Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6902 123364 122579 2026-11-01T20:44:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Largest city in California, United States}} {{About||the county|Los Angeles County, California|other uses}} {{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{Redirect-multi|2|City of Los Angeles|LA}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}} {{Use American English|date=September 2019}} <!--The article is about the city proper of Los Angeles. Please do not put information about the metropolitan area in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles metropolitan area]]. Please do not put info about the county in this article; it belongs in [[Los Angeles County, California]]. --> {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|Msumba]] | name = Los Angeles | official_name = City of Los Angeles | image_skyline = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 290 | image_style = border:1; | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | caption_align = center | image1 = Los Angeles with Mount Baldy.jpg | caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles|Skyline]] of [[Downtown Los Angeles]] | image2 = Hollywood sign (8485145044).jpg | caption2 = [[Hollywood Sign]] | image3 = Echo Park Lake.jpg | caption3 = [[Echo Park]] | image4 = Olvera st los angeles (cropped2).jpg | caption4 = [[Calle Olvera]] | image5 = Los Angeles City Hall 2013 (cropped).jpg | caption5 = [[Los Angeles City Hall]] | image6 = Griffith observatory 2006.jpg | caption6 = [[Griffith Observatory]] | image7 = Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 01 (cropped2).jpg | caption7 = [[Venice, Los Angeles#Venice Beach|Venice Beach]] }} <!-- DO NOT change without discussion --> | image_flag = Flag of Los Angeles, California.svg | image_seal = Seal of Los Angeles.svg | seal_link = Seal of Los Angeles | image_blank_emblem = Wordmark of Los Angeles, California.svg | blank_emblem_type = Logo | blank_emblem_size = 100px | blank_emblem_alt = L.A. city seal next to LACITY.GOV | blank_emblem_link = Seal of Los Angeles | nickname = L.A., City of Angels,<ref name=VOAnick /> [[The Entertainment Capital of the World]],<ref name=VOAnick>{{cite news|url=http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/nicknames-for-los-angeles/1644584.html|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles|work=[[Voice of America]]|first1=Shelley|last1=Gollust|date=April 18, 2013|access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref> La-la-land, Tinseltown<ref name=VOAnick /> | image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Los Angeles highlighted.svg | map_caption = Location within California and [[Los Angeles County]] | pushpin_map = California#USA#North America | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mapsize = 290px | pushpin_map_caption = Location within California##Location within the United States##Location within North America | pushpin_label = Los Angeles | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|34|03|N|118|15|W|region:US-CA_type:city(3800000)|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{Flagu|United States}} | subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|California}} | subdivision_name2 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Los Angeles County, California.svg}} [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]] | subdivision_type3 = [[List of regions of California|Region]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Combined Statistical Area|CSA]] | subdivision_type5 = [[Metropolitan statistical area|MSA]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Southern California]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles-Long Beach]] | subdivision_name5 = [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim]] | established_title = [[Pueblo de Los Ángeles|Pueblo]] | established_date = September 4, 1781<ref name="CaliforniaCounty1899">{{cite book|last=Barrows|first=H.D.|title=Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMg1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA151|access-date=September 28, 2011|year=1899|page=151ff|chapter=Felepe de Neve|volume=4}}</ref> | established_title1 = [[City status]] | established_date1 = May 23, 1835<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/this-1835-decree-made-the-pueblo-of-los-angeles-a-ciudad-and-californias-capital| title = This 1835 Decree Made the Pueblo of Los Angeles a Ciudad – And California's Capital| publisher=[[KCET]]| access-date = January 27, 2018| date = April 2016}}</ref> | established_title2 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]] | established_date2 = April 4, 1850<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130221091414/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc|url-status=dead|archive-date = February 21, 2013| title = California Cities by Incorporation Date| format =DOC|publisher=California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s| access-date = August 25, 2014}}</ref> | named_for = [[Queen of Heaven|Our Lady, Queen of the Angels]] <!-- Government ----------->| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Strong mayor–council]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |title=About the City Government |publisher=City of Los Angeles |access-date=February 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208103544/http://www.lacity.org/city-government/about-city-government |archive-date=February 8, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | governing_body = [[Los Angeles City Council]] | leader_title = [[Mayor of Los Angeles|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[Karen Bass]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | leader_title1 = [[Los Angeles City Attorney|City Attorney]] | leader_name1 = [[Hydee Feldstein Soto]] (D) | total_type = Total | unit_pref = Imperial | area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021">{{cite web|title=2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 7, 2021}}</ref> | area_total_sq_mi = 501.55 | area_total_km2 = 1299.01 | area_land_sq_mi = 469.49 | area_land_km2 = 1215.97 | area_water_sq_mi = 32.06 | area_water_km2 = 83.04 | elevation_m = 93 | elevation_ft = 305 | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_max_m = 1576 | elevation_max_ft = 5075 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_footnotes = | elevation_min_footnotes = | population_total = 3,898,747 | population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts">{{cite web |title=QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/losangelescitycalifornia/POP010220|access-date=January 21, 2023 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref> | pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="QuickFacts" /> | population_est = 3,849,297 | pop_est_as_of = 2021 | population_rank = [[List of United States cities by population|2nd]] in the United States<br />[[List of largest cities in California by population|1st]] in California | population_density_sq_mi = 8304.22 | population_density_km2 = 3206.29 | population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="urban area">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html|title=List of 2020 Census Urban Areas|website=census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=January 8, 2023}}</ref> | population_urban = 12,237,376 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|2nd]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 2,886.6 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = 7,476.3 | population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="2020Pop">{{cite web |title=2020 Population and Housing State Data |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> | population_metro = 13,200,998 (US: [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|2nd]]) | population_demonym = Angeleno, Angelino, Angeleño<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/angelino-angeleno-and-angeleno|title=Angelino, Angeleno, and Angeleño|date=January 10, 2011|website=KCET}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Angeleno|title=Definition of ANGELENO|website=www.merriam-webster.com|date=May 16, 2023 }}</ref> | postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s | postal_code = {{collapsible list |framestyle = text-align:left;border:0;padding:0;line-height:16px; |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |hlist = true |90001–90084, 90086–90089, 90091, 90093–90097, 90099, 90101–90103, 90174, 90185, 90189, 90291–90293, 91040–91043, 91303–91308, 91311, 91316, 91324–91328, 91330, 91331, 91335, 91340, 91342–91349, 91352–91353, 91356–91357, 91364–91367, 91401–91499, 91504–91505, 91601–91609<ref>[https://media.metro.net/about_us/pla/images/lazipcodes.pdf Zip Codes Within the City of Los Angeles] – LAHD</ref> }} | area_code = [[Area codes 213 and 323|213, 323]], [[Area codes 310 and 424|310, 424]], [[Area codes 818 and 747|818, 747]] | area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area codes]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Federal Information Processing Standards|FIPS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = {{FIPS|06|44000}} | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature IDs | blank1_info_sec1 = {{GNIS 4|1662328}}, {{GNIS 4|2410877}} | website = [https://www.lacity.gov lacity.gov] | short_description = City in California | leader_title2 = [[Los Angeles City Controller|City Controller]] | leader_name2 = [[Kenneth Mejia]] (D) | timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]] | utc_offset = –08:00 | timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]] | utc_offset_DST = –07:00 }} '''Los Angeles''' ({{IPAc-en|US|l|ɔː|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s|audio=En-us-los-angeles.ogg}} {{respell|lawss|_|AN|jəl|əs}}; {{lang-es|Los Ángeles|link=no}} {{IPA-es|los ˈaŋxeles|}}, {{lit|The Angels}}), kanandi zina lake likulembeka kuti '''L.A.''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/geography/ge13b.php|title=Nicknames for Los Angeles, California|website=www.laalmanac.com}}</ref> ni msumba uwo uli na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene mu [[California]], [[U.S.A]]. Msumba uwu ndiwo uli pakatikati pa malonda, ndalama, na kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Southern California. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵanandi mu United States pamanyuma pa New York City, na ŵanthu pafupifupi 3.9 miliyoni mu mphepete mwa tawuni iyi mu 2020.<ref name="QuickFacts" /> Los Angeles wali na mphepo ya ku Meditereniyani, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndiposo msumba ukuru. Cikaŵa cikaya ca makampani gha mafilimu gha ku Hollywood.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2021" /> TChigawo chachikulu cha mzindawu chili mu chigawo cha kumwera kwa California pafupi ndi nyanja ya Pacific kumadzulo ndipo chimadutsa m'mapiri a Santa Monica ndi kumpoto ku San Fernando Valley, pomwe mzindawu uli m'malire a San Gabriel Valley kum'mawa kwake. Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1210 km2 ndipo chili ku chigaŵa cha Los Angeles, icho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene ku United States. Kuzakafika mu 2022, chigaŵa ichi chizamukhala ŵanthu pafupifupi 9.86 miliyoni.<ref name=LosAngelesCountyDecline2022>{{cite web |url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |title=Slowing State Population Decline puts Latest Population at 39,185,000 |website=dof.ca.gov |access-date=June 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612004340/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf |archive-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> Ni tawuni yacitatu iyo ŵanthu ŵakuluta kukaya ku United States, pamanyuma pa New York City na Miami, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 4.6 miliyoni ŵakaluta kukaya mu tawuni iyi mu 2019.<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/cities/america-s-10-most-visited-cities.html "America's 10 most visited cities"], World Atlas, September 23, 2021</ref> Cigaŵa ico sono ni Los Angeles, pakwamba cikakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva, ndipo pamanyuma pake Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo wakacicemera zina ili mu 1542. Msumba uwu ukapangika pa Seputembala 4, 1781, na kazembe wa Spain Felipe de Neve, pa muzi wa Yaanga. Cikaŵa cigaŵa ca Mexico mu 1821 pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya Kujiyimira. Mu 1848, paumaliro wa Nkhondo ya Mexico na America, boma la Los Angeles na chigaŵa chinyake cha California ŵakagura ku United States na phangano la Guadalupe Hidalgo. Pa Epulero 4, 1850, pamanyuma pa myezi yinkhondi, msumba wa Los Angeles ukapangika kuŵa boma. Mu ma 1890 mafuta ghakati ghasangika, msumba uwu ukakura mwaluŵiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|title=Subterranean L.A.: The Urban Oil Fields|date=July 16, 2013|website=The Getty Iris|access-date=December 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101060623/http://blogs.getty.edu/iris/subterranean-l-a-the-urban-oil-fields/|archive-date=January 1, 2016}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukakura comene cifukwa ca kuzengeka kwa mugelo wa maji wa Los Angeles Aqueduct mu 1913. Los Angeles wali na ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana ndipo ŵali na mafakitale ghakupambanapambana. Lili na dowoko la katundu likuru chomene ku vyaru vya ku America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LaRocco |first=Lori Ann |date=September 24, 2022 |title=New York is now the nation's busiest port in a historic tipping point for U.S.-bound trade |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/09/24/new-york-now-no-1-port-in-us-as-sea-change-in-trade-hits-west-coast.html |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of NYNJ Beats West Coast Rivals with Highest 2023 Volumes |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/port-of-nynj-beats-west-coast-rivals-with-highest-2023-volumes |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=The Maritime Executive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Port of New York and New Jersey Remains US' Top Container Port |url=https://www.marinelink.com/news/port-new-york-new-jersey-remains-us-top-501852 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |website=www.marinelink.com|date=December 28, 2022 }}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, msumba wa Los Angeles ukaŵa na ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, ndipo uwu ukaŵa msumba wachitatu pa charu chose pa ndalama zakukwana $1 trillion, pamanyuma pa New York na Tokyo. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1932 na 1984, ndipo ndiko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2028. Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California, cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu na gha mu Los Angeles ghaŵe ghambura maji.<ref name=LosAngelesRunningOutOfWater>{{cite news|url= https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-10-13/as-election-nears-future-l-a-water-supply-gains-focus|title=Los Angeles is running out of water, and time. Are leaders willing to act?|author=Hayley Smith|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=October 13, 2022|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Hayley |date=March 1, 2022 |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Zina== Kuyana na umo zina la msumba uwu likazunulikiranga ku malo agha, lizgu ili likusinthanga kufuma ku zina linyake kuya ku linyake. Nkhani ya mu 1953 mu nyuzipepara ya American Name Society yikayowoya kuti mazina gha malo agha ghakafuma ku mazina gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain..<ref name="stein">{{cite journal|last=Stein|first=David Allen|year=1953|title=Los Angeles: A Noble Fight Nobly Lost|url=https://archive.org/details/names_1953_1_1-4/page/35|journal=[[Names (journal)|Names]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=35–38|doi=10.1179/nam.1953.1.1.35}}</ref> In 1908, librarian [[Charles Fletcher Lummis]], who argued for the name's pronunciation with a hard ''g'' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ}}),<ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=February 24, 2011|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/the-crusader-in-corduroy-the-land-of-soundest-philosophy-and-the-g-that-shall-not-be-jellified|title=The Crusader in Corduroy, the Land of Soundest Philosophy, and the 'G' That Shall Not Be Jellified|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Masters|first=Nathan|date=May 6, 2016|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/how-to-pronounce-los-angeles-according-to-charles-lummis|title=How to Pronounce "Los Angeles," According to Charles Lummis|work=KCET|publisher=Public Media Group of Southern California|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> reported that there were at least 12 pronunciation variants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lummis|first=Charles Fletcher|date=June 29, 1908|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32760469/19080629losangeleslummis/|title=This Is the Way to Pronounce Los Angeles|work=Nebraska State Journal|page=4}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Times yikayowoya kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais (/loʊs ˈɑːŋheɪleɪs/), kung'anamura kuti lizgu ili likwenera kuzunulika kuti Loce AHNG-hayl-ais. Ici cikaŵa cakukondweska yayi.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kenyon|first1=John Samuel|author1-link=John Samuel Kenyon|last2=Knott|first2=Thomas Albert|year=1944|title=A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English|location=Springfield, Mass.|publisher=G. & C. Merriam|page=260|url=https://archive.org/details/pronouncingdicti00unse/page/260/mode/1up}}</ref> Kufuma mu ma 1930, /lɔːs ˈændʒələs/ ndiyo yikayowoyekanga comene. Mu 1934, wupu wa United States Board on Geographic Names ukadumura kuti mazgu agha ghalembeke nthena. Mu 1952, "jury" iyo yikimikika na Meya Fletcher Bowron yikakolerana nayo fundo iyi.<ref name="stein"/><ref name="harvey">{{cite news|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=June 26, 2011|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2011-jun-26-la-me-0626-then-20110626-story.html|title=Devil of a time with City of Angels' name|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> Kuyowoya mazgu mu United Kingdom kukusazgapo /lɒs ˈændʒɪliːz, -lɪz, -lɪs/ loss AN-jil-eez, -iz, -iss. Jack Windsor Lewis wakalongosora mazgu agho ghakuyowoyeka kanandi, {{IPAc-en|l|ɒ|s|_|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=En-uk-Los Angeles.ogg}}, mazgu agha ghakalembekanga mwakuyana na mazgu gha Chigiriki agho ghakumalira pa -es, "ghakalongoranga kuti ŵanthu ŵakamanyanga makora mabuku gha mu Baibolo agho ghakalembekanga kale, kweni Chisipanishi chikamanyanga yayi".<ref>{{cite book|last=Windsor Lewis|first=Jack|year=1990|chapter=''Happ''Y land reconnoitred: the unstressed word-final -{{zwj}}y vowel in General British pronunciation|editor-last=Ramsaran|editor-first=Susan|title=Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson|publisher=Routledge|pages=159–167|isbn=978-1-138-92111-5|chapter-url=http://www.yek.me.uk/happyland.html}} Pages 166–167.</ref> ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Los Angeles}} {{For timeline}} === Mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira === [[File:ElAliso treepre1875drawing.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yaanga]], muzi wakuzirwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tongva uwo ukaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandambe kukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku California awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa icho lero ni Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley, ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Tongva (uwo sono ukuchemekaso Gabrieleño kufuma mu nyengo ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain). Ku malo agha ndiko kukaŵa tawuni ya Yaanga (Tongva: Iyáangaʾ), iyo yikung'anamura "malo gha khuni la thondo", ndipo zuŵa linyake ndiko ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakazenga tawuni ya Pueblo de Los Ángeles. Iyáangaʾ likung'anamulikaso kuti "dambo la josi".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|title=Smoke is Normal&nbsp;– for 1800|last=Bowman|first=Chris|date=July 8, 2008|newspaper=[[The Sacramento Bee]]|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709015204/http://www.sacbee.com/101/story/1066675.html|archive-date=July 9, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Admin/PUB/Documents/IR-98-077.pdf|title=Environment: Evolution of a Concept|author=Gordon J. MacDonald|page=2|quote=The Native American name for Los Angeles was Yang na, which translates into "the valley of smoke."}}</ref><ref name="google86">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CET4QodMZysC&pg=PA86|title=Fifteen Hundred California Place Names|last=Bright|first=William|publisher=University of California Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-520-21271-8|page=86|lccn=97043147|quote=Founded on the site of a Gabrielino Indian village called Yang-na, or iyáangẚ, 'poison-oak place.'}}</ref><ref name="sfgate2002">{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/thedirt/article/Roots-of-native-names-2712675.php|title=Roots of native names|last=Sullivan|first=Ron|date=December 7, 2002|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=January 7, 2015|quote=Los Angeles itself was built over a Gabrielino village called Yangna or iyaanga', 'poison oak place.'}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Estrada |first=William David |title=The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-292-78209-9 |pages=15–50}}</ref> === Boma la Spain === Mu 1542 Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, uyo wakendanga pa nyanja, wakapika chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa California kuti chiŵe cha Ufumu wa Spain. Gaspar de Portolà na mishonale Juan Crespí ŵakafika pa malo agho sono ni Los Angeles pa Ogasiti 2, 1769.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|title=Portola Expedition 1769 Diaries|publisher=Pacifica Historical Society|access-date=January 7, 2015|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113232240/http://pacificahistory.wikispaces.com/Portola+Expedition+1769+Diaries|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Mission San Fernando Rey de España (Oriana Day) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Mu 1797, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakambiska Mission San Fernando Rey de España.]] Mu 1771, Franciscan Junípero Serra wakambiska mulimo wa kuzenga Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, iyo yikaŵa mishoni yakwamba mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Seputembala 4, 1781, gulu la ŵanthu ŵakukwana 44 awo ŵakamanyikwanga kuti "Los Pobladores" ŵakambiska tawuni iyo ŵakalicema kuti El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles, panji kuti "Sumba ya Mama withu, Fumukazi ya Ŵangelo".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laalmanac.com/history/hi03b.php|title=Settlement of Los Angeles|website=Los Angeles Almanac|language=en-US|access-date=September 2, 2018}}</ref> Zina la tawuni iyi likususkana; buku la Guinness Book of World Records likuti "El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula"; mabuku ghanyake ghakung'anamura zina ili mwakudumura. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli dayosisi yikuru comene ya Katolika ku United States. Vigaŵa viŵiri pa viŵiri vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico panji ŵa ku (New Spain) ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa mestizo panji mulatto, awo ŵakaŵa ŵa mu Africa, ŵa fuko limoza na ŵa ku Europe. Kwa vyaka vinandi, ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu muzi uwu, kweni mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakasazgikira kufika pa 650. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵakukumbukira malo agha mu chigaŵa cha Pueblo Plaza na Olvera Street, ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Estrada2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzlO8C5-Q88C|title=Los Angeles's Olvera Street|last=Estrada|first=William D.|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7385-3105-2|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> === Boma la Mexico === [[File:Portrait of Pio Pico (Californian State Library) (detail).jpg|thumb|left|Pío Pico, uyo wakaŵa kazembe waumaliro wa ku Mexico, wakawovwira comene kuti msumba wa Los Angeles ukhazikike.]] Mu 1821, caru ca New Spain cikapoka wanangwa ku Spain, ndipo sono ŵanthu ŵa ku pueblo ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Mexico. Mu nyengo ya Mexican, Kazembe Pío Pico wakazgora msumba wa Los Angeles kuŵa msumba ukuru wa Alta California. Pa nyengo iyi, boma liphya likambiska vinthu vinandi vyakukondweska ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--Secularization and the Ranchos, 1826-1846 |url=http://mchsmuseum.com/secularization.html |access-date=October 26, 2017 |website=mchsmuseum.com}}</ref> Mu 1846, pa nkhondo iyo yikacitikira caru ca Mexico na America, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la United States ŵakanjira mu muzi uwu. Ivi vikapangiska kuti boma la Mexico lizingire msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Mexico ŵakukwana 150 ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Mexico. Muwuso wa Mexico ukamara pamasinda pa Nkhondo ya ku America na Mexico, iyo yikacitikira ku California. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America ndiwo ŵakamba kuwusa caru ca California, pamanyuma pa nkhondo zinandi izo zikamara na kukolerana pa cipangano ca Cahuenga pa Janyuwale 13, 1847. Boma la Mexico likapika mazaza mu 1848, ndipo likapangana na boma la Guadalupe Hidalgo kuti likapeleke msumba wa Los Angeles na chigaŵa chose cha Alta California ku United States.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyFPAAAAYAAJ|title=Historical and biographical record of southern California: containing a history of southern California from its earliest settlement to the opening year of the twentieth century|last=Guinn|first=James Miller|publisher=Chapman pub. co.|year=1902|page=50|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=K. Jack |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25746154 |title=The Mexican War, 1846-1848 |date=1993 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |edition=Bison books |location=Lincoln |pages=184|oclc=25746154 }}</ref> ===Post-Conquest era=== {{See also|Victorian Downtown Los Angeles|Los Angeles in the 1920s}} [[File:Treaty of Cahuenga.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Phangano la Cahuenga, ilo likapangika mu 1847 na munthu wa ku California Andrés Pico na John C. Frémont, wakamalizga U.S. Ŵakapoka California.]] Mu 1876 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku New Orleans kuluta ku Los Angeles, ndipo mu 1885 ŵakazenga njanji yakufuma ku Santa Fe. Mu 1892, mafuta ghakasangika mu msumba uwu na mu vigaŵa vyapafupi, ndipo mu 1923, vinthu ivi vikawovwira kuti California yiŵe charu icho chikupanga mafuta ghanandi chomene mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 1900, mu msumba uwu mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 102,000, ndipo maji ghakaŵa ghakusoŵa. Mu 1913, apo ŵakamalizga kuzenga mugelo wa maji ku Los Angeles, William Mulholland ndiyo wakawovwira kuti msumba uwu ulutilire kukura. Chifukwa cha malango agho ghakakanizganga msumba wa Los Angeles kuguliska panji kupeleka maji ku ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake, misumba yinandi iyo yikazingilizga msumba uwu yikamba kukolerana na Los Angeles.<ref name="LAgrowth">{{citation|last=Basiago|first=Andrew D.|publisher=The Regents of the University of California|title=Water For Los Angeles&nbsp;– Sam Nelson Interview|url=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=ft0v19n64m&doc.view=entire_text|date=February 7, 1988|at=11|access-date=October 7, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|publisher=City of Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering|title=Annexation and Detachment Map|url=http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|access-date=March 1, 2017|archive-date=March 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301193923/http://navigatela.lacity.org/common/mapgallery/pdf/annex34x44.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="FinalReport">{{cite web|url=http://www.lamag.com/citythink/citythinkblog/2013/09/25/citydig-las-20th-century-land-grab|title=CityDig: L.A.'s 20th Century Land Grab|author1-link=Glen Creason|last=Creason|first=Glen|date=September 26, 2013|publisher=Los Angeles Magazine|access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref>[[File:Paramount Pictures studio gate, c. 1940 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|In the early 20th century, [[Major film studios|Hollywood studios]], like [[Paramount Pictures]], helped transform [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]] into the world capital of film and helped solidify LA as a global economic hub.]] Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa na dango lakwamba la kugaŵa malo mu United States. Pa Seputembala 14, 1908, wupu wakulongozga msumba wa Los Angeles ukapharazga kuti malo ghakusungirako ŵanthu na mafakitale ghaŵe ghakupambanapambana. Dango liphya ili likakanizga kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalengemo mu malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa na malo ghamoza agho ghakaŵa ghakupambana na ghanyake. Mu vyaru ivyo ŵakakanizga mulimo uwu, mukaŵa nyumba zakusungiramo viŵeto, malo ghakusungiramo nkhuni, na malo gha mafakitale agho ghakaŵa na makina. Malango agha ghakapelekeka pamanyuma pakuti vinthu vya mu maindasitiri vyamara. Ivi vikasazgikirapo pa vinthu vinyake ivyo kale vikaŵanga vyakukwiyiska. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakuphulika, malo ghakupangira gasi, malo ghakupangira mafuta, malo ghakukomerako nyama, na malo ghakusungiramo viŵiya. Kweniso boma la Los Angeles likapeleka malo 7 ghakusungirako vinthu mu tawuni iyi. Ndipouli, pakati pa 1908 na 1915, wupu wa boma ku Los Angeles ukazomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito malo agha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kugwiliskira nchito malo agha pa vinthu vinyake. Pali mphambano ziŵiri pakati pa dango la Residence District Ordinance la mu 1908 na malango ghanyake gha ku United States. Cakwamba, malango gha mu 1908 ghakapanga mapu ghakukwana yayi nga umo vikaŵira na dango la mu 1916 la New York City. Chachiŵiri, malo ghakukhalamo ghakapambaniskanga yayi mitundu ya nyumba; ghakapambaniskanga yayi nyumba, mahotelo, na nyumba za mbumba yimoza. Mu 1910, Hollywood yikasazgikana na msumba wa Los Angeles, ndipo pa nyengo iyi mu msumba uwu mukaŵa kale makampani 10 gha mafilimu. Mu 1921, makampani gha mafilimu ghakujumpha 80 pa 100 gha mu caru cose ghakaŵa ku L.A. Ndalama izo ŵakasanganga cifukwa ca mulimo uwu, zikawovwira kuti msumba uwu uleke kukumana na suzgo la ndalama ilo likakhwaska caru cose pa nyengo ya suzgo yikuru ya caru cose. Kuzakafika mu 1930, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu cikajumpha pa 1 miliyoni. Mu 1932, mu msumba uwu ndimo mukachitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab16.txt|title=Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places: 1930|date=June 15, 1998|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="YoungYoung2007">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYYMqXUyjnUC&pg=PA21|title=The Great Depression in America: a cultural encyclopedia|last1=Young|first1=William H.|last2=Young|first2=Nancy K.|date=March 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33521-1|page=21|access-date=September 30, 2011}}</ref> ===Post-WWII=== [[File:WSA Photo 4235.jpg|thumb|right|Mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kampani ya California Shipbuilding Corporation pa Terminal Island yikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakazenga sitima izo zikazengera malo ghakusungirako sitima mu msumba wa Los Angeles.]] Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, Los Angeles likaŵa likuru la kupanga vyombo na ndege. Calship yikapanga maboti ghanandi gha Liberty na Victory Ships pa Terminal Island, ndipo malo gha Los Angeles ghakaŵa likuru gha vyombo vikuruvikuru vinkhondi na viŵiri vya charu (Douglas Aircraft Company, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, North American Aviation, Northrop Corporation, na Vultee). Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yikati yamara, msumba wa Los Angeles ukakura mwaluŵiro chomene kuluska kale, ndipo ukamba kusanjika mu chigaŵa cha San Fernando Valley. Chifukwa cha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose, kukura kwa matawuni gha mphaka, na unandi wa ŵanthu, malo ghakusanguluska ghanandi ghakazengeka na kugwiriridwa mu malo agha. Chifukwa cha mphambano ya mitundu, mu 1965 ku Watts kukachitika chisokonezo ndipo ŵanthu 34 ŵakafwa na kupwetekeka.<ref name="Hinton2">{{cite book |last1=Hinton |first1=Elizabeth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATS6CwAAQBAJ&q=Turn+left+or+get+shot&pg=PA69 |title=From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America |date=2016 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674737235 |pages=68–72}}</ref>[[File:Olympic Torch Tower of the Los Angeles Coliseum.jpg|thumb|left|Chiphikiro chakujulira maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 1984 pa LA Coliseum]] Mu 1969, California ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghakwamba apo pa Intaneti pakaŵavya vinthu vyakupambanapambana, ndipo uthenga wakwamba uwo ukafuma ku Yunivesite ya California ku Los Angeles (UCLA) ukaluta ku Stanford Research Institute ku Menlo Park. Mu 1973, Tom Bradley wakasankhika kuŵa meya wakwamba wa msumba uwu, ndipo wakagwira nchito nyengo zinkhondi mpaka apo wakafumira mu 1993. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikacitika mu msumba uwu mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 vikusazgapo nkhondo ya Symbionese Liberation Army ku South Central mu 1974 na milandu ya Hillside Stranglers mu 1977-1978. Kukwambilira kwa 1984, msumba uwu ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene kuluska wa Chicago, ndipo ukaŵa msumba waciŵiri pa misumba yikuru ku United States. Mu 1984, mu msumba uwu mukacitikaso maseŵero gha pa Olimpiki. Nangauli vyaru 14 vya Cikomyunizimu vikakana kuti vileke kuŵapo pa maseŵero gha Olimpiki, kweni maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 1984 ghakaŵa ghakovwira comene kuluska maseŵero ghanyake ghose agho ghakaŵako, ndipo ghakaŵa ghaciŵiri kuti ghaŵe na phindu.<ref name="Zarnowski">{{cite journal|author-link1=Frank Zarnowski|last=Zarnowski|first=C. Frank|date=Summer 1992|title=A Look at Olympic Costs|url=http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Citius, Altius, Fortius|volume=1|issue=1|pages=16–32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf|archive-date=May 28, 2008|access-date=October 1, 2011}}</ref>[[File:48 California Willshire Grand (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Wilshire Grand Center]], nyumba iyi yikazengeka mu 2017, ndipo ni nyumba yitali chomene ku California na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa United States.]] Pa 29 Epulero, 1992, pakawuka viwawa pakati pa mafuko, ndipo khoti la ku Simi Valley likagamura kuti ŵapolisi ŵanayi ŵa Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) ŵaleke mulandu. Mu 1994, cindindindindi cikuru ico cikacitika ku Northridge cikasunkhunya msumba uwu, ndipo cikabwangandura vinthu vyakukwana $12.5 biliyoni na kukoma ŵanthu 72. Caka ici cikamara na mulandu wa Rampart, uwo ukaŵa umoza mwa milandu yikuru comene ya kupuluska mu mdauko wa America.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html|title=Rampart Scandal Timeline|access-date=October 1, 2011|publisher=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|PBS Frontline]]}}</ref> === M'ma 2000 === Mu 2002, Meya James Hahn wakalongozga kampeni yakuwukira boma, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu San Fernando Valley na Hollywood ŵaleke kuwukira boma. Mu 2022, Karen Bass wakazgoka mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa meya wa msumba uwu, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe msumba ukuru chomene mu United States kuti mwanakazi waŵe meya. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndimo muzamuchitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha mu 2028.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|title=Los Angeles will host 2028 Olympics|last=Horowitz|first=Julia|date=August 1, 2017|website=[[CNNMoney]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731190432/http://money.cnn.com/2017/07/31/news/los-angeles-olympics-2028/index.html|archive-date=July 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|title=Cities Which Have Hosted Multiple Summer Olympic Games|website=worldatlas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215161622/http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-which-have-hosted-multiple-summer-olympic-games.html|archive-date=December 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Makhalilo gha malo == {{See also|Los Angeles Basin|San Fernando Valley}} === Malo ghakukhala === [[File:Los Angeles by Sentinel-2, 2019-03-30.jpg|thumb|Kuwona malo gha ku Los Angeles kufuma pa satellite]] Msumba wa Los Angeles uli na malo ghakukwana 1,302 km2 ndipo uli na malo ghakukwana 1,214 km2 na maji ghakukwana 88 km2.<ref name="gazetteer">{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 71 kufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera ndipo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 29 kufuma kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Msumba uwu uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 550. Los Angeles ni tawuni ya mapiri ndiposo ya mapiri. Malo ghapachanya chomene mu msumba uwu ni Phiri la Lukens ilo lili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,547, ilo lili kumpoto chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa San Fernando Valley. Chigaŵa chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa mapiri gha Santa Monica chikupakana ku Nyanja ya Pacific ndipo chikupatura Los Angeles Basin na San Fernando Valley. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Los Angeles vili na mapiri. Ku mpoto kwa tawuni ya Washington, ku vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi nga ni Boyle Heights, chigaŵa cha Crenshaw kuzingilizga Baldwin Hills, na chigaŵa cha San Pedro. Kuzingilizga tawuni iyi kuli mapiri ghatali. Kumpoto kwake kuli mapiri gha San Gabriel, agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Angelenos ŵakutemwa kuluta kukasopa. Malo ghapachanya chomene ni Phiri la San Antonio, ilo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulimanya kuti Phiri la Baldy. Kutali na malo agha, kuli Phiri la San Gorgonio, ilo lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 130 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles. Mlonga wa Los Angeles, uwo nyengo zinandi ukwenda nyengo yiliyose, ndiwo ukwenda mu maji. Wupu wa Army Corps of Engineers ukanozga na kujara makilomita 82 kuti maji ghaleke kwiza. Mtsinjewu umayamba mu chigawo cha Canoga Park mumzindawu, umadutsa chakum'mawa kuchokera ku San Fernando Valley kumpoto kwa mapiri a Santa Monica, ndipo umatembenukira kumwera kudzera pakatikati pa mzindawu, ukuyenda kumlomo wake ku Port of Long Beach ku Pacific Ocean. Mlonga ucoko wa Ballona ukuthira mu Santa Monica Bay ku Playa del Rey.<ref name="Gumprecht2001">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftBJpp7aIoC|title=The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth|last=Gumprecht|first=Blake|date=March 2001|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-6642-5|page=173|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@34.1149676,-116.8483927,10.69z|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> === Vyakumela === {{see also|California coastal sage and chaparral}} [[File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey.jpg|thumb|left|[[Del Rey Lagoon Park|Del Rey Lagoon]] ku [[Playa del Rey]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli vyakumera vinandi, cifukwa ca malo ghakupambanapambana, nga ni mumphepete mwa nyanja, mu vipalamba, na mu mapiri. Vimera ivi vikusangika chomene mu vigaŵa vya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chaparral, na mu nkhorongo. Vyakumera vya ku malo agha ni: California poppy, matilija poppy, toyon, Ceanothus, Chamise, Coast Live Oak, sycamore, willow na Giant Wildrye. Vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi, nga ni sunflowers ya ku Los Angeles, vikusangika viŵi yayi mwakuti vili pafupi kumara. Nangauli mu msumba uwu mulije khuni ili, kweni khuni la Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra) ndilo ni khuni la boma la Los Angeles, ndipo maluŵa gha boma la Los Angeles ni Paradise Bird (Strelitzia reginae).<ref name="Communications2003">{{cite book|title=Los Angeles Magazine|date=April 2003|publisher=Emmis Communications|page=62|chapter=Flower|journal=Los Angeles|issn=1522-9149|access-date=October 6, 2011|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA62}}</ref> [[Washingtonia robusta|Mexican Fan Palms]], [[Phoenix canariensis|Canary Island Palms]], [[Syagrus romanzoffiana|Queen Palms]], [[Date Palm]]s, na [[Washingtonia filifera|California Fan Palms]] ni vinyake mwa vyakumera ivi ni vya ku Los Angeles, nangauli ni vya ku California pera, kweni vikusangika mu msumba wa Los Angeles yayi. === Nthaka === [[File:Mt. Lukens overlooking La Crescenta-Montrose.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mount Lukens]], mu mapiri gha San Gabriel, muli malo ghatali chomene ku Los Angeles]] Pakuti msumba wa Los Angeles uli pa malo ghakucemeka Pacific Ring of Fire, nyengo zinyake kukuchitika vindindindi. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru, ivyo vikupangiska kuti paŵe vindindindi vikuruvikuru pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka mu Southern California, nangauli vinandi mwa vindindindi ivi ni vichoko mwakuti vingapulikikwa yayi.<ref name="quakes">{{cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/facts.php|title=Earthquake Facts|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|access-date=October 3, 2011}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha San Andreas Fault, icho chili pa mphaka pakati pa Pacific Plate na North American Plate, chikuduka mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles. Cigaŵa ca malo agha ico cikujumpha mu Southern California, cikutimbanizgika na cindindindi cikuru pa virimika 110 panji 140, ndipo ŵakumanya vya cindindindindi ŵakucenjezga kuti cindindindi cikuru cinyake cingacitikaso, cifukwa cindindindi cikuru cakumalizga ico cikacitika cikaŵa ico cikacitika ku Fort Tejon mu 1857. Malo gha ku Los Angeles na malo ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi, ghakunangika na vindindindi vyamabuchi. Vindindindi vikuruvikuru ivyo vyacitika mu Los Angeles ni vya ku Long Beach mu 1933, ku San Fernando mu 1971, ku Whittier Narrows mu 1987, na ku Northridge mu 1994. Kweni vinyake ni vyambura nkhongono ndipo munthu wakuvipulikiska yayi. Wupu wa USGS ukafumiska lipoti la UCERF la ku California ilo likulongosora umo chindindindi chingachitikira ku California. Vigaŵa vinyake vya tawuni iyi vikusuzgikaso na tsunami. Malo agho ghali pa dowoko ghakaŵaso na ngozi chifukwa cha chindindindi icho chikachitika ku Aleutian Islands mu 1946, ku Valdivia mu 1960, ku Alaska mu 1964, ku Chile mu 2010, na ku Japan mu 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-earthquake/|title=World's Largest Recorded Earthquake|publisher=Geology.com|access-date=January 12, 2015}}</ref> === Msumba === {{Main|List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles}} {{wide image|LA Downtown View (cropped).jpg|800px|{{center|The skyline of [[Downtown Los Angeles]]}}}} Msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa vinandi, ndipo vinyake mwa vigaŵa ivi vikaŵa mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Vigaŵa ivi vikapangika pacoko na pacoko, ndipo vili na malo ghakukwana mwakuti msumba uli na vikhwangwani ivyo vikulongora vigaŵa vyose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907050707/http://ladot.lacity.org/WhatWeDo/Operations/NeighborhoodServices/Neighborhoodsigns/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=LADOT|archive-date=September 7, 2015}}</ref> ==== Overview ==== [[File:The Griffith Observatory at night, Mt. Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Downtown Los Angeles]] skyline from [[Griffith Park]]]] Misewu ya mu tawuni iyi yikwenda mu nthowa zakuyana waka, ndipo misewu yinyake yikujumpha mu misewu iyi. Kweni ivi vikusuzga cifukwa ca malo ghambura kwendeska magalimoto, ndipo ivi vyapangiska kuti paŵe mageti ghakupambanapambana mu madambo ghose agho ghakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Misewu yikuru-yikuru yikupangika kuti yikwendeska magalimoto ghanandi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu msumba uwu, ndipo yinandi mwa misewu iyi njitali comene; Sepulveda Boulevard njitali makilomita 69, ndipo Foothill Boulevard njitali makilomita 97, ndipo yikufika ku San Bernardino. Ŵadokotala ŵa galimoto ku Los Angeles ŵakuŵa na suzgo lakuti pa caru cose paŵa nyengo zinonono comene, kuyana na umo ŵakwendeskera magalimoto ŵakucitira, TomTom. Ŵadokotala ŵa magalimoto mu LA ŵakumalira maora 92 pa msewu pa chaka. Pa nyengo ya maora gha pachanya chomene, pali magalimoto ghakukwana 80 peresenti, kuyana na ivyo vyalembeka pa index iyi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/04/01/worst-cities-traffic-usa-los-angeles/70762026/|title=Los Angeles tops worst cities for traffic in USA|website=USA TODAY|access-date=December 31, 2015}}</ref> Kanandi mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukuŵa nyumba zambura kujumpha msinkhu, mwakupambana na mu msumba wa New York. Ku Los Angeles kuli nyumba zikuruzikuru yayi, kweni pali malo ghachoko waka nga ni Downtown, Warner Center, Century City, Koreatown, Miracle Mile, Hollywood, na Westwood. Nyumba zichoko waka izo zili kuzengeka kuwaro kwa malo agha, zikuwoneka makora comene. Mulimo wa kuzenga ukucitika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana, m'malo mwa kuzenga nyumba yimoza. Kweni mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakujumpha 30 zakudikanya, ndipo 14 zili na nyumba zakujumpha 50 zakudikanya, ndipo ziŵiri zili na nyumba zakujumpha 70 zakudikanya, ndipo nyumba yitali chomene ni Wilshire Grand Center. Kweniso mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli nyumba zinandi zakukhalamo m'malo mwa nyumba za mbumba yimoza. <gallery mode="packed" heights="100" caption="Malo ghanyake gha [[List of districts and neighborhoods in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]"> File:Crossing 1st St. (15569188450) (cropped2).jpg|[[Boyle Heights, Los Angeles|Boyle Heights]] File:Little Armenia Los Angeles view edit1.jpg|[[East Hollywood, Los Angeles|East Hollywood]] File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California, centering on the 13-story Eastern Columbia Building in the Broadway Theater District LCCN2013631691 (cropped).tif|[[Historic Core, Los Angeles|Historic Core]] File:Pacific Palisades Photo Don Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg|[[Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles|Pacific Palisades]] File:20140810-0429 Nisei Week Festival (cropped).JPG|[[Little Tokyo, Los Angeles|Little Tokyo]] File:Silverlake, Los Angeles (cropped).jpg|[[Silver Lake, Los Angeles|Silver Lake]] File:San-Pedro1.jpg|[[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]] File:View of Griffith Park from Sunset Boulevard (cropped2).jpg|[[Los Feliz, Los Angeles|Los Feliz]] File:Sunny business district roads (Unsplash) (cropped).jpg|[[Financial District, Los Angeles|Financial District]] File:Aerial view of beaches (Venice) July 2022 (3).jpg|[[Venice, Los Angeles|Venice]] File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey (cropped).jpg|[[Playa del Rey, Los Angeles|Playa del Rey]] File:Wilshire Boulevard winds through Westwood-3730987095 (cropped).jpg|[[Westwood, Los Angeles|Westwood]] </gallery> === Nyengo === {{Main|Climate of Los Angeles}} {{climate chart | Los Angeles (Downtown) |48.9|68.0|3.29 |50.0|68.0|3.64 |52.4|69.9|2.23 |54.8|72.4|0.69 |58.1|73.7|0.32 |61.4|77.2|0.09 |64.7|82.0|0.02 |65.4|84.0|0.00 |64.2|83.0|0.13 |59.9|78.6|0.58 |53.1|72.9|0.78 |48.2|67.4|2.48 |float = right |clear = right |units = imperial |source = NOAA<ref name="Los Angeles Downtown Weatherbox NOAA txt"/>}} Los Angeles ili na nyengo ziŵiri za nyengo ya chihanya na nyengo ya chiwuvi (Köppen Csb pa mphepete mwa nyanja na vigaŵa vinandi vya pakati pa msumba, Csa pafupi na metropolitan region kumanjiliro gha dazi), kweni yikupokera maji ghavula pachaka pachoko kuluska malo ghanyake gha mu nyanja ya Mediterranean, ntheura yili pafupi na mphaka ya nyengo ya chiwuvi (BSh), nangauli yikusulako waka. Nyengo ya muhanya yikuŵa yiwemi mu cilimika cose. Mu nyengo ya chiwuvi, malo agha ghakukwana pafupifupi 68 °F (20 °C) ndipo ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe nga ŵali mu malo ghakuzizima, nangauli nyengo iyi yikuzizima chomene chifukwa chakuti usiku kukuzizima chomene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boomcalifornia.com/2017/05/22/the-myth-of-a-desert-metropolis-los-angeles-was-not-built-in-a-desert-but-are-we-making-it-one/|title=The Myth of a Desert Metropolis: Los Angeles was not built in a desert, but are we making it one?|date=May 22, 2017|website=Boom California|language=en|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-north-america.php|title=Interactive North America Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map|website=www.plantmaps.com|access-date=March 8, 2019}}</ref> Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, zuŵa likuŵala comene mu cilimika cose, ndipo cilimika cilicose kuli mazuŵa 35 pera agho kuli vula. Mu nyanja iyi, mu mwezi wa Epulero, Meyi, Juni na Novembala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na 32°C. Mu mwezi wa Julayi, Ogasiti, Okutobala, nyengo ya kotcha yikupambana na mazuŵa ghankhondi. Ku San Fernando Valley na San Gabriel Valley kukuzizima comene. Mu vigaŵa vya ku mpoto, nyengo yikupambana chomene. Kutentha kwapakati pa nyanja ndi 63 °F (17 °C), kuchokera 58 °F (14 °C) mu Januwale mpaka 68 °F (20 °C) mu Ogasiti. Maora gha zuŵa ghakujumpha 3,000 pa cilimika, kufuma pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Disembala kufika pa ora limoza pa zuŵa mu Julayi. Malo gha ku Los Angeles ghakusangikaso na vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika mu malo ghachoko, ivyo vikupangiska kuti malo ghachoko ghaŵe pafupi na malo ghanyake. Mwaciyelezgero, nyengo yakuzizima comene mu mwezi wa Julayi ku Santa Monica Pier ni 21 °C, apo ku Canoga Park, uko kuli pa mtunda wa makilomita 24, kuli 35 °C. Mzinda uwu, nga ni malo ghanandi gha kumwera kwa California, ukuŵa na nyengo yakuzizima iyo yikuchemeka kuti "June Gloom". Para kwaca mulenji kukuŵa mabingu panji jumi, ndipo para kwaca namise kukuŵa zuŵa.<ref name="Poole2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPWv2OkeXUC&pg=PA22|title=Frommer's Los Angeles 2011|last=Poole|first=Matthew R.|date=September 22, 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-62619-1|page=22|access-date=October 5, 2011}}</ref>[[File:Lake Hollywood Reservoir by clinton steeds.jpg|thumb|left|[[Hollywood Reservoir|Lake Hollywood]] ku [[Santa Monica Mountains]]]] Sonosono apa, cikhutu ico cikacitika mu California cikapangiska kuti maji gha mu msumba uwu ghaleke kwenda makora.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-03-01/california-drought-will-continue-after-dry-winter |title=California drought continues after state has its driest January and February on record |website=www.latimes.com |date= March 2022|access-date=March 9, 2022}}</ref> Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles mukuŵa vula yikuru pa chaka, ndipo kanandi yikuwa pakati pa Novembala na Malichi. Nyengo zinyake vula iyi yikuŵa yichoko waka, kweni nyengo zinyake yikuŵa yikuru chomene. Kanandi vula yikulokwa comene mu mapiri na mumphepete mwa nyanja cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mapiri. Nyengo ya cihanya yikuŵavya vula. Nyengo zinyake, para mphepo ya kumwera panji ya kumafumiro gha dazi yikwiza, nyengo ya chihanya yikuŵa na chivula cha mphepo, chomenechomene mu mapiri. Ku mphepete mwa nyanja kulije vula yinandi, kweni ku mapiri kuli vula yinandi. Vikuwoneka kuti ni viŵi yayi kuti vula yinonenge. Kanandi vinthu vikusintha kufuma pa chaka chimoza kuya pa chinyake, ndipo nyengo yichoko waka ya vula yikulokwa yayi. Kanandi mu nyanja ya Pacific para kuli vula, kukaŵanga nyengo ya El Niño, ndipo para kuli chilangalanga, kukaŵanga nyengo ya La Niña. Para vula yalokwa kanandi waka mu mazuŵa ghacoko waka yingapangiska kuti maji ghatutuke mu mapiri, comenecomene para moto wamara mu mapiri.<ref name="NCDC-CANOGA">{{cite web |year=2004 |title=Climatography of the United States No. 20 (1971–2000) |url=http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902181245/http://cdo.ncdc.noaa.gov/climatenormals/clim20/ca/041484.pdf |archive-date=September 2, 2013 |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref> [[File:Venice Beach, Los Angeles, CA 07.JPG|thumb|right|Venice Beach ku South Coast ya California]] Kuzizima na chiwuvi ni viŵi yayi mu msumba na mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo kaumaliro ku chiwuvi kukaŵanga pa 29 January 1979. Kuzizima kukuchitika pafupifupi chaka chilichose mu madambo, apo mapiri gha mu msumba ghakuŵa na chiwuvi nyengo ya chiwuvi. Pa Janyuwale 15, 1932, mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa chiwuvi chikuru chomene. Mu Febuluwale 2019 kukawa chiwuvi chakwamba kufuma mu 1962, ndipo mu Janyuwale 2021 kukawa chiwuvi mu malo ghakufupi na Los Angeles. Ku malo ghakukwelera ku tawuni iyi, nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Seputembala 27, 2010, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima chomene yikaŵapo pa Janyuwale 4, 1949. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, nyengo yakuzizima chomene iyo yili kulembekapo ni 49 °C, pa Seputembala 6, 2020, ku weather station pa Pierce College mu San Fernando Valley pafupi na Woodland Hills. Mu nyengo ya cihanya na nyengo ya ciwuvi, mphepo ya Santa Ana nyengo zinyake yikucitiska kuti ku Los Angeles kuŵe kwakotcha comene ndiposo kukawomira, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti paŵe ngozi yikuru ya moto. <ref>{{cite web |author1=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Los Angeles/Oxnard |url=https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |website=National Weather Service Forecast Office |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918014102/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/index.php?wfo=lox |archive-date=September 18, 2020}}</ref>{{Los Angeles weatherbox}} === Nkhani za malo === {{Further|Pollution in California#Los Angeles air pollution}} {{external media|width=210px|align=right|headerimage=|audio1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fighting-smog-in-los-angeles "Fighting Smog in Los Angeles"], ''Distillations'' Podcast, 2018 [[Science History Institute]]}} Pakuti mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweniso muli maboti ghanandi, mu msumba uwu mukuŵa mphepo ziheni chomene. Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles na San Fernando Valley, mphepo ya mu mphepo yikupambana comene na mphepo ya mu mphepo zinyake. Vipimo vya mphepo iyo yikufuma ku magalimoto mu msumba vingasazgikira kufika pa 55 peresenti.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdwDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|title=What can we do about smog?|last=Stimson|first=Thomas E.|date=July 1955|journal=[[Popular Mechanics]]|page=65|issn=0032-4558|access-date=October 6, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Pollution (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Chithukivu mu msumba wa Los Angeles mu Disembala 2005]] Nyengo ya chivula ichi yikwamba mu Meyi na kumalira mu Okutobala. Apo misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikuthemba vula kuti yifumiske josi, mu msumba wa Los Angeles vula yikuŵavya malita 380. Nkhani ya umo mphepo yiliri ku Los Angeles na mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru yikawovwira kuti paŵe malango ghakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri pa caru cose, kusazgapo dango la Clean Air Act. Apo dango ili likapelekekanga, boma la California likatondeka kupanga pulani iyo yingawovwira kuti lipulikirenge malango ghaphya ghakukhwaskana na mphepo yiwemi. Sonosono apa, boma la California ndilo likamba kulimbikira kuti lileke kunanga mphepo. Vikuwoneka kuti mu vilimika vyakulondezgapo, chivula ichi chizamulutilira kuchepa chifukwa cha vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵanthu ŵacita kuti ŵachepeske chivula ichi. Vinthu ivi ni magalimoto agho ghakwenda na magesi na magalimoto ghanyake agho ghakwenda na magesi, magalimoto agho ghakwenda na ŵanthu ŵanandi, na vinyake. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga na mphepo ya smog mu msumba wa Los Angeles, chachepa kufuma pa ŵanthu 100 pa chaka mu ma 1970, kufika pa zero mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Nangauli vinthu vikwenda makora, kweni lipoti la pa caka la American Lung Association la 2006 na 2007 likati msumba uwu ndiwo ukaŵa wakunangika comene mu caru cose. Mu 2008, msumba uwu ukaŵa wachiŵiri pa malo agho kukaŵanga mphepo ziheni chomene ndipo ukaŵaso na mphepo ziheni chomene chaka chose. Mu 2010, tawuni iyi yikafiska ivyo yikakhumbanga vyakuti mu msumba uwu, 20 peresenti ya magesi gha mu msumba uwu ghafumenge ku malo agho ghangawelerapo. Kafukufuku wa American Lung Association wa mu 2013 wakulongora kuti mu chigaŵa ichi ndimo muli chivula cha mphepo icho chikunanga chomene mu charu, ndipo ni chigaŵa chachinayi pa vigaŵa vyose ivyo vikufipiskika nyengo yichoko waka na chaka chose. Kweniso ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli munda ukuru comene wa mafuta. Mu msumba uwu muli visimi vya mafuta vyakujumpha 700 ivyo vili pa mtunda wa mamita 460 kufuma ku nyumba, matchalitchi, masukulu, na vipatala. Mu tawuni iyi muli viyuni vinandi ivyo vikukhala na viyuni vyamuthengere. Ŵanandi ŵali na suzgo ili. Nangauli Serieys na ŵanyake mu 2014 ŵakasanga kuti maselo agho ghakovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe ghangaŵa mu malo ghakupambanapambana, kweni ŵakutondeka kulongora kuti maselo agha ghangawovwira kuti maselo ghasinthe mwakuti ghapone para maselo ghasintha.<ref name="Serieys-et-al-2014-bundle">{{Unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite journal | last1=Lambert | first1=Max R. | last2=Brans | first2=Kristien I. | last3=Des Roches | first3=Simone | last4=Donihue | first4=Colin M. | last5=Diamond | first5=Sarah E. | title=Adaptive Evolution in Cities: Progress and Misconceptions | journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]] | publisher=[[Cell Press]] | volume=36 | issue=3 | year=2021 | issn=0169-5347 | doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.11.002 | pages=239–257| pmid=33342595 | s2cid=229342193 }}|{{cite journal | last1=Serieys | first1=Laurel E. K. | last2=Lea | first2=Amanda | last3=Pollinger | first3=John P. | last4=Riley | first4=Seth P. D. | last5=Wayne | first5=Robert K. | title=Disease and freeways drive genetic change in urban bobcat populations | journal=Evolutionary Applications | publisher=[[Blackwell publishing|Blackwell]] | volume=8 | issue=1 | date=December 2, 2014 | issn=1752-4571 | doi=10.1111/eva.12226 | pages=75–92 | pmid=25667604 | pmc=4310583 | s2cid=27501058}}}}</ref> == Chiwerengero cha anthu == {{Main|Demographics of Los Angeles}} {{See also|History of Armenian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Central Americans in Los Angeles|History of Chinese Americans in Los Angeles|History of Iranian Americans in Los Angeles|History of the Japanese in Los Angeles|History of the Jews in Los Angeles|History of Palestinians in Los Angeles|Ukrainian Americans in Los Angeles|History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles}} {{US Census population |1850= 1610 |1860= 4385 |1870= 5728 |1880= 11183 |1890= 50395 |1900= 102479 |1910= 319198 |1920= 576673 |1930= 1238048 |1940= 1504277 |1950= 1970358 |1960= 2479015 |1970= 2811801 |1980= 2968528 |1990= 3485398 |2000= 3694820 |2010= 3792621 |2020= 3898747 |estyear= 2022 |estimate= 3819538 |estref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|title=Slowing state population decline puts latest population at 39,185,000|format=Press Release|work=Department of Finance|access-date=February 5, 2023|date=May 2, 2022|location=Sacramento|archive-date=May 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525233629/https://dof.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/Forecasting/Demographics/Documents/E-1_2022PressRelease.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align-fn=center | footnote=United States Census Bureau<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html |title = Census of Population and Housing |publisher = [[U.S. Census Bureau]] |access-date = March 19, 2007 }}</ref><br />2010–2020, 2021<ref name="QuickFacts"/> }} Ku United States, mu 2010, ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakaŵa 3,792,621. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni iyi ŵakaŵanga 8,092.3 pa mita yimoza na hafu (3,124.5 pa kilomita yimoza). Kuyana na msinkhu wawo, ŵanthu 874,525 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyambura kukwana 18, ŵanthu 434,478 (11.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 18 na 24, ŵanthu 1,209,367 (31.9%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 25 na 44, ŵanthu 877,555 (23.1%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 45 na 64, ndipo ŵanthu 396,696 (10.5%) ŵakaŵa ŵa vyaka vya pakati pa 65 na kujumphirapo. Ŵakaŵa na vyaka 34.1. Pa ŵanakazi 100, ŵanalume ŵakaŵapo 99.2. Pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵa vyaka 18 kuya munthazi, pakaŵa ŵanalume 97.6. Pakaŵa nyumba zakukwana 1,413,995 (kufuma pa 1,298,350 mu 2005 kufika mu 2009) ndipo nyumba izi zikakhalanga ŵanthu 2,812.8 pa sikweya kilomita (1,086.0 pa sikweya kilomita), ndipo nyumba 503,863 (38.2%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo 814,305 (61.8%) zikaŵa za ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga renti. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ŵanthu 1,535,444 (40.5% ya ŵanthu wose) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo, ndipo ŵanthu 2,172,576 (57.3%) ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu nyumba zawo. Kuyana na kalembera wa mu 2010, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu ukavu ŵakasanganga ndalama zakukwana $49,497.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles (city), California |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0644000,06 |access-date=October 3, 2016 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> === Mtundu na fuko === {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |- !Racial and ethnic composition !1940<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archive-date=August 12, 2012 |access-date=November 6, 2015 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> !1970<ref name="Census" /> !1990<ref name="Census" /> !2010<ref name=datacensus/> !2020<ref name=datacensus>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US0644000&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)}}</ref> |- |[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino (of any race)]] |7.1% |17.1% |39.9% |48.5% |46.9% |- |[[Non-Hispanic whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] |86.3% |61.1% |37.3% |28.7% |28.9% |- |[[Asian American|Asian (non-Hispanic)]] |2.2% |3.6% |9.8% |11.1% |11.7% |- |[[African American|Black or African American (non-Hispanic)]] |4.2% |17.9% |14.0% |9.2% |8.3% |- |Other (non-Hispanic) |N/A |N/A |0.1% |0.3% |0.7% |- |[[Multiracial American|Two or more races (non-Hispanic)]] |N/A |N/A |N/A |2.0% |3.3% |} Kuyana na census ya mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Los Angeles ni: 1,888,158 White (49.8%), 365,118 African Americans (9.6%), 28,215 Native Americans (0.7%), 426,959 Asians (11.3%), 5,577 Pacific Islanders (0.1%), 902,959 from other races (23.8%), and 175,635 (4.6%) from two or more races. