemauritius.org/vintage-houses/old-colonial-creole-style-houses-mauritius-part-1/ |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Mauritian literature}} Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembako mabuku mu Mauritius ŵakaŵa Eugénie Poujade, Marie-Thérèse Humbert, Malcolm de Chazal, Ananda Devi, Shenaz Patel, Khal Torabully, J. M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, Aqiil Gopee na Dev Virahsawmy. J. Wakayama M. Wakayama G. Le Clézio, uyo wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel mu 2008, ni wa ku Mauritius ndipo wali na wanangwa wa ku France na Mauritius. Pa cirwa ici ndipo pakacitikiranga upharazgi wa Le Prince Maurice Prize. Kuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa pa cirwa ici ŵakucitira, pa cilimika cilicose ŵakupeleka cawanangwa ici ku ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi na Cifurenci. ===Music=== {{main|Music of Mauritius|Sega (genre)}} Vyakwimba vikuru comene vya ku Mauritius ni Sega na sumu zake za fusion, Seggae, sumu za ŵanthu ŵa ku Bhojpuri, sumu za mafilimu gha ku India comenecomene za ku Bollywood, na sumu za Classical comenecomene za ku Western Classical Music na za ku India Classical Music. ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Mauritian cuisine}} Vyakurya vya ku Mauritius vikusazga vyakurya vya ku India, Creole, French, na Chinese. Vyakununkhira ni vyakurya vyakuzirwa chomene mu Mauritius. Pali mtundu unyake wa Falaooda wa ku Peresiya, uwo ukuchemeka alouda. Mu malo ghanandi ŵakuguliska vingwa vya ku France. Vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kurya ni vyakurya vyakuphakaphaka vyakuchemeka dholl puri, biryani wakupangika na mpunga, na gâteau piment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Darlene |date=20 October 2016 |title=Mauritius Dholl Puri (Yellow Split Pea Wrap) |url=https://www.internationalcuisine.com/mauritius-dholl-puri/ |access-date=20 October 2016 |publisher=International Cuisine}}</ref> <!---FA and GA review note ..Galleries or clusters of images are generally discouraged as they cause undue weight to one particular section of a summary article and may cause accessibility problems. See WP:GALLERY for more information.---> <gallery mode="packed" heights="134"> File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - beignets de poisson.jpg|Fish fritters File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - chop suey crevettes (1).jpg|Chop suey shrimp File:La Marmite Mauricienne (Flic-en-Flac) - curry de poisson (1).jpg|Fish curry </gallery> ===Holidays and festivals=== Mazuŵa gha vikondwelero vya ku Mauritius ghakukolerana na mitheto yakupambanapambana. Pali viphikiro vya Chihindu, vya Chikhristu, vya ku China, na vya Ŵasilamu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays - 2020.pdf |url=http://pmo.govmu.org/English/Documents/Communiqu%C3%A9%20and%20Reports/Public%20holidays%20-%202020.pdf |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> Ku Mauritius kuli maholide 14 ndipo chaka chiphya chikukondwelereka kwa mazuŵa ghaŵiri usange chikuchitika pa sabata. Maholide ghose gha visopa ghakusintha chaka na chaka, kweni Khisimasi pera ndiyo yikusintha. Vikondwelero vinyake nga ni Holi, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Père Laval Pilgrimage navyo vikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Mauritius ŵakhalenge makora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2017 |title=Mauritius: Celebration of Durga Puja over nine days for Hindu devotees of the island |url=https://mauritiushindinews.com/mauritius-hindu-festival/mauritius-celebration-durga-puja-nine-days-hindu-devotees-island/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125034911/https://mauritiushindinews.com/mauritius-hindu-festival/mauritius-celebration-durga-puja-nine-days-hindu-devotees-island/ |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Hindi Pracharak |language=en-US}}{{cbignore}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="text-align:left;" |- style="text-align:left" !Public holidays in Mauritius in 2022!! Date |- | [[New Year|New Year's Day]] || Saturday 1 January – Sunday 2 January |- | [[Thaipusam|Thaipoosam Cavadee]] || Tuesday 18 January |- | [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|Abolition of slavery]] || Tuesday 1 February |- | [[Chinese Spring Festival]] || Tuesday 1 February |- | [[Mahashivratri|Maha Shivaratri]] || Tuesday 1 March |- | [[History of Mauritius|Independence and Republic Day]] || Saturday 12 March |- | [[Ugadi]] || Saturday 2 April |- | Labour Day || Sunday 1 May |- | [[Eid ul-Fitr]] (''Depending on the visibility of the moon'') || Tuesday 3 May |- |[[Assumption of Mary|Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary]] |Monday 15 August |- | [[Ganesh Chaturthi]]|| Thursday 1 September |- | [[Diwali]]|| Monday 24 October |- | [[Indian Arrival Day|Arrival of the Indentured Labourers]]|| Wednesday 2 November |- | Christmas Day || Sunday 25 December |} ===Sport=== [[File:Maiden Cup 2006, Champ de Mars Racecourse, Port Louis, Mauritius - 20060910.jpg|thumb|The Maiden Cup in 2006]] {{see also|Football in Mauritius}} Maseŵera agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius ni bola ndipo timu ya charu ichi yikucemeka The Dodos panji Club M. Maseŵero ghanyake agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa ku Mauritius nga ni kuchimbira njinga, maseŵero gha pa thebulu, kuphalizgana pa mahachi, badminton, volleyball, basketball, handball, nkhonya, judo, karate, taekwondo, kuwuska vizito, kuzenga thupi, na maseŵero ghanyake. Maseŵero gha mu maji nga nkhuskamba, kwendeska ngalaŵa, kuskamba, kuskamba pa mphepo, na kuskamba pa ndege.<ref>Richards, Alexandra.''Mauritius: Rodrigues, Réunion''. Bradt Travel Guides, 2009, p. 90</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuphalizgana pa mahachi kufuma mu 1812 apo ŵakajura malo ghakuchemeka Champ de Mars. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiska maseŵero gha ku virwa vya mu Nyanja ya Indian (Indian Ocean Island Games) ghaciŵiri (1985), cacinayi (2003) na ca khumi (2019). Chilumba cha Mauritius chinalandira mendulo yake yoyamba ya Olimpiki pa Olimpiki ya Chilimwe ya 2008 ku Beijing pamene nkhonya Bruno Julie inalandira mendulo ya bronze. Mu gofu, Mauritius Open wakale na AfrAsia Bank Mauritius Open sono ni vigaŵa vya European Tour. ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa|Islands}} * [[St. Brandon|Cargados Carajos]] and [[Agaléga|Agalega]] * [[Constitution of Mauritius]] * [[Index of Mauritius-related articles]] * [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] * [[List of Mauritius-related topics]] * [[List of Sino-Mauritian dishes]] * [[Mauritian rupee]] * [[Outline of Mauritius]] == Vyakulremba == {{Reflist|group=Note}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Mabuku== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Macdonald |first=Fiona |title=Peoples of Africa |pages=340–341 |chapter=Mauritius |display-authors=etal}} * ''This article incorporates public domain text from the websites of the <span class="plainlinks">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181022022534/http://www1.govmu.org/ Government of Mauritius]</span>, the [[United States Department of State]], the U.S. [[Library of Congress]], and the [[The World Factbook|CIA World Factbook]].'' {{refend}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == * {{Cite book |last=Bahadur |first=Gaiutra |title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture |url=https://archive.org/details/cooliewomanodyss0000baha |publisher=The University of Chicago |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-226-21138-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Moree |first=Perry J. |title=A Concise History of Dutch Mauritius, 1598–1710: A Fruitful and Healthy Land |publisher=Routledge |year=1998}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vink |first=Markus |year=2003 |title='The World's Oldest Trade': Dutch Slavery and Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth Century |journal=[[Journal of World History]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=131–177 |doi=10.1353/jwh.2003.0026 |s2cid=145450338}} ==Mabuku== * [[Geneviève Dormann]], ''Le bal du dodo'', Albin Michel, 2000, {{ISBN|9782226036568}}. * [[J.M.G. Le Clézio]], ''La quarantaine'', Gallimard, 1997, {{ISBN|9782070402106}}. * [[Nathacha Appanah]], ''Les rochers de poudre d'or'', Gallimard, 2006. * [[Shenaz Patel]], ''Le silence des Chagos'', [[éditions de l'Olivier]], 2005, {{ISBN|9782879294544}}. == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Mauritius|voy=Mauritius}} <!-- please only list links of nation-wide relevance here. Consider adding other links to the "External links" section of the sub-articles listed. --> '''Reference''' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Mauritius}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13882233 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MU Key Development Forecasts for Mauritius] from [[International Futures]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607053434/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mauritius.htm Mauritius] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/370153/Mauritius Mauritius] entry at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109090348/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius Mauritius]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. '''Government''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120101020658/http://www.boimauritius.com/ Board of Investment] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181022022534/http://www1.govmu.org/ Mauritius Government portal] * [http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/ Statistics Mauritius] '''Geography''' * {{osmrelation-inline|1=535828#map=10/-20.2963/57.6727}} * {{Wikiatlas|Mauritius}} * [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=-20.2544671&lon=57.5614929&z=10&l=0&m=b&search=mauritius WikiSatellite view of Mauritius at WikiMapia] <!-- === === ===({{NoMoreLinks}})======= DO ''not'' ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA IS ''not'' A COLLECTION OF LINKS. If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org) and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. =======({{NoMoreLinks}})====================== --> {{Mauritius topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Mauritius |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} {{La Francophonie |collapsed}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries |collapsed}} {{English dialects by continent}} {{Somali Plate}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mauritius| ]] [[Category:Mascarene Islands]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Island countries of the Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Island countries]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Hotspot volcanoes]] [[Category:Islands of Mauritius|.]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Miocene Africa]] [[Category:Miocene volcanism]] [[Category:Volcanoes of Mauritius]] [[Category:Small Island Developing States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1968]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Mauritius]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1638]] [[Category:Populated places established by the Dutch East India Company]] [[Category:1638 establishments in the Dutch Empire]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 08s07zu5q9z3no6kpk6vrpe5db2xzpn 0 7256 123309 122503 2026-10-23T20:26:13Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|U.S. state}} {{For-multi|the river|Colorado River|the physiographic region|Colorado Plateau|other uses}} {{Infobox U.S. state | official_name = <!-- State of Colorado --> | name = Colorado | image_flag = Flag of Colorado.svg | flag_link = Flag of Colorado | image_seal = Seal of Colorado.svg | image_map = Colorado in United States.svg | nickname = [[List of U.S. state nicknames|The Centennial State]] | motto = ''[[Nil sine numine]]''<br/>{{small|(English: Nothing without providence)}} | anthem = ''[[Where the Columbines Grow]]'' &<br>''[[Rocky Mountain High]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archives.colorado.gov/collections/symbols-emblems|title=State Songs|publisher=Colorado State Archives|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref> | Former = [[Territory of Colorado]]<ref name=ColoradoOrganicAct/> | seat = [[Denver]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestCounty = [[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso]] | LargestMetro = [[Denver metropolitan area|Denver]] | OfficialLang = [[Template:Official languages of U.S. states and territories|English]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jared Polis]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Dianne Primavera]] (D)}} | Legislature = [[Colorado General Assembly|General Assembly]] | Upperhouse = [[Colorado Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Colorado House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Colorado Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] ([[Colorado Supreme Court#Membership|list]]) | Senators = [[Michael Bennet]] (D)<br/>[[John Hickenlooper]] (D) | Representative = 5 Democrats {{break}}3 [[Republican Party of the United States|Republicans]] | postal_code = CO | area_rank = 8th | area_total_km2 = 269,837 | area_total_sq_mi = 104,094 | area_land_km2 = 268,875 | area_land_sq_mi = 103,718 | area_water_km2 = 962 | area_water_sq_mi = 376 | area_water_percent = 0.36 | population_demonym = Coloradan | population_as_of = estimate as of July 1, 2022 | population_rank = 21st <!-- 2022 --> | 2020Pop = 5,839,926 <!-- 2022 --> | population_density_rank = 37th <!-- 2022 --> | 2020Density = 21.72 <!-- = Population/LandArea --> <!-- 2022 --> | 2020DensityUS = 56.25 <!-- = Population/LandAreaUS --> <!-- 2022 --> | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|75231|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/CO,US/PST045221|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|9th]] | AdmittanceOrder = 38th | AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1876|08|01}}<ref name=ColoradoStatehoodProclamation/> | timezone1 = [[Mountain Time Zone|MST]] | utc_offset1 = −07:00 | timezone1_DST = [[Mountain Time Zone|MDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −06:00 | Latitude = 37°N to 41°N | Longitude = 102.0467°W to 109.0467°W | length_km = 451 | length_mi = 280 | width_km = 612 | width_mi = 380 | elevation_max_point = [[Mount Elbert]]<ref name=Mount_Elbert/><ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}} | elevation_max_m = 4401.2 | elevation_max_ft = 14,440 | elevation_m = 2070 | elevation_ft = 6,800 | elevation_min_point = [[Arikaree River]]<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}} | elevation_min_m = 1011 | elevation_min_ft = 3,317 | iso_code = US-CO | website = www.Colorado.gov | Capital = | module = {{Infobox region symbols | embedded = yes | country = United States of America | state = Colorado | slogan = [[Colorful Colorado]] | song = <!-- [[Where the Columbines Grow]] & [[Rocky Mountain High]] --> | amphibian = [[Barred tiger salamander|Western tiger salamander]]<br />''Ambystoma mavortium'' | bird = [[Lark bunting]]<br />''Calamospiza melanocoryus'' | cactus = [[Echinocereus triglochidiatus|Claret cup cactus]]<br />''Echinocereus triglochidiatus'' | fish = [[Greenback cutthroat trout]]<br />''Oncorhynchus clarki somias'' | flower = [[Aquilegia coerulea|Rocky Mountain columbine]]<br />''Aquilegia coerulea'' | grass = [[Blue grama grass]]<br />''Bouteloua gracilis'' | insect = [[Colorado Hairstreak]]<br />''Hypaurotis crysalus'' | mammal = [[Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep]]<br />''Ovis canadensis'' | pet = [[Pet adoption|Colorado shelter pets]]<br />''Canis lupus familiaris''<br />and ''Felis catus'' | reptile = [[Western painted turtle]]<br />''Chrysemys picta bellii'' | tree = [[Colorado blue spruce]]<br />''Picea pungens'' | dinosaur = <!-- [[Stegosaurus]] --> | folk_dance = [[Square dance]]<br />''Chorea quadra'' | fossil = ''[[Stegosaurus]]''<br />''Stegosaurus armatus'' | gemstone = [[Aquamarines|Aquamarine]] | mineral = [[Rhodochrosite]] | rock = [[Yule Marble]] | ship = [[USS Colorado (SSN-788)|USS ''Colorado'' (SSN-788)]] | sport = [[Pack burro racing]] (summer)<br/>[[Skiing]] & [[snowboarding]] (winter) | tartan = [[Colorado state tartan]] }}<!--end of module--> }} '''Colorado''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=ColoradanColorado.ogg|ˌ|k|ɒ|l|ə|ˈ|r|æ|d|oʊ|,_|-|ˈ|r|ɑː|d|oʊ}},<ref>{{cite web |date=August 13, 2010 |title=Colorado—Definition |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colorado?show=0&t=1307303426 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Colorado?s=t |access-date=August 17, 2013 |publisher=Dictionary.com}}</ref> machemelo ghnayake<ref>{{cite AV media|first=Kyle|last=Clark|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBu1ZLuxBXM<!-- user account Next 9NEWS -->| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211123/SBu1ZLuxBXM| archive-date=2021-11-23 | url-status=live|title=What's the right way to pronounce 'Colorado?'|publisher=[[KUSA (TV)|KUSA-TV]]|medium=TV news magazine segment|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=August 4, 2018|others=Contributor: Rich Sandoval, linguist at [[Metropolitan State University of Denver]]|quote=[Sandoval] found five pronunciations.}}{{cbignore}}</ref>) ni boma ilo liri ku Mountain West ku Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa [[United States]]. Chigaŵa ichi chikupanga mapiri ghanandi gha ku Rocky Mountains, kumpoto kwa Colorado Plateau, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains. Colorado ni boma la nambara 8 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu U.S. ndipo ni la nambara 21 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado ŵalipo 5,839,926 pa Julayi 1, 2022, ndipo ichi ntchiŵelengero cha 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020.<ref name=Census>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/state/totals/NST-EST2022-POP.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, District of Columbia and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 10, 2023}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakukhala mu caru ici kwa vilimika pafupifupi 13,500 panji kujumpha apa. Kufumira kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky kukaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendangamo para ŵakusamira ku vyaru vinyake vya ku America. Mu 1848, boma la United States likazomerezga kuti chigaŵa ichi chiŵe cha charu cha Spain. Mu 1858 na 1862, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku malo agha chifukwa cha kupenja golide. Pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, boma la U.S. Pulezidenti James Buchanan wakasainira dango lakuti boma la Colorado liŵe lakwamba, ndipo pa Ogasiti 1, 1876, Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina Proclamation 230 yakuzomerezga Colorado kuŵa boma la nambara 38.<ref name="ColoradoStatehoodProclamation">{{cite web |author=President of the United States of America |date=August 1, 1876 |title=Proclamation of the Admission of Colorado to the Union |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70540 |access-date=November 15, 2018 |publisher=The American Presidency Project |format=[[php]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928183309/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70540 |archive-date=September 28, 2018}}</ref> Lizgu la Cisipanishi lakuti "colorado" likung'anamura "kufipirwa". Boma la Colorado likucemeka kuti "Centennial State" cifukwa likaŵa lakwamba kuwusa pamanyuma pa vilimika 100 kufuma apo likapokera wanangwa. Charu cha Colorado chili kumpoto kwa Wyoming, kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nebraska, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Kansas, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Oklahoma, kumwera kwa New Mexico, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Charu cha Colorado chili kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Arizona. Ku Colorado kuli mapiri, nkhorongo, mapiri ghatali, mapiri ghatali, madambo, milonga, na mapopa. Colorado ni limoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na mapiri ndipo kanandi ŵanthu ŵakuti vili kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States. Malo ghatali gha ku Colorado ghangaŵa kuti ghakukhala ku cigaŵa ca ku America. [[Denver]] ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili, ndipo ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Colorado Springs ni msumba wachiŵiri uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa mu boma ili ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵakucemeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado.<ref name="statestyle">{{cite web |title=Creative Services |url=http://ccs.colostate.edu/style_guide/style_guide_az.aspx#state_names |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065613/http://ccs.colostate.edu/style_guide/style_guide_az.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2015 |access-date=February 5, 2016 |website=Colorado State University}}</ref><ref name=Coloradan>{{cite news|last=Quillen |first=Ed |url=http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_5447358 |title=Coloradoan or Coloradan|work=[[The Denver Post]]|date=March 18, 2007|access-date=July 30, 2010|location=[[Denver]]}}</ref> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti caru ciŵe cakukhora ni vya boma na vya nkhondo, migodi, ulimi, vyamwendakwenda, na vinyake ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu visinthe. Pakuti maji ghakukwera kweniso ghakukhala pachoko, ulimi, makuni, na vyamwendakwenda mu Colorado vikukhwaskika comene na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2016 |title=What Climate Change Means for Colorado |url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-co.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-co.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |series=EPA 430-F-16-008 |publisher=[[Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|Prehistory of Colorado|History of Colorado}} {{for timeline|Timeline of Colorado history}} [[File:Mesa-Verde---Cliff-Palace-in 1891 - edit1.jpg|thumb|Mabwinja a Nyumba ya Chifumu ya Mesa Verde yojambulidwa ndi Gustaf Nordenskiöld mu 1891.]] [[File:Great Kiva at Chimney Rock Colorado.JPG|thumb|Ku Chimney Rock ku mapiri gha San Juan ku Southwestern Colorado. Ŵanthu ŵakuti likwenera kuti likazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Pueblo.]] Dera ilo lero ni State of Colorado likakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku America na ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵa ku America vyaka 13,500 ivyo vyajumpha ndipo panji vyaka vyakujumpha 37,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=Footprints>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/whsa/learn/nature/fossilized-footprints.htm|title=Fossilized Footprints|publisher=[[United States]] [[National Park Service]]|access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref><ref name=Mammoth>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/04/world/mammoth-fossils-early-humans-scn/index.html|title=Discovery in paleontologist's backyard reveals evidence of North America's early humans|author=Ashley Strickland|publisher=[[Cable News Network]]|date=August 4, 2022|access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref> Mphepete ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky ghakaŵa nthowa yikuru iyo ŵanthu ŵakendanga pakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Ku malo gha Lindenmeier ku Larimer County kuli vinthu ivyo vikaŵako mu 8720 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha ku Colorado.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190638/http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/genocide-native-americans-ethnic-cleansing.html Genocide Wiped Out Native American Population ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922190638/http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/genocide-native-americans-ethnic-cleansing.html |date=September 22, 2010 }}", Discovery News, September 20, 2010.</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakakhalanga mu madambo gha mapiri gha ku Southern Rocky Mountains na Western Rocky Mountains, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Front Range. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Apache na Comanche nawo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1600, ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Arapaho na wa Cheyenne ŵakafumako ku vigaŵa vya ku Great Lakes na kuluta ku vigaŵa vya Colorado na Wyoming. Boma la Spain likati Colorado ni cigaŵa ca New Mexico pambere United States yindaŵanjire. Boma la United States likapoka malo agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Rocky na kugura Louisiana kufuma ku France mu 1803. Ivyo boma la United States likakhumbanga vikaŵa vyakupambana na ivyo Spain yikakhumbanga, vyakuti chigaŵa cha pachanya pa Mlonga wa Arkansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha malonda pera mu Santa Fe de Nuevo México. Mu 1806, Zebulon Pike wakalongozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Ŵakaŵa pa ulendo wa kuwukapo mu cigaŵa ico ŵanthu ŵakakolerananga yayi. Mu Febuluwale, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Spain ŵakamukora Pike na ŵasilikari ŵake ku San Luis Valley, ndipo ŵakaluta nayo ku Chihuahua. Mu Julayi, ŵakachimbizgika ku Mexico. Wupu wa United States ukaleka vyaru vyose kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Arkansas na kumwera kwa 42nd parallel kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa 100th meridian kumanjiliro gha dazi nga ni chigaŵa cha kugura kwake Florida kufuma ku Spain na Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Phangano ili likamba kugwira nchito pa Febuluwale 22, 1821. Ŵakati ŵasanda makora mphaka yawo na Spain, pa Ogasiti 10, 1821, U.S. yikazomerezga kuti cigaŵa ca kumwera ca Missouri ciŵe cigaŵa ca Missouri. Cigaŵa cinyake ca Missouri, kusazgapo cigaŵa ca kumpoto ca Colorado, cikaŵa cigaŵa cambura kulongozgeka kwa vilimika 33 cifukwa ca nkhani ya wuzga. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya vilimika 11, pa Ogasiti 24, 1821, caru ca Spain cikazomerezga kuti Mexico njakujiyimira payekha ndipo cikacita phangano la Córdoba. Paumaliro, Mexico yikazomerezga kuti paŵe Mtende wa ku Adams-Onís mu 1831. Mu 1835 ŵanthu ŵa ku Texas ŵakagalukira boma la United States, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti kuŵe nkhondo ya pakati pa United States na Mexico. Nkhondo iyi yikazgoka Nkhondo ya pakati pa Mexico na America mu 1846. Mu 1848, pamanyuma pa nkhondo, Mexico yikapeleka chigaŵa chake chakumpoto ku U.S. mu phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Phangano ili likapokeleraso vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Map of the Mexican Cession, with the white representing the territory the United States received from Mexico (plus land ceded to the Republic of Texas) after the Mexican-American War. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cikapika cifukwa ca phangano ili. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America awo ŵakaluta ku vyaru vya Oregon, California, panji ku malo gha ku Deseret mu chigodobu cha Salt Lake, ŵakaleka mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains, ndipo ŵakalondezga Mlonga wa North Platte na Sweetwater River kuluta ku South Pass (Wyoming), uko kukaŵa pakati pa mapiri gha ku South Rocky Mountains na Central Rocky Mountains. Mu 1849, Ŵamormon ŵa ku Salt Lake Valley ŵakapanga boma la Deseret, ndipo ŵakatenge malo ghose gha ku Great Basin na vyaru vyose ivyo vili mu milonga ya Green, Grand, na Colorado ni ghawo. Boma la U.S. likakana kuzomerezga boma liphya la Mormon, cifukwa likazomerezganga nthengwa za ŵanakazi ŵanandi. M'malo mwake, phangano la mu 1850 likapatulira malo gha ku Mexico na kumpoto kwa Texas ku California, New Mexico, na Utah. Pa Epulero 9, 1851, ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico awo ŵakakhalanga ku Taos ŵakamba kukhala mu muzi wa San Luis, uwo ukaŵa mu chigaŵa cha New Mexico. The Canyons of the Ancients Visitor Center & Museum ku Dolores Mu 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas wakaciska U.S. Wupu Wakulongozga ukazomerezga kuti chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide chigaŵikike mu vigaŵa viŵiri, chigaŵa cha Kansas na chigaŵa cha Nebraska, kweniso chigaŵa chinyake chakumwera icho chikachemekanga Indian territory. Boma lililose likeneranga kusankha yekha umo ŵazga ŵakeneranga kukhalira mu charu chake, kweni fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa awo ŵakakolerananga na boma na awo ŵakakolerananga na ŵazga. Ŵanthu awo ŵakapenjanga golide ŵakakhazikiska boma la kanyengo kachoko mu chigaŵa cha Jefferson pa Ogasiti 24, 1859, kweni boma ili likapokeka yayi na wupu wa United States. Pa Novembala 6, 1860, Abraham Lincoln wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa United States. Ivi vikapangiska kuti mafuko ghankhondi na ghatatu gha ŵazga ŵa ku South ghajipature ku boma la United States. Pakukhumba kukhozga mazaza gha vyalo vya Union, wupu wa Republican Party uwo ukalamuliranga na Congress ukazomelezga kuti chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa cha Kansas chiŵe chigaŵa cha Union pa 29 Janyuwale 1861. Kweni chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi cha chigaŵa cha Kansas na malo agho ŵakagwirangapo ntchito ya kujimira golide, ghakaŵa chigaŵa chambura kupangika. ===Territory act=== {{Main|Organic act#List of organic acts|New Mexico Territory|Utah Territory|Kansas–Nebraska Act|Kansas Territory|Nebraska Territory|Colorado Territory|Pike's Peak Gold Rush}} [[File:1860 Colorado Territory map.svg|thumb|left|Malo gha New Mexico, Utah, Kansas, na Nebraska pambere boma la Colorado lindaŵeko]] Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa 30, pa Febuluwale 28, 1861, pulezidenti wakufuma ku United States, James Buchanan, wakalemba chikalata cha Congress icho chikakhazikiska malo gha Colorado. Mphaka zakwambilira za Colorado zikukhalabe zambura kusintha kupatula kusintha kwa boma. Mu 1776, wasembe wa ku Spain, Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, wakalemba kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakamanyanga mlonga uwu kuti ni Rio Colorado chifukwa cha nthaka ya wofiira ya mu m'paka iyo mlonga uwu ukayegha kufuma ku mapiri.<ref name=Macomb>Report of the exploring expedition from Santa Fé, New Mexico, to the junction of the Grand and Green Rivers of the great Colorado of the West, in 1859: under the command of Capt. J. N. Macomb, Corps of topographical engineers, Volume 1 [https://archive.org/stream/reportofexplorin00unitrich#page/n5/mode/2up @ archive.org]</ref> Gulu la Macomb likati malo agha ndigho ghakwamba kufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Colorado. Pa Epulero 12, 1861, ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Carolina ŵakamba kuwukira Fort Sumter, ndipo ivi vikambiska nkhondo ya pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhumbanga kusanga golide ŵakakolerananga na Confederation, kweni ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Union. Mu 1862, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pa mahachi ŵa ku Texas likawukira chigaŵa cha New Mexico na kupoka Santa Fe pa Malichi 10. Chilato cha nkhondo iyi chikaŵa chakuti ŵathereske panji kutimbanizga migodi ya golide ya ku Colorado na California ndiposo kuti ŵathereske madoko gha pa Nyanja ya Pacific kuti ŵathereske ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujipeleka likaluta mwaluŵiro kufuma ku Denver City, Colorado, kuya ku Glorieta Pass, New Mexico, kuti likanizge ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas. Pa Malichi 28, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Colorado na ŵa ku New Mexico ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas pa nkhondo ya ku Glorieta Pass, ŵakakoma vilwero vyawo na magalimoto ghawo, kweniso ŵakathereska mahachi na ngamila zawo 500. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Texas ŵakacimbira ku Santa Fe. Ŵakati ŵafwa mu nkhondo iyi, ndipo ŵakasangaso wovwiri mucoko waka ku New Mexico, Ŵatexan ŵakaleka Santa Fe na kuwelera ku San Antonio. Ŵasilikari ŵa Confederation ŵakakhumba yayi kupoka cigaŵa ca kumwera kwa United States. Phiri la Holy Cross, lajambulika na William Henry Jackson mu 1874 Mu 1864, Kazembe John Evans wakimika Reverend John Chivington kuŵa Colonel wa gulu la Colorado Volunteers, na dango lakuti ŵavikilire ŵazungu ku ŵasilikari ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakayimbanga mulandu wa kwiba ng'ombe. Colonel Chivington wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵawukire gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Cheyenne na Arapaho awo ŵakazenga misasa mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Sand Creek. Chivington wakayowoya kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakakoma ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 500. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakawelera ku Denver City, kweni ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti nkhondo iyi yikaŵa yakukoma nadi Ŵaindiya awo ŵakaŵa pa mtende. Ŵanandi awo ŵakafwa ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi na ŵana, ndipo mathupi gha awo ŵakafwa ghakaŵa kuti ghadumulika na kuyuzgika. Ndalama zakukwana madola ghatatu. Ŵasilikari ŵakasuska ivyo ŵakacita, ndipo pulezidenti wakwamba, Andrew Johnson, wakapempha kuti kazembe Evans wafumeko, kweni pakaŵavya uyo wakalangika. Cakucitika ici sono cikucemeka kuti Sand Creek massacre. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose na pamanyuma pake, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagongowa ŵakawelera ku nyumba zawo, kweni ŵacoko waka ndiwo ŵakakhalako ndipo ŵakazenga migodi, mafakitare, minda, misewu, na matawuni mu cigaŵa ca Colorado. Pa Seputembala 14, 1864, James Huff wakasanga siliva pafupi na Argentine Pass, ndipo ili likaŵa lakwamba. Mu 1867, njanji ya Union Pacific yikafika ku Weir, iyo sono ni Julesburg. Pa Meyi 10, 1869, sitima ya Union Pacific yikakolerana na njanji ya Central Pacific ku Promontory Summit, Utah, ndipo yikazgoka njanji yakwamba ya ku America. Sitima ya Denver Pacific yikafika ku Denver mu Juni caka cakulondezgapo, ndipo ya Kansas Pacific yikafika myezi yiŵiri yikati yajumphapo kuti yijure njanji yaciŵiri ya ku America. Mu 1872, siliva likasangika mu mapiri gha San Juan, mu chigaŵa cha Ute ku Colorado. Caka cakulondezgapo ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ute ŵakafumiskika mu San Juans. === Kuŵa Boma === {{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|Colorado Silver Boom|Cripple Creek Gold Rush}} [[File:Georgetown loop 1899.jpg|thumb|Sitima ya sitima ya ku Colorado Central Railroad ya ku Georgetown iyo William Henry Jackson wakajambura mu 1899]] Pa Malichi 3, 1875, wupu wa United States Congress ukazomerezga kuti Colorado yiŵe boma. Pa Ogasiti 1, 1876 (masabata ghanayi pamanyuma pa kukondwelera vyaka 100 kufuma apo boma la United States likakhazikiskikira), U.S. Pulezidenti Ulysses S. Grant wakasaina chikalata icho chikapelekanga mwaŵi ku Colorado kuti yiŵe boma la nambara 38, ndipo yikacemeka kuti "Centennial State". Mu 1878, ŵati ŵasanga malo ghakurughakuru gha siliva kufupi na Leadville, vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu Colorado. Dango la Sherman la mu 1890 likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kupenja siliva, ndipo ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenja golide mu Cripple Creek. Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Colorado ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuvota pa Novembala 7, 1893, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa boma laciŵiri kupika wanangwa wa kuvota ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kupika wanangwa uwu na ŵanthu wose (ŵanalume ŵa ku Colorado). Mu 1893, boma likati lakanizga dango la Sherman la kuguliska siliva, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Colorado. Pakati pa 1880 na 1930, ulimi wa maluŵa ku Denver ukazgoka bizinesi yikuru ku Colorado. Nyengo iyi yikamanyikwanga na zina lakuti Carnation Gold Rush.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.denverrealestatewatch.com/2015/10/15/neighbors-want-historic-designation-for-nw-denver-home/|title=Neighbors want historic designation for NW Denver home|last=Rebchook|first=John|date=October 15, 2015}}</ref> ===Twentieth and twenty-first centuries=== Vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi ku ŵaganyu ndipo ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo ŵakagwiranga. Ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵaganyu ŵakumane na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado. Mu 1913, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjilirapo kuti ŵamazge vivulupi. Mu 1927, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵantchito awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za makara, ndipo paumaliro ŵakasanga ndalama zakukwana dola yimoza pa zuŵa. Kweni pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 6 ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya ku Columbine, apo ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Colorado ŵakasuzgika chomene. Pa nkhani yinyake iyo yikacitika ku Trinidad, meya wa msumba uwu wakayimbika mulandu wakuti wakatuma ŵimiliri ŵa gulu la KKK kuti ŵawukire ŵantchito awo ŵakambanga sitayiko. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 5,000 awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu migodi ya ku Colorado, awo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca ngozi. Mu 1924, gulu la Ku Klux Klan likamba kuwusa mu Colorado. Ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene, ndipo gulu ili likapoka mazaza pa vipani vya Democratic na Republican, comenecomene mu maofesi gha boma na mu misumba ya Denver, Cañon City, na Durango. Gulu linyake la Klan likaŵa na mazaza pa ŵapolisi ŵa ku Denver. Kuwotcha mphinjika kukaŵanga kacitiro ka nyengo na nyengo mu misumba nga ni Florence na Pueblo. Gulu la Klan likawukira ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa, Ŵakatolika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Eastern Europe, na magulu ghanyake gha Ŵaprotesitanti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la Klan yayi, kusazgapo Philip Van Cise, ŵakamba kulimbana na gulu ili ndipo nkhongono zikamba kuchepa. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1920, gulu ili likamba kuchepa.<ref name="KKK">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Ku Klux Klan in Colorado |encyclopedia=Colorado Encyclopedia |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ku-klux-klan-colorado |access-date=April 12, 2021 |last=Louvaris |first=Elenie |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref>[[File:Three 10th Mountain Division Skitroopers above Camp Hale, 1944.png|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵatatu ŵa 10th Mountain Division ŵakimilira pa msasa wa Hale mu Febuluwale 1944.]] Mu 1908, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States kuŵa na ungano ukuru wa ndyali. Kuyana na kalembera wa ŵanthu wa ku U.S. mu 1930, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakwana miliyoni. Boma la Colorado likakhwaskika comene na suzgo ya ndalama iyo yikacemeka Great Depression na Dust Bowl iyo yikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta kukakhala ku Colorado pamasinda pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ulendo wakuwona malo ukaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi wa caru, ndipo luso la vinthu vya mu mlengalenga likaŵa cinthu cakuzirwa comene pa usambazi. Ofesi yakupenda ŵanthu ku United States yikati mu 2009, mu Colorado mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha mamiliyoni ghankhondi. Pa Seputembala 11, 1957, moto wa plutonium ukabuka pa fakitare ya Rocky Flats, ndipo ukabinkhiska ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vyapafupi.<ref>{{cite web|last=Iversen |first=Kristen |url=https://www.npr.org/2012/06/12/154839592/under-the-nuclear-shadow-of-colorados-rocky-flats |title=Under The 'Nuclear Shadow' Of Colorado's Rocky Flats |publisher=NPR |date=June 12, 2012 }}</ref> Mu ma 1940 na 1970, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchita viwoneskero ku Colorado, chomenechomene ku Denver. Ivi vikasazgapo gulu la Chicano Movement, ilo likaŵa gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico na ku America. Msonkhano wa National Chicano Liberation Youth unachitikira ku Colorado mu March 1969. Mu 1967, boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kulekeska ŵanthu kufumiska nthumbo, apo kazembe John Love wakasazgirako dango lakuti munthu wangafumiska nthumbo para wacicizgika, panji usange mwanakazi wakusuzgika maghanoghano. Vyaru vinandi vikalondezga ivyo Colorado wakacita, ndipo vikasintha malango ghakukhwaskana na kufumiska nthumbo mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960 na 1970. Kufumira ku umaliro wa m'ma 1990, ku Colorado kukacitika masoka ghanandi, kusazgapo masoka gha ku Columbine High School mu 1999 agho ghakapuluska caru cose, apo Eric Harris na Dylan Klebold ŵakakoma ŵana ŵa sukulu 12 na msambizgi yumoza, pambere ŵandajikome. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucita nga ni umo ŵakacitiranga. Pa Julayi 20, 2012, munthu munyake uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 12 mu sinema ku Aurora. Boma likazgora na kukanizga comene kugwiliskira nchito vilwero, kusazgapo kukanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito magazini. Pa Malici 22, 2021, munthu uyo wakaŵa na futi wakakoma ŵanthu 10, kusazgapo wapolisi, mu sitoro ya King Soopers ku Boulder. Mu nyengo ya nkhaza ya anti-LGBT, mwanalume munyake wakoma ŵanthu 5 mu kilabu ya usiku ku Colorado Springs mu usiku wa Novembala 19 kuya 20, 2022. Ngalaŵa zinayi za nkhondo za U.S. Ŵasambiri ŵa Baibolo ŵakasankha zina lakuti USS Colorado. Ngalaŵa yakwamba yakucemeka USS Colorado yikacemeka ku zina la Mlonga wa Colorado ndipo yikacita nchito mu Nkhondo ya pa Caru Cose ndipo pamasinda yikacemeka kuti Asiatic Squadron. Ngalaŵa izi zikaŵa zankhongono chomene ndipo zikaŵa na mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku America. Zina lakwamba likaŵa la sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado. Pa nyengo iyo Pearl Harbor yikabwangandukiranga, sitima ya nkhondo ya USS Colorado yikaŵa ku San Diego, California, ndipo yikaŵavya suzgo. Boti lakwamba ilo lili na zina la USS Colorado ni la Virginia-class submarine USS Colorado (SSN-788), ilo likamba kugwira nchito mu 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/371051/uss-colorado-continues-tradition-submarine-battle-flag|title=USS Colorado Continues the Tradition of the Submarine Battle Flag|work=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service|date=May 29, 2020|last=Coffield|first=Alfred|location=[[Groton, Connecticut|Groton]], [[Connecticut|CT]]|access-date=May 10, 2021}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha malo== {{Main|Geography of Colorado}} [[File:Colorado geographic map-en.svg|thumb|Mapu]] Charu cha Colorado chili na malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mapiri gha mapiri, mapiri ghatali, mapopa ghatali, na madambo ghatali. Mu chaka cha 1861, boma la United States likalongosora mphaka za chigaŵa cha Colorado na mizere ya latitude na longitude, kufuma pa 37°N kufika pa 41°N, ndipo kufuma pa 102°02′48′′W kufika pa 109°02′48′′W (25°W kufika pa 32°W kufuma pa Washington Meridian). Pakati pajumpha vilimika 162 kufuma apo boma likambira kupima, mphaka za Colorado zikamanyikwa na vikhwangwani 697 na mizere 697. Colorado, Wyoming, na Utah ni vyaru vyekha ivyo vili na mphaka zake pera, kweni palije vinthu vinyake. Kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Colorado kuli Four Corners Monument pa 36°59′56′′N, 109°2′43′′W. Chikumbusko cha Four Corners, ico cili pa malo apo Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah ghakukolerana, ndico malo ghekha mu United States apo vyaru vinayi vikukumana.<ref name="BT">{{cite web |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Colorado is a rectangle? Think again. |url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/colorado-is-not-a-rectangle |access-date=November 15, 2018 |publisher=The Big Think, Inc.}}</ref> ===Plains=== [[File:Picketwire Canyon.jpg|thumb|Malo ghakomira gha ku Colorado]] Pafupifupi hafu ya caru ca Colorado ni mapiri. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains kuli Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, chigaŵa cha Great Plains mukati mwa Colorado pa mtunda wa mamita 1,020 mpaka 2,290. Malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Colorado ni mapiri, makuni, na madambo. Chaka chilichose kukuwa vula pafupifupi mamilimita 380 m'paka 640. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado, kuli minda na malo ghakuliskako viŵeto, kweniso mizi na matawuni. Vipasi ivyo vikulimika kanandi ni tirigu, tirigu, tirigu wa soya, na oats. Misumba na matawuni ghanandi mu cigaŵa ici ghali na malo ghakusungiramo maji na ghakukwezgera vyakurya. Maji ghakufuma pasi na pasi ghakupangika kuti ghaŵe ghakumwa. Maji agho ghakufuma mu maji ghakunyang'amira ni South Platte, Mlonga wa Arkansas, na tumilonga tunyake. Kanandi maji gha pasi pa caru ghakusangika mu visimi. Pakuti visimi ivi vikaŵanga na maji ghanandi, maji ghakamara mu chigaŵa ichi. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli viŵeto vinandi, nga ni viŵeto vya ng'ombe na nkhumba.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://coloradosun.com/2019/04/08/colorado-cattle-rustling-brand-inspectors/|title=Colorado cattle rustling's colorful history helps modern brand inspectors keep up with a changing crime|work=The Colorado Sun|access-date=March 27, 2021|last=Simpson|first=Kevin|date=April 8, 2019}}</ref> ===Front Range=== [[File:Condiv.JPG|thumb|[[Front Range]] Peaks west of Denver]] Pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Rocky Mountains mu Front Range Urban Corridor pakati pa Cheyenne, Wyoming, na Pueblo, Colorado. Cigaŵa ici cikuponerako ku mphepo izo zikwiza kufuma ku Nyanja ya Pacific cifukwa ca mapiri gha Rockies agho ghali pakati pa Colorado. Ku "Front Range" kuli Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Castle Rock, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley, na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali pakati. Ku chigaŵa chinyake cha mapiri gha Rockies, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala ku Colorado (uko ukuchemeka kuti "The Western Slope"). ===Mountains=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of mountain peaks of Colorado|section=Highest major summits}} {{See also|List of mountain peaks of Colorado}} [[File:Mt. Elbert.jpg|thumb|Phiri la Elbert lili na utali wa mamita 4,401.2 ndipo ndilo lili pachanya pa mapiri ghose gha Rocky Mountains na Colorado.]] Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Great Plains of Colorado kuli mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri gha Rocky ghakumanyikwa comene ni Longs Peak, Phiri la Evans, Pikes Peak, na Spanish Peaks kufupi na Walsenburg, kumwera kwa Colorado. Malo agha ghakumira kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera, ndipo ghakumira mu Mlonga wa Mississippi panji Rio Grande, ndipo ghakumira mu Nyanja ya Mexico. Mapiri gha Rocky ku Colorado ghali na mapiri 53 ghatali chomene, ndipo 58 ghali na utali wa mamita 4,267 panji kujumpha apa.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Forest Service|title=Rocky Mountain Region 14ers |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/recreation/14ers/ |access-date=November 6, 2009}}</ref> Mapiri agha ghali na makuni ghanandi nga ni makuni gha conifers na aspen. Ndipo ghakukwera kufuma pa mamita 3,658 kumwera kwa Colorado kufika pa mamita 3,200 kumpoto kwa Colorado. Pamwamba pa makuni agha, pali vyakumera vya ku mapiri pera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Colorado Rockies ndivyo vikuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo zose. Mu mwezi wa Ogasiti, ciwuvi cikusongonoka mu mapiri ghose gha ku Alps, kupaturako tuchoko waka uto tukuŵa na ciwuvi na tuvizinga tucoko waka. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli malo ghanandi agho ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kujimya golide na siliva. Phiri la Elbert ndilo ndilokuru comene pa Mapiri gha Rocky. Mapiri 30 ghatali chomene gha Rocky Mountains gha ku North America ghali mu chigaŵa ichi. Phiri la Elbert lili pa mtunda wa mamita 4,401.2 ndipo ni malo ghapachanya chomene ku Colorado na mu mapiri gha Rocky ku North America. Colorado ni boma la ku U.S. ilo lili pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,000. Ku malo uko mlonga wa Arikaree ukuthira kufuma ku Yuma County, ku Colorado, na kunjira mu Cheyenne County, ku Kansas, ndiko kuli malo ghambura kuzingilizgika mu Colorado. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu United States, ndipo ghakaŵa ghatali chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu vyaru 18 na mu chigaŵa cha Columbia.<ref>{{cite web|author=U.S. Geological Survey |title=Elevations and Distances |url=http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |access-date=September 8, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116113632/http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=January 16, 2008 }}</ref> ====Continental Divide==== [[File:Grays Peak, Colorado - 2007-06-17.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Grays Peak]] at {{convert|4352|m|order=flip}} is the highest point on the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]] in North America]] Mphepete mwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains, kuli malo agho ghakupambana mu vyaru vya ku America. Malo gha ku Colorado agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide ghakucemeka Western Slope of Colorado. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, maji ghakukhira kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwizira mu Mlonga wa Colorado na Mlonga wa Green mu Gulf of California. Mu mapiri gha Rocky muli mapaki ghakurughakuru agho ghali na madambo ghatali. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli malo ghakucemeka North Park of Colorado. Mlonga wa North Platte ndiwo ukwenda mu North Park, ndipo ukwenda kumpoto m'paka ku Wyoming na Nebraska. Kumwera kwa North Park, kweni kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kuli Middle Park of Colorado, iyo yikuthika na Mlonga wa Colorado. Ku South Park ku Colorado ndiko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa South Platte. ===South Central region=== [[File:ChicoClosedBasin.jpg|thumb|The high desert lands that make up the San Luis Valley in Southern Colorado]] Mu chigaŵa cha pakati cha kumwera kwa Colorado, muli Dambo la San Luis, uko kuli maji gha mu Mlonga wa Rio Grande. Chigaŵa chakumpoto cha dambo ili ni San Luis Closed Basin, ndipo ni malo agho ghakawovwira kupanga Great Sand Dunes. Chigodobu chili pakati pa mapiri gha Sangre De Cristo na San Juan. Mlonga wa Rio Grande ukwenda kumwera m'paka ku New Mexico, Texas, na Mexico. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa San Luis Valley kuli kaphiri ka Wet Mountain Valley. Vigaŵa ivi, comenecomene mu San Luis Valley, vili mu mphepete mwa Rio Grande Rift, malo ghakuru gha Rocky Mountains, na minthavi yake. ===Western Slope=== [[File:Maroon Bells (11553)a.jpg|thumb|[[Maroon Bells]], at {{convert|14163|ft|m|abbr=on}}, is part of [[White River National Forest]] and a tourist destination]] [[File:Colorado National Monument (4939640266).jpg|thumb|The Colorado National Monument near Grand Junction is made up of high desert canyons and sandstone rock formations]] Chigaŵa cha Western Slope cha Colorado chikupanga chigaŵa chakumadzulo kwa mapiri gha Rocky Mountains na chigaŵa chose icho chili ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa ici muli malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso nyengo zakupambanapambana, kwambira ku mapiri mpaka ku mapopa. Ku Western Slope kuli matawuni ghanandi agho ghali ku Rocky Mountains na matawuni ghanyake agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Utah. Cirwa ici cili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska cigaŵa ca Front Range, kweni cili na malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinyama. Kumpoto kwakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ndipo kuli malo ghanyake agho ghakuchemeka kuti Dinosaur National Monument. Malo agha ngakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha malo agho ŵanthu ŵakusambira vyamoyo vyakale ŵakukhalamo, kweniso ni malo ghakutowa agho ghali na mapiri gha majalawe, makululu, mapopa ghambura maji, na milonga. Pa malo agha, mlonga wa Green River ukunjira mu Colorado. Mlonga wa Colorado na milonga yake yikwenda mu chigaŵa cha Western Slope (Kanandi ni Gunnison River, Green River, na San Juan River). Mlonga wa Colorado ukusolota mu Glenwood Canyon, ndipo kufuma apo ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha mapopa kufuma ku Rifle mpaka ku Parachute, ukujumpha mu chigodobu cha De Beque Canyon, na kunjira mu mapopa gha Grand Valley, uko kuli msumba wa Grand Junction. Cinyake ico cikumanyikwa comene ni Grand Mesa, ico cili kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Grand Junction; mapiri ghatali gha San Juan, agho ghali na mapiri ghatali; ndipo kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha San Juan, ni Colorado Plateau. Grand Junction, Colorado, ni tawuni yikuru comene ya Western Slope. Grand Junction na Durango ni malo ghekha ghakupharazgira pa wayilesi kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide mu Colorado, nangauli malo ghanandi gha mapiri ghakupharazga nyuzipepara zuŵa lililose. Grand Junction yili pa mphambano ya Interstate 70 na US 50, nthowa zikuruzikuru mu Colorado. Grand Junction yili pafupi na njanji yikuru ya Western Slope, ya Union Pacific. Kweniso njanji iyi yikovwira kuti sitima ya Amtrak yakuchemeka California Zephyr yende mu mapiri gha Rocky. Ku chigaŵa cha Western Slope kuli malo ghanandi ghakukondweska mu Colorado Rocky Mountains, kusazgapo Glenwood Springs, na malo ghakupumulirapo, na malo ghakukondwelera kuskera gha Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs, na Telluride. Masambiro ghapachanya ghakusangika ku Colorado Mesa University ku Grand Junction, Western Colorado University ku Gunnison, Fort Lewis College ku Durango, na Colorado Mountain College ku Glenwood Springs na Steamboat Springs. Chikumbusko cha Four Corners icho chili kumwera chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado chikulongora mphaka iyo yili pakati pa Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, na Utah.{{See also|List of cities and towns in Colorado|List of counties in Colorado|List of rivers of Colorado|Four Corners Monument}} ==Nyengo== [[File:Köppen Climate Types Colorado.png|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Colorado, using 1991-2020 [[Climatological normal|climate normals]].]] Nyengo ya ku Colorado njakusuzga comene kuluska ku vigaŵa vinyake vya ku America. Mwakupambana na vigaŵa vinyake, kumwera kwa Colorado nyengo zose kukuzizima yayi kuluska kumpoto. Cigaŵa cikuru ca Colorado cili na mapiri, tumapiri, madambo, na mapopa. Mapiri na madambo ghakuzingilizga malo agha ghakupangiska kuti nyengo yiŵe yiwemi panji yiheni. Kumpoto, kumafumiro gha dazi, na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapiri, ndipo kumpoto kwa Colorado kuli mapiri na mapiri. Kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli mapiri, ndipo malo ghanyake ni mapopa. Kumwera kwakumanjiliro gha dazi na kumwera kwa Colorado ni malo gha mapopa na mapiri. ===Eastern Plains=== Nyengo ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains ni semi-arid (Köppen climate classification: BSk) na chinyezi chichoko na mphepo ya mphepo, kanandi kufuma pa 15 kufika pa 25 inchi (380 kufika pa 640 millimeters) pachaka, nangauli vigaŵa vinandi kufupi na milonga ni semi-humid climate. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa kuti ghakuŵa na dazi liwemi ndiposo kuti usiku kukuzizima, ntheura nyengo ya muhanya yikupambana chomene. Nyengo zinyake pa zuŵa, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakupambana chomene, chifukwa chakuti mu nyengo yakuzizima na yakuzizima, nyengo ya muhanya na ya usiku yikuŵa yakuzizima chomene. Mu tawuni ya Front Range, mukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Colorado, ndipo muli mfwiri chifukwa cha mapiri gha Rocky.<ref name="usgsFRUC1978">{{cite report |last1=Hansen |first1=Wallace R. |last2=Chronic |first2=John |last3=Matelock |first3=John |date=1979|orig-year=first published 1978|title=Climatography of the Front Range Urban Corridor and vicinity, Colorado |work=Geological Survey Professional Paper 1019|publisher=USG Printing Office|place=Washington, DC |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1019/report.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=March 21, 2016 }}</ref> Mu nyengo ya chihanya, malo agha ghangaŵa na nyengo yakuzizima chomene. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa pakati pa 25 na -10 °F (-4 mpaka -23 °C). Pafupifupi 75% ya vula iyo yikuwa mu nyengo ya vula, kufuma mu Epulero m'paka Seputembala, kweni mu chigaŵa ichi kanandi kukaŵanga chilangalanga. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikuwa vikufuma ku vivula vya mphepo, ivyo vingaŵa vyankhongono, ndiposo ku chiwuvi chikuru icho chikuŵa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi na kuuyambiro kwa chihanya. Kweni nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuŵa yakuzizima ndiposo yambura vula. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, mwezi wa Malichi ndiwo ukuŵa na chiwuvi chinandi. Mu mwezi wa Epulero na Meyi ndipo vula yikulokwa comene, ndipo mu mwezi wa Epulero ndipo vula yikulokwa comene. Mizinda ya ku Front Range iyo yili kufupi na mapiri, nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa cha mphepo ya Chinook iyo yikuwotcha malo agha, ndipo nyengo zinyake nyengo ya chiwuvi yikuzizima chomene. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 55 °F (13 °C) na 90 °F (32 °C) muhanya. Mu mwezi wa Janyuwale, nyengo yakuzizima yikufika pa 18 °F (−8 °C) mulenji ndipo 48 °F (9 °C) muhanya, nangauli nyengo zinyake zuŵa limoza likusintha kufika pa 40 °F (-40 °C). ===Front Range foothills=== Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa mapiri na mu vikhizga vya mapiri, kuli nyengo zakupambanapambana. Malo agho ghali patali ghangaŵa na nyengo zakupambana comene kuyana na malo agho. Mu madambo ghanandi muli nyengo ya chiwuvi, nga umo viliri ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, uko nyengo ya chiwuvi yikupambana na nyengo ya mapiri. Vinthu ivi vikusangikaso mu vigaŵa vinandi, nga ni vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfb/Cwb), vigaŵa vya mapiri (Cfa), vyaru vya ku Meditereniyani (Csa/Csb) na vyaru vya ku Arctic (Dfc).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenhornchamber.org/relocation.html |title=Relocating to Greenhorn Valley |access-date=February 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090433/http://www.greenhornchamber.org/relocation.html |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Extreme weather=== Nyengo zikupambana chomene ku Colorado, nangauli nyengo zinandi zikupambana mu vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵakukhalako pachoko. Nyengo ya chihanya na chihanya, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Continental Divide, kukuŵa mphepo na mabingu, kweni kanandi vikuŵako nyengo yifupi. Chimphepo chikuluta ku mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa icho chikupambanako na mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi, chomenechomene kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi. Chivula cha malibwe ndicho chikuŵako pa nyengo ya chiwuvi chomene ndipo nyengo zinyake chikupangiska ŵanthu kupwetekeka, kweniso vinthu vinandi vikunangika. Ku mapiri gha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, kukuŵa vula ya malibwe iyo yikuŵa yikuru chomene ku North America. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vula ya malibwe iyo yikawira ku Denver pa Julayi 11, 1990, na pa Meyi 8, 2017. Chigwa cha Kum'mawa ndi gawo la mbali yakumadzulo kwambiri ya Tornado Alley; mphepo zamkuntho zowononga ku Eastern Plains zikuphatikiza mphepo yamkuntho ya Limon F3 ya 1990 ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya Windsor EF3 ya 2008, yomwe idawononga tawuni yaying'ono.<ref>{{cite web |last =Slater |first =Jane |title =Thursday's Tornado State's 4th Costliest Disaster |publisher =[[KMGH]] |date =May 28, 2008 |url =http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/16408116/detail.html |access-date =January 25, 2009 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080604044140/http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/16408116/detail.html |archive-date =June 4, 2008 |url-status =dead |df =mdy-all }}</ref> Vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Plains vikuŵa na mphepo zikuruzikuru, izo zikufuma ku mphepo zikuruzikuru zakuchemeka supercell thunderstorms, kweniso ku mphepo zakuchemeka landpouts, nga ni izo zikuchitika mu Denver convergence vorticity zone. Kweniso mu vidika ivi nyengo zinyake pakuŵa maji ghakututuka, ndipo para nyengo yazizima, maji ghakututuka mwamabuchi chifukwa cha chimphepo na vula, kweniso chifukwa chakuti chiwuvi chikusungunuka mwaluŵiro mu mapiri. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni maji ghakututuka agho ghakachitika mu Denver mu 1965, mu Big Thompson River mu 1976 na mu 2013 ku Colorado. Nyengo yakotcha yikuŵako comene mu nyengo ya cihanya ku Denver. Mu chaka cha 1901, mzinda uwu ukaŵa na nyengo ya kuzizima chomene. Ŵakacita nthena kwa mazuŵa 24 ndipo nyengo iyi yikakwana sabata yimoza. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Colorado ntcha chilangalanga, ndipo chihanya chikugwa maji gha chivula ghakukwana mamilimita 430 pa chaka. Nyengo zinyake mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa chilangalanga. Mu 2002, mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa moto ukuru uwo ukawotcha malo ghanandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵako ni moto wa Fourmile Canyon uwo ukaŵako mu 2010, moto wa Waldo Canyon na High Park uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2012, na moto wa Black Forest uwo ukaŵako mu Juni 2013. Moto wa Pine Gulch, wa Cameron Peak, na wa East Troublesome uwo ukabuka mu 2020, ndiwo ukaŵa ukuru chomene mu nyengo ya Colorado. Ndipo moto wa Marshall uwo ukayamba pa Disembala 30, 2021, nangauli ukaŵa ukuru comene yayi mu mdauko wa boma ili, kweni ukaŵa wakuparanya comene pa vinthu ivyo vikaparanyika (wonani Marshall Fire). Ndipouli, malo ghanyake gha mapiri gha ku Colorado ghakuŵa na maji ghanandi chifukwa cha chiwuvi icho chikuwa mu nyengo ya chiwuvi. Para ciwuvi camara kusongonoka, maji ghakututuka comene mu Mlonga wa Yampa, Colorado, Rio Grande, Arkansas, North Platte, na South Platte. Maji agho ghakufuma mu mapiri gha Colorado Rocky Mountains ghakupeleka maji ghakukwana ku minda, matawuni, na misumba ya kumwera kwa New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, na Nevada, kweniso ku Midwest, nga ni Nebraska na Kansas, na kumwera kwa Oklahoma na Texas. Nyengo zinyake maji agha ghakafikanga kumpoto kwa Mexico. ===Climate change=== {{Excerpt|Climate change in Colorado|only=paragraphs}} ===Records=== Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri komwe kudalembedwapo ku Colorado kunali 115 ° F (46.1 ° C) pa Julayi 20, 2019, ku John Martin Dam. Pa February 1, 1985, ku Maybell, ku America, nyengo yazizima chomene yikaŵa -61 °F (-51.7 °C).<ref name=StateMaxTemps>{{cite web | url = http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011117050101/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 17, 2001 | title = Record Highest Temperatures by State | publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] | date = January 1, 2004 | access-date = January 11, 2007 }}</ref><ref name=StateMinTemps>{{cite web | url = http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011117050021/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = November 17, 2001 | title = Record Lowest Temperatures by State | publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]] | date = January 1, 2004 | access-date = January 11, 2007 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" "text-align:center; font-size:90%; margin: 1em auto;"| |+ Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Colorado cities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate |title=NOAA's National Weather Service—National Climate |website=W2.weather.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330125053/http://w2.weather.gov/climate/ |archive-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> |+<span style="color:#c00;">(°F)</span> <span style="color:#008800">(°C)</span> |- ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000; height:17px;"| City ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jan ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Feb ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Mar ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Apr ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| May ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jun ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Jul ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Aug ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Sep ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Oct ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Nov ! style="background:#e5afaa; color:#000;"| Dec |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Alamosa]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 34/−2<br /><span style="color:#008800">2/−19</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 40/6<br /><span style="color:#008800">4/−14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 50/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">10/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 59/24<br /><span style="color:#008800">15/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 69/33<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 79/41<br /><span style="color:#008800">26/5</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 82/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 80/46<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 73/40<br /><span style="color:#008800">23/4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 62/25<br /><span style="color:#008800">17/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/12<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 35/1<br /><span style="color:#008800">2/−17</span> |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Colorado Springs]] | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 43/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">6/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 45/20<br /><span style="color:#008800">7/−7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 52/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 60/33<br /><span style="color:#008800">16/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 69/43<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/6</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 79/51<br /><span style="color:#008800">26/11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 85/57<br /><span style="color:#008800">29/14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 82/56<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/13</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 75/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">24/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 63/36<br /><span style="color:#008800">17/2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 51/25<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 42/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">6/−8</span> |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Denver]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 49/20<br /><span style="color:#008800">9/−7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 49/21<br /><span style="color:#008800">9/−6</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 56/29<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 64/35<br /><span style="color:#008800">18/2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 73/46<br /><span style="color:#008800">23/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 84/54<br /><span style="color:#008800">29/12</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 92/61<br /><span style="color:#008800">33/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 89/60<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 81/50<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/10</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 68/37<br /><span style="color:#008800">20/3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 55/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/18<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−8</span> |- ! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 38/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">3/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 45/24<br /><span style="color:#008800">7/−4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 57/31<br /><span style="color:#008800">14/-1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 65/38<br /><span style="color:#008800">18/3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 76/47<br /><span style="color:#008800">24/8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 88/56<br /><span style="color:#008800">31/13</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 93/63<br /><span style="color:#008800">34/17</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 90/61<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/16</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 80/52<br /><span style="color:#008800">27/11</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 66/40<br /><span style="color:#008800">19/4</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 51/28<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−2</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:#C00;"| 39/19<br /><span style="color:#008800">4/−7</span> |- ! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:#000; height:16px; text-align:left;"| [[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 47/14<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−10</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 51/17<br /><span style="color:#008800">11/−8</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 59/26<br /><span style="color:#008800">15/−3</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 67/34<br /><span style="color:#008800">19/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 77/44<br /><span style="color:#008800">25/7</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 87/53<br /><span style="color:#008800">31/12</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 93/59<br /><span style="color:#008800">34/15</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 90/58<br /><span style="color:#008800">32/14</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 82/48<br /><span style="color:#008800">28/9</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 69/34<br /><span style="color:#008800">21/1</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 56/23<br /><span style="color:#008800">13/−5</span> | style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:#C00;"| 46/14<br /><span style="color:#008800">8/−10</span> |} ===Extreme temperatures=== {{Weather box | metric first = | single line = y | location = Colorado | Jan record high F =84 | Feb record high F =88 | Mar record high F =96 | Apr record high F =100 | May record high F =107 | Jun record high F =114 | Jul record high F =115 | Aug record high F =112 | Sep record high F =108 | Oct record high F =100 | Nov record high F =90 | Dec record high F =88 | Jan record low F =-56 | Feb record low F =-61 | Mar record low F =-44 | Apr record low F =-30 | May record low F =-11 | Jun record low F =10 | Jul record low F =18 | Aug record low F =15 | Sep record low F =-2 | Oct record low F =-28 | Nov record low F =-37 | Dec record low F =-50 | year record low F = |source = Colorado Climate Center<ref>Colorado Climate Center (extreme temperatures){{cite web | url = https://climate.colostate.edu/extremes.html | title = Colorado Climate Center | access-date = 6 February 2023}}</ref> }} ===Earthquakes=== Nangauli malo agha ghali na mapiri, kweni ku Colorado kulije vindindindi. Ku U.S. National Earthquake Information Center yili ku Golden. Pa Ogasiti 22, 2011, chindindindi chikuru chomene chikachitika pa mtunda wa makilomita 14 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Trinidad. Pakaŵavya uyo wakafwa, ndipo vinthu vinyake ivyo vikanangika vikaŵa vichoko waka. Cindindindindi ici cikaŵa caciŵiri cikuru comene mu mdauko wa Colorado. Cindindindi cikuru comene ico cikacitika mu 1973 cikaŵa 5.7. Kukwambilira kwa Ogasiti 24, 2018, ku Colorado kukachitika chindindindi chankhondi icho chikafika pa 2.9 kufika pa 4.3. Ku Colorado kwacitika vindindindi 525 kwambira mu 1973, ndipo vinandi mwa ivi ni vya pakati pa 2 na 3.5 pa sikelo ya Richter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazette.com/news/earthquakes-reported-overnight-in-colorado/article_4175d3a8-a7ae-11e8-906e-63e6d8b74878.html|title=3 earthquakes reported overnight in Colorado|last=Forster|first=Liz|work=Colorado Springs Gazette|access-date=|date = 14 June 2020}}</ref> == Vinyama == {{Further|topic=the lists of |List of amphibians of Colorado|label1=amphibians|List of birds of Colorado|label2=birds|List of mammals of Colorado|label3=mammals|List of reptiles of Colorado|label4=reptiles}} [[File:Colorado Wolf - Colorado Taxidermist, Edwin Carter, Collection in Breckenridge, Mounted Wolf from a kill in Colorado Rockies.jpg|thumb|upright|Edwin Carter, wakusanda vyamoyo ku Breckenridge, wali na nkharamira iyo yikakomeka ku Colorado, ca. 1890–1900.|alt=Photo of Breckenridge naturalist Edwin Carter standing next to a taxidermied gray wolf killed in the Colorado Rockies, circa. 1890–1900.]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1930, ku Colorado kukacitika cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti vinyama vyakofya vyakofya ivi vifwe. Gulu la mimbulu likakhazikikaso ku Moffat County, Colorado kumpoto chakumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado mu 2019. Ŵalimi ŵa viŵeto ŵakufipa mtima kuti para mphumphi zikuweleraso, viŵeto vyawo vinganangika. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakasankha kuti ŵaŵikeso mphumphi zakufipa mu 2020, ndipo boma ili likati laŵikapo mtima kuti mu 2022 mu charu ichi muŵe mphumphi zakufipa na kuzomerezga nthowa zakuponoskera mphumphi izo zikukoma viŵeto na vinyama. Nangauli pali ukaboni wakuti mbuzi iyi yikaŵako vyaka 800,000 ivyo vyajumpha, kweni mbuzi iyi yikafuma ku Colorado yayi, kweni yikaŵako pakati pa 1947 na 1972. Nangauli mbuzi za ku mapiri zikaŵa kuti zikafumira ku malo ghanyake, kweni mu 1993 boma likati mbuzi za ku mapiri ni za ku malo agha. Mu 2013, 2014, na 2019, nthenda yambura kumanyikwa yikakoma ŵana wose ŵa mbuzi za ku mapiri, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti Colorado Parks and Wildlife yipenje. Mu Colorado, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakasazgikana chomene mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu ma 1960, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵako ŵakaŵanga 15,000 pera. Ndipouli, mu 2013, ŵanthu ŵakamba kupwelelera viyuni ivi ndipo vikakwana 66,000. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti mu chaka cha 2019 ŵakafika pa ŵanthu 85,000 ndipo ŵakasuzgikanga chomene na nyumba izo zikaŵanga mu mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakayowoya kuti ŵeneko ŵa malo ŵakwenera kusintha vinthu vinyake kuti viŵe vyakukwana kuti viyuni ivi vifwatukenge mu malo agha. Vinyama ivi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa chigaŵa ichi, ndipo vinyake vikusangikaso ku mapiri gha San Juan. Vinyama ivyo vikusangika mu mapiri gha Colorado ni mphoyo, chiwuvi chakumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, chiwuvi cha golide, chiwuvi chamuthumbo, chiwuvi cha American pika, na chiwuvi chakuthondo, vyose vilipo vinandi chomene, nangauli chiwuvi ichi ntcha mu charu ichi yayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mammalsociety.org/southwestern-red-squirrel|title=Southwestern Red Squirrel|publisher=[[American Society of Mammalogists]]|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/9-fascinating-facts-about-pika-in-colorado/73-249834117|title=9 fascinating facts about pika in Colorado|publisher=[[KUSA]]|last=Sommariva|first=Kelly|date=6 February 2014|access-date=3 February 2022|location=[[Denver]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://visitclearcreek.com/activities/colorado-wildlife/yellow-bellied-marmot/|title=Yellow Bellied Marmot|publisher=[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County Tourism Bureau]]|location=[[Clear Creek County, Colorado|Clear Creek County]], CO|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210211736/https://visitclearcreek.com/activities/colorado-wildlife/yellow-bellied-marmot/|archive-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cpw.state.co.us/Documents/WildlifeSpecies/Mammals/MooseReintroductionFactSheet.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Moose Reintroduction|publisher=[[Colorado Parks and Wildlife]]|date=November 2013|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa ivi muli visomba vya mtundu wa deer, fox squirrel, desert cottontail, mountain cottontail, na coyote.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arapahoegov.com/1219/Rabbits|title=Rabbits|publisher=[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County Government]]|last=Cahill|first=Caitlyn|access-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204045049/https://www.arapahoegov.com/1219/Rabbits|archive-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1536555|title=Coyote Hunt for Colorado|last=Brady|first=Jeff|date=7 December 2003|publisher=[[National Public Radio]]|access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> Mu mapiri agha muli ntcheŵe yakucemeka black-tailed prairie dog, nkharamu yakucemeka swift fox, nkharamu yakucemeka American badger, na nkharamu yakucemeka white-tailed jackrabbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jeffco.us/DocumentCenter/View/16975/Prairie-Dog-Fact-Sheet-2019-PDF?bidId=|title=Black-tailed Prairie Dogs|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County Government]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpw.state.co.us/learn/Pages/SwiftFoxConservationTeam.aspx|title=Swift Fox Conservation Team|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=[[Colorado Parks and Wildlife]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coloradovirtuallibrary.org/resource-sharing/state-pubs-blog/colorados-small-mammals-part-iii-mustelids/|title=Colorado's Small Mammals, Part III: Mustelids|last=Zimmer|first=Amy|date=6 January 2020|access-date=3 February 2022|publisher=Colorado Virtual Library}}</ref> == M'madera == {{GeoGroup|article=Population history of Colorado counties|section=Colorado counties}} {{Main|List of counties in Colorado|List of Colorado counties by socioeconomic factors}} Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 64. Vigaŵa viŵiri ivi, City and County of Broomfield na City and County of Denver, vili na maboma ghakukolerana. Ma counties ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa mu boma la Colorado pakuti kulije matawuni panji vigaŵa vinyake. Dera la El Paso ndilo liri na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Dera ili ndimo muli msumba wa Colorado Springs. Dera lachiŵiri ilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ni msumba wa Denver, uwo ni msumba ukuru wa boma ili. Mu vigaŵa vinkhondi mwa vigaŵa 64, sono muli ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000, ndipo mu vigaŵa 12 muli ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 5,000. Vigaŵa 10 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Dera la Mesa ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.{{efn|name=2022 county estimates|[[United States Census Bureau]] estimates of county population as of July 1, 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/counties/totals/co-est2022-pop-08.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (CO-EST2022-POP-08)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Department of Commerce]]|date=March 2023|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref>}}{{clear}} {{panorama|image=Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods (25846068782).jpg|height=288|width=100%|align=left|caption=[[Pikes Peak]] and [[Garden of the Gods]] in [[El Paso County, Colorado]]|alt=Photo of Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods in El Paso County, Colorado}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>The 16 most populous Colorado counties</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2022 Rank{{efn|name=2022 county estimates}} !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|[[County seat#United States|County seat]] !scope=col|2022 Population{{efn|name=2022 county estimates}} |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|740,567 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |data-sort-value=Denver|[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |[[Denver]]{{efn|As a [[List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Denver|City and County of Denver]] is its own [[County seat#United States|county seat]].<ref name=MuniIncCO/>}} |align=right|713,252 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |[[Littleton, Colorado|Littleton]] |align=right|655,808 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |[[Golden, Colorado|Golden]] |align=right|576,143 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |[[Brighton, Colorado|Brighton]] |align=right|527,575 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |[[Castle Rock, Colorado|Castle Rock]] |align=right|375,988 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |[[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]] |align=right|366,778 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |[[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]] |align=right|350,176 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] |align=right|327,468 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] |align=right|169,544 |- !scope=row align=center|11 |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] |align=right|158,636 |- !scope=row align=center|12 |data-sort-value=Broomfield|[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]]{{efn|As a [[List of municipalities in Colorado#Consolidated city and county|consolidated city and county]], the [[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] is its own [[County seat#United States|county seat]].<ref name=MuniIncCO/>}} |align=right|76,121 |- !scope=row align=center|13 |[[Garfield County, Colorado|Garfield County]] |[[Glenwood Springs, Colorado|Glenwood Springs]] |align=right|62,271 |- !scope=row align=center|14 |[[La Plata County, Colorado|La Plata County]] |[[Durango, Colorado|Durango]] |align=right|56,607 |- !scope=row align=center|15 |[[Eagle County, Colorado|Eagle County]] |[[Eagle, Colorado|Eagle]] |align=right|55,285 |- !scope=row align=center|16 |[[Fremont County, Colorado|Fremont County]] |[[Cañon City, Colorado|Cañon City]] |align=right|49,621 |} ===Municipalities=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of municipalities in Colorado|section=Municipalities}} {{main|List of municipalities in Colorado}} Ku Colorado kuli matawuni ghakukwana 272 agho ni matawuni ghakukwana 197, misumba 73, na maboma gha vigaŵa viŵiri.<ref name=MuniIncCO>{{cite web|url=https://dola.colorado.gov/lgis/municipalities.jsf|title=Active Colorado Municipalities|publisher=State of Colorado, [[Colorado Department of Local Affairs|Department of Local Affairs]], Division of Local Government|access-date=September 4, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212060308/http://www.dola.state.co.us/dlg/local_governments/municipalities.html|archive-date=December 12, 2009}}</ref><ref name=Colorado_incplace>{{cite web|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/tab20/tigerweb_tab20_incplace_co.html|title=State of Colorado Incorporated Places - Current/TAB20 - Data as of January 1, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=January 1, 2020|access-date=September 4, 2022}}</ref> Ku United States mu chaka cha 2020, ŵanthu 4,299,942 pa ŵanthu 5,773,714 awo ŵakakhalanga mu Colorado (74.47%) ŵakakhalanga mu muzi umoza. Ŵanthu ŵakukwana 714,417 (12.37%) ŵakakhalanga mu malo ghakukwana 210, ndipo ŵakukwana 759,355 (13.15%) ŵakakhalanga ku mizi na mu mapiri. Boma la Colorado likugwira nchito pasi pa boma limoza mwa ma boma ghankhondi. Mu Colorado muli maboma ghaŵili gha msumba na gha county, 61 gha msumba, 12 gha msumba, 35 gha tawuni, 161 gha tawuni, na boma limoza. Mzinda wa Denver ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene. Ku Colorado kuli matawuni 12 agho ghali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100,000, ndipo 17 ŵali na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100. Virwa 16 ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Colorado vili mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Msumba wa Grand Junction ndiwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado. Mu tawuni ya Carbonate mukaŵavya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi nyengo yose ya chaka, chifukwa nyengo ya chiwuvi yikaŵa yiheni chomene kweniso chikaŵa chakusuzga kufikako.{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates|[[United States Census Bureau]] estimates of municipal population as of July 1, 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-08.xlsx|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Colorado: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022 (SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-08)|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], [[United States Department of Commerce]]|date=May 2023|access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref>}}{{clear}} {{panorama|image=2006-07-14-Denver Skyline Midnight.jpg|height=288|width=100%|align=left|caption=The evening skyline of downtown [[Denver]]|alt=Photo of the evening skyline of downtown Denver}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>Mizinda 25 ya ku Colorado iyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2022 Rank{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates}} !scope=col|[[List of municipalities in Colorado|Municipality]] !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|2022 Population{{efn|name=2022 muni estimates}} |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |[[Denver|City and County of Denver]] |align=right|713,252 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|City of Colorado Springs]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|486,248 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Aurora, Colorado|City of Aurora]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe]], [[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]], and [[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas counties]] |align=right|393,537 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Fort Collins, Colorado|City of Fort Collins]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |align=right|169,249 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Lakewood, Colorado|City of Lakewood]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|156,120 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Thornton, Colorado|City of Thornton]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|143,282 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Arvada, Colorado|City of Arvada]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]] and [[Adams County, Colorado|Adams counties]] |align=right|121,581 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Westminster, Colorado|City of Westminster]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson counties]] |align=right|114,533 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Pueblo, Colorado|City of Pueblo]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |align=right|111,456 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Greeley, Colorado|City of Greeley]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld County]] |align=right|109,209 |- !scope=row align=center|11 |[[Centennial, Colorado|City of Centennial]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|105,865 |- !scope=row align=center|12 |[[Boulder, Colorado|City of Boulder]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder County]] |align=right|105,485 |- !scope=row align=center|13 |[[Longmont, Colorado|City of Longmont]] |[[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|98,687 |- !scope=row align=center|14 |[[Castle Rock, Colorado|Town of Castle Rock]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|80,191 |- !scope=row align=center|15 |[[Loveland, Colorado|City of Loveland]] |[[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]] |align=right|77,884 |- !scope=row align=center|16 |[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |[[Broomfield, Colorado|City and County of Broomfield]] |align=right|76,121 |- !scope=row align=center|17 |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|City of Grand Junction]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |align=right|68,034 |- !scope=row align=center|18 |[[Commerce City, Colorado|City of Commerce City]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |align=right|66,115 |- !scope=row align=center|19 |[[Parker, Colorado|Town of Parker]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|61,222 |- !scope=row align=center|20 |[[Littleton, Colorado|City of Littleton]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe]], [[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]], and [[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas counties]] |align=right|44,755 |- !scope=row align=center|21 |[[Brighton, Colorado|City of Brighton]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|41,881 |- !scope=row align=center|22 |[[Windsor, Colorado|Town of Windsor]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld]] and [[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer counties]] |align=right|38,510 |- !scope=row align=center|23 |[[Northglenn, Colorado|City of Northglenn]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams]] and [[Weld County, Colorado|Weld counties]] |align=right|38,106 |- !scope=row align=center|24 |[[Englewood, Colorado|City of Englewood]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|33,642 |- !scope=row align=center|25 |[[Erie, Colorado|Town of Erie]] |[[Weld County, Colorado|Weld]] and [[Boulder County, Colorado|Boulder counties]] |align=right|33,104 |} ===Unincorporated communities=== {{GeoGroup|article=List of census-designated places in Colorado|section=Census-designated places}} {{Main|List of census-designated places in Colorado|List of populated places in Colorado}} Kuonjezera pa ma municipalities 272, Colorado ili ni malo 210 osagwirizana na chiwerengero cha ŵanthu (CDPs) na madera ghanyake ghadoko ghhadoko. Msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu Colorado ni wa Highlands Ranch kumwera kwa Denver. Malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ghakusangika mu chigaŵa cha Front Range Urban Corridor. Chigaŵa cha Clifton ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku Colorado Western Slope.<ref name=CO_CDP_2020>{{cite web|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/tigerwebmain/Files/acs21/tigerweb_acs21_cdp_2020_tab20_co.html|title=State of Colorado Census Designated Places - BAS20 - Data as of January 1, 2020|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=September 30, 2022}}</ref> {{clear}} {{clear}} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+<big>The ten most populous census-designated places in Colorado</big><br/><br/> |- !scope=col|2020 Rank<ref name=Census/> !scope=col|[[List of census-designated places in Colorado|Census-designated place]] !scope=col|[[List of counties in Colorado|County]] !scope=col|[[2020 United States Census|2020 census]]<ref name=Census/> |- !scope=row align=center|1 |[[Highlands Ranch, Colorado|Highlands Ranch CDP]] |[[Douglas County, Colorado|Douglas County]] |align=right|103,444 |- !scope=row align=center|2 |[[Security-Widefield, Colorado|Security-Widefield CDP]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|38,639 |- !scope=row align=center|3 |[[Dakota Ridge, Colorado|Dakota Ridge CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|33,892 |- !scope=row align=center|4 |[[Ken Caryl, Colorado|Ken Caryl CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson County]] |align=right|33,811 |- !scope=row align=center|5 |[[Pueblo West, Colorado|Pueblo West CDP]] |[[Pueblo County, Colorado|Pueblo County]] |align=right|33,086 |- !scope=row align=center|6 |[[Columbine, Colorado|Columbine CDP]] |[[Jefferson County, Colorado|Jefferson]] and [[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe counties]] |align=right|25,229 |- !scope=row align=center|7 |[[Four Square Mile, Colorado|Four Square Mile CDP]] |[[Arapahoe County, Colorado|Arapahoe County]] |align=right|22,872 |- !scope=row align=center|8 |[[Clifton, Colorado|Clifton CDP]] |[[Mesa County, Colorado|Mesa County]] |align=right|20,413 |- !scope=row align=center|9 |[[Cimarron Hills, Colorado|Cimarron Hills CDP]] |[[El Paso County, Colorado|El Paso County]] |align=right|19,311 |- !scope=row align=center|10 |[[Sherrelwood, Colorado|Sherrelwood CDP]] |[[Adams County, Colorado|Adams County]] |align=right|19,228 |} ===Special districts=== Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vyakujumpha 4,000, ndipo vinandi mwa vigaŵa ivi vili na boma ilo likupeleka msonkho wa katundu. Vigaŵa ivi vingapeleka masukulu, kuvikilira malango, kuvikilira moto, maji, maji ghakunyang'amira, maji ghakunyang'amira, ulimi wa maji, vyakwendeskera, vyakusanguluska, vinthu vyakovwira pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, vinthu vyakovwira pa vya mitheto, kovwira bizinesi, kunozgaso vinthu vinyake, panji vinthu vinyake. Vigaŵa vinyake vili na mazaza ghakukhomeska msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, msonkho wa katundu uyo waguliskika, na msonkho wa kugwiliskira nchito nyumba. Ivi vyapangiska kuti mu Colorado muŵe msonkho wa katundu na msonkho wa katundu. Ku Colorado kuli misewu yinyake iyo yikupambana pa msonkho, ndipo nyengo zinyake yikupambana comene. Vinyake mwa vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya Colorado ni: * The [[Regional Transportation District]] (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas Counties * The [[Scientific and Cultural Facilities District]] (SCFD), a special regional tax district with physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties ** It is a 0.1% retail sales and uses tax (one penny on every $10). ** According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation, exhibition, advancement, or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology, botany, natural history, or cultural history. ** As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three "tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage. *** Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%. *** Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%. *** Tier III has more than 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, art centers, natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations apply for funding from the county cultural councils via a grant process. This tier receives 13.5%. ** An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions by the Colorado Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners (in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado. * The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the [[Denver Broncos]]' stadium [[Empower Field at Mile High]]. * Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of Jefferson and Broomfield counties. * The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the [[Colorado Rockies]]' stadium [[Coors Field]]. * Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, and Gunnison County. ==Statistical areas== {{main|List of statistical areas in Colorado}} [[File:Colorado CBSAs 2020.png|thumb|An enlargeable map of the 17 core-based statistical areas of Colorado]] Pa Malichi 6, 2020, Ofesi yakulaŵilira vya bajeti yikayowoya kuti ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa 21 ivyo vikusazgapo vigaŵa vinayi, vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba, na vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu msumba. Ku Colorado, malo ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ni Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, uko kuli ŵanthu 2,963,821 pa census ya ku United States ya mu 2020, ndipo kukwera na +15.29% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010. Mzinda wa Denver-Aurora, CO, uwo uli na vigaŵa 12, ukaŵa na ŵanthu 3,623,560 pa census ya mu 2020, yikasazgikira na +17.23% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010. Chigawo chachikulu cha anthu ambiri ku Rocky Mountain Region ndi 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa mapiri a Southern Rocky. Chigaŵa ichi chili na Denver pakati ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakaŵa 5,055,344 pa census ya mu 2020, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na +16.65% kufuma pa census ya mu 2010.<ref name=Census/> == Chiwerengero cha ŵanthu == [[File:Colorado population map.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Colorado population density map]] Ofesi ya United States Census Bureau yikati pa July 1, 2022 ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakaŵa 5,839,926, ndipo chiŵelengero ichi chikasazgikira na 1.15% kufuma pa census ya ku United States ya 2020..<ref name=Census/> {{US Census population |1860= 34277 |1870= 39864 |1880= 194327 |1890= 413249 |1900= 539700 |1910= 799024 |1920= 939629 |1930= 1035791 |1940= 1123296 |1950= 1325089 |1960= 1753947 |1970= 2207259 |1980= 2889964 |1990= 3294394 |2000= 4301262 |2010= 5029196 |2020= 5773714 |footnote=[[United States census|U.S. Decennial Census]] }} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" |+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] |- ! Race and Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26}}</ref> ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Non-Hispanic ! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total |- | [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|65.1|%|2||background:gray}} |align=right| {{bartable|69.4|%|2||background:gray}} |- | [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} |align=right| {{bartable}} |align=right| {{bartable|21.9|%|2||background:green}} |- | [[African Americans|Black (non-Hispanic)]] |align=right| {{bartable|3.8|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |align=right| {{bartable|4.9|%|2||background:mediumblue}} |- | [[Asian Americans|Asian]] |align=right| {{bartable|3.4|%|2||background:purple}} |align=right| {{bartable|4.7|%|2||background:purple}} |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.6|%|2||background:gold}} |align=right| {{bartable|2.1|%|2||background:gold}} |- | [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}} |align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:pink}} |- | Other |align=right| {{bartable|0.5|%|2||background:brown}} |align=right| {{bartable|1.5|%|2||background:brown}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ Colorado historical racial demographics |- ! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census"/> !! 1990<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 25, 2008 |title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States |first1=Campbell |last1=Gibson |first2=Kay |last2=Jung |date=September 2002 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |department=Population Division |access-date=April 17, 2012 }}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/CO |title=Population of Colorado—Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts |website=CensusViewer.com |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|author=2010 Census Data |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html |title=2010 Census Data—2010 Census |website=Census.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> |- | [[White American|White]] (includes [[White Hispanic]]s) |align=right| {{nts|95.7}}% |align=right| {{nts|88.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|82.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|81.3}}% |- | [[African American|Black]] |align=right| {{nts|3.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|4.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|3.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|4.0}}% |- | [[Asian American|Asian]] |align=right| {{nts|0.5}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|2.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|2.8}}% |- | [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] |align=right| {{nts|0.4}}% |align=right| {{nts|0.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.0}}% |align=right| {{nts|1.1}}% |- | [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0001}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0001}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{nts|0.1}}% |align=right| {{nts|0.1}}% |- | [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] |align=right| {{nts|0.4}}% |align=right| {{nts|5.1}}% |align=right| {{nts|7.2}}% |align=right| {{nts|7.2}}% |- | [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]] |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0002}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{ntsh|0.0002}}–<!-- for sorting purposes; not an official statistic --> |align=right| {{nts|2.8}}% |align=right| {{nts|3.4}}% |} [[File:Ethnic Origins in Colorado.png|thumb|Ethnic origins in Colorado]] [[File:Colorado counties by race.svg|thumb|Map of counties in Colorado by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census{{Collapsible list | title = Legend|{{col-begin}}{{col-2}} '''Non-Hispanic White''' {{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} {{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}} {{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} {{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} {{legend|#5b0f00|80–90%}} {{col-2}} '''Hispanic or Latino''' {{legend|#a2c4c9|40–50%}} {{legend|#76a5af|50–60%}} {{col-end}} }}]] Ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Spain na ku Latin America (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uliwose) ŵakukwana 20.7% mwa ŵanthu wose. Kuyana na census ya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ni ŵa ku Germany (22%) kusazgapo ŵa ku Switzerland na Austria, Mexico (18%), Ireland (12%), na England (12%). Ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga kuti mba ku Germany ŵakusangika comene mu vigaŵa vya Front Range, Rockies (vikaya vya kumanjiliro gha dazi), na Eastern parts/High Plains. Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba ku Mexico na America. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu Denver, Colorado Springs, Greeley, Pueblo, na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Kumwera, kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain, awo mbana ŵa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakafuma ku Spain. Mu 1940, U.S. Census Bureau yikati ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ni 8.2% ŵa ku Spain na 90.3% ŵa ku Spain yayi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado ŵakusazgikira comene mu vilimika vyasonosono apa. Mu 2019, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 22% ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 70%. Cingelezi ico ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado cikuyana comene na Cisipanishi. Mu Colorado muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na America awo ŵakukhala ku Denver, ku vigaŵa vya Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Denver. Boma ili lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia awo mbakufuma ku Mongolia, China, Philippines, Korea, Southeast Asia, na Japan. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia ŵakukhala kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Denver, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala kumwera-kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mzinda wa Denver ukuwoneka kuti uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵakupambanapambana kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake vya boma la Denver pa nkhani ya ndyali na vinthu vinyake vyakukhwaskana na malo. Mu 2006, ku Colorado kukababika ŵana 70,331. (Ŵana awo ŵakubabika ni 14.6 pa ŵanthu 1,000.) Mu 2007, ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain yayi ndiwo ŵakababanga ŵana ŵanandi chomene. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika, 14.06% ŵakaŵa ŵazungu ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa fuko linyake. Pa ŵana awo ŵakababika ku Colorado, 43 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain. Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, Colorado ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Virwa ivi ni New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%) na Florida (22.5%). Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2000, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakakwana 918,899, panji kuti pafupifupi 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu boma ili. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵa ku Mexico, ndipo kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene kuluska ku California, Texas, Arizona, na Illinois. Kuyana na ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu, Colorado ni cigaŵa ca nambara 6 pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico. Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, na Nevada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statemaster.com/state/CO-colorado/peo- |title=People of Colorado statistics |website=StateMaster.com |date=June 15, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421185721/http://www.statemaster.com/state/CO-colorado/peo- |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Birth data=== Mu 2011, ŵanthu 46 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵa ku Colorado awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka viŵiri kukhilira pasi, ŵakaŵa ŵachoko. Ichi chikung'anamura kuti ŵapapi ŵawo wose ŵakaŵa ŵazungu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adworks.org/pdf/LosingGround_e-book.