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain panji ŵa ku Latin America ŵakaŵapo 1,838,822 (48.5%). Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakujumpha 140, ndipo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakukwana 224. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake nga ni Chinatown, Historic Filipinotown, Koreatown, Little Armenia, Little Ethiopia, Tehrangeles, Little Tokyo, Little Bangladesh, na Thai Town ni viyelezgero vya ŵanthu ŵa viyowoyero vinandi ku Los Angeles.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" /><ref name="World Population Review">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles, California Population 2019 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/los-angeles-population/ |website=World Population Review |access-date=August 21, 2019}}</ref> [[File:Distribution of high income households across LA County.png|thumb|left|Percentage of households with incomes above $150k across [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]] census tracts]] Mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa kuti mbazungu ŵakaŵapo 28.7 peresenti, ndipo mu 1940 ŵakaŵa 86.3 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific kweniso mu vigaŵa vya Santa Monica Mountains. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico ndiwo ŵakukhala mu tawuni iyi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakukhala ku Mexico na ku Central America ndipo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Los Angeles na cigaŵa cake cose. Vinthu ivi vikucitika comene mu vigaŵa vya ku Downtown nga ni East Los Angeles, Northeast Los Angeles na Westlake. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Los Angeles, ku Downey, mbakufuma ku Spain.<ref name="Census 2010, LA city" />[[File:Race and ethnicity 2010- Los Angeles (5560490330).png|thumb|upright=1.1|Mapu gha mitundu na mitundu mu Los Angeles ku 2010 U.S. census. Mapu gha mtundu na mitundu mu LA 2010 U. S. census . Mapu gha mafuko na mitundu mu L. S. ku 2010 U . S. censuses. Dontho lililose ni ŵanthu 25.: {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ff0000|White}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#0000ff|Black}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#00ffaa|Asian}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffa600|Hispanic}} {{legend inline|outline=white|white|text=⬤|textcolor=#ffff07|Other}}]] Mitundu yikuru ya ku Asia ni ya ku Philippines (3.2%) na ya ku Korea (2.9%), iyo yili na vigaŵa vyawo mu Wilshire Center na Historic Filipinotown. Ŵanthu ŵa ku China, awo mba 1.8% mwa ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Los Angeles, ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵakukhala mu San Gabriel Valley kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Los Angeles County, kweni ŵalipo ŵanandi mu msumba uwu, chomene mu Chinatown. Ku Chinatown na ku Thaitown kukukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Thailand na Cambodia, awo ni 0.3% na 0.1% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵalipo 0.9% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ndipo ŵali na malo ghakucemeka Little Tokyo mu msumba uwu, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵali mu chigaŵa cha Sawtelle ku West Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Vietnam ŵakukwana 0.5% mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku India ŵakukwana 0.9% mu msumba uwu. Mu tawuni iyi mukukhala ŵanthu ŵa ku Armenia, Asiriya, na Iran, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vyakucemeka Little Armenia na Tehrangeles. Ŵanthu ŵa ku America awo mba fuko la African American ndiwo ŵakhalanga comene ku South Los Angeles, ndipo ndiwo ŵakhalanga ŵanthu ŵanandi mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma waka mu ma 1960. Vigaŵa vya ku South Los Angeles uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa ni Crenshaw, Baldwin Hills, Leimert Park, Hyde Park, Gramercy Park, Manchester Square na Watts. Padera pa South Los Angeles, vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central Los Angeles, nga ni Mid-City na Mid-Wilshire navyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa. Ku Fairfax kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Eritrea na Ethiopia. Los Angeles ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa caru cose pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Mexico, Armenia, El Salvador, Philippines, na Guatemala, ndipo ni tawuni yacitatu pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Canada, kweniso ni tawuni yaciŵiri pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan, Iran, Cambodia, na Roma. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakukhala ku San Pedro.<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MwQZUOiSqPcC&q=italians+in+los+angeles|title=Italians in Los Angeles|isbn=9780738547756 |last1=Bitetti |first1=Marge |year=2007 }}</ref> Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles awo ŵakababikira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakababikira mu [[Mexico]], [[El Salvador]], [[Guatemala]], [[Philippines]] na [[Korea]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230721044750/https://dornsife.usc.edu/assets/sites/731/docs/LOSANGELES_web.pdf</ref> === Chisopo === {{bar box |title = Religious affiliation (2014)<ref name="LAReligion1" /><ref name="LAReligion2" /> |titlebar=#ccf |background-color=#f8f9fa |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|Christian|darkblue|65}} {{bar percent|[[Catholic Church|Catholic]]|mediumblue|32}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|mediumblue|30}} {{bar percent|Other Christian|mediumblue|3}} {{bar percent|Unaffiliated|purple|25}} {{bar percent|Jewish|lightgreen|3}} {{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|lightgreen|2}} {{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|lightgreen|1}} {{bar percent|Other faiths|lightgreen|1}} }} Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakacitika mu 2014 na Pew Research Center, Cikhristu ndico cisopa cikuru comene mu Los Angeles (65%).<ref name="LAReligion1">{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study: Adults in the Los Angeles Metro Area |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/metro-area/los-angeles-metro-area/ |year=2014 |access-date=2023-06-26 }}</ref><ref name="LAReligion2">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|date=May 12, 2015|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion & Public Life}}</ref> Tchalitchi la Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles ndilo likuru comene mu caru ici. Cardinal Roger Mahony, uyo wakaŵa bishopu mulara, ndiyo wakalaŵiliranga mulimo wa kuzenga Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, iyo yikajulika mu Seputembala 2002 mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Mu chaka cha 2011, ŵanthu ŵakambaso kulondezga kaluso ka kupanga misa na viphikiro vya kusopa Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles, kuti ŵakumbukirenge kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1781. Nkharo iyi yikamba pa zuŵa la kukondwelera kukhazikiskika kwa msumba wa Los Angeles mu 1782 ndipo yikalutilira pafupifupi vilimika 100 pamanyuma pake.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf|title=2011 'Grand Procession' revives founding of L.A. Marian devotion|author=Dellinger, Robert|date=September 6, 2011|work=The Tidings Online|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref>[[File:St. Vincent de Paul Catholic Church (Los Angeles) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[St. Vincent de Paul Church (Los Angeles)|St. Vincent de Paul Church]], a parish of the [[Archdiocese of Los Angeles]]]] Mu tawuni iyi muli Ŵayuda 621,000, ndipo tawuni iyi ndiyo yili na Ŵayuda ŵanandi chomene mu United States, pamanyuma pa msumba wa New York. Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakukhala ku Westside na ku San Fernando Valley, nangauli ku Boyle Heights kukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi pambere Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose yindachitike chifukwa cha kukanizgika kukhazikiska nyumba. Vigaŵa vikuru-vikuru vya Ŵayuda ŵa Orthodox ni Hancock Park, Pico-Robertson, na Valley Village, apo Ŵayuda ŵa ku Israel ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya Encino na Tarzana, na Ŵayuda ŵa ku Persia ku Beverly Hills. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli visopa vya Ciyuda vyakupambanapambana, nga ni Ciyuda ca Reform, Ciyuda ca Conservative, Ciyuda ca Orthodox, na Ciyuda ca Reconstructionist. Nyumba ya kusoperamo ya Breed Street ku East Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1923, yikaŵa yikuru comene kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chicago. Wupu wa Kabbalah nawo ulipo mu msumba uwu. Mpingo wa International Church of the Foursquare Gospel ukapangika ku Los Angeles na Aimee Semple McPherson mu 1923 ndipo uli na ofesi yikuru ku malo agha mpaka lero. Kwa vilimika vinandi, mpingo uwu ukacitiranga maungano ghawo mu tempele la Angelus, ilo pa nyengo iyo likazengekanga, likaŵa limoza mwa matchalitchi ghakurughakuru mu caru ici.<ref>Edith Waldvogel Blumhofer, ''Aimee Semple McPherson: everybody's sister'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 1993, page 246–247</ref>[[File:Wilshire Boulevard Temple 2017 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Wilshire Boulevard Temple]] is one of the largest [[synagogue]]s in LA.]] Mu msumba wa Los Angeles mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti. Mpingo wakwamba wa Ŵaprotesitanti ku Los Angeles ukaŵa wa Ŵametodisti uwo ukacitikira mu nyumba ya munthu munyake mu 1850. Ndipo mpingo wakale chomene wa Ŵaprotesitanti uwo uchali kugwira nchito, wa First Congregational Church, ukapangika mu 1867. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, wupu wakuwona vya Baibolo wa Bible Institute of Los Angeles ukalemba mabuku agho ghakambiska gulu la Ŵakhristu la Fundamentalist. Ndipo gulu la Azusa Street Revival likambiska chisopa cha Pentekoste.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty">{{cite web |author=Clifton L. Holland |title=n Overview of Religion in Los Angeles from 1850 to 1930 |url=http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133328/http://www.prolades.com/glama/la5co07/overview_1850-1930.htm |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Mpingo wa Metropolitan Community Church nawo ukambira mu cigaŵa ca Los Angeles. Matchalitchi ghakuzirwa mu msumba uwu ni agha: [[First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood]], [[Bel Air Presbyterian Church]], [[First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles]], [[West Angeles Church of God in Christ]], [[Second Baptist Church (Los Angeles, California)|Second Baptist Church]], [[Crenshaw Christian Center]], [[McCarty Memorial Christian Church]], na First Congregational Church. [[File:Second Church of Christ, Scientist, Los Angeles.jpg|thumb|left|[[Second Church of Christ, Scientist (Los Angeles)|Second Church of Christ, Scientist]]]] Kachisi wa Los Angeles California Temple, kachisi wachiŵiri mu ukuru wake uyo wakwendeskeka na Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, wali pa Santa Monica Boulevard mu muzi wa Westwood ku Los Angeles. Tempile ili likajulika mu 1956, ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kuzengeka ku California. Ku chigaŵa cha Hollywood ku Los Angeles, kuli maofesi ghanandi, matchalitchi, na malo ghakucemeka Celebrity Center of Scientology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scientology.cc/en_US/index.html|title=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|website=Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre International|access-date=June 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Miller |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/scientologys-hollywood-real-estate-empire-213141/ |title=Scientology's Hollywood Real Estate Empire |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=July 21, 2011 |access-date=February 26, 2022}}</ref> Pakuti mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ŵanthu ŵa visopa vyakupambanapambana ŵakusangikamo. Vinyake mwa visopa ivi ni Chibuda, Chihindu, Chisilamu, Chizoroastriya, Sikhism, Chibahá'í, matchalitchi gha Orthodox, Chisufi, Chishintoism, Chitaoism, Chinkhumi, Chitchayinizi, na ghanyake ghanandi. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Asia ŵali kupanga mipingo yinandi ya Ŵabuddha, ndipo mu msumba uwu muli Ŵabuddha ŵanandi comene kuluska mu caru cose. Nyumba yakwamba ya Ŵabuddha yakupangiramo vyakununkhira yikazengeka mu msumba uwu mu 1875. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti Ciuta kulije ndipo ŵakulondezga visambizgo vyautesi. Mzere Wambura Tchalitchi.<ref name="Eighteen5019Thirty" /> === Homelessness === {{main|Homelessness in Los Angeles}} [[File:Homeless people, Los Angeles, California (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Mahema gha Ŵambura Nyumba ku [[Los Angeles City Hall]], 2021]] Kufika mu Janyuwale 2020, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 41,290 awo ŵalije pakukhala, ndipo ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukwana pafupifupi 62 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵalije pakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ichi chikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 14.2% kuyana na cilimika cakwambilira (para ŵanthu awo ŵakasoŵa pakukhala ŵakasazgikira na 12.7% ku LA County). Mu tawuni ya Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mbambura nyumba, ndipo ŵakukhala mu muzi wa Skid Row. Mu tawuni iyi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 8,000, ndipo tawuni iyi njimoza mwa tawuni izo zili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu United States. Ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakusoŵa pakukhala mu Los Angeles ŵakusazgikira cifukwa ca kusoŵa nyumba zakukwana kweniso cifukwa ca kumwa munkhwala panji vinthu vinyake vyakupambanapambana. Pa ŵanthu 82,955 awo ŵakaŵavya nyumba mu 2019, pafupifupi 60 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakaŵavya nyumba chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndalama. Mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵakusuzgika comene na kusoŵa pakukhala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Cowan|first=Jill|date=June 12, 2020|title=What Los Angeles's Homeless Count Results Tell Us|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612130812/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/us/la-county-homeless-population.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=July 6, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2823 – Report And Recommendations Of The Ad Hoc Committee On Black People Experiencing Homelessness|url=https://www.lahsa.org/documents?id=2823-report-and-recommendations-of-the-ad-hoc-committee-on-black-people-experiencing-homelessness|access-date=July 6, 2020|website=www.lahsa.org}}</ref> === Viwawa === {{Main|Crime in Los Angeles}}{{See also|List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles}} [[File:LAPD Staples Center Officers.jpg|thumb|left|Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa Boma [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD)]] Mu 1992, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu 1,092 ŵakakomeka. Vigeŵenga vikamba kuchepa mu Los Angeles mu ma 1990 na m'ma 2000, ndipo mu 2009, ŵanthu 314 ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=7204706|title=Los Angeles crime rates hit 50-year lows|author=Powell, Amy|date=January 6, 2010|access-date=January 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721210109/http://abclocal.go.com/story?section=news%2Flocal%2Flos_angeles&id=7204706|archive-date=July 21, 2015|url-status=dead|publisher=[[KABC-TV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|title=LAPD year-end crime statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010|archive-date=July 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711054236/http://www.lapdonline.org/read_the_beat_magazine/pdf_view/43819|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ici cikung'anamura kuti pa ŵanthu 100,000, 7.85 ndiwo ŵakukoma ŵanthu, ndipo ici cikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pakuyaniska na mu 1980 apo ŵanthu 34.2 pa ŵanthu 100,000 ndiwo ŵakakomeka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disastercenter.com/californ/crime/976.htm|title=Uniform Crime Reports of Los Angelesand Index from 1985 to 2005|access-date=April 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapdonline.org/assets/pdf/cityprof.pdf|title=LAPD Online Crime Rates|publisher=[[Los Angeles Police Department]]|access-date=April 13, 2010}}</ref> Pa ŵanthu aŵa, 15 ŵakaŵa ŵapolisi. Munthu yumoza uyo ŵakamukoma ni Randal Simmons wa mu gulu la SWAT, ndipo wakaŵa wakwamba kukomeka mu LAPD. Mu 2013, mu msumba wa Los Angeles, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 251 ŵakakomeka. Ŵapolisi ŵakughanaghana kuti pali vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kugwiliskira nchito Intaneti, ndipo cimoza mwa vinthu ivi nchakuti ŵawukirano ŵakumalira nyengo yinandi pa Intaneti. Mu 2021, ŵanthu ŵakukoma ŵanthu ŵakwera comene kufuma mu 2008 ndipo pakaŵa ŵanthu 348. Mu 2015, vikavumbukwa kuti ŵapolisi ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakayowoyanga viŵi yayi vya ulwani kwa vyaka 8, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ulwani uwu uwoneke kuŵa uchoko chomene kuluska umo uliri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Los Angeles Police Underreported Crime Stats for 8 Years |url=https://time.com/4074896/los-angeles-crime-rates-higher-assaults/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=October 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LAPD captain accuses department of twisting crime statistics to make city seem safer |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-lapd-crime-stats-claim-20171103-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 6, 2017}}</ref> Banja la Dragna na la Cohen ndilo likaŵa likuru pa gulu la vigeŵenga mu msumba uwu mu nyengo ya kuzomerezgeka kwa cigeŵenga, ndipo likakura comene mu vyaka vya m'ma 1940 na 1950 apo kukaŵa nkhondo ya Sunset Strip. Mwakuyana na dipatimenti ya polisi ya ku Los Angeles, mu msumba uwu muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45,000, awo ŵali mu magulu 450. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa ni ŵa Crips na ŵa Bloods, awo ni magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na America, ndipo ŵakambira ku South Los Angeles. Magulu gha pa msewu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Latin America nga ni Sureños, na Mara Salvatrucha, gheneagho ghali na ŵanthu ŵa ku El Salvador, ghose ghakafuma ku Los Angeles. Lekani msumba uwu ukuchemeka kuti "Mzinda wa Magulu gha Vigeŵenga ku America".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN08492271|title=Police target 11 worst Los Angeles street gangs|author=Serjeant, Jill|date=February 8, 2007|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Further|Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce}} {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Economy}} [[File:Tree Map of Employment by Industries in Los Angeles County, Ca (2015).svg|thumb|Chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale ku Los Angeles mu 2015]] Vinthu ivyo vikupangiska kuti msumba wa Los Angeles uŵe na ndalama zinandi ni malonda gha pa caru cose, vyakusanguluska (kuwonelera pa TV, mafilimu, maseŵero gha pa vidiyo, kwimba sumu, na kupanga vinthu vinyake), vyakupangiska ndege, vya tekinoloje, vyakupangira mafuta, mafashoni, vyakuvwara, na vyamwendakwenda. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni vya ndalama, kutumirana mauthenga, malango, vyaumoyo, na vyamwendesko. Mu 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Los Angeles yikaŵikika pa malo 19 pa malo gha ndalama pa charu chose kweniso pa malo 6 ku United States pamanyuma pa New York City, [[San Francisco#Economy|San Francisco]], [[Economy of Chicago#Finance|Chicago]], [[Economy of Boston|Boston]], na [[Economy of Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-date=June 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref name="citydata">{{cite web |title=Los Angeles: Economy |url=<nowiki>http://www.city-data.com/us-cities/The-West/Los-Angeles-Economy.html</nowiki> site blacklisted |access-date=October 7, 2011 |publisher=[[City-Data]]}}</ref>[[File:Los Angeles Harbor - panoramio - Zzyzx (1).jpg|thumb|left|Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach ni malo ghachinkhondi pa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose.]] Pa ma studio ghankhondi ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu, Paramount Pictures pera ndiyo yili mu msumba wa Los Angeles. Los Angeles ni malo ghakuru comene ghakupangira vinthu ku United States. Madowoko gha ku Los Angeles na Long Beach, agho ghakukolerana na malo agha, ndigho ghakutchuka chomene ku United States ndipo ndigho ghachinkhondi pa charu chose.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiotakis|first=Steve|date=October 1, 2019|title=Navigating LA's cannabis industry with the city's pot czar|language=en|publisher=KCRW|url=https://www.kcrw.com/news/shows/greater-la/la-opens-its-first-cannabis-cafe/navigating-las-cannabis-industry-with-the-citys-pot-czar|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=REYES|first=EMILY ALPERT|date=October 29, 2019|title=L.A. should suspend vetting applications for pot shops amid concerns, Wesson urges|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-29/la-pot-shops-licensing-suspection-urged|access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2018, mu msumba wa Los Angeles muli makampani ghatatu agho ghakusangika pa Fortune 500. Makampani agha ni: AECOM, CBRE Group, na Reliance Steel & Aluminum Co. Makampani ghanyake agho ghali na ofesi yawo yikuru ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vyapafupi ni agha: [[The Aerospace Corporation]], [[California Pizza Kitchen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpk.com/about|title=Our Company: From a legendary pizza to a global brand|website=[[California Pizza Kitchen]]|access-date=July 30, 2022}}</ref> [[Capital Group Companies]], [[Deluxe Entertainment Services Group]], [[Dine Brands Global]], [[DreamWorks Animation]], [[Dollar Shave Club]], [[Fandango Media]], [[Farmers Insurance Group]], [[Forever 21]], [[Hulu]], [[Panda Express]], [[SpaceX]], [[Ubisoft Film & Television]], [[The Walt Disney Company]], [[Universal Pictures]], [[Warner Bros.]], [[Warner Music Group]], na [[Trader Joe's]]. [[File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California LCCN2013631685 (cropped).tif|thumb|right|[[Downtown Los Angeles]] ni malo ghakucitirapo bizinesi mu msumba uwu.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! colspan="3" |Largest non-government employers in Los Angeles County, August 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|title=City of Los Angeles' Comprehensive Annual Financial Report|date=January 31, 2019|access-date=September 9, 2019|archive-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212053646/https://lacontroller.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FY18_CAFR_Final_1.31.19_v3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- !Rank !Employer !Employees |- |1 |[[Kaiser Permanente]] |37,468 |- |2 |[[University of Southern California]] |21,055 |- |3 |[[Northrop Grumman|Northrop Grumman Corp.]] |16,600 |- |4 |[[Providence Health & Services|Providence Health and Services Southern California]] |15,952 |- |5 |[[Target Corporation|Target Corp.]] |15,000 |- |6 |[[Ralphs]]/Food 4 Less (Kroger Co. Division) |14,970 |- |7 |[[Cedars-Sinai Medical Center]] |14,903 |- |8 |[[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney Co.]] |13,000 |- |9 |[[Allied Universal]] |12,879 |- |10 |[[NBCUniversal|NBC Universal]] |12,000 |} == Vinthu vyakukhwaskana na luso na kakhaliro == {{Main|Culture of Los Angeles}} [[File:Los Angeles Plaza-1.jpg|thumb|right|Malo ghakale chomene gha mu msumba uwu, pa Plaza de Los Ángeles pafupi na Calle Olvera]] Kanandi msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukuchemeka kuti msumba wa ŵanthu awo ŵakughanaghana na kupanga vinthu, chifukwa munthu yumoza pa ŵanthu 6 awo ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, wakugwira ntchito ya kupanga vinthu. Ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu msumba uwu, nga ni awo ŵakulemba mabuku, awo ŵakupanga mafilimu, awo ŵakuchita maseŵero, awo ŵakuvina, na awo ŵakwimba. Msumba uwu ukumanyikwaso cifukwa ca vithuzithuzi vyakutowa ivyo vili pa viliŵa.<ref name="shatkin2013">{{cite news | newspaper = Los Angeles Magazine | title = Let the Renaissance Begin: L.A. Votes to Lift Mural Ban | last = Shatkin | first = Elina | date = August 28, 2013 | url = https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/let-the-renaissance-begin-la-votes-to-lift-mural-ban/}}</ref> === Malo ghakuzirwa === {{See also||List of sites of interest in the Los Angeles area|National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California}} [[File:El Cabrillo Courtyard.png|thumb|left|[[El Cabrillo]], a [[Spanish Colonial Revival|Spanish Revival]] style [[National Historic Landmark]]]] The [[Culture_of_Los_Angeles#Architecture|architecture of Los Angeles]] is influenced by its Spanish, Mexican, and American roots. Popular styles in the city include [[Spanish Colonial Revival]] style, [[Mission Revival]] style, [[California Churrigueresque]] style, [[Mediterranean Revival]] style, [[Art Deco architecture|Art Deco]] style, and [[Mid-Century Modern]] style, among others. Malo ghakuzirwa ku Los Angeles ni [[Hollywood Sign]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodsign.org/|title=The Hollywood Sign, Official website for one of the most iconic landmarks in the world|website=Hollywood sign.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Walt Disney Concert Hall]], [[Capitol Records Building]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-capitol-records-building-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Capitol Records Building: The Story of an L.A. Icon – Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olacathedral.org/|title=Cathedral of our lady of the angels – Los Angeles, CA|website=olacathedral.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Angels Flight]],<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.angelsflight.org/|title=Angels Flight Railway: Los Angeles Landmark since 1901|website=angels flight.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Grauman's Chinese Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/hollywood-tcl-chinese-theatre-95-anniversary-1235268815/|title=Hollywood's iconic TCL Chinese Theatre Celebrates 95 Years of Premieres and Stars|last=Gilchrist|first=Todd|date=May 18, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Dolby Theatre]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dolby.com/movies-tv/dolby-theatre/#gref|title=The Dolby Theatre|website=dolby.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Griffith Observatory]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://griffithobservatory.org/about/|title=Griffith Observatory: A Symbol of Los Angeles, A Leader in Public Observing|website=[[Griffith Observatory]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Center]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/|title=Getty Center homepage|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Getty Villa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/visit/villa/|title=Visit the Getty Villa Museum|website=getty.edu|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Stahl House]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stahlhouse.com/|title=The Stahl House – About us|website=[[Stahl House]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]], [[L.A. Live]], the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], the [[Venice Canal Historic District]] nad boardwalk, [[Theme Building]], [[Bradbury Building]], [[U.S. Bank Tower]], [[Wilshire Grand Center]], [[Hollywood Boulevard]], [[Los Angeles City Hall]], [[Hollywood Bowl]], battleship {{USS|Iowa|BB-61|6}}, [[Watts Towers]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-12-24/how-the-watts-towers-were-born-and-how-they-got-to-be-100|title=Watts Towers at 100: Junk turned into art still casts a spell|last=Reynolds|first=Christopher|date=December 24, 2021|website=[[The Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[Staples Center]], [[Dodger Stadium]], na [[Olvera Street]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/discover-olvera-street-and-historic-el-pueblo-de-los-angeles|title=Discover Olvera Street And Historic El Pueblo De Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lalive.com/visitor-center/about-la-live|title=About L.A. Live|website=[[L.A. Live]]|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/the-hollywood-bowl-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Hollywood Bowl – Discover Los Angeles|website=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> === Mafilimu na maseŵero === [[File:Chinese Theatre (26776735090).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|Nyumba ya Grauman ya ku China pa Hollywood Walk of Fame]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakutemwana chomene na maseŵero. Kuyana na ivyo likayowoya gulu linyake (USC Stevens Institute for Innovation), "pa caru pali maseŵero ghakujumpha 1,100 pa cilimika, ndipo sabata yiliyose maseŵero agha ghakukwana 21". Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghakupambanapambana ghakusambizgira sumu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.3 miliyoni ŵakuluta ku malo agha. Nyumba ya Walt Disney Concert Hall, ndiyo yili pakatikati pa malo ghakusungiramo sumu agha, ndipo ndimo muli gulu lakumanyikwa la ŵakwimba sumu la Los Angeles Philharmonic. Mabungwe ghakuzirwa nga ni Center Theatre Group, Los Angeles Master Chorale, na Los Angeles Opera nawo ŵakukhala ku Music Center.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laopera.org/|title=LA Opera – Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Opera]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centertheatregroup.org/about/our-history/|title=Our History – Center Theatre Group|website=centertheatregroup.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lamasterchorale.org/|title=Los Angeles Chorale Official Homepage|website=lamasterchorale.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Ŵaluso ŵakulongozgeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo ghakupambanapambana nga ni sukulu ya Colburn School na USC Thornton School of Music. [[File:Hollywood bowl and sign.jpg|left|thumb|[[Hollywood Bowl]] kju [[Hollywood Hills]]]] Dera la Hollywood ndilo likumanyikwa kuti ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu, ndipo dera la Los Angeles ndilo likupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵapange mafilimu. Mu msumba uwu ndimo muli masitudiyo ghakurughakuru gha mafilimu na makampani ghakurughakuru gha sumu. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kukucitikira ma Academy Awards, ma Primetime Emmy Awards, ma Grammy Awards na ma show ghanyake ghanandi. Ku Los Angeles ndiko kuli sukulu ya USC School of Cinematic Arts iyo ni sukulu yakale comene ya ku America.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203034021/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/31/movies/31film.html |archive-date=February 3, 2006 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=At U.S.C., a Practical Emphasis in Film|last=Waxman|first=Sharon|date=January 31, 2006|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=October 14, 2011}}</ref> === Museums and galleries === {{See also|List of museums in Los Angeles|List of museums in Los Angeles County, California}} [[File:Getty Villa exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Getty Villa ni yimoza mwa maofesi ghaŵiri gha J. Paul Getty Museum, pafupi na Getty Center]] Mu chigaŵa cha Los Angeles muli nyumba zakusungiramo vinthu vyakale na malo ghakusungiramo vinthu vyakale ghakukwana 841.<ref name="lmu" /> Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Getty Center (chigaŵa cha J. Paul Getty Trust, ni wupu uwo uli na vinthu vinandi pa caru cose), Petersen Automotive Museum, Huntington Library, Natural History Museum, Battleship Iowa, The Broad, iyo yili na vinthu vyakujumpha 2,000 ivyo vikulongora luso la mazuŵa ghano, na Museum of Contemporary Art. Ku Gallery Row kuli nyumba zinandi za vinthu vyakujambulika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku Downtown Art Walk.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/05/local/la-me-0805-art-walk-20110805|title=Downtown L.A. Art Walk safety changes planned|last=Mather|first=Kate|date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moca.org/about/mission-and-history|title=Welcome to the Museum of Contemporary Art|website=moca.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pacificbattleship.com/|title=Battleship USS Iowa Official website|website=Pacificbattleship.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.petersen.org/|title=Welcome to the Petersen Automotive Museum|website=petersen.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://articles.latimes.com/2009/mar/16/entertainment/et-getty16|title=Getty slashes operating budget after severe investment losses|last=Boehm|first=Mike|date=March 16, 2009|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacma.org/overview|title=Overview|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huntington.org/about|title=About the Huntington|website=[[Huntington Library]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726215244/https://www.huntington.org/about|archive-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|title=Modern Architecture in Los Angeles|website=brianpetruzzelli.com|date=November 8, 2022|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322212657/https://brianpetruzzelli.com/modern-architecture-in-los-angeles/|archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nhm.org/|title=Natural History Museum of Los Angeles|website=nhm.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref name="lmu">{{cite web|url=http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|title=The Los Angeles Region|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=[[Loyola Marymount University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018115613/http://www.lmu.edu/about/The_Los_Angeles_Region.htm|archive-date=October 18, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> ===Libraries=== [[File:Los Angeles Central Library, 630 W. 5th St. Downtown Los Angeles 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Los Angeles Public Library|Los Angeles Central Library]]]] Ku Los Angeles kuli mabuku ghakukwana 72.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lapl.org/branches/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Branches|publisher=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Vigaŵa vya malo ghambura kukolerana na boma vikusangika na maofesi gha Layibulare ya Boma la Los Angeles, agho ghanandi ghali pafupi na ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lacountylibrary.org/|title=LA County Library|website=lacountylibrary.org|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> === Kuphika === Vyakurya vya ku Los Angeles vikukolerana na vyakurya vya ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakwiza mu msumba uwu. Kuzakafika mu 2022, Michelin Guide yamanya malo ghakurya 10 agho ghakupeleka nyenyezi ziŵiri ku malo ghakurya ghaŵiri na nyenyezi yimoza ku malo ghakurya 8.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guide.michelin.com/us/en/california/us-los-angeles/restaurants/1-star-michelin/2-stars-michelin|title=Los Angeles Michelin Restaurants|website=guide.michelin.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Latin America, comenecomene ku Mexico, ŵakiza na cakurya nga ni tacos, burritos, quesadillas, tortas, tamales, na enchiladas ico ŵakaguliskanga mu magalimoto ghakuguliska vyakurya, mu malo ghakupangira cakurya, na mu malo ghakupangira cakurya. Ku malo ghakurya gha ku Asia, uko kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kuli malo ghanandi mu tawuni iyi. Kweniso ku Los Angeles kuli vyakurya vinandi vyambura vyakurya vya nyama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/chinatown-the-story-of-an-la-icon|title=The Guide to Chinatown in Los Angeles|newspaper=Discover Los Angeles|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/visit/the-guide-to-koreatown-in-los-angeles|title=The Guide to Koreantown in Los Angeles|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discoverlosangeles.com/things-to-do/a-walking-tour-of-little-tokyo|title=A Walking Tour of Little Tokyo|website=discoverlosangeles.com|access-date=November 29, 2022}}</ref> == Maseŵero == {{See also|Sports in Los Angeles|History of the National Football League in Los Angeles}} [[File:USC vs University of Oregon November 2019 (cropped).png|alt=|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]]]] Ku Los Angeles na vigaŵa vinyake, kuli magulu 11 gha maseŵero ghakupambanapambana. Timu izi zikusazgapo Los Angeles Dodgers na Los Angeles Angels za Major League Baseball (MLB), Los Angeles Rams na Los Angeles Chargers za National Football League (NFL), Los Angeles Lakers na Los Angeles Clippers za National Basketball Association (NBA), Los Angeles Kings na Anaheim Ducks za National Hockey League (NHL), Los Angeles Galaxy na Los Angeles FC za Major League Soccer (MLS), na Los Angeles Sparks za Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). Timu zinandi za maseŵero zikusazgapo UCLA Bruins na USC Trojans mu National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), zose ziŵiri ni timu za Division I mu Pac-12 Conference, kweni zikusamukira ku Big Ten Conference.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/34173688/source-usc-ucla-considering-move-pac-12-big-ten |title=USC, UCLA moving from Pac-12 to Big Ten in 2024|last=Thamel|first=Pete|author-link=Pete Thamel |date=June 30, 2022|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref>[[File:Dodger Stadium field from upper deck 2015-10-04.jpg|thumb|left|Dodger Stadium, nyumba ya LA Dodgers ya Major League Baseball]] Los Angeles ni msumba waciŵiri mu United States, kweni pakati pa 1995 na 2015 kukaŵavya timu ya NFL. Nyengo yinyake ku Los Angeles kukaŵa magulu ghaŵiri gha NFL: Rams na Raiders. Wose ŵaŵiri ŵakafumako mu msumba uwu mu 1995, ndipo Rams ŵakasamira ku St. Louis, ndipo gulu la Raiders likawelera ku Oakland. Pamanyuma pa vilimika 21 mu St. Louis, pa 12 January, 2016, NFL yalengeza kuti a Rams abwerera ku Los Angeles kwa nyengo ya 2016 NFL ndi masewera ake omwe amasewera ku Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum kwa nyengo zinayi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000621645/article/rams-to-relocate-to-la-chargers-first-option-to-join|title=Rams to relocate to L.A.; Chargers first option to join|last=Hanzus|first=Dan|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|publisher=National Football League|website=NFL.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|title=Rams to Return to Los Angeles|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=January 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120221040/http://www.therams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-to-Return-to-Los-Angeles/802b4e16-671e-4864-97b6-943115cdc4cf|archive-date=January 20, 2016|url-status=dead|publisher=St. Louis Rams}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2015/01/12/nfl-returns-to-los-angeles-owners-approve-move-by-rams-chargers-with-option-to-join/|title=NFL returns to Los Angeles: Owners approve move by Rams; Chargers with option to join|last=Maske|first=Mark|date=January 12, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 12, 2016}}</ref> Pamaso pa 1995, a Rams ankasewera masewera awo ku Coliseum kuyambira 1946 mpaka 1979 zomwe zinawapangitsa kukhala gulu loyamba la masewera olimbitsa thupi ku Los Angeles, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku Anaheim Stadium kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1994. San Diego Chargers yalengeza pa 12 January, 2017, kuti iwo nawonso kusamukira ku Los Angeles (woyamba kuyambira nyengo yake yoyamba mu 1960) ndipo kukhala Los Angeles Chargers kuyambira mu 2017 NFL nyengo ndipo ankachita pa Ulemu Health Sports Park mu Carson, California kwa nyengo zitatu. Mu nyengo ya 2020, Rams na Chargers ŵakasamira ku SoFi Stadium iyo yikazengeka waka.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/rams-chargers-sofi-stadium-virtual-ceremony-final-cost|title=Rams, Chargers unveil $5 billion SoFi Stadium at virtual ceremony ahead of NFL kickoff|last=Barrabi|first=Thomas|date=September 8, 2020|website=[[Fox Business]]|access-date=September 8, 2020}}</ref> [[File:Crypto.com arena drone shot early 2023.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Crypto.com Arena, nyumba ya Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Kings, na Los Angeles Sparks]] Ku Los Angeles kuli malo ghanandi gha maseŵero, kusazgapo Dodger Stadium, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, BMO Stadium na Crypto.com Arena. The Forum, SoFi Stadium, Dignity Health Sports Park, Rose Bowl, Angel Stadium, na Honda Center zili mu misumba ya pafupi na Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|title=XFL.com – Official home of the XFL|website=www.xfl.com|access-date=July 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124502/https://www.xfl.com/teams/los-angeles|archive-date=December 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lacoliseum.com/coliseum-history/|title=Los Angeles Coliseum: Coliseum History|website=lacoliseum.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|title=Banc of California Stadium: Stadium Info|website=bancofcaliforniastadium.com|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819111644/https://bancofcaliforniastadium.com/about/|archive-date=August 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryptoarena.com/arena-info/about-us|title=Crypto.com Arena: About Us|website=cryptoarena.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/dodgers/ballpark|title=Dodger Stadium|website=[[Los Angeles Dodgers]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Msumba wa Los Angeles ndiwo ukacitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki kaŵiri, mu 1932 na mu 1984, ndipo uzamucitiska maseŵero agha kacitatu mu 2028. Los Angeles ni msumba wacitatu ku London (1908, 1948, na 2012) na Paris (1900, 1924, na 2024) kuti kukacitikira maseŵero gha Olimpiki katatu. Apo maseŵero gha Olimpiki ghakacitikanga mu 1932, malo agho kale ghakaŵa 10th Street ghakazgoka Olympic Blvd. Mu 1985 ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero ghakucemeka Deaflympics, ndipo mu 2015 kukacitikaso maseŵero ghanyake ghakucemeka Special Olympics World Summer Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/RegionsPages/content.aspx?id=17736&LangType=1033|title=Los Angeles To Host 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games|date=September 14, 2011|publisher=[[Special Olympics]]|access-date=February 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|title=Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics|last1=NAGOURNEY|first1=Adam|date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802233825/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/sports/olympics/los-angeles-2028-summer-olympics.html|archive-date=August 2, 2017|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last2=LONGMAN|first2=JERÉ|author-link=Adam Nagourney}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|title=Games – Deaflympics|work=deaflympics.com|access-date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211093131/http://deaflympics.com/games.asp?1985-s|archive-date=February 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:LAFC vs Philadelphia Union (2018) by Subashwilfred (20180630233148).jpg|thumb|left|[[BMO Stadium]], nyumba ya [[Los Angeles FC]] ya [[Major League Soccer]]]] 8 NFL Super Bowls nayo yikacitikira mu msumba uwu na vigaŵa vyapafupi- 2 ku Memorial Coliseum (the first Super Bowl, I and VII), 5 ku Rose Bowl mu Pasadena (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII), na 1 ku Inglewood (LVI).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nfl.com/news/los-angeles-to-host-super-bowl-lvi-in-feb-2022-at-sofi-stadium|title=Los Angeles to host Super Bowl LVI in Feb. 2022 at SoFi Stadium|date=February 9, 2021|website=NFL.com|publisher=[[National Football League]]|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Mu Rose Bowl mukusangikaso maseŵero ghakupambanapambana gha mpira wa koleji ghakucemeka Rose Bowl, agho ghakucitika zuŵa lililose la Caka Ciphya. Mu 1994, ku Los Angeles kukacitikaso maseŵero 8 gha nkhonya ya caru cose mu Rose Bowl, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo Brazil ndiyo yikawina. Mu Rose Bowl mukaŵaso maseŵero ghanayi mu 1999 pa nkhumano ya caru cose ya FIFA ya ŵanakazi, kusazgapo maseŵero ghaumaliro, apo United States yikathereska China pa penalty. Mu maseŵero agha, Brandi Chastain wakavura shati yake wakati walemba penalty iyo yikapangiska kuti waŵe na nkharo yiwemi. Msumba wa Los Angeles uzamuŵa umoza mwa misumba 11 ya ku United States uko kuzamucitikira maseŵero gha nkhonya ya caru cose ya FIFA ya 2026. Maseŵero agha ghazamucitikira mu Sitediyamu ya SoFi. Los Angeles ni limoza mwa misumba 6 ya ku North America iyo yikamba kuwina nkhonyo mu viphapha vikuruvikuru vyose (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA na MLS), ndipo yikamalizga mu 2012 apo Kings yikathereska Stanley Cup.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/projects/los-angeles-dodgers-multiple-titles/|title=Only 10 cities have won multiple titles in a year, Los Angeles now tied for the most|last=Mukherjee|first=Rahul|date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 27, 2020}}</ref> == Boma == {{Main|Government of Los Angeles}} {{See also|Government of Los Angeles County}} [[File:City Hall, LA, CA, jjron 22.03.2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Nyumba ya boma ya Los Angeles, iyo yikazengeka mu 1928, ndiyo yili na ofesi ya Meya wa msumba uwu na ya City Council.]] Los Angeles ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose, kweni ni msumba uwo uli pasi pa dango la ŵanthu wose yayi. Ndondomeko iyo yilipo sono yikapelekeka pa Juni 8, 1999, ndipo yasinthika kanandi waka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|title=Los Angeles, California Code Resources|publisher=American Legal Publishing|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123035002/http://lacity.org/city-government/city-charter-rules-and-codes|archive-date=January 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=January 23, 2015}}</ref> Boma ilo likusankhika na ŵanthu likupangika na wupu wa boma la Los Angeles City Council na meya wa Los Angeles, awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu boma la meya, kweniso loya wa boma (kuti waleke kupusikika na loya wa chigaŵa, ofesi ya chigaŵa) na mulongozgi wa boma. Meya wa tawuni iyi ni Karen Bass. Pali vigaŵa 15 vya makomiti gha tawuni. Mu msumba uwu muli maofesi ghanandi na maofesala, kusazgapo Dipatimenti ya Polisi ya Los Angeles (LAPD), Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), na Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapl.org/|title=Los Angeles Public Library Website|website=[[Los Angeles Public Library]]|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://locator.lacounty.gov/lac/Location/3175767/housing-authority-of-the-city-of-los-angeles|title=Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles – Services Locator lacounty.gov|website=locator.lacounty.gov|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.lapdonline.org/police-commission/|title=Police Commission – LAPD Online|website=lapdonline.org|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Chikalata cha msumba wa Los Angeles icho chikazomerezgeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakasora mu 1999 chikapangiska kuti paŵe ma komiti agho ghakwimira ŵanthu wose awo ŵakukhala mu muzi uwu, awo ŵakugwira ntchito panji awo ŵali na katundu wawo. Makomiti gha vigaŵa ghakulaŵilira vinthu paŵekha ndipo ghakusankha ŵekha umo ŵacitirenge vinthu, ghakusankha mphaka zawo, ghakupanga malango ghawo, na kusora ŵalaraŵalara ŵawo. Pali makomiti gha vigaŵa pafupifupi 90. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Los Angeles ŵakusora ŵalaŵiliri ŵa vigaŵa 1, 2, 3, na 4. === Federal and state representation === Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya California, Los Angeles wali kugaŵikana pakati pa vigaŵa 14. Mu chigaŵa cha California, msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa 8. Mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States, yili na vigaŵa 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Los Angeles Hub |url=https://geohub.lacity.org/datasets/ab63122b097641d28d70ef434ebdf852/explore?location=34.073608,-118.192183,9.98 |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=geohub.lacity.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|title=Communities of Interest&nbsp;— City|publisher=California Citizens Redistricting Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip|archive-date=October 23, 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref> == Masambilo == === Colleges and universities === [[File:Powell Library (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|[[University of California, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:Doheny.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Southern California]]]] [[File:Cal State University, Los Angeles.jpg|right|thumb|[[California State University, Los Angeles]]]] [[File:2 2011-09-29 WarnerBldg Facade SP-Pano1 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[American Film Institute]]]] [[File:Loyola Marymount SunkenGardens SacredHeartChapel (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Loyola Marymount University]]]] [[File:OxyThorne cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Occidental College]]]] Pali ma yunivesite ghatatu mu msumba uwu: California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA), California State University, Northridge (CSUN) na University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alumni.ucla.edu/uclas-story/|title=UCLA's Story|website=UCLA.edu|publisher=[[University of California Los Angeles]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> Ma koleji ghapadera mu msumba uwu ni agha: {{colbegin}} * [[AFI Conservatory|American Film Institute Conservatory]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afi.com/|title=Official website of American Film Institute|website=AFI.com|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Alliant International University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alliant.edu/campus-locations/los-angeles|title=Alliant International University – Los Angeles Campus|website=alliant.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aada.edu/campuses/los-angeles-campus-overview/|title=American Academy of Dramatic Arts – Los Angeles Campus Overview|website=aada.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Jewish University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aju.edu/about-aju|title=American Jewish University – About AJU|website=AJU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Abraham Lincoln University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alu.edu/about/alu-history/|title=History of ALU|website=ALU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[American Musical and Dramatic Academy|The American Musical and Dramatic Academy – Los Angeles campus]] * [[Antioch University]]'s Los Angeles campus<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antioch.edu/los-angeles/|title=Antioch University Los Angeles|website=antioch.edu|date=October 18, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cdrewu.edu/|title=Charles R. Drew University: homepage|website=cdrewu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Colburn School]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Colburn|url=https://www.colburnschool.edu/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=colburnschool.edu}}</ref> * [[Columbia College Hollywood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://columbiacollege.edu/|title=Columbia College Hollywood – Explore your dreams|website=Colombiacollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emerson College]] (Los Angeles Campus)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emerson.edu/emerson-los-angeles|title=Emerson Los Angeles|website=Emerson.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Emperor's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emperors.edu/about/|title=Discover Emporor's|website=Emperors.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising]]'s Los Angeles campus (FIDM) * [[Los Angeles Film School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lafilm.edu/|title=The Los Angeles Film School|website=lafilm.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Loyola Marymount University]] (LMU is also the parent university of [[Loyola Law School]] in Los Angeles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lmu.edu/about/history/|title=Loyola Marymount: Our History|website=LMU.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Mount St. Mary's College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msmu.edu/|title=Mount St. Mary's: Fast Facts|website=msmu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[National University (California)|National University]] of California<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nu.edu/locations/southerncalifornia/losangeles/|title=National University – Los Angeles, California|website=nu.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Occidental College]] ("Oxy")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxy.edu/about-oxy|title=About Oxy – Occidental College|website=Oxy.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Otis College of Art and Design]] (Otis)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.otis.edu/|title=Otis College of Art & Design website|website=otis.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southern California Institute of Architecture]] (SCI-Arc)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciarc.edu/|title=Southern California Institute of Architecture: A School of Architectural Thinking|website=sciarc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Southwestern Law School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swlaw.edu/about-southwestern/history-southwestern|title=Southwestern Law school – Los Angeles|website=swlaw.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[University of Southern California]] (USC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.usc.edu/|title=About USC|website=USC.edu|publisher=[[University of Southern California]]|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Woodbury University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://woodbury.edu/program/school-of-architecture/los-angeles/|title=Los Angeles – Woodbury University|website=woodbury.edu|date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Sukulu ya Community College yili na ma campus 9 agho ghakulongozgeka na ma trustees gha Los Angeles Community College District: {{colbegin}} * [[East Los Angeles College]] (ELAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elac.edu/|title=East Los Angeles College|website=elac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles City College]] (LACC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lacitycollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles City College|website=lacitycollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Harbor College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lahc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Harbor College|website=lahc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Mission College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lamission.edu/|title=Los Angeles Mission College|website=lamission.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Pierce College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.piercecollege.edu/|title=Los Angeles Pierce College|website=Piercecollege.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Valley College]] (LAVC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lavc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Valley College|website=lavc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Southwest College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lasc.edu/|title=L.A. Southwest College|website=lasc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[Los Angeles Trade-Technical College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lattc.edu/|title=Los Angeles Trade-Technical College|website=lattc.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> * [[West Los Angeles College]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wlac.edu/|title=West Los Angeles College homepage|website=wlac.edu|access-date=August 7, 2017}}</ref> {{colend}} Pali makoleji na mayunivesite ghanandi agho ghakusangika kuwaro kwa msumba wa Greater Los Angeles, kusazgapo Claremont Colleges consortium, iyo yikusazgapo makoleji agho ghakusankha makoleji agho ghakusambizga vya maluso ku U.S., na California Institute of Technology (Caltech), yimoza ya mabungwe agho ghakusambizga vya STEM pa charu chose. ===Sukulu=== {{See also|Los Angeles County, California#Education|List of high schools in Los Angeles County, California}}Sukulu ya Los Angeles Unified School District yikusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu pafupifupi 800,000 mu msumba wa Los Angeles na mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pamasinda pakuti pulogiramu ya Proposition 13 ya mu 1978 yazomerezgeka, masukulu gha mu matawuni ghakaŵa na suzgo la ndalama. LAUSD yikumanyikwa na masukulu agho ghali na ndalama zinandi yayi, ghakuzura na ŵanthu kweniso ghakupwelelereka makora yayi, nangauli masukulu 162 agho ghakusangika mu Magnet Schools ghakukolerana na masukulu ghapadera. Vigaŵa vichoko waka vya Los Angeles vili mu Inglewood Unified School District, na Las Virgenes Unified School District. Ofesi ya Maphunziro ya Los Angeles County ikugwira ntchito ya Los Angeles County High School for the Arts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=6/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Las%20Virgenes%20USD.pdf?ver=2016-08-01-154827-037 See map of Las Virgenes USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st06_ca/schooldistrict_maps/c06037_los_angeles/DC20SD_C06037.pdf|title=2020 census – school district reference map: Los Angeles County, CA|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|accessdate=January 8, 2021|page=11/19}} – [https://web.archive.org/web/20220509050503/https://www.lacoe.edu/Portals/0/BusinessServices/Business/County%20Committee/Inglewood%20USD.pdf?ver=2019-04-01-135454-273 See map of Inglewood USD], [https://planning.lacity.org/odocument/0541e9db-ddb3-4279-a1d8-a271048fcc9d See map of Los Angeles city boundary]</ref> == Wayilesi == {{Main|Media in Los Angeles}} {{See also|List of television shows set in Los Angeles|List of films set in Los Angeles}} [[File:Hollywood Sign (Zuschnitt).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Hollywood Sign]] is a prominent symbol of the [[American film industry]].]] Chigawo cha Los Angeles ndi chigawo chachiwiri cha msika waukulu kwambiri ku US (pambuyo pa New York) ndi nyumba 5,431,140 (4,956% ya US), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma wailesi osiyanasiyana a AM ndi FM ndi ma TV. Los Angeles na New York City ni vyaru viŵiri pera ivyo vili na VHF 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|title=Allocation|publisher=[[Museum of Broadcast Communications]]|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829172310/http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/A/htmlA/allocation/allocation.htm|archive-date=August 29, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu ciyowoyero ca Cingelezi iyo yikufuma zuŵa lililose mu cigaŵa ici ni Los Angeles Times.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/about|title=About the Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> La Opinión ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya Cisipanishi ya mu msumba uwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laopinion.com/|title=LA Opinión website|website=laopinion.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> The Korea Times ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu chiyowoyero cha ku Korea, ndipo The World Journal ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya chiyowoyero cha ku China. Nyuzipepara ya Los Angeles Sentinel ni nyuzipepara yikuru ya mu msumba uwu iyo yikulembeka na ŵanthu ŵa ku America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lasentinel.net/about|title=About Us: Los Angeles Sentinel|website=lasentinel.net|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Magazini ya Investor's Business Daily yikufuma ku maofesi agho ghali ku Los Angeles, ku Playa del Rey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.investors.com/|title=Investors Business Daily: Stock News and Stock Market Analysis|website=investors.com|access-date=July 26, 2022}}</ref> [[File:LA Times building.jpg|thumb|right|The former ''[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]'' headquarters]] Ma TV ghanayi ghakurughakuru, pamoza na Telemundo na Univision, nawo ŵali na masiteshoni agho ghakupharazga ku Los Angeles na ku West Coast: KABC-TV ya ABC (Channel 7), KCBS-TV ya CBS (Channel 2), KTTV-TV ya Fox (Channel 11), KNBC-TV ya NBC (Channel 4), KCOP-TV ya MyNetworkTV (Channel 13), KEAV-TV ya Telemundo (Channel 52), na KMEX-TV ya Univision (Channel 34). Chigawochi chili ndi masiteshoni anayi a PBS, pomwe KCET, idalumikizananso ndi netiweki ngati wachiwiri wachiwiri mu Ogasiti 2019, atakhala zaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazi ngati wailesi yakanema yayikulu kwambiri mdzikolo. KTBN (Channel 40) ni wayilesi yakumanyikwa ya Trinity Broadcasting Network, iyo yili ku Santa Ana. Vipharazgo vinandi vya pa TV, nga ni KCAL-TV (Channel 9) na KTLA-TV (Channel 5), vikuyowoyeka mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/|title=NBC Los Angeles|website=nbclosangeles.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abc7.com/|title=Los Angeles and Southern California News, Weather, Sports|website=abc7.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxla.com/|title=FOX 11 Los Angeles|website=foxla.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> [[File:Paramountpicturesmelrosegate (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Paramount Pictures]] Studios]] Paliso manyuzipepara ghanyake ghacoko gha ku malo agha, nga ni Los Angeles Register, Los Angeles Community News, Los Angeles Daily News, LA Weekly, L.A. Mu magazini iyi muli nkhani za ku Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles Magazine, Los Angeles Business Journal, Los Angeles Daily Journal, The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, na Los Angeles Downtown News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|title=Los Angeles Downtown News – History|website=ladowntownnews.com|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-date=July 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706223303/http://www.ladowntownnews.com/site/about.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Padera pa manyuzipepara ghakurughakuru, pali manyuzipepara ghanandi agho ghakulembeka mu viyowoyero ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya, nga ni Ciarmenia, Cingelezi, Cikoreya, Ciperesiya, Cirussia, Cichayina, Cijapani, Cihebere, na Ciarabu. Misumba yinandi iyo yili pafupi na Los Angeles yili na manyuzipepara agho ghakulembeka zuŵa lililose. Mwaciyelezgero, magazini ya The Daily Breeze (iyo yikupharazga ku South Bay), na The Long Beach Press-Telegram. Nkhani za luso, chikhalidwe ndi moyo wausiku ku Los Angeles zikufotokozedwanso ndi owongolera angapo am'deralo ndi mayiko, kuphatikiza Time Out Los Angeles, Thrillist, Kristin's List, DailyCandy, Diversity News Magazine, LAist, ndi Flavorpill.