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.adworks.org/pdf/LosingGround_e-book.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Losing ground |website=Adworks.org |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html|title=Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot|last=Exner|first=Rich|date=June 3, 2012|work=[[The Plain Dealer]]}}</ref> ''Manyani kuti: Ŵana awo ŵali kubabika mu tebulo ili ŵakusazgikana yayi, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakusazgikana kuyana na fuko lawo kweniso mtundu wawo, ntheura unandi wawo ngukuru chomene.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother |- !scope="col"| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]] !scope="col"| 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2013 Volume 64, Number 1 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2014 Volume 64, Number 12 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=December 23, 2015 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Births: Final Data for 2015 Volume 66, Number 1 |publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |date=January 5, 2017 |access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2016<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nvsr67_01.pdf |title=National Vital Statistics Reports |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |website=www.cdc.gov|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] }}</ref> !scope="col"| 2017<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111184850/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-11 |url-status=live|title=Births: Final Data for 2017|publisher=National Vital Statistics Reports, [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2018<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2019<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2020<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-20}}</ref> !scope="col"| 2021<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> |- |scope="row"| [[White Americans|White]]: | 57,491 (88.4%) | 58,117 (88.3%) | 58,756 (88.2%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |- |scope="row"| > [[Non-Hispanic whites]] | 39,872 (61.3%) | 40,629 (61.7%) | 40,878 (61.4%) | 39,617 (59.5%) | 37,516 (58.3%) | 36,466 (58.0%) | 36,022 (57.3%) | 34,924 (56.8%) | 36,334 (57.7%) |- |scope="row"| [[African Americans|Black]] | 3,760 (5.8%) | 3,926 (6.0%) | 4,049 (6.1%) | 3,004 (4.5%) | 3,110 (4.8%) | 3,032 (4.8%) | 3,044 (4.8%) | 3,146 (5.1%) | 2,988 (4.7%) |- |scope="row"| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] | 2,863 (4.4%) | 3,010 (4.6%) | 2,973 (4.5%) | 2,617 (3.9%) | 2,611 (4.1%) | 2,496 (4.0%) | 2,540 (4.0%) | 2,519 (4.1%) | 2,490 (4.0%) |- |scope="row"| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] | 793 (1.2%) | 777 (1.2%) | 803 (1.2%) | 412 (0.6%) | 421 (0.7%) | 352 (0.6%) | 365 (0.6%) | 338 (0.5%) | 323 (0.5%) |- |scope="row"| [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]] | ... | ... | ... | 145 (0.2%) | 145 (0.2%) | 155 (0.2%) | 168 (0.3%) | 169 (0.3%) | 202 (0.3%) |- |scope="row"| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race) | ''17,821'' (27.4%) | ''17,665'' (26.8%) | ''18,139'' (27.2%) | ''18,513'' (27.8%) | ''18,125'' (28.2%) | ''17,817'' (28.3%) | ''18,205'' (29.0%) | ''18,111'' (29.4%) | ''18,362'' (29.2%) |- |scope="row"| '''Total Colorado''' | '''65,007''' (100%) | '''65,830''' (100%) | '''66,581''' (100%) | '''66,613''' (100%) | '''64,382''' (100%) | '''62,885''' (100%) | '''62,869''' (100%) | '''61,494''' (100%) | '''62,949''' (100%) |} * Kufumira mu chaka cha 2016, ma data gha kubabika kwa White Hispanic ghakuwunjikika yayi, kweni ŵakusazgikamo mu gulu limoza la Hispanic; ŵanthu ŵa Hispanic ŵangaŵa ŵa mtundu uliwose. Mu 2017, Colorado yikaŵa na ŵana ŵachoko chomene ku United States, ndipo mwanakazi waliyose wakaŵa na ŵana 1.63. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikawovwira kuti nthumbo zileke kuŵa zinandi vikaŵa vya Title X Family Planning Program na chawanangwa chakufuma ku mbumba ya Warren Buffett.<ref>{{cite news |last = Seaman |first = Jessica |date = March 22, 2019 | title = Colorado teen pregnancies dropped 20 percent near these clinics. Now their funding is at risk |url = https://www.denverpost.com/2019/03/22/colorado-teen-pregnancies-title-x-funding/ |work = [[The Denver Post]] |location=[[Denver]]| access-date = May 21, 2019|quote=By increasing access to long-term birth control such as intrauterine devices, Colorado has reduced teen pregnancies by about 20 percent in zip codes near clinics that receive federal funding&nbsp;... Statewide, the birth rate for&nbsp;... ages 15 and 19 dropped 59 [%]&nbsp;... in 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last =Brown |first =Jennifer |date=November 30, 2017 |title=IUD program leads to big decline in teen pregnancies, abortions in Colorado|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2017/11/30/colorado-teen-pregnancy-abortion-rates-drop-free-low-cost-iud/|work=[[The Denver Post]]|access-date=May 21, 2019|location=[[Denver]]|quote=The steep drop in teen pregnancies and abortions in Colorado since 2009 is mainly due to one thing: free, low-cost access to IUDs&nbsp;... Thanks to a grant from billionaire Warren Buffett's family, Colorado spent $28 million}}</ref> ===Language=== Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Colorado ŵakuyowoya Cingelezi, ndipo kufuma apo ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi. Chiyowoyero chinyake icho ŵanthu ŵa ku America ŵakuyowoya ku Colorado ni chiyowoyero cha ku Colorado River icho chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Numic, icho chikuchemekaso kuti chiyowoyero cha Ute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.city-data.com/states/Colorado-Languages.html|title=Languages—Colorado|website=www.city-data.com|access-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112123125/http://www.city-data.com/states/Colorado-Languages.html|archive-date=2016-11-12}}</ref> ===Religion=== {{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-CO |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]]}}</ref> | label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] | value1 = 39 | label6 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffilated]] | value6 = 34 | color1 = Blue | label2 = [[Catholicism in the United States|Catholicism]] | value2 = 19 | color2 = Purple | label3 = [[Mormonism]] | value3 = 2 | color3 = Teal | label4 = [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] | value4 = 1 | color4 = Yellow | label5 = [[Unitarianism]]/[[Unitarian Universalism|Universalism]] | value5 = 1 | color5 = Green | color6 = White | label7 = [[New Age]] | value7 = 2 | color7 = Red | label8 = [[Judaism]] | value8 = 1 | color8 = Pink | label9 = [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] | value9 = 1 | color9 = Orange }} Mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakagomezganga visopa vyakupambanapambana. Pa visopa ivi, 64% ni Ŵakhristu, 44% ni Ŵaprotesitanti, 16% ni Ŵakatolika, 3% ni Ŵamormoni, ndipo 1% ni Ŵakatolika. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, visopa vinyake vikaŵa na Ŵayuda 1%, Ŵasilamu 1%, Ŵabuda 1%, na ŵanyake 4%. Ŵanthu 29 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵavya cisopo. Mu 2020, kuyana na kafukufuku wa Public Religion Research Institute, Cikristu cikaŵa na ŵanthu 66%. Ŵayuda nawo ŵakasazgikirako mu kafukufuku uyu, ndipo ŵakakwana 2% mu visopa vyose, apo ŵanthu awo ŵakasopanga yayi ŵakakwana 28% mu kafukufuku uyu. Mu 2022, wupu uwu ukayowoya kuti ŵanthu 61 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu (39% ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti, 19% ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika, 2% ŵakaŵa Ŵamormon, 1% ŵakaŵa ŵa Orthodox, 2% ŵakaŵa ŵa Cikhristu Ciphya, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵayuda, 1% ŵakaŵa Ŵahindu, ndipo 34% ŵakaŵa ŵa visopa vinyake. Kuyana na wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives, visopa vikuruvikuru vya Cikhristu kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalondezganga visopa ivi mu 2010 ni Chalichi la Katolika ilo lili na ŵanthu 811,630; Chalichi la Evangelical Protestants ilo lili na ŵanthu 229,981; na Chalichi la Yesu Khristu la Ŵatuŵa ŵa mu Mazuŵa Ghaumaliro ilo lili na ŵanthu 151,433. Mu 2020, wupu wa Association of Religion Data Archives ukati visopa vikuruvikuru ni Ŵakatolika (873,236), Ŵaprotesitanti (406,798), na Ŵamormon (150,509). Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu yayi, pakaŵa Ŵahindu 12,500, Ŵahindu 7,101, na Ŵabuddha 17,369. Mpingo wa Katolika wa Our Lady of Guadalupe ndiwo ukaŵa wakwamba kukhazikiskika ku Colorado ndipo ukazengeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain kufuma ku New Mexico. Ŵakatolika ŵa Chalichi la Latin ŵakuteŵetereka na madiyosezi ghatatu: Archdiocese ya Denver na Diocese ya Colorado Springs na Pueblo. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa mpingo wa Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ku Colorado ŵakafuma ku Mississippi ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu msasa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Arkansas kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Pueblo.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://churchofjesuschristcolorado.com/your-colorado-church-history-tour/|title= Your Colorado Church History Tour|access-date=March 24, 2021|date=March 24, 2020|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Colorado}}</ref> ===Health=== Ŵasayansi awo ŵakuwona umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira na ivyo ŵakuchita pa umoyo wawo, ŵakuti Colorado ni boma ilo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali na umoyo uwemi. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni ivyo boma ili likucita pa nkhani ya vyakusanguluska. Ndipouli, vinthu vikupambana pa nkhani ya umoyo wa ŵanthu, pakuti vyaru visambazi nga ni Douglas na Pitkin vikuchita makora chomene pakuyaniska na vyaru vya kumwera, vyambura usambazi nga ni Huerfano na Las Animas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/01/19/colorado-a-healthy-state-overall-some-counties-more-than-others-and-its-not-just-the-poorer-areas-with-serious-health-concerns/|title=Colorado is one of the healthiest states in the country, but health outcomes vary widely by county|last=Svaldi|first=Aldo|date=January 19, 2020|work=[[The Denver Post]]|location=[[Denver]]|access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref> ====Obesity==== Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wacitika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ndiwo mbakututuŵa comene kuluska waliyose mu caru ici. Kufika mu 2018, ŵanthu 24 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kunona chomene, ndipo nangauli ichi ndicho chikaŵa chiŵelengero chichoko chomene mu charu ichi, kweni mu 2004 chikaŵa 17 pa ŵanthu 100 pera.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stateofchildhoodobesity.org/adult-obesity/|title = Adult Obesity Rates}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://calorielab.com/news/2007/08/06/fattest-states-2007/ |title=Fattest States 2010: CalorieLab's Annual Obesity Map—State Obesity Rankings &#124; CalorieLab—Health News & Information Blog |publisher=CalorieLab |date=June 28, 2010 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713041916/http://calorielab.com/news/2007/08/06/fattest-states-2007/ |archive-date=July 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://calorielab.com/news/wp-images/post-images/fattest-states-2007-big.gif |format=GIF |title=Percentage of Obese Adult Population |website=Calorielab.com |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-date=June 12, 2008 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080612165609/http://calorielab.com/news/wp-images/post-images/fattest-states-2007-big.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Life expectancy==== Lipoti la mu magazini ya Journal of the American Medical Association likuti mu 2014, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakhaliranga vyaka 80.21, ndipo ndiwo ŵakakhala vyaka vinandi ku United States.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dwyer-Lindgren|first=Laura|date=May 8, 2017|title=Inequalities in Life Expectancy Among US Counties, 1980 to 2014|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=177|issue=7|pages=1003–1011|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0918|pmid=28492829|pmc=5543324}}</ref> ==== Homelessness ==== Kuyana na lipoti la HUD la mu 2022, ku Colorado kuli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 10,397 awo ŵalije pakukhala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Colorado}} {{See also|Colorado locations by per capita income}} [[File:Denver CO DT WTC AMH 322.JPG|thumb|upright|right|Denver Energy Center lies in the Denver financial district along 17th Street, known as the ''[[Wall Street of the West]]'']] [[File:Corn production in Colorado.jpg|thumb|[[Maize|Corn]] growing in [[Larimer County, Colorado|Larimer County]]]] * Total employment (2019): 2,473,192 * Number of employer establishments: 174,258<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/CO |url-status=dead |title=Quickfacts: Colorado |publisher=United States Census Bureau |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726213943/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/CO |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=September 20, 2021}}</ref> Mu 2015, ndalama zose izo boma likasanganga zikaŵa $318.6 biliyoni. Mu 2016, ndalama izo mbumba zikapokeranga pa caka zikakwana $70,666, ndipo zikaŵa pa nambala 8 mu caru cose. Mu 2010, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikaŵanga $51,940, ndipo Colorado yikaŵa pa nambara 11 mu charu chose. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira nchito za ku migodi, ndipo ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto. Makampani ghakwambilira ghakapanganga vinthu vyakupambanapambana. Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika sono ni ng'ombe, tirigu, mkaka, tirigu, na utheka. Boma likugwiliskira ntchito maofesi gha boma mu boma ili, kusazgapo NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Base iyo yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 16 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Peterson Air Force Base, na Fort Carson, vyose vili mu Colorado Springs mu El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) mu Golden, na National Institute of Standards and Technology mu Boulder; U.S. Wupu wa Geological Survey na mawupu ghanyake gha boma pa Denver Federal Center pafupi na Lakewood; Denver Mint, Buckley Space Force Base, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, na Byron G. Rogers Federal Building na United States Courthouse ku Denver; na Federal Supermax Prison na majele ghanyake kufupi na Cañon City. Kuonjezera pa mabungwe ena, Colorado ili ndi nkhalango zambiri za National Forest ndi National Parks zinayi zomwe zimathandizira kuti boma likhale ndi malo okwana 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) ku Colorado, kapena 37% ya dera lonse la boma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, makampani ghakurughakuru na gha uteŵeti ghakakura comene. Chuma cha boma ili nchakupambanapambana ndipo chikumanyikwa na kafukufuku wa sayansi na mafakitale gha tekinoloje yapachanya. Makampani ghanyake ghakupanga vyakurya, kugura vinthu vyakwendeskera katundu, kupanga makina, kupanga vinthu vya makemikolo, kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana nga ni golide, siliva, na molybdenum. Sono mu Colorado ndimo muli moŵa unandi comene kuluska mu vigaŵa vinyake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/nov/24/reuteman-colorado-rides-on-fat-tire-to-beer/ |title=Colorado rides on Fat Tire to beer heights |publisher=Rockymountainnews.com |date=November 24, 2007 |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref> Denver ni msumba wakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya ndalama. Boma ili lili na malo ghakupambanapambana kweniso mapiri ghakutowa chomene ndipo chaka chilichose ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Ntchito ya zokopa alendo ikugwira ntchito yayikulu pa chuma cha Colorado, ndipo mu chaka cha 2018 ntchito ya zokopa alendo idapanga ndalama zokwana madola 22.3 biliyoni. Mazina ghanandi ghakumanyikwa pa caru cose ghakafuma ku mafakitare na ma laboratory gha ku Colorado. Ku Denver ndiko kukafuma kampani yakupanga mafoni ya Qwest mu 1879, Samsonite mu 1910, Gates mu 1911, na Russell Stover mu 1923. Kuner wakambiska makina gha kunjilira vyakurya mu matumba mu Brighton mu 1864. Mu 1873, ku Golden kukafuma moŵa wa Coors, mu 1920 kukafuma vinthu vya ceramic vya CoorsTek, ndipo mu 1949 kukafuma candy wa Jolly Rancher. Mu 1892, mu tawuni ya Pueblo mukaŵa njanji ya CF&I iyo yikaŵa na matayala, misomali, na mapaipi. Mu 1905, ŵakamba kupanga shuga wa Holly kufuma ku beets mu tawuni ya Holly. Nkhumba ya Swift ya Greeley yikamba kufuma ku Monfort of Colorado, Inc., iyo yikamba mu 1930. Makamera gha mtundu wa Estes ghakaŵikika mu Penrose mu 1958. Ku Fort Collins ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha kampani ya Woodward Governor kufuma waka mu 1870, ndipo ku Waterpik ndiko kuli magalasi agho ghakugwiliskira nchito mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi gha mawotchi kufuma waka mu 1962. Tiyi wa vyakumera wa Celestial Seasonings wakupangika mu tawuni ya Boulder kwambira mu 1969. Mulimo wa Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory ukayamba mu 1981 ku Durango. Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa ndalama wa 4.63 peresenti, nanga munthu wangaŵa na ndalama zinandi wuli. Pa Novembala 3, 2020, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakakolerana na fundo yakukhizga msonkho ku 4.55 peresenti. Mwakupambana na vyaru vinandi, ivyo vikupima msonkho mwakuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga, msonkho wa ku Colorado ukuyana na ndalama izo munthu wakusanga para wapeleka ndalama ku boma.<ref>Colorado individual income tax return (2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015546/http://www.revenue.state.co.us/PDF/05104f.pdf Revenue.state.co.us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217015546/http://www.revenue.state.co.us/PDF/05104f.pdf |date=December 17, 2008 }}. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</ref><ref>U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (2005) [https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f1040.pdf#search=%22form%201040%20site%3Airs.gov%22 online copy]. Retrieved September 26, 2006.</ref> Boma la Colorado likutolera msonkho wa 2.9% pa vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska. Para ndalama izo boma likupeleka zikuluska ivyo boma likuzomerezga, kuyana na malango gha boma la Colorado, awo ŵakukhala mu Colorado kwa chaka chose ŵangapempha kuti ŵaŵawombere msonkho wa ivyo ŵakaguliska. Maofesi ghanandi gha boma na matawuni ghakuŵa na mitengo yawo, padera pa mitengo ya boma. Kweniso pali msonkho unyake wapadera wa boma na wa chigaŵa uwo ungaŵapo. Vinthu vyambura kukhazikika na katundu wa munthu wakucita bizinesi vikusangika na msonkho mu Colorado. Mu 2003, boma la Colorado likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kupeleka msonkho wa katundu wawo. Msonkho uwu ukeneranga kuperekekekekaso mu chaka cha 2006 ndipo ukeneranga kupelekeka mu 2007. Kufika mu Disembala 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakusoŵa ntchito mu chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa pa 4.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bls.gov/lau/ |title=Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page |website=Bls.gov |access-date=February 4, 2019}}</ref> Ŵasambizgi ŵa ku West Virginia ŵakamba kucekura mu 2018 ndipo ŵasambizgi ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo Colorado, nawo ŵakamba kucekura.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inspired by West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out|url=http://ktla.com/2018/04/02/inspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out/|agency=[[KTLA]]|date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> ===Agriculture=== Vyakurya ivyo vikulimika ku mapiri gha ku Colorado. Kuleka kukolerana na vyaru vinyake na njara vikakhwaska chomene vyakurya mu 2020 na 2022.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big rainstorms come too late for Colorado farmers whose crop has already died|url=https://www.9news.com/article/news/local/big-rainstorms-too-late-for-colorado-farmers-whose-crop-has-already-died/73-70538659-cd1e-4869-979e-8f41d1c4f127|agency=[[KUSA]]|date=August 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=For first time in 8 years, 100% of Colorado is under drought or abnormally dry conditions |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/08/07/colorado-drought-climate-change/|agency=[[The Denver Post]]|date=August 6, 2020}}</ref> ===Natural resources=== [[File:Grand Junction Trip 92007 131.JPG|thumb|An [[oil well]] in western Colorado]] Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghanandi. Ku Colorado kuli malo ghakukwana 7 ghakusungiramo gasi na mafuta ku United States, ndipo ku Colorado kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakusungiramo mafuta. Mu vyaru vinyake vya ku United States, mafuta agho ŵanthu ŵakupanga ghakukwana 5 peresenti pa chaka. Ku Colorado kuli mafuta ghakukwana matiriliyoni ghanandi (160 km3) gha mafuta, ndipo mafuta agha ghakukwana pafupifupi mafuta ghose agho ghalipo pa charu chapasi. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli magesi ghanandi gha malasha. Ku Colorado, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwira migodi ya uranium mu 1872, apo ŵakafumiskanga golide kufupi na Central City, Colorado. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli uranium iyo yikupangika na phosphate, ndipo yikukhala pa malo ghacitatu pa vyaru vyose vya ku U.S., kufuma pa Wyoming na New Mexico. Apo Colorado na Utah ghakaŵa na migodi ya radium kufuma mu 1910 mpaka 1922, uranium na vanadium ghakaŵa vinthu ivyo vikafumanga mu migodi iyi. Kufumira waka mu 2001 kufika mu 2007, mitengo ya uranium yikakwera comene, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti makampani ghanandi ghapange migodi ya uranium ku Colorado. Mu ma 1940, ŵanthu ŵanyake, kusazgapo Naturita na Paradox, ŵakamba kucemeka kuti "mizinda ya yellowcake" cifukwa ca kugwilira nchito mu migodi ya uranium. Pakuti mitengo yikakhira comene, ndipo mu 2008 vinthu vikasuzga pa nkhani ya ndalama, makampani agha ghakaleka kuzenga migodi ya uranium panji kuchepeskako vinthu vinyake. Mu chaka cha 2016, pakaŵavya migodi yikuru ya uranium mu boma ili, nangauli kukaŵanga mapulani ghakuti ŵambeso kupanga migodi iyi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/uranium-mining|title=Uranium Mining|encyclopedia=Colorado Encyclopedia|last=Conway|first=Bernard|date=March 31, 2016|access-date=March 1, 2021}}</ref> ===Electricity generation=== {{See also|List of power stations in Colorado}} Ku Colorado, mapiri ghatali gha Rocky Mountains na mapiri ghakumafumiro gha dazi ghakupanga nkhongono ya mphepo, ndipo malo gha mapiri ghakupanga nkhongono ya magesi. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukuŵa zuŵa, ntheura mungaŵa magesi ghanandi. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu Mapiri gha Rocky ndiwo ukupangiska kuti maji ghaŵe na nkhongono. ==Mwambo== [[File:HistoryColoradoCenter1.jpg|thumb|[[History Colorado Center]] in Denver]] ===Arts and film=== * [[List of museums in Colorado]] * [[List of theaters in Colorado]] * [[Music of Colorado]] Mu Colorado ndimo ŵakacitiranga mafilimu ghanandi, nga ni True Grit, The Searchers, na Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. Viliŵa vya nkhondo, njanji, na matawuni ghakupambanapambana agho ghakazengekaso kuti viŵe vyakwenelera mu nyengo yakale, vikusangika mu mafilimu ghanandi. Paliso misewu yinandi yakutowa iyo yikawovwiranga kuti mu mafilimu gha nga ni Vanishing Point, Bingo na Starman muwonekenge misewu iyi. Vinthu vinyake vya ku Colorado vyazunulika mu mafilimu nga ni The Stanley Hotel mu filimu ya Dumb and Dumber na The Shining and the Sculptured House mu filimu ya Sleeper. Mu 2015, Furious 7 yikeneranga kujambulika pa msewu wa Pikes Peak Highway ku Colorado. Nkhani za pa TV za ŵanthu ŵalara zikucitika mu tawuni ya Colorado. Kweniso, The TV series Good Luck Charlie yikacitikira ku Denver, Colorado, kweni yikajambulika yayi. Ofesi yakulaŵilira mafilimu na TV ya ku Colorado yikayowoya kuti mafilimu ghakujumpha 400 ghajambulika ku Colorado.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cangialosi|first=Jason|title=Scenic Memorabilia: Colorado's Film Locations|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/news/scenic-memorabilia-colorados-film-locations.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|access-date=March 4, 2013}}</ref> Pali viphikiro vinandi vya mafilimu ku Colorado, nga ni Aspen Shortsfest, Boulder International Film Festival, Castle Rock Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, Festivus Film Festival, Mile High Horror Film Festival, Moondance International Film Festival, Mountainfilm ku Telluride, Rocky Mountain Women's Film Festival, na Telluride Film Festival. Ŵanandi awo ŵakalembanga mabuku ŵakakhalanga ku Colorado. Jack Kerouac na Neal Cassady, awo ŵakalembako mabuku gha mdauko wa Beat Generation, ŵakakhala mu Denver na mu vikaya vyapafupi na msumba uwu kwa vilimika vinandi. Mulembi wa maseŵero wa ku Ireland, Oscar Wilde, wakati waluta ku Colorado mu 1882, wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti Impressions of America kuti Leadville "ukaŵa msumba usambazi comene pa caru cose. Kweniso ŵakumanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵankhaza comene, ndipo munthu waliyose wali na futi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://britishandirishhistory.wordpress.com/2017/03/02/oscar-wilde-in-leadville-colorado/|title=Oscar Wilde in Leadville, Colorado|work=Isles Abroad|last=Flewelling|first=Lindsey|date=March 2, 2017|access-date=May 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/41806/41806-h/41806-h.htm|title=Impressions of America|author=[[Oscar Wilde]]|publisher=Keystone Press|location=[[Sunderland]]|date=1906|via=Project Gutenburg|access-date=May 3, 2021}}</ref> ===Cuisine=== Charu cha Colorado chikumanyikwa na vyakurya vya ku Southwest na Rocky Mountain, ndipo ku chigaŵa chose kuli malo ghakurya gha ku Mexico. Mu 2010, tawuni ya Boulder ndiyo yikaŵa na vyakurya vinandi kuluska tawuni zose mu America. Mu tawuni ya Boulder muli makampani ghanandi gha vyakurya na vyakumwa, malo ghakurya ghawemi chomene, kweniso misika ya ŵalimi. Kweniso mu tawuni ya Boulder muli ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakutemwa kuphika vyakurya vyakupambanapambana kuluska mu tawuni yinyake yiliyose, kusazgapo San Francisco na New York. Denver wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kurya nyama ya viŵeto, kweni sono wali na malo ghanandi ghakulyeramo. Polidori Sausage ni mtundu wa nyama ya nkhumba iyo yikusangika mu masupamaketi, iyo yikamba ku Colorado, kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Chaka chilichose mu mwezi wa Juni, ku Aspen kukaŵanga chiphikiro cha Food & Wine Classic. Aspen wakumanyikwaso kuti ni msumba ukuru wa vyakurya vya ku Rocky Mountain.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arnold |first=Katie |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/travel/08Choice.html |title=As Skiers Depart Aspen, Chowhounds Take Their Place |website=Travel.nytimes.com |location=New York City|date=June 8, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Travel + Leisure">{{cite web|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/guides/colorado |title=Colorado Travel Guide|publisher=Travelandleisure.com |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Denver Magazine">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.denvermagazine.com/March-2011/Colorado-039s-Master-Sommeliers/ |title=Master Class: The Coloradans who've passed the Master Sommelier test that 97 percent fail |first=Jacob |last=Harkins |date=March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315081041/http://www.denvermagazine.com/March-2011/Colorado-039s-Master-Sommeliers/|archive-date=March 15, 2011 |magazine=Denver Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Antonation|first=Mark|date=October 20, 2015|title=Chef & Tell: Steve Polidori Talks About 90 Years of Sausage in North Denver|url=https://www.westword.com/restaurants/chef-and-tell-steve-polidori-talks-about-90-years-of-sausage-in-north-denver-7261764|access-date=April 26, 2021|website=Westword}}</ref><ref name="Bon Appétit">{{cite web |last=Knowlton |first=Andrew |url=http://www.bonappetit.com/magazine/2010/10/americas_foodiest_town_2010_boulder |title=America's Foodiest Town 2010: Boulder, Colorado: In the Magazine |date=September 9, 2010 |publisher=bonappetit.com |access-date=June 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613033434/http://www.bonappetit.com/magazine/2010/10/americas_foodiest_town_2010_boulder |archive-date=June 13, 2011}}</ref> ===Wine and beer=== {{Main|Colorado wine|Colorado beer}} Vinyo wa ku Colorado wali na mitundu yakupambana-pambana iyo yikukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Vinyo wa ku Colorado wakupangika kufuma ku mpheska za Vitis vinifera na vinyo la cherry, peach, plum, na uchi. Vinyo wa ku Colorado walumbika comene mu caru cose na mu vyaru vinyake cifukwa ca makhaliro ghake ghawemi. Ku Colorado ndiko kuli minda ya mpheska iyo yili pachanya pa mtunda wose mu United States. Nyengo ya ku mapiri iyi yikupangiska kuti mu cihanya kuŵe kwakuthukira ndiposo kuti usiku kuŵe kwakuzizima. Ku Colorado kuli vigaŵa viŵiri ivyo vikuchemeka kuti American Viticultural Areas. Vigaŵa ivi ni Grand Valley AVA na West Elks AVA. Ndipouli, malo ghanandi ghakupangira vinyo ghakusangika ku Front Range. Mu chaka cha 2018, magazini ya Wine Enthusiast yikati malo gha Grand Valley AVA ku Mesa County, Colorado, ndigho ghakaŵa pa malo 10 agho ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kuluta kukamwa vinyo. Ku Colorado kuli malo ghanandi ghakupangira moŵa, nga ni New Belgium Brewing Company, Odell Brewing Company, Great Divide Brewing Company, na Bristol Brewing Company. Cigaŵa ca kumpoto kwa Colorado ico cili pafupi na pakati pa misumba ya Denver, Boulder, na Fort Collins cikucemeka kuti "Dambo la Mowa la Napa" cifukwa ca umo muli malo ghanandi ghakupangira mowa.<ref name="The Denver Beer Triangle">{{cite web|url=http://www.denver.org/what-to-do/colorado-day-trips/denver-beer-triangle |title=The Denver Beer Triangle |publisher=Denver.org |access-date=June 18, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Colorado Wine Industry Development Board">{{cite web|url=http://www.coloradowine.com/overview.html |title=Colorado Wine Industry Development Board |publisher=Coloradowine.com |access-date=June 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110428212220/http://www.coloradowine.com/overview.html |archive-date=April 28, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Colorado beer.org|publisher=coloradobeer.org |access-date=January 24, 2013 |url=http://coloradobeer.org/}}</ref><ref name="Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau">{{cite web |url=http://www.ttb.gov/appellation/us_by_ava.pdf |title=Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau : U.S. Department of the Treasury : Tables |website=Ttb.gov |access-date=April 1, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319073548/http://ttb.gov/appellation/us_by_ava.pdf |archive-date=March 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winesandvines.com/template.cfm?section=features&content=48734 |title=Wine Industry Feature Articles—Is Colorado the New Washington? |publisher=Winesandvines.com |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jackenthal |first=Stefani |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2008/10/05/travel/05biking.html |title=Biking Colorado's Wine Country |website=Travel.nytimes.com |location=New York City|date=October 5, 2008 |access-date=June 5, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.winemag.com/top-10-wine-travel-getaways-2018/grand-valley-colorado-usa/|title=Grand Valley, Colorado|website=Wine Enthusiast|access-date=2023-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063007/https://www.winemag.com/top-10-wine-travel-getaways-2018/grand-valley-colorado-usa/|archive-date=2018-02-07}}</ref> ===Marijuana and hemp=== Boma la Colorado likuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵambenge kwenda na chamba. Mu 2012, boma la Colorado likamba kuzomerezga chamba kuti chiŵe munkhwala (2000), mu mafakitale (kuyowoya za hemp, 2012), na mu vyakusanguluska (2012). Mu 2016, ku Colorado kukaŵa chamba chakukwana madola 1.31 biliyoni, ndipo mu vyaka vitatu vyakwambilira vya 2017, chamba ichi chikaŵa chakukwana madola 1.26 biliyoni. Mu 2016, boma likapeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 194 miliyoni ku boma pa nkhani ya msonkho, malipiro, na malaisensi gha kuguliska chamba. Boma la Colorado likukanizga kugwiliskira nchito mbuto yiliyose iyo yili na THC yambura kujumpha 0.3%. Pa 4 April, 2014, Senate Bill 14 ⁇ 184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced, ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colorado Senate Bill 14-184|url=http://openstates.org/co/bills/2014A/SB14-184/|access-date=October 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-sales-reports|title=Marijuana Sales Reports—Department of Revenue|website=www.colorado.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/agplants/industrial-hemp |title=Industrial Hemp &#124; Department of Agriculture—Plants |website=Colorado.gov |date=March 30, 2015 |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-tax-data|title=Marijuana Tax Data—Department of Revenue|website=www.colorado.gov|access-date=April 7, 2016|archive-date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404065511/https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/revenue/colorado-marijuana-tax-data|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Land Water People Time (Cultural Guide) |url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/life/travel/a-new-rocky-mountain-high-colorado-open-for-cannabis-tourism/article_dd6187a4-d20e-5ba3-8c9a-3b4022235184.html |title=A new Rocky Mountain high: Colorado open for cannabis tourism—The Santa Fe New Mexican: Travel |newspaper=The Santa Fe New Mexican |date=February 11, 2014 |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> ====Medicinal use==== Pa Novembala 7, 2000, 54 peresenti ya ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na fundo ya 20 iyo yikasintha dango la boma la Colorado na kuzomerezga kugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba. Para mulwari wakugwiliskira nchito munkhwala wa chamba, pali vifukwa vyakulondezgapo:<ref name="norml-co">{{cite web |url=http://norml.com/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391 |title=Active State Medical Marijuana Programs—NORML |publisher=norml.com |access-date=June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503160619/http://norml.com/index.cfm?Group_ID=3391 |archive-date=May 3, 2008 }}</ref> * (I) No more than {{convert|2|oz}} of a usable form of marijuana; and * (II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form of marijuana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalfamilies.org/guide/colorado20-full.html |title=Full Text of Colorado Amendment 20—Medical Use of Marijuana 2000 |website=Nationalfamilies.org |access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Pasono, boma la Colorado lili kulemba "malwara 8 agho ŵalwari ŵangachizgika na munkhwala wa chamba: kansa, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, kupwetekeka kwa misipa, kupwetekeka kwa mtima, vyakuŵinya vikuru, kusuzgika comene mu thupi, kuchepa thupi, na kusuzgika kwa misipa". Apo wakaŵa kazembe, John Hickenlooper wakapeleka hafu ya ndalama zakukwana $13 miliyoni za boma za "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund" ku kafukufuku wa vyaumoyo mu bajeti ya 2014. Mu 2018, Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund yikaŵa "ndalama zinandi chomene mu boma" ndipo yikagwiliskirika nchito kuti yipwelelere mapulogiramu nga ni kafukufuku wakukhwaskana na umo ŵangawovwilira ŵana awo ŵali na suzgo la autism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2018/12/30/colorado-marijuana-tax-cash-fund-general-assembly/|title=Almost half of Colorado's marijuana money can go wherever lawmakers wish|date=December 30, 2018|work=The Denver Post|location=[[Denver]]|access-date=November 11, 2020}}</ref> ====Recreational use==== Pa Novembala 6, 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma kuti livikilire ŵanthu ŵalara awo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito chomene chamba. Malo ghakuguliskirapo chamba ghakwamba ku Colorado, kweniso ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014.<ref name=Healy>{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jack|title=Colorado Stores Throw Open Their Doors to Pot Buyers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/colorado-stores-throw-open-their-doors-to-pot-buyers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/02/us/colorado-stores-throw-open-their-doors-to-pot-buyers.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|work=The New York Times|date=January 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aclu-co.org/aclu-joins-campaign-to-regulate-marijuana-like-alcohol/ |title=ACLU Joins Campaign To Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol—ACLU—Colorado |website=Aclu-co.org |date=September 14, 2011 |access-date=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326175000/http://aclu-co.org/aclu-joins-campaign-to-regulate-marijuana-like-alcohol/ |archive-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sports in Colorado}} [[File:Coors field 1.JPG|thumb|The [[Colorado Rockies]] baseball club at [[Coors Field]]|172x172px]] [[File:Denver invesco stadium 1.jpg|thumb|[[Empower Field at Mile High]] in Denver, home field of the [[Denver Broncos]] and the [[Denver Outlaws]]|172x172px]] [[File:Pepsi Center.jpg|thumb|[[Ball Arena]], home of the [[Denver Nuggets]], the [[Colorado Avalanche]], and the [[Colorado Mammoth]]|172x172px]] [[File:Dick's Park.jpg|thumb|[[Dick's Sporting Goods Park]], home of the [[Colorado Rapids]]|172x172px]] Ku Colorado kuli vipani vikuruvikuru vinkhondi vya maseŵero, ndipo vyose vili mu msumba wa Denver. Boma la Colorado ndilo lili na ŵanthu ŵacoko comene kuluska maboma ghanyake ghose agho ghali na magulu gha maseŵero ghakurughakuru. Gulu la baseball la Colorado Springs Snow Sox likukhala ku Colorado Springs. Timu iyi ni membala wa Pecos League, mphala ya baseball yambura kukolerana na Major panji Minor League Baseball.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazette.com/thetribune/the-colorado-springs-snowsox-coming-to-our-area-from-the-sidelines/article_fb70f7c2-5087-11eb-8a9b-377738d6ac8d.html|title=The Colorado Springs SnowSox coming to our area-From the Sidelines|date=January 12, 2021|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fox21news.com/living-local/give-a-big-welcome-to-co-springs-new-baseball-team-the-snow-sox/|title=Give a big welcome to CO Springs new baseball team, the Snow Sox|date=June 15, 2021|website=fox21news.com|access-date=July 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184747/https://www.fox21news.com/living-local/give-a-big-welcome-to-co-springs-new-baseball-team-the-snow-sox/|archive-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref> Pikes Peak International Hill Climb ni mpikisano wa magalimoto uwo ukuchitikira pa Pikes Peak Highway. Ku Cherry Hills Country Club kukachitikanga maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha gofu, kusazgapo maseŵero gha U.S. Ku U.S. Ku U.S. Ŵanakazi ŵakugaŵana maseŵero ghakupambanapambana, PGA Championship na BMW Championship. ====Professional sports teams==== {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Team !Home !First game !Sport !League |- |[[Colorado Avalanche]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|October 6, 1995}} |[[Ice hockey]] |[[National Hockey League]] |- |[[Colorado Eagles]] |[[Loveland, Colorado|Loveland]] |align=right|{{dts|October 17, 2003}} |Ice hockey |[[American Hockey League]] |- |[[Colorado Mammoth]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|January 3, 2003}} |[[Lacrosse]] |[[National Lacrosse League]] |- |[[Colorado Rapids]] |[[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce City]] |align=right|{{dts|April 13, 1996}} |[[Association football|Soccer]] |[[Major League Soccer]] |- |[[Colorado Rapids 2]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|March 27, 2022}} |Soccer |[[MLS Next Pro]] |- |[[Colorado Rockies]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|April 5, 1993}} |[[Baseball]] |[[Major League Baseball]] |- |[[Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|{{dts|March 28, 2015}} |Soccer |[[USL Championship]] |- |[[Denver Barbarians]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|May 1967|format=hide}}Spring 1967 |[[Rugby union]] |[[Rugby union in the United States#Regional Premierships (2013–2016)|Pacific Rugby Premiership]] |- |[[Denver Broncos]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|September 9, 1960}} |[[American football]] |[[National Football League]] |- |[[Denver Nuggets]] |[[Denver]] |align=right|{{dts|September 27, 1967}} |[[Basketball]] |[[National Basketball Association]] |- |[[Glendale Raptors]] |[[Glendale, Colorado|Glendale]] |align=right|{{dts|August 2006|format=hide}}Fall 2006 |Rugby union |[[Major League Rugby]] |- |[[Grand Junction Rockies]] |[[Grand Junction, Colorado|Grand Junction]] |align=right|{{dts|June 18, 2012}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |- |[[Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC]] |[[Windsor, Colorado|Windsor]] |align=right|{{dts|April 6, 2022}} |Soccer |[[USL League One]] |- |[[Northern Colorado Owlz]] |[[Windsor, Colorado|Windsor]] |align=right|{{dts|May 25, 2022}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |- |[[Rocky Mountain Vibes]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |align=right|{{dts|June 2019}} |Baseball |[[Pioneer League (baseball)|Pioneer League]] |} ====College athletics==== {{Main|List of college athletic programs in Colorado}}[[File:Weidner Field from Sierra Madre.jpg|thumb|[[Weidner Field]] in Colorado Springs, home of the [[Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC]]|172x172px]] Mayunivesite ndi makoleji otsatirawa amatenga nawo mbali mu National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. Gulu la maseŵero ilo likutchuka comene ku koleji ni la University of Colorado Buffaloes, ilo kale likacitanga maseŵero gha Big-12 kweni sono likucitako maseŵero gha Pac-12. Ŵakawina nkhombo ya Orange Bowl mu 1957 na 1991, Fiesta Bowl mu 1995, na Cotton Bowl Classic mu 1996. {| class="sortable wikitable" |+NCAA Division I athletic programs in Colorado<br /> ! Team !! School !! City !! Conference |- | [[Air Force Falcons]] || [[United States Air Force Academy]] || [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] || [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]]{{efn|Several Air Force teams participate in other conferences, or as independents, in sports that the MW does not sponsor: * Boxing, a men-only sport that is not sanctioned by the NCAA, competes as an independent. * Fencing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, also competes as an independent. * Men's and women's gymnastics both compete in the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]]. * Men's ice hockey competes in [[Atlantic Hockey]]. * Men's lacrosse competes in the [[ASUN Conference]]. * Rifle, which at Air Force is a coeducational sport, competes in the [[Patriot Rifle Conference]]. * Men's soccer and women's swimming & diving compete in the [[Western Athletic Conference]]. * Men's wrestling competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]].}} |- | [[Colorado Buffaloes]] || [[University of Colorado Boulder]] || [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] || [[Pac-12 Conference|Pac-12]]{{efn|Several Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Pac-12 does not sponsor: * Men's and women's indoor track & field compete in the [[Mountain Pacific Sports Federation]]. * Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the [[Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association]].}} |- | [[Colorado State Rams]] || [[Colorado State University]] || [[Fort Collins, Colorado|Fort Collins]] || [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]] |- | [[Denver Pioneers]] || [[University of Denver]] || [[Denver]] || [[National Collegiate Hockey Conference|NCHC]] / [[Summit League|Summit]]{{efn|Several Denver teams participate in other conferences in sports that The Summit League does not sponsor: * Women's gymnastics competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]]. * Men's ice hockey competes in the [[National Collegiate Hockey Conference]]. * Men's and women's lacrosse compete in the [[Big East Conference]]. * Skiing, a coeducational sport with men's and women's squads, competes in the [[Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association]].}} |- | [[Northern Colorado Bears]] || [[University of Northern Colorado]] || [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]] || [[Big Sky Conference|Big Sky]]{{efn|Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor: * Baseball competes in the [[Summit League]]. * Women's swimming & diving competes in the [[Western Athletic Conference]]. * Men's wrestling competes in the [[Big 12 Conference]].<!--The NCAA now recognizes women's wrestling as part of its Emerging Sports for Women program but does not yet sponsor a championship event.-->}} {{clear}} |- |[[Colorado College Tigers]] |[[Colorado College]] |[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]] |[[National Collegiate Hockey Conference|NCHC]] / [[Mountain West Conference|Mountain West]]{{Efn|Colorado College, otherwise an [[NCAA Division III]] member, has two Division I teams. Men's ice hockey competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and women's soccer competes in the Mountain West.|group=g}} |} ==Mayendelo== {{Main|Transportation in Colorado}} [[File:"Welcome to Colorful Colorado" state welcome sign along Interstate 70, entering from Utah (2006).jpg|thumb|left|A Colorado state welcome sign]] Ku Colorado, misewu ndiyo yikuru pa misewu yose iyo yikwenda. Msewu wa Interstate 25 (I-25) ni msewu ukuru uwo ukufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera mu chigaŵa ichi, ndipo ukugumaniska Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, na Fort Collins, ndipo ukufika kumpoto kwa Wyoming na kumwera kwa New Mexico. I-70 ni nthowa yikuru ya kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msewu uwu ukusazga Grand Junction na mapiri gha ku Colorado na Denver ndipo ukunjira mu chigaŵa cha Utah na Kansas. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli misewu yinandi iyo yikuluta ku vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vya chigaŵa ichi. Misumba yinandi yichokoyichoko yikukolerana na misewu iyi kwizira mu misewu ya boma pera. [[File:DIA.jpg|thumb|right|The main terminal of Denver International Airport evokes the peaks of the [[Front Range]].]] Denver International Airport (DIA) ni chiŵanja chachitatu pa viŵanja vya ndege ku United States na vyaru vinyake pa charu chose.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aci.aero/2022/04/11/the-top-10-busiest-airports-in-the-world-revealed/ |title=The top 10 busiest airports in the world revealed|publisher=[[Airports Council International]]|access-date=20 April 2022|date=11 April 2022}}</ref> Ndege za ku United States zikudutsa m'dera la Colorado ndipo zili pakati pa mzinda wa Chicago na Pacific Coast. Lekani kuti Denver ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ku chigaŵa ichi. Mabasi ghanyengo zose ghakwenda mu misumba na mu vigaŵa vinyake, kusazgapo maofesi gha RTD mu Denver. Bungwe la Regional Transportation District (RTD) likugwira ntchito ya RTD Bus & Rail transit system ku Denver Metropolitan Area. Kufika mu Janyuwale 2013, sitima ya RTD yikaŵa na magalimoto 170 agho ghakendanga pa mtunda wa makilomita 76. Kuonjezera pa mabasi, mabasi ena amagwira ntchito ku Burlington Trailways, Bustang, Express Arrow, ndi Greyhound Lines.[[File:California Zephyr--Eastbound meets Westbound in Glenwood Canyon.jpg|thumb|The westbound and eastbound ''[[California Zephyr]]s'' meet in the [[Glenwood Canyon]].]] Amtrak wakwendeska njanji ziŵiri mu Colorado, California Zephyr na Southwest Chief. Colorado ndiyo yikamba kuŵa na njanji ya Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad mu 1870. Mu 1988, "Rio Grande" yikagulika, kweni yikasazgikana na njanji ya Southern Pacific Railroad na mwenecho wa njanji iyi, Philip Anschutz. Pa Seputembala 11, 1996, Anschutz wakaguliska kampani iyi ku kampani ya Union Pacific Railroad, ndipo yikaŵa njanji yikuru chomene mu United States. Anschutz wakaguliskika cifukwa ca kusangana kwa Burlington Northern na Santa Fe, ivyo vikapangiska kuti paŵe Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), iyo yikaŵa mpikisano wa Union Pacific. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵa Union Pacific na ŵa BNSF ŵali na katundu mu Colorado. Msewu wa sitima ya pa mtunda wa makilomita 2,688 uwo uli ku Colorado, uli na njanji ya Kilasi I. Cigaŵa ici nchakukhumbikwa comene pa usambazi wa caru ca U.S., cifukwa ni nthowa yikuru comene yakwendeskera katundu wa magesi, ulimi, migodi, na vyamalonda. Cigaŵa ici cikusazgirako katundu na katundu wakupangika pakati pa vyaru vya ku East na Midwest na vyaru vya ku Pacific. Mu Ogasiti 2014, boma la Colorado likamba kupeleka makalata ghakuluta ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku United States kweni ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera. Mu Seputembala 2014, KCNC yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 524 awo mba ku United States yayi ŵakapika ma layisensi gha kwendeska galimoto agho kanandi ghakupelekeka ku ŵanthu ŵa ku United States awo ŵakukhala ku Colorado.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=524 Non-Citizens Received Regular Colorado Driver's Licenses, DMV Says |url=http://denver.cbslocal.com/2014/09/12/524-non-citizens-received-regular-colorado-drivers-licenses-dmv-says/ |newspaper=KCNC |location=Denver |date=September 12, 2014 |access-date=February 19, 2015}}</ref> ==Masambilo== {{main|List of colleges and universities in Colorado}} {{See also|Table of Colorado school districts|Table of Colorado charter schools|Auraria Campus}} [[File:Leprino Hall.jpg|thumb|[[Colorado Christian University]]]] [[File:Cutler Hall.JPG|thumb|[[Colorado College]]]] [[File:Academic Classroom Building, Mesa State College (April 30, 2011).jpg|thumb|[[Colorado Mesa University]]]] [[File:CSU University Center for the Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Colorado State University]]]] [[File:Old Main Hall, Regis University Main Campus.jpg|thumb|[[Regis University]]]] [[File:Cadet chapel.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Air Force Academy]]]] [[File:Norlin Library - Colorado.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Colorado Boulder]]]] Sukulu yakwamba ya masambiro ghapacanya mu Colorado yikaŵa Colorado Seminary, iyo yikajulika pa November 16, 1864, na Methodist Episcopal Church. Mu 1867 seminare iyi yikajalika, kweni mu 1880 yikambaso kugwira nchito nga ni yunivesite ya Denver. Mu 1870, Bishop George Maxwell Randall wa Episcopal Church's Missionary District of Colorado and Parts Adjacent wakajura sukulu yakwamba ya Colorado University Schools iyo yikaŵa na Territorial School of Mines iyo yikajulika mu 1873 na kuguliskika ku Colorado Territory mu 1874. Sukulu izi pakwamba zikacitikanga na chalichi la Episcopal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvarygolden.net/history|title=A Brief History of Calvary Church|access-date=April 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601235528/http://www.calvarygolden.net/history|archive-date=June 1, 2016|location=[[Golden, Colorado|Golden, CO]]|publisher=Calvary Episcopal Church}}</ref> Mu 1861, boma likazomerezga kuti ku Boulder kukhazikike yunivesite ya boma, kweni mu 1876 pera ndipo ŵakambiska Yunivesite ya Colorado. Mu 1876, sukulu iyi yikachemekaso kuti Colorado School of Mines. Mu 1870, boma likapanga sukulu ya Agricultural College of Colorado, iyo yikajulika mu 1879. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts mu 1935, ndipo yikazgoka Colorado State University mu 1957. Koleji yakwamba ya Katolika mu Colorado yikaŵa Jesuit Sacred Heart College, iyo yikapangika ku New Mexico mu 1877, yikasamukira ku Morrison mu 1884, na ku Denver mu 1887. Kholeji iyi yikapika zina lakuti Regis College mu 1921 ndipo mu 1991 yikapika zina lakuti Regis University. Pa Epulero 1, 1924, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵankhondo ŵakendanga mu sukulu iyi apo ŵakasanga mphinjika yikugolera moto, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano yikuru pakati pa Regis College na gulu la Ku Klux Klan. Mu 1950, Komiti ya Sukulu ya Uteŵeti yikati yawona kuti pakukhumbikwira kusazgirako buku la U.S. Sukulu ya usilikali na ya nkhondo ya pa maji yikaŵa na sukulu yachitatu iyo yikalongozganga ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ya pa maji. Pa Epulero 1, 1954, Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower wakasazga dango lakuti boma la U.S. Sukulu ya Ŵasilikari ŵa pa Mlengalenga. Kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, msumba wa Colorado Springs ndiwo ukasankhika kuti uŵe cigaŵa ca maofesi ghaphya agha. Kufumira apo yikakhazikiskikira mu 1955, mpaka apo yikamalizgira kuzenga malo ghakwenelera ku Colorado Springs ndipo yikamba kugwira nchito mu 1958, sukulu iyi yikaŵa ku Lowry Air Force Base ku Denver. Ŵakati ŵajura sukulu ya Colorado Springs, ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakasamira ku sukulu yiphya, nangauli ŵakaŵa na vyakuvwara vyose yayi nga umo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuyowoyera. Gulu lakwamba la maofesala gha Space Force kufuma ku Air Force Academy likamba kugwira nchito pa 18 April, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2155498/space-force-welcomes-first-academy-graduates-to-its-ranks/|title=Space Force welcomes first academy graduates to its ranks|date=April 18, 2020|access-date=April 6, 2021|publisher=[[U.S. Space Force]]|work=U.S. Space Force Public Affairs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223224135/http://www.spaceforce.mil/News/Article/2155498/space-force-welcomes-first-academy-graduates-to-its-ranks/|archive-date=December 23, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usafa.org/Heritage/MarchIn|title=March-In Mystery Unraveled|publisher=Association of Graduates, United States Air Force Academy|last=Simon|first=Lt. Col. (Ret.) Steven A.|access-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308115114/https://www.usafa.org/Heritage/MarchIn|archive-date=March 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9G8pAAAAIBAJ&pg=6899%2C3318710|newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington)|agency=Associated Press|title=Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower|date=April 2, 1954 |page=1|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.regis.edu/about/history-mission/our-history|title=Our History|publisher=[[Regis University]]|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://issuu.com/regisuniversity/docs/regis_20alumni_20magazine_20fall_20|title=The Hooded Empire: Remembering the Catholic Clash with the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s|magazine=Regis University Alumni Magazine|last=Graham|first=Luke|date=Fall 2017|access-date=March 25, 2021|location=[[Denver]]|pages=14–17}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colorado-State-University-Colorado|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica|title=Colorado State University|access-date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> * [[Adams State University]] * [[Aims Community College]] * [[Arapahoe Community College]] * [[Pillar of Fire International|Belleview Christian College & Bible Seminary]] * [[Colorado Christian University]] * [[Colorado College]] * [[Colorado Mesa University]] * [[Colorado Mountain College]] * [[Colorado Northwestern Community College]] * [[Colorado School of Mines]] * [[Colorado State University|Colorado State University System]] ** [[Colorado State University]] ** [[Colorado State University Pueblo]] ** [[CSU–Global Campus]] * [[Colorado Technical University]] * [[Community College of Aurora]] * [[Community College of Denver]] * [[Denver Seminary]] * [[DeVry University]] * [[Emily Griffith Opportunity School]] * [[Fort Lewis College]] * [[Front Range Community College]] * [[Iliff School of Theology]] *[[Johnson & Wales University]] * [[Lamar Community College]] * [[Metropolitan State University of Denver]] * [[Morgan Community College]] * [[Naropa University]] * [[Nazarene Bible College]] * [[Northeastern Junior College]] * [[Otero College]] * [[Pikes Peak State College]] * [[Pueblo Community College]] * [[Red Rocks Community College]] * [[Regis University]] * [[Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design]] * [[Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine]] * [[Trinidad State College]] * [[United States Air Force Academy]] * [[University of Colorado System]] ** [[University of Colorado Boulder]] ** [[University of Colorado Colorado Springs]] ** [[University of Colorado Denver]] ** [[University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus]] * [[University of Denver]] * [[University of Northern Colorado]] * [[Western Colorado University]] {{clear}} == Vinthu vya nkhondo == [[File:Carsongate.JPG|thumb|[[Fort Carson]]]] [[File:PetersonAFB.jpg|thumb|[[Peterson Space Force Base]]]] [[File:USAFA Chapel from terrazzo.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force Academy]]]] Vinthu vikuru-vikuru vya nkhondo mu Colorado ni ivi: * [[Buckley Space Force Base]] (1938–) ** [[Air Reserve Personnel Center]] (1953–) * [[Fort Carson]] ([[United States Army|U.S. Army]] 1942–) ** [[Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site]] (1983–) * [[Peterson Space Force Base]] (1942–) ** [[Cheyenne Mountain Space Force Station]] (1961–) * [[Pueblo Chemical Depot]] (U.S. Army 1942–) * [[Schriever Space Force Base]] (1983–) * [[United States Air Force Academy]] (1954–) Ŵasilikari ŵakale ku Colorado ni aŵa: * [[Spanish Fort (Colorado)|Spanish Fort]] ([[Spanish Army]] 1819–1821) * [[Fort Massachusetts (Colorado)|Fort Massachusetts]] (U.S. Army 1852–1858) * [[Fort Garland]] (U.S. Army 1858–1883) * [[Camp Collins]] (U.S. Army 1862–1870) * [[Fort Logan]] (U.S. Army 1887–1946) * [[Colorado National Guard Armory]] (1913-1933) * [[Fitzsimons Army Hospital]] (U.S. Army 1918–1999) * Denver Medical Depot (U.S. Army 1925–1949)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historycolorado.org/location/denver-medical-depot-inner-city-business-park |title=Denver Medical Depot (Inner-city Business Park) |website=historycolorado.org |access-date=September 20, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804213110/https://www.historycolorado.org/location/denver-medical-depot-inner-city-business-park |archive-date=August 4, 2021 }}</ref> * [[Lowry Air Force Base]] (1938–1994) * [[Pueblo Army Air Base]] (1941-1948) * [[Rocky Mountain Arsenal]] (U.S. Army 1942–1992) * [[Camp Hale]] (U.S. Army 1942–1945) * [[La Junta Army Air Field]] (1942-1946) * [[Leadville Army Air Field]] (1943-1944) {{clear}} ==Boma== {{main|Government of Colorado}} ===State government=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |- ! colspan="6" | State Executive Officers |- !| Office ! Name ! Party |- | Governor | [[Jared Polis]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Lieutenant Governor | [[Dianne Primavera]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Secretary of State | [[Jena Griswold]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Attorney General | [[Phil Weiser]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |- | Treasurer | [[Dave Young (Colorado politician)|Dave Young]] | {{party shading/Democratic}} | Democratic |} Nga ni umo viliri na boma la United States, dango la boma la Colorado likulongora kuti pali magulu ghatatu gha boma: wupu wa malango, wupu wakulongozga, na wupu wa ŵeruzgi. Kazembe wa Colorado ndiyo wakulongozga boma. Kazembe uyo waliko sono ni Jared Polis, wa ku Democratic Party. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵanyake ŵa boma la Colorado ni Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (uyo wakusankhika na Governor), Secretary of State of Colorado, Colorado State Treasurer, na Attorney General of Colorado, ndipo wose ŵakugwira nchito kwa vyaka vinayi. Khoti Likuru Chomene la Colorado ilo lili na ŵeruzgi ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri, ndilo ni khoti likuru chomene mu charu ichi. Khoti la Apilu la ku Colorado, ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 22, likukhala mu magulu gha ŵeruzgi ŵatatu. Boma la Colorado lili na vigaŵa 22, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chili na khoti la chigaŵa na khoti la chigaŵa. Boma ili lili na makhoti ghapadera agho ghakulaŵilira nkhani za maji. Makhoti agha ghali mu vigaŵa vinkhondi na viŵiri ndipo ghakupanga malango ghakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu pa nkhani ya maji. Wupu wa malango wa boma ni Colorado General Assembly, uwo uli na nyumba ziŵiri, nyumba ya ŵimiliri na nyumba ya Senate. Nyumba ya malango yili na mamembara 65, ndipo ya Senate yili na mamembara 35. Kuzakafika mu chaka cha 2021, chipani cha Democratic Party chili na mavoti 20 ku 15 mu Senate ndipo 41 ku 24 mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Anthu ambiri a ku Colorado amachokera ku mayiko ena (pafupifupi 60% malinga ndi chiwerengero cha 2000), ndipo izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti boma silinakhale ndi kazembe wobadwira kuchokera ku 1975 (pamene John David Vanderhoof adachoka ku ofesi) mpaka 2007, pamene Bill Ritter adayamba kugwira ntchito; chisankho chake chaka chathachi chinali chigonjetso choyamba cha chisankho cha Colorado wobadwira ku Colorado mu mpikisano wa kazembe kuyambira 1958 (Vanderhoof adachokera ku Lieutenant Governorship pamene John Arthur Love adapatsidwa udindo mu boma la Richard Nixon mu 1973). Boma la Colorado ndilo likusonkha msonkho.<ref>{{cite web | title =State of Residence in 2000 by State of Birth | publisher =[[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] | access-date =October 10, 2009 | url =https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t38/index.html}}</ref> ====Politics==== {{Main|Politics of Colorado}} {{See also|Political party strength in Colorado|United States presidential elections in Colorado}} {| class="wikitable floatright" ! colspan="6" | Colorado registered voters {{as of|2023|March|1|lc=y|df=US}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2023/February/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VoterRegNumbers/2022/April/VotersByPartyStatus.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Total Registered Voters By Party Affiliation}}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Party ! Number of Voters ! Percentage |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Independent politician (United States)|Unaffiliated]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1,761,728 | style="text-align:center;" | 46.15% |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[Colorado Democratic Party|Democratic]] | style="text-align:center;" | 1,055,164 | style="text-align:center;" | 27.64% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[Colorado Republican Party|Republican]] | style="text-align:center;" | 932,127 | style="text-align:center;" | 24.42% |- | {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} | [[Libertarian Party of Colorado|Libertarian]] | style="text-align:center;" | 39,689 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.04% |- | {{party color cell|Constitution Party (United States)}} | [[American Constitution Party (Colorado)|American Constitution]] | style="text-align:center;" | 11,595 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.30% |- | {{party color cell|Green Party (United States)}} | [[Green Party of Colorado|Green]] | style="text-align:center;" | 8,400 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.22% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Approval Voting Party|Approval Voting]] | style="text-align:center;" | 4,452 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.12% |- | {{party color cell|Independent Party (United States)}} | [[Unity Party of America|Unity]] | style="text-align:center;" | 3,193 | style="text-align:center;" | 0.08% |- ! colspan="2" | Total ! style="text-align:center;" | 3,817,369 ! style="text-align:center;" | 100.00% |} {{PresHead|place=Colorado|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=8&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Colorado|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 27, 2022|author=Leip, David}}</ref>}} <!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> {{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,364,607|1,804,352|88,021|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2016|Democratic|1,202,484|1,338,870|238,893|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2012|Democratic|1,185,243|1,323,102|63,501|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2008|Democratic|1,073,629|1,288,633|39,200|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2004|Republican|1,101,256|1,001,725|27,344|Colorado}} {{PresRow|2000|Republican|883,745|738,227|119,393|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1996|Republican|691,848|671,152|147,704|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1992|Democratic|562,850|629,681|376,649|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1988|Republican|728,177|621,453|22,764|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1984|Republican|821,818|454,974|18,589|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1980|Republican|652,264|367,973|164,178|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1976|Republican|584,367|460,353|36,415|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1972|Republican|597,189|329,980|26,715|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1968|Republican|409,345|335,174|66,680|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1964|Democratic|296,767|476,024|4,195|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1960|Republican|402,242|330,629|3,375|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1956|Republican|394,479|263,997|4,598|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1952|Republican|379,782|245,504|4,817|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1948|Democratic|239,714|267,288|8,235|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1944|Republican|268,731|234,331|1,977|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1940|Republican|279,576|265,554|3,874|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1936|Democratic|181,267|295,021|12,396|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1932|Democratic|189,617|250,877|17,202|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1928|Republican|253,872|133,131|5,239|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1924|Republican|195,171|75,238|71,851|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1920|Republican|173,248|104,936|13,869|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1916|Democratic|102,308|178,816|13,251|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1912|Democratic|58,386|114,232|94,262|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1908|Democratic|123,693|126,644|13,521|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1904|Republican|134,661|100,105|8,901|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1900|Democratic|93,072|122,733|5,603|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1896|Democratic|26,271|161,005|2,263|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1892|Populist|38,620|0|55,271|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1888|Republican|50,772|37,549|3,625|Colorado}} {{PresRow|1884|Republican|36,084|27,723|2,712|Colorado}} {{PresFoot|1880|Republican|27,450|24,647|1,449|Colorado}} Nyengo yinyake boma la Colorado likawonekanga kuti ndambura kuvikilirika, kweni sono ni boma la ŵanthu ŵakuvikilirika. Pa visankho vya pulezidenti, pakaŵavya uyo wakathereskeka mpaka mu 2020 na ma digiti ghaŵiri kufuma mu 1984 ndipo wakakhozgera uyo wakathereskeka mu visankho 9 pa visankho 11 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu vyaka 100 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵasankha ŵalongozgi 17 ŵa chipani cha Democratic na 12 ŵa chipani cha Republic. Mu ndyali za pulezidenti, Colorado yikawonekanga nga ni boma la Republican panyengo ya Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caru Cose, ndipo yikavotera Democratic mu 1948, 1964, na 1992. Ndipouli, mu ma 1990, caru ici cikamba kutemwana comene. Kufumira pakatikati pa ma 2000s, yaluta ku ma Democrats, kuvotera Barack Obama mu 2008 na 2012, Hillary Clinton mu 2016, na Joe Biden mu 2020. Vinthu vya ndyali vya ku Colorado vikupambana comene na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Colorado Springs na Grand Junction na misumba ya ŵanthu ŵakutchintha nga ni Boulder na Denver. Ŵademocrats ŵali na nkhongono comene mu Denver, mu matawuni gha ku koleji gha Fort Collins na Boulder, kumwera kwa Colorado (kusazgapo Pueblo), ndiposo mu vigaŵa vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado. Ŵa Republican ŵali na nkhongono chomene ku Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Greeley, na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Colorado kufupi na Grand Junction. Boma la Colorado lili na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ŵa [[United States Senate|United States Senators]]: * [[Classes of United States Senators|United States Senate Class 2]], [[John Hickenlooper]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2021– * [[Classes of United States Senators|United States Senate Class 3]], [[Michael Bennet]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2009– Colorado is represented by eight [[United States House of Representatives|Representatives]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]]: * [[Colorado's 1st congressional district]], [[Diana DeGette]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 1997– * [[Colorado's 2nd congressional district]], [[Joe Neguse]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2019– * [[Colorado's 3rd congressional district]], [[Lauren Boebert]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2021– * [[Colorado's 4th congressional district]], [[Ken Buck]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2015– * [[Colorado's 5th congressional district]], [[Doug Lamborn]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]) 2007– * [[Colorado's 6th congressional district]], [[Jason Crow]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2019– * [[Colorado's 7th congressional district]], [[Brittany Pettersen]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2023– * [[Colorado's 8th congressional district]], [[Yadira Caraveo]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]) 2023– Mu kafukufuku wa mu 2020, Colorado yikaŵa pa malo gha 7 pa vyaru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaŵanga na mwaŵi wa kuvota.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=15 Dec 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ====Significant initiatives and legislation enacted in Colorado==== Mu 1881, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakazomerezga fundo yakuti msumba wa Denver uŵe msumba ukuru wa boma. Boma la Colorado ndilo likaŵa lakwamba kukhazikiska dango lakuti ŵanakazi nawo ŵaŵenge na wanangwa wa kuvota. Pa Novembala 7, 1893, ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazomerezga fundo iyi.<ref>{{cite news|date=August 19, 1893|title=Notice of General Election|volume=4|agency=Silverton Standard|issue=41|url=https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=TSS18930819.2.61&srpos=1&dliv=none&e=19-08-1893-19-08-1893--en-20-TSS-1--txt-txIN-election-------0-|access-date=November 28, 2020}}</ref> Pa Novembala 8, 1932, boma la Colorado likazomerezga kuti ŵakanizgenge kumwa moŵa. Boma la Colorado likakanizga kuguliska magalimoto pa Sabata kwambira waka mu 1953. Mu 1972, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakana fundo yakuti ŵapeleke ndalama zakucitira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu nyengo ya ciwuvi mu 1976, agho ghakacitikiranga mu caru ici. Pa Meyi 12, 1970, Komiti ya International Olympic Committee yikasankha msumba wa Denver kuti uŵe uko kukacitikiranga maseŵero gha Olimpiki. Mu 1992, ŵanthu ŵa ku Colorado ŵakakolerana na dango la boma lakuti mu msumba uliwose panji mu chigaŵa chilichose ŵaleke kuzomerezga kuti ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha panji ŵanakazi awo ŵakugonana na ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha ŵaŵe mu gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakuvikilirika. Mu 1996, mu chigamulo cha 6 ⁇ 3 mu Romer v. Evans, wa ku United States Khoti Likuru Chomene likawona kuti kukanizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kutemwana chifukwa cha kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera kukakolerananga yayi na fundo ya Equal Protection Clause. Mu 2006, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga dango la 43 ilo likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵaviŵaro vyakuyana kutorana mu Colorado. Kweni boma la U.S. likakana. Ivyo Khoti Likuru Chomene likadumura mu 2015 pa mulandu wa Obergefell v. Hodges. Mu 2012, ŵanthu awo ŵakavota ŵakasintha dango la boma la boma ili kuti ŵanthu ŵalara ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba paŵekha, ndipo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito munkhwala wa chamba nga ni moŵa. Malo ghakuguliskirako vyamba ku Colorado, na ku United States, ghakajulika pa Janyuwale 1, 2014. Pa 29 May, 2019, Kazembe Jared Polis wakasaina House Bill 1124 iyo yikukanizga ŵapolisi ku Colorado kuti ŵaleke kukora ŵanthu awo ŵalije vikalata vyakwendera mu charu ichi chifukwa cha pempho la U.S. Ofesi ya Immigration na Customs Enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb19-1124|title=Protect Colorado Residents From Federal Government Overreach {{!}} Colorado General Assembly |website=leg.colorado.gov |access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>{{clear}} == Malo gha Ŵamwenye ŵa ku America == [[File:Southern Ute Tribal Administration Building.JPG|thumb|The [[Southern Ute Indian Tribe|Southern Ute Tribal Administration Building]]]] [[File:Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Office Complex.JPG|thumb|The [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe|Ute Mountain Ute Tribal Office Complex]]]] Vipani viŵiri ivyo vikaŵa ku Colorado ni ivi: *[[Southern Ute Indian Reservation]] — [[Southern Ute Indian Tribe]] (1873; [[Ute dialect]]: ''Kapuuta-wa Moghwachi Núuchi-u'') *[[Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation]] — [[Ute Mountain Ute Tribe]] (1940; [[Ute dialect]]: ''Wʉgama Núuchi'') Malo ghaŵiri agho kukaŵavya ŵanthu ŵa ku India mu Colorado ni agha: *[[Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes|Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation]] (1851–1870) *[[Southern Ute Indian Reservation|Ute Indian Reservation]] (1855–1873) {{clear}} ==Malo ghakutetezeka== [[File:Lowry Pueblo ruins.jpg|thumb|[[Lowry Pueblo]] in [[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]]]] [[File:Coloradodunes.jpg|thumb|[[Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve]]]] [[File:SpruceTreeHouseLong.jpg|thumb|Spruce Tree House in [[Mesa Verde National Park]]]] {{Main|List of protected areas of Colorado}} Ku Colorado ndiko kuli [[List of national parks in Colorado|4 national parks]], [[List of national monuments in Colorado|9 national monuments]], [[List of national historic sites in Colorado|3 national historic sites]], [[List of national recreation areas in Colorado|2 national recreation areas]], [[List of national historic trails in Colorado|4 national historic trails]], [[List of national scenic trails in Colorado|1 national scenic trail]], [[List of national forests in Colorado|11 national forests]], [[List of national grasslands in Colorado|2 national grasslands]], [[List of national wildernesses in Colorado|44 national wildernesses]], [[List of national conservation areas in Colorado|3 national conservation areas]], [[List of national wildlife refuges in Colorado|8 national wildlife refuges]], [[List of national heritage areas in Colorado|3 national heritage areas]], [[List of national historic landmarks in Colorado|26 national historic landmarks]], [[List of national natural landmarks in Colorado|16 national natural landmarks]], more than 1,500 [[List of National Register of Historic Places in Colorado|National Register of Historic Places]], [[List of wild and scenic rivers in Colorado|1 wild and scenic river]], [[List of Colorado state parks|42 state parks]], [[List of Colorado state wildlife areas|307 state wildlife areas]], [[List of Colorado natural areas|93 state natural areas]], [[List of national recreation trails in Colorado|28 national recreation trails]], [[List of regional trails in Colorado|6 regional trails]], kweniso malo ghanyake ghakutowa ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale na malo ghanyake ghakusanguluskira. {{Anchor|National Park System units}}Mu Colorado muli vigaŵa 23 vya National Park System: *[[Amache National Historic Site]] (2022) *[[Arapaho National Recreation Area]]{{efn|name=USFS|[[Arapaho National Recreation Area]], [[Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument]], and [[Chimney Rock National Monument]] are managed by the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]].}} (1978) *[[Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site]] (1960) *[[Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park]] (NM 1933, NP 1999) *[[Browns Canyon National Monument]]{{efn|name=BLMNFS|[[Browns Canyon National Monument]] is jointly managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]], and the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]].}} (2015) *[[California National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=CNHT|The [[California National Historic Trail]] traverses ten U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], Colorado, [[Wyoming]], [[Idaho]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], [[Oregon]], and California.}} (1992) *[[Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument]]{{efn|name=USFS}} (2022) *[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]]{{efn|name=BLM|[[Canyons of the Ancients National Monument]] is managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]].}} (2000) *[[Chimney Rock National Monument]]{{efn|name=USFS}} (2012) *[[Colorado National Monument]] (1911) *[[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]]{{efn|name=CDNST|The [[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]] traverses five U.S. states: [[Montana]], [[Idaho]], [[Wyoming]], Colorado, and [[New&nbsp;Mexico]].}}{{efn|name=USFSNPSBLM|The [[Continental Divide National Scenic Trail]] is jointly managed by the [[United States Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]], and the [[National Park Service]] and [[Bureau of Land Management]], [[United States Department of the Interior]].}} (1978) *[[Curecanti National Recreation Area]] (1965) *[[Dinosaur National Monument]]{{efn|[[Dinosaur National Monument]] extends into the [[Utah|State of Utah]].}} (1915) *[[Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument]] (1969) *[[Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve]] (NM 1932, NP 2004) *[[Hovenweep National Monument]]{{efn|[[Hovenweep National Monument]] extends into the [[Utah|State of Utah]].}} (1923) *[[Mesa Verde National Park]] (1906) and [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] (1978) *[[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=OSNHT|The [[Old Spanish National Historic Trail]] traverses six U.S. states: [[New&nbsp;Mexico]], Colorado, [[Utah]], [[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], and California.}} (2002) *[[Pony Express National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=PENHT|The [[Pony Express National Historic Trail]] traverses eight U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Nebraska]], Colorado, [[Wyoming]], [[Utah]], [[Nevada]], and California.}} (1992) *[[Rocky Mountain National Park]] (1915) *[[Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site]] (2007) *[[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]]{{efn|name=SFNHT|The [[Santa Fe National Historic Trail]] traverses five U.S. states: [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], Colorado, [[Oklahoma]], and [[New&nbsp;Mexico]].}} (1987) *[[Yucca House National Monument]]{{efn|[[Yucca House National Monument]] remains undeveloped.}} (1919) {{clear}} ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Government|Geography|History|United States|Colorado}} *[[Bibliography of Colorado]] *[[Geography of Colorado]] *[[History of Colorado]] *[[Index of Colorado-related articles]] *[[List of Colorado-related lists]] *[[Outline of Colorado]] *[[List of ships named the USS Colorado|List of ships named the USS ''Colorado'']] {{clear}} ==Footnotes== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} * ''Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's Handbook'', The Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, {{ISBN|1-56579-124-X}} for an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado. * ''The Archeology of Colorado'', Revised Edition, E. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade paperback, {{ISBN|1-55566-193-9}}. * ''Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High Plains'', Merrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, {{ISBN|1-55566-227-7}}. * {{cite book|last=Gunther|first=John|author-link=John Gunther|chapter=–But Scenery Is Not Enough|title=Inside U.S.A|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insideusa00gunt/page/213 213–226]|location=New York City, London|publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]]|year=1947|title-link=Inside U.S.A. (book)}} * ''[[The Tie That Binds (novel)|The Tie That Binds]]'', [[Kent Haruf]], 1984, hardcover, {{ISBN|0-03-071979-8}}, a fictional account of farming in Colorado. * ''Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway Sites'', Claude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, {{ISBN|0-89658-591-3}} * {{cite web |title=Marijuana has huge influence on Colorado tourism, state survey says |url=http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_29225304/marijuana-has-huge-influence-colorado-tourism-state-survey |work=Denver Post |last=Blevins |first=Jason |date=December 9, 2015 |access-date=September 20, 2021 |url-status=live}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{sister project links|Colorado|auto=yes}} ===State government=== *[https://www.colorado.gov/ State of Colorado] **[https://www.colorado.com/other-tourism-organizations/colorado-tourism-office Colorado Tourism Office] **[https://www.historycolorado.org/ History Colorado] ===Federal government=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080516020504/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=CO Energy & Environmental Data for Colorado] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070218175148/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=CO USGS Colorado state facts, real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Colorado] * [https://www.census.gov/ United States Census Bureau] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512074548/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/08000.html Colorado QuickFacts] ** [http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Colorado/2kh08.pdf 2000 Census of Population and Housing for Colorado] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160824212734/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=08&StateName=Colorado USDA ERS Colorado state facts] * [https://guides.loc.gov/colorado-state-guide Colorado State Guide, from the Library of Congress] ===Other=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120212023536/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Colorado List of searchable databases produced by Colorado state agencies] hosted by the American Library Association Government Documents Roundtable * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205102713/http://www.stanwyck.com/cogenweb/cocounties.html Colorado County Evolution] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100725045834/http://www.askcolorado.org/ Ask Colorado] * [https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/ Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection (CHNC)] * [http://swcoloradowildflowers.com/ Mountain and Desert Plants of Colorado and the Southwest], * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210955/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm Climate of Colorado] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210955/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/COLORADO.htm |date=April 7, 2016 }} * {{Curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Colorado}} * {{osmrelation-inline|161961}} * [http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=328010&vtab=Background Holocene Volcano in Colorado (Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program) ] {{Colorado|expanded}} {{United States political divisions}} {{authority control}} {{coord|38.9972|-105.5478|dim:300000_region:region:US-CO_type:adm1st|name=State of Colorado|display=title}} [[Category:Colorado| ]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1861|Colorado, Territory of]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1876|Colorado, State of]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[Category:Western United States]] [[Category:1861 establishments in Colorado Territory]] [[Category:1876 establishments in Colorado| ]] kw9nt66n4utbsjrsmn79kinxdd5qofj 0 11469 123316 122647 2026-10-23T23:03:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Malo|chalo=[[Malaŵi]]|chigaŵa=[[Chigaŵa cha kumpoto]]|boma=[[Chitipa]]|zina= Nasatoni, Chitipa}} '''Nasatoni''' zina la [[msumba]] kweneso malo agho ghakusangika mu boma la [[Chitipa]],mu [[higaŵa cha kumpoto|chigaŵa cha kumpoto]],mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. ==Ŵanthu== Chiyowoyero icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya ku Nasato ni [[chiNdali]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Seputembala 2006 |title=LANGUAGE MAPPING SURVEY FOR NORTHERN MALAWI |url=http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf |publisher=[[University of Malawi]] |page=30 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225347/http://unima-cls.org/Docs/MappingNorthernMalawi/lm-northernmalawi.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> ==Masambiro== ===Sukulu Yakwamba ya Nasato=== [[Sukulu Yakwamba]] ya Nasato ni sukulu 131 <ref>{{Cite web |date=Seputembala 7, 2016 |title=THE MALAWI NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS BOARD 2016 MALAWI PRIMARY SCHOOL LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION - PASS LIST (Chitipa) |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Chitipa-1.pdf |website=[[Face of Malawi]] |page=140 |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314010605/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Chitipa-1.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>ya Chikhristu mu Nasato. Mu malo mwa ŵasambizgi Sukulu Yakwamba ya Nasato yili na ŵaliska. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalinde |first=Sophie |date=Malichi 31, 2015. |title=Annual Report 2014 |url=http://mhrcmw.org/mhrc/sites/default/files/2014%20Annual%20Report.pdf |page=23}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Msumba zakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa]] [[Category:Malo ghakusangika mu boma la Chitipa]] [[Category:Chitipa,Malaŵi]] 7bf9elb1ksvg3wabjbdo9y44igstqep 0 13515 123310 121651 2026-10-23T20:36:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{distinguish|text=the neighbouring [[Republic of the Congo]]; for similarly named entities, see [[Republic of the Congo (disambiguation)]]}} {{redirect|DRC|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Congo | native_name = {{resize|100%|{{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|ktu|Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}}}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{native name|lua|Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Flag]] | image_coat = Coat of Arms Democratic Republic of Congo.png | coa_size = 90 | symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]] | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice&nbsp;– Paix&nbsp;– Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />"Justice&nbsp;– Peace&nbsp;– Work" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}}<br />"Arise, Congolese"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Democratic Republic of the Congo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|S|15|19|E|type:city}} | largest_city = Kinshasa | official_languages = [[French language|French]] | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kituba language|Kikongo ya leta]]{{efn|The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as ''Kikongo ya leta'' by its speakers – not the [[Kongo language]] proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".}}|[[Lingala language|Lingala]]|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.4% [[Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Christianity]] |2.6% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |1.5% [[Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Islam]] |0.5% [[Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="United States Department of State 2022">{{cite web | title=Democratic Republic of the Congo | website=United States Department of State | date=2022-06-02 | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/democratic-republic-of-the-congo/ | access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> | demonym = <span class="nowikilink">Congolese</span> | government_type = [[Unitary system|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Sama Lukonde]] | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | leader_title5 = | leader_name5 = | legislature = [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[International Association of the Congo|Colonised]] | established_date1 = 17 November 1879 | established_event2 = [[Congo Free State]] | established_date2 = 1 July 1885 | established_event3 = [[Belgian Congo]] | established_date3 = 15 November 1908 | established_event4 = [[Congo Crisis|Independence]] from [[Belgium]] | established_date4 = 30 June 1960<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |location=Langley, Virginia |year=2014 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |access-date=29 April 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_event5 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 142|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date5 = 20 September 1960 | established_event6 = Named Democratic Republic of the Congo | established_date6 = 1 August 1964 | established_event7 = [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]] | established_date7 = 27 October 1971 | established_event8 = [[First Congo War]] | established_date8 = 17 May 1997 | established_event9 = [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Current constitution]] | established_date9 = 18 February 2006 | area_km2 = 2,345,409 | area_rank = 11th | area_sq_mi = 905,355 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 3.32 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}111,859,928<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Congo Democratic Republic of the|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 14th | population_density_km2 = 46.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 104 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $128 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=636,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2024&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= December 14, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 90th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $1,327<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 188th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $64 billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 86th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $660<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | Gini = 42.1 | Gini_year = 2012 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707032440/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.479 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 179th | currency = [[Congolese franc]] | currency_code = CDF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}} | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+243]] | iso3166code = CD | cctld = [[.cd]] | today = }} '''Charu cha Congo''', panji pa ''Chingelezi'', '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' ('''DRC'''), panji kuti '''Congo-Kinshasa''' panji kuti '''Zaire''', ni charu icho chili ku [[Central Africa]]. Kuyana na caru, DRC ni caru caciŵiri pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu [[Africa]], na ca 11 pa vyaru vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 112 miliyoni. Msumba ukuru wa charu ichi ni Kinshasa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na [[Republic of Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]] (kujumpha [[Nyanja ya Tanganyika]]), [[Zambia]], [[Angola]], the Cabinda enclave of Angola na [[South Atlantic Ocean]]. Charu cha DRC, icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Congo Basin, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwenemumo vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Van Reybrouck|first=David|title=Congo : the epic history of a people|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2015|isbn=9780062200129|location=New York, NY|pages=Chapter 1 and 2}}</ref>Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Ufumu wa Kongo ukalamuliranga chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa mlonga wa Congo kwambira m'ma 1400 m'paka m'ma 1800. Ku chigaŵa cha kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi, maufumu gha Azande, Luba, na Lunda ghakalamulira kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka mu 1900. Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium likapoka wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo mu 1885 ndipo likati caru ici nchake, ndipo likati ni Congo Free State. Kwambira mu 1885 m'paka 1908, ŵasilikari ŵake ŵakachichizga ŵanthu kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito ya kupanga mphira. Mu 1908, Leopold wakaleka malo agha, ndipo ghakazgoka koloni la Belgium. Pa Juni 30, 1960, charu cha Congo chikapoka wanangwa kufuma ku Belgium, ndipo nyengo yeneyiyo chikaŵa na magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kujipatura. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Zaire ndipo wakaŵika muwuso wankhongono m'paka apo wakawuskikira mu 1997.<ref name="cia.gov" /> Kufuma apo, zina la charu ichi likasinthikaso, ndipo kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2003, pakaŵa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo.<ref name="IRC2007fullreport"> {{cite report|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf|title=Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report|page=26|author=Coghlan, Benjamin|access-date=21 March 2013|year=2007|display-authors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908204131/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf|archive-date=8 September 2013|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="The deadliest war in the world"> {{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html|title=The deadliest war in the world|last=Robinson|first=Simon|date=28 May 2006|magazine=Time|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911082009/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live}} </ref><ref> {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|title=Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month|last=Bavier|first=Joe|date=22 January 2008|work=Reuters|access-date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414093820/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|archive-date=14 April 2011|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="IRC2007Facts"> {{cite web|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf|title=Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo|year=2007|publisher=[[International Rescue Committee]]|access-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811153815/http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2011|url-status=live}} </ref> Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu nyengo ya Joseph Kabila uyo wakawusa charu ichi kufuma mu 2001 mpaka mu 2019, apo wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu chalo ichi ukaŵa wambura kuzirwa ndipo wakachitanga viheni vinandi nga nkhukomeka, kutambuzgika, kujalirika mu jele mwakutalulira na kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanthu.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis|title=Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis &#124; Human Rights Watch|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223749/https://www.hrw.org/blog-feed/democratic-republic-congo-crisis|url-status=live}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa mavoti gha 2018 mu charu ichi, Kabila wakasankhika na Félix Tshisekedi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mwanamilongo |first1=Saleh |last2=Anna |first2=Cara |date=24 January 2019 |title=Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer |website=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://apnews.com/article/2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f |access-date=29 May 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518102037/https://apnews.com/article/2d0729b681354355a2b2903c93c59a2f}}</ref> Kufuma mu 2015, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DR Congo ndiko kuli nkhondo ya ŵasilikari mu Kivu. Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi, kweni chili na masuzgo gha ndyali, kusowa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, vimbundi, kweniso vyaka vinandi vya malonda na vyakukolerana.<ref name=":9"> BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth". [https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390 BBC News website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531054859/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390|date=31 May 2018}} Retrieved 9 December 2017. </ref> Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities, [[Lubumbashi]] and [[Mbuji-Mayi]], are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019.<ref name="cia.gov" /> Mu chaka cha 2021, charu cha DR Congo chikaŵa pa malo 179 pa vyaru 191. Kuzakafika mu 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 600,000 ŵa ku Congo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali kukhala mu vyaru vyapafupi. Ŵana mamiliyoni ghaŵiri ŵakufwa na njara, ndipo ŵanthu mamiliyoni 4.5 ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo cifukwa ca nkhondo. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, African Union, COMESA, Southern African Development Community, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, na Economic Community of Central African States. ==Kwiza kwa zina== {{further|Congo River|Kongo people}} Zina la charu ichi lili kufuma ku zina la Mlonga wa Congo, uwo ukujumpha mu charu ichi. Mlonga wa Congo ni mlonga wakunyang'amira comene pa caru cose ndiposo wacitatu pa mtunda. Komiti yakuwona vya ku Upper Congo (Comité d'études du haut Congo), iyo yikambiska na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium mu 1876, kweniso wupu wa International Association of the Congo, uwo wakambiska mu 1879. Awo ŵakendeskanga ngalaŵa ku Europe ŵakathya Mlonga wa Congo zina la Ufumu wa Kongo na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Lizgu lakuti Kongo lili kufuma ku chiyowoyero cha Kongo (icho chikuchemekaso Kikongo). Samuel Henry Nelson, mulembi wa ku America, wakati: "Panji lizgu lakuti 'Kongo' likung'anamura kuwungana pa wumba ndipo lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti konga, 'kuwungana' (transitive)". Zina la mazuŵa ghano la ŵanthu ŵa ku Kongo lakuti Bakongo, likamba kumanyikwa kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900. Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo likamanyikwanga na mazina agha: Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville, Democratic Republic of the Congo na Republic of Zaire, pambere lindasinthe zina lakuti Democratic Republic of the Congo. Pa nyengo iyo charu ichi chikapokera wanangwa wake, chikachemekanga kuti Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville kuti chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake cha ku Congo-Brazzaville. Pa 1 Ogasiti 1964, charu ichi chikazgoka DRC, kweni pa 27 Okutobala 1971 President Mobutu Sese Seko wakachitiska kuti chichemeke Zaire (zina lakale la Congo River). Lizgu lakuti Zaire lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi ilo lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chikikongo lakuti nzadi ("mlonga").<ref>Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo'' (1977), p. 19.</ref><ref>Ghislain C. Kabwit, ''Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis'', Cambridge University Press, 1979</ref><ref>Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, ''Le Congo Kinshasa'', KARTHALA Editions, 2014, {{p.|171}}</ref>Mlonga uwu ukachemekanga Zaire mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 na 1700. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vyaka vya m'ma 18 C.E., mu Chingelezi ŵakawuchemanga kuti Congo, ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzunura za Zaire. Mu 1992, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ukazomerezga kuti charu ichi chichemeke "Democratic Republic of the Congo". Pamasinda, pulezidenti Laurent-Désiré Kabila wakawezgerapo zina la charu ichi apo wakawuskapo Mobutu mu 1997. Kuti charu ichi chiŵe chakupambana na charu chinyake, nyengo zinyake chikuchemeka Congo (Kinshasa) panji Congo-Kinshasa. Zina lake nyengo zinyake likuzgoreka kuti DR Congo,DRC, the DROC and RDC (mu Cifurenci).<ref name="DRCabb">{{cite web |title=5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations &#124; Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments |url=https://dlca.logcluster.org/51-democratic-republic-congo-acronyms-and-abbreviations}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} === Mbiri Yakwambilira === {{Main|Early Congolese history|Kingdom of Kongo}} Malo agho sono ghakucemeka Democratic Republic of the Congo ghakaŵa na ŵanthu vyaka 90,000 ivyo vyajumpha, nga umo vikulongolereka na ivyo vikachitika mu 1988 apo ŵakabowozga futi ya Semliki ku Katanda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point |title=Katanda Bone Harpoon Point &#124; The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|publisher=Humanorigins.si.ed|access-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302062128/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point|archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa |date=1 September 1998|doi=10.1023/A:1021659928822|volume=15|issue=3 |journal=African Archaeological Review|pages=173–98|last1=Yellen|first1=John E.|s2cid=128432105}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakafika ku Central Africa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ndipo ŵakamba kusamira kumwera. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kuliska viŵeto vyawo mwaluŵiro chomene chifukwa cha kulondezga nthowa za ŵaliska na za ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Iron Age. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera na kumwera ca kumanjiliro gha dazi, ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vyakupangira vinthu vyakuthupi. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito visulo. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera kwa dazi ŵafumemo mu vikaya vyawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kuthandazgika chomene, ndipo kufuma apo, maufumu gha Bantu ghakaŵako. ===Congo Free State (1877–1908)=== {{Main|Colonisation of the Congo|Congo Free State}} {{See also|Atrocities in the Congo Free State|Congo Arab war}} [[File:Stanley Founding of Congo Free State 186 View of Leopoldville Station and Port 1884 The Baptist Mission on the summit of Leopold Hill.jpg|thumb|Kuwona Siteshoni ya Leopoldville na Doko mu 1884]] Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Belgium ŵakasanda vinthu ivi kufuma mu 1870 m'paka mu 1920. Munthu wakwamba uyo wakendeskanga ni Henry Morton Stanley, uyo wakendeskanga maulendo agha na Themba Leopold II la ku Belgium. Vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo vikaŵa na masuzgo ghanandi cifukwa ca kuthereskeka kwa ŵazga, comenecomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na Swahili awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga. Leopold wakakhumbanga kuti caru ca Congo ciŵe cikaya cake.<ref name="cfskeyes">Keyes, Michael. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319094604/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/the-congo-free-state-a-colony-of-gross-excess/2/ ''The Congo Free State&nbsp;– a colony of gross excess''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319094604/http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/the-congo-free-state-a-colony-of-gross-excess/2/ |date=19 March 2012 }} September 2004.</ref>Mu viphalizgano vyakulondezgapo, Leopold, uyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wa gulu la ku Africa lakucemeka Association Internationale Africaine, wakayowoya kuti wakukhumba kovwira ŵanthu. Themba Leopold likapokera wanangwa wa kukhala mu caru ca Congo pa ungano wa ku Berlin mu 1885 ndipo likapanga caru ici kuŵa cake. Wakacichema kuti Congo Free State. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Leopold, ŵakamba kupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni njanji iyo yikendanga kufuma ku mtunda wa mumphepete mwa nyanja kuya ku msumba wa Leopoldville (uno ni Kinshasa). Mu charu cha Free State, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi ŵakachichizganga ŵanthu kuti ŵapange mphira. Leopold wakasanga ndalama zinandi cifukwa ca kuguliska ganyuzi. Pakukhumba kukanizga ŵanthu kugura mphira, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakacemeka ndipo ŵakamba kudumura viŵaro vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Mu nyengo ya 1885-1908, ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi ŵa ku Congo ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kusuzgika na matenda. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵanthu ŵakakhira comene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti matenda gha mu tulo na nthomba vikakoma pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vyakuzingilizga Mlonga wa Congo. Uthenga wakuti ŵanthu ŵakamucitiranga nkhaza ukayamba kuthandazgika. Mu 1904, Roger Casement, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Britain ku boma la Boma ku Congo, wakaphalirika na boma la Britain kuti wasande nkhani iyi. Lipoti lake, lakucemeka Casement Report, likakhozga ivyo ŵanthu ŵakayowoya. Nyumba ya Malango ya ku Belgium yikapangiska Leopold II kuti wambe kusanda nkhani iyi. Ivyo vikalembeka vikakolerana na ivyo Casement wakayowoya, wakati ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo "ŵakakhira na hafu" mu nyengo iyi. Ntchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chifukwa palije ukaboni wakukwana. ===Belgian Congo (1908–1960)=== {{Main|Belgian Congo}} [[File:Bugidi, the mission engineer, and his wife. Bakundi was a Bateke boy, trained by Grenfell.jpg|upright|thumbnail|right|Foto ya banja la Ŵakhristu ŵakutorana mu 1908.]] Mu 1908, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium, nangauli pakwamba ŵakakhumbanga yayi, kweni yikathera chifukwa cha kuyuzgika na ŵamitundu (makamaka ŵa ku United Kingdom) ndipo yikamba kulamulira charu cha Free State. Pa Okutobala 18, 1908, nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikazomerezga kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe mu ufumu wa Belgium. Boma la Belgium ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani za maufumu, ndipo likateŵeteranga na wupu wa Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) uwo ukaŵa ku Brussels. Nyumba ya malango ya ku Belgium yikaŵa na mazaza pa nkhani ya malango gha ku Belgian Congo. Mu 1923, msumba ukuru wa boma ukafumako ku Boma na kuluta ku Léopoldville, mtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 300 kumanjiliro gha dazi.<ref name="britannica.com">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo |encyclopedia=britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318863/Kinshasa/9050/History |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018021639/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318863/Kinshasa/9050/History |archive-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Congo belge campagne 1918.jpg|upright|thumbnail|left|Ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique ku Belgian Congo mu 1918. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Congo ŵakakwana 19,000, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari 420 ŵa ku Belgium.]]Kusintha kufuma ku Congo Free State kuya ku Belgian Congo kukaŵa kwakupambana, kweni kukaŵaso kukolerana. Kazembe waumaliro wa boma la Congo Free State, Baron Théophile Wahis, wakalutilira kuwusa mu charu cha Belgian Congo. Kujura caru ca Congo na usambazi wake ku vyaru vya Belgian kukalutilira kuŵa cifukwa cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti caru ici cikure. Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa ichi, ndipo pakaŵa malango ghaŵiri (makhoti gha ku Europe na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi). Makhoti gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghachoko waka ndipo ghakaŵa pasi pa boma. Ŵalara ŵa boma ku Belgium ŵakazomerezga kuti mu Congo muleke kuŵa ndyali, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique ŵakakanizganga ŵanthu kuwukira boma. Charu cha Belgian Congo chikakhwaskika na nkhondo ziŵiri za caru cose. Mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose (1914-1918), nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Force Publique na ŵasilikari ŵa German ku German East Africa, yikasintha na kuŵa nkhondo ya pa wumba. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Force Publique likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi apo likalutanga ku Tabora mu Seputembala 1916 pasi pa muwuso wa Jenerale Charles Tombeur. Pamanyuma pa 1918, caru ca Belgium cikapokera njombe cifukwa ca kunjilira mu nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose, charu cha Belgian Congo chikapelekanga ndalama zinandi ku boma la Belgium ilo likakhalanga ku London. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian Congo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Belgian ndipo ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Italy ku Ethiopia mu Asosa, Bortaï na Saïo.<ref name = "WP"> {{cite news|last= McCrummen|first= Stephanie|title= Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII|agency= Washington Post Foreign Service|date= 4 August 2009|newspaper= The Washington Post|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html|access-date= 26 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073325/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html|archive-date= 14 October 2017|url-status=live|df= dmy-all}} </ref> === Kujiyimira paŵekha na suzgo la ndyali (1960-1965) === {{Main|Congo Crisis|Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)}} [[File:Joseph Kasa-Vubu in Israel.png|thumb|upright|right|Mulongozgi wa ABAKO, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, pulezidenti wakwamba wa Congo-Léopoldville]] [[File:Patrice Lumumba official portrait.jpg|thumb|Patrice Lumumba, nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Congo-Léopoldville, wakakomeka na ŵakugaluka ŵa Katangan awo ŵakakhozgekanga na ŵa Belgian mu 1961.]] Mu Meyi 1960, gulu linyake lakucemeka Mouvement National Congolais, ilo likalongozgekanga na Patrice Lumumba, likathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi. Pa Juni 24, 1960, Lumumba wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba ya Republic of Congo. Nyumba ya malamulo yasankha Joseph Kasa-Vubu kukhala pulezidenti, wa chipani cha Alliance des Bakongo (ABAKO). Maphwando ena omwe adawonekera akuphatikizapo Parti Solidaire Africain motsogozedwa ndi Antoine Gizenga, ndi Parti National du Peuple motsogozedwa ndi Albert Delvaux ndi Laurent Mbariko. Charu cha Belgian Congo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha pa Juni 30, 1960, ndipo chikachemekanga "République du Congo". Pakuti charu cha Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) icho chikaŵa pafupi na charu cha France, nacho chikasankha zina lakuti "Republic of Congo" apo chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Mwaluŵiro Force Publique yikagaluka, ndipo pa Julayi 11 chigaŵa cha Katanga (chakulongozgeka na Moïse Tshombe) na South Kasai ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵaphya. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu 100,000 ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalako pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Congo chazakaŵa na wanangwa uwu ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi. Pamanyuma pakuti wupu wa United Nations ukakana wovwiri uwo Lumumba wakapempha kuti waparanye gulu lakujipatura, Lumumba wakapempha wovwiri ku Soviet Union, iyo yikapokelera na kutuma wovwiri wa ŵasilikari. Pa Ogasiti 23, ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakanjira mu South Kasai. Lumumba wakafumiskika pa udindo pa 5 September 1960 na Kasa-Vubu uyo wakamususka pakweru chifukwa cha kukoma ŵanthu na ŵasilikari ŵa ku South Kasai kweniso chifukwa cha kunjizga maboma gha Soviet mu chalo ichi. Lumumba wakayowoya kuti ivyo Kasa-Vubu wakacita vikaŵa vyambura kuzomerezgeka na dango, ndipo pakaŵa suzgo pakati pa ŵalongozgi ŵaŵiri aŵa.<ref>''Sécession au Katanga''&nbsp;– [[Jules Gérard-Libois|J.Gérard-Libois]] -Brussels- CRISP</ref> Pa 14 Seputembala, Koloneli Joseph Mobutu, na wovwiri wa United States na Belgium, wakawuskapo Lumumba pa udindo wake. Pa Janyuwale 17, 1961, Lumumba wakapelekeka ku boma la Katangan na kukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Katangan awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ŵa Belgian. Mu 2001, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Belgium yikachita kafukufuku ndipo yikasanga kuti charu cha Belgium "chikwenera kuŵa na mulandu" wa kukoma Lumumba. Pa Seputembala 18, 1961, apo ŵakadumbiskananga vya kuleka kuwombera, ndege yikawa pafupi na Ndola ndipo Dag Hammarskjöld, mulembi mukuru wa wupu wa United Nations, wakafwa pamoza na ŵanthu wose 15. Pakati pa suzgo yikuru, boma la kanyengo kachoko likalongozgekanga na ŵantchito (Colège des commissaires généraux). Kulekana kwa Katangan kukamara mu Janyuwale 1963 na wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa UN. Maboma ghanandi gha Joseph Ileo, Cyrille Adoula, na Moise Kapenda Tshombe ghakaŵa gha nyengo yicoko waka. Pa nyengo yeneyira, ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa caru ici, ŵakugaluka awo ŵakakhozgekanga na boma la Soviet na la Cuba, awo ŵakacemekanga kuti Simbas, ŵakamba kuwukira boma la Congo, ndipo ŵakapharazga kuti ku Stanleyville kuli "Republic of the Congo". Mbumba ya Simba yikacimbizgika mu Stanleyville mu Novembala 1964 mu nyengo ya "Operation Dragon Rouge". Mu Novembala 1965, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Congo ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka ŵa Simba. Lumumba wakaŵa kuti wasora Mobutu kuŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa gulu liphya la nkhondo la Congo, Armée Nationale Congolaise. Pakugwiliskira nchito uheni uwo ukaŵapo pakati pa Kasavubu na Tshombe, Mobutu wakasanga wovwiri wakukwana mu ŵasilikari kuti wapange boma. Mu 1965, pambere Mobutu wandawuskemo boma, pakaŵa ungano wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kusintha malango gha charu. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasinthaso zina la charu ichi, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa "Republic of Zaire".<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|last1=Payanzo|first1=Ntsomo|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009021241/https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|archive-date=9 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="kisanganibobb">{{Cite book |author1=Emizet Francois Kisangani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |author2=Scott F. Bobb |date=2010 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6325-5 |page=i |access-date=29 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311161025/https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&pg=PR51 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Boma la Mobutu na Zaire (1965-1997) === {{Main|Zaire}} [[File:Mobutu Nixon.jpg|thumb|[[Mobutu Sese Seko]] and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.]] Maboma gha ku United States ghakamovwira comene Mobutu cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga cikomyunizimu. Pakaŵa chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Mobutu wakajiphara kuti ni mulara wa boma. Nyengo na nyengo wakacitanga maungano agho iyo yekha ndiyo wakaŵa wakunjilirapo. Nangauli pakaŵa mtende na kukhazikika, kweni boma la Mobutu likaŵa na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhaza za ndyali, kusopa munthu na vimbundi. Kuumaliro wa 1967, Mobutu wakawuskapo ŵalwani ŵake wose, panji kuŵanjizga mu muwuso wake, kuŵakaka, panji kuŵapangiska kuŵa ŵambura nkhongono. Kuumaliro wa m'ma 1960, Mobutu wakalutilira kusinthiska maboma na ŵantchito kuti ŵalutilire kulamulira. Joseph Kasa-Vubu wakati wafwa mu Epulero 1969, pakaŵavya munthu uyo wakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwusa. Kuuyambiro wa m'ma 1970, Mobutu wakayezga kuti Zaire yiŵe caru cakulongozga mu Africa. Wakendanga kanandi waka mu Africa yose apo boma likayowoyanga chomene vya nkhani za ku Africa, comenecomene izo zikakhwaskanga vigaŵa vya kumwera. Charu cha Zaire chikaŵa paubwezi na vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, chomenechomene Burundi, Chad, na Togo. Vimbundi vikazara comene mwakuti mazgu ghakuti "le mal Zairois" panji "matenda gha ku Zaire", agho ghakung'anamura vimbundi vikuru, unkhungu, na kuwusa uheni, ghakafuma kwa Mobutu. Wovwiri wa caru cose, comenecomene mu nthowa ya ngongoli, ukasambazga Mobutu apo wakazomerezga kuti vinthu vya mu caru nga ni misewu vileke kwenda makora. Zaire yikazgoka boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu apo Mobutu na ŵabwezi ŵake ŵakayegha ndalama za boma.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|p=74}}[[File:Prince Bernhard and Mobutu Sese Seko 1973.jpg|thumb|Mobutu with the Dutch [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard]] in Kinshasa in 1973]] Pa 1 Juni 1966, Mobutu wakambiska kampeni yakujiyaniska na ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, ndipo wakasinthaso mazina gha misumba ya mu charu ichi: Léopoldville wakazgoka Kinshasa (charu ichi chikachemekanga Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville wakazgoka Kisangani, Elisabethville wakazgoka Lubumbashi, ndipo Coquilhatville wakazgoka Mbandaka. Mu 1971, Mobutu wakasintha zina la charu ichi kuŵa Republic of Zaire, ndipo aka kakaŵa kacinayi mu vilimika 11 ndipo kakaŵa kacitatu. Mlonga wa Congo ukasinthika zina kuŵa Mlonga wa Zaire.<ref name="kisanganibobb" /> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, Mobutu wakacemeka ku United States kanandi waka. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan na George H. W. Bush. - Kasi ni njani? Nkhondo ya Cinkhondi na Cinkhondi yikati yamara, ubwezi wa United States na Mobutu ukakhira. Ŵalwani ŵa Zaire ŵakamba kukhumba kuti vinthu visinthe. Ivi vikawovwira kuti mu 1990, Mobutu wapange Repubulika Yachitatu. Vinthu vikasintha chomene. Mobutu wakalutilira kuwusa m'paka apo ŵasilikari ŵakamucicizgira kucimbira mu 1997. Nkhwantha yinyake yikalemba kuti: "Kufuma mu 1990 m'paka mu 1993, boma la United States likawovwira Mobutu kuti wasinthe ndyali, kweniso likawovwira Laurent-Desire Kabila kuti wawukire boma la Mobutu". Mu Seputembala 1997, Mobutu wakafwira ku Morocco.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/07/mobutu.wrap/ |website=edition.cnn.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331204911/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9709/07/mobutu.wrap/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Nkhondo za pa caru cose na za mukati mwa caru (1996-2007) === {{Main|First Congo War|Second Congo War}} [[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.png|thumb|Belligerents of the [[Second Congo War]]]] Kuzakafika mu 1996, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Rwanda na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso apo boma la Ŵatutsi likamba kuwusa mu Rwanda, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵahutu (Interahamwe) ŵakachimbilira ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Zaire. Ŵakakolerana na ŵasilikari ŵa Zaire kuti ŵambiske nkhondo na Ŵatutsi ŵa ku Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda ŵakanjira mu Zaire kuti ŵawuskepo boma la Mobutu. Gulu ili likakolerana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakususka boma, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Laurent-Désiré Kabila, ndipo ŵakazgoka Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo. Mu 1997, Mobutu wakacimbira ndipo Kabila wakanjira mu msumba wa Kinshasa, wakajizgora yekha pulezidenti na kuzgora zina la caru ici kuŵa Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/18/zaire/index.html |website=edition.cnn.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408041331/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9705/18/zaire/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/may/20/zaire-chooses-confusing-new-name/ |website=www.spokesman.com |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125131604/https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1997/may/20/zaire-chooses-confusing-new-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kabila wakalomba kuti ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵawelere ku vyaru vyawo. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakawelera ku Goma ndipo ŵakambiska gulu liphya la ŵasilikari ŵakuwukira boma la Tutsi lakucemeka Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie kuti ŵarwe na Kabila, apo Uganda yikambiska gulu la ŵasilikari lakucemeka Movement for the Liberation of Congo, ilo likalongozgekanga na Jean-Pierre Bemba. Magulu ghaŵiri agha, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda na Uganda, ŵakambiska Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo mwa kuwukira ŵasilikari ŵa DRC mu 1998. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Angola, Zimbabwe, na Namibia ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi. Kabila wakakomeka mu 2001.<ref>{{cite web |author=Guardian Staff |title=Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |website=the Guardian |language=en |date=11 February 2001 |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=9 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209051620/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/feb/11/theobserver |url-status=live }}</ref> Mwana wake Joseph Kabila ndiyo wakatora malo ghake ndipo wakacema kuti paŵe maungano gha mtende. Ŵalinda ŵa mtende ŵa UN, MONUC, awo sono ni MONUSCO, ŵakafika mu Epulero 2001. Mu 2002-03 Bemba wakachitapo kanthu mu Central African Republic mu zina la pulezidenti wake wakale, Ange-Félix Patassé. Ivyo ŵakadumbiskana vikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la mtende apo Kabila wakeneranga kugaŵana mazaza na ŵakugaluka. Kuzakafika mu Juni 2003, ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vinyake kupaturako ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakafumamo mu Congo. Boma lakwimira boma ili likimikika m'paka pa nyengo iyo mavoti ghazamusankhikira. Pa 30 Julayi, 2006, boma la DRC likachita chisankho chakwamba. Iyi yikaŵa nyengo yakwamba kufuma mu 1960, apo kukaŵa maungano ghacigaŵa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ghazamumazga vivulupi mu cigaŵa ici. Ndipouli, mphindano pakati pa Kabila na Bemba yikazgoka nkhondo pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana nawo mu Kinshasa. Ŵasilikari ŵa MONUC ŵakamba kuwusa msumba uwu. Mu Okutobala 2006, pakaŵa mavoti ghaphya, ndipo Kabila ndiyo wakatonda.[[File:Refugees in Congo.jpeg|thumb|Refugees in the Congo]] === Nkhondo izo zikulutilira (2008-2018) === ==== Kivu conflict ==== {{main|Kivu conflict}}[[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (6988913212).jpg|thumb|People fleeing their villages due to fighting between [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] and rebel groups, [[North Kivu]], 2012]]Laurent Nkunda, chiŵaro cha Rally for Congolese Democracy Goma, munthavi wa Rally for Congolese Democracy uwo uli mu gulu la ŵasilikari, wakapatuka pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo na kupanga National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP), iyo yikamba kuwukira boma. Kasi mbanjani awo ŵakaŵagomezga? Ku Rwanda, boma la Rwanda likukhumba kuti boma la Rwanda liŵawovwire kuti ŵarwe na gulu la Ŵahutu la Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). Mu Malichi 2009, pamanyuma pa phangano pakati pa DRC na Rwanda, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Rwanda ŵakanjira mu DRC na kukora Nkunda ndipo ŵakazomerezgeka kulondezga ŵasilikari ŵa FDLR. CNDP yikalemba phangano la mtende na boma umo yikazomera kuŵa chipani cha ndyali na kuŵika ŵasilikari ŵake mu gulu la ŵasilikari. Mu 2012, Bosco Ntaganda, mulongozgi wa CNDP, na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa iyo, ŵakagaluka na kupanga gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka la March 23 Movement (M23), ŵakayowoya kuti boma laswa phangano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces |first=Melanie |last=Gouby |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=allafrica.com |access-date=18 November 2012 |archive-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061859/http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:FARDC and MONUSCO reinforce their presence in and around Goma following a second day (21 May 2013) of clashes between M23 and National troops. (8782972992).jpg|thumb|Government troops near [[Goma]] during the [[M23 rebellion]] in May 2013]] In the resulting [[M23 rebellion]], M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20565711|title=Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma|date=1 December 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206190239/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20565711|archive-date=6 December 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739|title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city|date=20 November 2012|work=BBC News|access-date=18 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120103234/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739|archive-date=20 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Vyaru vyapafupi, comenecomene Rwanda, vikususkika kuti vikupeleka vilwero ku gulu la ŵakugaluka na kuŵawovwira kuti ŵambe kuwusa caru ici. Mu Malichi 2013, wupu wa United Nations Security Council ukazomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa United Nations Force Intervention Brigade ŵaparanyenge magulu agha. Pa Novembala 5, 2013, gulu la M23 likapharazga kuti ŵasilikari ŵara ŵamara. Kweniso, kumpoto kwa Katanga, Mai-Mai uyo wakapangika na Laurent Kabila wakafumako kwa Kinshasa apo Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga wakapangiska kuti Mai Mai Kata Katanga waparanyike mu msumba wa Lubumbashi mu 2013. Nkhondo ya ku Ituri yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Nationalist and Integrationist Front na Union of Congolese Patriots awo ŵakatenge ŵakwimira mafuko gha Lendu na Hema. Ku kumpoto kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, gulu la Lord's Resistance Army la Joseph Kony likasamuka ku misasa yawo ya ku Uganda na South Sudan kuya ku DR Congo mu 2005 na kuzenga misasa mu Garamba National Park. Nkhondo ya ku Congo yikulongosoreka kuti yikaŵa nkhondo ya ndopa zinandi comene kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Pa Disembala 8, 2017, ŵasilikari 14 ŵa UN na ŵasilikari 5 ŵa Congo ŵakakomeka mu kuwukira kwa ŵakugaluka ku Semuliki mu chigaŵa cha Beni. Ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakugaluka aŵa ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Forces. Kafukufuku wa UN wakalongora kuti munthu uyu ndiyo wakapangiska ngozi iyi. Mu 2009, nyuzipepara ya The New York Times yikati ŵanthu pafupifupi 45,000 pa mwezi ŵakulutilira kufwa mu charu cha Congo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa na matenda kweniso njara. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa mbana ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu, kunanga katundu, kusuzgana pa nkhani za kugonana, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira mu nyumba zawo. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti chaka chilichose ŵanakazi ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakukoleka na mwanalume mu Democratic Republic of Congo. Mu 2018 na 2019, charu cha Congo ndicho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ŵakusuzgika pa nkhani za kugonana. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa New York University Congo Research Group, ŵasilikari ŵa ku DRC ŵakoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,900 kufuma mu Juni 2017 m'paka Juni 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/15/1900-killed-over-3300-abducted-in-dr-congo-s-eastern-kivu-provinces/ |title=1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces |date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |publisher=Africa News |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926055752/https://www.africanews.com/2019/08/15/1900-killed-over-3300-abducted-in-dr-congo-s-eastern-kivu-provinces/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Nyengo ya Kabila mu ofesi na viwoneskero vinandi vyakwimikana na boma ==== Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo Kabila wakachita. Chiphokoso ichi chikamba pamanyuma pakuti nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo yazomerezga dango ilo usange lingazomerezgekaso na nyumba ya mafumu ya ku Congo, lingapangiska kuti Kabila walutilire kuŵa na mazaza mpaka apo boma lizamuchitira kalembera wa ŵanthu. Nangauli dango ili likapokelereka, kweni pakaŵavya fundo iyo yikapangiska kuti Kabila wakhalenge pa mazaza m'paka paŵe kalembera. Kulembeka kwa ŵanthu kukwenera kuchitika, kweni kulije kukolerana na nyengo iyo mavoti ghakucitikira. Mu 2015, paumaliro wa 2016, kukaŵa mavoti ndipo mu Congo mukaŵa mtende.<ref name="The DRC">{{cite web|last1=Global|first1=PGW |title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle |url=http://www.pgwglobal.com/democratic-republic-of-congo-hurdle-hurdle/|website=PGW Global Risk Management|publisher=PGW Global Risk Management LLP |access-date=5 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225531/http://www.pgwglobal.com/democratic-republic-of-congo-hurdle-hurdle/|archive-date=3 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa Novembala 27, 2016, nduna ya vyalo ya ku Congo Raymond Tshibanda yikati ku nyuzipepara kuti palije mavoti agho ghachitikenge mu 2016, pamanyuma pa 20 Disembala, umaliro wa nyengo ya pulezidenti Kabila. Pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Madagascar, Tshibanda wakati boma la Kabila "likadumbiskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya mavoti" kufuma ku Congo, United Nations na kunyake, ndipo "ŵapangana kuti ndondomeko ya kulembeska ŵanthu awo ŵafumenge mu mavoti yimare pa Julayi 31, 2017, ndipo mavoti ghachitike mu Epulero 2018". Ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka ivyo vikachitika pa Disembala 20, apo Kabila wakamalizga kuwusa. Mu vyaru vinandi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakomeka ndipo ŵanyake ŵakakakika. ==== Nkhaza za mu vigaŵa ==== {{See also|Ituri conflict}} Kuyana na Jan Egeland, uyo pasono ni Secretary General wa Norwegian Refugee Council, vinthu mu DRC vikasuzga comene mu 2016 na 2017 ndipo ni suzgo likuru la ŵanthu na nkharo iyo yikuyana waka na nkhondo za ku Syria na Yemen. Ŵanakazi na ŵana ŵakucitirika nkhaza za kugonana ndiposo "kucitirika nkhaza mu nthowa yiliyose". Padera pa nkhondo ya ku North Kivu, nkhaza zikasazgikira mu chigaŵa cha Kasai. Magulu agha ghakakhumbanga kusanga golide, dayamondi, mafuta, na cobalt kuti ghaŵe na ndalama zinandi mu vigaŵa ivi na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso pakaŵa mphindano za mafuko na mitheto, kweniso visambizgo vya cisopa na suzgo la ndyali. Egeland wakuti ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu mu DRC ni "viheni comene" kweni nadi, vyahenipa comene. "Nkhondo zikuruzikuru za ku Congo izo zikaŵa pa nkhani yikuru comene vyaka 15 ivyo vyajumpha, zikuweleraso ndipo zikuhenipa comene".<ref>Interview on [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172vr1mdsrswpb BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305123156/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172vr1mdsrswpb |date=5 March 2018 }}. See also BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 DR Congo country profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729052105/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 |date=29 July 2018 }}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti chifukwa cha nkhondo iyi, ŵana pafupifupi 2 miliyoni ŵakufwa na njara. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukati mu 2017, Kabila wakalemba ŵasilikari awo ŵakachitanga nkhondo ya March 23 kuti ŵamazge vivulupi ivyo vikachitikanga mu charu chose chifukwa chakuti wakakana kufumapo pa udindo wake. Iwo ŵakati: "Ŵalwani ŵa M23 ŵakendeskanga misewu ya mu misumba yikuru ya ku Congo, ŵakawomberanga panji kukora ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga panji waliyose uyo ŵakamuwonanga kuti ni munthu muheni kwa pulezidenti". Ku Masisi, nkhondo yikuru yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma na mulongozgi wankhongono wa nkhondo, Jenerale Delta. Gulu la United Nations ku DRC ndilo likuru chomene ndipo ndakudura chomene pa ntchito ya kusungilira mtende, kweni likamalizga ntchito ya kuzenga misasa 5 kufupi na Masisi mu 2017, pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States likakhumbanga kuti ndalama zichepeko. Pa Meyi 10, 2018, Denis Mukwege, uyo ni dokotala wa matenda gha ŵanakazi wa ku Congo, wakapokera chawanangwa cha Nobel cha mtende chifukwa cha kuyezgayezga kwake kumazga nkhaza za kugonana. ==== Nkhondo ya mafuko ya 2018 ==== {{main|2018 Yumbi violence}} Nkhondo ya mafuko yikamba pa 16-17 Disembala 2018 ku Yumbi mu chigaŵa cha Mai-Ndombe. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 900 ŵa mtundu wa Banunu ŵakufuma mu mizi yinayi ŵakakomeka na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Batende mu mphindano za malipiro gha mwezi uliwose, malo, minda na maji. Ŵanthu 100 ŵa mtundu wa Banun ŵakachimbilira ku cirwa ca Moniende mu Mlonga wa Congo, ndipo ŵanyake 16,000 ŵakaluta ku chigaŵa ca Makotimpoko mu Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵakagwiliskira nchito nthowa zakuyana na za ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakavwara yunifomu ya ŵasilikari. Ŵalara ŵa boma na ŵasilikari ŵakakanizgika kuŵawovwira.<ref name="afp1">{{cite news |last1=Huguet |first1=Alexis |title=Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors |url=https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/world/fear-and-trauma-haunt-congolese-massacre-survivors/ar-BBTtOV8?ocid=spartanntp |access-date=13 February 2019 |agency=AFP |date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214002927/https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/world/fear-and-trauma-haunt-congolese-massacre-survivors/ar-BBTtOV8?ocid=spartanntp |archive-date=14 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2018 na wapampando muphya (2018-mpaka pano) === [[File:Félix Tshisekedi & Denis Sassou-Nguesso.jpg|thumb|Mu 2020, Pulezidenti Félix Tshisekedi pamoza na Pulezidenti wa Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou Nguesso; wose ŵaŵiri ŵakamba kuvwara mask chifukwa cha nthenda ya COVID-19.]] Pa 30 Disembala 2018 pakachitika chisankho chapadera. Pa 10 January 2019, komiti ya vyakusankha yikapharazga kuti Félix Tshisekedi ndiyo wakeneranga kuwina pa mpikisano wa pa mpikisano uwu, ndipo wakajura pa 24 January. Kweni pakaŵa kukayika kuti vyasankha ivi vikaŵa vyautesi kweniso kuti pakaŵa mgonezi pakati pa Félix na Kabila. Ŵalongozgi ŵa boma la Kabila ŵakakhozga chomene mazaza gha boma, kweni ŵakakhozgeranga chomene mazaza ghawo. Mu 2021, boma likapangika kwambura ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na Kabila. Kufalikira kukuru kwa mphwari mu caru kukaŵawuskira ŵanthu pafupifupi 5,000 mu 2019. Kufalikira kwa Ebola kukamara mu Juni 2020, uko kukacitiska ŵanthu 2,280 kufwa mu vyaka viŵiri. Kufalikira kwinyake kuchepa kwa Ebola mu Province ya Equateur kukamba mu Juni 2020, ndipo kukapangiska ŵanthu 55 kufwa. Nthenda ya COVID-19 yikakhwaskika ku DRC mu Malichi 2020, ndipo kampeni ya katemera yikamba pa 19 April 2021. Pa 22 Epulero 2021, maungano pakati pa Pulezidenti wa Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta na Tshisekedi ghakatuma ku maungano ghaphya agho ghakawovwira kuti malonda na vyakusunga vyaru (kulwa na vyamsinjiro, ŵaluŵiro, na vyakusungilira vyaru) viŵe vinandi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/13/combat-troops-patrol-in-kinshasa-after-failed-coup-attempt/ |work=Africanews |date=13 February 2022 |language=en |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310163536/https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/13/combat-troops-patrol-in-kinshasa-after-failed-coup-attempt// |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== [[File:Cg-map.png|thumb|The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map COD present.svg|thumb|Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification]] {{Main|Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} DRC yili pakati pa Africa, kumpoto kwa Sahara, kumpoto kwa Congo, kumpoto kwa Central African Republic, kumpoto kwa South Sudan, kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uganda, Rwanda na Burundi, na Tanzania (kujumpha Nyanja ya Tanganyika), kumwera na kumwera kwa Zambia, kumwera kwa Angola, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa South Atlantic Ocean na chigaŵa cha Cabinda ku Angola. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 6°N na 14°S, na longitude 12°E na 32°E. Charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa Equator, ndipo chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi chili kumwera. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi). Chifukwa chakuti charu cha DRC chili pa malo ghakuyana waka na charu cha Equator, vula yikukwera chomene ndipo ni malo agho kukuchitika ŵabingu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Ku malo ghanyake, vula yikulokwa mamita ghakujumpha 2,000 pa chaka. Nkhorongo iyi yikwimira chigaŵa chikuru cha mlonga uwu, uwo kumanjiliro gha dazi ukulazga ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Malo agha ghali kuzingilizgika na mapiri agho ghakusangika ku chigaŵa cha kumwera na kumwera kwa caru, mapiri ghatali kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndiposo vyakumera vinandi ivyo vikwenda kujumpha Mlonga wa Congo kumpoto. Mapiri gha Rwenzori ghali kumafumiro gha dazi comene.[[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ituri Rainforest]]]] Nyengo ya mu vigaŵa vyamuthondo ndiyo yikupangiska kuti mlonga wa Congo usangike mu chigaŵa ichi pamoza na nkhorongo iyo yikwenda. Dambo la Congo lili na malo pafupifupi 1,000,000 km2. Mlonga uwu na milonga yinyake iyo yikwenda na mlonga uwu ndivyo vikovwira kuti vinthu vyendenge makora mu charu cha Congo. Mlonga ukuru uwo ukufuma mu mlonga uwu ni Kasai, Sangha, Ubangi, Ruzizi, Aruwimi, na Lulonga. {{MapLibrary|dem_congo_sat.jpg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Mlonga wa Congo ndiwo uli na maji ghanandi chomene kuluska milonga yose pa charu chapasi. Mlonga wa Congo ukufuma mu mapiri gha Albertine Rift agho ghali mumphepete mwa chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa East African Rift, kweniso mu nyanja za Tanganyika na Mweru. Mlonga uwu ukufuma kumanjiliro gha dazi kufuma ku Kisangani kusi kwa maji gha Boyoma Falls, ndipo pachoko na pachoko ukuzgokera kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, ukujumpha ku Mbandaka, ndipo ukubatikana na Mlonga wa Ubangi, na kunjira mu Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa na Brazzaville vili ku sirya linyake la mlonga uwu. Kufuma apo, mlonga uwu ukusongonoka ndipo ukujumpha mu tumilonga tunandi uto tukumanyikwa na zina lakuti Livingstone Falls. Mlonga uwu uli na mtunda wa makilomita 37 ndipo uli na mumphepete mwa nyanja. Dambo la Albertine likovwira chomene kuti charu cha Congo chiŵe makora. Malo gha kumpoto ca kumafumiro gha dazi gha caru ici ghali na mapiri ghanandi comene, ndipo cifukwa ca kuzgoka kwa mapiri, mapiri ghakuphulika, ndipo nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakukomeka. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa nyanja zinandi za ku Africa, ndipo zinayi mwa izi zili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo. Mu chipalamba ichi muli vinthu vinandi chomene vyakukhumbikwa kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu cha Congo. Pali cobalt, mkuwa, cadmium, dayamondi, golide, siliva, zinki, manganese, tini, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite, iron ore, na malasha ghanandi, comenecomene mu cigaŵa ca Katanga kumwera kwa Congo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pamojasolutions.org/home/about-katanga/|title=About Katanga {{!}} Pamoja Tujenge|website=pamojasolutions.org|language=en-US|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029174110/http://pamojasolutions.org/home/about-katanga/|archive-date=29 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:An aerial view of the towering volcanic peak of Mt. Nyiragongo.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Nyiragongo]], which last erupted in 2021.]] [[File:La rivière Lulilaka, parc national de Salonga, 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Salonga National Park]].]] [[File:Paysage du territoire de Masisi (28130228449).jpg|thumb|[[Masisi Territory]]]] [[File:Nord-Kivu, RD Congo - Vue sur un cratère aux abords de la ville de Goma. (22722760943).jpg|thumb|[[Lake Kivu]] in [[North Kivu]] province]] Pa Janyuwale 17, 2002, Phiri la Nyiragongo likaphulika, ndipo chivwati chake chikaphulika pa liŵiro la makilomita 64 pa ora. Limoza mwa majigha ghatatu agho ghakaŵa na maji ghanandi ghakanjira mu msumba wa Goma, wakakoma ŵanthu 45 na kusida ŵanthu 120,000 kwambura pakukhala. Ŵanthu 400,000 ŵakafumamo mu msumba uwu. Maji gha mu Nyanja ya Kivu ghakaŵa na poyizoni, ndipo somba zikakomeka. Ndege ziŵiri pera ndizo zikanyamuka pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha ku malo agha cifukwa ca kuphulika kwa mafuta. Mphepo ya mabingu yikalutanga mu chiŵanja cha ndege, ndipo yikananga nthowa yakufumira na kunjilirapo. Pakati pajumpha myezi yinkhondi na umoza kufuma apo phiri ili likaphulikiranga, phiri la Nyamuragira nalo likaphulika. Phiri la Nyamuragira likafuma mu 2006 na mu 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volcanolive.com/nyamuragira.html|title=Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo {{!}} John Seach|website=Volcanolive.com|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114120624/http://www.volcanolive.com/nyamuragira.html|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Vinthu vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana === {{Main|Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature|Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Further|List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Bas-congo.JPG|[[Bas-Congo]] landscape|thumb]] [[File:Okapi2.jpg|An Okapi|thumb]] [[File:Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg|A male [[western gorilla]]|thumb]] [[File:Hippo pod edit.jpg|[[Hippopotami]]|thumb]] Nkhorongo za Democratic Republic of the Congo zili na vyamoyo vyakupambanapambana. Vinyama ivi ni vichoko chomene ndipo vikukhala mu vyaru vinyake. Vigaŵa vinkhondi vya charu ichi vili pa malo agho ghali kulembeka kuti ni Vinthu Vya Caru Cose: Garumba, Kahuzi-Biega, Salonga na Virunga National Parks, na Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo ntchimoza mwa vyaru 17 ivyo vili na vyamoyo vinandi chomene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuvikilira vyamoyo ŵakufipa mtima comene na viyuni vyakuchemeka primates. Ku Congo kuli viyuni vinandi: chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), bonobo (Pan paniscus), gorilla wa kumafumiro gha dazi (Gorilla beringei), ndiposo panji gorilla wa kumanjiliro gha dazi (Gorilla gorilla).<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/102330408|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|date=April 2016|access-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023234244/https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/102330408|archive-date=23 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>Ni caru cimoza pera pa caru cose ico muli viyuni vya bonobo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufipa mtima chomene na umo vinyama ivi vikumalira. Cifukwa ca ulovi na kuparanyika kwa malo ghakukhalamo, chimpanzee, bonobo, na gorilla, ivyo nyengo yinyake vikaŵanga na ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi, sono vili kucepa kufika pa minkhwele ya chimpanzee 200,000, 100,000, panji 10,000 pera. Wupu wa World Conservation Union ukuti nyama izi zili pangozi. Vinthu vikuru ivyo vikuchitika mu charu cha DRC ni vyakuti nkhorongo zikumara, kupenja vinyama, kunanga vyamoyo, kunanga maji, na migodi. Ŵakuchimbira kwawo ndiwo ŵakupangiska panji ŵakupangiska kuti makuni ghadumulikeko, dongo likunangika, kweniso vinyama vikusuzgika. Suzgo linyake ndakuti, para ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito majeremusi nga ni dayamondi, golide, na coltan, ŵakunanga malo. == Kugawikana kwa boma == {{Main|Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Further|Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Pasono charu chili na chigaŵa cha Kinshasa na vigaŵa vinyake 25. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 145 na misumba 32. Pambere chaka cha 2015 chindafike, mu charu ichi mukaŵa vigaŵa 11.<ref>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?p=4551 The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127065041/http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?p=4551|date=27 January 2015}}, [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]], 10 January 2015. {{in lang|fr}}</ref> {| style="border-spacing: 20px 1px;" | rowspan="13" | [[File:Provinces de la République démocratique du Congo - 2005.svg|thumb|upright=1.25]] | 1. [[Kinshasa]] || 14. [[Ituri Province]] |- | 2. [[Kongo Central]] || 15. [[Haut-Uele]] |- | 3. [[Kwango]] || 16. [[Tshopo]] |- | 4. [[Kwilu Province]] || 17. [[Bas-Uele]] |- | 5. [[Mai-Ndombe Province]] || 18. [[Nord-Ubangi]] |- | 6. [[Kasaï Province]] || 19. [[Mongala]] |- | 7. [[Kasaï-Central]] || 20. [[Sud-Ubangi]] |- | 8. [[Kasaï-Oriental]] || 21. [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]] |- | 9. [[Lomami Province]] || 22. [[Tshuapa]] |- | 10. [[Sankuru]] || 23. [[Tanganyika Province]] |- | 11. [[Maniema]] || 24. [[Haut-Lomami]] |- | 12. [[South Kivu]] || 25. [[Lualaba Province]] |- | 13. [[North Kivu]] || 26. [[Haut-Katanga Province]] |} ==Boma nda ndale== {{Main|Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Joseph kabila.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Kabila]] was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.]] Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinayi kufuma apo ŵakalemberanga malango ghaŵiri, ndipo pakaŵa maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, kweniso maboma gha vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana mu charu chose. Mu 2003, boma la Georgia likakhazikiska nyumba ya malango iyo yikaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri, ya Senate na National Assembly. Pakati pa milimo yinyake, wupu uwu ndiwo ukapanganga dango liphya la caru. Wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na ŵanthu 60, ndipo pulezidenti na ŵachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndiwo ŵakalongozganga. Kweniso pulezidenti ndiyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari. Dango lakwamba likapangaso wupu wakweruzga uwo ukaŵa wakujiyimira pawekha.<ref name=":1" /> Ndondomeko ya malango ya mu 2006, iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Ndondomeko ya Charu Chachitatu, yikamba kugwira ntchito mu Febuluwale 2006. Ndipouli, likapika mazaza pamoza na dango lakwendera lumoza m'paka pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakasankhikira. Kuyana na dango liphya ili, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa na nyumba ziŵiri. Boma, kweni pulezidenti yayi, ndilo likuŵa na mulandu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Dango liphya likapelekaso mazaza ghaphya ku maboma gha vigaŵa. Pa nyengo iyi, Khoti Likuru Chomene likamara ntchito yake ndipo likagaŵikana mu vigaŵa vitatu. Sono Khoti Likuru Chomene ndilo lili na mazaza ghakulongosora fundo za boma. Nangauli chalo ichi chili mu chigaŵa cha Central African United Nations, kweni chili ku chigaŵa cha Southern Africa (SADC).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Member States |website=Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future |url=http://www.sadc.int/member-states |access-date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422060429/http://www.sadc.int/member-states |archive-date=22 April 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{See also|Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Joseph Kabila with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Joseph Kabila]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in August 2014]] Chifukwa cha unandi wa vinthu ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa caru cose ndiposo vinthu ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru nga ni China, India, Russia, Brazil, na vyaru vinyake, vyaru vyakupambanapambana vikukhumbikwira kuti vyaru vyakupambanapambana vilondezgenge nthowa ziphya zakovwira kuti viwone na kuvikilira vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo. Pakulongosora za kuzirwa kwa DRC ku wupu wa United States National Security, mulimo wa kukhazikiska gulu lakuzirwa la ku Congo ni ndondomeko yiphya ya U.S. ya kuzgora ŵasilikari ŵa charu ichi kuŵa ŵantchito. Pali vilato vya ndyali na vya ndyali kuti ku Congo, uko kuli vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi nga ni cobalt, kuŵe mtende. Cinthu cikuru comene ico ŵakugwiliskira nchito ni cobalt, iyo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakupanga vigaŵa vya injini. Kweniso ŵakugwiliskira nchito cobalt pa kupanga visulo vya magineti, kweniso pa kupanga vinthu vyakuti vingapwetekeka yayi. Makampani gha vyakumera ghakugwiliskira nchito cobalt yinandi pa vinthu vyakupambanapambana, nga ni vyakupangira mafuta na vyakumera; vyakuwomira vyakuŵikamo malibwe na inki; vyakuŵikamo viŵiya vya porcelain; vyakuŵikamo vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira na magalasi; na vyakununkhira vya vyakununkhira, vyakununkhira, na pulasitiki. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 80% gha cobalt pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti cifukwa ca kuzirwa kwa cobalt mu mabatire gha magalimoto gha magesi na kukhazikika kwa magesi gha magesi agho ghali na vyakurya vinandi vya magesi ghakufuma ku magesi ghakusintha-sintha, caru ca DRC cingaŵa pa mphindano yikuru. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵa ku China ŵakugwiliskira nchito mu charu cha DRC na katundu uyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵakuguliska ku China, vikukura comene. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37, kusazgapo DRC, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC yakuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Uyghur na visopa vinyake. Mu 2021, purezidenti Félix Tshisekedi wakachemera kuwunika mapangano gha migodi agho Joseph Kabila wakalemba na China, chomenechomene chiphangano cha Sicomines cha mabiliyoni ghanandi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congo Reviews $6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows |work=Bloomberg |date=28 September 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205823/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting |work=Bloomberg |date=28 November 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205825/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting |url-status=live }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{See also|Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Aveba, district de l’Ituri, Province Orientale, DR Congo - Des militaires FARDC en patrouille. (16643921095).jpg|thumb|300px|FARDC soldiers on patrol in Ituri province]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC) lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 144,000, ndipo ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali mu gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa pa mtunda. FARDC yikapangika mu 2003 pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Congo ndipo yikasangamo magulu ghanandi gha ŵakugaluka. Chifukwa cha kuŵapo kwa ŵakugaluka awo ŵakaŵa ŵambura kulongozgeka makora, kweniso chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama kweniso chifukwa cha kurwa nkhondo na magulu ghakupambanapambana kwa vyaka vinandi, boma la FARDC likusuzgika na vimbundi na ukavu. Mapangano agho ghakalembeka paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo ghakakhumbanga kuti paŵe ŵasilikari ŵaphya "ŵakukolerana, ŵakunozgekaso, na ŵakukolerana" awo ŵakaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Kabila (FAC), RCD, na MLC. Kweniso ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakugaluka nga ni RCD-N, RCD-ML, na Mai-Mai ŵazamuŵa mu gulu liphya la ŵasilikari. Chikaŵaso na dango lakuti paŵe Conseil Supérieur de la Défense (Chipani Cikulu ca kuvikilira caru) ico cikapharazganga za nkhondo na kucenjezga ŵanthu pa nkhani ya kunozga vinthu vyawo, kufumiska vilwero, na kuvikilira caru. Gulu la FARDC lili na magulu gha ŵasilikari, agho ghakupharazgika mu vigaŵa vyose vya Democratic Republic of Congo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Congo ŵakurwa nkhondo ya ku Kivu ku chigaŵa cha North Kivu, nkhondo ya ku Ituri ku chigaŵa cha Ituri, na viwawa vinyake kwambira pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Padera pa ŵasilikari ŵa FARDC, ŵasilikari ŵa UN ŵakuwona vya mtende ŵakuchemeka MONUSCO nawo ŵali mu charu ichi. Boma la Democratic Republic of the Congo lalemba chikalata cha UN pa nkhani ya kukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |title=Chapter XXVI: Disarmament&nbsp;– No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806220546/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-9&chapter=26&clang=_en |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Vimbunda=== {{Main Article|Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Mubali munyake wa Mobutu wakalongosora umo boma likapokeleranga ndalama mu nyengo ya muwuso wake. Tikapempha munthu munyake kuti watore ndalama 5 miliyoni. Wakalutanga ku banki na mazaza gha Mobutu na kutora ndalama 10. Mobutu wakatora yimoza, ndipo ise tikatorako zinyake 9". Mobutu wakambiska vimbundi kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kumususka. Mobutu wakwenera kuti wakaba ndalama zakukwana madola 4.5 biliyoni apo wakaŵa pa udindo. Iyo wakaŵa wakwamba yayi kuŵa na vimbundi mu charu cha Congo. Mu Julayi 2009, khoti la ku Switzerland likadumura kuti nyengo yakumalira ntchito ya kupokera ndalama za mu caru cose yakujumpha $6.7 miliyoni izo Mobutu wakaŵika mu banki ya ku Switzerland, yili kumara, ntheura ndalama izi zikwenera kuweleraso ku mbumba ya Mobutu. Pulezidenti Kabila wakambiska Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes apo wakayamba kuwusa mu 2001. Ndipouli, mu 2016 gulu la Enough Project likalemba lipoti ilo likati charu cha Congo chili na nkhaza. Mu Juni 2020, khoti ku Democratic Republic of Congo likasanga kuti mulara wa boma la President Tshisekedi, Vital Kamerhe, wali na mulandu wa vimbundi. Wakalangika kuti wagwire nchito zinonono kwa vilimika 20, pamanyuma pakuti wapika mulandu wa kunanga ndalama za boma zakukwana madola 50 miliyoni. Wakaŵa munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo wakeruzgika cifukwa ca vimbundi mu DRC. Kweni Kamerhe ŵakamufumiska mu Disembala 2021. Mu Novembala 2021, kafukufuku wa khoti wakususkana na Kabila na ŵabwezi ŵake wakajulika ku Kinshasa pamanyuma pa kuvumbukwa kwa kukanizga ndalama zakukwana madola 138 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite news |title=DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $138 million embezzlement |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/24/drc-investigation-opens-on-joseph-kabila-over-138-million-embezzlement/ |work=Africanews |date=24 November 2021 |language=en |access-date=7 December 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207102746/https://www.africanews.com/2021/11/24/drc-investigation-opens-on-joseph-kabila-over-138-million-embezzlement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Wanangwa wa munthu === [[File:DRC- Child Soldiers.jpg|thumb|A group of demobilized [[child soldiers]] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] {{Main|Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{Further|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Kabila wakambiska kafukufuku wa khoti la International Criminal Court mu Democratic Republic of Congo mu Epulero 2004. Mu Juni 2004, khoti la International Criminal Court likamba mulandu uwu. Ŵana ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu DRC, ndipo mu 2011, ŵakawona kuti ŵana 30,000 ŵachali kugwira ntchito na magulu agha. Ku United States, ŵanthu ŵakugwiriska nchito ŵana na kuŵachichizga. Ivyo Dipatimenti ya Vya ntchito yikasanga pa nkhani ya ntchito za ŵana mu DRC mu 2013 na vinthu vinkhondi na cimoza ivyo vikupangika na makampani gha migodi mu charu ichi vili pa ndondomeko ya Dipatimenti iyi ya December 2014 ya vinthu ivyo vikupangika na ntchito za ŵana.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm |title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor&nbsp;– Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=United States Department of Labor |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052150/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm |archive-date=3 March 2015 |url-status=live }} </ref> ====Crime and law enforcement==== {{Main|Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Wapolisi wa ku Congo ndiyo ni wapolisi wakwamba mu Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56|year=2010|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-4552-2241-4|pages=56–|access-date=14 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509161750/https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56|archive-date=9 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nkhaza ku ŵanakazi ==== {{Main|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Vikuwoneka kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti nkhaza izo ŵanakazi ŵakuchitirika ni nkharo yiwemi. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014 pa DHS (pp. 299) wakalongora kuti ŵanakazi 74.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti mfumu wangachita makora kuti watimbe muwoli wake mu nyengo zinyake. Mu 2006, Komiti ya Wupu wa United Nations pa Nkhani ya Kumazga Kusankhana Mtundu, yikati yikudandawura kuti mu nyengo ya nkhondo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakuwona kuti kukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuyana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ni nkhani yakuzirwa yayi.<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf |title=Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo |publisher=United Nations |access-date=28 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084538/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf |title=Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) |publisher=peacewomen.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192704/http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2007 }} </ref>Ŵasilikari ŵa Democratic Republic of the Congo na magulu ghakwimikana nawo ŵakugwiliskira nchito vimbundi, nkhaza za kugonana, na wuzga wa kugonana nga ni vilwero vya nkhondo. Chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi chikuchemeka "malo agho ŵanthu ŵakuchitira nkhaza ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵankhongono pa charu chose". Ku DRC nako ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanakazi, nangauli ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi yayi. Ŵanakazi 5 pa 100 ŵaliwose ndiwo ŵakuŵa na suzgo ili.<ref> {{cite web |last1=Matundu Mbambi |first1=Annie |last2=Faray-Kele |first2=Marie-Claire |date=April–December 2010 |url=http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf |title=Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo |website=peacewomen.org |access-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031190906/http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2014 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref>[http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052427/http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx |date=29 November 2014 }}. brighamandwomens.org.</ref> Dango ili likukanizga munthu waliyose uyo wakuswa viŵaro vya mu thupi panji vyakugwiriskira ntchito makora viŵaro vya mu thupi lake, kukhala mu jele vyaka viŵiri panji vinkhondi na kupelekeka cilango ca ndalama zakukwana 200,000. Mu Julayi 2007, Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukayowoya kuti uli na wofi na umo vinthu viliri kumafumiro gha dazi kwa DRC. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbilira ku malo ghakuvikilirika usiku. Yakin Ertürk, uyo ni mulaŵiliri wapadera wa UN pa nkhani ya nkhaza izo zikucitikira ŵanakazi, wakati wakendera chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Congo mu Julayi 2007. Ertürk wakasazgirapo kuti: "Magulu gha vigeŵenga ghakuwukira ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, kupoka vinthu vyawo, kuŵakolelera, kukora ŵanakazi na ŵana, na kuŵagwiliska nchito nga mbazga". Mu Disembala 2008, GuardianFilms ya The Guardian yikafumiska filimu yakulongosora ivyo ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵakujumpha 400 ŵakayowoya. Mu Juni 2010, wupu wa Oxfam ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza ku Democratic Republic of Congo chikukwera chomene. Ndipo ŵasayansi ŵa ku Harvard ŵakasanga kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukoleka mwankhaza chikukwera maulendo 17. Mu Juni 2014, buku la Freedom from Torture likalemba kuti boma likuzunura ŵanakazi awo ŵakuchita ndyali na kuŵachitira nkhaza. Ŵanakazi awo ŵali mu lipoti ili ŵakasuzgika mu malo ghanandi mu caru, kusazgapo msumba wa Kinshasa na malo ghanyake agho ghakaŵa kutali na uko kukaŵa nkhondo. Mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi na ŵakuwaro, nga ni Filimbi na Emmanuel Weyi, ŵakayowoyapo kuti ntchakukhumbikwa kukanizga vivulupi na kusuzgika kwa vinthu apo mavoti gha mu 2016 ghakizanga.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/drc-democratic-republic-of-congo-filimbi-release/2822647.html|title=Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release|website=VOA|date=15 June 2015 |access-date=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412023149/http://www.voanews.com/content/drc-democratic-republic-of-congo-filimbi-release/2822647.html|archive-date=12 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|title=Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?|website=Africa Agenda|language=en-US|access-date=31 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826144022/http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|archive-date=26 August 2016}}</ref> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Democratic Republic of the Congo exports, 2019]] [[File:GDP_per_capita_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo.svg|thumb|Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.]] Banki Yikuru ya ku Congo ndiyo yikulaŵilira ndalama za ku Congo. Mu 2007, Banki ya Caru Cose yikadumura kuti yipenge ndalama zakukwana madola 1.3 biliyoni ku Democratic Republic of Congo. Boma la Congo likamba kudumbiskana vya kunjira mu wupu wa Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA) mu 2009. Charu cha DRC chikuwoneka kuti chili na vinthu vinandi chomene vyakuthupi.<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DR+Congo's+$24+trillion+fortune.-a0193800184 |title=DR Congo's $24 trillion fortune |publisher=Thefreelibrary.com |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202108/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/403.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.newsaboutcongo.com/2009/03/congo-with-24-trillion-in-mineral-wealth-but-still-poor.html |title=Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor |publisher=News About Congo |date=15 March 2009 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514063014/http://www.newsaboutcongo.com/2009/03/congo-with-24-trillion-in-mineral-wealth-but-still-poor.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |url-status=live }} </ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Kuepper |first=Justin |url=http://theotcinvestor.com/mining-companies-could-see-big-profits-in-congo-855 |title=Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo |publisher=Theotcinvestor.com |date=26 October 2010 |access-date=22 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022430/http://theotcinvestor.com/mining-companies-could-see-big-profits-in-congo-855/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live }} </ref> Ku DRC kuli mafuta gha coltan ghakukwana 70 peresenti pa caru cose, cobalt yimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu, dayamondi yakujumpha 30 peresenti, na mkuŵa wakukwana cigaŵa cimoza pa vigaŵa 10.<ref>[[Coltan]] is a major source of [[tantalum]] which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm DR Congo poll crucial for Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202153903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm|date=2 December 2010}}, BBC News. 16 November 2006.</ref><ref>Bream, Rebecca (8 November 2007). [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eec69b16-8d6e-11dc-a398-0000779fd2ac.html "A bid for front-line command in Africa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317112641/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eec69b16-8d6e-11dc-a398-0000779fd2ac.html |date=17 March 2008 }}. ''Financial Times''.</ref> Nangauli charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo chili na vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni chuma chake chakhala pachoko chomene kwamba m'ma 1980. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, charu cha DRC chikasanganga ndalama zakukwana 70% pa ndalama izo chikaguliskiranga ku vyakumera. Kufika mu 2005, 90% ya ndalama za DRC zikafumanga ku migodi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakavu comene pa caru capasi. DRC Congo ndiyo yili na GDP ya pacoko comene pa caru cose, panji pafupifupi yose. DRC nayo njimoza mwa vyaru 20 ivyo vili pasi pa vyaru vinyake pa nkhani ya vimbundi. === Kugwira Ntchito M'migodi === {{main|Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Diamonds- Zaire, (DR Congo) (8458935824).jpg|thumb|Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.]] DRC ndiyo yikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene gha cobalt, mkuŵa, na dayamondi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakufuma ku chigaŵa cha Kasai kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu charu cha DRC, migodi yikuru comene yili kumwera kwa chigaŵa cha Katanga ndipo yili na makina ghakukwana matani ghanandi gha mkuwa na cobalt. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose awo ŵakupanga dayamondi. Apo charu cha DRC chikapokera wanangwa wake mu 1960, chikaŵa chachiŵiri pa vyaru vya ku Africa. Mabungwe gha vyamalonda gha ku vyaru vinyake ghachepeskako milimo yawo cifukwa ca masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo cifukwa ca nkhondo izo zikucitika kwa nyengo yitali, kusoŵa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, ndiposo suzgo la vinthu. Nkhondo zikasazgirako masuzgo ghanyake nga nkhusintha kwa malango, vimbundi, kukwera kwa ndalama, na kuleka kujilongora makora pa nkhani ya ndalama. Vinthu vikasintha kuumaliro wa 2002, apo ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakafumako. Maofesi ghanandi gha International Monetary Fund na World Bank ghakakumana na boma kuti ghaŵawovwire kupanga pulani ya vyachuma, ndipo Pulezidenti Kabila wakamba kunozga vinthu. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikucitika mu vyaru vinyake vikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Kufika mu 2011, DRC yikaŵa na index ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu ya pachanya pa vyaru vyose 187.<ref>{{cite web |title=UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/11/393922 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=3 December 2021 |date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203210458/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/11/393922 |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Democratic Republic of Congo, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.5|DR Congo's [[Human Development Index]] scores, 1970–2010.]] [[File:Basankusu collecting firewood by Francis Hannaway.jpg|thumb|Collecting firewood in [[Basankusu]].]] Chuma cha DRC chikuthemba chomene pa migodi. Ndipouli, nchito ya kuzenga migodi iyo yikucitika mu vigaŵa vichokovichoko yikucitika mu vigaŵa vyambura kulembeka ndipo yikuwoneka yayi mu GDP. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti malibwe ghatatu pa ghaŵiri gha mu DRC ghakusangika mwakubisilizgika mu charu ichi. Mu 2002, ŵakabowozga kuti ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli thini, kweni m'paka sono ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malo ghachoko waka. Kusunga vinthu vyakununkhira nga ni coltan na cassiterite, tantalum, na tin, kukawovwira kuti nkhondo yilute panthazi. Katanga Mining Limited, kampani ya ku Switzerland, ndiyo yili na Luilu Metallurgical Plant, iyo yili na matani 175,000 gha mkuwa na matani 8,000 gha cobalt pa caka, ndipo ni malo ghakuru comene ghakusangirapo cobalt pa caru cose. Pamanyuma pa kunozga vinthu, kampani iyi yikambaso kupanga mkuwa mu Disembala 2007 na cobalt mu Meyi 2008. Mu Epulero 2013, mawupu ghakwimikana na vimbundi ghakavumbura kuti boma la Congo likapokera yayi ndalama zakukwana madola 88 miliyoni kufuma ku migodi nangauli ntchito ya kunozga migodi yikendanga makora. Ndalama izo zikasoŵanga zikaŵa za mu 2010 ndipo wupu wa misonkho ukeneranga kuzipeleka ku banki. Pamanyuma, mu 2013, EITI yikanjizga charu ichi mu wupu wa EITI chifukwa chakuti chikaŵavya ndondomeko yakukwana yakupharazgira, kulaŵilira, na kuwunika vinthu. Kweni mu Julayi 2013, charu ichi chikamba kuchita makora chomene pa nkhani ya kuwunika mabuku. Mu Febuluwale 2018, kampani yakuwongolera chuma ku AllianceBernstein, yikalongosora kuti DRC "ndi Saudi Arabia ya nyengo ya magalimoto amagetsi", chifukwa cha chuma chake cha cobalt, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pamabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe amayendetsa magalimoto amagetsi.<ref>[https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting ''Mining Journal''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122005748/https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting |date=22 November 2018 }} "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, 22 February 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</ref> ===Mayendelo=== {{Main|Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:First train in Kindu, DRC.jpg|thumb|Sitima yakufuma ku Lubumbashi yikufika ku Kindu pa msewu uwo wasinthika.]] Kwenda pa mtunda ku Democratic Republic of Congo kukaŵa kwakusuzga nyengo zose. Malo na nyengo ya mu chipalamba cha Congo vikutondeska ŵanthu kuzenga misewu na njanji. DRC yili na milonga yinandi iyo yikwenda makora ndipo yikwendeska ŵanthu ŵanandi na katundu pa boti na boti kuluska charu chilichose mu Africa. Chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama, vimbundi vya ndyali, na nkhondo za mukati mu vyaru vyapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito makora vinthu vyawo. ====Njanji==== {{Main|Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Train rdc.svg|upright=1.25|thumb|Mapu gha njanji]] Boma la Congo likwendeska njanji na kampani yakuchemeka Congo Railroad Company (Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo), Office National des Transports Congo na Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles (CFU). Nga umo viliri na vinthu vinyake vinandi mu Congo, misewu ya njanji njakunyongoloka, yaukazuzi, yakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso njakofya. ====Msewu==== DRC yili na misewu yichoko chomene yakuŵikika pa msewu kuluska charu chilichose ku Africa. Kuti ivi viwoneke makora, mtunda wa msewu mu charu chose ukujumpha makilomita 2,500. Matadi mpaka ku Lubumbashi, mtunda wa makilomita 2,700 (1700 mi) pa msewu). Pa ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1,000,000, pali msewu wa makilomita 35 wakuŵaŵa. Malipoti ghakulongora kuti Zambia na Botswana ni vyaru vya mtunda wa makilomita 721 na 3,427. Misewu yitatu mu msewu wa Trans-African Highway yikujumpha mu DR Congo: * Msewu wa Tripoli-Cape Town Highway: Msewu uwu ukujumpha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu pa National Road No. 1 pakati pa Kinshasa na Matadi, mtunda wa 285 km (177 mi) pa chigaŵa chimoza cha vigaŵa vyakwenda makora. * Msewu wa Lagos-Mombasa: DRC Congo ni nthowa yikuru iyo yikusoŵa mu msewu uwu wa kumafumiro gha dazi na kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo yikukhumbikwira kuzenga msewu uphya kuti wendenge makora. * Msewu wa Beira-Lobito: Msewu uwu ukujumpha mu Katanga ndipo ukwenera kuzengekaso pa utali wake wose. ====Maji==== Charu cha DRC chili na misewu ya maji yitali comene. Pafupifupi vigaŵa viŵiri pa vigaŵa vitatu vya charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵakwenda pa maji. ====Mphepo==== Kufumira mu Juni 2016, DRC Congo yikaŵa na ndege yikuru yimoza (Congo Airways) iyo yikendanga mu DRC Congo. Ndege ya Congo Airways yikaŵa pa chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa. Wose awo ŵakwendeska ndege awo ŵavomerezgeka na DRC ŵalekeskeka kuluta ku ma eyapoti gha European Union na European Commission, cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa malango ghakwendeskera ndege. Makampani ghanandi gha ndege ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Kinshasa ndipo ghanyake ghakuyegha ndege ku chiŵanja cha ndege cha Lubumbashi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124922/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf List of airlines banned within the EU], Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref> ===Magesi=== {{Main|Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Kufika mu 2008, mafuta gha makara na makara ghakaŵanga mu vyaru vinandi. Boma la DRC lili na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pakupangiska magesi kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo. Charu ichi chili na makuni 50% gha mu Africa na milonga iyo yingapeleka nkhongono ya maji ku vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, mwakuyana na lipoti la UN lakukhwaskana na kuzirwa kwa chalo ichi na udindo wake wa ku Africa. Wupu wa Société nationale d'électricité ndiwo ukupanga na kupeleka magesi, kweni ŵanthu 15 pera mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵali na magesi. DRC njumoza wa vyaru vitatu ivyo vili na magesi. Ivi ni Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, na Central African Power Pool.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yee|first1=Amy|title=The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html|access-date=4 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001314/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Renewable energy==== {{main|Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Chifukwa cha ungweru wa dazi, caru ca DRC cili na mwaŵi ukuru wa kupanga vinthu vya zuŵa. Ku DRC kuli magesi gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 836 agho ghali na nkhongono yakujumpha 83 MW. Magesi agha ghali mu Equateur (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), vigaŵa viŵiri vya Kasaï (170), na Bas-Congo (170). Kweniso, makina gha Caritas 148 ghali na nkhongono ya 6.31 MW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reegle.info/countries/congo-dem-rep-energy-profile/CD|title=Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep|website=Reegle.info|access-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725214348/http://www.reegle.info/countries/congo-dem-rep-energy-profile/CD|archive-date=25 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} {{further|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo}} ===Viyowoyelo=== [[File:Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg|thumb|The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.]] {{Main|Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Chifurenchi ndicho chikuyowoyeka mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya mu charu cha Congo. Kuyana na lipoti la OIF la 2018, ŵanthu 49 miliyoni ŵa ku Congo (51% ya ŵanthu) ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba Chifurenchi.<ref>[https://www.francophonie.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/LFDM-20Edition-2019-La-langue-fran%C3%A7aise-dans-le-monde.pdf La langue française dans le monde], [[Éditions Gallimard]], [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]</ref> Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2021 wakalongora kuti ŵanthu 74% ŵakayowoyanga Chifurenchi.<ref name="lingala">{{cite web | url=https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | title=Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala | date=10 July 2021 | access-date=16 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023160328/https://www.target-sarl.cd/en/content/target-survey-french-most-spoken-language-drc-far-ahead-lingala | archive-date=23 October 2022 }}</ref> Ku Kinshasa, ŵanthu 67% mu 2014 ŵakaŵazganga na kulemba Cifurenci, ndipo 68.5% ŵakayowoyanga na kupulikiska. Mu caru ici muli viyowoyero pafupifupi 242, ndipo viyowoyero vinayi ni Kituba (Kikongo), Lingala, Tshiluba, na Swahili. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ndiwo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi nga ni chiyowoyero chachiŵiri. ChiLingala ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵabelgiji, ndipo ntchilankhulo icho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakagalukira boma, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵakumafumiro gha dazi ŵakayowoyanga Ciswahili. Pa nyengo iyo boma la Belgium likalamuliranga caru ici, ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakamba kusambizga na kugwiliskira nchito viyowoyero vinayi mu masukulu gha pulayimale. Kweni pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Spain chazakaŵa na wanangwa wakusambira, chiyowoyero ichi chikasintha.<ref name=lang_educ>{{cite book |author=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie |title=La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Nathan |page=117 |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702202909/http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |author-link=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref> Kwambira mu 1975, viyowoyero vinayi vya boma vikambaso mu vyaka viŵiri vyakwambilira vya masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo kufuma mu chaka chacitatu kuya munthazi, ciyowoyero ca Cifurenci ndico cikuyowoyeka pa sukulu. Ciphwitikizi cikusambizgika mu masukulu gha ku Congo nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake. Chifukwa chakuti lizgu la Ciphwitikizi likuyana comene na la Cifurenci, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakulimanya makora. Pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 175,000 awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi mu charu ichi, ŵanandi mba ku Angola na Mozambique. === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakujumpha 250 na mafuko 450 ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Ŵali mu magulu gha viyowoyero vya Bantu, Sudan, Nilotic, Ubangian, na Pygmy. Chifukwa cha kupambanako uku, mu Congo mulije fuko limoza ilo likulongozga, kweni mafuko agha ndigho ghakupanga 51.5% ya ŵanthu wose:<ref name=":0" /> [[File:DRC Ethnic Groups.png|thumb|245x245px|Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC]] - [[Luba-Kasai language|Luba-Kasaï]] - [[Kongo people|Kongo]] - [[Mongo people|Mongo]] - [[Luba-Katanga language|Lubakat]] - [[Lulua people|Lulua]] - [[Tetela people|Tetela]] - [[Nande language|Nande]] - [[Ngbandi people|Ngbandi]] - [[Ngombe language|Ngombe]] - [[Yaka people|Yaka]] - [[Ngbaka languages|Ngbaka]] Mu 2021, wupu wa UN ukati ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵalipo 96 miliyoni.<ref>"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0053) Zaire&nbsp;– Population] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628105720/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+zr0053%29|date=28 June 2017}}". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> {{UN_Population|ref}}Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 250 ŵakumanyikwa. Ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Pygmies awo ŵakukhala ku DR Congo ŵalipo 600,000.<ref>"[https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121110837/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html |date=21 January 2010 }}." ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 23 May 2003.</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Lubumbashi_Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral, Lubumbashi|The Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral]], [[Lubumbashi]]]] [[File:Cathedrale notre dame de la victoire bukavu.png|thumb|left|[[Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, Bukavu|Our Lady of Peace Cathedral]] ku [[Bukavu]]]] Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru mu DRC. Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakachitika mu 2013 na 2014, wakalongora kuti Ŵakhristu ŵalipo 93.7% (Ŵakatolika ŵalipo 29.7%, Ŵaprotesitanti ŵalipo 26.8%, ndipo Ŵakhristu ŵanyake ŵalipo 37.2%). Gulu linyake la cisopa la Cikhristu lakucemeka Kimbanguism likaŵa na ŵanthu 2.8%, apo Ŵasilamu ŵakaŵa 1%. Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti Chikhristu ndicho ntchisopa chikuru, ndipo ŵanthu 95.8% ndiwo ŵakulondezgapo. Chiŵelengero cha awo ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Ciislamu chikuŵa pakati pa 1% na 12%. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |title=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113617/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014|website=Dhsprogram.com|access-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010190605/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu caru ici muli Ŵakatolika pafupifupi 35 miliyoni, ndipo pali ma diocese 6 na ma diocese 41. Ntchakusuzga chomene kuyowoya umo Tchalitchi la Katolika lili kovwilira ŵanthu. Mubali Schatzberg wakati wupu uwu "ndiwo uli na mazaza pa charu chose". Masukulu agha ghakasambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira ŵakujumpha 60 peresenti na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sekondare ŵakujumpha 40 peresenti. Tchalitchi ili lili na vipatala vinandi, masukulu, na makliniki, kweniso mabungwe ghanandi gha vyachuma, kusazgapo minda, malo ghakusungirako viŵeto, mashopu, na mashopu gha ŵantchito. Mipingo 62 ya Chiprotesitanti yikukolerana na Tchalitchi la Khristu mu Congo. Kanandi likucemeka kuti Tchalitchi la Ciphwitikizi, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu DRC mba Ciphwitikizi. Ili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 25 miliyoni, ndipo ni gulu likuru comene la Ciphwitikizi pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Belgium ŵakawonanga kuti chisopa cha Kimbangu ntchiheni chomene ndipo ŵakachizomerezga yayi. Chisopa cha Kimbangu, icho chikuchemeka kuti "Tchalitchi la Khristu pa Charu Chapasi ilo likalembeka na ntchimi Simoni Kimbangu", chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3 miliyoni.<ref name=Adherents>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010707120530/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_365.html "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com&nbsp;– Religion by Location.] Sources quoted are ''The World Factbook'' (1998), 'official government web site' of ''Democratic Republic of Congo''. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref> Chisilamu chili mu charu cha Democratic Republic of the Congo kwamba mu ma 1800, apo ŵamalonda ŵa ku East Africa ŵakanjiranga mu charu ichi kuti ŵaguliske njovu na ŵazga. Mazuŵa ghano, Ŵasilamu ŵalipo pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Congo. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ŵa Sunni. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa cisopa ca Bahá'í awo ŵakakhala mu caru ici ŵakafuma ku Uganda mu 1953. Pakati pajumpha vilimika vinayi, wupu wakulongozga ukasankhika. Mu 1970 wupu wa National Spiritual Assembly (National administrative council) ukasankhika kakwamba. Nangauli chisopa ichi chikaŵa pasi pa dango mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 na 1980, kweni boma la charu chinyake likakanizga. Mu 2012, boma likapharazga kuti lizamunozga Nyumba Yakusoperamo ya Chikhristu cha Baha'i. Visopa ivyo vikulondezga visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni kusopa Chiuta yumoza, kusopa viŵanda, kusopa mizimu na ŵasekuru, uloyi, na ufwiti. Kanandi visopa ivi vikusazgapo visambizgo vya Chikhristu na vigomezgo na maluso gha ŵanthu. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakale ŵakagomezganga vyazara chomene. Ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi ŵakufumiskika pa nyumba na mbumba zawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakukhala mu misewu. Pali mawupu agho ghakovwira ŵana ŵa mu misewu nga ni Congo Children Trust. Ntchito ya Congo Children Trust ni Kimbilio, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵana ŵa mu misewu mu Lubumbashi ŵambeso kukolerana. Kanandi ŵana aŵa ŵakucemeka kuti enfants sorciers (ŵana awo ni ŵamasalamusi) panji enfants dits sorciers (ŵana awo ŵakususkika kuti ni ŵamasalamusi). Mabungwe gha matchalitchi ghakupambanapambana ghapangika kuti ghasangepo candulo na cisambizgo ici mwa kupokera ndalama zinandi comene pa mulimo uwu. Nangauli sonosono apa ŵana ŵakukanizgika, kweni ŵasofi na ŵasembe awo ŵakujichema kuti ni ntchimi na ŵasembe ŵakuŵachitira nkhaza.<ref> {{cite news |last=Harris |first=Dan |title=Children in Congo forced into exorcisms |work=world news |publisher=USA today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104115309/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=24 April 2011 |date=21 May 2009 }} </ref> ===Masambilo=== {{Main|Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:DRC classroom.jpg|thumb|Mu kilasi ku Democratic Republic of the Congo.]] Mu 2014, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba pakati pa vyaka 15 na 49 chikaŵa 75.9% (88.1% ŵanalume na 63.8% ŵanakazi) kuyana na kafukufuku wa DHS. Masukulu agha ghali na maofesi ghatatu: Ministry of Primary, Secondary and Professional Education (MEPSP), Ministry of Higher and University Education (MESU) na Ministry of Social Affairs (MAS). Sukulu ya pulayimale njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamika yayi nangauli dango la charu cha Congo likuti ndimo likwenera kuŵira. Chifukwa cha nkhondo za ku Congo zakwambilira na zaciŵiri za kuumaliro wa ma 1990, ŵana ŵakujumpha 5.2 miliyoni mu caru ici ŵakatondeka kusambira. Kufuma waka apo nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikamalira, vinthu vyamba kwenda makora chomene, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za pulayimale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 5.5 miliyoni mu 2002 kufika pa 16.8 miliyoni mu 2018, ndipo ŵana awo ŵali ku sukulu za sekondale ŵakukwera kufuma pa 2.8 miliyoni mu 2007 kufika pa 4.6 miliyoni mu 2015 kuyana na UNESCO. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu ŵakukwaniska yayi, ndipo mu 2014 chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu chikakwana 82.4% (82.4% ya ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 11; 83.4% ya ŵanyamata na 80.6% ya ŵasungwana).<ref>{{cite book |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 |author1=Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM) |author2=Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) |author3=[[ICF International]] |page=XXV |url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226192128/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[File:Life_expectancy_in_DR_Congo.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] Chipatala chinyake mu DRC ni cha General Hospital of Kinshasa. Charu cha DRC ndicho chili na ŵana ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose. Mu Epulero 2011, wovwiri wa wupu wa Global Alliance for Vaccines ukapangiska kuti paŵe munkhwala uphya wakovwira kugega nthenda ya pneumococcal. Mu 2012, ŵanthu pafupifupi 1.1% ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 15 na 49 ŵakaŵa na HIV/AIDS. Maleriya na nthenda ya yellow fever ni masuzgo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_24_yellowfever/en/ |title=Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=World Health Organization |date=24 April 2014 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605110715/http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_24_yellowfever/en/ |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_cod_en.pdf |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419112412/http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_cod_en.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2155.html |title=The World Factbook&nbsp;– Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate |publisher=Cia.gov |year=2012 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216040138/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2155.html |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77948/drc-malaria-still-biggest-killer |title=DRC: Malaria still biggest killer |agency=IRIN |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=10 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112124205/http://www.irinnews.org/report/77948/drc-malaria-still-biggest-killer |archive-date=12 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>Mu Meyi 2019, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa na Ebola ku DRC chikakwana 1,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/the-latest-ebola-deaths-top-1000-in-congo-outbreak/2019/05/03/2384eb24-6dd1-11e9-bbe7-1c798fb80536_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503185757/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/the-latest-ebola-deaths-top-1000-in-congo-outbreak/2019/05/03/2384eb24-6dd1-11e9-bbe7-1c798fb80536_story.html |archive-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufwa cifukwa ca nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa vyaumoyo pa charu chose (WHO) mu chaka cha 2021, ŵanthu ŵaŵiri pera ndiwo ŵakafwa na nthenda ya yellow fever mu DRC. Wupu wa World Bank Group ukati mu 2016, ŵanthu 26,529 ŵakafwa pa misewu ya mu DRC cifukwa ca ngozi za pa msewu. Umoyo wa ŵamama uli makora yayi mu DRC. Kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka mu 2010, caru ca DRC nchakwamba pa caru cose kuŵa na ŵana ŵanakazi ŵanandi comene. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati pa ŵana wose ŵa vyaka vinkhondi kukhilira pasi, 43.5% mbakucekura. Wupu wakuwona vya vyakurya wa United Nations ukachenjezga kuti pakati pa nkhondo iyo yikukulirakulira na suzgo la COVID-19 mu DRC, umoyo wa ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi uli pangozi chifukwa ŵangafwa na njara. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa World Food Programme, mu 2020 ŵanthu ŵanayi pa ŵanthu 10 mu Congo ŵakaŵavya chakurya ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 15.6 miliyoni ŵakaŵa na njara. Ku Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), mphepo njakofya comene. Mu 2020, nthenda ya mphepo mu Democratic Republic of Congo yikaŵa 34.2 μg/m3, iyo yikaŵa pafupifupi maulendo 6.8 gha ulongozgi wa Wupu wa vyaumoyo wa pa charu chose wa PM2.5 (5 μg/m3: uwo ukaŵikika mu Seputembala 2021). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakughanaghana kuti nthenda iyi yingawovwira kuti munthu wa ku DRC waleke kukhala vyaka vinandi. Pasono charu cha DRC chilije ndondomeko ya umo mphepo yiŵirenge.<ref>{{cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-08-31 |title=Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/regulating-air-quality-first-global-assessment-air-pollution-legislation |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> === Misumba yikuru === {{Largest cities | country = the Democratic Republic of the Congo | stat_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook: Africa - Congo, Democratic Republic of the|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the|website=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]|access-date=April 13, 2016|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511000300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://populationstat.com/africa/ |title=Africa Population (2022) |website=populationstat.com}}</ref> | div_name = Province | city_1 = Kinshasa | div_1 = Kinshasa | pop_1 = 15,628,000 | img_1 = Kinshasa-Gombe, from CCIC.JPG | city_2 = Mbuji-Mayi | div_2 = Kasai-Oriental | pop_2 = 2,765,000 | img_2 = Kongo C3.jpg | city_3 = Lubumbashi | div_3 = Haut-Katanga Province{{!}}Haut-Katanga | pop_3 = 2,695,000 | img_3 = Downtown Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo - 20061130.jpg | city_4 = Kananga | div_4 = Kasaï-Central | pop_4 = 1,593,000 | img_4 = Kananga Vue aérienne.jpg | city_5 = Kisangani | div_5 = Tshopo | pop_5 = 1,366,000 | city_6 = Bukavu | div_6 = South Kivu | pop_6 = 1,190,000 | city_7 = Tshikapa | div_7 = Kasaï Province{{!}}Kasaï | pop_7 = 1,024,000 | city_8 = Bunia | div_8 = Ituri Province{{!}}Ituri | pop_8 = 768,000 | city_9 = Goma | div_9 = North Kivu | pop_9 = 707,000 | city_10 = Uvira | div_10 = South Kivu | pop_10 = 657,000 }} === Kusama === [[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (7134901927).jpg|thumb|Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012]] Chifukwa cha masuzgo agho ghakuŵapo mu charu ichi kweniso umo vinthu viliri mu boma, nchakusuzga comene kusanga fundo zakugomezgeka zakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵakusamira kunyake. Ndipouli, pali ukaboni wakuti caru ca DRC cikulutilira kupokelera ŵalendo nangauli ciŵelengero cawo cacepa comene. Ŵanthu awo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakwiza mu vyaru vinandi. Kweniso, migodi yikuru-yikuru ya mu caru ici yikukopa ŵantchito ŵakufuma ku vyaru vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na vyaru vinyake kuti ŵakasame.<ref name="IOMProfile"> {{Cite book |url=http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592 |title=Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |year=2010 |isbn=978-92-9068-567-8 |language=fr |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511092512/http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}} </ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufumira ku vyaru vinyake kuluta ku vyaru vya ku South Africa na Europe. Mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakuluta ku caru ca DRC cacepa comene, comenecomene cifukwa ca vivulupi ivyo vikucitika mu caru ici. Wupu wa International Organization for Migration ukati chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakusamukira ku charu ichi chachepa chomene. Malipoti gha boma ghakulongora yayi, cifukwa cakuti mu DRC muli ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kweniso palije maukaboni ghakukhwaskana na ŵanthu awo ŵafuma mu vyaru vinyake kwambura malango. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakupambana chomene, kufuma pa 3 mpaka 6 miliyoni. Kusiyana uku kukucitika cifukwa ca kusoŵerwa kwa maukaboni ghakugomezgeka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakufuma ku DRC ŵakukhala mu vyaru vya ku Africa ndipo ŵanyake ŵakukhala ku Europe. Vyaru vinyake ivyo ŵakuluta ni South Africa na malo ghanyake agho ŵakuluta ku Europe. Boma la DRC lafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo. Chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera comene mu 2004 apo UNHCR yikati pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 460,000 ŵakucimbira kwawo kufuma ku DRC. Mu 2008, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu ŵakucimbira kwawo ŵa ku Congo cikaŵa 367,995. Kwamba mu 2003, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000 ŵakufuma ku Congo ŵafumiskika mu Angol[[Angola|a]].<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants "Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525172019/http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants/ |date=25 May 2013 }}, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012.</ref> ==Mwambo== {{Main|Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese cuisine}} [[File:Hemba male figure1.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Hemba]] male statue]] Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ŵakukhala mu vyaru ivi, kufuma ku mlonga wa Congo uwo uli mumphepete mwa nyanja m'paka ku mapiri agho ghali kufupi na kumafumiro gha dazi. Kwambira kuumaliro wa m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umoyo wawo chifukwa cha ufumu wa maboma, kulimbana kuti ŵaŵe ŵakujiyimira ŵekha, nyengo ya Mobutu, kweniso nkhondo yakwamba na yachiŵiri ya ku Congo. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵali na masuzgo agha, kweni mitheto yawo yikusintha yayi. Mu charu ichi muli ŵanthu 81 miliyoni (2016). Ŵanthu 30 pa 100 awo ŵakukhala mu misumba ndiwo ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. ===Sumo=== Charu cha Congo chili na mitheto ya rumba ya ku Cuba, kumba yakufuma ku Congo na merengue. Ndipo ŵaŵiri aŵa pamasinda ŵakubaba viŵeto vinyake.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |author=Stone, Ruth M. |title=The Garland Handbook of African Music |page=133 |access-date=24 August 2014 |isbn=978-1-135-90001-4 |year=2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113805/https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133 |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa vikupanga sumu izo zikufuma ku sumu za ku Congo. Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakwimba mu ciyowoyero ca Lingala, ico nchimoza mwa viyowoyero vikuru comene mu caru ca DRC. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo ŵeneŵaŵa, awo ŵakulongozgeka na "le sapeur", Papa Wemba, ndiwo ŵapangiska muwiro wa ŵanyamata awo nyengo zose ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vyakudura. Iwo ŵakamanyikwa kuti mbanthu ŵa muwiro wachinayi wa sumu za ku Congo ndipo ŵanandi ŵakufuma mu gulu lakale lakumanyikwa la Wenge Musica. Elizo Kisonga, uyo pasono wakukhala ku England, wakukhala ku Congo. === Maseŵera === Ku DRC ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵero ghanandi nga ni bola, basketball, na rugby. Maseŵero agha ghakucitikira mu ma stadiyo ghanandi mu caru cose, kusazgapo Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba. Monga Zaire iwo adagwira nawo gawo mu 1974 FIFA World Cup. Ku vyaru vinyake, caru ici nchakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca maseŵero gha basketball na mpira. Dikembe Mutombo njumoza wa ŵaseŵera ŵa basketball ŵawemi comene ŵa ku Africa. Mutombo wakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kovwira ŵanthu mu caru cake. Bismack Biyombo, Christian Eyenga, Jonathan Kuminga, na Emmanuel Mudiay ndiwo ŵakawoneseskaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa maseŵera agha. Ŵaseŵero ŵanandi ŵa ku Congo na ŵa ku Congo, kusazgapo Romelu Lukaku, Yannick Bolasie, na Dieumerci Mbokani, ŵamanya chomene maseŵero gha mpira. DRC Congo yikwina kaŵiri mpikisano wa mpira wa Africa Cup of Nations. Gulu la mpira wa volleyball la azimayi la DR Congo lakwanitsa kulowa nawo mpikisano wa volleyball wa azimayi ku Africa wa 2021. Charu ichi chikaŵa na timu ya chalo ya beach volleyball iyo yikathereskana pa 2018 ∼2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup mu chigaŵa cha ŵanakazi na ŵanalume..<ref>{{cite news |title=Continental Cup Finals start in Africa |url=https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=[[FIVB]] |date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807141038/https://www.fivb.com/en/about/news/continental-cup-finals-start-in-africa?id=94414 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Wayilesi=== {{main|Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Manyuzipepara gha DRC ni L'Avenir, Radion Télévision Mwangaza, Template:ILL, Template:ILL, Le Phare, Le Potentiel, Le Soft na LeCongolais.CD, nyuzipepara ya pa intaneti. Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC) ni wayilesi ya charu cha Democratic Republic of Congo. RTNC pasono yikupharazga mu Lingala, French, na English.<ref>"[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131213055112/http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Archive]).{{sic}} [[Stanford University]] Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> === Kulemba mabuku === Awo ŵakulemba mabuku ku Congo ŵakugwiliskira nchito mabuku kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu DRC ŵamanye kuti charu chawo ntcha iwo. Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie wakulemba mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakakulira mu Congo, mu nyengo iyo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Yamusangie mu nkhani yake wakati wakawona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa mabuku ndipo wakakhumba kumazga suzgo ili. Iyo wakalemba buku lakuti Full Circle, ilo ni nkhani ya msepuka zina lake Emanuel uyo pakwamba pa buku ili wakuwona kuti pali mphambano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Congo na kunyake. Rais Neza Boneza, mulembi wa ku chigaŵa cha Katanga, wakalemba mabuku na mapowemu kuti wawovwire ŵanthu kumanya umo ŵangalongolera luso lawo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://raisnezaboneza.no/about-ras-n-boneza/|title=Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza|date=17 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193404/http://raisnezaboneza.no/about-ras-n-boneza/|archive-date=5 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * [[Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * [[Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles]] * [[Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border]] ==Vyakulemba== {{Notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist |refs= <ref name=DR-Congo>* {{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/30/dr-congo-rampant-intercommunal-violence-west |website=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=2023 |title=DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West |access-date=28 April 2023}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13283212 |website=[[BBC News]] |title=DR Congo country profile |date=14 April 2023 |access-date=28 April 2023}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/dr-congo-childrens-access-education-under-threat-ongoing-violence-kasai-region |date=15 September 2017 |title=DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region |website=[[UNICEF]] |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref> <ref name=DROC>* {{cite book |title=Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc |last=Weigert |first=Stephen L. |edition=electronic |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230337831 |pages=PT122, PT157 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=15 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315110703/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpdAQAAQBAJ&q=droc |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc |pages=79, 645 |title=Worldmark Yearbook 2000 |volume=1 |publisher=[[Gale Group]] |year=2000 |isbn=9780787649333 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811185537/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uNZAAAAYAAJ&q=droc |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |title=Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015 |last=Thom |first=William G. |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |volume=XIX |number=2 |date=Fall 1999 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126041112/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4358/5015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261919315314 |title=The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply |journal=[[Applied Energy]] |last1=Ballinger |first1=Benjamin |last2=Stringer |first2=Martin |last3=Schmeda-Lopez |first3=Diego R. |doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 |volume=255 |date=December 1, 2019 |page=113844 |s2cid=203130461 |access-date=22 July 2020 |archive-date=3 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103135200/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306261919315314 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last1=Starbird |first1=Caroline |last2=Deboer |first2=Dale |last3=Pettit |first3=Jenny |year=2004 |title=Teaching International Economics and Trade |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78 |publisher=Center for Teaching International Relations, [[University of Denver]] |page=78 |isbn=978-0-943804-92-7 |quote=Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC). |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319004856/http://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78 |archive-date=19 March 2015 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |editor-last=[[United States House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]] |date=2003 |title=Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87 |others=Message from the President of the United States |publisher=United States Government Printing Office |page=87 |isbn=978-1-4289-5014-6 |quote=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government. |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720072103/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87 |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''Mabuku''' * {{cite book| last1 = Young| first1 = M. Crawford| last2 = Turner| first2 = Thomas Edwin| title = The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| edition = illustrated, reprint| date = 2013| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC| isbn = 978-0-299-10113-8| access-date = 7 February 2018| archive-date = 15 April 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210415084309/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC| url-status = live}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin|30em}} * Clark, John F., ''The African Stakes of the Congo War'', 2004. * Callaghy, T., ''The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}}. * Deibert, Michael: ''The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair'', Zed Books, 2013. * {{cite book| last=Devlin| first=Larry| author-link=Larry Devlin| title=Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67| url=https://archive.org/details/chiefofstationco0000devl| publisher=PublicAffairs| location=New York| year=2007| isbn=978-1-58648-405-7|ref=none}} * Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, ''The Wild Highway'', 2005. * Edgerton, Robert, ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.'' St. Martin's Press, 2002. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf ''The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815122645/http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf |date=15 August 2011 }}, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. * Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901165807/http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf ''Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo''], Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. * Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002. * Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, ''The Rebels' Hour'', Atlantic, 2008. * Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. [[Stuttgart]]: [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], 2008. (In German) {{ISBN|978-3-17-020781-3}}. * [[Barbara Kingsolver|Kingsolver, Barbara]]. ''[[The Poisonwood Bible]]'' HarperCollins, 1998. * Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. ''Borders, nationalism and the African state''. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. * Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.'' Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994. * Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. {{ISBN|1-59691-345-2}}. * [[Linda Melvern|Melvern, Linda]], ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community''. Verso, 2004. * Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-8383-4027-2}}. * Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp.&nbsp;147–205, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}}; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-2-9}}; ''Congo in The Sixties,'' {{ISBN|978-1448665709}}, 2009; ''Africa: Dawn of a New Era,'' {{ISBN|978-9987160488}}, 2015. * Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ''The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History'', 2002. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''Congo Journey'', 1996. * O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo'', 1998. * Prunier, Gérard, ''Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe'', 2011 (also published as ''From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa''). * Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'', 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84277-485-4}}. * Reyntjens, Filip, ''The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 '', 2009. * Rorison, Sean, ''Bradt Travel Guide: Congo&nbsp;&nbsp;— Democratic Republic/Republic'', 2008. * Schulz, Manfred. ''Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur'', Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) {{ISBN|978-3-8258-0425-1}}. * Stearns, Jason: ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'', Public Affairs, 2011. * Tayler, Jeffrey, ''Facing the Congo'', 2001. * Turner, Thomas, ''The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality'', 2007. * [[David Van Reybrouck|Van Reybrouck]], David, ''Congo: The Epic History of a People'', 2014 * Wrong, Michela, ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''. {{refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Democratic Republic of the Congo|d=Q974}} {{Scholia|topic}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210222023329/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ Democratic Republic of the Congo]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023932/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm Democratic Republic of the Congo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the}} * {{Wikiatlas|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192795}} * [http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues] * {{cite web |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources |publisher=Stanford University |editor=Karen Fung|ref=none}} {{DRC topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Southern African Development Community}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} }} {{Authority control}} {{coord|-3|24|display=title|type:country}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Congo, Democratic Republic Of The}} [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo| ]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] 8anu9k9vjstj85k0hebtfybtjr9tdwl 0 20140 123317 121974 2026-10-23T23:23:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rafiq Hajat''' (14 September 1955 - 13 September 2021) wakaŵa wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu wa ku [[Malawi]]. Wakababikira ku Blantyre. Wakaŵa mulara wa Institute for Policy Interaction (IPI) ku Malawi. Wakasambira digiri ya B.A. mu sayansi ya ndyali ku Saint Xavier College ku Mumbai, [[India]] mu 1975..<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.sdnp.org.mw/lawcom/docs/summproc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093851/http://www.sdnp.org.mw/lawcom/docs/summproc.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> == Ntchito == Wapampando wa wupu wakuwona vya malonda na vyamakampani wa chalo ichi, wapampando wa DEMAT, Development of Malawian Traders' Trust, kweniso mulara wa Institute for Policy Interaction (IPI). Wakagwirapo ntchito ku Malawi Chamber of Commerce and Industry ndipo wakaŵa mu board member wa Small Enterprise Development Organisation of Malawi na Development of Malawi Traders Trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mzungu |first=Watipaso |date=2021-09-13 |title=Chakwera mourns human rights activist Rafiq Hajat |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-mourns-human-rights-activist-rafiq-hajat/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-18 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ntchito ya ndale == Hajat was a member of the executive in the [[:en:United_Democratic_Front_(Malawi)|United Democratic Front]].<ref name="irinnews1">{{cite web |date=19 November 2001 |title=IRIN Africa &#124; MALAWI: IRIN interview with democracy activist, Rafiq Hajat &#124; Malawi &#124; Governance |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=28397 |publisher=Irinnews.org |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> == Kulimbikira == Hajat wakaŵa mulara wa Institute for Policy Interaction (IPI) ndipo ndiyo wakambiska Transparency International - Malawi Chapter. Hajat na purezidenti wa Malawi Democratic Party (MDP) Kamlepo Kalua ŵakapanga gulu lakuvikilira demokalase (Forum for the Defense of Democracy) gulu lakuwoneseska kuti boma lileke kunanga vinthu. Hajat wakaŵa yumoza wa awo ŵakalongozga pa nkhani ya vyachuma pa charu chose. Ici cikapangiska kuti wabisame kwa mazuŵa ghacoko waka, kweni pamasinda wakalutilira kunozga viyezgelero. Pa 2 Seputembala 2011, maofesi gha IPI ghakawotcheka apo Hajat wakalutanga ku [[Lilongwe]].<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=DPP thugs 'smoke out' activist Hajat offices &#124; Malawi news, Malawi - NyasaTimes breaking online news source from Malawi |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/dpp-thugs-%E2%80%98smoke-out%E2%80%99-activist-hajat-offices/ |publisher=Nyasatimes.com |accessdate=12 December 2012}}</ref> == Kufwa == Hajat wakafwa mulenjilenji pa 13 September 2021 apo ŵakamutolera ku South Africa chifukwa cha nthenda ya mtima. Zuŵa lenelira ŵakamusunga pa dindi la Westpark ku [[Johannesburg]]..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banda |first=Sam |date=14 September 2021 |title=Malawians mourn Rafik Hajat |url=https://times.mw/malawians-mourn-rafik-hajat/ |url-status=live |website=The Times (Malawi) |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312130845/https://times.mw/malawians-mourn-rafik-hajat/ |archive-date=12 March 2023}}</ref> == Malumbo == * Mu 2012, Hajat wakaŵa wakumalizga mphotho ya Front Line Award for Human Rights Defenders at Risk, iyo yikaluta kwa blogger wa ku Syria Razan Ghazzawi..<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |title=The Front Line Defenders Award |url=http://frontlinedefenders.org/front-line-award-human-rights-defenders-risk |url-status=dead |publisher=Front Line |accessdate=20 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607004952/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/front-line-award-human-rights-defenders-risk |archivedate=7 June 2012}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hajat, Rafiq}} [[Category:1955 kubabika]] [[Category:2021 kufwa]] [[Category:Awo ŵakuchitapo kanthu ku Malawi]] [[Category:Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Malawi]] [[Category:United Democratic Front (Malawi)ŵa ndyali]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi awo mbakufuma ku India]] [[Category:Malo ghakubabikira ghakusangika yayi]] [[Category:Ŵanthu ŵa ku Blantyre]] [[Category:Ŵakaŵasunga pa Westpark Cemetery]] == Ukaboni == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Authority control}} {{Malawi-bio-stub}} cvpo3a12k502y3gsur4vpr1zkpotbmw 0 20346 123318 53416 2026-10-23T23:46:22Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123318 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=|Ship name=MV Mtendere|Ship owner=|Ship operator=Malawi Shipping Company|Ship registry={{Flagicon|Nyasaland}} {{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[Monkey Bay]]|Ship route=[[Monkey Bay]] - [[Chilumba]]|Ship ordered=|Ship builder=|Ship original cost=|Ship yard number=|Ship way number=|Ship laid down=|Ship launched=|Ship completed=|Ship christened=|Ship acquired=|Ship maiden voyage=|Ship in service=|Ship out of service=|Ship identification=|Ship fate=|Ship status=out of service, stored in [[Monkey Bay]]|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship class=|Ship tonnage=|Ship displacement=|Ship length=|Ship beam=|Ship height=|Ship draught=|Ship draft=|Ship depth=|Ship decks=|Ship deck clearance=|Ship ramps=|Ship power=diesel|Ship propulsion=screw|Ship speed=|Ship capacity=|Ship crew=|Ship notes=}} |}'''Mtendere''' ni boti ilo likendanga pa [[Nyanja ya Malaŵi|nyanja ya Malawi]]. Mu 2014, yikaleka kugwira ntchito ndipo yikasungika mu dowoko la [[Monkey Bay,Mangochi|Monkey Bay]]. Ŵakughanaghana kuti ŵabwangandure ngalaŵa iyi na kunozgaso vigaŵa vyake. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawi Shipping Company set to launch new passenger vessel on Lake Malawi |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/03/malawi-shipping-company-set-to-launch-new-passenger-vessel-on-lake-malawi/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208124400/http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/03/malawi-shipping-company-set-to-launch-new-passenger-vessel-on-lake-malawi/ |archive-date=2018-12-08}}</ref> Ngalaŵa ya Mtendere iyo kale yikaŵa na maboti, sono yikuŵa ya MV Ilala. == Wonaniso == [[:en:Transport_in_Malawi|Transport in Malawi]] [[Category:Sitima za Malaŵi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{Malawi-stub}} imj93id63ne92evfhj8bzspxtyj55ap 0 24074 123307 93413 2026-10-23T19:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Malawian politician}} {{Infobox officeholder|name=Catherine Gotani Hara|office=[[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Speaker of the National Assembly]]|termstart=19 June 2019|party=[[Malawi Congress Party|MCP]]|predecessor=[[Richard Msowoya]]|constituency=[[Mzimba District|Mzimba North East]]|image=Catherine Gotani Hara at the U.S. Embassy (cropped).jpg|caption=Gotani Hara in 2019}} '''Catherine Gotani Hara''' ni wandale wa ku [[Malawi]] uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni Speaker wa National Assembly kufuma mu June 2019, mwanakazi wakwamba kugwira ntchito iyi. == Umoyo na masambiro == Gotani Hara wakasambira pa [[Kamuzu Academy]], ndipo wali na digiri ya Bachelor of Arts mu sayansi ya ndyali kufuma ku Chancellor College ku University of Malawi. Apo wakaŵa ku yunivesite, wakacitanga milimo ya chipani ca Malawi Congress Party. Kufuma mu 1998 m'paka mu 2000, wakamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite ku Brighton.<ref name="know">{{cite web |date=18 June 2019 |title=Know your possible well-composed Malawi's female Speaker Catherine Gotani Hara |url=http://www.maravipost.com/know-your-possible-well-composed-malawis-female-speaker-catherine-gotani-hara/ |work=The Maravi Post |accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="first">{{cite web |last=Alfa Shaban |first=Abdur Rahman |date=19 June 2019 |title=Malawi parliament picks first woman speaker: Catherine Gotani Hara |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/06/19/malawi-parliament-elects-first-woman-speaker-of-parliament/ |publisher=Africa News |accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="povo">{{cite web |date=20 June 2019 |title=Malawi parliament elects opposition MP as first female speaker: Catherine Gotani Hara |url=https://www.povonews.com/government/legislature/malawi-parliament-elects-opposition-mp-catherine-gotani-hara-as-first-female-speaker/ |publisher=Povo News |accessdate=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629073308/https://www.povonews.com/government/legislature/malawi-parliament-elects-opposition-mp-catherine-gotani-hara-as-first-female-speaker/ |archive-date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="no">{{cite web |date=2019-06-19 |title=No Madando, No Tippex:Malawi legislators elect MCP's Gotani Hara first woman speaker of parliament |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/no-madando-no-tippex-malawi-legislators-elect-mcps-gotani-hara-first-woman-speaker-of-parliament/ |publisher=Nyasa Times |accessdate=2019-06-19}}</ref><ref name="times">{{cite web |last1=Chimjeka |first1=Rebecca |last2=Chauluka |first2=Jameson |date=20 June 2019 |title=Catherine Gotani-Hara Elected Speaker |url=https://www.times.mw/catherine-gotani-hara-elected-speaker/ |work=The Times |accessdate=29 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117070002/https://times.mw/catherine-gotani-hara-elected-speaker/ |archive-date=17 November 2019}}</ref> == Ntchito == Gotani Hara wakaŵa Mulara wa Mapulogiramu ku Dipatimenti ya vya Vya Vyaru ku [[UK]], munthu wakwamba wa ku Malawi uyo wakalembeka ntchito iyi.<ref name="no" /> Wakaŵa na udindo wa kunozga vyakurya vya ku Mozambique na Malawi.<ref name="no" /> Gotani Hara wakasankhika kuŵa mphala ya malango ya Mzimba North East mu 2009, wakwimira Democratic Progressive Party.<ref name="first" /> Gotani Hara wakaŵa Deputy Minister of Transport and Public Infrastructure, Deputy Minister for Gender, na Minister of Health mu boma la Joyce Banda.<ref name="povo" /><ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2014 |title=Gotani says negligence led to bodies rot at KCH mortuary |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/04/gotani-says-negligence-led-to-bodies-rot-at-kch-mortuary/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Nyasa Times |accessdate=6 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130542/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/03/04/gotani-says-negligence-led-to-bodies-rot-at-kch-mortuary/ |archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> Wakayimilira chalo cha Malawi pa viphikiro vinandi vya vyaru vyakupambanapambana, ndipo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chalo cha Malawi pa ungano wa Climate Change Summit ku Brazil. Wakaŵa mu komiti ya Northern Region Water Board.<ref name="know" /> Pambuyo pa imfa ya Pulezidenti Bingu wa Mutharika mu 2012, adalengeza poyera kuti ndizosagwirizana ndi malamulo kuti mamembala a DPP politburo atenge utsogoleri.<ref name="record">{{cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=Malawi breaks record of having Female Speaker, Catherine Gotani Hara |url=http://www.maravipost.com/malawi-breaks-record-of-having-female-speaker-catherine-gotani-hara/ |work=The Maravi Post |accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref> Wakaleka vya ndyali kufuma mu 2014 mpaka 2019. Gotani Hara wakasankhikaso mu mwezi wa Meyi 2019 kwimira chipani cha Malawi Congress Party ndipo pa 19 Juni 2019, wakasankhika kuŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuyowoya nkhani mu Nyumba ya Malango, na mavoti 97 pa 93 kuluska Esther Mcheka Chilenje uyo wakaŵa wachiŵiri wa speaker.<ref name="first" /><ref>{{cite web |date=21 June 2019 |title=Malawi parliament elects first ever female speaker |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/africa/malawi-first-female-speaker |work=The New Times |accessdate=29 June 2019}}</ref> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2zT7W6-vE9w Reaction to Gotani Hara's election as Speaker] gljq1koqebpif219581g1k0cyn73ckd 0 24456 123312 122985 2026-10-23T21:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dot-com company | name = Hollywoodbets | logo = | logo_size = | type = [[Privately Held Company|Private]] | genre = | fate = | predecessor = | successor = | foundation = 2000 | founder = | defunct = | location_city = [[uMhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal|uMhlanga]] | location_country = South Africa | location = | locations = | area_served = [[South Africa]], [[Mozambique]], [[Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]] | key_people = | industry = [[Kutchova njuga pa Intaneti]] | products = | services = Intaneti & Kugwira Ntchito Kuchita maseŵera | revenue = | operating_income = | net_income = | aum = | assets = | equity = | owner = | num_employees = 5500+ {{cn}} | parent = | divisions = | subsid = | footnotes = | intl = | website = {{url|www.hollywoodbets.net}} | alexa = }} '''Hollywoodbets''' ni kampani yakuchitiska maseŵero ya ku [[South Africa]]. Kweniso yikucemekaso kuti Hollywood Sportsbook. Pasono likugwira ntchito mu vyaru vya South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland na United Kingdom. Kampani iyi yikupanga ma bets pa webusayiti yake, mobisite, call center, na USSD. Lili na maofesi gha ku South Africa na Mozambique. Hollywoodbets yikupeleka maubet pa maseŵero gha mahachi, bola, cricket, rugby, tenisi, maseŵero gha magalimoto na vinyake. Hollywoodbets yikupereka ma lucky numbers ghakujumpha 1775 pa sabata kuti munthu waguliskepo ndalama. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakuguliska ni Betgames Africa, Ezugi, Evolution, Live Instant Win, Jika Sports, Golden Race, na Spina Zonke. Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na malo gha nambara 8 pa chigaŵa cha Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide icho chikalembeka na iGaming Business Magazine mu Malichi 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Top 50 Gaming Sites Worldwide |url=https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |website=iGaming Business |access-date=19 March 2019 |date=19 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311162402/https://magazine.igamingbusiness.com/2019/03/19/top-50-gaming-sites-worldwide-4/content.html |archive-date=11 March 2022}}</ref> ==Viyowoyero== Zina lakuti Hollywoodbets likafuma ku [[Hollywood Park Racetrack]] ku [[Los Angeles]], [[USA]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=BetConstruct to power online sportsbook for South African bookmaker|url=http://www.gamingintelligence.com/business/39277-betconstruct-to-power-online-sportsbook-for-south-african-bookmaker|website=Gaming Intelligence|access-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> ==Mbiri== Hollywoodbets yikamba mu 1986 nga ni kampani ya ku South Africa yakuchemeka Winning Form iyo yikagwiranga ntchito ya kusindikiza na kugaŵira makadi gha mpikisano wa mahachi ku South Africa. Winning Form yikufumiska makadi gha masitima ghose gha ku South Africa. Hollywoodbets yikanjira mu vyakusungirako mabuku apo yikajura ofesi yake yakwamba ku Argyle Road, Durban mu 2000. Pamasinda, ofesi yikuru ya munthavi ya Hollywood Park yikajulika mu [[Springfield Park]], [[Durban]]. ==Charu== Pasono Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito mu vyaru vinayi. Ku South Africa, Mozambique, Ireland, na United Kingdom. Hollywoodbets yikugwira ntchito mu malo gha 96 mu South Africa pasi pa malaisensi gha maseŵero agho ghapelekeka na boma la Gauteng, Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Free State, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, na KwaZulu-Natal. Pasono pali maofesi ghaŵiri gha Hollywoodbets ku Maputo, Mozambique; kweniso malo gha pa foni agho munthu wangabetapo. Mu Novembala 2018, Hollywoodbets yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku Ireland. Mu Malichi 2019, kampani iyi yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito webusayiti yake ku United Kingdom. Ŵakaŵa na layisensi yakuchitira njuga iyo yikafuma ku UK Gambling. ==Kupeleka vyawanangwa== Kampani iyi ndiyo yikupwelelera timu ya [[Hollywoodbets Dolphins]]. Ŵakamba kuŵa ŵabwana ŵa timu iyi mu nyengo ya 2015/16, <ref>{{cite web|title=Sunfoil Dolphins sign associate sponsor|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/news/sport/sunfoil-dolphins-sign-associate-sponsor/|website=East Coast Radio|publisher=GamePlan Media|access-date=16 September 2015}}</ref> Pambere ŵandaŵe ŵalaŵiliri mu nyengo ya 2016/17. <ref>{{cite web|title=Dolphins and Hollywoodbets strike sponsorship deal|url=http://cricket.co.za/news/14364/Dolphins-and-Hollywoodbets-strike-sponsorship-deal|website=cricket.co.za|publisher=Cricket South Africa|access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikagwiriska nchito ya kuzenga timu za KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland ku Africa T20 Cup 2017. Hollywoodbets KZN Inland yikalutizga kuwina chiphalizgano ichi, pamanyuma pakuthereska boma la Free State mu chiphalizgano chaumaliro.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets KZN Inland win Africa T20 Cup final in style|url=https://northglennews.co.za/117560/hollywoodbets-kzn-inland-win-africa-t20-cup-final-style/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Gameplan Media|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref> Pakwamba kwa nyengo ya cricket ya 2018/19, Hollywoodbets yikajipeleka kuti yikovwire timu ya KwaZulu-Natal Coastal na KwaZulu-Natal Inland senior provincial teams pa nyengo yose ya nyengo iyi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets backing KZN’s senior provincial teams |url=https://dolphinscricket.co.za/hollywoodbets-backing-kzns-senior-provincial-teams/ |website=Hollywoodbets Dolphins |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215232249/https://dolphinscricket.co.za/hollywoodbets-backing-kzns-senior-provincial-teams/ |archive-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> Hollywoodbets yikaŵa na udindo wakupeleka ndalama za [[Murray Cup mu 2018]]. <ref>{{cite web|title=KZN Rugby presents the Hollywoodbets Murray Cup|url=http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|website=Sharks Rugby|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817124906/http://sharksrugby.co.za/kzn-rugby-presents-the-hollywoodbets-murray-cup/|archive-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Ichi ni chiphalizgano cha rugby icho chikusazgapo mabungwe gha ku KwaZulu-Natal Rugby Union. Hollywoodbets adakhala othandizira mutu wa Phaka rugby show pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) mu February 2019. Ubwezi uphya wa Hollywoodbets na seŵero ili uzamutovwira kovwira magulu gha rugby agho ghakukhumbikwira wovwiri na vinthu vinyake kuti ghasambizge makora ŵaseŵero ŵawo. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets new sponsor of SuperSport’s Phaka show |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/hollywoodbets-new-sponsor-of-supersports-phaka-show-20190208 |website=Sport24 |access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> Hollywoodbets ndiyo yikapweleleranga chiphalizgano cha 2019 COSAFA Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Durban kwambira pa 25 May mpaka 8 June 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets to sponsor 2019 COSAFA Cup! |url=https://www.cosafa.com/hollywoodbets-to-sponsor-2019-cosafa-cup/ |website=COSAFA |access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref> Pa Chinkhondi, Juni 27, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa kupika mazina gha malo gha Greyville Racecourse na Scottsville Racecourse mu phangano la vyaka vitatu. Malo agha sono ghazamumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets Greyville Racecourse na Hollywoodbets Scottsville Racecourse. <ref>{{cite web |title=KZN Racecourses - Groundbreaking Partnership Announced |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=27 June 2019 |language=en-ZA |date=27 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020004213/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2019/06/hollywoodbets-sponsor-kzn-racecourses/ |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref> Pa Mande, Okutobala 7, 2019, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika kuti ndiyo yikwimira wanangwa wa zina la Kingsmead Cricket Ground mu chiphangano cha vyaka 5, icho chizamumara mu Ogasiti 2024. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-mercury-south-africa/20191008/281633896986604|title=Hollywoodbets takes on stadium naming rights|last=Mercury Reporter|date=October 8, 2019|work=The Mercury|publisher=IOL}}</ref> Mu February 2020, Hollywoodbets wakazgoka mubwezi wa LaLiga ku South Africa. Mgwirizano uwu ukakhwaska chitukuko cha mpira na ntchito za mu chalo mu vigaŵa vyakutalulira vya South Africa, na cilato ca kukhwaska maseŵero agha. <ref>{{cite web |title=WATCH: LaLiga partners with Hollywoodbets to help football development in SA |url=https://citizen.co.za/phakaaathi/world-soccer/2235005/watch-laliga-partners-with-hollywoodbets-to-help-football-development-in-sa/ |website=The Citizen |language=en |date=29 January 2020}}</ref> Pa Sabata, 16 Meyi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni mutu wa chipani cha South African Football Association (SAFA) cha SAFA Women's League (National Women's Soccer League), ndipo chiphalizgano ichi chikasinthika zina kuŵa Hollywoodbets Super League. <ref>{{cite web |title=SAFA Announce New Sponsor For National Women's Soccer League |url=https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/local/categories/south-africa/safa-announce-new-sponsor-for-national-women-s-soccer-league/699292 |website=Soccer Laduma |access-date=16 May 2021 |date=16 May 2021}}</ref> Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chiwonekerenso kutsogolo kwa ma jerseys a magulu onse a nyengo ya 2021/22. Pa Chisulo, 16 Julayi 2021, Hollywoodbets yikapharazgika nga ni munyamata wakudanga wa Brentford F.C. Kampani ya mpira ya Brentford. Chizindikiro cha Hollywoodbets chidzawonetsedwa kutsogolo kwa nyumba ya kilabu, kuchoka ndi malaya achitatu pa nyengo yonse ya Premier League. Phangano lakwamba likaŵa la vilimika viŵiri. <ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2021|title=Brentford announce Hollywoodbets as new principal partner|url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|url-status=live|access-date=16 July 2021|website=www.brentfordfc.com|language=en-gb|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716162004/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2021/july/brentford-announce-hollywoodbets-as-new-principal-partner/|archive-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> Mu February 2022, Hollywoodbets yikatora udindo kufuma ku Vodacom pakuŵa mutu wa chiphalizgano cha Durban July Handicap, ndipo yikaŵa chiphalizgano chachitatu mu vyaka 59 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵakapeleka ndalama zinandi chomene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga maseŵera agha. Hollywoodbets Durban July yizamuchitika pa Chisulo 2 Julayi 2022. <ref>{{cite web |title=Durban July - New Sponsor & Increased Stake! |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |website=Sporting Post |language=en-ZA |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010455/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/hollywoodbets-durban-july/durban-july-new-sponsor-increased-stake/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> Mu Juni 2022, wupu wa Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA) ukalembeska chiphangano cha chaka chimoza na Hollywoodbets cha COSAFA Cup, COSAFA Women's Championship, COSAFA Women's Champions League na COSAFA Beach Soccer Championship. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=COSAFA kicks off new season with Hollywoodbets as Title sponsor |url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cosafa-kicks-off-new-season-hollywoodbets-title-sponsor- |access-date= |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Udindo wa Umoyo== Nthambi yiliyose ya Hollywoodbets mu South Africa yikovwira wupu wakovwira ŵanthu, kweniso timu ya maseŵero, nga ni cigaŵa ca pulogiramu yawo ya Social Responsibility Programme, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti Hollywoodbets MyCommunity Programme. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni nyumba za ŵana. <ref>{{cite web|title=Hollywoodbets supports Children’s Care Centre|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Local/PE-Express/hollywoodbets-supports-childrens-care-centre-20170807|website=News24|publisher=Port Elizabeth Express|access-date=7 August 2017}}</ref> Vipinda vya ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, nyumba za ŵacekuru na masukulu. Pa magulu gha maseŵero gha pa muzi, pali magulu gha bola, <ref>{{cite news|last1=Pienaar|first1=David|title=Hollywood Bets sponsors soccer kids|url=https://albertonrecord.co.za/142505/hollywood-bets-sponsors-soccer-kids/|access-date=1 May 2017|publisher=Alberton Record|date=1 May 2017}}</ref> magulu gha cricket,<ref>{{cite web|title=Interesting Facts around Hollywoodbets Dolphins|url=https://northglennews.co.za/103149/interesting-facts-around-hollywoodbets-dolphins/|website=Northglen News|publisher=Caxton Central|access-date=15 February 2017}}</ref> rugby, <ref>{{cite web |title=UHollywoodbets noNtunja bafunqula umbhoxo |url=https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |website=I'Solezwe lesiXhosa |access-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123930/https://www.isolezwelesixhosa.co.za/ezemidlalo/uhollywoodbets-nontunja-bafunqula-umbhoxo-2-19179615 |archive-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> na maseŵero ghanyake. Mu Seputembala 2021, a Hollywoodbets adalengeza zakukhazikitsidwa kwa Hollywood Foundation. Wupu wa Hollywood Foundation uzamucita milimo yake nga ni wupu wambura phindu uwo ukucitako milimo yake". Wupu uwu ukugwira nchito pa milimo yakukhwaskana na umoyo wa ŵanthu, masambiro, maseŵero, maluso na mitheto, kweniso ukuŵika ndalama mu makampani ghacoko na ghapakati. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets announces the launch of the Hollywood Foundation |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/849/220508.html |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref> ==Chakurya== Maofesi gha Hollywood Bunny Bar, agho ghali pasi pa Hollywoodbets, sono ghali na maofesi 8 agho ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Africa nga ni Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape na Western Cape. Maofesi agha ghakumanyikwa na vyakurya vyawo vya Durban, ndipo ghakapokera chawanangwa cha Bunny Chow Best mu 2014 pamanyuma pakutonda Bunny Chow Barometer Challenge 2014. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Moodley|first1=Camara|title=Hollywood Bets crowned the Bunny Chow kings|url=https://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|website=Rising Sun Overport|publisher=Rising Sun Overport|access-date=19 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921144133/http://risingsunoverport.co.za/11995/hollywood-bets-crowned-bunny-chow-kings/|archive-date=21 September 2014}}</ref> ==Ŵamishonale== Mu chaka cha 2016, Jerry Sikhosana uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha mpira wa Orlando Pirates na Bafana Bafana wakasankhika kuŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|last1=Tseke|first1=Malebo|title=Company welcomes new brand ambassador|url=https://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|website=The Tembisan|publisher=The Tembisan|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422162943/http://tembisan.co.za/45067/company-welcomes-new-brand-ambassador/|archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref> Mu 2017, Kaizer Chiefs F.C., Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. Mamelodi Sundowns na Brian Baloyi uyo ni msilikari wa Bafana Bafana nawo ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web|title=Brian Baloyi - New Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador|url=http://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2017/09/brian-baloyi-brand-ambassador.html|website=Hollywoodbets Sports Blog|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2019, ŵana ŵaŵiri ŵa mpira wa rugby Akona Ndungane na Odwa Ndungane ŵakanjira mu gulu la Hollywoodbets nga mbamishonale ŵa Brand. Awiriwo akugwira nawo ntchito yogwirizana ndi Hollywood ndi pulogalamu ya mpira wa Phaka pa SuperSport (South African TV channel) SuperSport, komanso zoyeserera kudzera ku Ndungane Foundation. <ref>{{cite web |title=Former Springbok twins Akhona and Odwa Ndungane place their bets on young talent |url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/sport/former-springbok-twins-akhona-and-odwa-ndungane-place-their-bets-on-young-talent-46096249 |website=www.iol.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Malichi 2020, Anthony Delpech, uyo wakachitanga maseŵero ghakukhozga njuga ku South Africa, wakaŵa thenga la Hollywoodbets. Ntchito yake yikuru njakuti wawovwire pakulongozga Hollywood Syndicate, gulu la Hollywoodbets ilo likwendeska maseŵera gha mahachi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Delpech joins Hollywoodbets {{!}} Turf Talk |url=https://www.turftalk.co.za/delpech-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Turf Talk |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705003915/https://www.turftalk.co.za/delpech-joins-hollywoodbets/ |archive-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> Mu mwezi wa Epulero 2020, Mike Procter uyo wakachitanga maseŵera gha cricket wa ku South Africa, wakajibatika ku Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Mike Procter signs on as Hollywoodbets Brand Ambassador |url=https://blog.hollywoodbets.net/2020/04/mike-procter-hollywoodbets-brand-ambassador.html |website=Hollywoodbets Blog |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Ntchito iyi yikachitika pamoza na wupu wa Mike Procter Foundation, kweniso sukulu ya Ottawa Primary School mu Durban, uko Procter wakwendeska pulogiramu ya kusambizga thupi. Mu chaka cha 2020, msungwana waku South Africa uyo wakuchemeka Nomzamo Mbatha, wakanjira gulu la Hollywoodbets nga ni nthumi ya brand. Hollywoodbets yikugwira nchito pamoza na actress uyu na Lighthouse Foundation yake mu milimo yakupambanapambana ya chitukuko cha chalo na vya ndalama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets, Lighthouse Foundation pledge R1m towards bursary project |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/627/211668.html |website=www.bizcommunity.com |language=en}}</ref> Mu Disembala 2021, Robert Marawa uyo wakwendeska nkhani za maseŵero gha pa wayilesi wakamanyikwa kuti ni thenga la Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hollywoodbets Signs Robert Marawa as Ambassador |url=https://sportindustryawards.co.za/hollywoodbets-signs-robert-marawa-as-ambassador/ |website=Sport Industry News |access-date=1 December 2021 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=Flames and a marching band: Touch of Hollywood as Marawa named brand ambassador |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2021-12-01-watch--flames-and-a-marching-band-touch-of-hollywood-as-marawa-named-brand-ambassador/ |website=TimesLIVE |publisher=Times Live |access-date=1 December 2021 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Mu February wa 2022, Carol Tshabalala, uyo wakumanyikwa kuti "First Lady of Sport" wa South Africa, wakalemba chikalata kuŵa Brand Ambassador wa Hollywoodbets. <ref>{{cite web |title=First Lady Of Sport Joins Hollywoodbets |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=10 February 2022 |language=en-ZA |date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327010453/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/horse-racing/horse-racing-news/first-lady-of-sport-joins-hollywoodbets/ |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref> ==Mphotho== Mu chaka cha 2018 pa mphotho ya Gambling Industry Awards iyo yikachitika ku South Africa, Hollywoodbets yikapokera mphotho ya Best Corporate Social Investment (CSI), Best Sports Betting Campaign for 2018, Best Employer of the Year and Best CEO of the Year (Suren Rampersadh). <ref>{{cite web |title=GI AWARDS 2018 WINNERS |url=http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |website=Gambling Industry Awards |access-date=2023-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113342/http://giawards.co.za/nominees/ |archive-date=2019-04-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SA’s Leading Bookmaker Shows The Way |url=https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |website=Sporting Post |access-date=6 September 2018 |language=en-ZA |date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416113341/https://www.sportingpost.co.za/2018/09/sas-leading-bookmaker-shows-the-way/ |archive-date=16 April 2019}}</ref> Mu 2021, Hollywoodbets yikasoleka kuŵa Brand ya KwaZulu-Natal ya Chaka pa Standard Bank KZN Top Business Awards. <ref>{{cite web |title=STANDARD BANK KZN TOP BUSINESS AWARDS Supplement-Mercury - eBook 2021 |url=https://online.flipbuilder.com/uczf/pqsh/ |website=online.flipbuilder.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Bola]] mjycp3a09q2diyx5o76gwvry58dcbkx 0 26598 123315 77143 2026-10-23T22:50:50Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} [[File:LocationMalawi.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationMalawi.png|thumb|Malo gha Malawi]] Uwu ni mndandanda wa mazina gha viyuni vya ku [[Malawi]]. Vinyama ivi vilipo mitundu pafupifupi 488 mu [[Malaŵi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230506110414/https://abdb-africa.org/locality/Malawi?oid=32 Malawi at the African Butterfly Database]</ref> 16 mwa vyakuti vingasowa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121211203/http://www.atbutterflies.com/malawi.htm Afrotropical Butterflies]</ref> == Papilionidae == === Papilioninae === ==== Papilionini ==== * ''[[:en:Papilio_nireus|Papilio nireus lyaeus]]'' <small>Doubleday, 1845</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_desmondi|Papilio desmondi usambaraensis]]'' <small>(Koçak, 1980)</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_thuraui|Papilio thuraui thuraui]]'' <small>Karsch, 1900</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_thuraui|Papilio thuraui cyclopis]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_thuraui|Papilio thuraui heathi]]'' <small>(Hancock, 1984)</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_thuraui|Papilio thuraui occidua]]'' <small>Storace, 1951</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_dardanus|Papilio dardanus tibullus]]'' <small>Kirby, 1880</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_constantinus|Papilio constantinus]]'' <small>Ward, 1871</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_phorcas|Papilio phorcas nyikanus]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_echerioides|Papilio echerioides shirensis]]'' <small>(Hancock, 1987)</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_fuelleborni|Papilio fuelleborni]]'' <small>Karsch, 1900</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_jacksoni|Papilio jacksoni nyika]]'' <small>Cottrell, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_pelodurus|Papilio pelodurus pelodurus]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_pelodurus|Papilio pelodurus vesper]]'' <small>Le Cerf, 1924</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_ophidicephalus|Papilio ophidicephalus mkuwadzi]]'' <small>Gifford, 1961</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_ophidicephalus|Papilio ophidicephalus niassicola]]'' <small>Storace, 1955</small> * ''[[:en:Papilio_mackinnoni|Papilio mackinnoni isokae]]'' <small>(Hancock, 1984)</small> ==== Leptocercini ==== * ''[[:en:Graphium_antheus|Graphium antheus]]'' <small>(Cramer, 1779)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_policenes|Graphium policenes]]'' <small>(Cramer, 1775)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_polistratus|Graphium polistratus]]'' <small>(Grose-Smith, 1889)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_colonna|Graphium colonna]]'' <small>(Ward, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_porthaon|Graphium porthaon]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1865)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_angolanus|Graphium angolanus]]'' <small>(Goeze, 1779)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_morania|Graphium morania]]'' <small>(Angas, 1849)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_taboranus|Graphium taboranus]]'' <small>(Oberthür, 1886)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_leonidas|Graphium leonidas]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small> * ''[[:en:Graphium_philonoe|Graphium philonoe]]'' <small>(Ward, 1873)</small> == Pieridae == === Coliadinae === * ''[[:en:Eurema_brigitta|Eurema brigitta]]'' <small>(Stoll, [1780])</small> * ''[[:en:Eurema_mandarinula|Eurema mandarinula]]'' <small>(Holland, 1892)</small> * ''[[:en:Eurema_hecabe|Eurema hecabe solifera]]'' <small>(Butler, 1875)</small> * ''[[:en:Catopsilia_florella|Catopsilia florella]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> * ''[[:en:Colias_electo|Colias electo hecate]]'' <small>Strecker, 1905</small> * ''[[:en:Colias_electo|Colias electo pseudohecate]]'' <small>Berger, 1940</small> * ''[[:en:Colias_mukana|Colias mukana jolyi]]'' <small>Verhulst, 2006</small> === Pierinae === * ''[[:en:Colotis_antevippe|Colotis antevippe gavisa]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_aurigineus|Colotis aurigineus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1883)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_celimene|Colotis celimene]]'' <small>(Lucas, 1852)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_danae|Colotis danae annae]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_dissociatus|Colotis dissociatus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_euippe|Colotis euippe omphale]]'' <small>(Godart, 1819)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_evenina|Colotis evenina casta]]'' <small>(Gerstaecker, 1871)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_hildebrandtii|Colotis hildebrandtii]]'' <small>(Staudinger, 1884)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_pallene|Colotis pallene]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_regina|Colotis regina]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1863)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_vesta|Colotis vesta mutans]]'' <small>(Butler, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Colotis_subfasciatus|Colotis subfasciatus ducissa]]'' <small>(Dognin, 1891)</small> * ''[[:en:Pinacopterix_eriphia|Pinacopterix eriphia]]'' <small>(Godart, [1819])</small> * ''[[:en:Nepheronia_argia|Nepheronia argia mhondana]]'' <small>(Suffert, 1904)</small> * ''[[:en:Nepheronia_thalassina|Nepheronia thalassina sinalata]]'' <small>(Suffert, 1904)</small> ==== Pierini ==== * ''[[:en:Appias_phaola|Appias phaola isokani]]'' <small>(Grose-Smith, 1889)</small> * ''[[:en:Appias_sabina|Appias sabina phoebe]]'' <small>(Butler, 1901)</small> * ''[[:en:Appias_sylvia|Appias sylvia nyasana]]'' <small>(Butler, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_agathina|Mylothris agathina]]'' <small>(Cramer, 1779)</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_crawshayi|Mylothris crawshayi]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_rubricosta|Mylothris rubricosta attenuata]]'' <small>Talbot, 1944</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_rueppellii|Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana]]'' <small>Riley, 1921</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_sagala|Mylothris sagala dentatus]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_similis|Mylothris similis]]'' <small>Lathy, 1906</small> * ''[[:en:Mylothris_yulei|Mylothris yulei]]'' <small>Butler, 1897</small> * ''[[:en:Dixeia_doxo_parva|Dixeia doxo parva]]'' <small>Talbot, 1943</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_aurota|Belenois aurota]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_calypso|Belenois calypso crawshayi]]'' <small>Butler, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_creona|Belenois creona severina]]'' <small>(Stoll, 1781)</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_rubrosignata|Belenois rubrosignata kongwana]]'' <small>Talbot, 1943</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_thysa|Belenois thysa]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_welwitschii|Belenois welwitschii]]'' <small>Rogenhofer, 1890</small> * ''[[:en:Belenois_zochalia|Belenois zochalia agrippinides]]'' <small>(Holland, 1896)</small> == Lycaenidae == === Miletinae === ==== Liphyrini ==== * ''[[:en:Aslauga_latifurca|Aslauga latifurca]]'' <small>Cottrell, 1981</small> * ''[[:en:Aslauga_marshalli|Aslauga marshalli]]'' <small>Butler, 1899</small> ==== Miletini ==== * ''[[:en:Spalgis_lemolea|Spalgis lemolea]]'' <small>Druce, 1890</small> * ''[[:en:Lachnocnema_bibulus|Lachnocnema bibulus]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small> * ''[[:en:Lachnocnema_pseudobibulus|Lachnocnema pseudobibulus]]'' <small>Libert, 1996</small> * ''[[:en:Lachnocnema_durbani|Lachnocnema durbani]]'' <small>Trimen & Bowker, 1887</small> * ''[[:en:Lachnocnema_brimoides|Lachnocnema brimoides]]'' <small>Libert, 1996</small> === Poritiinae === ==== Liptenini ==== * ''[[:en:Alaena_amazoula|Alaena amazoula nyasana]]'' <small>Hawker-Smith, 1933</small> * ''[[:en:Alaena_lamborni|Alaena lamborni]]'' <small>Gifford, 1965</small> * ''[[:en:Alaena_nyassa|Alaena nyassa]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Alaena_ochracea|Alaena ochracea]]'' <small>Gifford, 1965</small> * ''[[:en:Alaena_picata|Alaena picata interrupta]]'' <small>Hawker-Smith, 1933</small> * ''[[:en:Alaena_reticulata|Alaena reticulata]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Pentila_carcassoni|Pentila carcassoni]]'' <small>Stempffer & Bennett, 1961</small> * ''[[:en:Pentila_pauli|Pentila pauli nyassana]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1899</small> * ''[[:en:Pentila_tropicalis|Pentila tropicalis fuscipunctata]]'' <small>Henning & Henning, 1994</small> * ''[[:en:Ornipholidotos_peucetia|Ornipholidotos peucetia]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1866)</small> * ''[[:en:Cooksonia_aliciae|Cooksonia aliciae]]'' <small>Talbot, 1935</small> * ''[[:en:Mimacraea_costleyi|Mimacraea costleyi]]'' <small>Druce, 1912</small> * ''[[:en:Mimacraea_marshalli|Mimacraea marshalli]]'' <small>Trimen, 1898</small> * ''[[:en:Teriomima_puella|Teriomima puella]]'' <small>Kirby, 1887</small> * ''[[:en:Teriomima_puellaris|Teriomima puellaris]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Baliochila_neavei|Baliochila neavei]]'' <small>Stempffer & Bennett, 1953</small> * ''[[:en:Baliochila_hildegarda|Baliochila hildegarda]]'' <small>(Kirby, 1887)</small> * ''[[:en:Baliochila_lipara|Baliochila lipara]]'' <small>Stempffer & Bennett, 1953</small> * ''[[:en:Baliochila_nyasae|Baliochila nyasae]]'' <small>Stempffer & Bennett, 1953</small> * ''[[:en:Baliochila_woodi|Baliochila woodi]]'' <small>(Riley, 1943)</small> * ''[[:en:Cnodontes_vansomereni|Cnodontes vansomereni]]'' <small>Stempffer & Bennett, 1953</small> ==== Epitolini ==== * ''[[:en:Deloneura_ochrascens|Deloneura ochrascens littoralis]]'' <small>Talbot, 1935</small> * ''[[:en:Deloneura_subfusca|Deloneura subfusca]]'' <small>Hawker-Smith, 1933</small> === Aphnaeinae === * ''[[:en:Lipaphnaeus_aderna|Lipaphnaeus aderna spindasoides]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1916)</small> * ''[[:en:Chloroselas_pseudozeritis|Chloroselas pseudozeritis]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Crudaria_leroma|Crudaria leroma]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_apelles|Cigaritis apelles]]'' <small>(Oberthür, 1878)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_ella|Cigaritis ella]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1865)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_homeyeri|Cigaritis homeyeri]]'' <small>(Dewitz, 1887)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_natalensis|Cigaritis natalensis]]'' <small>(Westwood, 1851)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_nyassae|Cigaritis nyassae]]'' <small>(Butler, 1884)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_phanes|Cigaritis phanes]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_trimeni|Cigaritis trimeni]]'' <small>(Neave, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Cigaritis_victoriae|Cigaritis victoriae]]'' <small>(Butler, 1884)</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_tjoane|Axiocerses tjoane]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_nyika|Axiocerses nyika]]'' <small>Quickelberge, 1984</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_coalescens|Axiocerses coalescens]]'' <small>Henning & Henning, 1996</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_karinae|Axiocerses karinae]]'' <small>Henning & Henning, 1996</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_bamptoni|Axiocerses bamptoni]]'' <small>Henning & Henning, 1996</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_amanga|Axiocerses amanga]]'' <small>(Westwood, 1881)</small> * ''[[:en:Axiocerses_punicea|Axiocerses punicea]]'' <small>(Grose-Smith, 1889)</small> * ''[[:en:Aloeides_conradsi|Aloeides conradsi angoniensis]]'' <small>Tite & Dickson, 1973</small> * ''[[:en:Aloeides_molomo|Aloeides molomo handmani]]'' <small>Tite & Dickson, 1973</small> * ''[[:en:Aphnaeus_erikssoni|Aphnaeus erikssoni rex]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1909</small> * ''[[:en:Aphnaeus_flavescens|Aphnaeus flavescens]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1954</small> * ''[[:en:Aphnaeus_hutchinsonii|Aphnaeus hutchinsonii]]'' <small>Trimen & Bowker, 1887</small> === Theclinae === * ''[[:en:Myrina_dermaptera|Myrina dermaptera nyassae]]'' <small>Talbot, 1935</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolycaena_auricostalis|Hypolycaena auricostalis]]'' <small>(Butler, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolycaena_buxtoni|Hypolycaena buxtoni]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1874</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolycaena_hatita|Hypolycaena hatita japhusa]]'' <small>Riley, 1921</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolycaena_lochmophila|Hypolycaena lochmophila]]'' <small>Tite, 1967</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolycaena_pachalica|Hypolycaena pachalica]]'' <small>Butler, 1888</small> * ''[[:en:Leptomyrina_hirundo|Leptomyrina hirundo]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Leptomyrina_handmani|Leptomyrina handmani]]'' <small>Gifford, 1965</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_alienus|Iolaus alienus]]'' <small>Trimen, 1898</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_bakeri|Iolaus bakeri]]'' <small>(Riley, 1928)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_congdoni|Iolaus congdoni]]'' <small>(Kielland, 1985)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_handmani|Iolaus handmani]]'' <small>(Gifford, 1965)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_mimosae|Iolaus mimosae rhodosense]]'' <small>(Stempffer & Bennett, 1959)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_nasisii|Iolaus nasisii]]'' <small>(Riley, 1928)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_sidus|Iolaus sidus]]'' <small>Trimen, 1864</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_violacea|Iolaus violacea]]'' <small>(Riley, 1928)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_trimeni|Iolaus trimeni]]'' <small>Wallengren, 1875</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_lalos|Iolaus lalos]]'' <small>(Druce, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_ndolae|Iolaus ndolae]]'' <small>(Stempffer & Bennett, 1958)</small> * ''[[:en:Iolaus_silarus|Iolaus silarus]]'' <small>Druce, 1885</small> * ''[[:en:Stugeta_bowkeri|Stugeta bowkeri nyasana]]'' <small>Talbot, 1935</small> * ''[[:en:Pilodeudorix_kafuensis|Pilodeudorix kafuensis]]'' <small>(Neave, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Pilodeudorix_camerona|Pilodeudorix camerona katanga]]'' <small>(Clench, 1965)</small> * ''[[:en:Pilodeudorix_zeloides|Pilodeudorix zeloides]]'' <small>(Butler, 1901)</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_caliginosa|Deudorix caliginosa]]'' <small>Lathy, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_dariaves|Deudorix dariaves]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_dinochares|Deudorix dinochares]]'' <small>Grose-Smith, 1887</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_dinomenes|Deudorix dinomenes]]'' <small>Grose-Smith, 1887</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_diocles|Deudorix diocles]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1869</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_ecaudata|Deudorix ecaudata]]'' <small>Gifford, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_lorisona|Deudorix lorisona coffea]]'' <small>Jackson, 1966</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_magda|Deudorix magda]]'' <small>Gifford, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_montana|Deudorix montana]]'' <small>(Kielland, 1985)</small> * ''[[:en:Deudorix_vansoni|Deudorix vansoni]]'' <small>Pennington, 1948</small> * ''[[:en:Capys_brunneus|Capys brunneus]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1916</small> * ''[[:en:Capys_catharus|Capys catharus]]'' <small>Riley, 1932</small> * ''[[:en:Capys_connexivus|Capys connexivus]]'' <small>Butler, 1897</small> === Polyommatinae === ==== Lycaenesthini ==== * ''[[:en:Anthene_butleri|Anthene butleri livida]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1881)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_chirinda|Anthene chirinda]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_contrastata|Anthene contrastata mashuna]]'' <small>(Stevenson, 1937)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_crawshayi|Anthene crawshayi]]'' <small>(Butler, 1899)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_kersteni|Anthene kersteni]]'' <small>(Gerstaecker, 1871)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_lasti|Anthene lasti]]'' <small>(Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_lemnos|Anthene lemnos]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1878)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_ligures|Anthene ligures]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1874)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_liodes|Anthene liodes]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1874)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_nigropunctata|Anthene nigropunctata]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_otacilia|Anthene otacilia]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1868)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_rubricinctus|Anthene rubricinctus anadema]]'' <small>(Druce, 1905)</small> * ''[[:en:Anthene_nigeriae|Anthene nigeriae]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1905)</small> * ''[[:en:Lycaena_phlaeas|Lycaena phlaeas abbottii]]'' <small>(Holland, 1892)</small> ==== Polyommatini ==== * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_antinorii|Uranothauma antinorii felthami]]'' <small>(Stevenson, 1934)</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_confusa|Uranothauma confusa]]'' <small>Kielland, 1989</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_crawshayi|Uranothauma crawshayi]]'' <small>Butler, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_cuneatum|Uranothauma cuneatum]]'' <small>Tite, 1958</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_falkensteini|Uranothauma falkensteini]]'' <small>(Dewitz, 1879)</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_heritsia|Uranothauma heritsia virgo]]'' <small>(Butler, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_poggei|Uranothauma poggei]]'' <small>(Dewitz, 1879)</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_uganda|Uranothauma uganda]]'' <small>Kielland, 1980</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_vansomereni|Uranothauma vansomereni]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1951</small> * ''[[:en:Uranothauma_williamsi|Uranothauma williamsi]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1961</small> * ''[[:en:Cacyreus_virilis|Cacyreus virilis]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1936</small> * ''[[:en:Harpendyreus_hazelae|Harpendyreus hazelae]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1973</small> * ''[[:en:Harpendyreus_juno|Harpendyreus juno]]'' <small>(Butler, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Tuxentius_calice|Tuxentius calice]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Tuxentius_ertli|Tuxentius ertli]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1907)</small> * ''[[:en:Tuxentius_melaena|Tuxentius melaena]]'' <small>(Trimen & Bowker, 1887)</small> * ''[[:en:Tarucus_sybaris|Tarucus sybaris]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Zintha_hintza|Zintha hintza]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1864)</small> * ''[[:en:Actizera_stellata|Actizera stellata]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1883)</small> * ''[[:en:Eicochrysops_messapus|Eicochrysops messapus mahallakoaena]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Euchrysops_barkeri|Euchrysops barkeri]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1893)</small> * ''[[:en:Euchrysops_subpallida|Euchrysops