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|title=Flavorpill|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207012702/http://beta.flavorpill.com/losangeles|archive-date=February 7, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=September 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laist.com/about-us|title=Welcome to LAist: About Us|website=last.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles|title=Time Out Los Angeles: The L.A. guide for things to do, restaurants, bars, movies, shopping, events and more|website=timeout.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thrillist.com/|title=Thrillist Official website|website=thrillist.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> ==Infrastructure== === Transportation === {{Main|Transportation in Los Angeles}} ==== Freeways ==== {{Main|Southern California freeways}} [[File:Los Angeles - Echangeur autoroute 110 105 (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange]], connecting the [[Interstate 105 (California)|Century Freeway (I-105)]] and the [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|Harbor Freeway (I-110)]] in [[South Los Angeles|South LA]].]] Msumba uwu na vigaŵa vinyake vya mu msumba wa Los Angeles vili na misewu yinandi. Lipoti la Texas Transportation Institute la Urban Mobility Report likati mu 2019 misewu ya ku Los Angeles ndiyo yikaŵa yakusuzga chomene ku United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|title=2021 Urban Mobility Report|publisher=Texas Transportation Institute|date=June 2021|access-date=April 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102161118/https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/mobility-report-2021.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2021}}</ref> Kufuma pa malo agha pakaŵa ku San Francisco/Oakland, Washington, D.C., na Miami. Nangauli mu msumba uwu muli magalimoto ghanandi, kweni ŵanthu awo ŵakwenda mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakwenda nyengo yifupi kuluska awo ŵakwenda mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru nga ni New York City, Philadelphia, na Chicago. Ku Los Angeles, pa avereji, munthu wakendanga maminiti 29.2 kuti wakafike ku nchito, ndipo nyengo iyi yikuyana waka na ya ku San Francisco na Washington, D.C.<ref name="ACS2006">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|title=American Community Survey 2006, Table S0802|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=July 11, 2010|archive-date=September 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916055045/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DCGeoSelectServlet?ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_|url-status=dead}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/</ref> Misewu yikuru iyo yikusazga LA na vyaru vinyake ni Interstate 5, iyo yikwenda kumwera kufuma ku San Diego kuya ku Tijuana ku Mexico na kumpoto kufuma ku Sacramento, Portland, na Seattle kuya ku mphaka ya Canada na US; Interstate 10, iyo yili kumwera chomene kumafumiro gha dazi kuya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo yikwenda kufuma ku mphepete ya nyanja kukafika ku Jacksonville, Florida; na U.S. Nthowa ya 101, iyo yikuluta ku California Central Coast, San Francisco, ku Redwood Empire, na ku Oregon na Washington. ==== Public transit ==== {{Main|Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority}} [[File:Metrogoldlinemem.jpg|thumb|left|Sitima ya Los Angeles Metro Rail imagwira ntchito ndi LACMTA.]] Ku Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA County Metro) na mabungwe ghanyake ghakupambanapambana ghakwendeska magalimoto gha pa msewu, kweniso magalimoto gha pasi pa mtunda na magalimoto gha pa njanji mu chigaŵa chose cha Los Angeles, ndipo mwezi uliwose ŵanthu ŵakukwana 38.8 miliyoni ŵakukwera magalimoto agha. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, ŵanandi (30.5 miliyoni) ŵakwenda pa mabasi gha mu msumba uwu, agho ni ghaciŵiri pa mabasi ghose mu caru ici. Mwezi uliwose, ŵanthu pafupifupi 8.2 miliyoni ŵakakweranga sitima ya pasi pa mtunda. Mu chaka cha 2017, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 397 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 285 miliyoni ŵakakwera mabasi ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 113 miliyoni ŵakakwera njanji. Mu chigaŵa chakwamba cha chaka cha 2018, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 95 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 98 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2017, ndipo mu chigaŵa ichi ŵanthu ŵakukwana 105 miliyoni ŵakakwera sitima mu chaka cha 2016. Mu 2005, ŵanthu 10.2% mu msumba wa Los Angeles ŵakendanga na magalimoto. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa American Community Survey wa 2016, 9.2% ya ogwira ntchito ku Los Angeles (mzinda) adapita kuntchito pogwiritsa ntchito zoyendera pagulu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US0644000&primary_geo_id=16000US0644000|title=Means of Transportation to Work by Age|publisher=Census Reporter|access-date=May 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/06/13/real_estate/public_transit_commutes/index.htm|title=New Yorkers are Top Transit Users|last=Christie|first=Les|date=June 29, 2007|access-date=October 24, 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/Index.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Calendar Year, 2017|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115014300/https://opa.metro.net/MetroRidership/|archive-date=January 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="metro">{{cite web|url=http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|title=Ridership Statistics|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority]]|access-date=October 24, 2011|archive-date=November 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101115617/http://www.metro.net/news/pages/ridership-statistics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="metro" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/YearOverYear.aspx|title=Interactive Estimated Ridership Stats: Year over Year, 2018|publisher=Los Angeles County Metro Transit Authority|access-date=May 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507160440/http://isotp.metro.net/MetroRidership/YearOverYear.aspx|archive-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref> [[File:Los Angeles Union Station 22.jpg|thumb|right|Siteshoni ya Union Station yikusangika na Amtrak California, Metrolink, na Metro Rail.]] Msewu wa pasi pa mtunda uwo ukujumpha mu msumba uwu, ndiwo uli pa nambara 9 pa misewu yinandi iyo yikujumpha mu United States.<ref name="APTA">{{cite web|url=http://www.apta.com/resources/statistics/Documents/Ridership/2011_q1_ridership_APTA.pdf|title=Public Transit Ridership Report|year=2011|publisher=[[American Public Transportation Association]]|access-date=October 24, 2011}}</ref> Msewu uwu uli na misewu ya B na D, kweniso misewu ya A, C, E, na K. Mu 2016, E Line yikafika ku Pacific Ocean pa Santa Monica. Msewu wa Metro G na J ni misewu ya mabasi agho ghakwenda mwaluŵiro. Kuzakafika mu 2022, masiteshoni gha sitima ya light rail ghazamuŵa 99. Msumba uwu uli na njanji iyo yikufuma ku Los Angeles kuluta ku vigaŵa vyapafupi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metrolinktrains.com/|title=Welcome to Metrolink|website=metrolinktrains.com|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Padera pa masitima agho ghakupelekeka na Metrolink na Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority, ku Los Angeles kukwendekaso sitima za Amtrak. Siteshoni ya njanji yikuru mu msumba uwu ni Union Station kumpoto kwa Downtown. Kweniso, tawuni iyi yikupanga mabasi gha pa tawuni iyi na gha ku malo ghanyake kwizira mu dipatimenti yakuwona vya mendero ya ku Los Angeles, panji kuti LADOT. ==== Airports ==== {{Main|List of airports in the Los Angeles area}} [[File:TheThemeBuildingLosAngeles (cropped2).jpg|thumb|right|Los Angeles Intl. Ndege ya LAX ndiyo yili na ŵanthu ŵanandi comene pa caru cose capasi.]] Ndege yikuru ya pa charu chose na ya pa charu chapasi iyo yikulongozgera ku Los Angeles ni Ndege ya pa charu cose ya Los Angeles (IATA: LAX, ICAO: KLAX), iyo yikumanyikwa na code ya pa ndege iyi, '''LAX'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flylax.com/|title=Office website of the Los Angeles International Airport|website=flylax.com|access-date=July 24, 2022}}</ref> Malo agha ghali ku Westside ku Los Angeles pafupi na Sofi Stadium ku Inglewood. Pali viŵanja vikuru-vikuru vya ndege ivyo vili pafupi na malo agha: * {{airport codes|ONT|KONT}} [[Ontario International Airport]], owned by the city of Ontario, CA; serves the Inland Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flyontario.com/corporate/airport-information|title=Airport Information|website=[[Ontario International Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|BUR|KBUR}} [[Hollywood Burbank Airport]], jointly owned by the cities of Burbank, Glendale, and Pasadena. Formerly known as Bob Hope Airport and Burbank Airport, the closest airport to Downtown Los Angeles serves the San Fernando, San Gabriel, and Antelope Valleys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|title=History & Facts of Burbank Airport|website=[[Hollywood Burbank Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702230041/https://www.hollywoodburbankairport.com/about-us/history_facts/|archive-date=July 2, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|LGB|KLGB}} [[Long Beach Airport]], serves the Long Beach/Harbor area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longbeach.gov/lgb/about-us/|title=Long Beach Airport Directory|website=[[Long Beach Airport]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> * {{airport codes|SNA|KSNA}} [[John Wayne Airport]] of Orange County. Limoza mwa ma eyapoti ghakurughakuru chomene pa charu chose ghakusangika ku Los Angeles: Van Nuys Airport {{airport codes|VNY|KVNY}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawa.org/welcome_VNY.aspx?id=92|title=Van Nuys Airport General Description|publisher=[[Los Angeles World Airports]]|access-date=October 25, 2011}}</ref> ==== Seaports ==== [[File:Vincent Thomas bridge.San Pedro.JPG|thumb|left|Mlatho wa Vincent Thomas pa Terminal Island mu Port of Los Angeles]] Mzinda wa Port of Los Angeles uli ku San Pedro Bay mu chigaŵa cha San Pedro, pafupifupi makilomita 20 kumwera kwa Downtown. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli malo ghakurughakuru agho ghakukwana makilomita 69. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli nyanja yinyake yakuchemeka Long Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portoflosangeles.org/|title=Port of Los Angeles, the nations #1 container port and global model for sustainability, security, and social responsibility|website=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> Maboti gha ku Port of Los Angeles na Port of Long Beach pamoza ghakupanga Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Safety Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008141319/http://www.mxsocal.org/pdffiles/108th%20HSC%20Mtg%20Apr%205%202006.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2006|url-status=dead|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harboremployers.com/web/|title=Los Angeles/Long Beach Harbor Employers Association|publisher=Harboremployers.com|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Madowoko ghaŵiri agha ngakwamba pa madoko ghose gha vyamuminda pa charu chose chapasi, ndipo mu 2008 ghakatumizganga vyamuminda vyakujumpha 14.2 miliyoni.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%2020081.pdf|title=AAPA World Port Rankings 2008|access-date=March 16, 2011}}</ref> Port of Los Angeles ndiyo yili na ma container ghanandi chomene ku United States ndipo ndiyo yili na ma cruise ghanandi chomene pa West Coast ya United States -  The Port of Los Angeles's World Cruise Center yikawovwira ŵanthu pafupifupi 590,000 mu 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portoflosangeles.org/facilities/passenger.asp|title=Cruise Passenger and Ferry Terminals|publisher=[[Port of Los Angeles]]|access-date=January 14, 2015}}</ref> Paliso madoko ghanyake agho ghakukhala ŵanthu ŵanandi agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Los Angeles. Mumphepete mwa nyanja iyi muli maboti ghanayi: Vincent Thomas Bridge, Henry Ford Bridge, Long Beach International Gateway Bridge, na Commodore Schuyler F. Mlatho wa Heim. Sitima ya Catalina Express ndiyo yikwenda kufuma ku San Pedro kuya ku Avalon (na Two Harbors) pa Santa Catalina Island. == Ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa == {{Main|List of people from Los Angeles}} ==Misumba yakuyana mazina== [[File:Sister cities of Los Angeles.jpg|alt=|thumb|A sign near [[Los Angeles City Hall|LA City Hall]] displaying Los Angeles' sister cities.]] <!-- *** IMPORTANT *** * Please do not add or remove sister cities unless you provide a reliable * * source. This list is verified by http://sistercities.lacity.org/, * * which lists 25 sister cities. If you make changes to this list without * * citing a source, your edits will be reverted. * --> Los Angeles has 25 [[sister cities]],<ref name="Sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/|title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|publisher=[[Government of Los Angeles|Sister Cities Los Angeles]]|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> listed chronologically by year joined: {{Colbegin}} * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Eilat]], Israel (1959) * {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Nagoya]], Japan (1959) * {{flagdeco|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (1962) * {{flagdeco|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France (1964)<ref name="Bordeaux twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | title=Bordeaux– Rayonnement européen et mondial | work=Mairie de Bordeaux | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207154903/http://www.bordeaux.fr/p63778/europe%C2%A0et%C2%A0international | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Bordeaux twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | title=Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures | work=Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères) | access-date=July 29, 2013 | language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14 | archive-date=February 7, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|DEU}} [[Berlin]], Germany (1967)<ref name="Berlin twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | title=Berlin City Partnerships | work=Der Regierende Bürgermeister Berlin | access-date=September 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521054019/http://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/staedteverbindungen/staedtepartnerschaft_ueberblick.en.html | archive-date=May 21, 2013}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ZMB}} [[Lusaka]], Zambia (1968) * {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico (1969) * {{flagdeco|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand (1971) * {{flagdeco|ROK}} [[Busan]], South Korea (1971) * {{flagdeco|IND}} [[Mumbai]], India (1972) * {{flagdeco|IRN}} [[Tehran]], Iran (1972) * {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taipei]], Taiwan (1979) * {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou]], China (1981)<ref name="Guangzhou twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | title=Guangzhou Sister Cities | publisher=Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office | access-date=July 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024091437/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Category_121/Index.aspx | archive-date=October 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|GRC}} [[Athens]], Greece (1984) * {{flagdeco|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1984) * {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[Vancouver]], Canada (1986)<ref name="Vancouver">{{cite web | url=http://vancouver.ca/ctyclerk/cclerk/20080311/documents/a14.pdf | title=Vancouver Twinning Relationships | publisher=City of Vancouver | access-date=December 5, 2009 }}</ref> * {{flagdeco|EGY}} [[Giza]], Egypt (1989) * {{flagdeco|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia (1990) * {{flagdeco|LTU}} [[Kaunas]], Lithuania (1991) * {{flagdeco|PHL}} [[Makati]], Philippines (1992) * {{flagdeco|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia]] (1993)<ref name="Split twinnings">{{cite web | url=http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | title=Gradovi prijatelji Splita |trans-title=Split Twin Towns | work=Grad Split [Split Official City Website] | access-date=December 19, 2013 | language=hr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324035937/http://www.split.hr/Default.aspx?sec=526 | archive-date=March 24, 2012}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|SLV}} [[San Salvador]], El Salvador (2005) * {{flagdeco|LBN}} [[Beirut]], Lebanon (2006) * {{flagdeco|ITA}} [[Ischia, Campania]], Italy (2006) * {{flagdeco|ARM}} [[Yerevan]], Armenia (2007)<ref name="Yerevan twinnings 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/ | title=Yerevan Twin Towns & Sister Cities | work=Yerevan Municipality Official Website | access-date=November 4, 2013}}</ref> {{Colend}} In addition, Los Angeles has the following "friendship cities": * {{flagdeco|POL}} [[Łódź]], Poland * {{flagicon|AUS}} City of [[Melbourne]], Australia * {{flagdeco|UK}} [[Manchester]], United Kingdom<ref name="Manchester">{{cite web|url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|title=Twinning link with LA|date=July 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731001604/http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/twinning-link-with-la-925445|archive-date=July 31, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=July 28, 2009|newspaper=[[Manchester Evening News]]}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|ISR}} [[Tel Aviv]], Israel<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|title=Tel Aviv/Los Angeles Partnership|year=2007|publisher=The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623075353/http://www.jewishla.org/Tel_Aviv_LA_Partnership.cfm|archive-date=June 23, 2008|access-date=August 7, 2008}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{colbegin}} * [[Largest cities in Southern California]] * [[Largest cities in the Americas]] * [[List of hotels in Los Angeles]] * [[List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles]] * [[List of museums in Los Angeles County, California]] * [[List of music venues in Los Angeles]] * [[List of people from Los Angeles]] * [[List of tallest buildings in Los Angeles]] * [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles, California]] * [[USS Los Angeles|USS ''Los Angeles'']], 4 ships (including 1 airship) {{colend}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{See also|Bibliography of Los Angeles}} === General === * Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. ''Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980'' (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1 online]; see index at p.&nbsp;409 for list. * {{cite book|title=Southern California: An Island on the Land|author=Carey McWilliams|publisher=Peregrine Smith|year=2009|isbn=978-0-87905-007-8|edition=9th|author-link=Carey McWilliams (journalist)|url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi}} * {{cite book|title=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own: A New History of the American West|title-link=It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own|author=Richard White|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0-8061-2567-1|author-link=Richard White (historian)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelescapita0000rief|author=David Rieff|publisher=Touchstone|year=1992|isbn=978-0-671-79210-7|author-link=David Rieff}} * {{cite book|title=Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City|author=Peter Theroux|publisher=Norton|year=1994|isbn=978-0-393-31394-9|author-link=Peter Theroux|url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: A History of the Future|author=Paul Glover|publisher=Greenplanners|year=1995|isbn=978-0-9622911-0-4|author-link=Paul Glover (activist)}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County|author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-520-20530-7|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: Portrait of a City|author=[[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin|publisher=[[Taschen]] America|year=2009|isbn=978-3-8365-0291-7|editor=Jim Heimann|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesportra0000unse}} === Architecture and urban theory === * {{cite book|title=Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies|url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh|author=Reyner Banham|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-520-26015-3|edition=2nd|place=Berkeley|author-link=Reyner Banham}} * {{cite book|title=City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles|title-link=City of Quartz|author=Mike Davis|publisher=Verso|year=2006|isbn=978-1-84467-568-5|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar)}} * {{cite book |title=The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1 |author=[[Robert M. Fogelson]] |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-520-08230-4 |place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei|author=Norman M. Klein|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles|author=Sam Hall Kaplan|publisher=Hennessey and Ingalls|year=2000|isbn=978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book|title=Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990|url=https://archive.org/details/overdrivelaconst0000unse|author=Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander|publisher=Getty Publications|year=2013|isbn=978-1-60606-128-2}} === Race relations === * {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|last=Acuña|first=Rodolfo|publisher=Verso|year=1996|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3|author-link=Rodolfo Acuña|access-date=September 30, 2011}} * {{cite book|title=No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels|url=https://archive.org/details/nocrystalstairaf0000geor|last=George|first=Lynell|publisher=Verso|year=1992|isbn=978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book|title=L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present|last=Sides|first=Josh|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-520-24830-4|place=Berkeley}} * {{cite book|title=Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/murderatsleepyla0000paga|author=Eduardo Obregón Pagán|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book|title=The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit|url-access=registration|author=R. J. Smith|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=2007|isbn=978-1-58648-521-4}} === LGBT === * {{cite book|title=Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians|author=[[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons|publisher=Basic Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-465-02288-5|url=https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill}} * {{cite book|title=Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics|last=Hurewitz|first=Daniel|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-520-24925-7|place=Berkeley|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure}} === Environment === * {{cite book|title=Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water|title-link=Cadillac Desert|author=Marc Reisner|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-14-017824-1|author-link=Marc Reisner}} * {{cite book|title=Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles|author=Chip Jacobs and William Kelly|publisher=Outlook Hardcover|year=2008|isbn=978-1-58567-860-0|url=https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco}} === Social movements === * {{cite book|title=Set the Night on Fire: L.A. in the Sixties|author=Mike Davis and Jon Wiener|publisher=Verso|year=2020|isbn=978-1-78478-024-1}} === Art and literature === * {{cite book|title=Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology|publisher=[[Library of America]]|year=2002|isbn=978-1-931082-27-3|editor=David L. Ulin|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse}} * {{cite book|title=Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s|last=Whiting|first=Cécile|publisher=University of California Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-520-25634-7|place=Berkeley}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Los Angeles|collapsible=true}} <!-- *********************** ({{No More Links}}) *************************** * Please be cautious in adding more links to this article. Wikipedia * * is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. * * * * Excessive or inappropriate links Will-Be-Deleted. * * See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. * * * * If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or * * replacements on this article's [[[[Talk:Los Angeles|talk page]]]], * * or submit your link to the relevant category at the Open Directory * * Project (dmoz.org) and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}}* * template. * ********************** ({{No More Links}}) **************************** --> <!-- {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} --> * {{official website}} {{Clear}} {{Portal bar|North America|United States|California|Cities|Greater Los Angeles}} {{Los Angeles}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Los Angeles |list = {{Los Angeles County, California}} {{Greater Los Angeles Area}} {{California county seats}} {{California}} {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{Paralympic Summer Games Host Cities}} {{World's most populated urban areas}} {{California cities and mayors of 100,000 population}} {{Southern California megaregion}} {{Megacities}} }} {{authority control}} [[Category:Los Angeles| ]] [[Category:1781 establishments in New Spain]] [[Category:1850 establishments in California]] [[Category:Cities in Los Angeles County, California]] [[Category:County seats in California]] [[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]] [[Category:Populated coastal places in California]] [[Category:Populated places established in 1781]] [[Category:Port cities in California]] [[Category:Railway towns in California]] [[Category:Spanish mission settlements in North America]] gy474bcamg9gbh13b29844230hf68b1 0 6913 123361 122512 2026-11-01T19:43:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in the Horn of Africa}} {{About|the country in the Horn of Africa|its capital city|Djibouti City|other uses}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-protect|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Djibouti | native_name = {{unbulleted list | item_style=font-size:90%; | {{native name|ar|جمهورية جيبوتي}} | {{native name|fr|République de Djibouti}} | {{native name|so|Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti}}|{{native name|aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}}}} | common_name = Djibouti | image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Djibouti AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|so|Midnimo, Sinnaan, Nabad|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|aa|Inkittiino, Qeedala, Wagari|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|fr|Unité, Égalité, Paix|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|ar|اتحاد، مساواة، سلام|italics=off}}<br />{{native phrase|en|Unity, Equality, Peace|italics=off}} | national_anthem = ''[[Djibouti (anthem)|Djibouti]]''<br />{{center|[[File:The Djiboutian anthem.ogg]]}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Arabic language|Arabic]]|[[French language|French]]}} | languages_type = [[National languages]] | languages = {{hlist |[[Somali language|Somali]]|[[Afar language|Afar]]<ref name=CIA/>}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|[[Somalis]] 70%|[[Afar people|Afar]] 30%<ref name=CIA/>}} | religion = 94% [[Islam in Djibouti|Islam]] ([[State religion|official]])<br/>6% [[Christianity in Djibouti|Christianity]] | demonym = [[Djiboutians|Djiboutian]] | capital = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | largest_city = [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]] | coordinates = {{Coord|11|36|N|43|10|E|type:city_region:DJ}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[hereditary dictatorship]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="cbs" >"[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543_162-20055835-503543/the-worlds-enduring-dictators/ The world's enduring dictators]". CBS News. May 16, 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of heads of state of Djibouti|President]] | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Djibouti|Prime Minister]] | leader_name1 = [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] | leader_name2 = [[Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Djibouti|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[French Somaliland]] | established_date1 = 20 May 1883 | established_event2 = [[French Territory of the Afars and the Issas|French Territory of the Afars and Issas]] | established_date2 = 5 July 1967 | established_event3 = Independence from [[France]] | established_date3 = 27 June 1977 | established_event4 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 412|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]] | established_date4 = 20 September 1977 | established_event5 = [[Constitution of Djibouti|Current constitution]] | established_date5 = 4 September 1992 | legislature = [[National Assembly (Djibouti)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 146th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_footnote = <ref name=CIA>{{cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |access-date=26 February 2013 |date=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti |archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> | area_km2 = 23,200.<ref name=CIA/> | area_sq_mi = 8,958 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = {{nowrap|0.09 (20 km² / 7.7 sq mi)}} | population_estimate = 976,143<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Djibouti|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 162th | population_density_km2 = 37.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 96.4 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 168th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$6.61&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 167th | GDP_PPP_per_capita ={{increase}} $6,514<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 137th | GDP_nominal ={{increase}} $3.7 &nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 172nd | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita ={{increase}} $3,666<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 126th | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 41.6 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="cia-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.509 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 171st | currency = [[Djiboutian franc]] | currency_code = DJF | country_code = | time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+253]] | cctld = [[.dj]] | today = }} '''Djibouti''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|dʒ|ᵻ|ˈ|b|uː|t|i}} {{Respell|jih|BOO|tee}}; {{lang-ar|جيبوتي|Jībūtī}}; {{lang-fr|Djibouti}}; {{lang-so|Jabuuti}}; {{lang-aa|Yibuuti}}}} mwalamulo '''Charu cha Djibouti''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{lang-ar|جمهورية جيبوتي|Jumhūrīyah Jībūtī}}|{{lang-fr|République de Djibouti}}|{{lang-so|Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti}}|{{lang-aa|Gabuutih Ummuuno}}}}}} ni chalo icho chili ku mphanji ya [[Africa]], icho chili kufupi na [[Somalia]]{{Efn|The Djiboutian–Somali border is ''de jure'' controlled by the internationally recognized Federal Republic of Somalia, but is ''[[List of states with limited recognition|de facto]]'' under the control of the unrecognized [[Republic of Somaliland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mylonas |first=Harris |title=De Facto States Unbound - PONARS Eurasia |url=https://www.ponarseurasia.org/de-facto-states-unbound/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=PONARS Eurasia |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ker-Lindsay |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811620848 |title=The foreign policy of counter secession: preventing the recognition of contested states |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-161197-1 |edition=1st |location= |pages=58–59 |oclc=811620848}}</ref>}} kumwera kukaŵa [[Etiyopiya]], kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi, kumpoto [[Eritrea]], kumafumiro gha dazi [[Nyanja Yiswesi]] na [[Gulf of Aden]]. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi).<ref name=CIA/> Kale, chigaŵa ichi pamoza na [[Ethiopia]], Eritrea na [[Somaliland]], vikaŵa [[chigaŵa cha Punt]]. Ku Zeila, uko sono ni Somaliland, ndiko kukaŵa ufumu wa Adal na Ifat. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, boma la French Somaliland likakhazikiskika pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha Dir Somali ghasayina phangano na ŵa French, <ref name="Uwechue" />ndipo njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa (ndipo pamanyuma Addis Ababa) yikamovwira kuti wasinthe Zeila kuŵa dowoko la kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden.<ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Zaila |volume=28 |page=950}}</ref> <ref name="Apcoatf" /><ref name="EB1911_Somaliland_Hist">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Somaliland#History of French Somalia|display=Somalia: History of French Somaliland |volume=25 |page=383}}</ref>Mu 1967, chigaŵa ichi chikachemeka French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 10, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakavota kuti ŵajiyimire ŵekha. Ici cikaŵa cimanyikwiro cakuti caru ca Djibouti, ico cikacemeka Djibouti Republic, cikaŵa na msumba ukuru. Boma liphya ili likaŵa mu wupu wa United Nations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyorb.com/countries/djibouti |title=Today in Djibouti History |publisher=Historyorb.com |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516125612/http://www.historyorb.com/countries/djibouti |archive-date=16 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d |title=United Nations member states |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230101646/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml#d |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu ghakachitiska kuti paŵe nkhondo.<ref name="CIA" /> Charu cha Djibouti chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 920,000. Viyowoyero viŵiri vyakuzomerezgeka ni Chifurenchi na Chiarabic, ndipo viyowoyero vya boma ni Afar na Chisamaliya. Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Chisilamu, icho ntchisopa cha boma ndipo chakhalako kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Ŵanthu ŵa mitundu iyi mbanandi chomene. Vyose viŵiri vikuyowoya ciyowoyero ca ku Cushitic.<ref name="CIA" /> Djibouti wali pafupi na misewu yinandi iyo ŵanthu ŵakwendamo mu nyanja, ndipo wakwendamo mu Nyanja Yiswesi na mu Nyanja ya Indian. Ni malo ghakupelekerapo mafuta ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Ethiopia. Ku caru ici kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) uli na ofesi yake mu msumba wa Djibouti.<ref name=CIA/> ==Zina== Djibouti wakucemeka kuti Republic of Djibouti. Mu viyowoyero vya ku malo agha ŵakuchemeka Yibuuti (mu Afar) na Jabuuti (mu Somali). Charu ichi chili na msumba ukuru wa Djibouti. Ŵanthu ŵakususkana na zina ili. Pali vigomezgo vinandi vyakukhwaskana na umo likambira, ndipo vikupambana kuyana na mtundu. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti lizgu ili lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti gabouti, ilo likung'anamura "chiphikiro". Linyake likuyowoya kuti lizgu ili likung'anamura "phiri". Djibouti wangang'anamuraso kuti "Charu cha Tehuti" panji "Charu cha Thoth" (Chieguputo: Djehuti/ Djehuty), kufuma pa zina la chiuta wa mwezi wa ku Eguputo.<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries Of The World That Are Named After Legendary Figures|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-of-the-world-that-are-named-after-legendary-figures.html|website=Worldatlas|date=7 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=N.Y.)|first=Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gr5BgOwEJicC&q=Djehuti+Thoth|title=Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C.|date=2008|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-295-4|page=361|language=en}}</ref> Kufuma mu 1862 m'paka mu 1894, charu icho chikaŵa kumpoto kwa Mlonga wa Tadjoura chikachemekanga "Obock". Ku France, kufuma mu 1883 m'paka mu 1967, malo agha ghakachemekanga French Somaliland (French) ndipo kufuma mu 1967 m'paka mu 1977 ghakachemekanga French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (French). ==Mbili== {{main|History of Djibouti}} ===Prehistory=== [[File:Pottery of Asa Koma.JPG|thumb|upright|Geometric design pottery found in [[Asa Koma]]]] Chigaŵa cha Bab-el-Mandeb kanandi chikuwoneka nga ni malo agho ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵakendangamo kufuma ku East Africa kuluta ku South na Southeast Asia. Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Djibouti kwamba mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya vya viyowoyero ŵakayowoya kuti ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vya ku Africa na Asia ŵakafika mu chigaŵa ichi kufuma ku chigaŵa icho ŵanthu aŵa ŵakakhalanga mu Dambo la Nayelo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Afroasiatic ŵakamba kukhala ku Horn of Africa, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga chiyowoyero ichi ŵakamba kugaluka kufuma kura.<ref name="Blench143144">{{cite book|last1=Blench|first1=R.|title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|date=2006|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0759104662|pages=143–144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|access-date=8 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914171419/http://www.google.com/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research)</ref><ref>Diamond J, Bellwood P (2003) Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions SCIENCE 300, {{doi|10.1126/science.1078208}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha nyanja ya Abbe muli malibwe agho ghali na vyaka pafupifupi 3 miliyoni. Mu chipalamba cha Gobaad (pakati pa Dikhil na Nyanja ya Abbe), ŵakasangaso visomba vya njovu ya Palaeoloxodon recki, iyo ŵakayiphyera na visulo vya basalt ivyo vikaŵa pafupi. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako vyaka 1.4 miliyoni pambere Yesu wandize pa charu chapasi. Pamanyuma, malo ghanyake ghakuyana waka ghakasangika kuti ghakalembeka na munthu munyake zina lake Homo ergaster. Malo gha ku Acheulean (kwambira vyaka 800,000 m'paka 400,000 B.C.E.), uko ŵakaŵikangapo malibwe, ŵakaghasanga mu 1990, ku Gombourta, pakati pa Damerdjog na Loyada, 15 km kumwera kwa Djibouti City. Paumaliro, ku Gobaad, ŵakasanga chiwangwa cha Homo erectus, icho chili na vyaka 100,000 B.C.E. Pa Chirwa cha Dyabulosi ŵakasanga vinthu ivyo vikaŵa vyaka 6,000 kumasinda, ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakujura visulo. Mu cigaŵa ico cili musi mwa Goubet (Dankalélo, kufupi na Cirwa ca Dyabulosi), ŵakabowozgaso malibwe ghakuzingilizga na vizwazwa vya dongo. Ŵasayansi ŵanyake ŵakayowoyapo kuti mu chipalamba cha Dagadlé Wadi mukaŵa chiwangwa icho ŵakaghanaghananga kuti chikaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵachekuru chomene. Vithuzithuzi vya mu miyala ya mu nyengo yakale na madindi mu Djibouti Vinthu vya dongo ivyo vikaŵako pambere chaka cha 2000 chindafike vikusangika ku Asa Koma, chigaŵa cha nyanja mu Gobaad Plain. Vinthu vya ku malo agha vili na viphikiro vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuyana na vya ku Malayiba, kumwera kwa Arabia.<ref name="Ohvah">{{cite book|last1=Walter Raunig|first1=Steffen Wenig|title=Afrikas Horn|date=2005|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3447051750|page=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|access-date=7 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914164620/http://www.google.com/books?id=JpNY7VPn1WUC|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Viwangwa vya ng'ombe zambura masengwe vikusangikaso ku Asa Koma, kulongora kuti ng'ombe zikaŵako vyaka 3,500 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu Dorra na Balho muli malibwe agho ghakulongora nga ni mphumphi na kaŵeruŵeru. Ku Handoga, uko kukalembeka kuti kukaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., kukaŵa viswaswa vya obsidian na vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Finneran|first1=Niall|title=The Archaeology of Ethiopia|date=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1136755521|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MNGIzz1VJH0C|access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> Malo gha Wakrita ni malo ghachoko gha mu nyengo ya Neolithic agho ghali pa wadi mu malo gha Gobaad ku Djibouti mu Horn of Africa. Mu 2005, ŵakabowozga vinthu vinandi vya ku malo agha ivyo vikatovwira kuti timanye umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya Neolithic. Viŵeto ivi vikulongora kuti somba zikaŵa zakuzirwa chomene mu nyengo ya Neolithic kufupi na nyanja ya Abbé, kweniso kuti viŵeto vya ng'ombe vikaŵa vyakuzirwa. Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakulemba na munkhwala wakuchemeka radiocarbon vikulongora kuti ntchito iyi yikachitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E., nga umo vikaŵira na Asa Koma. Malo ghaŵiri agha ndigho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakaliskanga viŵeto mu chigaŵa ichi. M'ma 4000 B.C.E., malo agha ghakaŵa na nyengo yakupambana chomene na iyo tikumanya mazuŵa ghano. Ku Gobaad kukaŵa nyanja zinandi, Assal na Abbé zikaŵa zikuru ndipo zikawonekanga nga ni maji. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mwa kuvuna, kukora somba, na kuvina. Mu chigaŵa ichi mukaŵa viŵeto vinandi: viyuni vyakofya nga ni viyuni vyamuthengere, viyuni vyamuthengere, zovu, viyuni vyamuthengere, na vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 na 2000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyanja iyi ŵakaloŵanga somba na kuliska viŵeto. Ŵakasanga dindi la mwanakazi wa vyaka 18, kweniso viwangwa vya vinyama, vinthu vya viwangwa, na majuda. Pafupifupi mu 1500 B.C.E., nyengo yikamba kusintha ndipo maji ghakamba kusoŵa. Pa vithuzithuzi ivi pali vinyama vyakuchemeka dromedaries (vyamoyo ivyo vikukhala mu vyaru vyakomira). Ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mwakufwasa ŵakawelera ku umoyo wa kusama. Mu malo ghose agha ŵali kusanga malibwe ghakupambanapambana na madindi agho ghakazengeka mu nyengo iyi. ===Punt (2,500 BCE)=== {{main|Land of Punt}} {{further|Kingdom of Aksum}} [[File:Queen of punt.jpg|thumb|Queen Ati, wife of King Perahu of [[Land of Punt|Punt]], as depicted on Pharaoh [[Hatshepsut]]'s temple at [[Deir el-Bahri]]]] Pamoza na kumpoto kwa Etiyopiya, Somaliland, Eritrea, na mphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi ku Sudan, Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo agho Ŵagiriki ŵakachemanga kuti Punt (panji Ta Netjeru, kung'anamura "Charu cha Chiuta"). Malo ghakwambilira agho ghakuzunulika kuti ni Punt ghakaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Punt ŵakaŵa mtundu uwo ukaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Eguputo mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Farawo Sahure wa muwuso wa nambara 5 na wa Hatshepsut wa muwuso wa nambara 18. Kuyana na vithuzithuzi ivyo vili pa tempile la Deir el-Bahari, caru ca Punt cikawusikanga na Fumu Parahu na Fumukazi Ati.<ref>{{Citation | last=Breasted | first=John Henry | author-link =James Henry Breasted | date =1906–1907 | title =Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, collected, edited, and translated, with Commentary | publisher =University of Chicago Press|pages=246–295|volume= 1}}</ref> ===Macrobians (247 BCE)=== Ŵanthu ŵa Macrobians (Μακροβίοι) ŵakaŵa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa na ufumu uwo ukaŵa ku Horn of Africa. Ŵanyake awo ŵakalembako Baibolo pamanyuma (pakuti Pliny wakalemba mu buku la Ctesias lakuti Indika) ŵakalemba kuti mabuku agha ghakalembeka ku India. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa ku mphelerekezgo za charu (kuyana na umo Ŵagiriki ŵakawoneranga), ndipo ŵakakhalanga kumwera chomene. Zina ili ŵakulisanga cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵakukhala vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵakaŵa "ŵanalume ŵatali na ŵakutowa comene". Herodotus wakayowoya kuti Themba la ku Peresiya, Cambyses II, likati lakora Eguputo (525 B.C.E.), likatuma mathenga ku Makroba kuti ghazakamupe vyawanangwa vinandi. Fumu ya ku Macrobiya, iyo yikasoleka cifukwa ca msinkhu wake, yikamuzgora na suzgo kwa mfumu wake wa ku Peresiya mu nthowa ya uta: Usange Ŵaperesiya ŵangakwaniska kuwukoma, ŵangaŵa na wanangwa wa kuwukira caru cake; kweni m'paka nyengo iyo, ŵakwenera kuwonga ŵachiuta cifukwa cakuti Macrobiya ŵakakana kuwukira ufumu wawo.<ref name="Wheeler pg 526">Wheeler pg 526</ref><ref name="Kitto2">John Kitto, James Taylor, ''The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work'', (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302.</ref> [[File:Adal Kingdom.png|thumb|upright=.75|right|Approximate extension of the Kingdom of Adal]] ===Kingdom of Adal (900–1285)=== Ufumu wa Adal (uwo ukuchemekaso Awdal, Adl, panji Adel) ukaŵa kuzingilizga msumba ukuru wa Zeila.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA17|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=9780852552803|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA20|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|last1=Shinn|first1=David H.|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|date=2013-04-11|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810874572|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2R8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|title=Africa A to Z: Continental and Country Profiles: Third Edition|last=Pieter|first=Esterhuysen|date=2013-12-07|publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa|isbn=9780798303446|language=en}}</ref> Msumba uwu ukazengeka na mafuko gha ku Somalia mu vyaka vya m'ma 800 C.E. Msumba wa Zeila ukakopanga ŵamalonda ŵakufuma mu vyaru vyakupambanapambana. Zeila ni msumba wakale comene ndipo ukaŵa umoza mwa misumba yakwambilira comene pa caru cose iyo yikazomera cisopa ca Ciisilamu, pamanyuma pa hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn wa ku Zeila, uyo uli na vipata viŵiri, wali kuzengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E.<ref name="Btgpb">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Phillip|title=Somaliland|year=2012|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1841623719|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210057/http://www.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Historical sources">{{cite web| url=https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png| format=PNG| title=Image: The Travels of Al-Yaqubi| website=Image.prntsacr.com| access-date=28 November 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112225820/https://image.prntscr.com/image/OhfIs5KhR-yhBdrzIq922w.png| archive-date=12 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Somalia">Mohamed Haji Mukhtar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', new edn, African Historical Dictionary Series, 87 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2003), s.v. ''Awdal'' [p. 44]; {{ISBN|0810843447}}</ref><ref>M. H. Mukhtar, 'Adal Sultanate', in ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'' (Wiley, 2016), {{doi|10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe145}}; {{ISBN|9781118455074}}.</ref> Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Al-Yaqubi, uyo wakaŵa msambiri wa Chisilamu kweniso wakwendakwenda wakalemba kuti Ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa ufumu uchoko ndipo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi.<ref name="Encyamer1">{{cite book | title=Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 25| year=1965| publisher=Americana Corporation| page=255| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5LAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref name="Lewispohoa">{{cite book | last=Lewis| first=I.M.| title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho| year=1955| publisher=International African Institute| page=140| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd0mAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> ===Ifat Sultanate (1285–1415)=== {{main|Ifat Sultanate}} [[File:The_Sultanate_of_Ifat.png|thumb|The [[Ifat Sultanate]]'s realm in the 14th century]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar awo ŵakakhalanga ku chigaŵa ichi, ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuzomera Chisilamu. Ufumu wa Ifat ukaŵa ufumu wa Ŵasilamu wa ku Middle Ages ku Horn of Africa. Likakhazikiskika mu 1285 na muwuso wa Walashma.<ref>Melton, J. Gordon and Baumann, Martin (2010) ''Religions of the World,'' Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. p. 2663. {{ISBN|1598842048}}.</ref><ref>Jalata, Asafa (2004) ''State Crises, Globalisation, And National Movements in North-east Africa''. Routledge. pp. 3–4. {{ISBN|0415348102}}.</ref> Ifat wakazenga misasa mu Djibouti na Somaliland, ndipo kufuma kura wakaluta kumwera ku mapiri gha Ahmar. Sultan Umar Walashma (panji mwana wake Ali, kuyana na buku linyake) wakathereska Shewa mu 1285. Taddesse Tamrat wakalongosora kuti ulendo wa ŵasilikari wa Sultan Umar ukaŵa wa kukhozga malo gha Ŵasilamu ku Horn, nga umo Themba Yekuno Amlak likayezgera kukhozga malo gha Ŵakhristu mu vigaŵa vya mapiri mu nyengo yeneyiyi. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikamba kulimbana cifukwa ca Shewa na vigaŵa vinyake kumwera. Nkhondo yitali yikacitika, kweni mafumu gha Cisilamu gha nyengo yira ghakakolerana yayi. Paumaliro Ifat wakathereskeka na Amda Seyon I wa ku Ethiopia mu 1332, ndipo wakafumako ku Shewa. ===Adal Sultanate (1415–1577)=== {{main|Adal Sultanate}} [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Adal Sultanate|Sultan of Adal]] (right) and his troops battling King [[Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia|Yagbea-Sion]] and his men]] Munthu munyake uyo wakalembako mabuku mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, zina lake Leo Africanus, wakati ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa pakati pa Bab el Mandeb na Cape Guardafui. Ntheura kumwera kukaŵa Ufumu wa Ajuran (Ufumu wa Ajuuran) ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi kukaŵa Ufumu wa Abyssinian (Ufumu wa Abbassin).<ref name="Leo">{{cite book | last1=Africanus| first1=Leo| title=The History and Description of Africa| date=1526| publisher=Hakluyt Society| pages=51–54| url=https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n180/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Michigan">{{cite book | title=Northeast African Studies| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115| volume=11| year=1989| publisher=African Studies Center, Michigan State University| page=115}}</ref> Adal wakuzunulika mu zina mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 apo Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Somali na Afar ŵakakumananga na ŵasilikari ŵa Themba Amda Seyon la ku Abyssinia.<ref name="Houtsma">{{cite book | last=Houtsma|first=M. Th| title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936| year=1987| publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004082654| pages=125–126| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125}}</ref> Pakwamba Adal wakaŵa na msumba wa Zeila, uwo ukaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Awdal. Pa nyengo iyo, boma ili likaŵa la Ifat Sultanate ilo likawusikanga na muwuso wa Walashma. Kuyana na I.M. Ku malo agha kukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mafuko gha Afarized Arabs panji Arabized Somalis, awo ŵakalongozgaso boma la Mogadishu ilo likaŵa kumwera kwa charu ichi. Kwambira apo Adal wakambira, ŵanthu ŵakamba kurwa nkhondo zinandi na Abisinia. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Adal ukaŵa wankhongono comene, ukaŵa na mazaza pa vigaŵa vinandi vya Djibouti, Somaliland, Eritrea, na Ethiopia. Pakati pa msumba wa Djibouti na Loyada pali mapale ghanandi gha ŵanthu. Vinthu ivi vikaŵa na malaro agho ghakaŵa nga ni mphingilizgo ndipo ghakaŵanga na malata ghatali. Malibwe gha Djibouti-Loyada ghakumanyikwa yayi apo ghakaŵirako, ndipo ghanyake ghali na chimanyikwiro chakuŵa nga ni T. Kweniso ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ku Tiya ŵali kusanga madindi. Kuzakafika mu 1997, ku malo agha kukaŵa malibwe ghakukwana 118. Ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakumanya kuti mapale agha ni Yegragn Dingay panji "libwe la Abuya", chifukwa cha Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmad "Gurey" panji "Gran"), muwusi wa Adal Sultanate.<ref name="Fukui">{{cite book|last1=Fukui|first1=Katsuyoshi|title=Ethiopia in broader perspective: papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies Kyoto 12–17 December 1997|date=1997|publisher=Shokado Book Sellers|isbn=4879749761|page=370|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7KpyAAAAMAAJ|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> ===Ottoman Eyalet (1577–1867)=== {{main|Egypt Eyalet}} [[File:OttomanEmpire1566.png|thumb|The [[Egypt Eyalet|Ottoman Eyalet]] in 1566]] Nangauli mu 1577, pakati pa 1821 na 1841, Muhammad Ali, Pasha wa ku Eguputo, wakawusa Yemen, Harar, Gulf of Tadjoura pamoza na Zeila na Berbera. Kazembe Abou Baker wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sagallo kuti ŵafumemo mu msumba wa Zeila. Cingalaŵa ca Seignelay cikafika ku Sagallo pamanyuma pakuti Ŵaegupto ŵafumako. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakakora linga la msumba uwu nangauli mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, Frederick Mercer Hunter, wakadandawura.<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |title=FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST &#124; Awdalpress.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=9 June 2013}} FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</ref> Pa Epulero 14, 1884, mulongozgi wa boti la L'Inferent wakaphara za nkhondo iyo yikaŵa mukati mwa nyanja ya Tadjoura. Mulara wa boti la Le Vaudreuil wakapharazga kuti Ŵaeguputo ŵakunjira mu vigaŵa vya mukati mwa caru pakati pa Obock na Tadjoura. Fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Ethiopia yikalemba phangano na Britain kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo na Ŵaeguputo na kuzomerezga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia na ku Somaliland. Ŵasilikari ŵa Eguputo ŵakafumako ku Tadjoura. Usiku wakulondezgapo, Léonce Lagarde wakatumizga boti lakunjilira ku Tadjoura. ===French rule (1883–1977)=== [[File:Carte de la côte française (...)Meunier Alexandre btv1b53062311r 1.jpg|thumb|Map of the French Somali Coast and neighboring regions in 1870]] {{main|French Somaliland|French Territory of the Afars and the Issas}} [[File:A-demonstration-in-Djibouti-Africa-1967-352022097779 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Referendum demonstration in Djibouti in 1967]] Malire gha charu cha Djibouti ghakaŵako apo France yikamba kukhazikika mu Africa. Pa Malichi 11, 1862, themba la Afar, Raieta Dini Ahmet, likasaina phangano ku Paris. Ŵafarisi ŵakakhumbanga kuti paŵe malo ghakugwilira nchito ngalaŵa zakwenda na mphepo. (Kufika pa nyengo iyi, ngaraŵa za ku France zikaguranga malasha mu dowoko la Britain la Aden, ilo likaŵa ku sirya linyake la nyanja. Pamanyuma, kazembe wa sitima ya Fleuriot de Langle wakagwiliskira nchito phangano ili kuti wakhazikike kumwera kwa Gulf of Tadjoura. Pa Malichi 26, 1885, ŵa French ŵakasainapo phangano linyake na ŵa Issas apo ŵa Issas ŵakeneranga kuŵa pasi pa ŵa French, pakaŵavya kusinthana ndalama ndipo fuko la Issa likapeleka yayi wanangwa wawo pa malo agha, phangano ili likaŵa lakuti Ŵagadebuursi, awo ŵakasuskanga ŵa French, na ŵa Isaaq ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na wovwiri wa ŵa French.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://djibouti.frontafrique.org/?doc31|title=Tracer des frontières à Djibouti|website=djibouti.frontafrique.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Le Regime de Protectorats|last1=Adolphe|first1=Martens|last2=Challamel|first2=Augustin|last3=C|first3=Luzac|publisher=Institut Colonial Internationale|year=1899|location=Bruxelles|page=383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Trace des frontiere a Djibouti|last=Simon|first=Imbert-Vier|publisher=Khartala|year=2011|location=Paris|page=128}}</ref> Likakhazikiskika pakati pa 1883 na 1887, pamanyuma pakuti mafumu gha ku Somalia na Afar ghalemba phangano na ŵa ku France.<ref name="Chisholm">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Somaliland#French Somaliland |display=Somaliland: French Somaliland |volume=25 |page=383}}</ref><ref name="Uwechue">Raph Uwechue, ''Africa year book and who's who'', (Africa Journal Ltd.: 1977), p. 209 {{ISBN|0903274051}}.</ref><ref name="Apcoatf">''A Political Chronology of Africa'', (Taylor & Francis: 2001), p. 132 {{ISBN|1857431162}}.</ref> Mu 1889, Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov, uyo wakaŵa mulendo wa ku Russia, wakayezga kukhazikika ku Sagallo, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakamukanizga. Mu 1894, Léonce Lagarde wakambiska boma la France mu msumba wa Djibouti ndipo wakawuthya French Somaliland. Nga ni umo tawonera mu "Morin" (2005), zina ili likapelekeka na Mohamed Haji Dide wa gulu la Gadabuursi la Mahad 'Ase. Chikatora nyengo yitali kufuma mu 1896 m'paka mu 1967, apo chikachemekaso kuti Territoire Français des Afars et des Issas (TFAI) ("French Territory of the Afars and the Issas"), pamanyuma pakuti France, ufumu wa atsamunda, wapeleka mazaza ku fuko la Issas. Kuzenga njanji ya Imperial Ethiopian Railway kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Ethiopia kukapangiska kuti dowoko la Djibouti liŵe tawuni ya ŵanthu 15,000 mu nyengo iyo Harar ndiyo yikaŵa msumba wekha mu Ethiopia uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 15,000.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Abyssinia |volume=1 |page=86}}</ref> [[File:General Le Gentilhomme Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|General [[Paul Legentilhomme]] in [[French Somaliland]], 1939 or 1940]] Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga pachokopachoko chifukwa cha njanji iyo yikafika ku Dire Dawa, ndipo kampani yakwamba yikaleka kugwira ntchito ndipo yikakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa boma, kweni njanji iyi yikawovwira kuti chigaŵa ichi chileke kwendera ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu magalimoto gha pa Zeila (mu chigaŵa cha Somaliland icho chikaŵa pasi pa Britain) ndipo chikazgoka dowoko likuru la khofi na katundu munyake uyo wakafumanga kumwera kwa Ethiopia na Ogaden kwizira ku Harar. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Italy na kuwukira Ethiopia pakati pa ma 1930, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa France mu French Somaliland na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Italy East Africa. Mu Juni 1940, apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambanga, caru ca France cikaparanyika ndipo boma la Vichy (French) ilo likaŵa ku chigaŵa ca Axis likamba kuwusa caru ici. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth ŵakarwa nkhondo na ŵa Italiya mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Mu 1941, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereskeka ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Vichy mu French Somaliland ŵakakhala kwaŵekha. Boma la Vichy likalutilira kulamulira mu caru ici kwa vilimika vinandi comene. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Britain ŵakajara dowoko la Djibouti City, kweni ici cikamutondeska yayi ŵa ku France awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha kuti ŵaleke kuŵaphalira vya sitima izo zikendanga. Mu 1942, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain pafupifupi 4,000 ŵakakora msumba uwu. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku French Somaliland likapokelera ŵanthu ŵa ku Paris mu 1944. Mu 1958, pambere charu cha Somalia chindambe kujiwusa chekha mu 1960, ku Djibouti kukachitika referendum. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti ŵaŵe ŵamoza na France. Pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakayowoya kuti pa mavoti pakaŵa upusikizgi. Ŵanandi awo ŵakazomera yayi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Somalia awo ŵakakolerana comene na fundo ya umo boma la Somalia lingakhalira pamoza, nga umo Mahmoud Harbi, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti wa boma wakacitira. Harbi wakafwa pa ngozi ya ndege vyaka viŵiri pamanyuma pake mu malo ghakukayikiska.<ref name="Barrington2006">Barrington, Lowell (2006) [https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115 ''After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080147/https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWpKKlukLcC&pg=PA115|date=5 September 2015}}. [[University of Michigan Press]]. p. 115. {{ISBN|0472068989}}</ref>[[File:An aerial view of Djibouti City.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti City]], the capital of Djibouti]] Mu 1966, caru ca France cikakana ivyo wupu wa United Nations ukayowoya vyakuti caru ca French Somaliland ciŵe na wanangwa wakuwusama. Mu Ogasiti wa chaka chenechicho, Charles de Gaulle, pulezidenti wa ku France, wakaluta ku malo agha. Pakuzgora, De Gaulle wakalangura kuti paŵe phangano linyake. Mu 1967, pakaŵaso maungano ghaciŵiri kuti ŵamanye ivyo vicitikirenge caru ici. Ivyo vikachitika pakwamba vikalongora kuti ŵakalutilira kukolerana na France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakagaŵikana chifukwa cha mitundu yawo. Ŵanyake ŵakazomerezga kuti boma la Somalia liŵe na wanangwa wa kujimira. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo boma la France likayowoya. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, chigaŵa icho kale chikachemekanga Côte française des Somalis (French Somaliland) chikasintha zina kuŵa Territoire français des Afars et des Issas. Ŵakati ŵapharazga ivyo vikachitika, pakawuka vivulupi ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa. France nayo wakasazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake pa m'paka.<!-- Empty reference <ref name="Nwjestr"/--><ref name="Tioipeami">Alvin J. Cottrell, Robert Michael Burrell, Georgetown University. Center for Strategic and International Studies, ''The Indian Ocean: its political, economic, and military importance'', (Praeger: 1972), p.166.</ref>[[File:Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis Symbol.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis|Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis (FLCS)]]]] Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, gulu la Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast (FLCS) ndilo likalongozganga nkhondo iyi. Gulu la FLCS likendeskanga maofesi gha ku French Somaliland kufuma ku Somalia na Ethiopia. Pa Malichi 24, 1975, gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis likakora Jean Guery, kazembe wa France ku Somalia, kuti ŵamusinthane na ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵa mu gulu la FLCS. Wakasinthika na ŵa FLCS ŵaŵiri mu Aden, South Yemen. Wupu wa African Unity (OAU) ndiwo ukazomerezga kuti FLCS ni gulu lakuvikilira ŵanthu. Gulu la FLCS likapempha kuti charu ichi chiŵe na boma la Somalia panji kuti chiŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mu 1975, African People's League for the Independence (LPAI) na FLCS ŵakakumana ku Kampala, Uganda ndipo pamanyuma pa maungano ghanandi ŵakasankha nthowa yakujiyimira pawekha, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu viŵe makora yayi ku Somalia. Mu 1976, ŵanthu ŵa gulu la Front de Libération de la Côte des Somalis ilo likakhumbanga kuti Djibouti wapoke wanangwa kufuma ku France, ŵakakumana na gulu la Gendarmerie Nationale Intervention Group cifukwa ca kuba basi iyo yikaŵa pa ulendo wakuya ku Loyada. Ici cikalongora kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti caru ca Djibouti ciŵe na ŵanthu ŵa ku France. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuŵengeje maungano ghaciŵiri. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakusunga malo agha, ghakaŵa malo ghaumaliro gha ku France pa caru ici.<ref name="Nwvol">''Newsweek'', Volume 81, (Newsweek: 1973), p.254.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Légion-Étrangère|year=2000|publisher=Légion-Étrangère|page=2|url=http://2rep.legion-etrangere.com/|access-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730172224/http://2rep.legion-etrangere.com/|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Djibouti Republic=== [[File:Ahmed Dini Ahmed proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ahmed Dini Ahmed]] proclaiming the Djibouti Declaration of Independence on 27 June 1977]] Pa Meyi 8, 1977, ku France kukacitika ungano waciŵiri wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe ŵakufwatuka. Ma Referendum ghakale ghakaŵako mu 1958 na 1967, ndipo ghakakanira wanangwa wa boma. Pa ungano uwu, ŵanthu ŵakakolerana kuti charu ichi chijipature ku France. Ŵanthu 98.8% ŵakakolerana na fundo yakuti Djibouti yijipature ku France. Hassan Gouled Aptidon, wandale wa Issa (wa fuko la Somaliya) uyo wakachitanga kampeni kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoye kuti enya pa referendum ya 1958, ndiyo wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi (1977-1999).<ref name=Barrington2006/> Mu chaka chakwamba, charu cha Djibouti chikaŵa mu wupu wa African Unity (uno ni African Union), Arab League, na United Nations. Mu 1986, caru ici cikaŵaso yumoza wa awo ŵakambiska wupu wa Intergovernmental Authority on Development. Pa nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Ogaden, ŵandyali ŵa ku Issa ŵakaghanaghananga kuti charu cha Djibouti chiŵenge chikuru panji "charu cha Issa". Kweni apo nkhondo yikamaranga, maloto agha ghakamara. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1990, suzgo la umo boma likimiranga ŵanthu likapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo pakati pa chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (PRP) icho chili na mazaza mu Djibouti na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Mu 2000, ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagaŵane mazaza. Mu Epulero 2021, Ismael Guelleh, Purezidenti wachiwiri wa Djibouti kuyambira pomwe adalandira ufulu kuchokera ku France mu 1977, adasankhidwanso kwa nthawi yake yachisanu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Djibouti President Guelleh wins election with 98%, provisional results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/04/10/djibouti-president-guelleh-wins-election-with-98-provisional-results/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. }}</ref> == Politics == {{Further|Politics of Djibouti}} {{See also|Elections in Djibouti|List of Djiboutian politicians}} Charu cha Djibouti chili na boma la pulezidenti, ndipo boma la Djibouti ndilo likulamulira. === Governance === [[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|President of Djibouti, [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]]]] Pulezidenti, Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, ni munthu wakuzirwa comene mu ndyali za ku Djibouti. Pulezidenti wakugwiliskira nchito mazaza ghake mwakovwirika na uyo wakwimikika, nduna yikuru, Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Bungwe la Nduna (kabineti) likulamulirika na pulezidenti. Ŵeruzgi ŵali na makhoti gha chigaŵa chakwamba, khoti likuru la apilu, na khoti likuru. Dango la boma la France likukolerana na malango gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia na Afar. Nyumba ya Malamulo (pankhani iyi yikumanyikwanga kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo) yili na ŵanthu 65 awo ŵakusankhika pa vilimika vinkhondi vilivyose. Nangauli wupu uwu uli na nyumba yimoza pera, kweni Dango likusambizga kuti wupu uwu ni wupu wa Senate.<ref name="English_constitution">{{cite web |title=Djibouti's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2010 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625074422/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Djibouti_2010.pdf?lang=en |archive-date=25 June 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |publisher=Constitute |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution de la République de Djibouti |url=http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125063016/http://www.adi.dj/constitut/constitut_dj.htm |archive-date=25 November 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |publisher=Agence Djiboutienne d'Information |language=fr |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chisankho chatha chinachitika pa 23 February 2018. Djibouti wali na chipani chakulongozga, ndipo chipani cha People's Rally for Progress (RPP) ndicho chikulongozga wupu wakuzenga malango na wupu wakulongozga kwambira waka apo chikakhazikiskikira mu 1979.<ref name="freedomhouse">{{cite web |date=17 January 2012 |title=Djibouti |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/djibouti |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025070027/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/djibouti |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=30 March 2013 |publisher=Freedom House |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Boma likuwusika na mbumba ya Issa Dir ya ku Somalia, iyo yikukhozgeka na mbumba za ku Somalia, comenecomene mbumba ya Gadabuursi Dir. Paumaliro wa m'ma 1990, boma na chipani cha Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) ŵakasazga phangano la mtende. Ŵabali ŵaŵiri ŵa FRUD ŵakanjira mu nduna za boma, ndipo kwambira mu 1999, FRUD yikamba kulimbikira kukhozgera RPP. Pulezidenti Guelleh wakasankha Hassan Gouled Aptidon mu 1999. Guelleh wakapika mazaza ghaciŵiri gha vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza pamanyuma pa mavoti gha munthu yumoza pa 8 Epulero 2005. Wakaŵa na mavoti 100 pa mavoti 78.9 peresenti. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakachitako viyezgelero vyakwimikana na boma ilo likaŵapo nyengo yitali. Guelleh wakasankhika kachitatu mu chaka chenechicho na mavoti 80.63%. Nangauli magulu ghakwimikana na boma ghakatondeska kuŵapo pa mavoti chifukwa cha kusintha kwa dango ilo likazomerezganga kuti Guelleh waŵeso na mwaŵi wa kwimilira, kweni ŵalongozgi ŵa pa caru cose ŵa African Union ŵakalongosora kuti mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakufwatuka ndiposo ghakwenelera. Pa 31 March 2013, Guelleh wakasintha Prime Minister Dilleita Mohamed Dilleita uyo wakaŵa wa nyengo yitali na mulongozgi wakale wa Union for a Presidential Majority (UMP) Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed. Mu Disembala 2014, chipani cha Union for Presidential Majority icho chili na mazaza pa boma chikalembeska phangano na chipani cha Union of National Salvation, icho chikovwira kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakususka boma ŵanjire mu nyumba ya malango na kunozgaso wupu wa vyakusankha.<ref name="Gdgrdtboip">{{cite news|title=Djibouti government reaches deal to bring opposition into parliament|url=http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967|access-date=1 January 2015|newspaper=Goobjoog|date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101213522/http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=7967|archive-date=1 January 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Djibouti}} Boma la Djibouti likwendeskeka na Unduna wa Vyachilendo na Wovwiri wa Mayiko. Djibouti wakukolerana comene na boma la Somalia, Ethiopia, France na United States. Kweniso likucitako milimo ya African Union, United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Organization of Islamic Cooperation na Arab League. Kwambira mu 2000, boma la Djibouti lakhozga ubwezi wawo na Turkey. === Military === {{main|Djibouti Armed Forces}} [[File:Camp Maryama during an exercise, Arta Region, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|Maryama base during a martial exercise in the [[Arta Region]]]] Gulu la ŵasilikari la Djibouti likusazgapo ŵasilikari ŵa Djibouti, awo ŵali na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵa Navy, Djibouti Air Force, na National Gendarmerie (GN). Mu 2011, ŵanthu 170,386 ŵakaŵa ŵanalume ndipo 221,411 ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 16 na 49.<ref name=CIA/> Djibouti yikagwiliskiranga ntchito ndalama zakujumpha madola 36 miliyoni pa chaka pa vya usilikari wake kufuma mu 2011 (141th mu database ya SIPRI). Pambere charu cha Djibouti chindafume mu mawoko gha ŵasilikari ŵa ku France, chikaŵa na magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵasilikari. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵasilikari ŵakamba kupenja ndondomeko ya umo ŵasilikari ŵangacitira kuti ŵalutilire kuvikilira ŵanyawo mwa kugaŵa ŵasilikari ŵawo mu magulu ghacoko na ghakusuntha m'malo mwa magulu ghakupambanapambana. Nkhondo yakwamba iyo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakanjilirapo yikaŵa Nkhondo ya pa Mzinda ya ku Djibouti, pakati pa boma la Djibouti, ilo likawovwirika na France, na Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD). Nkhondo iyi yikamara mu 1991 m'paka mu 2001, nangauli nkhondo zinandi zikamara apo magulu gha FRUD ghakati ghakaŵa ghakujiyuyura ghakasayina phangano la mtende na boma. Gulu linyake likalutilira kulimbana na boma, kweni likasazga phangano la mtende mu 2001. Nkhondo yikamara apo boma likathereska ŵalwani ŵake, ndipo gulu la FRUD likazgoka chipani. Pakuŵa likuru la wupu wa IGAD, Djibouti wali na wanangwa wa kunjilirapo pa mtende wa Somalia. Pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska boma la Somalia mu 2012, wupu wakufuma ku Djibouti ukaluta ku ciphikiro ca kujalira pulezidenti muphya wa Somalia. Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, Djibouti yaluta panthazi kusambizga ŵasilikari ŵake, kuŵalongozga, na kuŵaphalira vinthu vinyake. Pasono ŵakuteŵetera ku Somalia na Sudan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murithi|first1=Tim|title=Handbook of Africa's International Relations|date=1993|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136636967|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3WVtAAAAQBAJ|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> === Foreign military presence === {{See also|French forces in Djibouti}} [[File:11th MEU conducts Sustainment Training 170105-F-QF982-589.jpg|thumb|left|[[Grand Bara]] desert in 2017]] Ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakalutilira kuŵapo mu Djibouti apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa wake, pakwamba mu cipangano ca nyengo yicoko waka ca Juni 1977 ico cikulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakugwilira nchito mu caru ici. Pa Disembala 21, 2011, ku Paris, France na Djibouti ŵakasainirana phangano liphya la kuvikilira caru. Likamba kugwira ntchito pa 1 Meyi 2014. Mwa phangano ili na fundo yake yakukhwaskana na kuvikilira, France yikakhozga phangano lake lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa Djibouti. Pambere ŵandaŵe na wanangwa, mu 1962, gulu la French Foreign Legion, la 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion (13 DBLE) likasamuskika kufuma ku Algeria kuya ku Djibouti kuti liŵe likuru la French garrison kwenekura. Pa 31 July 2011, (13 DBLE) yikafumako ku Djibouti kuya ku United Arab Emirates. Djibouti wali pa malo ghawemi chomene pa malo ghakuchemeka Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, agho ghakupatura Gulf of Aden na Nyanja Yiswesi ndipo ghakulongozga nthowa yakuyira ku Suez Canal. Ŵafarisi ŵakaleka kuzenga msasa wa Lemonnier ndipo pamanyuma ŵakagulizga ku United States Central Command mu Seputembala 2002. Mu 2014, ŵakaŵaso na mwaŵi wa kukhalako vyaka 20. Charu ichi chili na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku China pera na wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Japan pera. Msumba wa Italy National Support Military Base nawo uli mu Djibouti. Ku malo agha kuli maofesi gha ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake. Boma la United States likupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 63 miliyoni pa caka kuti lilipire malo gha Camp Lemonnier, France na Japan waliyose wakupeleka ndalama zakukwana madola 30 miliyoni pa caka, ndipo China wakupeleka madola 20 miliyoni pa caka. Ndalama izo ŵakalipira zikaŵa pafupifupi 5% ya GDP ya Djibouti ya USD 2.3 biliyoni mu 2017. Sonosono apa, caru ca China caŵikapo mtima comene kuti ciŵe na ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu Africa, ndipo pasono cili na mapulani ghakusazgirako ŵasilikari ŵake ku Djibouti. Kuŵapo kwa China mu Djibouti kukukolerana na virwa vya ku China kuti vitivikilire. Cifukwa cakuti Djibouti yili pa malo ghawemi, nchifukwa cake ni malo ghakwenelera comene kuti ŵasilikari ŵake ŵalutilire kuŵapo.<ref name="Nyska">{{cite web |last1=Chandran |first1=Nyshka |title=China increases defense ties with Africa |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/china-increases-defence-ties-with-africa.html |website=www.cnbc.com |date=27 June 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031542/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/27/china-increases-defence-ties-with-africa.html |archive-date=16 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Djibouti}} Mu lipoti lake la 2011 la Freedom in the World, Freedom House likati Djibouti ni "Wambura Kufwatuka", ndipo likasintha kufuma ku "Wambura Kufwatuka". Kuyana na kafukufuku wa ku United States wa mu 2019, Dipatimenti ya vyaru vya ku Djibouti yikupharazga vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, nkhani zikuruzikuru za wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu Djibouti zikusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika mwaurunji na ŵantchito ŵa boma; malo ghakofya na ghakofya ku umoyo wa ŵanthu mu jele; kunjilirapo pa umoyo wa ŵanthu kwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma; kukakika panji kusuzgika kwambura chifukwa kwa ŵamutolamakani; kutuka; kunjilirapo pa wanangwa wa kuwungana mwamtende na wanangwa wa kuwungana; vinthu vikuru vya vimbundi; na nkhaza pa ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana apo boma likuchitapo kanthu yayi pa kusuzga na kuzenga mulandu, kusazgapo kutemeta ŵanakazi. Likayowoyaso kuti boma likutondeka kusanga na kulanga ŵalongozgi awo ŵakuchita viheni, kwali ŵali mu mawupu gha vimbundi panji ku malo ghanyake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2027490.html|title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2019 - Djibouti|first=US Department of|last=State|date=11 March 2020|website=state.gov}}</ref> === Administrative divisions === <!--[[Administrative divisions of Djibouti]] redirects here--> [[File:The Regions of Djibouti.png|thumb|upright=1.4|A map of Djibouti's regions]] {{main|Districts of Djibouti}} Djibouti wali kugaŵika vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ndiwo ni chigaŵa chimoza. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 20. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Regions of Djibouti |- ! Region ! Area (km²) ! Population<br>2009 Census ! Population<br>2018 Estimate ! Capital |- | [[Ali Sabieh Region|Ali Sabieh]] | align="right"|2,200 | align="right"|86,949 | align="right"|96,500 | [[Ali Sabieh]] |- | [[Arta Region|Arta]] | align="right"|1,800 | align="right"|42,380 | align="right"|72,200 | [[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] |- | [[Dikhil Region|Dikhil]] | align="right"|7,200 | align="right"|88,948 | align="right"|105,300 | [[Dikhil]] |- | [[Djibouti Region|Djibouti]] | align="right"|200 | align="right"|475,322 | align="right"|603,900 | [[Djibouti City]] |- | [[Obock Region|Obock]] | align="right"|4,700 | align="right"|37,856 | align="right"|50,100 | [[Obock]] |- | [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjourah]] | align="right"|7,100 | align="right"|86,704 | align="right"|121,000 | [[Tadjoura]] |} == Makhalilo gha charu == {{main|Geography of Djibouti}} === Location and habitat === {{multiple image|caption_align=center|total_width=300|image1=Satellite image of Djibouti in November 2001.jpg|250px|width1=700|height1=800|image2=Satellite images of Djibouti during the night.png|250px|width2=700|height2=700|footer=[[Satellite imagery|Satellite images]] of Djibouti during the day (left) and night (right)}} Charu cha Djibouti chili ku mphepete mwa Africa, pa nyanja ya Aden na Bab-el-Mandeb, kumwera kwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Chigaŵa ichi chili pakati pa latitude 11° na 14°N na longitude 41° na 44°E, kumpoto chomene kwa Great Rift Valley. Ku Djibouti ndiko mphinjika iyo yili pakati pa Africa Plate na Somali Plate yikukumana na Arabian Plate, ndipo yikupangiska kuti paŵe malo ghatatu. Vinthu vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikuchitika pa malo ghatatu agha ndivyo vyapangiska kuti chiziŵa cha Assal chiŵe pachanya chomene kuluska malo ghanyake ghose mu Africa. Mphepete mwa nyanja ya charu ichi yili na utali wa makilomita 314, ndipo malo agha ghali na mapiri ghatali. Djibouti yili na malo ghakukwana 23,200 square kilometres (8,958 sq mi). Malire gha charu ichi ghali na mtunda wa makilomita 575 (357 mi), ndipo 125 km (78 mi) ghali na charu cha Eritrea, 390 km (242 mi) na charu cha Ethiopia, ndipo 60 km (37 mi) na charu cha Somaliland. Charu cha Djibouti chili kumwera chomene pa Nyanja ya Arabia.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Geothermal Resources Council|title=1985 International Symposium on Geothermal Energy, Volume 9, Part 1|date=1985|page=175}}</ref> Djibouti wali na mapiri ghankhondi na ghatatu agho ghali pachanya pa mamita 1,000. Phiri la Mousa Ali ndilo lili pachanya chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo pachanya pake pali mphaka na Ethiopia na Eritrea. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 2,028. Chipalamba cha Grand Bara chili kumwera kwa Djibouti mu vigaŵa vya Arta, Ali Sabieh na Dikhil. Malo ghanandi ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 520. Malo agho ghali kutali chomene ni agha: kumpoto, Ras Doumera na malo agho mphaka na Eritrea yikunjira mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu chigaŵa cha Obock; kumafumiro gha dazi, chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi kumpoto kwa Ras Bir; kumwera, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya As Ela; ndipo kumanjiliro gha dazi, malo agho ghali pa mphaka na Ethiopia kumafumiro gha dazi kwa tawuni ya Afambo. Chigaŵa chikuru cha Djibouti chili ku Ethiopia. Chinyake ntchigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja Yiswesi, icho chili mu mapopa gha Eritrea.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|name=Eritrean coastal desert|id=at1304}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" caption="Landscapes of Djibouti"> File:Djib 003.JPG|[[Lake Assal (Djibouti)|Lake Assal]] File:Traditional houses on the Mabla Mountains.jpg|Traditional houses on the [[Mabla Mountains]] File:Lac Abbe-02.JPG|[[Lake Abbe]] File:The mountains near Dasbiyo.png|The mountains near [[Dasbiyo]] File:South Djibouti Beach.png|Beach south of [[Djibouti City]], overlooking the [[Gulf of Aden]] </gallery> === Climate === [[File:Djibouti's map of Köppen climate classification.png|upright=1.35|thumb|Djibouti map of [[Köppen climate classification]]. <small>{{legend|#FF6700|[[Semi-arid climate]]}}</small> <small>{{legend|#F10000|[[Arid climate]]}}</small>]] Umoyo wa ku Djibouti ngwakuzizima comene ndipo nyengo yake yikupambana comene na ya caru cose. Pa zuŵa, matenthedwe ghakukwana ghakufuma pa 32 kufika pa 41 °C (90 kufika pa 106 °F). Mwaciyelezgero, mu msumba wa Djibouti, mu mwezi wa Epulero, muhanya ukufipa comene. Kweni pa malo ghakuchemeka Airolaf, agho ghali pa mtunda wa mamita 1,535 m'paka 1,600 m'paka 5,036 m'paka 5,249 ft, mu chihanya matenthedwe ghakujumpha 30 °C (86 °F) ndipo mu nyengo ya chiwuvi ghakujumpha 9 °C (48 °F).<ref name="climate">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti |title=Weatherbase : Djibouti |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100532/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=DJ&name=Djibouti |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, malo agha ghakukwana mamita 500 m'paka 800 m'paka mu Ogasiti. Mwezi wa Disembala na Janyuwale ndiwo ni mwezi wakuzizima chomene, ndipo nyengo yakuzizima yikukwana 15 °C. Charu cha Djibouti chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene (BSh) panji ya mu mapopa (BWh), nangauli mu malo ghapachanya chomene, mphepo yikuzizima chomene. Nyengo ya ku Djibouti yikupambana mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa nyanja, kukulokwa maji gha mamita ghakukwana 131 pa chaka. Malo ghakuthyana nagho ghakuthyana chomene na malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;" |+Average daily temperatures for the ten cities in Djibouti |- !Location !July (°C) !July (°F) !January (°C) !January (°F) |- |[[Djibouti City]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 28/21 || 83/70 |- |[[Ali Sabieh]] || 36/25 || 96/77 || 26/15 || 79/60 |- |[[Tadjoura]] || 41/31 || 107/88 || 29/22 || 84/72 |- |[[Dikhil]] || 38/27 || 100/81 || 27/17 || 80/63 |- |[[Obock]] || 41/30 || 105/87 || 28/22 || 84/72 |- |[[Arta, Djibouti|Arta]] || 36/25 || 97/78 || 25/15 || 78/60 |- |[[Randa, Djibouti|Randa]] || 34/23 || 94/73 || 23/13 || 74/56 |- |[[Holhol]] || 38/28 || 101/81 || 26/17 || 79/62 |- |[[Ali Adde]] || 38/27 || 100/82 || 26/16 || 80/61 |- |[[Airolaf]] || 31/18 || 88/66 || 22/9 || 71/49 |} === Wildlife === {{Main|Wildlife of Djibouti}} [[File:FrancolinusOchropectus.svg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti francolin]], a [[critically endangered|critically endangered species]] living only in Djibouti]] Vinyama na vyakumera vya mu charu ichi vikukhala mu malo ghakofya. Vinyama vyamuthondo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vikuruvikuru vitatu, kwambira kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha mapiri m'paka kumwera na pakati pa chigaŵa cha mapiri.<ref name=day>{{cite web|url=http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day|title=Le Pèlerin du Day|access-date=27 February 2013|publisher=World Food Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320080036/http://www.wfp.org/stories/le-p%C3%A8lerin-du-day|archive-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[File:Goda Mountains - National Park of Forêt du Day.jpg|thumb|left|Plant species on the [[Day Forest National Park|Forêt du Day National Park]]]] Vinyama vinandi vikusangika kumpoto kwa charu ichi, mu malo ghakuchemeka Day Forest National Park. Malo agha ghali pachanya pa mtunda wa mamita 1,500. Chigaŵa ichi chili na makilomita 3.5 gha nkhorongo ya Juniperus procera, ndipo makuni ghanandi ghakufika mamita 20. Mu nkhorongo iyi ndimo mukukhala viyuni vinyake vya ku Djibouti. Kweniso muli vyakumera vinandi vya makuni na vyakumera, nga ni makuni gha bokosi na maolive, agho ghalipo 60 peresenti ya vyakumera vyose ivyo vikusangika mu charu ichi. Ku Djibouti kuli vyakumera vyakujumpha 820, vyamoyo vyambura msana vyakujumpha 493, somba zakujumpha 455, vyamoyo vyakukhwaŵa vyakujumpha 40, vyamoyo vyakukhala pa maji na pasi vitatu, viyuni vyakujumpha 360 na vyamoyo vyakunyamura vyakujumpha 66. Vinyama vyamuthengere vya ku Djibouti navyo vili pa chigaŵa cha Horn of Africa na Red Sea na Gulf of Aden. Vinyama ivi ni vyamoyo vya mitundu yakupambanapambana nga ni Soemmerring's gazelle na Pelzeln's gazelle. Cifukwa ca kukanizgika kwa kupenja nyama izi kwamba mu 1970, sono zili kusungika makora. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vikumera ni zebra wa Grevy, hamadryas babuini na hunter's antelope. Mu malo agha mukusangikaso viyuni vya mtundu wa warthog. Mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja muli visomba vya dugong na Abyssinian genet. Viyuni vya mtundu wa green turtle na hawksbill turtle vikusangika mu maji gha mumphepete mwa nyanja uko vikubisamaso.<ref name="Resourcesutviklingshjelp1989">{{cite book|author1=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|author2=Norway. Direktoratet for utviklingshjelp|title=The IUCN Sahel studies 1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|access-date=28 May 2011|year=1989|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-977-8|pages=95, 104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101072911/http://books.google.com/books?id=3jRmxGZhSt4C&pg=PA95|archive-date=1 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="StuartAdams1990">{{cite book|author1=S. N. Stuart|author2=Richard J. Adams|title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Islands: Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use|url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua|url-access=registration|access-date=28 May 2011|year=1990|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/81 81]–82}}</ref> Nkhumba ya ku North-East Africa yakuchemeka Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii yikuwoneka kuti yili kumara ku Djibouti. ==Chuma== {{main|Economy of Djibouti}} [[File:GDP by sector, Djibouti.png|thumb|250px|Djibouti GDP by sector]] Chuma cha ku Djibouti chikugwilira ntchito mu vigaŵa vya uteŵeti. Vinthu vya malonda vikuthemba pa ndondomeko ya malonda ya caru ici ndiposo malo agho ghali pa Nyanja Yiswesi. Cifukwa cakuti vula zikulokwa viŵi yayi, vipasi na vipambi ndivyo vikupambika comene, ndipo vyakurya vinyake vikukhumbikwira kunjizga. Mu 2013, GDP (kuyana na nkhongono zakugulira) yikaŵa $2.505 biliyoni, ndipo yikakuranga na 5% pa chaka. Pa munthu yumoza, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakusanga ni madola 2,874. Makampani gha vya mautumiki ghakapanga pafupifupi 79.7% ya GDP, ndipo ghakulondezgana na mafakitale agho ghakapanga 17.3% na vyakurya ivyo vikapanga 3%. Kufumira mu 2013, chipatala cha viŵegha mu doko la Djibouti ndicho chikwendeskanga malonda ghanandi gha mu charu ichi. Pafupifupi 70 peresenti ya ntchito ya doko ili yikupangika na katundu wakunjira na kufuma ku charu cha Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-railway-idUSL6E7NH07M20111217|title=Ethiopia signs Djibouti railway deal with China|date=2011-12-17|work=Reuters|access-date=2019-12-11|language=en}}</ref> Mu 2018, 95% ya katundu wa ku Ethiopia wakendeskeka na doko la Djibouti. Kweniso ni malo ghakusungirako mafuta gha mu nyanja. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti, pamoza na DP World, likamba kuzenga doko lakunjizgiramo katundu la Doraleh, ilo ni doko lachitatu likuru chomene. Ntchito iyi njakudura ndalama zakukwana madola 396 miliyoni, ndipo yikovwira ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1.5 miliyoni pa chaka. Djibouti ndiyo yikaŵa malo gha 177, agho ghakaŵa ghakuvikilirika chomene pa charu chose. Pakukhumba kunozga malo ghakwendeskera malonda gha vyaru vinyake, boma la Djibouti pamoza na mawupu ghakupambanapambana gha vyaru vyambura phindu, ŵali kwambiska mapulojekiti ghakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora malonda gha caru ici. Boma nalo laŵikapo ndondomeko ziphya za boma izo zikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama zinandi kweniso kuti ŵalutilire kukweŵeka.<ref name="Cdpafoid">{{cite web |author=Bansal, Ridhima |date=23 September 2011 |title=Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti |url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327074151/http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/ |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs |df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Tree map export 2009 Djibouti.jpeg|thumb|250px|left|A proportional representation of Djibouti's exports]] Kweniso ŵayezgayezga kuti ŵachepeske unandi wa ŵambura nchito mu matawuni agho ghali na unandi wa 60%. Ndalama izi zikovwira comene pakuzenga vinthu vyakwendeskera mawupu gha wayilesi na kwandaniska ndalama zakwendeskera bizinesi. Chifukwa cha kukura kwake, vyakurya na vyakurya ivyo vikupangiska kuti vinthu vyende makora, ivyo vikupangiska kuti GDP yiŵe pafupifupi 15 peresenti, vikusangika chomene kwambira mu 2008. Kuti ŵasazgireko nchito iyi, ŵali kuzenga malo ghakukwana 56 megawati agho ghakwenera kuzengeka mu 2018 na wovwiri wa OPEC, World Bank, na Global Environment Facility. Ntchito iyi yikwenera kumazga suzgo la magesi, kuchepeska kugomezga kwa Ethiopia pa magesi, kuchepeska mafuta ghakufuma ku vyaru vinyake agho ghakwendeskeka na magesi gha dizelo, na kukhozga GDP na kuchepeska ngongoli. Kampani yinyake ya ku Djibouti yakuchemeka Salt Investment (SIS) yikamba ntchito yikuru ya kupanga mchere uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha Lake Assal. Mulimo wa kunozga mchere uwu, uwo ukufika matani 4 miliyoni pa chaka, wawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵasangenge ndalama zinandi zakwendeskera vyakurya ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2012, boma la Djibouti likagwiraso ntchito na China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd. pakuzenga malo ghakusungiramo migodi. Mulimo uwu, uwo ukaŵa wakudura madola 64 miliyoni, ukawovwira kuti charu cha Djibouti chipelekeso mchere wakukwana matani 5,000 pa chaka ku misika ya ku Southeast Asia.<ref name="Xdcssmuatfse">{{cite news|title=Djibouti, China Sign 64 mln USD Agreement to Facilitate Salt Export|url=http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm|access-date=27 February 2013|agency=Xinhua News Agency|date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224170743/http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/11/20/2702s734026.htm|archive-date=24 February 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>[[File:Djibouti GDP 1985 to 2015.png|thumb|300px|Djibouti's gross domestic product expanded by an average of more than 6 percent per year, from US$341&nbsp;million in 1985 to US$1.5&nbsp;billion in 2015]] Chiŵelengero cha ndalama za mu charu cha Djibouti chikakwera chomene pa chaka, kufuma pa 341 miliyoni mu 1985 kufika pa 1.5 biliyoni mu 2015. Ndalama ya ku Djibouti ni franc. Ndalama izi zikufuma ku Central Bank of Djibouti. Pakuti ndalama ya ku Djibouti yikukolerana na ya ku United States, yikukhazikika ndipo kusinthasintha kwa ndalama kukuŵa suzgo yayi. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵanjire mu charu ichi.<ref name="Cdpafoid"/><ref name="Rdbbafi">{{cite news|title=Djibouti banking boom attracts foreign investors|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html|access-date=27 February 2013|agency=Reuters|date=23 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526060742/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Djibouti-banking-boom-attracts-foreign-investors--/-/539552/884662/-/item/1/-/13wk3taz/-/index.html|archive-date=26 May 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140224163710/http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf Le système informel de transferts de fonds et le mécanisme automatique du Currency Board : complémentarité ou antagonisme ? Le cas des transferts des hawalas à Djibouti] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224163710/http://www.univ-orleans.fr/leo/images/espace_commun/actualites/dr201309.pdf|date=24 February 2014}}. univ-orleans.fr</ref> Mu 2010, mabanki 10 gha Chalima na gha Chalima ghakaŵa mu Djibouti. Ŵanandi ŵakiza mu vyaka vicoko waka ivyo vyajumpha, kusazgapo kampani yakupeleka ndarama ya ku Somalia yakucemeka Dahabshiil na BDCD, kampani ya Swiss Financial Investments. Pakwamba, mabungwe ghaŵiri ghakaŵa na banki: Indo-Suez Bank na Commercial and Industrial Bank (BCIMR). Boma likukhumba kuti maboma gha vyamalonda ghaŵe na masheya 30 pa 100 gha ndalama izo maboma agha ghakupeleka. Kupeleka ngongoli kukakhozgekaso cifukwa ca kuzenga thumba la wovwiri, ilo likuzomerezga mabanki kupeleka ngongoli ku mabizinesi ghacoko na ghapacanya agho ghakukwaniliskika kwambura kukhumba dankha ndalama zinandi. Awo ŵakuguliska ndalama ku Saudi Arabia ŵakughanaghanira umo ŵangagwilira ntchito kuti ŵakoleraniske mphanji ya ku Africa na chirwa cha Arabia kwizira mu mlatho wa makilomita 28.5 (mailosi 17.7) uwo ukujumpha mu Djibouti. Munthu munyake uyo wakwendeska ndalama zina lakuti Tarek bin Laden wakukolerana na mulimo uwu. Ndipouli, mu Juni 2010, ŵakapharazga kuti chigaŵa chakwamba cha ntchito iyi chachedwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768 |title=Phase I of Yemen and Djibouti Causeway delayed |publisher=Steelguru.com |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=24 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405082305/http://steelguru.com/steel/phase-i-of-yemen-and-djibouti-causeway-delayed/151768 |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Transport=== {{Main|Transport in Djibouti}} [[File:The Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport.png|thumb|right|Main Terminal at [[Djibouti–Ambouli International Airport]]]] Djibouti Ambouli International Airport mu msumba wa Djibouti, ni chiŵanja chimoza pera cha vyaru vyakupambanapambana mu charu ichi, ndipo yikwendeska maulendo ghanandi gha pakati pa vyaru. Air Djibouti ndiyo yikwendeska ndege za mu Djibouti. Sitima ya ku Addis Ababa-Djibouti yikamba kugwira ntchito mu January 2018. Chilato chake chikuru nkhupelekerapo katundu pakati pa charu cha Ethiopia na doko la Doraleh ku Djibouti.<ref>Diego Pautasso "The role of Africa in the New Maritime Silk Road" In: Brazilian Journal of African Studies, v.1, n.2, Jul./Dec. 2016 | p.118-130.</ref> Ngalaŵa za magalimoto zikwenda mu Gulf of Tadjoura kufuma ku Djibouti City kuluta ku Tadjoura. Ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Djibouti kuli doko la Doraleh, ilo ni doko likuru la Djibouti. Doko la Doraleh ndilo likumalira njanji yiphya ya Addis Ababa-Djibouti. Kuwonjezera pa doko la Doraleh, lomwe limagwira katundu wambiri ndi mafuta, Djibouti (2018) ili ndi madoko ena atatu akuluakulu ogulitsira ndi kutumiza katundu wambiri ndi ziweto, doko la Tadjourah (potash), doko la Damerjog (ziweto) ndi doko la Goubet (mchere). Pafupifupi 95 peresenti ya vinthu ivyo Ethiopia wakuguliska na kutumiza ku vyaru vinyake vikwenda mu virwa vya ku Djibouti.<ref>David Styan "Djibouti and Small State Agency in the Maritime Silk Road: The Domestic and International Foundations" (2020).</ref> Misewu ya mu Djibouti yikucemeka kuyana na ndondomeko ya misewu. Misewu iyo yikuwoneka nga ni misewu yikuru ni iyo yili na asphalt (mu utali wake wose) ndipo yikwendeska magalimoto pakati pa misumba yikuruyikuru ya ku Djibouti. Charu cha Djibouti chili pa msewu wakuchemeka 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, uwo ukufuma ku China m'paka ku chigaŵa cha Upper Adriatic, ndipo ukuyana na vyaru vya Central na Eastern Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/12/the-china-merchants-in-djibouti-from-the-maritime-to-the-digital-silk-roads-by-thierry-pairault/|title=Africa News: The China Merchants in Djibouti: from the maritime to the digital silk roads (by Thierry Pairault)|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115143025/https://www.africanews.com/2019/03/12/the-china-merchants-in-djibouti-from-the-maritime-to-the-digital-silk-roads-by-thierry-pairault/|archive-date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Harry G. Broadman "Afrika's Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.</ref><ref>Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018) pp 112.</ref> ===Media and telecommunications=== {{Main|Media of Djibouti|Telecommunications in Djibouti|Freedom of the press in Djibouti}} [[File:Djibtelcom2.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Djibouti Telecom]] headquarters in [[Djibouti City]]]] Boma la Djibouti likulongozgeka na Unduna wa vya Umoyo. Djibouti Telecom ndiyo yekha wakupeleka mauthenga. Kanandi yikugwiliskira nchito mawindo gha mawayilesi gha microwave. Mu msumba uwu ŵali kuŵikamo chingwe cha fiber-optic, ndipo ku mizi ŵakugwiliskira nchito mawoko gha waya yayi. Mafoni gha pa foni ghakukhala waka mu msumba wa Djibouti. Kuzakafika mu 2015, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mafoni ghakukwana 23,000 na mafoni 312,000. Kampani ya SEA-ME-WE 3 yikugwira nchito ku Jeddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseille, Colombo, Singapore na kunyake. Malo gha pa caru gha ma telefoni gha Satellite ni 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) na 1 Arabsat. Medarabtel ni wupu uwo ukupeleka mauthenga gha pa wayilesi. Radio Television of Djibouti ni wayilesi ya boma. Likuŵa na wayilesi ya pa charu chapasi pera, kweniso mawayilesi ghaŵiri gha pa AM 1, FM 2, na ghafupi. Boma ndilo likulongozga vyakupharazga. Mu tawuni iyi muli sinema ya Odeon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Movie theaters in Djibouti, Djibouti|url=http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti|publisher=Cinema Treasures|access-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124154503/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/djibouti/djibouti|archive-date=24 November 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kuzakafika mu 2012, pakaŵa makompyuta 215 agho ghakapelekanga mauthenga gha pa Intaneti. Mu 2015, ŵanthu pafupifupi 99,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. Malo ghapachanya gha pa Intaneti ni.dj. Manyuzipepara ghakuru agho ghakusindikizgika ni gha boma: La Nation, la Cifurenci, Djibouti Post, na Al-Qarn. Paliso wupu wa boma wakucemeka Agence Djiboutienne d'Information. Mawebusayiti gha nkhani gha boma yayi ghali ku vyaru vinyake; nga ni La Voix de Djibouti, agho ghakufuma ku Belgium .<ref>{{cite web |title=Djibouti media guide |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13231765 |website=BBC News |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=20 December 2022}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Djibouti}} [[File:Photo of Gulf Of Tadjoura.png|thumb|right|Arta Plage on the [[Gulf of Tadjoura]]]] Ulendo wa ku Djibouti ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikukura comene mu vya cuma, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana 80,000 pa caka ndiwo ŵakwiza, comenecomene ŵabali na ŵabwezi ŵa ŵasilikari awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakurughakuru gha ŵasilikari ŵa mu caru ici. Nangauli chiŵelengero ichi chikukwera, kweni ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti vizamu vileke kupelekeka para munthu wafika ku charu chinyake. Vinthu ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kwenda paŵekha, ndipo ndalama izo ŵakugulira maulendo agha ni zinandi chomene. Kufuma apo sitima ya ku Addis Ababa na Djibouti yikambiraso kugwira ntchito mu Janyuwale 2018, maulendo gha pa mtunda nagho ghakambiraso. Ku Djibouti kuli malo ghaŵiri ghakuzizwiska, Lake Abbe na Lake Assal. Caka cilicose, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku malo agha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/|title=Things to do in Djibouti|date=14 March 2018|website=onceinalifetimejourney|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174944/https://www.onceinalifetimejourney.com/our-travel-tips-and-tricks/itinerary-4-days-in-djibouti/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/|title=Ethiosport launch of the train to Djibouti|date=1 January 2018|website=ethiosports.com|access-date=14 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174951/http://www.ethiosports.com/2018/01/01/ethiopia-djibouti-train-fare-announced/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ===Energy=== {{main|Energy in Djibouti}} Djibouti wali na magesi ghakukwana 126 MW kufuma ku mafuta na mafuta gha dizilo. Mu 2002, nkhongono ya magesi yikaŵa 232 GWh, ndipo kugwiliskira nchito magesi kukaŵa 216 GWh. Mu 2015, munthu yumoza pa chaka wakagwiliskiranga ntchito magesi ghakukwana 330 kilowatt-hours (kWh); kweniso ŵanthu pafupifupi 45% ŵalije magesi, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba magesi mu charu ichi ntchikuru. Kufumiska magesi ghanandi kufuma ku Ethiopia, agho ghakukhorweska 65% ya ivyo Djibouti wakukhumbikwira, kungawovwira comene kuti charu ichi chiŵe na magesi ghakufumira ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Japan ŵakukondwa comene na mizi iyi, pakuti ŵali na mizi 13. Mulimo wa kuzenga malo ghakupangira magesi (solar farms) ku Grand Bara uzamupeleka nkhongono ya 50 MW.<ref name="oxford">{{Cite news|url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development|title=Diversification key to expansion of Djibouti's energy sector|date=16 March 2016|work=Oxford Business Group|access-date=25 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103153131/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/fuel-growth-diversifying-energy-mix-and-securing-adequate-supply-eye-expansion-central-development|archive-date=3 November 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Djibouti|Djiboutian}} {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Issa_woman_from_Djibouti_ca.1930-1950.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = A [[Somalis|Somali]] woman in nomadic attire | image2 = An Afar nomad.jpg | width2 = 150 | caption2 = An [[Afar people|Afar]] man in nomadic attire }} {{Historical populations |title=Historical population |align=left |shading=off |percentages = pagr |1950|62,001 |1955|69,589 |1960|83,636 |1965|114,963 |1970|159,659 |1977|277,750 |1980|358,960 |1985|425,613 |1990|590,398 |1995|630,388 |2000|717,584 |2005|784,256 |2010|850,146 |2015|869,099 |footnote = Source: World Bank<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=djibouti+population&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUeLQz9U3MDLPytbSyk620s_JT04syczP0y8uAdLFJZnJiTnxRanpQCGrgvyC0hywbBejGRdcoxA5Gg3zzJLJ0miUnVxFikYA8z-VHuMAAAA|title=Djibouti Population|publisher=World Bank|access-date=26 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026150039/http://www.google.co.uk/?gws_rd=ssl#q=djibouti+population&stick=H4sIAAAAAAAAAOPgUeLQz9U3MDLPytbSyk620s_JT04syczP0y8uAdLFJZnJiTnxRanpQCGrgvyC0hywbBejGRdcoxA5Gg3zzJLJ0miUnVxFikYA8z-VHuMAAAA|archive-date=26 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> |estyear= 2018 |2018|884,017}} Mu charu cha Djibouti muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 921,804.{{UN_Population|ref}} Ni caru ca mitundu yinandi. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakakura chomene mu hafu yaumaliro ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kufuma pa 69,589 mu 1955 kufika pa 869,099 mu 2015. Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu Djibouti ni Ŵasomali (60%) na Ŵaafara (35%). Chigaŵa cha fuko la Somali chili na ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Issa, awo ŵakulondezgapo ni Gadabuursi na Habar Awal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Somalia: Information on the Issa and the Issaq|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ab2f60.html|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> Ŵanthu 5% awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Djibouti mbanalume ŵa ku Yemen, Ŵaetiyopiya, na ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu 76% ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuliska viŵeto. Djibouti nayo wali na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo msumba wa Djibouti ukuchemeka kuti "French Hong Kong mu Nyanja Yiswesi". Chifukwa chakuti Djibouti wali mumphepete mwa nyanja ya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Somalia, Yemen, na Ethiopia ŵakuluta ku vyaru vya Gulf na kumpoto kwa Africa. Djibouti yapokera ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Yemen.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DIRECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE|first=INTELLIGENCE MEMORANDUM|date=1967|title=French Somaliland|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00825R000100050001-0.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123082205/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP84-00825R000100050001-0.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2017|journal=Intelligence Memorandum}}</ref> {| style="float:right; clear:right;" |{{Pie chart | thumb = right | caption= Languages of Djibouti | other = yes | label1 = [[Somali language|Somali]] | value1 = 60 | color1 = Blue | label2 = [[Afar language|Afar]] | value2 = 35 | color2 = Green | label3 = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | value3 = 2 | color3 = Red }} |{{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = Islam in Djibouti (Pew)<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims &#124; Pew Research Center |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2012-08-09 |access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref> |title= |label1 = [[Sunnism]] |value1 = 87 |color1 = Green |label2 = [[Non-denominational Muslim]]s |value2 = 8 |color2 = Maroon |label3 = Other Muslim |value3 = 3 |color3 = DodgerBlue |label4 = [[Shiaism]] |value4 = 2 |color4 = Orange }} |} === Languages === {{main|Languages of Djibouti}} Djibouti ni caru ca viyowoyero vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chisomali (ŵanthu 524,000) na Chiafar (ŵanthu 306,000). Viyowoyero ivi ni viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Somali na Afar. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri ni vya mu mbumba yikuru ya viyowoyero vya Cushitic. ChiSomali cha kumpoto ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa mdziko muno komanso m'dera loyandikana nalo la Somaliland, mosiyana ndi ChiSomali cha Benadiri chomwe ndi chiyankhulo chachikulu chomwe chimalankhulidwa ku Somalia. Ku Djibouti kuli viyowoyero viŵiri: Ciarabu na Cifurenci. Ciarabu nchakuzirwa comene pa nkhani ya cisopa. Mu chiyowoyero ichi muli chiyowoyero cha Chiarabu icho chikuyowoyeka mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 59,000 ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Ta'izzi-Adeni, icho chikuchemekaso Chiarabic cha ku Djibouti. Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma. Chiyowoyero ichi ndicho ŵanthu ŵakasambizgikiranga mu nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 17,000 ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi. Viyowoyero vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya ni Chiarabic cha ku Oman (ŵanthu 38,900), Chiamharic (ŵanthu 1,400), na Chigiriki (ŵanthu 1,000).<ref name="ethnologue.com">{{cite web|title=Djibouti – Languages|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910001641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/languages|archive-date=10 September 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Religion === {{main|Islam in Djibouti|Christianity in Djibouti}} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Djibouti Mbasilamu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 98% mu charu ichi ndiwo ŵakusopa chisopa cha Chisilamu (pa 2022 ŵanthu pafupifupi 891,000). Mu 2012, ŵanthu 94% ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu ndipo ŵanyake 6% ŵakaŵa Ŵakhristu. Chisopa cha Ciislamu cikanjira mu cigaŵa ici mwaluŵiro comene, apo gulu la Ŵasilamu awo ŵakatambuzgikanga ŵakapenja malo ghakubisamamo kujumpha mu Nyanja Yiswesi mu mphinjika ya Africa cifukwa ca kuciskika na nchimi ya Ciislam, Muhammad. Mu 1900, mu nyengo yakwambilira ya muwuso wa Ŵakolone, mu vigaŵa ivi mukaŵavya Ŵakhristu, ndipo pakaŵa waka ŵalondezgi pafupifupi 100-300 awo ŵakafuma ku masukulu na nyumba za ŵalanda za ŵamishonale ŵa Katolika ku French Somaliland. Dango la Djibouti likuti chisopa cha Chisilamu ndicho ntchisopa cha boma pera, kweniso likuti ŵanthu ŵavisopa vyose ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka (Ndime 1) kweniso wanangwa wakusopa (Ndime 11).<ref name="English_constitution"/><ref name="constitution"/> Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵa ku malo agha ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Sunni. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi awo ŵali na cisopa ca Cisilamu ŵali mu visopa vyakupambanapambana. Lipoti la 2008 la International Religious Freedom Report likuti, nangauli Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali na wanangwa wa kuwelera ku chisopa chawo panji kutora panji kutengwa kwa munthu wa chisopa chinyake, kweni awo ŵakunjira chisopa ichi ŵakususkika na ŵabali ŵawo, mbumba zawo, panji ŵanthu wose. Diocese ya Djibouti yikovwira ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa Katolika awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi, awo ŵakukwana 7,000 mu 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cheney, David M.|title=Diocese of Djibouti|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddjib.html|publisher=Catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=28 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312034655/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddjib.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Largest cities === {{Largest cities | country = Djibouti | stat_ref = According to the 2009 Census<ref>{{cite web |title=Djibouti: Regions, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information |url=http://citypopulation.de/Djibouti.html |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> | list_by_pop = | div_name = Region | div_link = | city_1 = Djibouti (city){{!}}Djibouti | div_1 = Djibouti Region{{!}}Djibouti | pop_1 = 475,322 | img_1 = Djibplamar.jpg | city_2 = Ali Sabieh | div_2 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_2 = 37,939 | img_2 = View of Ali Sabieh.JPG | city_3 = Dikhil | div_3 = Dikhil Region{{!}}Dikhil | pop_3 = 24,886 | img_3 = Place Bernard à Dikhil.JPG | city_4 = Tadjoura | div_4 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_4 = 14,820 | img_4 = Tagore.jpg | city_5 = Arta, Djibouti{{!}}Arta | div_5 = Arta Region{{!}}Arta | pop_5 = 13,260 | city_6 = Obock | div_6 = Obock Region{{!}}Obock | pop_6 = 11,706 | city_7 = Ali Adde | div_7 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_7 = 3,500 | city_8 = Holhol | div_8 = Ali Sabieh Region{{!}}Ali Sabieh | pop_8 = 3,000 | city_9 = Airolaf | div_9 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_9 = 1,023 | city_10 = Randa, Djibouti{{!}}Randa | div_10 = Tadjourah Region{{!}}Tadjourah | pop_10 = 1,023 }} === Health === {{main|Health in Djibouti}} [[File:Institut Supérieur des Sciences et de la Santé (ISSS)'s Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|upright|Entrance to the ISSS Faculty of Medicine in Djibouti City]] Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi wose ŵakukhala vyaka pafupifupi 64.7. Ŵanakazi wose ŵakubaba ŵana 2.35 pa mwanakazi yumoza. Ku Djibouti kuli ŵadokotala pafupifupi 18 pa ŵanthu 100,000. Mu 2010, ku Djibouti, ŵana 100,000 ŵakufwa pa ŵanakazi 300. Pa ciŵelengero ici pakaŵa 461,6 mu 2008 na 606,5 mu 1990. Ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi pa ŵana 1,000 ŵakufwa 95, ndipo ŵana awo ŵakufwa para ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi ŵakufwa 37. Ku Djibouti, pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika, pali ŵabwezi 6 ndipo pa ŵanakazi 93 ŵaliwose, yumoza wakufwa. Pafupifupi 93.1% ya ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kupika viŵaro vya ŵanakazi (Female Genital Mutilation, panji kuti 'Female Circumcision'), nkharo iyo ŵanthu ŵakuchita pambere ŵandatorane.<ref name="Rohayes">{{cite journal |author=Hayes, Rose Oldfield |year=1975|title=Female genital mutilation, fertility control, women's roles, and the patrilineage in modern Sudan: a functional analysis |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=617–633 |doi=10.1525/ae.1975.2.4.02a00030|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bodman">Bodman, Herbert L. and Tohidi, Nayereh Esfahlani (1998) [https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&pg=PA41 ''Women in Muslim societies: diversity within unity''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100413/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFzdA2Hini4C&pg=PA41 |date=5 September 2015}}. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 41. {{ISBN|1555875785}}.</ref> Nangauli dango likakanizga nthowa iyi mu 1994, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵachali kuyigwiliskira ntchito. Ŵanakazi ndiwo ŵakuchiska kuti ŵanakazi ŵachitenge ivi, ndipo chilato chake ntchakuti ŵaleke kuchita uzaghali.<ref name="Djiwfm">{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405|title=DJIBOUTI: Women fight mutilation|agency=IRIN|date=12 July 2005|access-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516075139/http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=55405|archive-date=16 May 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Frayser">Suzanne G. Frayser, Thomas J. Whitby, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257 Studies in human sexuality: a selected guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905100634/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&pg=PA257 |date=5 September 2015}}, (Libraries Unlimited: 1995), p. 257 {{ISBN|1563081318}}.</ref> Pafupifupi 94% ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Djibouti ŵali kukotoleka.<ref name="Ahuja">{{cite web |url=http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |title=Male Circumcision and AIDS: The Macroeconomic Impact of a Health Crisis |author1=Eric Werker |author2=Amrita Ahuja |author3=Brian Wendell |work=NEUDC 2007 Papers :: Northeast Universities Development Consortium Conference: Center for International Development at Harvard Un |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204255/http://www.cid.harvard.edu/neudc07/docs/neudc07_s1_p02_ahuja.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> === Education === {{main|Education in Djibouti}} Boma la Djibouti likuwona kuti kusambizga ŵanthu nkhwakuzirwa comene. Kwambira mu 2009, boma ili likupeleka ndalama 20.5% pa bajeti yake.<ref name="infodev.org">Hare, Harry (2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20091216081516/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html ICT in Education in Djibouti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216081516/http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.398.html |date=16 December 2009}}, World Bank</ref> [[File:Djibwomglopul.jpeg|thumb|left|Ŵanakazi ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakuchitako mulimo wa Global Pulse (2010)]] Pakwamba masambiro gha ku Djibouti ghakaŵa gha ŵana ŵachoko waka. Ntheura, masukulu agha ghakaŵa gha ŵanthu awo ŵakasambizgikanga makora chomene ndipo ghakaŵa ghakuyana na umo vinthu vikaŵira mu nyengo ya ufumu wa France.<ref name="infodev.org"/> Kuumaliro kwa m'ma 1990, boma la Djibouti likasintha ndondomeko ya masambiro ya caru cose na kwamba ndondomeko yikuru ya kucezga na ŵalara ŵa boma, ŵasambizgi, ŵapapi, ŵimiliri ŵa wumba wa caru cose na mawupu gha boma yayi. Mu upharazgi uwu, ŵakalongosora vigaŵa ivyo vikukhumbikwira kuŵikapo mtima ndipo ŵakapeleka ulongozgi wakovwira. Kufuma apo, boma likanozga pulani yakunozga vinthu kuti pa nyengo ya 2000-10, sukulu ziŵe zapachanya. Mu Ogasiti 2000, likapeleka dango lakuyowoya za ndondomeko ya masambiro ndipo likanozga ndondomeko ya umo vinthu viŵirenge mu vyaka vinkhondi. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakaŵa ghakukhozga comene ndipo sono ghakusazgapo masambiro gha vyaka vinkhondi gha ku pulayimale na vyaka vinayi vya ku sekondare. Ŵasambizgi ŵa masukulu gha sekondare nawo ŵakwenera kuŵa na chikalata chakulongora kuti ŵali kusambira dankha sukulu. Kweniso, dango liphya likapangiska kuti paŵe masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite.<ref name="infodev.org"/> Chifukwa cha Dango la Kupanga Mapulani gha Sukulu na ndondomeko ya kucitapo kanthu kwa nyengo yitali, vinthu vikwenda makora comene mu cigaŵa cose ca masambiro. Ŵana awo ŵakunjira sukulu, awo ŵakuluta ku sukulu, na awo ŵakulutilira kusambira, ŵakusazgikira comene, kweni ŵakupambana mu vyaru vinyake. Kwambira mu 2004 m'paka mu 2005 m'paka mu 2007, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu za pulayimare chikakwera na 18.6%, ndipo cha ŵanyamata chikakwera na 8.0%. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵana ŵanakazi awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu ya sekondare ŵakakwera na 72.4% ndipo ŵana ŵanalume ŵakakwera na 52.2%. Pa sukulu ya sekondare, chiŵelengero cha ŵasungwana awo ŵakalembeskanga chikakwera pa 49.8% na 56.1% pa ŵasungwana. Boma la Djibouti laŵika mtima comene pa kupanga na kusazgirako vinthu vyakwendeskera masukulu na vinthu vyakovwira kusambizga, kusazgapo kuzenga masukulu ghaphya na kupeleka mabuku. Pa masambiro gha ku sekondare, ŵakuŵikapo mtima kuti ŵasambizge ŵana awo ŵali na maluso kweniso kuti ŵachinyamata awo ŵandafike ku sukulu ŵasambire ntchito. Mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Djibouti chikaŵa 70%. Mu charu ichi muli masukulu ghapachanya nga ni Yunivesite ya Djibouti. == Mwambo == {{Further|Culture of Djibouti}} [[File:Wood jar from Oue`a, Tadjoura, Djibouti.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Traditional wood-carved jar from [[Oued Ouea|Oue'a]] in the [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjourah]] region]] Kavwaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti kakulongora kuti malo agha ngakotcha chomene. Para ŵanalume ŵandavware malaya gha ku Western nga ni jeans na T-shirts, kanandi ŵakuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka macawiis. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu vyaru vinyake ŵakuvwara munjilira utuŵa wakuchemeka tobe. Kanandi ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara dirak, ilo ni munjilira utali, wakupepuka, wakuvwara chigudulu chakuchita na thonje panji polyester. Ŵanakazi ŵakutengwa ŵakuvwara chigudulu (shash) ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa thupi lawo na chakuvwara chakuchemeka garbasaar. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵambura kutengwa panji ŵawukirano nyengo zose ŵakubisa mutu yayi. Ŵanalume ŵakugwiliskira ntchito malaya gha ku Arabia nga ni jellabiya (jellabiyaad mu Chisomali) na jilbāb ya ŵanakazi. Pa viphikiro vinyake, ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara vitoweskero na vyakuvwara vyakutowa nga ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Maghreb ŵakuvwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Image of Djibouti women in head-dresses |url=http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg |publisher=discoverfrance.net |access-date=31 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614075753/http://www.discoverfrance.net/Colonies/Images/Places/Djibouti/Women_Costumes_Djibouti.jpg |archive-date=14 June 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Vinthu vinandi vya ku Djibouti vikusangika mu sumu. Mu nyumba za mu tawuni iyi muli visambizgo vinandi vya Cisilamu, Ottoman, na Cifurenci. ===Music=== {{Main|Music of Djibouti}} [[File:Oud - MIM PHX.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Sumu ya oud yikuzunulika comene mu sumu za ku Djibouti.]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵali na sumu zinandi izo zikufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia. Sumu zinandi za ku Somalia zikuŵa na sumu za pentatonic. Fundo iyi yikung'anamura kuti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito tuvizingo tuchoko waka pa octave, mwakupambana na tuvizingo tuchokotuchoko (tuŵiri) nga ni major scale. Pakudanga kupulika, sumu za ku Somalia zingawoneka nga ni za ku vigaŵa vyapafupi nga ni Ethiopia, Sudan panji Arabia, kweni paumaliro zikumanyikwa na sumu zake na masitayelo ghake. Sumu za ku Somalia kanandi zikulembeka na ŵanthu awo ŵakulemba mazgu (midho), awo ŵakulemba sumu (laxan) na ŵakwimba (codka panji "mazgu"). Balwo ni sumu ya ku Somalia iyo yikuyowoya vya chitemwa ndipo yikumanyikwa chomene ku Djibouti.<ref>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia''. Greenwood Press. pp. 170–172. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref> Sumu za Afar zikuyana na sumu za ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Africa nga ni Ethiopia. Mbiri ya Djibouti yili kulembeka mu sumu za ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. Mabuku agho ŵanthu ŵakulemba pa mulomo ghakulongosoraso sumu. Pali mitundu yinandi ya sumu izi, kusazgapo sumu za ukwati, za nkhondo, za malumbo na kujithumbwa.<ref name="expedition">{{cite web |title=Djibouti – Culture Overview |url=http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040227041820/http://expedition.bensenville.lib.il.us/Africa/Djibouti/culture.htm |archive-date=27 February 2004 |access-date=28 September 2005 |work=Expedition Earth}} – ''Website no longer exists; link is to [[Internet Archive]]''</ref> ===Literature=== {{Main|Literature of Djibouti}} Charu cha Djibouti chili na mitheto ya sumu. Vinyake ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Somalia ŵakulemba ni gabay, jiifto, geeraar, wiglo, 'buraanbur, beercade, afarey na guuraw. Sumu iyi njitali comene ndipo kanandi yikujumpha mizere 100. Para munthu muwukirano wakulemba ndime za mtundu uwu, wakuŵa wakukwana. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakasunganga pamtima na kuŵazga (hafidayaal) ndiwo ŵakasambizganga ŵanthu luso ili. Mu sumu zake muli nkhani zinandi, nga ni baroorodiiq (vyakuyowoya), amaan (kulumba), jacayl (kutemwana), guhaadin (kusesa), digasho (kusekelera) na guubaabo (kulongozga). Baroorodiiq yikupangika kuti yikumbukire nyifwa ya munthu wakumanyikwa.<ref name=Abdullahi75>Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001) ''Culture and Customs of Somalia'', Greenwood Press. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|9780313313332}}</ref> Ŵa Afar ŵakumanya makora mazgu ghakuti ginnili, agho ghakung'anamura mulongozgi wa nkhondo na wakuwukwa. Kweniso ŵali na sumu zinandi za nkhondo. Kweniso charu cha Djibouti chili na mabuku ghanandi gha Cisilamu. Mu mabuku ghanyake ghakumanyikwa chomene gha mdauko wa ŵanthu, muli buku lakuti Futuh Al-Habash la Shihāb al-Dīn, ilo likulongosora umo ŵasilikari ŵa Adal ŵakathereskera charu cha Abyssinia mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500.<ref name="Shihab">{{cite book|author=Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻArabfaqīh |translator1=Paul Stenhouse |translator2=Richard Pankhurst|title=The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century|year=2003|publisher=Tsehai Publishers & Distributors|page=77|isbn=9780972317269|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ|access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905104603/https://books.google.com/books?id=YgIwAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=5 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵandyali na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵavinjeru ŵalembapo vya caru ici. ===Sport=== [[File:El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium]] in [[Djibouti City]]]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Djibouti ŵakutemwa comene. Charu ichi chikaŵa chiŵaro cha FIFA mu 1994, kweni chikachitako waka maseŵero gha ku Africa Cup of Nations kweniso FIFA World Cup mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Mu Novembala 2007, timu ya mpira ya Djibouti yikathereska timu ya chalo cha Somalia na 1?? 0 mu vigaŵa vya FIFA World Cup ya 2010, ndipo iyi yikaŵa nkhonyo yake yakwamba ya World Cup. Sonosono apa, wupu wa World Archery Federation wawovwira kukhazikiska wupu wa Djibouti Archery Federation, ndipo wupu wa Arta ukuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu kuwombera uta. ===Cuisine=== {{Main|Djiboutian cuisine}} [[File:Sambusadish.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A plate of ''[[samosa|sambusas]]'', a popular traditional snack]] Vyakurya vya ku Djibouti ni vyakurya vya ku Somalia, Afar, Yemen, na French, pamoza na vyakurya vinyake vya ku South Asia. Vyakurya vya ku malo agha vikunozgeka na vyakununkhira vinandi vya ku Middle East. Somba za ku Yemen izo ŵakuphika mu viŵiya vyakuchemeka tandoori ni zakunozgeka chomene. Vyakurya vyakunowa vikuŵa vyakupambanapambana, kufuma ku Fah-fah panji "Soupe Djiboutienne" (supu yakunowa ya nyama ya ng'ombe) m'paka ku yetakelt wet (supu yakunowa ya vyakurya vyakunowa). Xalwo panji halva ni cakurya cakumanyikwa ico ŵanthu ŵakurya pa viphikiro nga ni Eid panji ukwati. Halva wakupangika na shuga, chiŵiya cha mbuto, makhadamoni, chiŵiya cha mtovu, na ghee. Nyengo zinyake ŵakusazgako phere kuti liŵe liwemi.<ref>Ali, Barlin (2007) ''Somali Cuisine''. AuthorHouse. p. 79. {{ISBN|9781425977061}}</ref> Para ŵanthu ŵarya, ŵakutemwa kununkhira na vyakununkhira (cuunsi) panji lubani. ==Wonaniso== * [[Index of Djibouti-related articles]] * [[Outline of Djibouti]] ==Vyakulemba== {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} === Sources === * {{CIA World Factbook|year=2016}} * {{cite journal |title=Jibouti and Madagascar in the 1939–45 War |last=Ebsworth |first=W. A. |journal=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution |volume=98 |issue=592 |year=1953 |pages=564–68 |doi=10.1080/03071845309422199}} * {{cite thesis |first=Simon |last=Imbert-Vier |title=Frontières et limites à Djibouti durant la période coloniale (1884–1977) |type=PhD thesis |institution=[[University of Provence|Université de Provence–Aix-Marseille I]] |year=2008 |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00736163}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Djibouti|b=no|s=no|q=no}} ; Government *{{cite web |title=Site Officiel de la République de Djibouti |url=http://www.presidence.dj/ |publisher=Government of Djibouti |trans-title=Official website of the Republic of Djibouti |language=fr |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205080506/http://www.presidence.dj/ |archive-date=5 February 2011}} *{{cite web |title=Office National de Tourisme de Djibouti |url=http://www.visitdjibouti.dj/ |publisher=National Official of Tourism of Djibouti |access-date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211915/http://visitdjibouti.dj/ |archive-date=24 December 2018 |url-status=dead}} ; Profile *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109085133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti Djibouti]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. *[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13231761 Djibouti profile] from the [[BBC News]]. *{{GovPubs|djibouti}} *{{curlie|Regional/Africa/Djibouti}} ; Others *[http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/resources/docs/country_info/profile/en_Djibouti_SoWMy_Profile.pdf The State of the World's Midwifery – Djibouti Country Profile] from [[UNFPA]] *[http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DJ Key Development Forecasts for Djibouti] from [[International Futures]]. *{{Wikiatlas|Djibouti}} *{{Britannica|id=166928}} {{Portalbar|Africa|Countries}} {{Djibouti topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Related articles |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{Countries bordering the Red Sea}} {{Arabian Plate}} {{Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean}} {{Countries and territories of the Middle East}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} {{African Union}} {{Arab League}} {{La Francophonie|state=collapsed}} {{Community of Sahel–Saharan States}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|11|30|N|43|00|E|type:country_region:DJ|display=title}} <!-- lowest per [[WP:SUBCAT]] - country subcat under regional parent categories --> [[Category:Djibouti| ]]<!--please leave the empty space as standard--> [[Category:1977 establishments in Djibouti]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Former French colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Gulf of Aden]] [[Category:Horn African countries]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Somali is an official language]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1977]] fu7h7uid39ddyt9ci2g3yi3zbje6tox 0 6919 123359 122337 2026-11-01T19:14:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{Revision}} {{About|the country|other uses|Cameroon (disambiguation)}} {{Featured article}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-pc}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of Cameroon | common_name = Cameroon | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Cameroun}} | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | alt_flag = Vertical tricolor (green, red, yellow) with a five-pointed gold star in the center of the red | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Paix – Travail – Patrie"|italics=off}}<br />"Peace – Work – Fatherland" | national_anthem = <br />{{Native phrase|fr|"Chant de Ralliement"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}<br />"[[The Rallying Song|Rallying Song]]"<br />{{Center| }} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Cameroon (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Cameroon AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | alt_map = Location of Cameroon on the globe. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yaoundé]]<ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |section=People and Society |date=16 May 2022 }}</ref> | coordinates = {{Coord|3|51|41|N|11|31|14|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Douala]] | official_languages = [[French language|French]] {{*}} [[English language|English]] | regional_languages = [[Grassfields languages|Grassfields languages]] {{*}}[[Beti languages|Beti]] {{*}}[[Fula language|Fufulde]] {{*}}[[Sawabantu languages|Sawa]] {{*}}[[Hausa language|Hausa]] {{*}}[[Baka language|Baka]] {{*}}[[Basaa language|Bassa]] {{*}}[[Chadian Arabic]] {{*}}[[Bafia languages|Bafia]] {{*}}[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]] {{*}}[[Cameroonian Pidgin English|Pidgin]] {{*}}[[Camfranglais]] {{*}}[[Biu–Mandara languages|Mandara]] | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/afrique/peuls-du-cameroun-pr%C3%A9server-lethos-suivre-lair-du-temps-/2888983/ |title=Peuls du Cameroun: Préserver l'ethos, suivre l'air du temps |access-date=10 July 2024 |via=Anadolu Agency-FR }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | {{Nowrap | 22.2% [[Bamileke people|Bamileke]], [[Bamum people|Bamun]] }} | 16.4% [[Biu–Mandara languages|Biu-Mandara]] | 13.5% [[Baggara Arabs|Shuwa Arab]], [[Hausa people|Hausa]] and [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] | 13.1% [[Beti-Pahuin peoples|Beti]]-[[Bassa people (Cameroon)|Bassa]] | 12.0% [[Fula people|Fulani]] | 9.9% [[Tikar people|Tikar]] | 9.8% [[Adamawa–Ubangi languages|Adamawa-Ubangi]] ([[Mbum languages|Mbum]]-[[Gbaya languages|Gbaya]]) | 4.6% [[Duala people|Sawa people]] | 4.3% [[Manenguba languages|Southwest Bantu]] | 2.3% [[African Pygmies|Pygmy peoples]] | 3.8% others/foreigners }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | {{Tree list}} * 66.3% [[Christianity]] ** 33.1% [[Catholic Church in Cameroon|Catholic]] ** 27.1% [[Protestantism|Protestant]] ** 6.1% other [[Christian]] {{Tree list/end}} | 30.6% [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] | 1.3% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]] | 1.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]] | 0.7% other religions }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brilliantmaps.com/country-maps/map-of-cameroon/|title=Map of Cameroon Created By The CIA|access-date=March 11, 2026}}</ref> | demonym = [[Cameroonians|Cameroonian]] | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] dictatorship | leader_title1 = [[President of Cameroon|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Cameroon|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = ''Vacant''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Atabong |first1=Amindeh Blaise |title=Cameroon approves role of vice president to 93-year-old Biya |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/cameroon-approves-role-of-vice-president-to-93-year-old-biya/ar-AA209quQ?ocid=BingNewsVerp |agency=Reuters |date=4 April 2026}}</ref> | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Joseph Ngute]] | leader_title4 = [[Senate (Cameroon)|President of Senate]] | leader_name4 = Aboubakary Abdoulaye | leader_title5 = [[List of presidents of the National Assembly of Cameroon|President of National Assembly]] | leader_name5 = Theodore Datouo | legislature = [[Parliament of Cameroon|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Cameroon|Senate]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly of Cameroon|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Cameroon|Formation]] | established_event1 = Independence of [[French Cameroons]] from [[France]] | established_date1 = 1 January 1960 | established_event2 = Independence of [[Southern Cameroons|British Southern Cameroons]] from the [[United Kingdom]] and establishment of the Federal Republic of Cameroon | established_date2 = 1 October 1961 | established_event3 = [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|Cameroonian constitutional referendum of 1972]] and establishment of the [[Unitary State]] | established_date3 = 20 May 1972 | established_event4 = Current constitution | established_date4 = 18 January 1996 | area_km2 = 475,442 | area_rank = 53rd <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] sourced from the UN--> | area_sq_mi = 183,569 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 0.57 <ref name="CIA"/> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 30,987,821<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Cameroon |access-date=22 June 2025 |year=2025 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 51st | population_density_km2 = 39.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 102,8 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $183.320 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 Edition. (Cameroon) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=October 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180456/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=622,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 86th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $5,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 147th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $67.520 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 91st | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $2,200<ref name="IMFWEO.CM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 152nd | Gini = 42.2<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 }}</ref> | HDI = 0.588 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDR2025">{{Cite report |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |date=2025 |access-date=9 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250509000000/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=9 May 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 155th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon|+237]] | cctld = [[.cm]] | footnote_a = These are the titles as given in the ''Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon'', Article X ({{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |date=28 February 2006 |title=English}} and {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228030033/http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm |date=28 February 2006 |title=French}} versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called {{Lang|fr|Chant de Ralliement}}, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). ''National Anthems of the World''. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in [[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 61. }} '''Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Cameroon-pronunciation.ogg|ˌ|k|æ|m|ə|ˈ|r|uː|n}} {{Respell|KAM|ə|ROON}}; {{Langx|fr|Cameroun}} {{IPA|fr|kamʁun||LL-Q150 (fra)-Mecanautes-Cameroun.wav}}.}} officially the '''Republic of Cameroon''',{{Efn|{{Langx|fr|République du Cameroun|links=no}}.}} is a country in [[Central Africa]]. It shares boundaries with [[Nigeria]] to the west and north, [[Chad]] to the northeast, the [[Central African Republic]] to the east, and [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Gabon]], and the [[Republic of the Congo]] to the south. Its coastline lies on the [[Bight of Biafra]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]], and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between [[West Africa]] and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both geostrategic locations. Cameroon's population of nearly 31 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French. The capital city of the country is [[Yaoundé]]. Early inhabitants of the territory included the [[Sao civilisation]] around [[Lake Chad]] and the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese explorers]] reached the coast in the 15th century. [[Fula people|Fulani]] soldiers founded the [[Adamawa Emirate]] in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and [[Fon (title)|fondoms]]. Cameroon became a [[German Empire|German colony]] in 1884 known as [[Kamerun]]. After [[World War I]], it was divided between [[French Third Republic|France]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] as [[League of Nations mandate]]s until independence in 1960 and 1961 respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dupraz |first=Yannick |date=September 2019 |title=French and British Colonial Legacies in Education: Evidence from the Partition of Cameroon |url=https://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/119359/1/WRAP-French-British-colonial-Cameroon-Dupraz-2019.pdf |journal=The Journal of Economic History |language=en |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=628–668 |doi=10.1017/S0022050719000299 |issn=0022-0507 }}</ref> The [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] (UPC) political party advocated independence but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to a [[Bamileke War|national liberation insurgency]] between [[French Armed Forces]] and the Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) until January 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]. The [[Southern Cameroons|southern part]] of [[British Cameroon]]s federated with it in 1961 to form the [[Federal republic|Federal Republic]] of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the [[Unitary state|United Republic]] of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by President [[Paul Biya]]. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]. Biya is the world's longest-serving non-royal leader, having ruled for over four decades in an [[authoritarian]] manner. Consequently, his [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] governs the country as a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Letsa |first1=Natalie Wenzell |title='The people's choice': popular (il)legitimacy in autocratic Cameroon |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=December 2017 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=647–679 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X17000428}}</ref> The [[official language]]s of Cameroon are French and English. Christianity is the majority [[religion in Cameroon]], with significant minorities practising [[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]] and [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]. It has experienced [[Anglophone problem|tensions]] from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]]). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an [[Ambazonia]]n state in the English-speaking territories escalated into [[Anglophone Crisis|open warfare]]. Large numbers of Cameroonians live as [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farmers]]. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic, and cultural diversity. Its natural features include beaches, [[desert]]s, mountains, [[rainforest]]s, and [[savanna]]s. Cameroon's highest point, at almost {{convert|4100|m|ft}}, is [[Mount Cameroon]] in the [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest Region]]. Cameroon's most populous cities are [[Douala]] on the [[Wouri River]], its economic capital and main seaport; [[Yaoundé]], its political capital; and [[Garoua]]. [[Limbé, Cameroon|Limbé]] in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly [[Makossa]], Njang, and [[Bikutsi]], and its successful [[Cameroon national football team|national football team]]. It is a member state of the [[African Union]], the United Nations, the {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]}} (OIF), the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]. ==Etymology== Originally, Cameroon was the [[exonym]] given by the Portuguese to the [[Wouri River]], which they called {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} meaning 'river of [[shrimps]]' or 'shrimp river', referring to the then abundant [[Cameroon ghost shrimp]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Cameroon |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104102318/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cameroon |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Camarões: o que os crustáceos têm a ver com o país? |trans-title=Cameroon: what do the crustaceans have to do with the country? |url=https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais/ |first=Sérgio |last=Rodrigues |publisher=[[Veja (magazine)|Veja]] |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050611/https://veja.abril.com.br/coluna/sobre-palavras/camaroes-o-que-os-crustaceos-tem-a-ver-com-o-pais |url-status=live }}</ref> The country's name in Portuguese remains {{lang|pt|Camarões}}.<ref name="h574">{{cite book |last=Ngefac |first=Aloysius |title=Aspects of Cameroon Englishes |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |date=8 February 2022 |isbn=978-1-5275-8029-9 |page=19 }}</ref> ==History== {{Main|History of Cameroon}} ===Early history=== [[File:Shumom-text.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bamum script]] is a writing system developed by King Njoya in the late 19th century.]] Evidence from [[archaeological excavation]]s at [[Shum Laka]] in the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest Region]] shows human occupation in Cameroon dating back 30,000 years.<ref name=Lavachery2001>Lavachery, Philippe (2001) The Holocene Archaeological Sequence of Shum Laka Rock Shelter (Grasslands, Western Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 18(4):213-247.</ref><ref name=Cornelissen2003>Cornelissen, Els (2003) On Microlithic Quartz Industries at the End of the Pleistocene in Central Africa: The Evidence from Shum Laka (NW Cameroon). ''African Archaeological Review'' 20(1):1-24.</ref> The longest continuous inhabitants are groups such as the [[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Baka]] ([[Pygmy peoples|Pygmies]]).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 2.</ref> From there, [[Bantu expansion|Bantu migrations]] into eastern, southern and central Africa are believed to have occurred about 2,000 years ago.<ref name="history"/> The [[Sao civilisation|Sao]] culture arose around Lake Chad, {{circa|500 CE}}, and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, the [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Bornu Empire]]. Kingdoms, [[Fon (title)|fondoms]], and [[chiefdom]]s arose in the west.<ref name=Njung/> [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese sailors]] reached the coast in 1472. They noted an abundance of the ghost shrimp ''[[Lepidophthalmus turneranus]]'' in the [[Wouri River]] and named it {{lang|pt|Rio dos Camarões}} (''Shrimp River''), which became ''Cameroon'' in English.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pondi |first=J.E. |title=Cameroon and the Commonwealth of nations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_round-table_1997-10_86_344/page/563 |journal=The Round Table |volume=86 |issue=344 |pages=563–570 |year=1997 |doi=10.1080/00358539708454389 |issn=0035-8533 }}</ref> Over the following few centuries, European interests regularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christian [[missionaries]] pushed inland.<ref name=Fanso/> In 1896, Sultan [[Ibrahim Njoya]] created the [[Bamum script]], or Shu Mom, for the [[Bamum language]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 59</ref><ref name="NMAA">{{cite web |url=http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |title=Bamum |publisher=National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101155844/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html |archive-date=1 January 2012 }}</ref> It is taught in Cameroon by the [[Bamum Scripts and Archives Project]].<ref name="NMAA"/> ===European colonisation=== ====German Empire==== {{main|Kamerun}} Germany began to establish roots in Cameroon in 1868 when the Woermann Company of Hamburg built a warehouse. It was built on the estuary of the Wouri River. Later, [[Gustav Nachtigal]] made a treaty with one of the local kings to annex the region for the German emperor.<ref name=historyworld>{{cite web |url=http://historyworld.net |title=historyworld |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407073336/http://historyworld.net/ |archive-date=7 April 2019 }}</ref> The [[German Empire]] claimed the territory as the colony of [[Kamerun]] in 1884 and began a steady push inland; the natives resisted in the [[Bafut Wars]] and [[Adamawa Wars]]. Under the aegis of Germany, commercial companies were local administrations. These [[Concession (contract)|concession]]s used [[Unfree labour|forced labour]] to run profitable banana, rubber, palm oil, and cocoa plantations.<ref name=historyworld/> Even infrastructure projects relied on a regimen of forced labour. This economic policy was much criticised by the other colonial powers.<ref name="DeLancey 125">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 125.</ref> ====French and British Mandates==== {{main|French Cameroon|British Cameroon}} [[File:UPC-LEADERS.jpg|thumb|right|Leaders of the pro-independence [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon|UPC]]]] With the defeat of Germany in [[World War I]], Kamerun became a [[League of Nations mandate]] territory and was split into [[French Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Cameroun}}) and [[British Cameroon]] in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroon with that of France<ref name="DeLancey 5">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 5.</ref> and improved the infrastructure with capital investments and skilled workers, modifying the colonial system of [[forced labour]].<ref name="DeLancey 125"/> Britain offered German owned plantations to the highest bidder with the intent of paying the proceeds into a [[World War I reparations]] account. But few investors were willing to buy at the London auctions. Eventually Britain sold the majority of German plantations in British Cameroon back to their original German owners and opened up African maritime ports for German trade. The British also encouraged German investment in the [[Tanganyika Territory]]. German companies built warehouses in [[Douala]] but were not allowed to purchase land.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Susan Pedersen |title=The Guardians: The League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/guardiansleagueo0000pede |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190226398 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/guardiansleagueo0000pede/page/234 234]& 236 |year=2015 }}</ref> The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this made them a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons, ending forced labour altogether but angering the local natives, who felt swamped.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 4.</ref> The League of Nations mandates were converted into [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|United Nations Trusteeships]] in 1946, and the question of independence became a pressing issue in French Cameroon.<ref name="DeLancey 5"/> France outlawed the pro-independence political party, the [[Union of the Peoples of Cameroon]] ({{langx|fr|Union des Populations du Cameroun}}, UPC), on 13 July 1955.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Terretta |first1=M. |title=Cameroonian Nationalists Go Global: From Forest Maquis to a Pan-African Accra |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_2010_51_2/page/189 |doi=10.1017/S0021853710000253 |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=189–212 |year=2010 |s2cid=154604590 }}</ref> This prompted a [[Bamileke War|long guerrilla war]] waged by the UPC and the assassination of several of the party's leaders, including [[Ruben Um Nyobè]], [[Félix-Roland Moumié]] and [[Ernest Ouandie]]. In the British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroon or join Nigeria; the British ruled out the option of independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Takougang |first1=J. |title=Nationalism, democratisation and political opportunism in Cameroon |doi=10.1080/0258900032000142455 |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=427–445 |year=2003 |s2cid=153564848 }}</ref> ===Republic of Cameroon=== On 1 January 1960, French Cameroun gained independence from France under President [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] as the Republic of Cameroon. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon until 1972, when the federation was abandoned and the country renamed the United Republic of Cameroon. In 1984, President Paul Biya restored the name Republic of Cameroon via presidential decree. ====Federal Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Flag of Cameroon (1961–1975).svg|thumb|Flag of the Federal Republic of Cameroon]] On 1 October 1961, the British [[Southern Cameroons]] gained independence from the United Kingdom by vote of the UN General Assembly and merged into the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federal republic was composed of two federated states, [[East Cameroon]] and [[West Cameroon]], each with its own legislature, government, and prime minister. 1 October is now observed as [[Unification Day (Cameroon)|Unification Day]], a [[Public holidays in Cameroon|public holiday]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Diane Cook |title=Cameroon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jn7TBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Mason Crest |isbn=978-1-4222-9434-5 |page=95 }}</ref> Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.<ref name="DeLancey 6">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 6.</ref> ====United Republic of Cameroon==== [[File:Ahmadou Ahidjo.jpg|thumb|Former president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] ruled from 1960 until 1982.]] Ahidjo's political party, the [[Cameroonian National Union|Cameroon National Union]] (CNU), became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966, and on 20 May 1972, a [[1972 Cameroonian constitutional referendum|referendum]] was passed to abolish the [[Federation|federal system of government]] in favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from [[Yaoundé]].<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 19.</ref> This day is now the country's [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |title=20 May National Day |website=Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503164656/https://www.prc.cm/en/multimedia/photo-albums/37-20-may-national-day |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahidjo pursued an economic policy of [[planned liberalism]], prioritising [[cash crops]] and petroleum development. The government used oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects; however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 7.</ref> The [[Flag of Cameroon|national flag]] was changed on 20 May 1975 with the two stars removed and replaced with a large central star as a symbol of national unity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Whitney |author-link=Whitney Smith |date=27 July 2011 |title=Flag of Cameroon |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Cameroon |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref> ====Republic of Cameroon under Biya==== Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, [[Paul Biya]]. However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenes until Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by moving toward a more democratic government, but a failed [[Cameroonian Palace Guard Revolt|coup d'état]] nudged him toward the leadership style of his predecessor.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 8.</ref> Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward, making him the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest consecutively serving current non-royal national leader in the world]] and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] in the world. In 1987, [[Dja Faunal Reserve]], Cameroon's first [[World Heritage Site]], was inscribed on the list by [[UNESCO]].<ref name="b394">{{cite web |title=Dja Faunal Reserve |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/407/ |language=rw |access-date=25 October 2024 }}</ref> An [[Cameroonian economic crisis|economic crisis]] took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economic conditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and [[cronyism]]. Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and [[Privatization|privatised]] industries. With the reintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Southern Cameroons pressure groups called for greater autonomy, and the [[Southern Cameroons National Council]] advocated complete secession as the Republic of [[Ambazonia]].<ref name="DeLancey 9">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 9.</ref> The 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon gives workers the freedom to belong to a trade union or not to belong to any trade union at all. It is the choice of a worker to join any trade union in their occupation since there is more than one trade union in each occupation.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 Ginna Violet Yella. "Freedom of Trade Union Membership: An Appraisal of the 1992 Labour Code of Cameroon" United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT) 1.2 (2019): 18–25.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605133204/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=2268401385755685468&authuser=2 |date=5 June 2022 }}''</ref> [[File:Paul Biya 2014.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Paul Biya]] has ruled the country since 1982.]] In June 2006, talks concerning a territorial dispute over the [[Bakassi]] peninsula were resolved. The talks involved President Paul Biya of Cameroon, then President [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] of Nigeria, and then UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]], and resulted in Cameroonian control of the oil-rich peninsula. The northern portion of the territory was formally handed over to the Cameroonian government in August 2006, and the remainder of the peninsula was left to Cameroon two years later, in 2008.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html Cameroon: Presidents Obasanjo And Biya Shake Hands on Disputed Bakassi Peninsula] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217063651/http://allafrica.com/stories/200606130612.html |date=17 February 2017 }}, ''Allafrica'', 13 June 2006</ref> The boundary change triggered a [[Bakassi conflict|local separatist insurgency]], as many Bakassians refused to accept Cameroonian rule. While most militants laid down their arms in November 2009,<ref>[https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ Cameroon Rebels Threaten Security in Oil-Rich Gulf of Guinea] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000328/https://jamestown.org/program/cameroon-rebels-threaten-security-in-oil-rich-gulf-of-guinea/ |date=29 August 2018 }}, Jamestown Foundation, 24 November 2010. Accessed 28 August 2018.</ref> some carried on fighting for years.<ref>Ngwane, George. "Preventing renewed violence through peacebuilding in the Bakassi peninsula (Cameroon)."</ref> In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into [[2008 Cameroonian anti-government protests|violent protests]] in 31 municipal areas.<ref name=Nkemngu/><ref name=Matthews/> In May 2014, in the wake of the [[Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping]], presidents Paul Biya of Cameroon and [[Idriss Déby]] of Chad announced they were waging war on [[Boko Haram]], and deployed troops to the Nigerian border.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon, Chad Deploy Troops to Fight Boko Haram – Nigeria |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=10 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173813/http://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/cameroon-chad-deploy-troops-fight-boko-haram |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> Boko Haram launched several attacks into Cameroon, killing 84 civilians in a [[December 2014 Cameroon clashes|December 2014 raid]], but suffering a heavy defeat in a [[January 2015 raid on Kolofata|raid in January 2015]]. Cameroon declared victory over Boko Haram on Cameroonian territory in September 2018.<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 Boko Haram has been repelled, Cameroon's leader declares] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514110414/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cameroon-boko-haram-1.4844513 |date=14 May 2019 }}, CBC News, 30 September 2018. Accessed 18 June 2019.</ref> Since November 2016, [[2016–17 Cameroonian protests|protesters]] from the predominantly English-speaking [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|Northwest]] and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|Southwest]] regions of the country have been campaigning for continued use of the English language in schools and courts. People were killed and hundreds were jailed as a result of these protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |website=CNN |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227172641/https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Biya's government blocked the regions' access to the Internet for three months.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |title=Cameroon internet shut for separatists |date=2 October 2017 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920084339/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41468149 |archive-date=20 September 2018 }}</ref> In September, separatists started [[Anglophone Crisis|a guerilla war]] for the independence of the Anglophone region as the Federal Republic of [[Ambazonia]]. The government responded with a military offensive, and the insurgency spread across the Northwest and Southwest regions. {{As of|2019}}, fighting between separatist guerillas and government forces continues.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |title=Burning Cameroon: Images you're not meant to see |date=25 June 2018 |newspaper=BBC News |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919204526/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44561929 |archive-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> During 2020, numerous terrorist attacks—many of them carried out without claims of credit—and government reprisals have led to bloodshed throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ekonde |first1=Daniel |date=18 November 2020 |title=The world's most neglected conflict |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=New Frame |archive-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130094247/https://www.newframe.com/the-worlds-most-neglected-conflict/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 2016, more than 450,000 people have fled their homes.<ref name="humanrights">{{cite news |last1=Tisdall |first1=Simon |title=In a world full of wars, why are so many of them ignored? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |work=The Guardian |date=9 June 2019 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180340/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/09/world-full-of-wars-so-many-ignored-central-africa-sudan-boko-haram |url-status=live }}</ref> The conflict indirectly led to an [[Chad Basin campaign (2018–2019)|upsurge]] in Boko Haram attacks, as the Cameroonian military largely withdrew from the north to focus on fighting the Ambazonian separatists.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190312124436/https://natimesnews.com/2019/02/25/cameroon-national-times-there-has-been-growing-insecurity-in-the-three-northern-regions-of-cameroon-as-both-the-government-and-the-military-concentrate-their-strength-and-might-in-fighting-an-endles/ Insecurity Escalates In North Region As Gov't, Military Concentrate In Anglophone Regions]}}, The National Times, 25 February 2019.Accessed 25 February 2019.</ref> More than 30,000 people in northern Cameroon fled to Chad after ethnic clashes over [[Water conflict|access to water]] between [[Musgum people|Musgum]] fishermen and ethnic [[Chadian Arabic|Arab Choa]] herders in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee northern Cameroon after deadly intercommunal clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108163838/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20211209-thousands-flee-northern-cameroon-after-deadly-intercommunal-clashes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Northern Cameroon bears brunt of inter-ethnic clashes, 22 dead, 30 injured |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |work=[[Africanews]] |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=8 January 2022 |archive-date=1 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101223009/https://www.africanews.com/2021/12/14/northern-cameroon-bears-brunt-of-inter-ethnic-clashes-22-dead-30-injured/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2025 Cameroonian presidential election]], a [[2025 Cameroonian protests|series of protests]] broke out after allegations of electoral fraud were made by the opposition.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Corey-Boulet |first1=Robbie |title=Cameroon security forces killed 48 in election protests, UN sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/cameroon-security-forces-killed-48-election-protests-un-sources-say-2025-11-04/ |access-date=4 November 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=4 November 2025}}</ref> ==Politics and government== {{Main|Politics of Cameroon|Elections in Cameroon}} [[File:YaoundeUnityPalace.png|thumb|Unity Palace – Cameroon Presidency]] The [[List of presidents of Cameroon|President of Cameroon]] is elected and creates policy, administers government agencies, commands the [[Cameroon Armed Forces|armed forces]], negotiates and ratifies treaties, and declares a state of emergency.<ref name="Neba 250">[[#Neba|Neba]] 250.</ref> The president appoints government officials at all levels, from the [[Prime Minister of Cameroon|prime minister]] (considered the official head of government), to the provincial governors and divisional officers.<ref name=msu>{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Government |publisher=Michigan State University: Broad College of Business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507153207/http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/cameroon/government |archive-date=7 May 2013 }}</ref> The president is selected by popular vote every seven years.<ref name="CIA"/> The [[National Assembly (Cameroon)|National Assembly]] makes legislation. The body consists of 180 members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times per year.<ref name=msu/> Laws are passed on a majority vote.<ref name="CIA"/> The 1996 constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat [[Senate (Cameroon)|Senate]]. The government recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and [[Lamido|lamibe]] to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as such rulings do not conflict with national law.<ref name="State Dept"/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 252.</ref> Cameroon's legal system is a mixture of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]], [[common law]], and [[customary law]].<ref name="CIA"/> Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's [[Ministry of Justice of Cameroon|Ministry of Justice]].<ref name="State Dept"/> The president appoints judges at all levels.<ref name=msu/> The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals, the [[Court of Appeal of Cameroon|court of appeal]], and the [[Supreme Court of Cameroon|supreme court]]. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-member [[High Court of Justice (Cameroon)|High Court of Justice]] that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they are charged with high treason or harming national security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon: Institutional Situation |publisher=Montesquieu University of Bordeaux |author=Abdourhamane, Boubacar Issa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921001254/http://etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/_anglais/institutionnel/cameroon.html |archive-date=21 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Government in Cameroon |publisher=Commonwealth of Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328164623/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-cameroon/government/ |archive-date=28 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Political culture=== [[File:Statue d'un chef coutumier à Bana.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A statue of a chief in [[Bana, Cameroon|Bana]], West Region]] Cameroon [[Corruption in Cameroon|is viewed as rife with corruption]] at all levels of government. In 1997, Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries, but only 25% became operational,<ref name="IRIN"/> and in 2012, [[Transparency International]] placed Cameroon at number 144 on a list of 176 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.<ref name=Corruption/> On 18 January 2006, Biya initiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the [[National Anti-Corruption Observatory]].<ref name="IRIN"/> There are several high corruption risk areas in Cameroon, for instance, customs, public health sector and public procurement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Business Corruption in Cameroon |url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |publisher=Business Anti-Corruption Portal |access-date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the corruption has gotten worse, regardless of the existing anti-corruption bureaus, as Transparency International ranked Cameroon 152 on a list of 180 countries in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018 |title=2018 – CPI |website=Transparency.org |date=29 January 2019 |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=13 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513063746/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> President Biya's [[Cameroon People's Democratic Movement]] (CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990. Numerous regional political groups have since formed. The primary opposition is the [[Social Democratic Front (Cameroon)|Social Democratic Front]] (SDF), based largely in the Anglophone region of the country and headed by [[John Fru Ndi]].<ref name = "lergai">[[#West|West]] 11.</ref> Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and the National Assembly in national elections, which rivals contend were unfair.<ref name="DeLancey 9"/> Human rights organisations allege that the government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/> In particular, English-speaking people are discriminated against; protests often escalate into violent clashes and killings.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |title=Rights groups call for probe into protesters' deaths in Cameroon |author=Radina Gigova |date=15 December 2016 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318083433/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/15/world/cameroon-protesters-deaths/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> In 2017, President Biya shut down the Internet in the English-speaking region for 94 days, at the cost of hampering five million people, including [[Silicon Mountain]] startups.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt |author=Kieron Monks |date=3 February 2017 |publisher=CNN |access-date=17 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318003526/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/ |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref> [[Freedom House]] ranks Cameroon as "not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.<ref>Cameroon is rated at six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" and seven being "least free". [[#House|Freedom House]].</ref> The last [[2020 Cameroonian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] were held on 9 February 2020.<ref name=Kandemeh/> ===Foreign relations=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Cameroon}} [[File:Paul Biya with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Paul Biya]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in 2014]] Cameroon is a member of both the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie|La Francophonie]].<ref>Julia, Marion (December 2008). "La démocratie dans le projet politique de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie". ''[[The Round Table Journal|The Round Table]]''. '''97''' (399): 825–838. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00358530802485825|10.1080/00358530802485825]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143862365 145202906].</ref> Its [[Foreign relations of Cameroon|foreign policy]] closely follows that of its main ally, France (one of its former colonial rulers).<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 126</ref><ref>Ngoh 328.</ref> Cameroon relies heavily on France for its defence,<ref name="State Dept"/> although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors of government.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 30.</ref> President Biya has engaged in a decades-long clash with the government of Nigeria over possession of the oil-rich [[Bakassi]] peninsula.<ref name="lergai" /> Cameroon and Nigeria share a 1,000-mile (1,600&nbsp;km) border and have disputed the sovereignty of the Bakassi peninsula. In 1994 Cameroon petitioned the [[International Court of Justice]] to resolve the dispute. The two countries attempted to establish a cease-fire in 1996; however, fighting continued for years. In 2002, the ICJ ruled that the [[Anglo-German Agreement of 1913]] gave sovereignty to Cameroon. The ruling called for a withdrawal by both countries and denied the request by Cameroon for compensation due to Nigeria's long-term occupation.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |title=Court Rules for Cameroon In Oil Dispute With Nigeria |last1=Banerjee |first2=Marc |last2=Lacey |first1= Neela |date=11 October 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130042/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/11/world/court-rules-for-cameroon-in-oil-dispute-with-nigeria.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 }}</ref> By 2004, Nigeria had failed to meet the deadline to hand over the peninsula. A UN-mediated summit in June 2006 facilitated an agreement for Nigeria to withdraw from the region and both leaders signed the [[Greentree Agreement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |title=Agreement Transferring Authority over Bakassi Peninsula from Nigeria to Cameroon 'Triumph for the Rule of Law' Secretary-General Says in Message for Ceremony |website=United Nations |date=14 August 2008 |language=en |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131052103/http://www.un.org/press/en/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm |archive-date=31 January 2018 }}</ref> The withdrawal and handover of control was completed by August 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |title=Cameroon profile - Timeline |date=1 November 2017 |work=BBC News |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209213130/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13148483 |archive-date=9 February 2018 }}</ref> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Cameroon, signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's [[Xinjiang re-education camps|treatment of Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=16 July 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Military === {{Main|Cameroonian Armed Forces}} [[File:Vehicules militaires pendant le défilé7.jpg|thumb|Military vehicles during a parade]] The Cameroon Armed Forces (French: ''Forces armées camerounaises'', FAC) consists of the country's army (''Armée de Terre''), the country's navy (''Marine Nationale de la République'' (MNR), including naval infantry), the Cameroonian Air Force (''Armée de l'Air du Cameroun'', AAC), and the [[Gendarmerie]].<ref name="CIA" /> The military is crucial in supporting Cameroon's authoritarian government since independence in 1960. The military has been involved in defeating rebellions, controlling protests for democratic reforms, combating [[Boko Haram insurgency|Boko Haram]] since 2014, and handling the Anglophone separatist movement that began in 2017.<ref name="g211">{{cite book |last=Harkness |first=Kristen A. |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics |chapter=Cameroon: The Military and Autocratic Stability |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=17 December 2020 |isbn=978-0-19-022863-7 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1800 |page= }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{see also|Human rights in Cameroon}} Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities, [[LGBT rights in Cameroon|homosexuals]], and political activists.<ref name="Amnesty"/><ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> United Nations figures indicate that more than 21,000 people have fled to neighbouring countries, while 160,000 have been internally displaced by the violence, many reportedly hiding in forests.<ref name = "un">{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |title=OHCHR – UN Human Rights Chief deeply alarmed by reports of serious rights breaches in Cameroon |publisher=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803014220/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23404&LangID=E |archive-date=3 August 2018 }}</ref> Prisons are overcrowded with little access to adequate food and medical facilities,<ref name = "Human Rights Report"/><ref name="EHRC"/> and prisons run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political opponents at the behest of the government.<ref name="Freedom House"/> However, since the first decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> On 25 July 2018, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights [[Zeid Raad Al Hussein|Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein]] expressed deep concern about reports of violations and abuses in the English-speaking Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-25 |title=Cameroon violence needs urgent investigation, says UN rights chief Zeid |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724215605/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/07/1015512 |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2026-05-20 |work=UN News |language=en}}</ref> According to OCHA, more than 1.7 million people require humanitarian assistance in the northwest and southwest regions. OCHA also estimates that at least 628,000 people have been internally displaced by violence in the two regions, while more than 87,000 have fled to Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608190445/https://www.globalr2p.org/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="un"/> [[LGBTQ rights in Cameroon|LGBTQ acts]] are banned by section 347-1 of the penal code with a penalty of from 6 months up to 5 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |title=State-sponsored Homophobia: A world survey of laws prohibiting same-sex activity between consenting adults |last=Ottosson |first=Daniel |date=May 2008 |publisher=International Lesbian and Gay Association (ILGA) |page=11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306021141/http://www.ilga.org/statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2008.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2009 }}</ref> Since December 2020, [[Human Rights Watch]] claimed that Islamist armed group Boko Haram has stepped up attacks and killed at least 80 civilians in towns and villages in the Far North region of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |title=Cameroon: Boko Haram Attacks Escalate in Far North |date=5 April 2021 |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archive-date=5 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405134313/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/05/cameroon-boko-haram-attacks-escalate-far-north |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|Regions of Cameroon|Departments of Cameroon}} [[File:Provinces of Cameroon EN.svg|thumb|upright|Cameroon is divided into 10 regions.]] The [[Constitution of Cameroon|constitution]] divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions, each under the administration of an elected [[Regional Council (Cameroon)|Regional Council]]. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.<ref name="Neba 250"/> These leaders are charged with implementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keeping the peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in their area and call in the army, [[Gendarmerie|gendarmes]], and police.<ref name="Neba 250"/> All local government officials are employees of the central government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments also get most of their budgets.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |title=Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=25 August 2011 |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French {{lang|fr|départements}}). These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers ({{lang|fr|[[Prefect|préfets]]}}). The divisions are further split into sub-divisions ({{lang|fr|arrondissements}}), headed by assistant divisional officers ({{lang|fr|sous-prefets}}). The districts, administered by district heads ({{lang|fr|chefs de district}}), are the smallest administrative units.<ref name=unhchr>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Core document forming part of the reports of States Parties: Cameroon |publisher=UNHCHR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023091521/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/33bb745d595710e3c125693d0035f74b?Opendocument |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> The three northernmost regions are the [[Far North Region, Cameroon|Far North]] ({{lang|fr|Extrême Nord}}), [[North Region (Cameroon)|North]] ({{lang|fr|Nord}}), and [[Adamawa Region|Adamawa]] ({{lang|fr|Adamaoua}}). Directly south of them are the [[Centre Region (Cameroon)|Centre]] ({{lang|fr|Centre}}) and [[East Region (Cameroon)|East]] ({{lang|fr|Est}}). The [[South Region (Cameroon)|South Province]] ({{lang|fr|Sud}}) lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four smaller regions: the [[Littoral Region (Cameroon)|Littoral]] ({{lang|fr|Littoral}}) and [[Southwest Region (Cameroon)|South-West]] ({{lang|fr|Sud-Ouest}}) regions are on the coast, and the [[Northwest Region (Cameroon)|North-West]] ({{lang|fr|Nord-Ouest}}) and [[West Region (Cameroon)|West]] ({{lang|fr|Ouest}}) regions are in the western grassfields.<ref name=unhchr/> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography of Cameroon|Geology of Cameroon}} [[File:Rhumsiki Peak.jpg|thumb|[[Volcanic plugs]] dot the landscape near [[Rhumsiki]], Far North Region.]] At {{convert|475442|km2|sqmi}}, Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country.<ref name="Demographic Yearbook"/> The country is located in Central Africa and West Africa, on the [[Bight of Bonny]], part of the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Country Profiles |publisher=UCLA African Studies Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303170914/http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/countries/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 }}</ref> Cameroon lies between latitudes [[1st parallel north|1°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[8th meridian east|8°]] and [[17th meridian east|17°E]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Cameroon/ |access-date=2026-05-25 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> Cameroon controls 12 nautical miles of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyuimbe |first=Gasu Gideon |last2=Endomo |first2=Herve Endomo |date=June 2023 |title=Ocean Governance Study for Cameroon |url=https://www.un.org/oceancapacity/sites/www.un.org.oceancapacity/files/files/Projects/Norad/OGS/oceangovernancestudy_cameroon_english_0.pdf |website=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature" because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 16.</ref> The country's neighbours are Nigeria and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zones distinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative features. The coastal plain extends {{convert|15|to|150|km|mi|0}} inland from the Gulf of Guinea<ref name=Fomensky/> and has an average elevation of {{convert|90|m|ft|0}}.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 14.</ref> Exceedingly hot and humid with a short [[dry season]], this belt is densely forested and includes some of the [[Debundscha|wettest places]] on earth, part of the [[Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests]].<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 28.</ref><ref name=Extremes/> The [[South Cameroon Plateau]] rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of {{convert|650|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 16">[[#Neba|Neba]] 16.</ref> Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between [[wet season|wet]] and dry seasons makes it less humid than the coast. This area is part of the [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] [[ecoregion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |publisher=UNIDO |title=ICAM of Kribi Campo |access-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506165602/http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Procurement/Ahmed/16001956/16001956ZPaa_TOR_final%20Report.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2013 }}</ref> [[File:Elephants around tree in Waza, Cameroon.jpg|thumb|Elephants in [[Waza National Park]]]] An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as the [[Cameroon line|Cameroon range]] extends from [[Mount Cameroon]] on the coast—Cameroon's highest point at {{convert|4095|m|ft|0}}<ref name="Neba 17"/>—almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at 13°05'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the [[Western High Plateau]], although rainfall is high. Its soils are among Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic Mount Cameroon.<ref name="Neba 17">[[#Neba|Neba]] 17.</ref> Volcanism here has created [[volcanic crater lake|crater lake]]s. On 21 August 1986, one of these, [[Lake Nyos]], belched carbon dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 161 report 1,700 killed; [[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West 10 says "more than 2,000".</ref> This area has been delineated by the [[World Wildlife Fund]] as the [[Cameroonian Highlands forests]] ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=WWF |title=Cameroon Highlands Forests |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501144939/http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/cameroon_highlands_forests.cfm |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged [[Adamawa Plateau]]. This feature stretches from the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average elevation is {{convert|1100|m|ft|0}},<ref name="Neba 16"/> and its average temperature ranges from {{convert|22|C|F|1}} to {{convert|25|C|F}} with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.<ref name=Gwanfogbe/><ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 29.</ref> The [[East Sudanian savanna|northern lowland region]] extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average elevation of {{convert|300|to|350|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Neba 17"/> Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub and grass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.<ref name=Green/> Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the [[Ntem River|Ntem]], [[Nyong River|Nyong]], [[Sanaga River|Sanaga]], and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The [[Dja River|Dja]] and [[Kadéï River|Kadéï]] drain southeastward into the [[Congo River]]. In northern Cameroon, the [[Benue River|Bénoué River]] runs north and west and empties into the [[Niger River|Niger]]. The [[Logon River|Logone]] flows northward into Lake Chad, which Cameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Country Files: Cameroon |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm |publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611075925/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/t0360e/T0360E04.htm |archive-date=11 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Wildlife=== {{Main|Wildlife of Cameroon}} Cameroon's wildlife is composed of its [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. It is one of the wettest parts of Africa and records Africa's second-highest level of biodiversity.<ref name="Africa">{{cite web |url=https://www.wcs.org/where-we-work/africa/cameroon.aspx |title=Cameroon |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=Wildlife Conservation Society }}</ref><ref name="Regional">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/125/125/CentralAfrica.htm |title=Beyond Boundaries:Regional Overview of Transboundary Natural Resource Management in Central Africa |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization |last1=Wilkie |first1=D. S. |first2=E. |last2=Hakizumwami |first3=N. |last3=Gami |first4=B. |last4=Difara }}</ref> In Cameroon, [[forest cover]] is around 43% of the total land area, equivalent to {{cvt|20,340,480|ha}} of forest in 2020, down from {{cvt|22,500,000|ha}} in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forests covered {{cvt|20,279,380|ha}}, and planted forests covered {{cvt|61,100|ha}}. Around 15% of the forest area was found within protected areas, for the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under [[State ownership|public ownership]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content |title=Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Cameroon |url=https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/CMR/home/overview |website=Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations }}</ref> To preserve its wildlife, Cameroon has more than 20 protected reserves comprising national parks, zoos, forest reserves, and sanctuaries. The protected areas were first created in the northern region under the colonial administration in 1932; the first two reserves established were [[Mozogo Gokoro Reserve]] and the [[Bénoué National Park|Bénoué Reserve]], which was followed by the [[Waza National Park|Waza Reserve]] on 24 March 1934. The coverage of reserves was initially about 4 percent of the country's area, rising to 12 percent; the administration proposes to cover 30 percent of the land area.<ref name="Cartesia">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartesia.org/geodoc/icc2005/pdf/oral/TEMA10/Session%206/TCHINDJANG%20MESMIN%202.pdf |title=Mapping of Protected Areas Evolution in Cameroon from the Beginning to 2000: Lesson to Learn and Perspectives. |first1=Mesmin |last1=Tchindjang |first2=Clair |last2=Réné Banga |first3=Appolinaire |last3=Nankam |first4=Jean |last4=Sylvestre Makak |year=2001 |work=Table 1 World Wildlife Organization |access-date=14 February 2013 |publisher=World Wildlife Organization }}</ref> Its rich wildlife consists of 8,260 recorded plant species including 156 [[endemic species]], 409 species of [[mammals]] of which 14 are endemic, 690 species of birds which includes 8 endemic species, 250 species of reptiles, and 200 species of [[amphibians]].