subpallida]]'' <small>Bethune-Baker, 1923</small> * ''[[:en:Euchrysops_unigemmata|Euchrysops unigemmata]]'' <small>(Butler, 1895)</small> * ''[[:en:Thermoniphas_colorata|Thermoniphas colorata]]'' <small>(Ungemach, 1932)</small> * ''[[:en:Oboronia_bueronica|Oboronia bueronica]]'' <small>Karsch, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_aethiopia|Lepidochrysops aethiopia]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_auratus|Lepidochrysops auratus]]'' <small>Quickelberge, 1979</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_chalceus|Lepidochrysops chalceus]]'' <small>Quickelberge, 1979</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_chloauges|Lepidochrysops chloauges]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_delicata|Lepidochrysops delicata]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_desmondi|Lepidochrysops desmondi]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1951</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_dollmani|Lepidochrysops dollmani]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_glauca|Lepidochrysops glauca]]'' <small>(Trimen & Bowker, 1887)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_handmani|Lepidochrysops handmani]]'' <small>Quickelberge, 1980</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_intermedia|Lepidochrysops intermedia intermedia]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_intermedia|Lepidochrysops intermedia cottrelli]]'' <small>Stempffer, 1954</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_kocak|Lepidochrysops kocak]]'' <small>Seven, 1997</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_longifalces|Lepidochrysops longifalces]]'' <small>Tite, 1961</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_loveni|Lepidochrysops loveni]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1922)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_neavei|Lepidochrysops neavei neavei]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_neavei|Lepidochrysops neavei nolani]]'' <small>Williams, 2002</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_nyika|Lepidochrysops nyika]]'' <small>Tite, 1961</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_pampolis|Lepidochrysops pampolis]]'' <small>(Druce, 1905)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_patricia|Lepidochrysops patricia]]'' <small>(Trimen & Bowker, 1887)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_peculiaris|Lepidochrysops peculiaris hypoleucus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1893)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_plebeia|Lepidochrysops plebeia]]'' <small>(Butler, 1898)</small> * ''[[:en:Lepidochrysops_solwezii|Lepidochrysops solwezii]]'' <small>(Bethune-Baker, [1923])</small> == Riodinidae == === Nemeobiinae === * ''[[:en:Abisara_delicata|Abisara delicata]]'' <small>Lathy, 1901</small> == Nymphalidae == === Libytheinae === * ''[[:en:Libythea_labdaca|Libythea labdaca laius]]'' <small>Trimen, 1879</small> === Danainae === ==== Danaini ==== * ''[[:en:Danaus_chrysippus|Danaus chrysippus orientis]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1909)</small> * ''[[:en:Tirumala_petiverana|Tirumala petiverana]]'' <small>(Doubleday, 1847)</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_niavius|Amauris niavius dominicanus]]'' <small>Trimen, 1879</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_tartarea|Amauris tartarea damoclides]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_albimaculata|Amauris albimaculata latifascia]]'' <small>Talbot, 1940</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_crawshayi|Amauris crawshayi]]'' <small>Butler, 1897</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_echeria|Amauris echeria lobengula]]'' <small>(Sharpe, 1890)</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_echeria|Amauris echeria serica]]'' <small>Talbot, 1940</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_echeria|Amauris echeria whytei]]'' <small>Butler, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_ellioti|Amauris ellioti junia]]'' <small>(Le Cerf, 1920)</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_ochlea|Amauris ochlea ochlea]]'' <small>(Boisduval, 1847)</small> * ''[[:en:Amauris_ochlea|Amauris ochlea bumilleri]]'' <small>Lanz, 1896</small> === Satyrinae === ==== Melanitini ==== * ''[[:en:Gnophodes_betsimena|Gnophodes betsimena diversa]]'' <small>(Butler, 1880)</small> * ''[[:en:Melanitis_libya|Melanitis libya]]'' <small>Distant, 1882</small> * ''[[:en:Aphysoneura_pigmentaria|Aphysoneura pigmentaria latilimba]]'' <small>Le Cerf, 1919</small> * ''[[:en:Aphysoneura_pigmentaria|Aphysoneura pigmentaria obnubila]]'' <small>Riley, 1923</small> ==== Satyrini ==== * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_angulosa|Bicyclus angulosa selousi]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1895)</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_anynana|Bicyclus anynana]]'' <small>(Butler, 1879)</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_campina|Bicyclus campina]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1901)</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_cottrelli|Bicyclus cottrelli]]'' <small>(van Son, 1952)</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_ena|Bicyclus ena]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_simulacris|Bicyclus simulacris]]'' <small>Kielland, 1990</small> * ''[[:en:Bicyclus_vansoni|Bicyclus vansoni]]'' <small>Condamin, 1965</small> * ''[[:en:Heteropsis_perspicua|Heteropsis perspicua]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Heteropsis_simonsii|Heteropsis simonsii]]'' <small>(Butler, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Heteropsis_ubenica|Heteropsis ubenica]]'' <small>(Thurau, 1903)</small> * ''[[:en:Ypthima_condamini|Ypthima condamini]]'' <small>Kielland, 1982</small> * ''[[:en:Ypthima_granulosa|Ypthima granulosa]]'' <small>Butler, 1883</small> * ''[[:en:Ypthima_pupillaris|Ypthima pupillaris obscurata]]'' <small>Kielland, 1982</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_bioculata|Neocoenyra bioculata bioculata]]'' <small>Carcasson, 1964</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_bioculata|Neocoenyra bioculata murphyi]]'' <small>Collins, 1997</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_fulleborni|Neocoenyra fulleborni]]'' <small>Thurau, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_kivuensis|Neocoenyra kivuensis]]'' <small>Seydel, 1929</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_paralellopupillata|Neocoenyra paralellopupillata]]'' <small>(Karsch, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Neocoenyra_ypthimoides|Neocoenyra ypthimoides]]'' <small>Butler, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Coenyropsis_bera|Coenyropsis bera]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Physcaeneura_pione|Physcaeneura pione]]'' <small>Godman, 1880</small> * ''[[:en:Neita_extensa|Neita extensa]]'' <small>(Butler, 1898)</small> === Charaxinae === ==== Charaxini ==== * ''[[:en:Charaxes_acuminatus|Charaxes acuminatus acuminatus]]'' <small>Thurau, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_acuminatus|Charaxes acuminatus mlanji]]'' <small>van Someren, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_acuminatus|Charaxes acuminatus nyika]]'' <small>van Someren, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_protoclea|Charaxes protoclea azota]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_macclounii|Charaxes macclounii]]'' <small>Butler, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_saturnus|Charaxes saturnus]]'' <small>Butler, 1866</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_castor|Charaxes castor flavifasciatus]]'' <small>Butler, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_brutus|Charaxes brutus natalensis]]'' <small>Staudinger, 1885</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_ansorgei|Charaxes ansorgei levicki]]'' <small>Poulton, 1933</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_pollux|Charaxes pollux geminus]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1900</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_dowsetti|Charaxes dowsetti]]'' <small>Henning, 1989</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_druceanus|Charaxes druceanus proximans]]'' <small>Joicey & Talbot, 1922</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_bohemani|Charaxes bohemani]]'' <small>Felder & Felder, 1859</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_xiphares|Charaxes xiphares ludovici]]'' <small>Rousseau-Decelle, 1933</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_xiphares|Charaxes xiphares woodi]]'' <small>van Someren, 1964</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_cithaeron|Charaxes cithaeron nyasae]]'' <small>van Someren, 1964</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_violetta|Charaxes violetta melloni]]'' <small>Fox, 1963</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_ameliae|Charaxes ameliae amelina]]'' <small>Joicey & Talbot, 1925</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_pythodoris|Charaxes pythodoris ventersi]]'' <small>Henning, 1982</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_etesipe|Charaxes etesipe tavetensis]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_penricei|Charaxes penricei]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1900</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_achaemenes|Charaxes achaemenes]]'' <small>Felder & Felder, 1867</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_jahlusa|Charaxes jahlusa argynnides]]'' <small>Westwood, 1864</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_eupale|Charaxes eupale veneris]]'' <small>White & Grant, 1989</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_dilutus|Charaxes dilutus dilutus]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1898</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_dilutus|Charaxes dilutus kasitu]]'' <small>White & Grant, 1989</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_baumanni|Charaxes baumanni whytei]]'' <small>Butler, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_nyikensis|Charaxes nyikensis]]'' <small>van Someren, 1975</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_ethalion|Charaxes ethalion handmani]]'' <small>Henning, 1982</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_ethalion|Charaxes ethalion kitungulensis]]'' <small>Strand, 1911</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_chintechi|Charaxes chintechi]]'' <small>van Someren, 1975</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_phaeus|Charaxes phaeus]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_fionae|Charaxes fionae]]'' <small>Henning, 1977</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_aubyni|Charaxes aubyni australis]]'' <small>van Someren & Jackson, 1957</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_martini|Charaxes martini martini]]'' <small>van Someren, 1966</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_martini|Charaxes martini helenae]]'' <small>Henning, 1982</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_guderiana|Charaxes guderiana]]'' <small>(Dewitz, 1879)</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_zoolina|Charaxes zoolina]]'' <small>(Westwood, [1850])</small> * ''[[:en:Charaxes_nichetes|Charaxes nichetes leoninus]]'' <small>Butler, 1895</small> ==== Euxanthini ==== * ''[[:en:Charaxes_wakefieldi|Charaxes wakefieldi]]'' <small>(Ward, 1873)</small> === Apaturinae === * ''[[:en:Apaturopsis_cleochares|Apaturopsis cleochares schultzei]]'' <small>Schmidt, 1921</small> === Nymphalinae === ==== Nymphalini ==== * ''[[:en:Antanartia_schaeneia|Antanartia schaeneia dubia]]'' <small>Howarth, 1966</small> * ''[[:en:Vanessa_dimorphica|Vanessa dimorphica]]'' <small>(Howarth, 1966)</small> * ''[[:en:Junonia_artaxia|Junonia artaxia]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1864</small> * ''[[:en:Junonia_natalica|Junonia natalica]]'' <small>(Felder & Felder, 1860)</small> * ''[[:en:Junonia_sophia|Junonia sophia infracta]]'' <small>Butler, 1888</small> * ''[[:en:Junonia_terea|Junonia terea elgiva]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1864</small> * ''[[:en:Salamis_cacta|Salamis cacta eileenae]]'' <small>Henning & Joannou, 1994</small> * ''[[:en:Protogoniomorpha_parhassus|Protogoniomorpha parhassus]]'' <small>(Drury, 1782)</small> * ''[[:en:Precis_actia|Precis actia]]'' <small>Distant, 1880</small> * ''[[:en:Precis_cuama|Precis cuama]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1864)</small> * ''[[:en:Precis_sinuata|Precis sinuata]]'' <small>Plötz, 1880</small> * ''[[:en:Precis_tugela|Precis tugela aurorina]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolimnas_deceptor|Hypolimnas deceptor]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Hypolimnas_misippus|Hypolimnas misippus]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1764)</small> === Cyrestinae === ==== Cyrestini ==== * ''[[:en:Cyrestis_camillus|Cyrestis camillus sublineata]]'' <small>Lathy, 1901</small> === Biblidinae === ==== Biblidini ==== * ''[[:en:Neptidopsis_ophione|Neptidopsis ophione nucleata]]'' <small>Grünberg, 1911</small> * ''[[:en:Eurytela_dryope|Eurytela dryope angulata]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1899</small> * ''[[:en:Eurytela_hiarbas|Eurytela hiarbas lita]]'' <small>Rothschild & Jordan, 1903</small> ==== Epicaliini ==== * ''[[:en:Sevenia_boisduvali|Sevenia boisduvali]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Sevenia_morantii|Sevenia morantii]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1881)</small> * ''[[:en:Sevenia_pechueli|Sevenia pechueli rhodesiana]]'' <small>(Rothschild, 1918)</small> * ''[[:en:Sevenia_rosa|Sevenia rosa]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1877)</small> === Limenitinae === ==== Limenitidini ==== * ''[[:en:Harma_theobene|Harma theobene superna]]'' <small>(Fox, 1968)</small> * ''[[:en:Cymothoe_coranus|Cymothoe coranus dowsetti]]'' <small>Beaurain, 1988</small> * ''[[:en:Cymothoe_coranus|Cymothoe coranus murphyi]]'' <small>Beaurain, 1988</small> * ''[[:en:Cymothoe_cottrelli|Cymothoe cottrelli]]'' <small>Rydon, 1980</small> * ''[[:en:Cymothoe_melanjae|Cymothoe melanjae]]'' <small>Bethune-Baker, 1926</small> * ''[[:en:Cymothoe_zombana|Cymothoe zombana]]'' <small>Bethune-Baker, 1926</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_boisduvalii|Pseudacraea boisduvalii trimenii]]'' <small>Butler, 1874</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_deludens|Pseudacraea deludens deludens]]'' <small>Neave, 1912</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_deludens|Pseudacraea deludens murphyi]]'' <small>Hecq, 1991</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_eurytus|Pseudacraea eurytus conradti]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1893</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_lucretia|Pseudacraea lucretia expansa]]'' <small>(Butler, 1878)</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudacraea_poggei|Pseudacraea poggei]]'' <small>(Dewitz, 1879)</small> ==== Neptidini ==== * ''[[:en:Neptis_alta|Neptis alta]]'' <small>Overlaet, 1955</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_aurivillii|Neptis aurivillii]]'' <small>Schultze, 1913</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_carcassoni|Neptis carcassoni]]'' <small>Van Son, 1959</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_incongrua|Neptis incongrua]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_jordani|Neptis jordani]]'' <small>Neave, 1910</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_kiriakoffi|Neptis kiriakoffi]]'' <small>Overlaet, 1955</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_swynnertoni|Neptis swynnertoni]]'' <small>Trimen, 1912</small> * ''[[:en:Neptis_trigonophora|Neptis trigonophora]]'' <small>Butler, 1878</small> ==== Adoliadini ==== * ''[[:en:Catuna_sikorana|Catuna sikorana]]'' <small>Rogenhofer, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Euryphura_achlys|Euryphura achlys]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Euryphura_concordia|Euryphura concordia]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Pseudargynnis_hegemone|Pseudargynnis hegemone]]'' <small>(Godart, 1819)</small> * ''[[:en:Aterica_galene|Aterica galene theophane]]'' <small>Hopffer, 1855</small> * ''[[:en:Bebearia_orientis|Bebearia orientis malawiensis]]'' <small>Holmes, 2001</small> * ''[[:en:Euphaedra_zaddachii|Euphaedra zaddachii crawshayi]]'' <small>Butler, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Euphaedra_nigrobasalis|Euphaedra nigrobasalis ceramica]]'' <small>Hecq, 1991</small> * ''[[:en:Euphaedra_orientalis|Euphaedra orientalis]]'' <small>Rothschild, 1898</small> * ''[[:en:Euphaedra_murphyi|Euphaedra murphyi]]'' <small>Hecq, 1991</small> * ''[[:en:Euphaedra_neophron|Euphaedra neophron]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Euptera_kinugnana|Euptera kinugnana]]'' <small>(Grose-Smith, 1889)</small> === Heliconiinae === ==== Acraeini ==== * ''[[:en:Acraea_acara|Acraea acara]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1865</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_anemosa|Acraea anemosa]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1865</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_boopis|Acraea boopis choloui]]'' <small>Pierre, 1979</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_cuva|Acraea cuva]]'' <small>Grose-Smith, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_insignis|Acraea insignis]]'' <small>Distant, 1880</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_machequena|Acraea machequena]]'' <small>Grose-Smith, 1887</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_neobule|Acraea neobule]]'' <small>Doubleday, 1847</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_pseudolycia|Acraea pseudolycia astrigera]]'' <small>Butler, 1899</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_quirina|Acraea quirina rosa]]'' <small>Eltringham, 1912</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_rabbaiae|Acraea rabbaiae perlucida]]'' <small>Henning & Henning, 1996</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_zetes|Acraea zetes]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_zonata|Acraea zonata]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_acrita|Acraea acrita]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1865</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_asema|Acraea asema]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_chaeribula|Acraea chaeribula]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1893</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_chambezi|Acraea chambezi]]'' <small>Neave, 1910</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_egina|Acraea egina areca]]'' <small>Mabille, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_periphanes|Acraea periphanes]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1893</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_petraea|Acraea petraea]]'' <small>Boisduval, 1847</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_punctellata|Acraea punctellata]]'' <small>Eltringham, 1912</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_atergatis|Acraea atergatis]]'' <small>Westwood, 1881</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_axina|Acraea axina]]'' <small>Westwood, 1881</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_caecilia|Acraea caecilia pudora]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1910</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_caldarena|Acraea caldarena]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_leucopyga|Acraea leucopyga]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1904</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_pudorella|Acraea pudorella]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1899</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_aganice|Acraea aganice nicega]]'' <small>(Suffert, 1904)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_aganice|Acraea aganice nyassae]]'' <small>(Carpenter, 1920)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_epaea|Acraea epaea melina]]'' <small>(Thurau, 1903)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_scalivittata|Acraea scalivittata]]'' <small>(Butler, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_acuta|Acraea acuta]]'' <small>Howarth, 1969</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_alicia|Acraea alicia]]'' <small>(Sharpe, 1890)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_baxteri|Acraea baxteri]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1902</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_cabira|Acraea cabira]]'' <small>Hopffer, 1855</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_encedana|Acraea encedana]]'' <small>Pierre, 1976</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_serena|Acraea serena]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1775)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_esebria|Acraea esebria]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1861</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_goetzei|Acraea goetzei]]'' <small>Thurau, 1903</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_johnstoni|Acraea johnstoni]]'' <small>Godman, 1885</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_burni|Acraea burni]]'' <small>Butler, 1896</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_pentapolis|Acraea pentapolis epidica]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1893</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_pharsalus|Acraea pharsalus pharsaloides]]'' <small>Holland, 1892</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_sotikensis|Acraea sotikensis]]'' <small>Sharpe, 1892</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_ventura|Acraea ventura]]'' <small>Hewitson, 1877</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_bomba|Acraea bomba]]'' <small>Grose-Smith, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_induna|Acraea induna]]'' <small>Trimen, 1895</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_parei|Acraea parei orangica]]'' <small>(Henning & Henning, 1996)</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_rahira|Acraea rahira]]'' <small>Boisduval, 1833</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_igola|Acraea igola]]'' <small>Trimen & Bowker, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Acraea_perenna|Acraea perenna thesprio]]'' <small>Oberthür, 1893</small> ==== Argynnini ==== * ''[[:en:Issoria_smaragdifera|Issoria smaragdifera]]'' <small>(Butler, 1895)</small> ==== Vagrantini ==== * ''[[:en:Phalanta_eurytis|Phalanta eurytis]]'' <small>(Doubleday, 1847)</small> * ''[[:en:Phalanta_phalantha|Phalanta phalantha aethiopica]]'' <small>(Rothschild & Jordan, 1903)</small> == Hesperiidae == === Coeliadinae === * ''[[:en:Coeliades_forestan|Coeliades forestan]]'' <small>(Stoll, [1782])</small> * ''[[:en:Coeliades_pisistratus|Coeliades pisistratus]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1793)</small> * ''[[:en:Coeliades_sejuncta|Coeliades sejuncta]]'' <small>(Mabille & Vuillot, 1891)</small> === Pyrginae === ==== Celaenorrhinini ==== * ''[[:en:Celaenorrhinus_galenus|Celaenorrhinus galenus biseriata]]'' <small>(Butler, 1888)</small> * ''[[:en:Celaenorrhinus_handmani|Celaenorrhinus handmani]]'' <small>Collins & Congdon, 1998</small> * ''[[:en:Celaenorrhinus_zanqua|Celaenorrhinus zanqua]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Eretis_djaelaelae|Eretis djaelaelae]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Eretis_melania|Eretis melania]]'' <small>Mabille, 1891</small> * ''[[:en:Eretis_umbra_nox|Eretis umbra nox]]'' <small>(Neave, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_astrigera|Sarangesa astrigera]]'' <small>Butler, 1894</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_haplopa|Sarangesa haplopa]]'' <small>Swinhoe, 1907</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_laelius|Sarangesa laelius]]'' <small>(Mabille, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_lucidella|Sarangesa lucidella]]'' <small>(Mabille, 1891)</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_maculata|Sarangesa maculata]]'' <small>(Mabille, 1891)</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_ruona|Sarangesa ruona]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Sarangesa_seineri|Sarangesa seineri]]'' <small>Strand, 1909</small> ==== Tagiadini ==== * ''[[:en:Tagiades_flesus|Tagiades flesus]]'' <small>(Fabricius, 1781)</small> * ''[[:en:Eagris_nottoana|Eagris nottoana]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Eagris_sabadius|Eagris sabadius ochreana]]'' <small>Lathy, 1901</small> * ''[[:en:Calleagris_hollandi|Calleagris hollandi]]'' <small>(Butler, 1897)</small> * ''[[:en:Calleagris_jamesoni|Calleagris jamesoni]]'' <small>(Sharpe, 1890)</small> * ''[[:en:Caprona_adelica|Caprona adelica]]'' <small>Karsch, 1892</small> * ''[[:en:Netrobalane_canopus|Netrobalane canopus]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1864)</small> * ''[[:en:Leucochitonea_levubu|Leucochitonea levubu]]'' <small>Wallengren, 1857</small> * ''[[:en:Abantis_arctomarginata|Abantis arctomarginata]]'' <small>Lathy, 1901</small> * ''[[:en:Abantis_paradisea|Abantis paradisea]]'' <small>(Butler, 1870)</small> * ''[[:en:Abantis_tettensis|Abantis tettensis]]'' <small>Hopffer, 1855</small> * ''[[:en:Abantis_venosa|Abantis venosa]]'' <small>Trimen & Bowker, 1889</small> * ''[[:en:Abantis_zambesiaca|Abantis zambesiaca]]'' <small>(Westwood, 1874)</small> ==== Carcharodini ==== * ''[[:en:Spialia_confusa|Spialia confusa]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Spialia_depauperata|Spialia depauperata]]'' <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> * ''[[:en:Spialia_mafa|Spialia mafa]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1870)</small> * ''[[:en:Spialia_secessus|Spialia secessus]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1891)</small> === Hesperiinae === ==== Aeromachini ==== * ''[[:en:Astictopterus_stellata|Astictopterus stellata mineni]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Ampittia_capenas|Ampittia capenas]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1868)</small> * ''[[:en:Kedestes_brunneostriga|Kedestes brunneostriga]]'' <small>(Plötz, 1884)</small> * ''[[:en:Kedestes_lema|Kedestes lema linka]]'' <small>Evans, 1956</small> * ''[[:en:Kedestes_mohozutza|Kedestes mohozutza]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> * ''[[:en:Kedestes_fenestratus|Kedestes fenestratus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Gorgyra_bibulus|Gorgyra bibulus]]'' <small>Riley, 1929</small> * ''[[:en:Gorgyra_johnstoni|Gorgyra johnstoni]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Teniorhinus_harona|Teniorhinus harona]]'' <small>(Westwood, 1881)</small> * ''[[:en:Teniorhinus_herilus|Teniorhinus herilus]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Xanthodisca_vibius|Xanthodisca vibius]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1878)</small> * ''[[:en:Acada_biseriata|Acada biseriata]]'' <small>(Mabille, 1893)</small> * ''[[:en:Parosmodes_morantii|Parosmodes morantii]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1873)</small> * ''[[:en:Acleros_mackenii|Acleros mackenii]]'' <small>(Trimen, 1868)</small> * ''[[:en:Acleros_ploetzi|Acleros ploetzi]]'' <small>Mabille, 1890</small> * ''[[:en:Semalea_arela|Semalea arela]]'' <small>(Mabille, 1891)</small> * ''[[:en:Semalea_pulvina|Semalea pulvina]]'' <small>(Plötz, 1879)</small> * ''[[:en:Meza_larea|Meza larea]]'' <small>(Neave, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Andronymus_caesar|Andronymus caesar philander]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Andronymus_fenestrella|Andronymus fenestrella]]'' <small>Bethune-Baker, 1908</small> * ''[[:en:Andronymus_neander|Andronymus neander]]'' <small>(Plötz, 1884)</small> * ''[[:en:Chondrolepis_niveicornis|Chondrolepis niveicornis]]'' <small>(Plötz, 1883)</small> * ''[[:en:Chondrolepis_telisignata|Chondrolepis telisignata]]'' <small>(Butler, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Artitropa_erinnys|Artitropa erinnys nyasae]]'' <small>Riley, 1925</small> * ''[[:en:Artitropa_reducta|Artitropa reducta]]'' <small>Aurivillius, 1925</small> * ''[[:en:Leona_leonora|Leona leonora dux]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Caenides_soritia|Caenides soritia]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1876)</small> * ''[[:en:Monza_punctata|Monza punctata]]'' <small>(Aurivillius, 1910)</small> * ''[[:en:Fresna_nyassae|Fresna nyassae]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1878)</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_affinissima|Platylesches affinissima]]'' <small>Strand, 1921</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_galesa|Platylesches galesa]]'' <small>(Hewitson, 1877)</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_lamba|Platylesches lamba]]'' <small>Neave, 1910</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_langa|Platylesches langa]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_picanini|Platylesches picanini]]'' <small>(Holland, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_rasta|Platylesches rasta]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_robustus|Platylesches robustus]]'' <small>Neave, 1910</small> * ''[[:en:Platylesches_tina|Platylesches tina]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> ==== Baorini ==== * ''[[:en:Zenonia_anax|Zenonia anax]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Borbo_fallax|Borbo fallax]]'' <small>(Gaede, 1916)</small> * ''[[:en:Borbo_holtzi|Borbo holtzi]]'' <small>(Plötz, 1883)</small> * ''[[:en:Borbo_lugens|Borbo lugens]]'' <small>(Hopffer, 1855)</small> * ''[[:en:Borbo_perobscura|Borbo perobscura]]'' <small>(Druce, 1912)</small> === Heteropterinae === * ''[[:en:Metisella_abdeli|Metisella abdeli]]'' <small>(Krüger, 1928)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_decipiens|Metisella decipiens]]'' <small>(Butler, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_formosus|Metisella formosus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_medea|Metisella medea nyika]]'' <small>Evans, 1937</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_midas|Metisella midas]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_perexcellens|Metisella perexcellens]]'' <small>(Butler, 1896)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_quadrisignatus|Metisella quadrisignatus]]'' <small>(Butler, 1894)</small> * ''[[:en:Metisella_willemi|Metisella willemi]]'' <small>(Wallengren, 1857)</small> == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Wildlife_of_Malawi|Wildlife of Malawi]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Malawi|Geography of Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_ecoregions_in_Malawi|List of ecoregions in Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> * [https://archive.org/stream/diegrossschmett13seit#page/n5/mode/2up Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plates] * [[iarchive:diegrossschmette13seit|Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Text]] {{in lang|de}} {{Africa in topic|List of butterflies of}} k7pgbz949xzlf416l6jk8zudvkodv2b 0 40421 123313 122586 2026-10-23T22:12:28Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[General]] | name = Mahamat Déby | native_name = {{nobold|محمد ديبي}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Participation of Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission, in the 6th European Union Africa Union Summit (cropped).jpg | caption = Déby mu 2022 | office = President of Chad | order = Transitional | vicepresident = [[Djimadoum Tiraina]] | primeminister = [[Saleh Kebzabo]] | termstart = 10 October 2022<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ilunga |first1=Patrick |title=Chadian junta leader Mahamat Deby sworn in as President |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/chadian-junta-leader-mahamat-deby-sworn-in-as-president-3980166 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[The East African]] |date=10 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chad Ruler Raises Hackles with Drawn-Out 'Transition' |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/chad-ruler-raises-hackles-with-drawn-out-transition-/6786565.html |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |agency=[[Voice of America]] |date=12 October 2022 |location=[[Libreville, Gabon]]}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Idriss Déby]] | office1 = President of the [[Transitional Military Council (Chad)|Transitional Military Council]] | vicepresident1 = [[Djimadoum Tiraina]] | primeminister1 = [[Albert Pahimi Padacké]] | termstart1 = 20 April 2021 | termend1 = 10 October 2022 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|1|1}}<ref>{{cite web |title=PORTRAIT |url=https://presidence.td/portrait/ |website=Présidence de la République du Tchad |access-date=23 April 2021 |language=fr-FR |date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715193225/https://presidence.td/portrait/ |archive-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> | father = [[Idriss Déby]] | death_date = | birth_place = [[Massakory]], [[Chad]] | death_place = | spouse = Three wives, including [[Dahabaya Oumar Souni]] | nickname = Kaka | allegiance = {{Flag|Chad}} | branch = {{army|Chad}} | rank = [[File:Chad-Army-OF-9.svg|25px]] [[General]] | unit = Third Armoured Brigade<br> Fifth Air Brigade<br> Free Arab Volountiers | battles = [[Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)|Chadian Civil War]] *[[Battle of Am Dam]] [[Mali War]] *[[Battle of Ifoghas]] *[[Battle of Tigharghar|Battle of Tighârghar]] [[Insurgency in Northern Chad]] *[[2021 Northern Chad offensive|Northern Chad offensive]] | awards = | laterwork = }} '''Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno''' (Arabic: محمد إدريس ديبي إتنو; wakababika pa 1 January 1984), wakumanyikwa na zina lakuti '''Mahamat Kaka''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210420102953-f2l4n/|title=Idriss Deby's son Kaka named interim head of state, says army spokesman|agency=Reuters|date=April 20, 2021|accessdate=April 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812230156/https://news.trust.org/item/20210420102953-f2l4n/|archive-date=August 12, 2023}}</ref> ni mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa nyenyezi zinayi wa ku [[Chad]] uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa nyengo ya kupankhuka wa Chad. Wakamba kuwusa nga ni purezidenti wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council pa 20 April 2021 apo awiske, pulezidenti wa Chadian Idriss Déby, ŵakafwa apo ŵakalongozganga ŵasilikari ku Northern Chad. Wakaŵaso mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Chadian Intervention in Northern Mali (FATIM).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Langzeitherrscher Idriss Déby Itno ist tot |language=de |date=20 April 2021 |publisher=Zeit Online |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2021-04/tschad-idriss-deby-praesident-tod-besuch-truppen |archive-url=https://archive.ph/MDXuW?https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2021-04/tschad-idriss-deby-praesident-tod-besuch-truppen |archive-date=2 April 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Mahamat Déby wakutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi ndipo wali na ŵawoli ŵatatu.<ref name=cw>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: voici qui est la nouvelle première dame du pays |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |work=CamerounWeb |publisher= |date=2021-04-26 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803145024/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-qui-est-la-nouvelle-premi-re-dame-du-pays-593080 |archive-date=2021-08-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=cw2>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: voici Dahabay oumar Souni, la communicante et 3è épouse du président du CMT |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |work=CamerounWeb |publisher= |date=2021-05-08 |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609122800/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/africa/Tchad-voici-Dahabay-oumar-Souni-la-communicante-et-3-pouse-du-pr-sident-du-CMT-596158 |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> Muwoli wake wakwamba wakaŵa wa ku Zaghawa. Mu 2010, Déby wakatora muwoli wake wachiŵiri, mwanakazi wa ku Central Africa ndipo ni mwana wa Abakar Sabon, nduna yakale ya boma la Central African Republic, pharazgi wa Michel Djotodia, na mulongozgi wa gulu lakugaluka la Movement of Central African Liberators for Justice. Ŵakugomezga kuti Déby na muwoli wake waciŵiri ŵali na ŵana ŵankhondi. Mkazi wachitatu wa Mahamat Déby, Dahabaya Oumar Souni ndi mtolankhani komanso mlangizi wa media yemwe amadziwika kuti First Lady wa Chad.<ref name=cw/><ref name=cw2/> Souni wakagwiranga nchito lumoza na wiskevyara, Pulezidenti Idriss Déby, ndipo wakakwezgeka kuŵa director of public relations for the office of the presidency kufuma mu December 2019 mpaka apo wakafwira. Mu Meyi 2021, Dahabaya Oumar Souni adasankhidwa kukhala mlangizi wa media ku utsogoleri wa Transitional Military Council ndipo tsopano akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi mwamuna wake, Purezidenti Mahamat Déby, ngati membala wa gulu lake la alangizi aukadaulo.<ref name=cw2/><ref name=jtchad>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Tchad: le président du CMT s'entoure d'une vingtaine de conseillers techniques |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-le-president-du-cmt-sentoure-dune-vingtaine-de-conseillers-techniques/ |work=[[Journal du Tchad]] |publisher= |date=2021-05-17 |access-date=2022-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620035424/https://www.journaldutchad.com/tchad-le-president-du-cmt-sentoure-dune-vingtaine-de-conseillers-techniques/ |archive-date=2021-06-20 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=prch>{{cite news |first= |last=|title=Présidence de la République du Tchad: Le Secrétariat Général de la Présidence |url=https://presidence.td/le-secretariat-general/ |work=Office of the [[President of Chad]] |publisher= |date= |access-date=2022-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511232644/https://presidence.td/le-secretariat-general/|archive-date=2022-05-11 |url-status=live}}</ref> == Ntchito ya usilikali == Mahamat Déby wakalembeska ku Joint Grouping of military schools mu Chad. Pamanyuma, wakasambira usilikari ku France, ku sukulu ya ŵasilikari ya Aix-en-Provence. Wakati wawerako wakalembeska ku sukulu ya ŵasilikari ŵa boma ndipo pamanyuma wakasankhika kuŵa mulara wa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma (DGSSIE). Nkhondo yake yakwamba yikacitika mu mwezi wa Epulero 2006 apo ŵakugaluka ŵakawukira msumba ukuru wa Chad ndipo pamanyuma pake wakacitako nkhondo ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Chad pamoza na Jenerale Abu Bakr al Said, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵapolisi. Mu Meyi 2009 wakapika udindo wa brigadier general ndipo wakadangiliranga ŵasilikari ŵa Chad pa Nkhondo ya Am Dam, apo ŵasilikari ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chad: Slain Deby's son Mahamat Deby Itno heads military council |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/04/20/chad-slain-debys-son-mahamat-deby-itno-heads-military-council/ |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=P.M. News |date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Pamanyuma pa kutonda kwake, wakasankhika kuŵa mulongozgi wa magulu gha vilwero vya nkhondo na ŵalinda ŵa SERS. Mu Janyuwale 2013, wakasankhika kuŵa wachiŵiri kwa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵapadera ŵa Chadi mu Mali pasi pa Jenerale Oumar Bikimo. Pa 22 February, wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵake kwimikana na ŵakugaluka mu mapiri gha Adrar al-Ifoghas ku Northern Mali. Ŵakawuskapo msasa wa ŵakugaluka uwo ukayowoyeka kuti ukaŵa wakuzirwa comene, ndipo ŵakakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kweniso ŵakakoma ŵanthu 26, kusazgapo Abdel Aziz Hassane Adam, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵapadera. Mahamat watora mazaza ghose gha FATIM ndipo wakulongozga milimo yakwimikana na ŵakugaluka ku North.<ref name=bamada.net>{{cite web|title=Le général Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno, 29 ans et fils d'Idriss Deby, commande la force tchadienne au Mali|url=http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali|website=bamada.net|date=16 February 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008112913/http://bamada.net/le-general-mahamat-idriss-deby-itno-29-ans-et-fils-didriss-deby-commande-la-force-tchadienne-au-mali|archive-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> == Wapampando wa Msonkhano Wankhondo Wapakati (Wapampando wa Transitional Military Council) == [[File:Chargé_d’affaires_a.i._David_Gilmour_meets_with_CMT_President.jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|Mahamat Déby meeting David Gilmour in 2021 to discuss U.S. support for a transition of power to a democratically elected government]] Ŵasilikari ŵakati ŵapharazga kuti boma na wupu wa National Assembly vyamara, ndipo wupu wa Transitional Military Council uwo ukulongozgeka na Mahamat ndiwo uzamulongozga charu kwa myezi 18. Chikalata chiphya chikanjira m'malo mwa Dango la Chadi, ndipo Mahamat ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakanyengo na mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chad's Constitution of 2018 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420130632/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Chad_2018.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=20 April 2021 |website=constituteproject.org |publisher=Constitute Project |language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchita ndyali mu Chad ŵakuti boma la ŵasilikari la nyengo ya kusintha ni "kuwukira boma", cifukwa malango gha boma ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu wangakhalira pa udindo wa pulezidenti ghakulondezgeka yayi. Kuyana na dango la chalo ili, pulezidenti wa National Assembly, Haroun Kabadi, <ref>{{cite news |title=Chad president's death: Rivals condemn 'dynastic coup' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56830510 |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=BBC News|date=21 April 2021 }}</ref>wakeneranga kuŵa pulezidenti wakuchitapo kanthu pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya pulezidenti Idriss Déby, ndipo mavoti ghakeneranga kuchitika mu mazuŵa 45 panji kujumpha yayi. Ndipouli, France, yumoza wa ŵabwezi ŵa Chad pa nkhani ya vyaru vya kuwaro, wakuwona kuti ntchakukhumbikwa, cifukwa ca "vinthu vyapadera" ivyo vikwambiska kugaluka. Wupu wa pa caru cose nawo wawovwira Déby, kumuwona kuti ni munthu wakukhora mu Sahel. Déby wakapokelereka ku Washington, D.C. pa ungano wa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa. Nangauli boma la Chad likuzomerezga fundo iyi, kweni ŵakugaluka ŵa FACT ŵakuti "Chad ni ufumu yayi".<ref>{{cite web |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Who are Chad's FACT rebels and what are their goals? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/21/who-are-chads-fact-rebels-and-what-are-their-goals |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chad's President Idriss Déby dies 'in clashes with rebels' |work=BBC News |date=20 April 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56815708 |access-date=20 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadane |first=Madjiasra Nako, Mahamat |date=April 21, 2021 |title=Chad in turmoil after Deby death as rebels, opposition challenge military |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-chad-deby-idUSKBN2C818G |access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tahingam |first1=Pierre |title=Sommet USA-Afrique : Mahamat Idriss Deby prend part aux travaux |url=https://www.journaldutchad.com/sommet-usa-afrique-mahamat-idriss-deby-prend-part-aux-travaux/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Journal du Tchad |publisher=Journal du Tchad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504043122/https://www.journaldutchad.com/sommet-usa-afrique-mahamat-idriss-deby-prend-part-aux-travaux/ |archive-date=4 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Irish |first1=John |last2=Salaün |first2=Tangi |date=April 22, 2021 |title=With eye on Islamist fight, France backs Chad military takeover |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/france-defends-chad-military-takeover-needed-ensure-stability-2021-04-22/ |accessdate=April 22, 2021 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gerald |first1=Krieger |date=2022 |title=Challenges in Mali, the Importance of Legitimate Governance in Combatting Terrorism and Violent Extremism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/48687538.pdf |journal=Journal of Strategic Security |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=22–38 |doi=10.5038/1944-0472.15.3.2009 |jstor=48687538 |s2cid=252262159 |access-date=4 May 2023}}</ref> === National Dialogue === Pamanyuma pakukana kudumbiskana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka, Déby wakachepeska maghanoghano ghake mu Ogasiti 2021, na kupempha kuti paŵe kudumbiskana kwa chalo chose. Pamanyuma pakuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likakolerana na ivyo wakayowoya, pamanyuma pa myezi yiŵiri, mabungwe gha boma na ŵakwimira ŵakugaluka ghakamba kudumbiskana vya mtende. Maungano agha ghakafika paumaliro pa Ogasiti 8, 2022, apo ŵakalembeska phangano la mtende ku Doha. Ndipouli, phangano la mtende likakanika na gulu la FACT na magulu ghanyake agho ghakwimikana nalo, kweniso na magulu gha wupu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakagomezganga kuti boma la ŵanthu liŵengeko yayi. Cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakakolerana yayi na phangano la mtende, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba yayi kuchezga. Nangauli pakaŵavya ŵakususka ŵanandi kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumba yayi kuti paŵe kudumbiskana, kweni ŵakawona kuti ntchiwemi kusazgirako nyengo yakwendakwenda na kunyamura mavoti mpaka Okutobala 2024.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=13 December 2022 |title=Chad's Transition: Easing Tensions Online |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/b183-chads-transition-easing-tensions-online |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=International Crisis Group |publisher=International Crisis Group}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramadane |first=Mahamat |date=3 October 2022 |title=Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003163953/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/junta-set-stay-power-after-chad-delays-elections-by-two-years-2022-10-02/ |archive-date=3 October 2022}}</ref>Mu Malichi 2023, Déby wakagowokera ŵa FACT ŵakukwana 380, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo ŵakaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 400+ awo ŵakakakika chifukwa cha nyifwa ya awiske.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prentice |first1=Alessandra |title=Chad pardons 380 rebels in apparent peace gesture |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-pardons-380-rebels-apparent-peace-gesture-2023-03-25/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Reuters |date=25 March 2023 |agency=Reuters}}</ref> === Chiwoneskelo cha Okutobala 2022 === Pa 3 Okutobala, wupu wa Transitional Military Council ukati walekeska mavoti, ndipo pa 20 Okutobala, zuŵa lakwamba la mavoti, pakaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakolerana na demokilase. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakachitanga viphikiro mu misumba ya N'Djamena na Moundou, ndipo ŵakalongozgekanga na Wakit Tamma na Succès Masra, mulongozgi wa chipani cha Les Transformateurs. Pakuzgora ku viyezgelero ivi, ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵakacicizga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga ndipo boma likakanizga ŵanthu kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti. Nkhaza zikamara na nyifwa ya ŵanthu pakati pa 50 na 200, kusazgapo Orédjé Narcisse, ndipo ŵanthu 600 ŵakakakika.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Nodjimbadem |first1=Katie |title=Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in Its Tracks |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/12/06/chad-deby-coup-leader-democracy/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Foreign Policy |publisher=Foreign Policy}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu 600+ aŵa, 342 ŵakakakika na kuŵikika mu jele vyaka 1 m'paka 3. Pamanyuma, zuŵa ili likamanyikwa kuti "Lachinayi Wakufipa" cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitikanga. Pamanyuma pa viwawa ivi, Déby wakapa mulandu ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga viwawa ivi na awo ŵakachitanga. Pambuyo pa zionetserozo, zipani za chipani chotsutsa zinayimitsidwa, pakati pawo Les Transformateurs ndi Tchadi Socialist Party. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Hold Your Fire! Podcast |title=After the Crackdowns, is Chad's Transition Unravelling? |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/central-africa/chad/after-crackdowns-chads-transition-unravelling |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=International Crisis Group |date=28 October 2022 |publisher=International Crisis Group}}</ref> === France yikukhozgera upharazgi === Nangauli muwuso wa Déby ukaŵa wambura demokilase, kweni wakapokera wovwiri ukuru ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, comenecomene ku France, caru ico cikakolerana na Tchad. Emmanuel Macron wakaluta ku dindi la Idriss Déby, uko wakalayizga wovwiri wake ku boma la Déby na kukhazikika kwa Chad, uko France yikakhozga kwizira mu Operation Barkhane, uko kukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵa ku France mu Sahel, na ofesi yawo yikuru mu Chad. Déby wakizaso kwa Macron ku Elysee Palace mu Juni 2021, uko wose ŵaŵiri ŵakadumbiskana vya kusintha kwa ndyali mu Chad. Nangauli boma la France likamalizga ntchito ya Barkhane mu 2021, kweni likuleka yayi kovwira boma la Déby ndipo likulutilira kuŵika ŵasilikari mu chigaŵa ichi. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Doukhan |first1=Dr. David |title=The end of operation Barkhane |url=https://ict.org.il/the-end-of-operation-barkhane/ |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=International Institute for Counterterrorism |date=28 November 2022 |publisher=International Institute for Counterterrorism}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Macron announces the end of France's anti-Islamist Operation Barkhane in the Sahel |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210610-live-macron-to-announce-a-restructuring-of-french-forces-in-mali |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=France 24 |date=10 June 2021 |publisher=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schofield |first1=Hugh |title=France calls time on anti-jihadist Operation Barkhane in Sahe |work=BBC News |date=9 November 2022 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63575602 |access-date=10 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mahamat Déby's first foreign trip to Paris |url=https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2021/07/06/mahamat-debys-first-foreign-trip-to-paris/ |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=Diplomat Magazine |publisher=Diplomat Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pelz |first1=Daniel |title=Why France is backing Chad's new leader, Mahamat Idriss Deby |url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-france-is-backing-chads-new-leader-mahamat-idriss-deby/a-57316728 |access-date=9 April 2023 |website=DW |publisher=DW}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marielle |first1=Debos |title=COLONIAL VIOLENCE AND RESISTANCE IN CHAD (1900-1960) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/colonial-violence-and-resistance-chad-1900-1960.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=SciencesPo Mass Violence and Resistance- Research Network |date=25 January 2016 |publisher=Sciences Po}}</ref> == Wonaniso == *[[Military of Chad]] ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{Wikiquote|Mahamat Déby Itno}} {{Presidents of Chad}} {{Heads of state of republics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Deby Itno, Mahamat}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Chadian Muslims]] [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Heads of state of Chad]] [[Category:20th-century Chadian politicians]] [[Category:Generals]] [[Category:Chadian military leaders]] [[Category:Children of presidents]] [[Category:People from Hadjer-Lamis Region]] [[Category:Chadian anti-communists]] [[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]] 5fblg9lle1wq47rf604m7s9zdgbnyyd 0 47971 123308 117627 2026-10-23T20:01:19Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 123308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Võru_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Võru''' (''Võrumaa'') ni chigaŵa mu charu cha [[Estonia]]. Ukulu wa malo ni 2,305.44 km² ndipo kuli ŵanthu pafupi fupi 34,182 (2022).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235839/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]] s05jo0dgh31lsixazirv66byp9rcpg5