<ref name="Africa"/><ref name="Regional"/> The habitats of these species include the southern region comprising tropical lowland, coastline on the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. [[Mangrove]] forests, {{convert|270000|ha|acre|sp=us}} in size, are along the coast line. [[Montane forests]] and [[savannahs|savannas]] are in the northern region of the country. Important protected areas for these species are the [[Mbam Djerem National Park]], Benoue National Park, [[Korup National Park]], [[Takamanda National Park]], and the [[Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary]].<ref name="Africa"/> Cameroon is an important breeding area for marine and freshwater species such as [[crustacean]]s, [[mollusks]], fish, and birds.<ref name="Regional"/> ==Economy and infrastructure== {{Main|Economy of Cameroon}} Cameroon's per capita GDP ([[Purchasing power parity]]) was estimated at US$5.760 in 2025. Major export markets include the Netherlands, France, China, Belgium, Italy, Algeria, and Malaysia.<ref name="CIA"/> Cameroon has its GDP growing at an average of 4% per year. During the 2004–2008 period, public debt was reduced from over 60% of GDP to 10% and official reserves quadrupled to over US$3&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |title=Cameroon Financial Sector Profile |publisher=MFW4A |access-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513110637/http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cameroon is part of the [[Bank of Central African States]] (of which it is the dominant economy),<ref name="Musa Biya plan"/> the [[Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa]] (UDEAC) and the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php |title=The business law portal in Africa |publisher=OHADA |access-date=22 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326033744/http://www.ohada.com/index.php |archive-date=26 March 2009 }}</ref> Its currency is the [[CFA franc]].<ref name="CIA"/> Unemployment was estimated at 3.38% in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cameroon Unemployment rate – data, chart |url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |website=TheGlobalEconomy.com |access-date=19 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806185110/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Cameroon/unemployment_rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 23.8% of the population was living below the international [[poverty threshold]] of US$1.90 a day in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of the population) – Cameroon {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=18 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806173719/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=CM |url-status=live }}</ref> Since the late 1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocated by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic growth.<ref name="State Dept"/> The government has taken measures to encourage [[Tourism in Cameroon|tourism]] in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |title=Cameroon Business Mission Fact Sheet 2010–2011 |publisher=Netherlands-African Business Council |year=2011 |access-date=3 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013032607/http://nl.nabc.nl/Portals/0/docs/Country%20information%20pdf/CAMEROON%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2013 }}</ref> An estimated 70% of the population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 16.7% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> Most agriculture is done at the subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. They sell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fields for commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate on the coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in the western highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and rice. Production of [[Fair trade#Textiles|Fairtrade cotton]] was initiated in Cameroon in 2004.<ref>Fairtrade International, University of Greenwich and Institute of Development Studies, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf Fairtrade Cotton: Assessing Impact in Mali, Senegal, Cameroon and India] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831045046/https://files.fairtrade.net/publications/2011_FairtradeCotton_ImpactMaliSenegaCameroonIndia_Summary.pdf |date=31 August 2021 }}, published May 2011, accessed 31 August 2021</ref> [[File:Taureaux et vaches hollandais à wallya Cameroun.jpg|thumb|Dutch bulls and cows at Wallya community during the rainy season in Cameroon]] Livestock are raised throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon livestock production map |publisher=FAO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605182824/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/cameroon/figure10.htm |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref> Fishing employs 5,000 people and provides over 100,000 tons of seafood each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |access-date=12 April 2013 |author=Som, Julienne |title=Women's role in Cameroon fishing communities |publisher=FAO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603014448/http://www.fao.org/docrep/X0229E/x0229e05.htm |archive-date=3 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=awf>{{cite web |url=http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon |publisher=AWF |date=28 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416202141/http://www.awf.org/country/cameroon |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> [[Bushmeat]], long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is a delicacy in the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as the main threat to wildlife in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=BBC |title=UK project tackles bushmeat diet |date=10 April 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1920391.stm |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Cameroon's bushmeat dilemma |date=14 March 2008 |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529040509/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/cooking_in_the_danger_zone/7282187.stm |archive-date=29 May 2012 }}</ref> The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land area.<ref name=awf/> However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms,<ref name=awf/> provides the government US$60&nbsp;million a year in taxes ({{as of|1998|lc=yes}}), and laws mandate the safe and sustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated in Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608041738/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/congo_basin_forests/problems/deforestation/logging/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 June 2012 |publisher=WWF |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Logging in the Green Heart of Africa }}</ref> Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 26.5% of GDP in 2017.<ref name="CIA"/> More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial strength is located in [[Douala]] and [[Bonabéri]]. Cameroon possesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not extensively mined (see ''[[Mining in Cameroon]]'').<ref name="State Dept"/> Petroleum exploitation has fallen since 1986, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips in prices have a strong effect on the economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Strengthening Transparency in the Oil Sector in Cameroon |author=Cossé, Stéphane |publisher=IMF |year=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606061216/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/pdp/2006/pdp02.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2012 }}</ref> Rapids and waterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply most of Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest hydroelectric station, located at Edéa. The rest of Cameroon's energy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of the country remains without reliable power supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi,%202010-03-27,%20Parlementarians.pdf |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Harnessing Central Africa's Hydropower Potential |author=Prevost, Yves |publisher=Climate Parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427082535/http://www.climateparl.net/cpcontent/pdfs/Kribi%2C%202010-03-27%2C%20Parlementarians.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2014 }}</ref> Three trans-African automobile routes pass through Cameroon:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trans-African Highways Network Routes |url=https://au.int/sites/default/files/newsevents/workingdocuments/29736-wd-e_-_tah_annex_i_tah_network.pdf |access-date=May 25, 2026 |website=[[African Union]]}}</ref> * [[File:Schild TAH8.svg|20px]] the [[Lagos-Mombasa Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH3.svg|20px]] the [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]] * [[File:Schild TAH5.svg|20px]] the [[Dakar-N'Djamena Highway]] [[Transport in Cameroon]] is often difficult. Only 6.6% of the roadways are tarred.<ref name="CIA"/> Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect bribes from travellers.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1036.</ref> Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has further destabilised.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> [[File:Bateau au port de Douala1.jpg|thumb|Douala seaport]] [[Intercity bus service]]s run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. They are the most popular means of transportation followed by the rail service ''[[Camrail]]''. Rail service runs from [[Kumba, Cameroon|Kumba]] in the west to [[Bélabo]] in the east and north to [[Ngaoundéré]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |access-date=12 April 2013 |publisher=World Travel Guide |title=Getting around Cameroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627051533/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/cameroon/getting-around |archive-date=27 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> International airports are located in [[Douala International Airport|Douala]] and [[Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport|Yaoundé]], with a third under construction in [[Maroua]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=Equipment for the Future Maroua International Airport |publisher=Cameroon Online |date=3 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509073605/http://www.cameroononline.org/2013/04/03/equipments-for-the-future-maroua-international-airport/ |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref> Douala is the country's principal seaport<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |access-date=12 April 2013 |title=SOS Children's Village Douala |publisher=SOS Children's Villages |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615075059/http://www.soschildrensvillages.ca/where-we-help/africa/cameroon/douala/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> and [[Kribi Deepwater Port]] started operations in 2014. In the north, the Bénoué River is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 68.</ref> Cameroon was ranked 116th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/cameroon |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Main|Demographics of Cameroon|List of municipalities of Cameroon by population}} The population of Cameroon was {{UN_Population|Cameroon}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, up from 4,466,000 in 1950.{{UN_Population|ref}} The life expectancy was 62.3&nbsp;years (60.6&nbsp;years for males and 64&nbsp;years for females).<ref name="CIA"/> [[File:GedWomenDay.JPG|thumb|Cameroonian women on Women's Day Celebration, 2015]] Cameroon has slightly more women (50.5%) than men (49.5%). Over 60% of the population is under age 25. People over 65 years of age account for only 3.11% of the total population.<ref name="CIA" /> Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban and rural dwellers.<ref name="West 3">[[#West|West]] 3.</ref> Population density is highest in the large urban centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 109–11.</ref> Douala, Yaoundé, and [[Garoua]] are the largest cities. In contrast, the Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bénoué depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are sparsely populated.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 111.</ref> According to the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO), the [[fertility rate]] was 4.8 in 2013 with a population growth rate of 2.56%.<ref name=":1" /> People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 105–6.</ref> Smaller movements are occurring as workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 106.</ref> Although the national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads to unbalanced ratios in some regions.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 103–4.</ref> [[File:Maison obus.jpg|thumb|The homes of the [[Musgum dwelling units|Musgum]], in the Far North Region, made of earth and grass]] Both [[monogamy|monogamous]] and [[polygamy|polygamous]] marriage are practised, and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 139.</ref> In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle or work as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food, and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination against women are common.<ref name="Freedom House"/><ref name="Human Rights Report"/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 141.</ref> The number of distinct ethnic and linguistic groups in Cameroon is estimated to be between 230 and 282.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 65, 67.</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 13.</ref> The Adamawa Plateau broadly bisects these into northern and southern divisions. The northern peoples are [[Central Sudanic languages|''Sudanic'']] groups, who live in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and the [[Fula people|Fulani]], who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of [[Baggara|Shuwa]] Arabs live near Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] and [[Semi-Bantu]] languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languages live in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Gyele and Baka [[Pygmy peoples]] roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or live in small, roadside settlements.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 48.</ref> Nigerians make up the largest group of foreign nationals.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 108.</ref> Approximately 14,000 non-Africans live in Cameroon, including more than 6,000 [[French people]] and around 1,000 [[Americans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/cameroon/10294.htm |title=Cameroon (12/99) }}</ref> {{Largest cities of Cameroon}} ===Refugees=== {{Main|Refugees in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon Complex Crisis 120625(5) v1.pdf|thumb|250x250px|Map of the [[humanitarian crisis]] in Cameroon]] As of 2025, Cameroon hosted 431,000 [[Refugee|refugees]] and [[Asylum seeker|asylum seekers]], according to [[UNHCR]] figures. Regarding the countries of origin, around 277,888 refugees were from the Central African Republic, 127,090 from Nigeria, and 1,866 from Chad. Political instability and the volatile security situation in neighbouring states, exacerbated by [[Violent non-state actor|non-state armed group]] attacks on [[Civilian|civilians]], have led to mass forced displacement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.unhcr.org/where-we-work/countries/cameroon |access-date=11 July 2026 |website=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] (UNHCR) |language=en}}</ref> By comparison, Cameroon hosted approximately 97,400 refugees and asylum seekers in 2007. Of these, 49,300 were from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),<ref name=RCross/> 41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news |title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002225617/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref> Kidnappings of Cameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased since 2005.<ref name="Musa Gunmen"/> In the first months of 2014, thousands of refugees fleeing the violence in the Central African Republic arrived in Cameroon.<ref> {{cite news |title=Cameroon: Location of Refugees and Main Entry Points (as of 02 May 2014) – Cameroon |work=[[ReliefWeb]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |url=http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714220137/http://reliefweb.int/map/cameroon/cameroon-location-refugees-and-main-entry-points-02-may-2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014}} </ref> On 4 June 2014, AlertNet reported: {{blockquote| Almost 90,000 people have fled to neighbouring Cameroon since December and up to 2,000 a week, mostly women and children, are still crossing the border, the United Nations said. "Women and children are arriving in Cameroon in a shocking state, after weeks, sometimes months, on the road, foraging for food," said [[Ertharin Cousin]], executive director of the [[World Food Programme]] (WFP).<ref> {{cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Katie |title=Cameroon: Starving, Exhausted CAR Refugees Stream Into Cameroon – UN |work=allAfrica.com |access-date=8 June 2014 |date=4 June 2014 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610095552/http://allafrica.com/stories/201406051108.html |archive-date=10 June 2014}} </ref> }} ===Languages=== {{Further|Languages of Cameroon}} [[File:Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png|thumb|Map of the region's indigenous languages|250x250px]] The official percentage of French and English speakers by the Presidency of Cameroon is estimated to be 70% and 30% respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |title=Presentation of Cameroon |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329093847/https://www.prc.cm/en/cameroon/presentation |url-status=live}}.</ref> German, the language of the original colonisers, has long since been displaced by French and English. [[Cameroonian Pidgin English]] is the lingua franca in the formerly British-administered territories.<ref>[[#Neba|Neba]] 94.</ref> A mixture of English, French, and Pidgin called [[Camfranglais]] has been gaining popularity in urban centres since the mid-1970s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 131</ref><ref name=Niba/> In addition to the official languages, there are between 250 and 280 languages spoken by nearly 20&nbsp;million Cameroonians.<ref name=":4">Kouega, Jean-Paul. 'The Language Situation in Cameroon', Current Issues in Language Planning, vol. 8/no. 1, (2007), pp. 3–94.</ref> The number of languages makes Cameroon one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |title=Linguistic diversity in Africa and Europe – Languages Of The World |date=16 June 2011 |website=languagesoftheworld.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515155945/http://www.languagesoftheworld.info/geolinguistics/linguistic-diversity-in-africa-and-europe.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=4 July 2019 |last=Pereltsvaig |first=Asya }}</ref> In 2017, there were language protests by the Anglophone population against perceived oppression by francophone speakers.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=https://calrev.org/2019/02/11/african-powder-keg-cameroonian-conflict-and-african-security/ |title=African Powder Keg: Cameroonian Conflict and African Security |last=Genin |first=Aaron |date=11 February 2019 |website=The California Review |language=en-US |access-date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> The military was deployed against the protesters and people were killed, hundreds imprisoned and thousands fled the country.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists Deaths and detentions as Cameroon cracks down on anglophone activists] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103125739/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/03/deaths-and-detentions-as-cameroon-cracks-down-on-anglophone-activists |date=3 January 2018}} ''The Guardian'', 2018</ref> This culminated in the declaration of an independent [[Republic of Ambazonia]],<ref>Ani, Kelechi Johnmary, Gabriel Tiobo Wose Kinge, and Victor Ojakorotu. "Political crisis, protests and implications on nation building in Cameroon." African Renaissance 15.Special Issue 1 (2018): 121–139.</ref> which has since evolved into the [[Anglophone Crisis]].<ref name=":3" /> It is estimated that by June 2020, 740,000 people had been internally displaced as a result of this crisis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |title=Relief Web Humanitarian Dashboard |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 August 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810211913/https://reliefweb.int/report/cameroon/cameroon-humanitarian-dashboard-january-june-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{main|Religion in Cameroon}} {{bar box |title=[[Religion in Cameroon]] (2022 estimate by the [[The World Factbook|CIA]])<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Religion |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=22 May 2024 |date=9 August 2023 }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Cameroon|Catholic Christianity]]|#7D007D|33.1}} {{bar percent|[[Protestant Christianity]]|#BA55D3|27.1}} {{bar percent|Other [[Christians]]|#B695C0|6.1}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Cameroon|Islam]]|green|30.6}} {{bar percent|[[African traditional religion|Folk religions]]|brown|1.3}} {{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|beige|1.2}} {{bar percent|Other religions|lightgrey|0.7}} }} Cameroon has a high level of [[Religion in Cameroon|religious freedom]] and diversity.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The majority faith is Christianity, practised by about two-thirds of the population, while [[Islam]] is the second largest religion, adhered to by just under one-third.<ref name="Religion" /> In addition, traditional faiths are practised by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north, while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.<ref name=IRFR>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |title=July–December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report – Cameroon |publisher=US Department of State |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105101810/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=live}}<!--note that this is outdated; the CIA Factbook is from 2018--></ref> Large cities have significant populations of both groups.<ref name=IRFR/> Muslims in Cameroon are divided into [[Sufis]], [[Salafi]]s,<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news |title=The veil in west Africa: Banning the burqa: Why more countries are outlawing the full-face veil |url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |access-date=15 February 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214211305/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21692902-why-more-countries-are-outlawing-full-face-veil-banning-burqa |archive-date=14 February 2016 }}</ref> [[Shia]]s, and [[non-denominational Muslims]].<ref name="The Economist"/><ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> [[File:Yaoundé_Cathédrale.jpg|left|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Yaoundé|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] Church in [[Yaoundé]]]] People from the North-West and South-West provinces, which used to be a part of [[British Cameroons]], have the highest proportion of Protestants. The French-speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.<ref name=IRFR/> Southern ethnic groups predominantly follow Christian or traditional African [[animist]] beliefs or a [[syncretic]] combination of the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.<ref name=Geschiere/> Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The Islamist jihadist group [[Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)|Ansar al-Islam]] has been reported as operating in North Cameroon.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 Boko Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114221630/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888 |date=14 November 2018}}. BBC News. 15 May 2013. retrieved 19 June 2013</ref> [[File:LamidoGrandMosque.jpg|thumb|[[Lamido Grand Mosque]] in [[Ngaoundéré]]]] In the northern regions, the locally dominant [[Fulani]] ethnic group is almost completely Muslim, but the overall population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious beliefs (called ''[[Kirdi]]'' ("pagan") by the Fulani).<ref name=IRFR/> The [[Bamum people|Bamum]] ethnic group of the West Region is largely Muslim.<ref name=IRFR/> Native traditional religions are practised in rural areas throughout the country but rarely are practised publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are intrinsically local.<ref name=IRFR/> ===Education and health=== {{main|Education in Cameroon|Health in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroonian school children gather around U.S. Army Master Sgt. John Reid, center, for a group photo near Douala, Cameroon, March 19, 2014, during Central Accord 14 140319-A-PP104-039.jpg|thumb|School children in Cameroon in 2014]] In 2013, the total adult [[literacy]] rate in Cameroon was estimated to be 71.3%. Among youths aged 15–24, the literacy rate was 85.4% for males and 76.4% for females.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |title=Statistics |work=UNICEF |access-date=4 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224101348/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/cameroon_statistics.html |archive-date=24 December 2017 }}</ref> Most children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than private and religious facilities.<ref name="Mbaku 15">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 15.</ref> The educational system is a mixture of British and French precedents,<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 105–6.</ref> with most instruction in English or French.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 16.</ref> Cameroon has one of the highest school attendance rates in Africa.<ref name="Mbaku 15" /> Girls attend school less regularly than boys do because of cultural attitudes, domestic duties, early marriage, pregnancy, and sexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the south,<ref name="Mbaku 15"/> a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> In 2013, the primary school enrollment rate was 93.5%.<ref name=":0" /> School attendance in Cameroon is also affected by [[child labour]]. Indeed, the [[United States Department of Labor]] Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor reported that 56% of children aged 5 to 14 were working children and that almost 53% of children aged 7 to 14 combined work and school.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052129/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor -Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303052129/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/cameroon.htm |date=3 March 2015 }}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> In December 2014, a ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]'' issued by the [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]] mentioned Cameroon among the countries that resorted to child labor in the production of cocoa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180319225451/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003351/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/list-of-goods/ |date=10 June 2015}}. Dol.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref> [[File:Life expectancy of Cameroon.svg|thumb|Life expectancy in Cameroon|upright=1.2]] The quality of health care is generally low.<ref name = "yqheor">[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 21.</ref> Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 56 years in 2012, with 48 healthy life years expected.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |title=Cameroon: WHO Statistical Profile |date=January 2015 |website=World Health Organization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321113025/http://www.who.int/gho/countries/cmr.pdf?ua=1 |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> Fertility rate remains high in Cameroon with an average of 4.8 births per woman and an average mother's age of 19.7 years old at first birth.<ref name=":1" /> In Cameroon, there is only one doctor for every 5,000 people, according to the WHO.<ref>{{cite news |title=3 medical marvels saving lives |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |access-date=18 November 2013 |newspaper=CNN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122034216/http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/17/health/cnnheroes-medical-marvels/index.html |archive-date=22 November 2013 }}</ref> In 2014, just 4.1% of total GDP expenditure was allocated to healthcare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |title=UNdata {{!}} country profile {{!}} Cameroon |website=data.un.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104003329/http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=cameroon |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> Due to financial cuts in the health care system, there are few professionals. Doctors and nurses who were trained in Cameroon emigrate because in Cameroon the payment is poor while the workload is high. Nurses are unemployed even though their help is needed. Some of them help out voluntarily so they will not lose their skills.<ref>{{cite web |title=The need is so great |author=Rose Futrih N. Njini |work=D+C |publisher=D+C Development and Cooperation/ dandc.eu |date=December 2012 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |access-date=27 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624235243/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cameroon-too-many-nurses-and-doctors-lack-perspective |archive-date=24 June 2013 }}</ref> Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and poorly equipped.<ref name="West 64">[[#West|West]] 64.</ref> In 2012, the top three deadly diseases were [[HIV/AIDS]], [[lower respiratory tract infection]], and [[diarrhea]]l diseases.<ref name=":1" /> Endemic diseases include [[dengue fever]], [[filariasis]], [[leishmaniasis]], [[malaria]], [[meningitis]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 58–60.</ref> The HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in 2016 was estimated at 3.8% for those aged 15–49,<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |title=Cameroon |website=www.unaids.org |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042316/http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/cameroon |archive-date=23 December 2017 }}</ref> although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases artificially low.<ref name = "yqheor"/> 46,000 children under age 14 were estimated to be living with HIV in 2016. In Cameroon, 58% of those living with HIV know their status, and just 37% receive [[Management of HIV/AIDS|ARV]] treatment. In 2016, 29,000 deaths due to AIDS occurred in both adults and children.<ref name=":2" /> [[Breast ironing]], a traditional practice that is prevalent in Cameroon, may affect girls' health.<ref>Joe, Randy. (23 June 2006) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Africa | Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007}}. BBC News. Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf BBC World Service – Outlook, Fighting 'Breast Ironing' in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120111044/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01pgpzf |date=20 January 2014}}. Bbc.co.uk (16 January 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk Campaigners warn of 'breast ironing' in the UK – Channel 4 News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820113942/http://www.channel4.com/news/breast-ironing-fgm-victim-girls-chest-cameroon-uk |date=20 August 2014 }}. Channel4.com (18 April 2014). Retrieved 29 June 2015.</ref><ref>Bawe, Rosaline Ngunshi (24 August 2011) [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf Breast Ironing: A harmful traditional practice in Cameroon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226024853/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CEDAW/HarmfulPractices/GenderEmpowermentandDevelopment.pdf |date=26 February 2015}}. Gender Empowerment and Development(GeED)</ref> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practised among some populations; according to a 2013 UNICEF report,<ref name="UNICEF2013p27">[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405083031/http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=5 April 2015 }}, p. 27.</ref> 1% of women in Cameroon have undergone FGM. Also impacting women's and girls' health, the contraceptive prevalence rate is estimated to be just 34.4% in 2014. [[Traditional medicine|Traditional healers]] remain a popular alternative to [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref name="Lantum" /> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Cameroon ranks 79th out of 127 countries with sufficient data. Cameroon's GHI score is 18.3, which is considered moderate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels |language=en }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Cameroon}} ===Music and dance=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} [[File:Baka dancers June 2006.jpg|thumb|upright|Dancers greet visitors to the East Region, 2006.]] [[Music of Cameroon|Music]] and [[dance in Cameroon|dance]] are integral parts of Cameroonian ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189</ref><ref name="West 18"/> Traditional dances are highly choreographed with men and women often participating separately.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 204.</ref> The dances' purposes range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.<ref name="West 18">[[#West|West]] 18.</ref> Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a soloist.<ref name="Mbaku 189">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 189.</ref> Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stamping feet,<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 191.</ref> but traditional instruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums, and [[talking drum]]s, flutes, horns, rattles, scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; combinations of these vary by ethnic group and region. Some performers sing complete songs alone, accompanied by a harplike instrument.<ref name="Mbaku 189"/><ref>[[#West|West]] 18–9.</ref> Popular music styles include [[ambasse bey]] of the coast, [[assiko]] of the Bassa, [[mangambeu]] of the [[Bamileke|Bangangte]], and [[tsamassi]] of the Bamileke.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 184.</ref> [[Music of Nigeria|Nigerian music]] has influenced Anglophone Cameroonian performers, and [[Prince Nico Mbarga]]'s [[highlife]] hit "[[Sweet Mother]]" is the top-selling African record in history.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 200.</ref> The two most popular music styles are [[makossa]] and [[bikutsi]]. Makossa developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Soukous|Congo music]]. Performers such as [[Manu Dibango]], [[Francis Bebey]], [[Moni Bilé]], and [[Petit-Pays]] popularised the style worldwide in the 1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as [[Anne-Marie Nzié]] developed it into popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as [[Mama Ohandja]] and [[Les Têtes Brulées]] popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 51</ref><ref name= Nkolo/> ===Holidays=== {{further|Public holidays in Cameroon}} The most notable holiday associated with patriotism in Cameroon is [[National Day (Cameroon)|National Day]], also called Unity Day. Among the most notable religious holidays are [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption Day]], and [[Ascension Day]], which is typically 39 days after Easter. In the Northwest and Southwest provinces, collectively called [[Ambazonia]], 1 October is considered a national holiday, a date Ambazonians consider the day of their independence from Cameroon.<ref>Keke, Reginald Chikere. "Southern Cameroons/Ambazonia Conflict: A Political Economy", ''Theory & Event'' 23.2 (2020): 329–351.</ref> ===Cuisine=== {{further|Cameroonian cuisine}} [[File:Ndolè à la viande, morue et crevettes.jpg|thumb|Plantains and "Bobolo" (made from cassava) served with Ndolè (meat and shrimp)]] [[Cuisine of Cameroon|Cuisine]] varies by region, but a large, one-course, evening meal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is based on cocoyams, maize, [[cassava]] (manioc), [[millet]], [[Plantain (cooking)|plantains]], potatoes, rice, or [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], often pounded into dough-like [[fufu]]. This is served with a sauce, soup, or stew made from greens, [[Peanut|groundnut]]s, [[palm oil]], or other ingredients.<ref>[[#West|West]] 84–5.</ref> Meat and fish are popular but expensive additions, with chicken often reserved for special occasions.<ref name="Mbaku 121-2">[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121–2.</ref> Dishes are often quite spicy; common seasonings include red pepper sauce and [[maggi]] mixes.<ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1047</ref><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 122</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 84.</ref> Cutlery is common, but food is traditionally eaten with the right hand. Breakfast consists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea. Generally, breakfast is made from wheat flour in different ways such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana, bean cakes and et cetera. Snacks are popular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought from [[street vendor]]s.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 121</ref><ref>[[#Hudgens|Hudgens and Trillo]] 1049.</ref> ===Fashion=== [[File:Camerounais en tenue traditionnelle.jpg|thumb|upright|Cameroonian fashion is varied and often mixes modern and traditional elements. Note the wearing of [[sun glasses]], [[monk shoe]]s, [[sandals]], and a [[Smartwatch]].]] Cameroon's relatively large and diverse population is likewise diverse in its fashions. Climate, religious, ethnic, and cultural beliefs, and the influences of colonialism, imperialism, and globalisation are all factors in contemporary Cameroonian dresses. Noteworthy Cameroonian dresses include [[Pagnes]], [[sarong]]s worn by Cameroon women; [[Chechia]], a traditional hat; kwa, a male handbag; and [[Gandura]], male custom attire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |title=Cameroon clothing – A description of the traditional attire of Cameroon. |website=Cameroon-Today.com |access-date=26 July 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804232108/https://www.cameroon-today.com/cameroon-clothing.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Wrappers and [[loincloths]] are used extensively by both women and men but their use varies by region, with influences from [[Fulani]] styles more present in the north and [[Igbo people|Igbo]] and [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] styles more often in the south and west.<ref>Culture and Customs of Cameroon, 2000, pg. 135, by, John Mukum Mbaku</ref> [[Imane Ayissi]] is one of Cameroon's most prominent fashion designers and has received international recognition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |title=Cameroon:Imane Ayissi {{as written|detrem|ined [sic]}} to project Cameroon's couture |work=Journal du Cameroun |date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414150322/https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroonimane-ayissi-detremined-to-project-cameroons-couture/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Local arts and crafts=== [[File:Woman weaving baskets near Lake Ossa.jpg|thumb|A woman weaves a basket near [[Lake Ossa]], Littoral Region. Cameroonians practise such handicrafts throughout the country.]] Traditional arts and crafts are practised throughout the country for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes. Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.<ref>[[#West|West]] 17.</ref> The high-quality clay of the western highlands is used for pottery and ceramics.<ref name="West 18"/> Other crafts include [[basket weaving]], [[beadwork]]ing, brass and bronze working, [[calabash]] carving and painting, [[embroidery]], and [[Leather crafting|leather]] working. Traditional housing styles use local materials and vary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic [[Wodaabe|Mbororo]] to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern peoples. Dwellings of materials such as cement and tin are increasingly common.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 110–3.</ref> [[Contemporary art]] is mainly promoted by independent cultural organisations ([[Doual'art]], [[Africréa]]) and [[artist-run initiative]]s ([[Art Wash]], [[Atelier Viking]], [[ArtBakery]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |access-date=12 April 2013 |work=The Post |author=Mulenga, Andrew |date=30 April 2010 |title=Cameroon's indomitable contemporary art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311124956/http://www.postzambia.com/post-read_article.php?articleId=8690 |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> ===Literature=== {{main|Literature of Cameroon}} Cameroonian literature has concentrated on both European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as [[Louis-Marie Pouka]] and [[Sankie Maimo]] were educated by European missionary societies and advocated [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into European culture to bring Cameroon into the modern world.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 80–1</ref> After [[World War II]], writers such as [[Mongo Beti]] and [[Ferdinand Oyono]] analysed and criticised colonialism and rejected assimilation.<ref name=Fitzpatrick/><ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 77, 83–4</ref><ref name=Volet/> ===Media=== {{main|Mass media in Cameroon|Freedom of Speech in Cameroon|Cameroon Radio Television}} Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt and beholden to special interests and political groups.<ref name="Reporters">"Cameroon – Annual Report 2007".</ref> Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid government reprisals.<ref name="Human Rights Report"/> The major radio and television stations are state-run and other [[communications in Cameroon|communications]], such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20.</ref> However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first decade of the 21st century<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 20–1.</ref> and are largely unregulated.<ref name="Freedom House"/> ===Films and literature=== {{further|Cinema of Cameroon}} Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Paul Ngassa]] and [[Thérèse Sita-Bella]] explored similar themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 119–120</ref><ref>[[#West|West]] 20.</ref> In the 1960s, [[Mongo Beti]], [[Ferdinand Léopold Oyono]] and other writers explored postcolonialism, problems of African development, and the recovery of African identity.<ref>[[#Mbaku|Mbaku]] 85–6.</ref> In the mid-1970s, filmmakers such as [[Jean-Pierre Dikongué Pipa]] and [[Daniel Kamwa]] dealt with the conflicts between traditional and postcolonial society. Literature and films during the next two decades focused more on wholly Cameroonian themes.<ref>[[#DeLancey|DeLancey and DeLancey]] 120.</ref> ===Sports=== {{main|Sport in Cameroon}} [[File:Cameroon vs Germany 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Cameroon national football team|Cameroon]] facing [[Germany national football team|Germany]] at [[Zentralstadion]] in Leipzig, 17 November 2004]] National policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Mount Cameroon Race of Hope]] each year.<ref>[[#West|West]] 127.</ref> Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have [[Cameroon at the 2002 Winter Olympics|competed]] in the [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date= |title=Isaac Menyoli Skis For A Greater Cause- Impossible Moments |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/original-series/episode/isaac-menyoli-skis-for-a-greater-cause-impossible-moments |website= |location= |publisher=International Olympic Committee |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Sport in Cameroon is dominated by football. Amateur football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The [[Cameroon national football team|national team]] has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the [[1982 Football World Cup|1982]] and [[1990 FIFA World Cup]]s. Cameroon has won five [[African Cup of Nations]] titles and the gold medal at the [[Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2000 Olympics]].<ref>[[#West|West]] 92–93, 127.</ref> Cameroon was the host country of the [[Africa Women Cup of Nations|Women Africa Cup of Nations]] in November–December 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |title=Africa Women Cup of Nations kicks off in Cameroon |date=20 November 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |last1=Shearlaw |first1=Maeve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123163325/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/20/africa-women-cup-of-nations-cameroon-opening-ceremony-football |archive-date=23 November 2016 }}</ref> the [[2020 African Nations Championship]] and the [[2021 Africa Cup of Nations]]. The [[Cameroon women's national football team|women's football team]] is known as the "Indomitable Lionesses", and like their men's counterparts, are also successful on the international stage, although it has not won any major trophy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Nwiki |first=Walter |date=24 August 2023 |title=Cameroon |url=https://forgotten-heroines.com/2023/08/24/cameroon/ |website=Forgotten Heroines |location= |publisher= |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Cricket has also entered into Cameroon as an emerging sport with the Cameroon Cricket Federation participating in international matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Africa Cricket Association |url=https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=africacricket.com |archive-date=25 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125180153/https://africacricket.com/read_more_news.php?id=118 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cameroon has produced multiple [[National Basketball Association]] players including [[Pascal Siakam]], [[Joel Embiid]], [[D. J. Strawberry]], [[Ruben Boumtje-Boumtje]], [[Christian Koloko]], and [[Luc Mbah a Moute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |title=Cameroon NBA Players – RealGM |publisher=Basketball.realgm.com |date= |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502204345/https://basketball.realgm.com/national/teams/18/Cameroon/nba_players |url-status=live }}</ref> The former [[UFC Heavyweight Champion]], [[Francis Ngannou]], hails from Cameroon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgan |first=Emmanuel |date=21 January 2022 |title=The Fearsome, Quiet Champion |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=29 April 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072359/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/21/sports/francis-ngannou-ufc-fight.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==See also== {{portal|Cameroon|Countries|Africa }} * [[Outline of Cameroon]] * [[Telephone numbers in Cameroon]] {{clear}} ==References== === Notes === {{Notelist}} ===Citations=== <references> <ref name=Fanso>Fanso, V. G. (1989). ''Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd., p. 84, {{ISBN|0333471210}}.</ref> <ref name=Matthews>Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 Cameroon protests in USA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206040327/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465 |date=6 December 2008 }}", Africa News. Retrieved 13 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="IRIN">"[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 Cameroon: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421180241/http://irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951 |date=21 April 2007 }}". 27 January 2006. ''IRIN''. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Njung>Njung, GN, Lucas Tazanu Mangula, and Emmanuel Nfor Nkwiyir (2003). ''Introduction to History: Cameroon''. ANUCAM, pp. 5–6.</ref> <ref name=Corruption>"[http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ Corruption Perceptions Index 2012] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/ |date=29 November 2013 }}". Transparency International.</ref> <ref name=Nkemngu>Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "[http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests]", ''[[Cameroon Tribune]]''. Retrieved 12 March 2008.{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313004646/http://allafrica.com/stories/200803110765.html |date=13 March 2008 }}</ref> <ref name="Amnesty">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/0001/2006/en/ |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 April 2007 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |date=21 May 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=25 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025065226/http://www.amnesty.de/umleitung/2006/deu01/025?print=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="State Dept">"[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm U.S. Relations With Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604183549/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm |date=4 June 2019 }} ". United States Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="Freedom House">{{cite book |ref=House |chapter=Cameroon (2006) |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |title=Country Report: 2006 Edition |publisher=Freedom House |access-date=6 April 2007 |date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220940/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=6935 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Human Rights Report">"[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm Cameroon] ". Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, 6 March 2007. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name="EHRC">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/IOR41/006/2006/en/ |title=2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries |access-date=6 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International |archive-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311093310/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ior41/006/2006/en/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=Kandemeh>Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "[http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200707170411.html Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results]", ''Cameroon Tribune''. Retrieved 18 July 2007 {{subscription required}}.</ref> <ref name=Lantum>Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", ''Who Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. [[World Health Organization]], p. 14.</ref> <ref name="Demographic Yearbook">[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf ''Demographic Yearbook 2004''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |date=14 November 2012 }}. United Nations Statistics Division.</ref> <ref name=Fomensky>Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985) ''Macmillan School Atlas for Cameroon.'' Malaysia: Macmillan Education, p. 6</ref> <ref name=Extremes>"[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes] {{Webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre |date=25 May 2012 }}". Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, [[National Climatic Data Center]], 9 August 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Gwanfogbe>Gwanfogbe, Mathew; Meligui, Ambrose; Moukam, Jean and Nguoghia, Jeanette (1983). ''Geography of Cameroon.'' Hong Kong: Macmillan Education, p. 20, {{ISBN|0333366905}}.</ref> <!--<ref name=Area>"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html Rank Order – Area] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |date=9 February 2014 }}". ''The World Factbook''. United States Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref>--> <ref name=Green>Green, RH (1969). "The Economy of Cameroon Federal Republic". In Robson, Peter, and DA Lury (eds). ''The Economies of Africa'', p.&nbsp;239. Allen and Unwin.</ref> <ref name="Musa Biya plan">Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL08308448 Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132016/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/08/idUSL08308448 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</ref> <ref name="Musa Gunmen">Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629170646/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm |date=29 June 2007 }}". Reuters. Retrieved 27 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=RCross>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070613175522/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument Cameroon: Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004]". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 18 June 2007.</ref> <ref name=Niba>Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm New language for divided Cameroon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221172852/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm |date=21 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> <ref name=Fitzpatrick>Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon." ''Lonely Planet West Africa'', 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd., p. 38</ref> <ref name=Geschiere>Geschiere, Peter (1997). ''The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial Africa''. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, pp. 169–170, {{ISBN|0813917034}}.</ref> <ref name=Nkolo>Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent". ''World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East''. London: Rough Guides Ltd., p. 43, {{ISBN|1858286352}}.</ref> <ref name=Volet>Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "[http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html Cameroon Literature at a glance] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811215426/http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html |date=11 August 2011 }}". ''Reading women writers and African literatures''. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</ref> </references> ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref=DeLancey |author1=DeLancey, Mark W. |author2=DeLancey, Mark Dike |year=2000 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0810837751}} * {{cite book |ref=Hudgens |author1=Hudgens, Jim |author2=Trillo, Richard |year=1999 |title=West Africa: The Rough Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/westafricaroughg0000hudg |edition=3rd |place=London |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1858284682}} * {{cite book |ref=Mbaku |author=Mbaku, John Mukum |year=2005 |title=Culture and Customs of Cameroon |url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000mbak |place=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0313332319}} * {{cite book |ref=Neba |author=Neba, Aaron |year=1999 |title=Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon |edition=3rd |place=Bamenda |publisher=Neba Publishers}} * {{cite book |ref=West |author=West, Ben |year=2004 |title=Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/cameroon0000west |place=Guilford, Connecticut |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |isbn=978-1841620787}} {{refend}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |title=Cameroon – Annual Report 2007 |access-date=7 February 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526152356/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731 |archive-date=26 May 2007}} . Reporters without Borders. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |title=Cameroon |access-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113020758/http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html |archive-date=13 January 2007}} . ''Human Development Report 2006''. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110–113 |short= 1}} * Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997). ''Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Change and Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service''. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, Inc. * MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon", ''Military Spending in Developing Countries: How Much Is Too Much?'' McGill-Queen's University Press. * [[Dorothy L. Njeuma|Njeuma, Dorothy L.]] (no date). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070609152111/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm Country Profiles: Cameroon]". The Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Retrieved 11 April 2008. * Rechniewski, Elizabeth. "1947: Decolonisation in the Shadow of the Cold War: the Case of French Cameroon." ''Australian & New Zealand Journal of European Studies'' 9.3 (2017). [https://openjournals.library.sydney.edu.au/ANZJES/article/download/15186/13370 online] * Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm Cameroon girls battle 'breast ironing'] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211233459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm |date=11 February 2007 }}". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 6 April 2007. * Tsogang Fossi, Richard. Comment « Cameroons » est devenu allemand. Histoire d'une appropriation par la manipulation et par la force. In: Collective (ed.), [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DE_L_ABSENCE_version_francaise.pdf Atlas de l'absence. Le patrimoine culturel du Cameroun en Allemagne], Berlin 2023, (English working translation [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DER_ABWESENHEIT_EN_DeepL.pdf online]) Berlin 2023, p. 31-44. * Wright, Susannah, ed. (2006). ''Cameroon''. Madrid: MTH Multimedia S.L. * "[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx World Economic and Financial Surveys] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211102523/http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx |date=11 February 2009 }}". World Economic Outlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2007. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Cameroon|Cameroon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260115101251/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx Cameroon Corruption Profile] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324190641/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/cameroon/business-corruption-in-cameroon.aspx |date=24 March 2014 }} from Business Anti-Corruption Portal * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080704153516/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm Cameroon] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13146029 Cameroon profile] from the [[BBC News]] * {{Wikiatlas |Cameroon}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon] from [[International Futures]] '''Government''' * [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715013604/http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1 Prime Minister's Office] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090805071905/http://www.assemblenationale.cm/ National Assembly of Cameroon] * [http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/ Global Integrity Report: Cameroon] has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080443/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] '''Trade''' * [https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/CMR/Year/2012/Summary Summary Trade Statistics] from World Bank {{Cameroon topics}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles relating to Cameroon |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state =collapsed}} {{Commonwealth of Nations}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|6|N|12|E|display=title}} [[Category:Cameroon| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Cameroon]] [[Category:Countries in Central Africa]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where English is an official language]] [[Category:Countries and territories where French is an official language]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Africa]] ht5bg1rzp0qbm8ak3akdlpn137zecio 0 6938 123362 122523 2026-11-01T19:49:43Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in Central Africa}} {{distinguish|Guinea-Bissau|Guinea|Western New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}} <!-- As long as "EQG" redirects to this article, this hatnote should be here. DO NOT DELETE. -->{{Redirect|EQG|the vehicle|Mercedes-Benz EQG|the toyline|My Little Pony: Equestria Girls}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Use British English|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Equatorial Guinea | common_name = Equatorial Guinea | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|es|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}|{{native name|fr|République de Guinée équatoriale}}|{{native name|pt|República da Guiné Equatorial}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native name|es|Unidad, Paz, Justicia}}<br />"Unity, Peace, Justice" | national_anthem = {{native name|es|[[Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad]]|nolink=yes}}<br />''Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness''<br />{{center|[[File:Equatorial Guinea's national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:GNQ orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Malabo]] (''current'')<br /> [[Ciudad de la Paz]] (''under construction'') | coordinates = {{Coord|3|45|N|8|47|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Malabo]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| *[[Spanish language|Spanish]] *[[French language|French]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/equatorial-guinea/history-language-culture/#:~:text=Language%20in%20Equatorial%20Guinea,which%20is%20common%20on%20Bioko).|title = History, language and culture in Equatorial Guinea}}</ref> *[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://appablog.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language/|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|date=14 October 2011|access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> }} | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |[[Fang language|Fang]] |[[Bube language|Bube]] |[[Annobonese Creole]] |[[Kombe language|Kombe]] |[[Kwasio language|Kwasio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 85.7% [[Fang people|Fang]] | 6.5% [[Bubi people|Bubi]] | 3.6% [[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea#Peoples considered as natives|Ndowe]] | 1.6% Annobon | 1.1% [[Kwasio people|Bujeba]] | 1.1% other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 1994<ref name=CIA>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea]. Cia World Factbook.</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |88.7% [[Christianity]] |5.0% [[Irreligious|No religion]] |4.0% [[Islam]] |1.7% [[African Traditional Religion|Traditional faiths]] |0.6% [[Religion in Equatorial Guinea|Other]]s }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/equatorial-guinea#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Equatorial Guinea &#124; PEW-GRF|website=Global Religious Futures}}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |[[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatoguinean]]|[[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinean]]}} | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] under a [[dictatorship]]<ref>{{cite report |title=Equatorial Guinea 2020 Human Rights Report |url=https://gq.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/194/EQUATORIAL-GUINEA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf |website=U.S. Embassy in Equatorial Guinea |access-date=8 August 2021 |section=Section 3. Freedom to Participate in the Political Process |page=15 |date=2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Democracy Index 2020|url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Economist Intelligence Unit|language=en-GB}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Equatorial Guinea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Equatorial Guinea|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Equatorial Guinea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Manuela Roka Botey]] | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | legislature = [[Parliament of Equatorial Guinea|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate (Equatorial Guinea)|Senate]] | lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies (Equatorial Guinea)|Chamber of Deputies]] | sovereignty_type = Independence | sovereignty_note = from [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] | established_event1 = Declared | established_date1 = 12 October 1968 | area_km2 = 28,050 | area_rank = 141st <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 10,830 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 1,679,172<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Equatorial Guinea|access-date=24 September 2022|year=2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 154th | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = $27.959 billion | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 148th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $18,127<ref name="data.worldbank.org">{{cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Equatorial Guinea |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=GQ |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> | GDP_nominal = $16.012 billion | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 133rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $8,462<ref name="data.worldbank.org2">{{cite web |title=GDP per capita (current US$) - Equatorial Guinea |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GQ |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.596 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI1">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=8 September 2022|access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 145th | currency = [[Central African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+240]] | cctld = [[.gq]] | footnote_a = Including [[Equatoguinean Spanish]] (''Español ecuatoguineano''). | today = }} '''Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|Guinea Ecuatorial}};{{efn|{{IPA-es|giˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal|lang|Es-Guinea Ecuatorial.oga}}}} {{lang-fr|Guinée équatoriale}}; {{lang-pt|Guiné Equatorial}}), kweneso patali patali kumanyikwaso kuti '''Equatoguinea''', mwalamulo '''Charu cha Equatorial Guinea''' ({{lang-es|link=no|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}}, {{lang-fr|link=no|République de Guinée équatoriale}}, {{lang-pt|link=no|República da Guiné Equatorial}}),{{efn|Local pronunciation: *{{lang-es|link=no|República de Guinea Ecuatorial}} {{IPA-es|reˈpuβlika ðe ɣiˈnea ekwatoˈɾjal|-|Es-republica guinea ecuatorial.ogg}} *{{lang-fr|link=no|République de Guinée équatoriale}} {{IPA-fr|ʁepyblik d(ə) ɡine ekwatoˈʁjal|}} *{{lang-pt|link=no|República da Guiné Equatorial}} {{IPA-pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɐ ɣiˈnɛ ˌekwɐtuɾiˈal}}}} ni chalo icho chili ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa, na malo ghakukwana 28,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi). Malo agha ghakaŵa pasi pa Spain, ndipo pamanyuma pake ghakazgoka Guinea. Mu 2021, chalo ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu 1,468,777, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 85% mba Fang.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/equatorial-guinea-population/| title = Equatorial Guinea Population}}</ref> Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa viŵiri, chirwa na charu chikuru. Charu ichi chili na virwa vya Bioko (ivyo kale vikachemekanga Fernando Pó) mu nyanja ya Gulf of Guinea na Annobón, chirwa chichoko icho chili na majigha. Chirwa cha Bioko chili kumpoto comene kwa Equatorial Guinea ndipo ndiko kuli msumba ukuru wa charu ichi, Malabo. Chirwa cha São Tomé na Príncipe icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi chili pakati pa Bioko na Annobón.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Appel|first=Hannah|title=The Licit Life of Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/licitlifeofcapit00appe|date=13 December 2019|publisher=Duke University Press|doi=10.1515/9781478004578|isbn=978-1-4780-0457-8|s2cid=242248625}}</ref> Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili kumpoto na charu cha Cameroon, kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi na charu cha Gabon. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli Bata, msumba ukuru comene waciŵiri mu Equatorial Guinea, na Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa caru ici. Mu Rio Muni muli virwa vicoko comene nga ni Corisco, Elobey Grande, na Elobey Chico. Charu ichi chili mu wupu wa African Union, Francophonie, OPEC na CPLP.<ref>[http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=mr&v=67 GDP – per capita (PPP) – Country Comparison]. Indexmundi.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindafume ku Spain mu 1968, chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Pulezidenti Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵalongozgi wose ŵaŵiri aŵa ŵakucemeka ŵamazaza ŵankhaza. Kwambira m'ma 1990, Equatorial Guinea njimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa kumwera kwa Sahara.<ref name="HDI2">{{cite web |title=2019 Human Development Index Ranking {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103905/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene pa charu chose cha Africa, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakupeleka pa charu chose chili pa nambara 43. Charu ichi chili pa nambala 144 pa 2019 Human Development Index, ndipo ŵanthu ŵambura kukwana hafu ŵali na maji ghawemi ghakumwa ndipo ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka vinkhondi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?most_recent_value_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) {{pipe}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name="Equatorial Guinea profile">{{cite web|title=Equatorial Guinea profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 |publisher=BBC |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921201513/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 |archive-date=21 September 2014 |date=21 March 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html GDP – per capita (PPP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424075526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html|date=24 April 2013}}, [[The World Factbook]], [[Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref> Charu ichi chili na chiyowoyero cha Cisipanishi pamoza na Cifurenci na Ciphwitikizi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1622890|title=Guiné Equatorial oficializa português – Portugal – DN|access-date=2020-11-11|date=2011-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819184519/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/portugal/interior.aspx?content_id=1622890|archive-date=19 August 2011|via=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160316/40485022377/guinea-ecuatorial-se-convierte-en-el-valedor-del-espanol-en-africa.html|title=Guinea Ecuatorial se convierte en el valedor del español en África|access-date=2020-11-11|website=La Vanguardia|date=16 March 2016|language=es}}</ref>Kweniso ni ciyowoyero ico ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya (kanandi kuluska viyowoyero vinyake viŵiri vya boma).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf| title = Gloria Nistal Rosique: El caso del español en Guinea ecuatorial, Instituto Cervantes.| access-date = 27 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026105600/http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf| archive-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ndiwo mbanandi chomene mu charu ichi, ndipo ŵalipo 85 peresenti. Ŵanthu ŵa Bubi, awo ŵakukhala ku Bioko ndiwo ni gulu laciŵiri likuru comene pa ŵanthu wose pa caru ici. Boma la Equatorial Guinea ndakuzomerezgeka yayi ndipo lili na wanangwa wa ŵanthu uheni chomene pa charu chose.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110131191445/http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/88.pdf Worst of the Worst 2010. The World's Most Repressive Societies]. freedomhouse.org</ref> Wupu wa Reporters Without Borders ukuwona kuti Obiang ni yumoza wa ŵanthu awo "ŵakutinkha" wanangwa wa m'magazini. Kuguliska ŵanthu ni suzgo likuru ku U.S. Lipoti lakukhwaskana na kuguliska ŵanthu likuyowoya za Equatorial Guinea nga ni caru ico ŵanthu ŵakuguliskirako ŵanthu ŵankhongono na kugonana. Lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti charu cha Equatorial Guinea "chikufiska yayi ivyo vikukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuguliskika, kweni chikuyezgayezga kuti chileke".<ref>"Equatorial Guinea". [https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/equatorial-guinea/ ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2020'']. U.S. Department of State (16 June 2020). This source is in the public domain.</ref> == Mbili == {{Main|History of Equatorial Guinea}} Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Pygmy ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhalanga ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni mazuŵa ghano ŵakusangika mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa Río Muni. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu ŵakamba kusama cha m'ma 2000 B.C.E. kufuma ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Nigeria na kumpoto cha Cameroon. Ŵakwenera kuti ŵakakhazikika ku Equatorial Guinea ca m'ma 500 B.C..<ref>Clist (B.). 1990, Des derniers chasseurs aux premiers métallurgistes : sédentarisation et débuts de la métallurgie du fer (Cameroun, Gabon, Guinée-Equatoriale). In Lanfranchi (R.) & Schwartz (D.) éds. Paysages quaternaires de l'Afrique Centrale Atlantique. Paris : ORSTOM, Collection didactiques : 458–478</ref><ref>Clist (B.). 1998. Nouvelles données archéologiques sur l'histoire ancienne de la Guinée-Equatoriale. L'Anthropologie 102 (2) : 213–217</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira kukhazikika pa cirwa ca Bioko ŵakaŵako mu 530. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobón awo ŵakukhala ku Angola, Ŵapwitikizi ndiwo ŵakaŵafumiska mu charu ichi. [[File:1729 West Africa map (Cameroon & Nigeria).jpg|thumb|left|[[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] rule in Equatorial Guinea lasted from the arrival of [[Fernão do Pó]] (Fernando Pó) in 1472 until the [[Treaty of El Pardo (1778)|1778 Treaty of El Pardo]]]] === Kucezga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (1472-1778) === Munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona cirwa ca Bioko wakaŵa Fernando Pó, wa ku Portugal, uyo wakaluta ku India mu 1472. Wakacicema kuti Formosa, kung'anamura kuti "Cikutowa", kweni mwaluŵiro cikacemeka na munthu munyake wa ku Europe. Fernando Pó na Annobón ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Portugal mu 1474. Vipinda vyakwambilira vikapangika pa virwa ivi ca m'ma 1500 apo Ŵapwitikizi ŵakamanya makora kuti virwa ivi vikaŵa na dongo la vimalibwe na malo gha mapiri agho ghakaŵa ghakukhora ku matenda. Nangauli ku Portugal kukaŵa vyandulo vinandi, kweni mu 1507 Ŵapwitikizi ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵakhazikiske munda wa mkaka pafupi na Concepción pa Fernando Pó. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakasuzgika comene cifukwa ca vula izo zikalokwa pa cirwa cikuru ici, kweniso cifukwa ca kuthukira comene kwa maji.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 5. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === Kuwusa kwa ku Spain kwakwambilira na kulekera Britain (1778-1844) === Mu 1778, Fumukazi Maria I ya ku Portugal na Themba Charles III la ku Spain, ŵakasayina phangano la El Pardo ilo likapeleka Bioko, virwa vichokovichoko, na wanangwa wa malonda ku nyanja ya Biafra pakati pa milonga ya Niger na Ogoue ku Spain. Brigadier Felipe José, Count of Arjelejos wakapoka Bioko ku Portugal pa 21 Okutobala 1778. Mubali uyu wakafwa na nthenda iyo yikamukora pa nyanja ya Bioko. Ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakakhira pa cirwa ca São Tomé, uko ŵakakakika na boma la Portugal pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵawo ŵakujumpha 80 peresenti ŵakalwara. Cifukwa ca soka ili, Spain wakakayika usange wangagwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi pa malo agha. Ndipouli, nangauli ŵakasangana na masuzgo agha, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kugwiliskira nchito cirwa ici kuti ŵaguliske ŵazga. Pakati pa 1778 na 1810, chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Río de la Plata, uwo ukaŵa ku Buenos Aires.<ref name="Fegley, Randall 1989 p. 6-7">Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 6–7. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> Pakukana kugwiliskira nchito ndalama zinandi kuti Fernando Pó walutilire kukura, kufuma mu 1827 m'paka 1843, ŵa ku Spain ŵakachita lenti msasa ku Malabo pa Bioko ku United Kingdom. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mu 1827, ndipo mu 1843 ŵakawelera ku Sierra Leone. Cifukwa cakuti ku Spain kukaŵavya ŵazga mu 1817 cifukwa ca kukosera kwa ŵa ku Britain, boma la Spain likawona kuti malo agha ghakaŵa ghambura kuzirwa. Phangano la Spain lakuti liguliske malo ghake ku Britain likamara mu 1841 cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa mu msumba uwu kweniso ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 7–8. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === M'ma 1800 (1844–1900) === [[File:(1897) Golfo de Guinea.jpg|thumb|Mapu gha vyaru vya Spain mu 1897, pambere ŵandafike ku Paris (1900)]] Mu 1844, ŵa ku Britain ŵakawezgera chilumba ichi ku Spain ndipo malo agha ghakachemekanga kuti "Territorios Españoles del Golfo de Guinea". Cifukwa ca nthenda zakwambukira, Spain wakathera ndalama zinandi yayi mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1862 nthenda ya yellow fever yikakoma ŵazungu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhazikika pa cirwa ici. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kupanga minda mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1800. Vipambi vya Fernando Pó vikendeskekanga na ŵanthu ŵafipa ŵa mtundu wa Creole, awo pamasinda ŵakachemekanga Fernandinos. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Britain, ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ndipo ŵakafumiska ŵazga. Ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Angola, ŵa ku Portugal, ŵa ku Africa, na awo ŵakafuma ku Nigeria na Liberia nawo ŵakamba kukhala mu malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cuba, ku Philippines, ku Spain, na ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakatolekera ku Africa cifukwa ca milandu ya ndyali panji vinyake. Kuzakafika mu 1870, ŵanthu ŵazungu awo ŵakakhalanga pa chirwa ichi ŵakamba kuwona makora kuti ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vya mapiri, ndipo mu 1884 ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Basile. Henry Morton Stanley wakati Fernando Pó wakaŵa "munthu wakuzirwa comene uyo Spain wakaleka kumucindika" cifukwa ca kukana kucita nthena. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakakhalanga pa cirwa ici ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuponoska, kweni Mary Kingsley, uyo wakakhalanga pa cirwa ici, wakayowoya kuti Fernando Pó wakaŵa "nthowa yakusuzga comene yakukomera" ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku virwa vya ku Portugal, ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira, na awo ŵakakhumbanga kulima minda. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Fernandino ŵakaŵa Ŵakatolika ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cisipanishi, kweni pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi 9 pa 10 ŵakaŵa Ŵaprotesitanti ndipo ŵakayowoyanga Cingelezi pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sierra Leone ŵakakhalanga makora pa malo ghakupandamo viŵeto apo ntchito ya kusanga ŵantchito yikalutilira pa nyanja ya Windward Coast, cifukwa ŵakakhalanga na mbumba zawo ndiposo ŵanyawo. Mbumba ya Fernandino yikaŵa yakovwira chomene pakuguliska vinthu pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Europe. Muzga munyake zina lake William Pratt uyo wakafuma ku West Indies kwizira ku Sierra Leone, wakayamba kulima cacao pa Fernando Pó.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=William Gervase |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-1WGAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22William+Pratt%22+cocoa&pg=PA104 |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765-1914 |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-60778-5 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> === Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1900 === {{Main|Spanish Guinea}} [[File:Eq Guinea 1900 ES.PNG|thumb|Malire pambuyo pa chigamulo cha 1900 pa malo agho ghakazgoka Guinea wa Spain, mpaka apo boma la Spain likapokera wanangwa mu 1968]] Spain wakaŵa kuti wandatore malo ghakuru gha mu nyanja ya Biafra agho ghakaŵa ghakwenelera kuyana na phangano, ndipo Ŵafarisi ŵakalutilira kuthereska malo agha. Madrid wakawovwira waka ŵanthu nga ni Manuel Iradier awo ŵakasazgapo phangano lakuti charu cha Gabon na Cameroon vileke kuŵa pasi pa ŵanthu awo ŵakachitanga ntchito iyi. Vinthu vyakuzirwa nga ni nkhondo ya ku Cuba na nkhondo ya ku Spain na America, vikawovwira kuti Madrid yiŵe yakutangwanika. Boma likapeleka wovwiri ucoko comene ku caru ca Spain cifukwa ca maghanoghano gha ŵanthu kweniso cifukwa ca kukhumba ŵantchito pa Fernando Pó. Paumaliro, phangano la Paris mu 1900, likapangiska kuti charu cha Spain chiŵe na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Rio Muni. Chigaŵa ichi chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana 26,000 km2 pa malo 300,000 agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa mlonga wa Ubangi. Malo agha ghakaŵa ghacoko comene pakuyaniska na agho ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ŵangaŵa nagho mwakuyana na ivyo ŵakayowoya na phangano la El Pardo. Kuyuyulika kwa maungano gha ku France na Spain, pamoza na soka la ku Cuba, vikapangiska kuti Pedro Gover y Tovar, mulongozgi wa gulu la ku Spain, wajipaye pa ulendo wa ku nyumba pa Okutobala 21, 1901. Iradier wakafwa mu 1911, ndipo pakajumpha vyaka vinandi pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain ŵandamanye ivyo wakachita. Mu vyaka vyakwambilira vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Spain ŵakiza ku malo agha. Mu 1904/1905, boma la Spain likapeleka malango ghakwendeskera malo, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakamba kulima minda yikuru ŵakizanga kufuma ku Spain. Mu 1914, pakaŵa phangano na charu cha Liberia lakuti ŵagulire ŵantchito ŵambura kukhumba ndalama zinandi. Kweni chifukwa cha viheni ivyo ŵakachita, boma la Liberia likamalizga phangano ili pamasinda pa ivyo vikavumbukwa pa nkhani ya ntchito izo ŵantchito ŵa ku Liberia ŵakachitanga pa Fernando Pó mu lipoti la Christy Report ilo likapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa charu ichi Charles D. B. Kuŵa na umoyo uwemi. Themba mu 1930.[[File:Corisco-Saliendo de misa-1910.jpg|thumb|[[Corisco]] MU 1910]] Cinthu cikuru ico cikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu caru cikaŵa kusoŵa kwa ŵantchito. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi ŵakakana kugwira nchito pa malo agha cifukwa cakuti ŵakasuzgikanga comene na uloŵevu, matenda gha kugonana, nthomba, na matenda gha mu tulo. Ŵakaŵa na mwaŵi wakuchita vinthu paŵekha. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵamishonale ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu charu ichi ŵakavikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Bubi ku awo ŵakakhumbanga kuŵapanda. Ŵasambiri ŵa Katolika ŵakamba kusopa chomene mu malo agha mu 1898 na 1910, ndipo ŵakachitanga viwukirano viŵiri. Mu 1917, mbumba ya Bubi yikaleka kuŵa na vilwero ndipo yikakhala na ŵamishonale. Kucepa kwa ŵantchito kukamara cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakacimbira ku Cameroon, pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku Germany awo ŵakakhala pa cirwa ici kwa vilimika vinandi. Pakati pa 1926 na 1959, msumba wa Bioko na Rio Muni ukaŵa pamoza nga ni charu cha Spain. Chuma chawo chikajintha pa malo ghakurughakuru gha khofi na cacao, ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu malo agha ŵakaŵa ŵakufuma ku Liberia, Nigeria, na Cameroon. Pakati pa 1914 na 1930, ŵanthu pafupifupi 10,000 ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaluta ku Fernando Po kuyana na phangano la ntchito ilo likamara mu 1930. Pakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Liberia ŵakaŵavya ŵantchito, ŵalimi ŵa mu Fernando Po ŵakaluta ku Rio Muni. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1920, ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang. Kuzakafika mu 1926, mu chigaŵa chose ichi mukaŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, ndipo mu 1929 chigaŵa chose ichi chikaŵa kuti 'chali pa mtende'.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/14636204.2013.790703|title=La última selva de España: Antropófagos, misioneros y guardias civiles. Crónica de la conquista de los Fang de la Guinea Española, 1914–1930|journal=Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies|volume=13|issue=3|page=315|year=2012|last1=Castillo-Rodríguez|first1=S.|s2cid=145077430}}</ref>[[File:Iberia- vuelo inaugural a Bata (Guinea) (1941) (5811105541).jpg|thumb|right|Ndege yakwamba ya Iberia kufuma ku Madrid kuluta ku Bata, 1941]] Nkhondo ya ku Spain yikakhwaska chomene malo agha. Ŵazungu 150 ŵa ku Spain, kusazgapo Kazembe Mukuru na Wachiŵiri wa Kazembe Mukuru wa Río Muni, ŵakambiska chipani cha Socialist icho chikachemekanga Popular Front mu chigaŵa ichi. Nkhondo yikati yamba, Francisco Franco wakalangura ŵasilikari ŵa ku Canary Islands kuti ŵakawusire Equatorial Guinea. Mu Seputembala 1936 ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Spain ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa cha Río Muni. Kuzakafika mu Novembala, gulu la Popular Front na awo ŵakalikolerana nalo ŵakathereskeka, ndipo Franco wakathereska Equatorial Guinea. Mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari, Juan Fontán Lobé, wakimikika kuŵa Kazembe Mukuru na Franco ndipo wakamba kulamulira makora malo agha. Mu Rio Muni mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, ŵakajumpha 100,000 mu ma 1930, ndipo cikaŵa cipusu comene kuti ŵanthu ŵacimbire ku Cameroon panji Gabon. Kweniso, makampani ghakuzenga makuni ghakakhumbikwiranga ŵantchito ŵanandi, ndipo para ŵanthu ŵakamba kulima khofi ŵakasanganga nthowa yinyake yakulipira misonkho. Ntheura Fernando Pó wakalutilira kusuzgika na suzgo la ŵantchito. Ŵafarani ŵakazomerezga waka kuti ŵanthu ŵagwirenge nchito mu Cameroon kwa nyengo yicoko waka. Fundo iyi yikapangiska kuti Fernando Pó waŵe chigaŵa cha vyakurya vyakunozga comene mu Africa pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose.<ref name="Clarence-Smith">Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (1986) [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220142411/http://es.scribd.com/doc/63545279/The-Cambridge-History-of-Africa-Volume-7-From-1905-to-1940-0521225051-1986 "Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898–1940"] in ''The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1905 to 1940'' Ed. J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts, & Roland Anthony Oliver. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220142411/http://es.scribd.com/doc/63545279/The-Cambridge-History-of-Africa-Volume-7-From-1905-to-1940-0521225051-1986|date=20 February 2014}}</ref> === Vyaka vyaumaliro vya muwuso wa Spain (1945-1968) === [[File:Centro Cultural de España en Malabo.jpg|thumb|Centro Cultural de España (Cultural Centre of Spain) in Malabo]] [[File:Fraga na sinatura da independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial.jpg|thumb|Pa 12 Okutobala 1968, nduna ya ku Spain Manuel Fraga pamoza na pulezidenti muphya wa Equatorial Guinea Macías Nguema ŵakasaina phangano lakuti Equatorial Guinea yilije mazaza]] Mu ndyali, mdauko wa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la Spain pamanyuma pa nkhondo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu: m'paka mu 1959, apo ufumu wa Portugal ukakhumba kuti charu ichi chiŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Pakati pa 1960 na 1968, apo boma la Madrid likayezga kuti malo agha ghaŵe pasi pa boma la Spain. Nyengo yakwamba yikaŵa yakulondezgapo ya ndyali izo zikaŵako kale; ndyali izi zikaŵa zakuyana comene na za ku Portugal na France, comenecomene pakugaŵa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa viŵiri: ciŵelengero cikuru ico cikalongozgekanga na ŵanthu ŵa mu caru ici panji awo ŵakaŵa ŵeneco yayi, na ciŵelengero cicoko comene (pamoza na ŵazungu) awo ŵakazomerezgekanga kuŵa ŵanthu ŵakufwatuka. Mu nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutemwa vyaru vyawo, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko awo ŵakabisama mu mawoko gha ŵawiskewo mu Cameroon na Gabon. Ŵakapanga magulu ghaŵiri: Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de la Guinea (MONALIGE), na Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE). Ŵakaŵa na mazaza ghakukwana yayi pa ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi, kweni ndimo vikaŵira yayi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Pakumanya fundo iyi, ŵa ku Spain ŵakamba kulimbikira kunozgekera kuti charu ichi chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Mu 1965, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikaŵanga madola 466, agho ghakaŵa ghapacanya comene mu vyaru vya ku Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ŵakacitapo kanthu kuti ŵamazge nthenda ya kugona na vyoni mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo mu 1967 unandi wa vipatala mu Equatorial Guinea ukaŵa ukuru comene kuluska mu Spain, umo mukaŵa vipatala 167. Ndipouli, vinthu vikenda makora yayi pa nkhani ya masambiro, ndipo nga umo vikaŵira mu Democratic Republic of Congo, paumaliro wa muwuso wa ŵakoloni, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro ghapacanya ŵakaŵa waka na manambara ghaŵiri. Pa 9 Ogasiti, 1963, boma la Georgia likapeleka wanangwa ku chigaŵa ichi kweniso likakhozga gulu la ŵanthu ŵakujiyuyura. Ici cikaŵa cakovwira cara, ndipo cifukwa ca kukhuŵara kwa UN, Madrid wakacicizgika kuti wasinthe vinthu. Mu 1965, wupu wa UN ukazomerezga kuti Spain wapokere wanangwa uwu. Mu 1966, wupu unyake wa UN ukendera charu ichi. Pakuzgora, ŵa ku Spain ŵakapharazga kuti pa Okutobala 27, 1967, ŵazamucita ungano wa malango kuti ŵadumbiskane za dango liphya la Equatorial Guinea. Pa ungano uwu pakaŵa ŵalendo 41 ŵa ku malo agha na ŵa ku Spain 25. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakaŵa ŵakupambana pakati pa Fernandinos na Bubi, awo ŵakawopanga kuti ŵanandi ŵa Ŵafang ŵazamuleka kuŵa na wanangwa wawo, na Río Muni Fang, awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵasopenge. Pa ungano uwu, mulongozgi wa gulu la Fang, uyo pamanyuma wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba, Francisco Macías Nguema wakayowoya nkhani yakukwesana iyo wakati Adolf Hitler "wakaponoska Africa". Pamanyuma pa maungano ghankhondi na ghatatu, ungano uwu ukamara cifukwa ca suzgo pakati pa "ŵakukolerana" na "ŵakupatukana" awo ŵakakhumbanga Fernando Pó. Macías wakakhumbanga kuluta ku UN kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye makora nkhani iyi, ndipo nkhani zake izo wakayowoya ku New York zikawovwira kuti Spain yisankhe zuŵa lakuti lipokere wanangwa kweniso kuti paŵe maungano gha chigaŵa. Mu Julayi 1968, ŵalongozgi wose ŵa cigaŵa ca Bubi ŵakaluta ku UN ku New York kuti ŵamanyiske ŵanthu vya caru cawo, kweni caru cose cikakhumba yayi kudumbiskana za umo caru cawo cikapambanirana. M'ma 1960, ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga chomene vyamunthazi mu vyaru ivyo kale vikaŵa pasi pa Africa.<ref>Fegley, Randall (1989). ''Equatorial Guinea: An African Tragedy'', p. 55. Peter Lang, New York. {{ISBN|0820409774}}</ref> === Independence under Macías (1968–1979) === [[File:Don Francisco Macias.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Francisco Macías Nguema]], wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Equatorial Guinea mu 1968, ndipo wakalutilira kuŵa na mazaza m'paka apo wakathereskekera na boma mu 1979.]] Ŵakapokera wanangwa uwu pa October 12, 1968, mu Malabo. Charu chiphya ichi chikazgoka Republic of Equatorial Guinea (pakaŵa pa Zuŵa la Wanangwa wa Charu ichi). Macías wakazgoka pulezidenti mu caru ici mu nyengo ya maungano ghacoko waka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain (awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Franco) ŵakamovwira Macías pa vipharazgo cifukwa ca kugomezgeka kwake, kweni apo wakaŵa pa kampeni wakalongora kuti wakaŵa wambura kupusa kuluska umo ŵakaghanaghaniranga. Mu upharazgi wake wakaluta ku mizi ya ku Río Muni na kulayizga Fang kuti waŵapenge nyumba na ŵawoli ŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain usange ŵamuvotera. Mu matawuni, wakajiwonanga kuti ni mulongozgi uyo wakaluska ŵa ku Spain pa UN, ndipo wakathereska pa cigaŵa caciŵiri ca mavoti. Nyengo yichoko waka, masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha Nkhondo ya ku Nigeria ghakabisama pa chimwemwe icho ŵakaŵa nacho. Mu tawuni ya Fernando Pó mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa Ibo awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu charu ichi. Wupu wa International Committee of the Red Cross ukamba kwendeska ndege zakuwovwira ŵanthu ku Equatorial Guinea, kweni Macías wakawopa comene ndipo wakaleka kwendeska ndege izi. Mwaluŵiro ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Biafra ŵakafwa na njara kwambura wovwiri wa ŵamitundu yose. Pamanyuma pakuti loya wa boma wakadandawura kuti ŵalara ŵa boma "ŵakuchita vinthu mwambura kwenelera na kuŵacitira nkhaza", Macías wakalangura kuti ŵanthu 150 awo ŵakatenge ŵakukhumba kuwukira boma ŵakomeke pa Khisimasi 1969. Macias Nguema wakalutilira kukhozga mazaza ghake mwa kukanizga vyaru vinyake mu Julayi 1970 na kujizgora yekha pulezidenti mu 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egjustice.org/post/equatorial-guinea|title=Equatorial Guinea – EG Justice|website=www.egjustice.org|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417075119/http://www.egjustice.org/post/equatorial-guinea}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/08/07/equatorial-guineas-president-said-to-be-retired-not-ousted/b21f82be-7401-4b7c-b6ea-1774dc0639e5/|title=Equatorial Guinea's President Said to Be Retired, Not Ousted|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=17 December 2019}}</ref> Wakaleka kukolerana na Spain na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Nangauli wakakananga visambizgo vya Marx, kweni Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa na ubwezi wapadera na vyaru vya Communist, chomenechomene China, Cuba, East Germany na USSR. Macias Nguema wakalemba phangano la malonda na Soviet Union. Ŵasilikari ŵa Soviet ŵakapelekaso ngongoli ku Equatorial Guinea. Phangano ili likapeleka mwaŵi ku Soviet Union kuti uŵe na pulogiramu yakuzenga misika ya somba kweniso kuti uŵe na msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ku Luba. Paumaliro, boma la USSR likapeleka somba ku Equatorial Guinea. Kweniso charu cha China na Cuba vikawovwiranga Equatorial Guinea pa nkhani za ndalama, usilikari, na luso. Pa nkhondo ya ku Angola, USSR yikaŵa na mwaŵi wa kuluta ku luŵaza lwa ku Luba na Malabo International Airport. Mu 1974, wupu wa World Council of Churches ukati ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakomeka kwambira mu 1968. Iwo ŵakati, cigaŵa cacinayi ca ŵanthu wose ŵakacimbilira ku caru cinyake, uku "ŵakayidi ŵakuzura comene ndipo ŵakuŵa nga ni misasa yikuru ya ŵakayidi". Pa ŵanthu 300,000 awo ŵakakhalanga mu msumba uwu, ŵanthu pafupifupi 80,000 ŵakafwa. Padera pa kukomeka kwa ŵanthu ŵa fuko la Bubi, Macias Nguema wakalangura kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakagomezgekanga kuti ŵakususka boma ŵakomeke.<ref>{{cite news|last=Daniels|first=Anthony|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3610187/If-you-think-this-ones-bad-you-should-have-seen-his-uncle.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle|publisher=The Telegraph|date=29 August 2004|access-date=22 May 2014|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> === Obiang (1979–present) === [[File:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|Obiang and U.S. president [[Barack Obama|Obama]] with their wives in 2014]] Mwana wa mukuru wa Macías Nguema, Teodoro Obiang wakathereska amalume ŵake pa 3 Ogasiti, 1979, mu boma la ndopa; nkhondo ya mukati mwa chalo yikatora masabata ghaŵiri m'paka Macías Nguema wakatoleka. Wakeruzgika na kukomeka mwaluŵiro, ndipo Obiang ndiyo wakamusankhira kuŵa pulezidenti muwemi. Mu 1995, kampani yinyake ya ku America yakuchemeka Mobil, yikasanga mafuta mu Equatorial Guinea. Kweni ndalama izo zikufuma ku mafuta gha mu charu ichi zikufika yayi ku ŵanthu, ndipo charu ichi chili pa nambara yichoko chomene pa ndondomeko ya UN. Ŵana 7.9% ŵakufwa pambere ŵandafike vyaka 5, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 50% ŵalije maji ghawemi ghakumwa. Pulezidenti Teodoro Obiang wakukayikirika kuti wakugwiliskira nchito cuma ca mafuta ca mu caru ici kuti wasange usambazi na ŵabwezi ŵake. Mu 2006, magazini ya Forbes yikati chuma chake chikaŵa madola 600 miliyoni. Mu 2011, boma likapharazga kuti likukhumba kuzenga msumba ukuru wa Oyala. Mu 2017, msumba uwu ukachemeka Ciudad de la Paz ("Mzinda wa Mtende"). Kufikira February 2016, Obiang ndiye wolamulira wachiwiri wautali kwambiri ku Africa pambuyo pa Paul Biya waku Cameroon. Equatorial Guinea yikasankhika kuŵa chiŵaro chambura kukhazikika mu wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu chaka cha 2018. Pa 7 March 2021, pakaŵa kuphulika kwa mabomba pa msasa wa ŵasilikari kufupi na msumba wa Bata ndipo ŵanthu 98 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵanthu 600 ŵakapwetekeka na kupokera wovwiri ku chipatala. Mu Novembala 2022 Obiang wakasankhikaso mu 2022 Equatorial Guinea general election na 99.7% ya mavoti pakati pa milandu ya upusikizgi na opposition.<ref>[https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-11-21/obiang-obtiene-el-997-de-los-votos-en-las-elecciones-de-guinea-ecuatorial-entre-denuncias-de-fraude-masivo.html Obiang obtiene el 99,7% de los votos en las elecciones de Guinea Ecuatorial entre denuncias de fraude masivo] El País (21/11/2022)</ref><ref>[https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/internacional/2022/11/21/primeros-resultados-obiang-votos-guinea-ecuatorial-1613752.html Primeros resultados dan a Obiang casi el 100 % de votos en Guinea Ecuatorial] Heraldo (21/11/2022)</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{Main|Politics of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Autobahnbau in Oyala.JPG|thumb|Highway construction in [[Ciudad de la Paz]] in 2010. Ciudad de la Paz will be the future [[Capital city|capital]] of Equatorial Guinea.]] [[File:Presidential palace in malabo equatorial guinea.png|thumb|Presidential palace of Teodoro Obiang in Malabo]] Pulezidenti wa ku Equatorial Guinea ni Teodoro Obiang. Dango la Equatorial Guinea la mu 1982 likumupa mazaza ghakuru, kusazgapo kwimika na kufumiska mamembara gha boma, kupanga malango na dango, kusisita Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, kuyowoyeskana na kuzomerezga mapangano na kuteŵetera nga ni mulara wa ŵasilikari. Nduna Nkuru Francisco Pascual Obama Asue wakasankhika na Obiang ndipo wakugwira ntchito mwakuyana na mazaza agho wapurezidenti wali kumupa. [[File:Equatorial Guinea Map.png|thumb|left|Map of Equatorial Guinea made by [[CIA]] in 1992]] Mu vilimika 40 ivyo wali na mazaza, Obiang wakulekelera yayi ŵanthu ŵakususka. Nangauli charu ichi ntcha demokilase ya vyaru vinandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti maungano agha ngautesi. Kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch, boma la President Obiang likagwiliskira nchito mafuta kuti likhozge na kusazgirako usambazi wake. Kwambira mu Ogasiti 1979, ŵanthu 12 ŵayezga kutimbanizga boma.<ref name="HRW">{{cite web |author=Vines, Alex|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/84252/section/3|title=Well Oiled|website=Human Rights Watch|date=9 July 2009|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Kuyana na ivyo BBC yikayowoya mu Malichi 2004, ndyali za mu charu ichi zikaŵa na mphindano pakati pa mwana wa Obiang, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, na ŵabali ŵake ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na mazaza mu mawupu ghakuvikilira chalo. Nkharo iyi yikwenera kuti yikupangiska kuti paŵe kusintha kwa mazaza chifukwa cha kusazgikira kwa mafuta kufuma mu 1997. Mu 2004, ndege iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵakaghanaghananga kuti mbalwani ŵakuguliskika yikakoreka ku Zimbabwe apo ŵakayowoyanga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo Obiang. Lipoti la mu Novembala 2004 likati Mark Thatcher ndiyo wakawovwira ndalama za boma la Equatorial Guinea mu 2004, ilo likachitika na Simon Mann. Mabuku ghanyake ghakulongosora kuti wupu wa MI6 wa ku United Kingdom, wa CIA wa ku United States, na wa Spain ndiwo ŵakakolerana na ivyo vikachitika. Ndipouli, lipoti la wupu wa Amnesty International ilo likafuma mu Juni 2005 lakukhwaskana na mulandu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakakhwaskika, likalongora kuti boma likutondeka kupeleka ukaboni wakukhorweska wakuti boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma. Simon Mann wakafumiskika mu jere pa Novembala 3, 2009 cifukwa ca vinthu vyacitemwa. Kwambira mu 2005, kampani yinyake ya vya usilikari yakucemeka Military Professional Resources Inc., yakufuma ku United States, yikugwira nchito mu Equatorial Guinea kusambizga ŵapolisi milimo yakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Mu 2006, Secretary of State wa United States Condoleezza Rice wakamuchema Obiang kuti "mubwezi muwemi" nangauli ŵanthu ŵakamususkanga comene cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Wupu wa United States wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Charu Chose ukachita phangano na Obiang, mu Epulero 2006, kuti uŵike thumba la vya umoyo mu charu ichi, ilo likufiska mapulojekiti mu vigaŵa vya umoyo, masambiro, nkhani za ŵanakazi, na vyalo. Mu 2006, Obiang wakasayina dango lakukanizga nthambuzgo ilo likakanizga mtundu uliwose wa nkhaza na nkharo yiheni mu Equatorial Guinea, ndipo mu 2007 wakalangura kuti ŵakayidi ŵasinthe na kuzenga jele la Black Beach. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵakulutilira kuswa wanangwa wawo. Wupu wa Human Rights Watch na wa Amnesty International, pamoza na mawupu ghanyake ghambura kwendera boma, ŵali kulembamo kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa chomene wanangwa wa ŵanthu mu jele, kusazgapo kutambuzgika, kutambuzgika, kufwa kwambura cifukwa ndiposo kukakika kwambura dango.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 Equatorial Guinea | Amnesty International]. Amnesty.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101024443/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/equatorial-guinea/report-2009 |date=1 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/world-report-2009/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea | Human Rights Watch]. Hrw.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Mu kafukufuku wawo waumaliro (2020), Transparency International yikapa Equatorial Guinea ma score 16 pa CPI (Corruption Perceptions Index). CPI yikupima vyaru kuyana na unandi wa vimbundi ivyo vikuchitika. Pa vyaru 180, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa pa nambara 174. Freedom House, wupu wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu na wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ukati Obiang njumoza wa "ŵakaronga ŵankhongono chomene pa charu chose", ndipo wakadandawura kuti boma la United States likupokelera boma lake na kugura mafuta kwa ilo. Obiang wakasankhikaso kuti wateŵetere nyengo yinyakeso mu 2009 mu mavoti agho wupu wa African Union ukawona kuti "ghakukolerana na malango gha mavoti". Obiang wakasankhaso Nduna Nkuru Ignacio Milam Tang mu 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/equatorialGuineaNews/idAFLDE60B26H20100112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323123726/http://af.reuters.com/article/equatorialGuineaNews/idAFLDE60B26H20100112|archive-date=23 March 2010|title=UPDATE 1-Tang renamed as Equatorial Guinea PM {{pipe}} News by Country {{pipe}} Reuters|publisher=Af.reuters.com|date=12 January 2010|access-date=3 May 2010}}</ref>[[File:Teodoro Obiang detail, 1650FRP051.jpg|thumb|upright|According to the BBC, President [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo|Obiang Nguema]] "has been described by rights organisations as one of Africa's most brutal dictators."<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13317174 Equatorial Guinea country profile]". BBC News. 8 May 2018.</ref>]] Mu Novembala 2011, ŵakazomerezga dango liphya. Ŵanthu ŵakavota pa fundo iyi nangauli ŵakamanya yayi umo yikalembekera. Kuyana na dango liphya la boma, pulezidenti wakeneranga kuŵa na vyaka 7 pa nyengo yiŵiri. Dango liphya likayowoyangaso kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti ndipo likati paŵe ŵanthu 70 mu wupu wa Senate. Cakuzizika nchakuti, pa kusintha kwa nduna za boma, ŵakapharazga kuti paŵenge ŵaŵiri awo ŵazamuteŵetera nga mbapharazgi. Mu Okutobala 2012, pa nyengo ya kuyankhulana na Christiane Amanpour pa CNN, Obiang wakafumbika usange wafumengepo pa umaliro wa nyengo ya sono (2009~2016) pakuti dango liphya likukanizga unandi wa nyengo ku viŵiri ndipo wasankhika kanayi. Obiang wakazgora kuti wakana kufumapo chifukwa dango liphya ili likugwira ntchito yayi ndipo nyengo ya ma mandamu ghaŵiri yikwamba kugwira ntchito mu 2016. Pa May 26, 2013, ŵakachita mavoti gha mu nyumba ya mafumu, nyumba ya mafumu, na nyumba ya ŵalara ŵa boma. Nga umo vikaŵira na mavoti ghose ghakale, mavoti agha ghakaŵa ghakukanizgika na ŵakususka ndipo nawo ŵakathereskeka na chipani cha Obiang. Pa nyengo ya visankho, chipani icho chili na mazaza chikachitiska mavoti gha mukati mwa boma agho pamasinda ghakalekeka cifukwa palije yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakutemweka na pulezidenti uyo wakalongozganga pa mavoti gha mukati. Paumaliro, chipani icho chili na mazaza na ŵabwezi ŵa boma ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵacitepo kanthu cifukwa ca ŵanthu yayi kweni cifukwa ca cipani. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa nyengo ya maungano gha chipani icho chili na mazaza gha kuwusa chileke kupeleka mazina gha ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi. Chisankho cha mwezi wa Mailo chaka cha 2013 chikaŵa na viphikiro vinandi, kusazgapo chiphokwero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerana na chipani cha MPP (Movement of Popular Protest). MPP yikapempha kuti pa Meyi 15 paŵe ungano wa mtende ku Plaza de la Mujer. Mubali Enrique Nsolo Nzo, uyo wakulongozga gulu la MPP, wakakakika ndipo ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakamuphalira kuti wakakhumbanga kutimbanizga vinthu mu charu na kuwuskapo pulezidenti. Ndipouli, nangauli wakayowoya mwakuchichizgika ndiposo na vimanyikwiro vyakuti ŵakamuyuzga, Nsolo wakati ŵakanozga vyakususka mwamtendere ndipo ŵakasanga vizomerezgo vyose vyakukhumbikwa kuti ŵachitire nthena. Kweniso wakayowoya kuti wali ku chigaŵa cha chipani chilichose yayi. Malo gha Plaza de la Mujer mu Malabo ghakaŵa na ŵapolisi kwambira pa Meyi 13 ndipo kufuma nyengo iyo ŵakughakora chomene. Boma la Equatorial Guinea likambiska ndondomeko ya censorship iyo yikatimbanizga mawebusayiti gha Facebook na mawebusayiti ghanyake agho ghakususka boma. Ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi wa kuchepeska pa Intaneti pa webusayiti ya boma. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, chipani ca CPDS cikatumizga uthenga wakuti ŵalutilirenge kususka ivyo vikucitika pa June 25. Nduna ya vya mukati Clemente Engonga wakakana kuzomerezga chiphikiro ichi chifukwa chakuti chingapangiska kuti charu chileke kukhazikika ndipo CPDS yikadumura kuti yilute panthazi, yikuyowoya kuti ni wanangwa wawo. Pa usiku wa Juni 24, ofesi yikuru ya CPDS ku Malabo yikazingilizgika na ŵapolisi awo ŵakaŵa na vilwero vikuru kuti ŵaleke kufumiska awo ŵakaŵa mukati. Ŵabali ŵanandi ŵa CPDS ŵakakakika mu Malabo ndipo ŵanji mu Bata ŵakakanizgika kukwera ndege zinandi zakuya ku Malabo. Mu 2016 Obiang wakasankhika kwa nyengo yinyake ya vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri, mu mavoti agho, kuyana na Freedom House, ghakaŵa na nkhaza za ŵapolisi, kukakika na kutambuzgika kwa magulu gha ŵakususka. Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2022, chipani cha Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea cha President Obiang chili ndi mipando yonse 100 mu Chamber of Deputies ndi onse omwe ali mu Senate. Ŵalwani ŵalipo yayi mu caru ici ndipo ŵakufuma ku Spain ndipo ŵakukolerana na gulu la Social Democratic Convergence for Social Democracy. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵakuŵa pasi pa boma; mawayilesi gha palekha gha Asonga, nga mbumba ya pulezidenti.<ref name="mondediplo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://mondediplo.com/2021/11/11equatorialguinea|title = Equatorial Guinea, one dictatorship to the next|date = November 2021}}</ref> === Armed forces === [[File:Antonov An-72P, Equatorial Guinea - Air Force AN1593110.jpg|thumb|An [[Antonov An-72]]P of the [[Armed Forces of Equatorial Guinea]] on lift off]] Ŵasilikari ŵa Equatorial Guinea ŵalipo pafupifupi 2,500. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma ŵalipo pafupifupi 1,400, ŵapolisi ŵalipo 400, ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo 200, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵalipo pafupifupi 120. Paliso gulu la ŵasilikari, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Gulu la ŵasilikari ni gulu liphya la ŵasilikari awo ŵakusambizgika na kucitiska masambiro agho ghakovwira ŵasilikari ŵa France ku Equatorial Guinea. == Makhalilo gha charu == {{Main|Geography of Equatorial Guinea}} Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mumphepete mwa nyanja kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Central Africa. Charu ichi chili na chigaŵa chakuchemeka Río Muni, icho chili kumpoto na Cameroon, kumafumiro gha dazi na kumwera na Gabon. Bioko, msumba ukuru wa Malabo, uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 40 kufuma ku Cameroon. Chirwa cha Annobón chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 350 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Cape Lopez ku Gabon. Cirwa ca Corisco na virwa viŵiri vya Elobey vili mu nyanja ya Corisco Bay, pa mphaka ya Río Muni na Gabon. Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pakati pa latitude 4°N na 2°S, ndipo longitude 5° na 12°E. Nangauli lili na zina lakuti Annobón, kweni charu ichi chili kumpoto kwa charu. === Climate === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map GNQ present.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Köppen climate classification of Equatorial Guinea]] Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na mphepo zakotcha chomene. Kufuma mu Juni m'paka Ogasiti, mu Río Muni maji ghakututuka ndipo mu Bioko maji ghakututuka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo, vinthu vikusintha. Zuŵa lililose pa Annobón kukuŵa vula panji chibuwu, ndipo zuŵa ili kulije mabingu. Ku Malabo, ku Bioko, kutenthera kwake kukufuma pa 16 °C kufika pa 33 °C, kweni ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Moka, kutenthera kwapachanya nkhufika pa 21 °C pera. Ku Río Muni, muhanya wose kukuzizima chomene. Ku Malabo kukulokwa maji ghakukwana 1,930 mm (76 inchi) kufika pa 10,920 mm (430 inchi) ku Ureka, Bioko, kweni ku Río Muni kukomira chomene.<ref>[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Equatorial-Guinea-CLIMATE.html Nations Encyclopedia]. Nations Encyclopedia (10 April 2011). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> === Ecology === Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli vyaru vinandi. Chigaŵa cha Río Muni chili mukati mwa Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion padera pa malo gha mangrove gha ku Central Africa agho ghali mumphepete mwa nyanja, comenecomene mu mlonga wa Muni. Chigaŵa cha makuni gha mumphepete mwa nyanja cha Cross-Sanaga-Bioko chikusazgapo chigaŵa chikuru cha Bioko na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Cameroon na Nigeria. 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J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Ecology of Equatorial Guinea"> File:Annobon Island Equatorial Guinea.jpg|[[Annobon]] File:Islotes Horacio 1.JPG|[[Islote Horacio]] File:Dschungel bei Oyala.JPG|Near [[Ciudad de la Paz]] File:Nationalpark Monte Alén.jpg|[[Monte Alén National Park]] File:The Great Bioko mountain.jpg|[[Pico Basilé]] </gallery> ==== Wildlife ==== {{Main|Wildlife of Equatorial Guinea}} Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ŵabulumembe, viyuni vyakupambanapambana nga ni chimpanzees, minkhwe, viyuni vya mu nkhorongo, antilope, zovu, mphoyo, ng'ona, na njoka zinandi, kusazgapo viyuni vya pythons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea|title=Equatorial Guinea – Plant and animal life|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Wildlife of Equatorial Guinea"> File:Dissotis sp Bioko201310.jpg|[[Dissotis]] File:Soja en Mongomo.png|[[Soybean]] File:Rhampholeon spectrum 63850438.jpg|[[Spectral pygmy chameleon]] File:Yellow-billed Turacos in Equatorial Guinea 2006.jpg|[[Yellow-billed turaco]] File:Gorilla 019.jpg|[[Western gorilla]] </gallery> === Administrative divisions === {{Provinces of Equatorial Guinea Image Map}} {{Main|Subdivisions of Equatorial Guinea}} Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na vigaŵa 8.<ref name=statoids>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=http://www.statoids.com/ugq.html |title=Provinces of Equatorial Guinea |website=Statoids |date=22 March 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdge-guineaecuatorial.com/gobierno-inicia-actividades-djibloho/ |title=El Gobierno inicia sus actividades en Djibloho |language=es |publisher=[[PDGE]] |date=7 February 2017 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Chigaŵa chiphya chomene ni Djibloho, icho chikapangika mu 2017 ndipo chili na likuru lake ku Ciudad de la Paz, msumba ukuru wa charu ichi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=9945 |title=La Presidencia de la República sanciona dos nuevas leyes |language=es |date=23 June 2017 |publisher=Equatorial Guinea Press and Information Office |access-date=25 September 2017 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625100844/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=9945 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-38911573 |title=Equatorial Guinea government moves to new city in rainforest |date=8 February 2017 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> Vigaŵa vinkhondi na vinayi ivi ni ivi: (Nambara zikuyana na izo zili pa mapu; misumba yikuru ya vigaŵa ivi yili mu mizere):<ref name=statoids /> # [[Annobón]] ([[San Antonio de Palé]]) # [[Bioko Norte]] ([[Malabo]]) # [[Bioko Sur]] ([[Luba, Equatorial Guinea|Luba]]) # [[Centro Sur]] ([[Evinayong]]) # [[Djibloho]] ([[Ciudad de la Paz]]) # [[Kié-Ntem]] ([[Ebebiyín]]) # [[Litoral (Equatorial Guinea)|Litoral]] ([[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]) # [[Wele-Nzas]] ([[Mongomo]]) Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika vigaŵa 19 na matawuni 37.<ref>{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=http://www.statoids.com/ygq.html |title=Districts of Equatorial Guinea |website=Statoids |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=25 September 2017}}</ref> == Chuma == {{Main|Economy of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Equatorial Guinea Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|A proportional representation of Equatorial Guinea exports, 2019]] Pambere charu cha Equatorial Guinea chindaŵe na wanangwa, chikaguliskanga makoko, khofi, na makuni, chomenechomene ku Spain, kweniso ku Germany na Britain. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1985, caru ici cikaŵa caciŵiri mu Africa kuleka kuyowoya Cifurenchi, ndipo cikaŵa na ndalama ya CFA. Ndalama ya ku Spain, iyo ni ekwele, yikaŵa peseta.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.equatorialguinea.org/information1387/information.htm|title=Equatorial Guinea|publisher=equatorialguinea.org|access-date=3 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991003081314/http://www.equatorialguinea.org/information1387/information.htm|archive-date=3 October 1999}}</ref> [[File:Gepetrol HQ Malabo 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Gepetrol Tower in Malabo, 2013]] Mu 1996, boma likasanga mafuta ghanandi ndipo pamasinda likagwiliskira nchito mafuta agha. Mu 2004, Equatorial Guinea yikaŵa yacitatu pa vyaru ivyo vikupanga mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa. Pa nyengo yasono, caru ici cikupanga mafuta gha mathondi na ghatatu pa zuŵa. Makampani gha mafuta agho ghakucita nchito mu Equatorial Guinea ni ExxonMobil, Marathon Oil, Kosmos Energy na Chevron. Makuni, kulima, na somba ni vyakuzirwa comene pa GDP. Ku malo agha kulimilira vyakurya. Vyaru vikamba kunangika cifukwa ca muwuso uheni wa ŵamazaza. Vyaru ni vyaru ivyo vikovwira comene ŵanthu kusanga nchito, ndipo 57% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala ku mizi ŵakugwirako nchito. Mu Julayi 2004, ŵa United States Senate ŵakalemba lipoti lakuyowoya za banki ya Riggs Bank, iyo yikaŵa ku Washington ndipo yikaŵa na ndalama zinandi izo Equatorial Guinea yikasanganga kufuma ku mafuta. Lipoti la Senate likulongora kuti ndalama zakukwana 35 miliyoni zafuma kwa Obiang, mbumba yake, na ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma. Pulezidenti wakukana kuti wali na mulandu. Riggs Bank mu February 2005 wakapeleka ndalama zakukwana $9 million pa banki ya Pinochet, kweni ku Equatorial Guinea kukaŵavya ndalama zakukwana. Kufuma mu 2000 m'paka mu 2010, Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikakura comene pa caka pa GDP (Gross Domestic Product), na 17%.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/123]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/123}}</ref> Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili mu wupu wa Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). Equatorial Guinea nayo njumoza wa vyaru vya Central African Monetary and Economic Union (CEMAC). Boma la Equatorial Guinea likayezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakupulikira fundo ya EITI (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), ndipo likuyezgayezga kuti liŵe na wanangwa wakuyowoya vya ndalama izo likusanga kufuma ku mafuta. Charu ichi chikaŵa na wanangwa uwu pa Febuluwale 22, 2008. Ndipouli, apo Equatorial Guinea yikapempha kuti yikhozge nyengo yakumalizgira EITI, Komiti ya EITI yikakolerana nayo yayi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100513205556/http://www.eitransparency.org/EquatorialGuinea Equatorial Guinea | EITI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513205556/http://www.eitransparency.org/EquatorialGuinea |date=13 May 2010 }}. Eitransparency.org (27 September 2007). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> Wupu wa World Bank ukati mu charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndimo muli ndalama zinandi chomene izo munthu waliyose wakusangirapo. Nangauli charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ndalama zinandi chomene, kweni pali ukavu ukuru chifukwa cha kupambana kwa usambazi. Chiŵelengero chake cha 65.0 ndicho ntchapacanya comene pa caru cose. Chuma cha Equatorial Guinea chikwenera kukura pafupifupi 2.6% mu 2021, kughanaghana uku kuli kufuma pa kumalizgika kwa projekiti yikuru ya gasi na kuwuka kwa chuma cha pa charu chose mu hafu yachiŵiri ya chaka. Kweni boma likulindizga kuti mu 2022 lizamuweleraso ku suzgo la ndalama. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa United Nations lakuyowoya za umo ŵanthu ŵakukulira mu 2016, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikaŵa na ndalama zakukwana madola 21,517. Ndipouli, ni cimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵambura kuyana comene pa caru cose, ndipo ŵanthu 70 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama yimoza pa zuŵa. Charu ichi chili pa nambara 145 pa nambara 189 pa United Nations Human Development Index mu 2019. Ma hydrocarbons ghakukwana 97% ya vyakurya ivyo boma likupeleka ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2020, charu ichi chili mu suzgo la kunangika kwa vinthu kwa chaka cha nambara 8.<ref name="mondediplo.com"/> == Transportation == [[File:Aerial view of Malabo Airport.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Malabo International Airport]] (''Aeropuerto de Malabo'' in Spanish), in [[Punta Europa (Ecuatorial Guinea)|Punta Europa]], island of [[Bioko]]]] {{Main|Transport in Equatorial Guinea}} Chifukwa chakuti mu charu ichi muli makampani ghanandi gha mafuta, ndege izo zikwenda pa charu chose zikuwuluka ku Malabo International Airport. Ku Equatorial Guinea kuli ma eyapoti ghatatu, Malabo International Airport, Bata Airport na Annobón Airport yiphya pa cirwa ca Annobón. Malabo International Airport ndiyo ni malo ghekha ghakukwelera ŵanthu ku vyaru vinyake. Gulu lililose la ndege ilo lili kulembeka mu Equatorial Guinea lili pa chigaŵa cha awo ŵakugwira ntchito mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ŵanthu awo ŵakwendeska magalimoto ŵakufumako ku misumba ya ku Europe kuluta ku msumba uwu.<ref>(source?)</ref> == Ŵanthu == [[File:Equatorial Guinea population.svg|thumb|left|Evolution of the Equatoguinean population between 1960 and 2017. Population in thousands of inhabitants.]] {{Main|Demographics of Equatorial Guinea}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" |+Population in Equatorial Guinea{{UN Population|ref}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNData app: Ecuatorial Guinea population 2020|url=http://data.un.org/en/iso/gq.html|access-date=2021-09-23|website=UN Data|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811193236/http://data.un.org/en/iso/gq.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Year ! Million |- |style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.2 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.6 |- |style="text-align:left;"|2020 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.4 |} Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea mba fuko la [[Bantu]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Well Oiled: Oil and Human Rights in Equatorial Guinea|first=Alex|last=Vines|page=9|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=2009|isbn=978-1-56432-516-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnlkA-QBizAC&pg=PA9|access-date=19 December 2012}}</ref> Mtundu ukuru chomene wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ni Ŵafang, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakasamira ku chirwa cha Bioko kwambira m'ma 1900, ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang ŵalipo 80 peresenti ndipo ŵali na mafuko pafupifupi 67. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kumpoto kwa Río Muni ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Ntumu, ndipo awo ŵakukhala kumwera ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Fang-Okah. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu cha Cameroon na Gabon. Nangauli viyowoyero ivi vikupulikikwa makora, kweni vikupambana chomene. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bubi, awo ŵalipo 15 pa 100 pa caru cose, ndiwo ŵakukhala pa cirwa ca Bioko. Mzere wakupatula pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Fang na ŵa mtundu wa "Beach" (m'nthaka) ukaŵa muzi wa Niefang (m'paka wa Fang), kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Bata. Mtundu wa ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja, awo nyengo zinyake ŵakuchemeka Ndowe panji "Playeros" (Ŵanthu ŵa pa Mlonga wa Nyanja mu Cisipanishi): Combes, Bujebas, Balengues, na Bengas awo ŵakukhala mu virwa vikuruvikuru na vichokovichoko, na Fernandinos, ŵa mtundu wa Krio awo ŵakukhala pa chirwa cha Bioko, wose pamoza ŵakukwana 5 peresenti ya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Spain panji Portugal, ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Africa) nawo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi. [[File:Bubi children from Equatorial Guinea.jpg|thumb|Equatorial Guinean children of [[Bubi people|Bubi]] descent]] Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi nga ni Cameroon, Nigeria, na Gabon ŵiza mu caru ici. Kuyana na buku la Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations (2002), ŵanthu 7% ŵa pa chirwa cha Bioko ŵakaŵa ŵa mtundu wa Igbo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: A-C|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofst0002mina|first=James|last=Minahan|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0-313-32109-4|page=330}}</ref> Mu Equatorial Guinea mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa ku Asia na ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu minda ya koko na kofi. Ŵafrika ŵanyake ŵafipa ŵakafuma ku Liberia, Angola, na Mozambique. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Asia mba ku China, kweni ku India kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Ku Equatorial Guinea nako ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku Britain, France, na Germany ŵakuluta ku caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Israel na Morocco nawo ŵakukhala na kugwira nchito kuno. Kufumiska mafuta kufuma mu ma 1990 kwakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa Malabo ŵaŵe ŵanandi chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakati ŵafumako ku Spain. Ŵanthu ŵanyake 100,000 ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaluta ku Cameroon, Gabon, na Nigeria cifukwa ca muwuso wa ucigeŵenga wa Francisco Macías Nguema. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakukhala ku Latin America, United States, Portugal, na France. === Languages === [[File:Malabo (16511251451).jpg|thumb|left|Floral inscription with the name of the country in Spanish in [[Malabo]]]] {{Main|Equatoguinean Spanish|Academia Ecuatoguineana de la Lengua Española}} Kufuma waka apo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chikapokera wanangwa mu 1968, chiyowoyero chikuru cha ku Equatorial Guinea ni Chisipanishi. Mu 1970, mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Macías, Cisipanishi cikasinthika na ciyowoyero ca Fang, ico cikayowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi. Kweni mu 1979, Macías wakati waleka kuwusa, ŵakamulekeska. Cisipanishi cikaŵa ciyowoyero cimoza pera mpaka mu 1998, apo Cifurenci cikasazgikaso, cifukwa pakwamba cikaŵa ciyowoyero ca ku Central Africa (CEMAC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_09/gil_otero/p05.htm|title=5. Guinea Ecuatorial - Centro Virtual Cervantes|language=es|access-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126002920/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_09/gil_otero/p05.htm|archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=CIA /> Chiphwitikizi ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chachitatu mu charu ichi mu 2010. Chisipanishi ndicho ntchiyowoyero cha boma kwambira mu 1844. Likuyowoyeka pa sukulu na mu maofesi gha boma. Ŵanthu 67.6% ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi, comenecomene awo ŵakukhala mu Malabo, msumba ukuru wa charu ici. Cifurenci cikaŵa cipharazgo ca boma cifukwa cakuti cikaŵa cigaŵa ca caru ca France, ndipo cikayowoyeka pa malo ghanyake yayi, kweni mu matawuni ghapafupi. Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵakwambilira vikumanyikwa kuti ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa vya "vikaya vyawo". 1/1998 (Janyuwale 21). Viyowoyero vya ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ni Fang, Bube, Benga, Ndowe, Balengue, Bujeba, Bissio, Gumu, Igbo, Pichinglis, Fa d'Ambô na Baseke. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Bantu.<ref name="GEpress_noticia134en">[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=134&lang=en Oficina de Información y Prensa de Guinea Ecuatorial, Ministerio de Información, Cultura y Turismo]. Guineaecuatorialpress.com. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref>[[File:Lenguas de Guinea Ecuatorial.png|thumb|African languages of Equatorial Guinea and its environment.]] Chiyowoyero cha Chiphwitikizi cha Fa d'Ambô chikuyowoyeka chomene mu chigaŵa cha Annobón, Malabo (likulu la charu ichi), kweniso mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Equatorial Guinea. Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu Bioko ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi, comenecomene mu msumba wa Bioko. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Annobón ŵakuyowoya Cisipanishi yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Cisipanishi. Ŵanthu ŵa Katolika ŵakutemwa kuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Annobonese ŵakayezga kuti ŵaŵe mu wupu wa CPLP. Boma likapeleka ndalama zakwendeskera kafukufuku wa Instituto Internacional da Língua Portuguesa (IILP) mu Annobón. Buku ili likulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku São Tomé na Príncipe, Cape Verde, na Guinea-Bissau ŵakayowoyanga Chiphwitikizi. Chifukwa cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatorial Guinea, mu 2010 boma likasintha ndime 4 ya Dango la Equatorial Guinea. Boma ili likakhumbanga kuti liŵe na mawupu ghakwendakwenda, malonda, na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikuyowoya Ciphwitikizi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/equatorial-guinea-adds-portuguese-as-the-countrys-third-official-language-131882808.html|title=Equatorial Guinea Adds Portuguese as the Country's Third Official Language|publisher=PRNewsWire|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGov">{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|title=El portugués será el tercer idioma oficial de la República de Guinea Ecuatorial|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatoria|access-date=15 November 2010|language=es|archive-date=3 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903222205/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticia.php?id=703l|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GuineEqGovPDF">{{cite web|url=http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|title=Proyecto de Ley Constitucional|publisher=Gobierno de la Republica de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=14 October 2011|access-date=15 November 2010|archive-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103202646/http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/imgdb/2010/20-7-2010Decretosobreelportuguescomoidiomaoficial.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kweniso likuzomerezga kuti pali kukolerana pakati pa charu cha Portugal na ŵanthu ŵa ku Brazil, São Tomé na Príncipe, na Cape Verde awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu wa CPLP ni umo yingachitira na mapulogiramu gha visambizgo na kusinthana na ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake. Kuti munthu waŵe na CPLP wakwenera kusambira Ciphwitikizi. Kweniso, caru ici cikaphalirika kuti cikwenera kusintha vinthu vya ndyali kuti ŵanthu ŵacitenge vinthu mwaurunji ndiposo mwamahara. Nyumba ya malango yikadumbiskana za dango ili mu Okutobala 2011. Mu Febuluwale 2012, nduna ya vyalo ya Equatorial Guinea yikasayina phangano na IILP lakukhwaskana na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi mu caru ici.<ref name="IILP_Blog2012-02-07">{{cite web|url=http://iilp.wordpress.com/2012/02/07/assinado-termo-de-cooperacao-entre-iilp-e-guine-equatorial/|title=Assinado termo de cooperação entre IILP e Guiné Equatorial|language=pt |trans-title=Protocol signed on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial|publisher=Instituto Internacional de Língua Portuguesa|date=7 February 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="CPLP_News1875">{{cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1875|title=Protocolo de Cooperação entre a Guiné-Equatorial e o IILP|language=pt |trans-title=Protocol on cooperation between IILP and Guinea Equatorial|publisher=CPLP|date=7 February 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}} This note contains a link to the text of the protocol in PDF format.</ref> Mu Julayi 2012, CPLP yikakana kuti Equatorial Guinea yiŵe mu wupu uwu, comenecomene cifukwa cakuti yikulutilira kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Boma likazomerezga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali, likakanizga ŵanthu kupeleka chilango cha nyifwa, ndipo likamba kudumbiskana na ŵandyali wose.<ref name="sol">{{cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Formação de professores e programas televisivos introduzem português na Guiné-Equatorial |trans-title=Teacher formation and television programs introduce Portuguese in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354 |publisher=Sol |language=pt |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101000230/http://www.sol.pt/noticia/99354 |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="expr">{{cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/cplp-vai-ajudar-guine-equatorial-a-assimilar-valores=f890337|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010185700/http://expresso.sapo.pt/internacional/cplp-vai-ajudar-guine-equatorial-a-assimilar-valores=f890337|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2017|title=CPLP vai ajudar Guiné-Equatorial a "assimilar valores"|language=pt|publisher=Expresso|date=20 September 2014|access-date=24 November 2012}}</ref> AKweniso, IILP yikasanga malo kufuma ku boma gha kuzenga malo ghakusambizgirako ŵanthu ŵa ciyowoyero ca Ciphwitikizi mu Bata na Malabo. Pa ungano wake wa nambara 10 uwo ukacitikira ku Dili mu Julayi 2014, Equatorial Guinea yikazomerezgeka kuŵa ciŵaro ca CPLP. Kuwuskako cilango ca nyifwa na kukhozga Ciphwitikizi kuŵa ciyowoyero ca boma vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa pakutolera dango ili.<ref name="CPLP_NewsID1635">{{cite web|url=http://www.cplp.org/Default.aspx?ID=316&M=News&PID=304&NewsID=1635|title=Nota informativa: Missão da CPLP à Guiné Equatorial|language=pt|publisher=CPLP|date=3 May 2011|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> === Religion === {{bar box |title = Religion in Equatorial Guinea |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars = {{bar percent|[[Roman Catholicism in Equatorial Guinea|Roman Catholic]]|Blue|88}} {{bar percent|Other (indigenous beliefs / [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]])|Gray|5}} {{bar percent|[[Protestantism|Protestant]]|green|5}} {{bar percent|[[Islam in Equatorial Guinea|Muslim]]|Green|2}} }} [[File:Santa Isabel Malabo 20131224 140204.jpg|thumb|upright|Santa Isabel Cathedral in Malabo]] Chisopa cikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni Cikhristu, ico cikupharazgika na ŵanthu 93 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali mu chisopa cha Katolika (88%), ndipo ŵachoko waka ŵali mu chisopa cha Chiprotesitanti (5%). Ŵanyake 5 peresenti ŵakulondezga cisopa ca Animism, Bahá'í, na visopa vinyake, ndipo cisopa ca Animism kanandi cikusazgikana na Cikatolika.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matt |first=Phillips |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/144596621 |title=The Africa Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent |last2=Andrew |first2=David |last3=Bainbridge |first3=James |last4=Bewer |first4=Tim |last5=Bindloss |first5=Joe |last6=Carillet |first6=Jean-Bernard |last7=Clammer |first7=Paul |last8=Cornwell |first8=Jane |last9=Crossan |first9=Rob |collaboration=Authors |date=September 2007 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |others=Coordinated by Matt Phillips |isbn=978-1-74104-602-1 |location=[[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]], Australia |pages=116 |oclc=144596621}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=280736#wrapper|title=International Religious Freedom Report for 2017|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044051/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=280736#wrapper}}</ref> === Health === {{Main|Health in Equatorial Guinea}} Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma la Equatorial Guinea likawovwira ŵanthu ŵanandi kuti ŵaleke kulwara maleriya. Ŵakucita ndondomeko ya kupopera viŵeto mu nyumba kaŵiri pa caka, kuŵika munkhwala wakusazgapo artemisinin (ACTs), kuŵika munkhwala wakovwira ŵanakazi ŵanthumbo (IPTp), na kuŵika vyakumera vinandi mu nyumba zawo ivyo vikuŵa na minkhwala yakukoma viŵeto. Ŵakachepeska chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakufwa pa vifukwa vyose, kufuma pa 152 kufika pa 55 pa ŵana 1,000 awo ŵakubabika ŵamoyo. Mu Juni 2014, ŵanthu ŵanayi ŵakakoleka na nthenda ya poliyo.<ref name="EquatorialGuinea">{{cite news|title=Detection of poliovirus in São Paulo airport sewage: WHO|url=http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO|access-date=23 June 2014|publisher=Brazil News.Net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710234957/http://www.brazilnews.net/index.php/sid/223187509/scat/24437442923341f1/ht/Detection-of-poliovirus-in-Sao-Paulo-airport-sewage-WHO|archive-date=10 July 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/80/6/882?ijkey=42e57e2ed496ad1cc91ad3c34a8636edd294d458&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha Marked Increase in Child Survival after Four Years of Intensive Malaria Control]. Ajtmh.org. Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> === Education === {{Further|Education in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes (Malabo) (6510104101).jpg|thumb|Ministry of Education, Science and Sports (''Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia y Deportes'' in Spanish)]] Charu cha Equatorial Guinea ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba. Kuyana na buku la The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency, mu 2015, ŵanthu 95.3% ŵa vyaka 15 kuya munthazi awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ku Equatorial Guinea ŵakaŵa ŵalembi. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Francisco Macias, sukulu zikapokelereka yayi, ndipo ŵana ŵacoko comene ndiwo ŵakasambiranga. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Obiang, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira chikakhira kufuma pa 73% kufika pa 13%, ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakwambilira chikakwera kufuma pa 65,000 mu 1986 kufika pa 100,000 mu 1994. Ŵana ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 6 na 14 ŵakusambira kwambura kulipira.<ref name="web.archive.org" /><ref name="cia.gov" /><ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/|title=Literacy - The World Factbook|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401014237/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/literacy/|archive-date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=CIA /> Boma la Equatorial Guinea lakolerana na Hess Corporation na The Academy for Educational Development (AED) kukhazikiska pulogiramu ya ndalama zakukwana madola 20 miliyoni kuti ŵasambizgi ŵa sukulu za pulayimale ŵasambizge ŵana nthowa zamasono zakulera.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081120025210/http://www.aed.org/News/Stories/equatorial_guinea_partnership.cfm HESS and AED Partner to Improve Education in Equatorial Guinea]. AED.org</ref> Pasono pali masukulu 51 agho ghakusambizga makora ŵana. Mu vilimika vyasonosono apa, cifukwa ca kusintha kwa vinthu vya cuma na ndyali ndiposo ndondomeko za boma, mabungwe ghanandi ghakovwira ŵanthu kumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ghakaŵako. Charu ichi chili na yunivesite yimoza yakuchemeka Universidad Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (UNGE), iyo yili ku Malabo, ndipo ku Bata, ku charu chikuru kuli sukulu ya vyachipatala. Mu 2009, yunivesite iyi yikapanga ŵadokotala ŵakwamba 110. Sukulu ya Bata Medical School yikovwirika na boma la Cuba ndipo pali ŵasambizgi na ŵadokotala ŵa ku Cuba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223151/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Equatorial-Guinea-Minister-Seeks-Strong-Ties-With-US-89956902.html Equatorial Guinea Minister Seeks Strong Ties With U.S] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511223151/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/Equatorial-Guinea-Minister-Seeks-Strong-Ties-With-US-89956902.html |date=11 May 2011 }}. Voanews.com (4 April 2010). Retrieved on 5 May 2013.</ref> == Mwambo == {{Main|Culture of Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Malabo a 13-oct-01.jpg|thumb|The port of [[Malabo]]]] Mu Juni 1984, ŵakachita ungano wakwamba wa Hispanic-African Cultural Congress kuti ŵamanye umo charu cha Equatorial Guinea chiliri. Ungano uwu ndiwo ukaŵa malo ghakukolerana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain na ŵa ku Africa.<ref name="web.archive.org" /> === Tourism === [[File:Sipopo (16517963802).jpg|thumb|left|Hotel in [[Sipopo]]]] Pasono Equatorial Guinea yilije malo agho ghali kulembeka pa UNESCO World Heritage List. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinyake ivyo vili kulembeka mu buku la Memory of the World Programme la UNESCO panji vinthu vinyake vyambura kuwoneka ivyo vili mu UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage List.<ref>[http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/state/equatorial-guinea-GQ Equatorial Guinea – intangible heritage – Culture Sector]. UNESCO. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/homepage/ Memory of the World | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]. Unesco.org. Retrieved on 19 January 2017.</ref><ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/?action=listtentative&pattern=Equatorial+Guinea&state=&theme=&criteria_restrication=&date_start=&date_end=&order= Tentative Lists]. unesco.org</ref> Vinyake ivyo vikukondweska ŵalendo ni malo ghakusoperapo gha Malabo, chigaŵa chakumwera kwa chirwa cha Bioko uko mungakwera maji gha Iladyi na kuluta ku malo ghakutali kuti mukawonenge visomba ivyo vikubisamamo. === Media and communications === {{Main|Media in Equatorial Guinea|Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:UNED-GQ IMG 6269 (6510136445).jpg|thumb|right|Edition of the television magazine ''Malabeando'' at the Cultural Centre of Spain in Malabo]] Vipharazgi vikuru comene mu Equatorial Guinea ni mawayilesi ghatatu gha FM. BBC World Service, Radio France Internationale na Africa No. 1 ku Malabo. Paliso wayilesi yinyake yakuchemeka Radio Macuto, mazgu gha ŵanthu ŵambura mazgu. Radio Macuto ni wayilesi ya pa intaneti ndipo yikumanyikwa cifukwa ca kulemba nkhani izo zikususka boma la Obiang na kuchiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Equatoguinea kuti ŵayowoyenge mwakufwatuka na kucita ndyali. Paliso mawayilesi ghanyake ghankhondi agho ghakupharazga pa wayilesi. TV Nacional, ndiyo yikwendeskeka na boma.<ref name=CIA /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1023151.stm#media|title=Country Profile: Equatorial Guinea: Media|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2008}}</ref>Mapulogiramu gha pa TV gha pa caru cose gha RTVGE ghakwendeskeka na mapulaneti gha pa mlengalenga mu Africa, Europe, na America, kweniso pa caru cose capasi pa Intaneti. Pali manyuzipepara ghaŵiri na magazini ghaŵiri. Pa vyaru 179, charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili pa nambara 161 pa vyaru vyose ivyo vikalembeka na wupu wa Reporters Without Borders. Wupu uwu ukuti TV iyi yikulondezga malango gha unduna wa vya makani. Makampani ghanandi ghakupharazga ghakujighanaghanira ŵekha, ndipo dango likukanizga ŵanthu kususka ŵanthu. Ŵapharazgi ŵa boma na wayilesi yikuru ya boma ŵakuwusika na mwana wa pulezidenti, Teodor Obiang. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito yayi mafoni gha pa foni, ndipo pa ŵanthu 100, pali mafoni ghaŵiri pera.<ref name=CIA /> <ref name="Lyngsat_TVGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/gq/TVGE-Internacional.html|title=TVGE Internacional|publisher=LyngSat|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref>Pali telefoni yimoza ya GSM iyo yikugwira ntchito mu Malabo, Bata, na misumba yinyake ya ku Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_gq.shtml|title=GSMWorld Providers: Equatorial Guinea|publisher=GSM World|year=2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414201455/http://www.gsmworld.com/roaming/gsminfo/cou_gq.shtml|archive-date=14 April 2008}}</ref>Kufumira mu 2009, ŵanthu pafupifupi 40% ŵakaŵa na foni.<ref name=CIA /> Kamupani ya foni yekha mu Equatorial Guinea ni Orange. Mu Disembala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 42,000 ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito Intaneti. === Music === {{Further|Music of Equatorial Guinea}} Mu Equatorial Guinea muli sumu zinandi yayi zakutchuka. Mitundu yinyake ya mu Africa nga ni soukous na makossa njakutchuka, kweniso reggae na rock and roll. Gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba gitala la ku Spain ndilo ndakumanyikwa chomene mu charu ichi. === Cinema === Mu 2014, filimu ya South Africa-Dutch-Equatorial Guinea ya Where the Road Runs Out yikapangika mu charu ichi. Paliso filimu ya The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores, iyo yindawonekere pa caru cose. Buku ili likulongosora vya Juan Tomás Ávila Laurel, uyo ni mulembi wa ku Equatorial Guinea. Iyi ni filimu yakwamba kususka boma la Obiang.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elescritordeunpais.com/|title=The Writer From a Country Without Bookstores|website=elescritordeunpais.com}}</ref> === Sports === {{category see also|Sport in Equatorial Guinea}} [[File:Estadio de Bata (15896733814).jpg|thumb|[[Estadio de Bata]] in [[Bata, Equatorial Guinea|Bata]]]] Equatorial Guinea ndiyo yikasoleka kuti yichitenge nawo Africa Cup of Nations mu 2012 pamoza na Gabon, ndipo yikamba kuchitako mu 2015. Charu ichi chikasoleka kuti chichitenge maseŵero gha mpira wa ku Africa gha ŵanakazi mu 2008, ndipo ŵakathereska. Ŵanakazi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakachita maseŵera gha ku Germany mu 2011. Mu Juni 2016, Equatorial Guinea yikasoleka kuti ndiyo yizakachitenge maseŵera gha 12 gha Africa mu 2019. Charu cha Equatorial Guinea chili na ŵanthu ŵakutchova njuga, nga ni Eric Moussambani, uyo wakuchemeka "Eric the Eel", na Paula Barila Bolopa, uyo wakuchemeka "Paula the Crawler". Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero gha basketball.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scafidi|first1=Oscar|title=Equatorial Guinea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1engCgAAQBAJ|access-date=10 September 2021|date=1 November 2015|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides Ltd|isbn=978-1-78477-136-2|page=126}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics2000/swimming/937133.stm|title='Paula the Crawler' sets record|work=BBC News|date=22 September 2000|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050420123724/http://www.times-olympics.co.uk/archive/swimmings19o.html|archive-date=20 April 2005|title=London 2012 Olympics: how Eric 'the Eel' Moussambani inspired a generation in swimming pool at Sydney Games|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=O'Mahony|first=Jennifer|date=27 July 2012|access-date=18 December 2012}}</ref> == Wonaniso == {{portal|Africa|<!--Middle Africa-->|<!--African Union-->|<!--ECCAS-->|<!--Equatorial Guinea-->}} * [[Outline of Equatorial Guinea]] * [[Agriculture in Equatorial Guinea]] == Vyakulemba == {{notelist|35em}} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vinandi == {{Refbegin}} * {{CIA World Factbook}} * [[Max Liniger-Goumaz]], ''Small Is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea'' (French 1986, translated 1989) {{ISBN|0-389-20861-2}}. * [[Robert Klitgaard]]. 1990. ''Tropical Gangsters''. New York: Basic Books. (World Bank economist tries to assist pre-oil Equatorial Guinea) {{ISBN|0-465-08760-4}}. * [[D.L. Claret]]. ''Cien años de evangelización en Guinea Ecuatorial (1883–1983) / One Hundred Years of Evangelism in Equatorial Guinea'' (1983, Barcelona: Claretian Missionaries). * [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]], ''The Wonga Coup: Guns, Thugs and a Ruthless Determination to Create Mayhem in an Oil-Rich Corner of Africa'' (2006, PublicAffairs) {{ISBN|1-58648-371-4}}. ==Further reading== * Lewis, Marvin. ''An Introduction to the Literature of Equatorial Guinea: Between Colonialism and Dictatorship.'' (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=jbdZqm-cyJsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR3&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=Cs-o9V2lRJ&sig=WrG_B2M5Li1u3brpWyArts2sdYI online] * McSherry, Brendan. "The Political Economy of Oil in Equatorial Guinea." ''African Studies Quarterly'' 8.3 (2006). [https://www.academia.edu/download/76306751/McSherry-Vol8Issue3.pdf online]{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Sundiata, Ibrahim K. ''Equatorial Guinea: colonialism, state terror, and the search for stability'' (Routledge, 2019). [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ugScDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT8&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=v6mV9KgPd2&sig=lpeZx6911PwriznbMqKStejdYvc online] * Ugarte, Michael. ''Africans in Europe: The culture of exile and emigration from Equatorial Guinea to Spain'' (University of Illinois Press, 2010) [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=rJoxnTZzBCUC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=History+Equatorial+Guinea%7D%7D&ots=Eo6wQlyt6X&sig=fmDH2eM2vpU8RTKjcU_ANF5iw5g online]. * Yolanda Aixelà-Cabré. ''Spain's African Colonial Legacies: Morocco and Equatorial Guinea Compared'' (Brill, 2022) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58252 online review] {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|v=no|q=no|b=no|voy=Equatorial Guinea|n=Category:Equatorial Guinea|c=Category:Equatorial Guinea|s=Category:Equatorial Guinea|d=Q983}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Equatorial_Guinea}} * {{wikiatlas|Equatorial Guinea}} * [https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/ Official Government of Equatorial Guinea website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503234753/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php?lang=en Guinea in Figures&nbsp;– Official Web Page of the Government of the Republic of Equatorial Guinea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503234753/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php?lang=en |date=3 May 2021 }} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13317174 Country Profile] from [[BBC News]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235259/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea Equatorial Guinea]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607084803/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/equatorialguinea.htm Equatorial Guinea] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''. {{Equatorial Guinea topics}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)}} {{OPEC}} }} {{coord|1|30|N|10|00|E|type:country|display=inline,title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Equatorial Guinea| ]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Member states of OPEC]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1968]] [[Category:Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] [[Category:1968 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Former least developed countries]] bt1kj8fk6q2gx8ueuzpe68uraxsdwpd 0 6955 123369 122684 2026-11-01T21:57:00Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country on the coast of West Africa}} {{distinguish|Sinegal}} {{About|charu|dambo|Mlonga wa Senegal}} {{nkhaniiwemi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Senegal | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Sénégal}} | common_name = Senegal | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal.svg | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|Senegal pa gilini}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi"|italics=off}}<br />{{small|"One People, One Goal, One Faith"}} | national_anthem = <br />{{nowrap|"[[Le Lion rouge|Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons]]"}}<br />{{small|"Everyone, strum your [[Kora (instrument)|koras]], strike the [[balafon]]s"}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[French Language|French]] | languages_type = [[Lingua franca]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|List:}} |[[Wolof language|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Information from the University of Pennsylvania's Center for African Studies estimates that about 90% of the Senegalese population understands or speaks Wolof as a first or second language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>}} |French |Pulaar |Arabic{{Efn|name=ArabicStatus|Arabic is taught as a second language for religious reasons within the Senegalese educational system.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>}} }} | languages2_type = National languages | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Wolof language|Wolof]]|[[Serer language|Serer]]|[[Diola language|Diola]]|[[Pulaar language|Pulaar]]|[[Soninke language|Soninke]]|[[Malinke language|Malinke]]{{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Article 1 of the 2001 Constitution of Senegal, which states that the national languages are Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninke and Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en|website=Constitute Project |language=en}}</ref>}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| 36.7% [[Wolof people|Wolof]] |30.5% [[Fula people|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer people|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka people|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola people|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke people|Soninke]] |5.4% Other }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=":0a">{{Citation |title=Senegal |date=2022-08-23 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ubl | 96.6% [[Islam in Senegal|Islam]] |3.3% [[Christianity in Senegal|Christianity]] |0.1% Other/None}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016c | title=Religions in Senegal &#124; PEW-GRF }}</ref> | demonym = Senegalese | capital = [[Dakar]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]<ref name = cia/> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Senegal|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Macky Sall]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Senegal|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Amadou Ba (politician, born 1961)|Amadou Ba]] | leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Senegal|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Amadou Mame Diop]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Senegal)|National Assembly]] | area_rank = 86th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_km2 = 196,712 | area_sq_mi = 76,000 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = 17,196,308<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SN |title=Population, total - Senegal |website=[[World Bank]] Data}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 72nd | population_census_rank = 73rd | population_census = 16,624,000<ref name = cia2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |title=Senegal |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2016 | population_density_km2 = 68.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 208.5 | population_density_rank = 134th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}}$72.703 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 106th | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $4,113<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 156th | GDP_nominal_rank = 111th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}}$27.542 billion<ref name=imf2/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/countries-by-gdp/ |title=GDP Ranked by Country 2021 |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821075240/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/countries-by-gdp/ |archive-date=21 August 2018}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }}$1,558<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 157th | established_event1 = Republic established | established_date1 = 25 November 1958 | sovereignty_type = [[History of Senegal|Independence]] | established_event2 = from France{{efn|With [[French Sudan]], as the [[Mali Federation]].}} | established_date2 = 4 April 1960 | established_event3 = Withdrawal from<br />the [[Mali Federation]] | established_date3 = 20 August 1960 | established_event4 = from France{{efn|As the [[French Sudan|Sudanese Republic]], with Senegal as the Mali Federation.}} | established_date4 = 20 June 1960 | established_event5 = as Senegal | established_date5 = 22 September 1960 | established_event6 = dissolution of the [[Senegambia Confederation]] | established_date6 = 30 September 1989 | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.511 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2021/2022|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=September 8, 2022|access-date=September 8, 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170th | currency = [[West African CFA franc]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | utc_offset = {{sp}} | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | religion_year = 2020 | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg | today = }} '''Senegal''' ({{Audio|En-us-Senegal.ogg|/ˌsɛnᵻˈɡɔːl/}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |title=Definition of Senegal |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal |title=Define Senegal |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=6 November 2013 }}</ref> kuzunula mwaboma, '''Charu cha Sengegal''',{{efn|({{lang-fr|link=no|République du Sénégal}}; [[Wolof language|Wolof]]: ''Réewum Senegaal''; [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]] : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Renndaandi Senegaali); [[Arabic language|Arabic]]: جمهورية السنغال ''Cumhûriyye es-Sinigâl'')}} ni caru ca ku [[West Africa]], mumphepete mwa [[nyanja ya Atlantic]]. Charu cha Senegal chili kumpoto na [[Mauritania]], kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Mali]], kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi na [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Charu cha Senegal chili pafupi na charu cha [[Gambia]], ndipo chili mumphepete mwa [[Mlonga wa Gambia]]. Charu cha Senegal chili na mphaka na charu cha [[Cape Verde]]. Msumba wa [[Dakar]] ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa vyachuma na ndyali mu Senegal. Charu cha Senegal ndicho chili kumanjiliro gha dazi comene mu caru ca Old World, panji [[Afro-Eurasia]].<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner – 2009, Senegal – Page 8</ref> Zina ili likwiza cifukwa ca [[mlonga wa Senegal]], uwo uli kumafumiro gha dazi na kumpoto. Nyengo yake ni ya ku [[Sahelian]], kweni nyengo zinyake kukuŵa vula. Charu cha Senegal chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita pafupifupi 197,000 ndipo ŵanthu ŵake ŵalipo 17 miliyoni.{{UN Population|ref}} Boma ili lili na boma la pulezidenti; kufuma waka apo likambira mu 1960, charu ichi ntchakukhora chomene mu Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Senegal chili na ngongoli zinandi, ndipo chili pa nambara 170. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito zaulimi na vyakurya. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora pa nkhani ya masambiro. Charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa [[African Union]], [[United Nations]], [[Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)]], Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], na Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Pa caru cose, Senegal ni caru ico cikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mpikisano wa [[Paris-Dakar Rally]].<ref name=":0b">{{cite web |title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |last=Hammerschlag |first=Annika |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> Charu cha Senegal chili na ngongoli zinandi, ndipo chili pa nambara 170. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja ndipo ŵakugwira ntchito zaulimi na vyakurya. Charu ichi chilije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi, kweni vinthu vikwenda makora pa nkhani ya masambiro. Charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa African Union, United Nations, [[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS), [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]], Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, na Community of Sahel-Saharan States. Pa caru cose, Senegal ni caru ico cikumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca mpikisano wa Paris-Dakar Rally.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guivaudon |first=Guillaume |date=2021-12-13 |title=The best destinations for family holidays |url=https://www.littleguestcollection.com/en/magazine/best-destinations-family-holidays |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Little Guest |language=en}}</ref> == Zina == Charu cha Senegal chili na zina la Mlonga wa Senegal. Zina la mlonga uwu likwenera kuti lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiphwitikizi ilo likung'anamura zina la [[mlonga wa Zenaga]]. Kweniso lingaŵa zina la chiuta mukuru mu cisopa ca Serer (Rog Sene) na ogal, kung'anamura maji mu ciyowoyero ca Serer. Kweniso vingachitika kuti lizgu ili likufuma ku lizgu la Chiwolophu lakuti "Sunuu Gaal", ilo likung'anamura "bwato lithu".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Beetle |date=2018-05-31 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Culture Trip |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> ==Mbili== {{main|History of Senegal}} === Vyaka vyakwambilira na vyakumanyuma === Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵali kusanga mu chigaŵa ichi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi mu nyengo yakale chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 C.E., kukaŵa maufumu ghanyake: Takrur mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Namandiru na Jolof Empire mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E. na 14 C.E. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Senegal kukaŵa mu ufumu wa Ghana. Chisilamu chikamba kwizira mwa Toucouleur na Soninke awo ŵakakolerana na ufumu wa Almoravid wa ku Maghreb. Gulu ili likasuskika chomene na ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Serer.<ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914'', p. 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968) {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref><ref>[[Henry Gravrand|Gravrand, Henry]], ''La civilisation Sereer, Pangool,'' p. 13. Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990), {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 na 1400, chigaŵa ichi chikakhwaskika na maufumu gha kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu cigaŵa ca Senegambia, pakati pa 1300 na 1900, ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu pafupifupi ciŵelengero cimoza ca ŵanthu ŵatatu cikaŵa ŵazga.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 "Slavery"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400, ufumu wa Jolof ukaŵa wankhongono chomene, ndipo ukakolerana na maufumu gha Cayor, Baol, Siné, Saloum, Waalo, Futa Tooro, na Bambouk. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ivyo vikakolerana mwakujipeleka.<ref name=charles/><ref>Ham, Anthony. ''West Africa.'' Lonely Planet. 2009. p. 670. {{ISBN|1-74104-821-4}}</ref>Ufumu uwu ukazengeka na Ndiadiane Ndiaye, uyo wakaŵa Serer na Toucouleur, ndipo wakakolerana na mitundu yinandi, kweni ukamara mu 1549 apo Amari Ngone Sobel Fall wakatimba na kukoma Lele Fouli Fak. === Nyengo ya Ŵakoloni === {{Main|Senegambia (Dutch West India Company)|French conquest of Senegal}} [[File:AMH-8133-KB Floor plan of the fort on Goeree.jpg|thumb|left|Ufumu wa Portugal ukaŵa ufumu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwukira charu cha Senegal, ndipo ukamba na Dinis Dias mu 1444 apo wakafika pa chirwa cha Gorée.]] Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400, Ŵapwitikizi ŵakiza ku Senegal, ndipo pamanyuma pake ŵamalonda ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo ŵa ku France. Kwambira mu 15th century, maboma gha ku Europe nga ni Portugal, Netherlands, na Great Britain, ghakakolerana pa nkhani ya malonda. Mu 1677, caru ca France cikamba kugura ŵazga pa cirwa ca Gorée, kufupi na Dakar, ico cikagwiranga nchito nga ni malo ghakulugulira ŵazga ku mafumu agho ghakatimbananga.<ref name="h-net.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |title=Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223164258/http://www.h-net.org/~africa/threads/goree.html |archive-date=23 February 2017|url-status=dead |publisher=h-net.org |access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>''Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest'' (1958 ed.), p. 123.</ref> Ŵamishonale ŵa ku Europe ŵakiza na Cikristu ku Senegal na ku Casamance mu ma 1800. Mu ma 1850, ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kuthandazgikira mu charu cha Senegal, pamanyuma pakuti ŵamazga wuzga na kwamba kusambizga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kugwiliskira ntchito vigeŵenga. Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakamba kuwukira na kupoka maufumu ghose, kupaturako Siné na Saloum, pasi pa muwusi Louis Faidherbe.<ref name=charles>Charles, Eunice A. '' Precolonial Senegal: the Jolof Kingdom, 1800–1890.'' African Studies Center, Boston University, 1977. p. 3</ref><ref>Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' Edinburgh University Press (1968). p. X {{ISBN|0-8047-0621-2}}</ref> [[File:Marchands d'esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|Ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku France ku Gorée, m'ma 1700]] Yoro Dyao wakaŵa mulara wa chigaŵa cha Foss-Galodjina ndipo wakimikika pa Wâlo (Ouâlo) na Louis Faidherbe, uko wakateŵeteranga nga ni mulongozgi kufuma mu 1861 mpaka 1914. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal awo ŵakasuskanga ŵanyawo na kuchepeskako malonda ghawo gha ŵazga ŵakalongozgekanga na Lat-Dior, Damel wa ku Cayor, na Maad a Sinig wa ku Siné. Mu 1915, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 300 ŵa ku Senegal ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Australia, pambere Ŵaustralia ŵandatore Damaseko. Ivyo vikachitikanga ku France na Britain vikapangiska kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Pa Novembala 25, 1958, Senegal yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha mu French Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|date=15 July 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Senegal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327062010/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/senegal.html|archive-date=27 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> === Kujilamulila === [[File:Mali Federation in its region.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Wupu wa Mali uwo ukaŵako nyengo yicoko waka]]Mu Janyuwale 1959, Senegal na French Sudan vikasazgikana na kupanga Mali Federation, iyo yikaŵa yakujiyimira paŵekha pa 20 Juni 1960, cifukwa ca phangano la kusinthiska mazaza na France ilo likalembeka pa 4 Epulero 1960. Chifukwa cha masuzgo gha ndyali, wupu uwu ukabwanganduka pa 20 Ogasiti 1960 apo Senegal na French Sudan (ŵakazgoreka Republic of Mali) waliyose wakapharazga wanangwa wake. Mu Ogasiti 1960, Léopold Sédar Senghor, mulembi, wandale, na munthu wa boma wakumanyikwa pa caru cose, wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wakwamba wa Senegal. Senghor, uyo wakaŵa wakutemwa caru ca Africa, wakawoneseskanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵacitenge vinthu mwamahara.<ref>''A Critical bibliography of French literature: in three parts. The Twentieth.'' Edited by David Clark Cabeen, Richard A. Brooks, Douglas W. Alden</ref> Pamanyuma pakuti Mali yaparanyika, pulezidenti Senghor na nduna yikuru Mamadou Dia ŵakalongozganga pamoza mu nyumba za malango. Mu Disembala 1962, mphindano zawo za ndyali zikapangiska kuti Prime Minister Dia wapange boma. Chiwukirano ichi chikathereskeka kwambura kuthiska ndopa ndipo Dia ŵakamukora na kumujalira mu jele. Boma la Senegal likapeleka dango liphya ilo likakhozga mazaza gha pulezidenti. Senghor wakalekeleranga yayi ŵanthu awo ŵakamususkanga kuluska umo ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa mu Africa ŵakacitira mu ma 1960. Ndipouli, kwa nyengo yicoko waka, boma likakanizga ŵanthu kucita ndyali. Chipani cha Senghor, Senegalese Progressive Union (sono ni Socialist Party of Senegal), ndicho chikaŵa chipani pera icho chikazomerezgeka na dango kufuma mu 1965 m'paka mu 1975. Mu caka caumaliro, Senghor wakazomerezga kuti paŵe vipani viŵiri vyakususka ivyo vikamba kugwira nchito mu 1976 - chipani ca Marxist (African Independence Party) na chipani ca liberal (Senegal Democratic Party). Mu ma 1960 na kuuyambiro kwa ma 1970, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal ŵakalutilira kuswa mphaka za Senegal. Pakuzgora, Senegal wakapempha wupu wa United Nations Security Council mu 1963, 1965, 1969 (pakuzgora kuponyera mabomba ku Portugal), 1971 na 1972. === 1980 mpaka pano === Mu 1980, Pulezidenti Senghor wakaleka ndyali. Chaka chakulondezgapo, mu 1981 wakapeleka mazaza kwa Abdou Diouf. Mamadou Dia, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya boma, wakathereskeka pa viphikiro vya mu 1983. Senghor wakasamira ku France, uko wakafwira na vilimika 95. Mu ma 1980, Boubacar Lam wakasanga mbiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal iyo yikapangika na Yoro Dyâo, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Tuculor, pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe.<ref name="AfrAm">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Jane |title=A Companion to African-American Studies |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=463 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODmpx1fgJNIC&pg=PA463|isbn=978-1-4051-5466-6}}</ref> Pa Febuluwale 1, 1982, Senegal yikakolerana na Gambia na kupanga wupu wa Senegambia Confederation. Ndipouli, wupu uwu ukamara mu 1989. Nangauli pakaŵa maungano gha mtende, kweni gulu la ku mpoto ilo likukhumba kujipatura ku boma (Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance panji MFDC) mu chigaŵa cha Casamance, likulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma kwambira mu 1982. Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, nkhaza zachepa ndipo Pulezidenti Macky Sall wakachezga na ŵakugaluka ku Rome mu Disembala 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa "][[Uppsala Conflict Data Program]]<span>: Senegal: Casamance, In-depth Developments since 2005"</span> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222507/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=135&regionSelect=2-Southern_Africa|date=4 March 2016}}, ''Conflict Encyclopedia''</ref> Abdou Diouf wakaŵa purezidenti pakati pa 1981 na 2000. Wakakhwimiska ŵanthu kuti ŵachiteko ndyali, kuchepeska umo boma likwendeskera vinthu vyachuma, kweniso kusazgirako ndyali za Senegal, comenecomene na vyaru vinyake ivyo vikukura. Nyengo zinyake vinthu vya ndyali vikapangiska kuti pa misewu paŵe vivulupi, mphindano pa mphaka, kweniso kuti mu chigaŵa cha Casamance kumwera muŵe vivulupi. Ndipouli, Senegal yikalutilira kukhozgera wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Abdou Diouf wakaŵa pulezidenti nyengo zinayi. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo ya ku Gulf, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500 ŵa ku Senegal ŵakanjilirapo pa Nkhondo ya Khafji na pa kampeni ya kuwombora Kuwait. Mu 1999, mulongozgi wa chipani chinyake, Abdoulaye Wade, wakathereska Diouf pa mavoti agho ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵakawona kuti ngawanangwa. Pa nyengo iyi, boma la Senegal likaŵa kuti laŵa na mazaza ghaŵiri, ndipo likaŵa lakwamba kufuma ku chipani chimoza kuluta ku chinyake. Pa Disembala 30, 2004, pulezidenti Wade wakapharazga kuti wazamusayinira phangano la mtende na gulu lakujipatura mu chigaŵa cha Casamance. Ndipouli, ivi vicali kunthazi. Mu 2005, pakaŵa ungano unyake wa awo ŵakadumbiskana nkhani iyi, kweni m'paka sono ŵandafikepo pa fundo. Mu Malichi 2012, pulezidenti wa sono Abdoulaye Wade wakatondeka pa chisankho cha pulezidenti ndipo Macky Sall wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti muphya wa Senegal. Pulezidenti Macky Sall wakasankhikaso mu mavoti gha 2019. Mulimo wa pulezidenti ukakhira kufuma pa vilimika vinkhondi na viŵiri kuya pa vinkhondi na viŵiri. Kuyambira pa 3 March 2021, Senegal yakhala ikugwedezeka ndi ziwonetsero zambiri poyankha kumangidwa kwa Ousmane Sonko chifukwa chogwidwa ndi nkhanza komanso kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa mliri wa COVID-19. Mu Juni 2023, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuchita nkhaza chomene, ndipo wupu wa Amnesty International ukati ŵanthu 23 ŵakafwa, ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa chifukwa cha kuphulika na ŵapolisi panji awo ŵakakolerananga nawo.<ref name="police violence">{{cite news |last1=Peltier |first1=Elian |title=‘The State Killed My Brother’: Senegal in Uproar After Deadly Protests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |publisher=New York Times |date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230612142936/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/12/world/africa/senegal-protests.html |archive-date=12 June 2023}}</ref> == Boma na ndale == {{main|Politics of Senegal}} [[File:Macky Sall - 2008.jpg|thumb|upright|Macky Sall, Pulezidenti wa Senegal (2012-paka sono)]] [[File:Abdoulaye Wade in 16-05-2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Abdoulaye Wade, Pulezidenti wa Senegal (2000~2012)]] Pulezidenti wakwamba, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]], wakaŵa mulembi na mulembi, ndipo wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Africa uyo wakasankhika kuŵa mu wupu wa French Academy. Pulezidenti waciŵiri wa Senegal, Abdou Diouf, pamanyuma wakaŵa mulembi mukuru wa Organisation de la Francophonie. Pulezidenti wacitatu wakaŵa Abdoulaye Wade, loya. Pulezidenti wa sono ni Macky Sall, uyo wakasankhika mu Malichi 2012 ndipo wakasankhikaso mu February 2019.<ref>{{citation|website=BBC News|date=28 February 2019|access-date=10 August 2019|title=Senegal election: President Macky Sall wins second term|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47400711}}</ref> Mu Senegal muli vyaru vyakujumpha 80. Nyumba ya mafumu njimoza ndipo yili na mipando 150. Ku Senegal nako kuli ŵeruzgi ŵakujiyimira paŵekha. Makhoti ghapacanya comene agho ghakuwona vya bizinesi ni khoti la malango na la urunji.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=CIA |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Senegal |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |year=2009 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> ===Political culture=== Pasono, Senegal yili na ndyali za demokilase, yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vyacita makora comene kusintha kwa demokilase mu Africa. Ŵalara ŵa boma ŵakwimikika na pulezidenti. Ŵa Marabout, ŵalongozgi ŵa visopa vya visopo vyakupambanapambana mu Senegal, nawo ŵali na mazaza pa ndyali mu caru ici, comenecomene mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Wade. Mu 2009, Freedom House yikasintha malo gha Senegal kufuma ku "Free" kuya ku "Partly Free", chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwa mazaza mu boma. Mu 2014, charu ichi chikaŵaso na wanangwa wakusopa. Mu 2008, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa pa malo gha nambara 12 pa Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Ndondomeko ya Ibrahim Index yikulongora umo maboma gha mu Africa ghakwendeskera vinthu (paka mu 2008 ghakaŵa mu vyaru vya ku Sub-Saharan Africa pera). Apo vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa vikasazgikako mu 2009, malo agho Senegal yikaŵa nagho mu 2008 ghakawerako na kufika pa nambara 15 (Tunisia, Eguputo, na Morocco ghakaŵa panthazi pa Senegal). Mu 2012, pa vyaru 52 vya mu Africa, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa pa nambara 16 pa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa. Pa February 22, 2011, Senegal yikadumura ubwezi na Iran, yikati yikapeleka vilwero ku ŵakugaluka ivyo vikakoma ŵasilikari ŵa Senegal mu nkhondo ya ku Casamance. Chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2012 chikaŵa chakususka chifukwa cha kusoleka kwa pulezidenti Wade, pakuti ŵakususka ŵakayowoya kuti wangaŵa wakwenelera yayi kwimilira. Mu Juni 2011, magulu gha ŵawukirano ghakupambanapambana, kusazgapo M23 na Y'en a Marre, ghakawuka. Paumaliro, Macky Sall wa Alliance for the Republic ndiyo wakathereska, ndipo Wade wakapeleka mazaza kwa Sall. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku vyaru vinyake, nga ni ŵa EU, ŵakalumba kusintha uku. Pa Seputembala 19, 2012, ŵanthu ŵakazomerezga kuti wupu wa Senate uleke kugwira ntchito kuti usunge ndalama zakukwana madola 15 miliyoni. Mu Ogasiti 2017, chipani icho chili na mazaza pa charu chose chikatonda pa chisankho cha pa nyumba ya malango. Wupu wakulongozga wa Pulezidenti Macky Sall watora vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 165. Mu 2019 purezidenti Macky Sall wakathereskeka mwambura kusuzgika mu chigaŵa chakwamba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190228-senegal-president-macky-sall-wins-election-preliminary-results |title=Senegal's President Macky Sall easily wins re-election, opposition will not contest vote |work=France24 |date=28 February 2019 |access-date=27 June 2021 }}</ref> === Kugawikana kwa boma === {{Main|Regions of Senegal|Departments of Senegal|Arrondissements of Senegal|Communes of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal, administrative divisions in colour 2.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Vigaŵa vya Senegal]] Charu cha Senegal chili na vigaŵa 14, ndipo chigaŵa chilichose chikuwusika na Conseil Régional (Wupu wa vigaŵa) uwo ukusankhika mwakuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vigaŵa 45, vigaŵa 113, ndipo palije na chimoza icho chili na ntchito ya boma.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 List of current local elected officials] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 |date=19 August 2007 }} from Union des ''Associations d' Elus Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal''. See also the law creating current local government structures: {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf Code des collectivités locales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf |date=11 May 2011 }}, Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.</ref> Misumba yikuruyikuru ya vigaŵa vikuchemeka mwakuyana na vigaŵa vyawo: {{Div col}} * [[Dakar Region|Dakar]] * [[Diourbel Region|Diourbel]] * [[Fatick Region|Fatick]] * [[Kaffrine Region|Kaffrine]] * [[Kaolack Region|Kaolack]] * [[Kédougou Region|Kédougou]] * [[Kolda Region|Kolda]] * [[Louga Region|Louga]] * [[Matam Region|Matam]] * [[Saint-Louis Region|Saint-Louis]] * [[Sédhiou Region|Sédhiou]] * [[Tambacounda Region|Tambacounda]] * [[Thiès Region|Thiès]] * [[Ziguinchor Region|Ziguinchor]] {{Div col end}} ===Ubale na vyaru vinyake=== {{Further|Foreign relations of Senegal}} Charu cha Senegal chili na maudindo ghakuru mu mawupu gha vyaru vinandi ndipo chikaŵa mu wupu wa UN Security Council mu 1988-89 na 2015-2016. Mu 1997, wakasankhika kuŵa mu Komiti ya UN ya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu. Cifukwa cakuti Senegal njabwezi la vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, comenecomene France na United States, yikukhumba comene kuti vyaru vyakutukuka viwovwire vyaru vya caru cacitatu. Charu cha Senegal chili paubwezi uwemi na vyaru vinyake. Nangauli vinthu vyendamo makora pa nkhani zinyake na Mauritania (kuvikilira mphaka, kunozga vyakurya, kunjizga ndyali mu vyaru vinyake), kweni ŵanthu pafupifupi 35,000 ŵa ku Mauritania (pa ŵanthu pafupifupi 40,000 awo ŵakachimbizgika mu charu chawo mu 1989) ŵachali mu Senegal. Charu cha Senegal chili paubwezi uwemi na mawupu ghakurughakuru gha pa caru cose, kusazgapo wupu wa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), African Union (AU), na wupu wa Sahel-Saharan States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2014/05/mauritanian-refugees-refuse-leave-senegal-20145872721336117.html|title=Mauritanian refugees refuse to leave Senegal|date=8 May 2014|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Ŵankhondo === [[File:Landmine warning sign near Ziguinchor, Senegal.jpg|thumb|Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Casamance, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mabomba ghakwimira boma.]] Gulu la nkhondo la Senegal lili na ŵasilikari pafupifupi 17,000. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku Senegal ŵakusambizgika, kupika vilwero, na wovwiri kufuma ku France na United States, kweniso ku Germany. Pakuti ŵasilikari ŵakunjilirapo yayi pa ndyali, vyawovwira kuti charu cha Senegal chiŵe chakukhora. Senegal yikawovwirapo pa ntchito zinandi zakusungilira mtende. Sonosono apa, mu 2000, Senegal yikatumizga gulu ku Democratic Republic of Congo kuti likateŵetere mu gulu la United Nations MONUC, ndipo yikakolerana kutumizga gulu linyake ku Sierra Leone. Mu 2015, Senegal yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Senegal to send 2,100 troops to join Saudi-led alliance|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-yemen-saudi-senegal-idUSKBN0NP1N920150504|date=4 May 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> ===Malango=== Charu cha Senegal ni charu cha ŵanthu yayi, nga umo Dango likulongosolera. Pakukhumba kumazga vimbundi, boma likapanga ofesi yakuwona vya vimbundi (OFNAC) na komiti yakuwona vya kuwezgerapo na kuwezgerapo vinthu ivyo vyazunulika mwambura kuzomerezgeka. Kuyana na Business Anti-Corruption Portal, Pulezidenti Sall wakalenga OFNAC kuti yisinthe Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre la non Transparence, la Corruption et la Concussion (CNLCC). Ŵanyake ŵakuti OFNAC ni nthowa yiwemi comene yakumazgira vimbundi kuluska CNLCC iyo yikaŵako mu nyengo ya pulezidenti wakale Wade. Ntchito ya OFNAC nkhulimbana na vimbundi, kunanga ndalama za boma na upusikizgi. Ofnac wali na mazaza ghakupeleka mulandu (kuchita kafukufuku payekha). Wupu wa OFNAC uli na ŵanthu 12 awo ŵakwimikika na dango. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika mu Senegal. Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2013, ŵanthu 96 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Senegal ŵakugomezga kuti kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi pera nkhwakuzomerezgeka yayi. Anthu a gulu la LGBTQ ku Senegal akuti akumva kuti alibe chitetezo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20180927065941-onebm/|title='Fighting for survival', Senegal's gay community is on its own|website=news.trust.org|access-date=2 May 2019}}</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Senegal mapu gha Köppen climate classification]] [[File:Casamance landscape.jpg|thumb|Malo gha Casamance]] Charu cha Senegal chili kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Charu ichi chili pakati pa latitude 12° na 17°N, kweniso longitude 11° na 18°W. Charu cha Senegal chili na nyanja ya Atlantic kumanjiliro gha dazi, Mauritania kumpoto, Mali kumafumiro gha dazi, na Guinea na Guinea-Bissau kumwera.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Charu cha Senegal chili na vyakumera vya mchenga vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sahel. Pano paliso malo ghapachanya chomene mu Senegal, Baunez ridge agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 2.7 kumwera kwa Nepen Diakha pa mamita 648. Malire gha kumpoto ni Mlonga wa Senegal. Msumba ukuru wa Dakar uli ku Cap-Vert peninsula, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Virwa vya Cape Verde vili pa mtunda wa makilomita 560 kufuma ku Senegal, kweni Cape-Vert ("Cape Green") ni malo agho ghakumanyikwa na nyanja. Malo agha ghali musi mwa "Les Mammelles", ndipo ni mtunda wa mamita 105.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary" /> Ku Senegal kuli vigaŵa vinayi: Nkhorongo ya ku Guinea, Sahelian Acacia, Western Sudan, na mangrove. Charu ichi chili na chiŵelengero cha 7.11/10, ndipo chili pa malo 56 pa vyaru 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===Nyengo=== {{Main|Geography of Senegal#Climate}} [[File:Ngor Beach.jpg|thumb|Mphepete mwa nyanja ku N'Gor ]] Charu cha Senegal chili na mphepo zakotcha chomene, ndipo chaka chose chikuŵa na chithukivu. Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga (Disembala m'paka Epulero) kukufuma mphepo yakuzizima. Ku Dakar kukulokwa maji pafupifupi 600 mm pa chaka, kufuma mu Juni m'paka Okutobala, ndipo pa nyengo iyi kutentha kwa msumba ukuŵa pa 30 °C (86.0 °F) m'paka pa 24.2 °C (75.6 °F)..<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.senegal.climatemps.com/ |title=Dakar, Senegal Climate Information&nbsp;– ClimateTemp.info, Making Sense of Average Monthly Weather & Temperature Data with Detailed Climate Graphs That Portray Average Rainfall & Sunshine Hours |publisher=ClimaTemps.com |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=29 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712103459/http://www.senegal.climatemps.com/ |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Mu vigaŵa vya mukati mu charu muli mphepo zinandi kuluska mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja (Mwachiyelezgero, mu chigaŵa cha Kaolack na Tambacounda mu mwezi wa Meyi, zuŵa lililose mu charu muli mphepo zinandi chomene. Ku Tambacounda, uko kuli chigaŵa chakutali chomene, chomenechomene pa mphaka ya Mali uko chipalamba chikwamba, matenthedwe ghakufika pa 54 °C. Chigaŵa chakumpoto chomene cha charu ichi chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene, ndipo chigaŵa chapakati chili na mphepo yakotcha chomene. Charu cha Senegal chili na dazi kweniso maji ngakomira.{{excerpt|Climate change in Senegal|paragraphs=1-2|hat=no}} <!-- this takes the first and second paragraph of the lead of the sub-article and repeats it here--> ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Senegal}}{{Excerpt|Economy of Senegal|hat=no|files=no}} [[File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Senegal_and_Gambia.svg|thumb|Umo vinthu viliri mu Senegal na Gambia kwambira mu 1950]] === Malonda na ma kamupani === [[File:Senegal Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|Chiŵelengero cha malonda gha ku Senegal, 2019]] Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, migodi, simenti, vyakurya vyakupangika na ŵanthu, vyakumera, vyakuvwara, mafuta, na vyakusanguluska. Vinthu ivyo ŵakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni somba, vyakumera, katoni, salu, phere, na calcium phosphate. Msika ukuru chomene wa vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake ni Mali (20.4%), Switzerland (12.2%), na India (8.3%).<ref name="peacecorps.gov" /> Pakuŵa ciŵaro ca wupu wa West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal yikuyezgayezga kuti yikolerane na vyaru vinyake. Kweniso charu cha Senegal chili mu wupu wa African Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law. Mu 1996, charu cha Senegal chikaŵa na Intaneti, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vinthu vyendenge makora chomene pa nkhani ya umanyi. Pa caru ici, nchito ya ŵantu ŵekha ndiyo yikupangiska 82 peresenti ya GDP. Kweni suzgo linyake ndakuti, mu misumba ya ku Senegal muli masuzgo ghakuru nga ni unandi wa ŵanthu ŵambura nchito, kusankhana kwa vinthu pa umoyo wa ŵanthu, ucigeŵenga wa ŵawukirano, na kumwa minkhwala yakuzweteska wongo. Charu cha Senegal ndicho chikupokera wovwiri ukuru wa vyaru vinyake. Ŵanyake mwa awo ŵakupeleka ndalama ni United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Japan, France, na China. Ŵateŵeti ŵakujipeleka ŵakujumpha 4,000 ŵa Peace Corps ŵateŵetera mu Senegal kwambira mu 1963.<ref name="peacecorps.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.peacecorps.gov/senegal/ |title=Peace Corps Senegal |publisher=peacecorps.gov |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> === Ulimi === {{Excerpt|Agriculture in Senegal}} === Kukola somba === [[File:Yoff Beach (Dakar), Senegal 2013 (8750149526).jpg|thumb|Fishing boats in Dakar]]Senegal yili na malo gha somba gha mamayilo 12 (22 km; 14 mi) agho ghakuswa nyengo zose mu vyaka vyasonosono apa (kwambira mu 2014). Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti somba za mu charu ichi zikukoma matani 300,000 pa chaka chifukwa cha ulovi wambura kuzomerezgeka. Boma la Senegal likayezga kukanizga somba zambura kuzomerezgeka izo zikuriskika na ngaraŵa zakukolera somba. Mu Janyuwale 2014, boma la Senegal likakora boti la Oleg Naydenov kufupi na mphaka ya ku Guinea-Bissau.<ref>'Russia says factory ship was seized on Greenpeace's orders; Trawler held by Senegal over alleged illegal fishing' by John Vidal The Guardian (UK newspaper) 10 January 2014 page 23</ref> === Magesi === {{Excerpt|Energy in Senegal}} == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Senegal}} [[File:Senegal population.svg|thumb|upright=2.05|Senegal's population from 1960 to 2017]] Mu charu cha Senegal muli ŵanthu pafupifupi 16.9 miliyoni,{{UN_Population|ref}} ndipo ŵanthu 42 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala ku mizi. Mu vigaŵa ivi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 77 pa kilomita yimoza (200/sq mi) mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi na pakati, ndipo mu chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi muli ŵanthu ŵakukwana 2. === Ŵanakazi === {{Main|Women in Senegal}} Charu cha Senegal chikatumizga chikalata ku wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. Kweniso charu cha Senegal chili kusayina chikalata cha African Charter of Human and Peoples' Rights, icho chikaŵa pa ungano wa African Union mu 2003. Ndipouli, ŵanakazi ŵakususka boma cifukwa ca kuleka kufiska ndondomeko, malango na malemba ghanyake agho ghalembeka kuti ghawovwire kuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanakazi. === Mtundu wa ŵanthu === {{Main|Ethnic groups in Senegal}} Mu Senegal muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana, ndipo nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinandi. Wolof ndiwo mtundu ukuru chomene mu Senegal, ndipo uli na ŵanthu 36%. Ŵafula na Toucouleur (ŵakumanyikwaso na zina lakuti Halpulaar'en, kung'anamura kuti "ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha ku pulara") (30%) ndiwo ni mtundu ukuru chomene. (Wonaniso cigaŵa ca Bedick.) Ku Senegal kuli ŵanthu pafupifupi 50,000 ŵa ku Europe (ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku France). Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu Senegal, nga mba ku Lebanoni, Mauritania, na Morocco, ŵakukhala mu misumba na mu matawuni ghakuzingilizga Mbour. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lebanon ŵakugwira nchito mu malonda. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Lebanon ŵakufuma ku tawuni ya Turo, iyo yikumanyikwa kuti "Little West Africa" ndipo yili na msewu ukuru wakuchemeka "Avenue du Senegal".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W6-AAM-771|last=Leichtman|first=Mara|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0253015990|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bwb_W6-AAM-771/page/26 26], 31, 51, 54, 86}}</ref> Charu ichi chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku France awo ŵakafuma mu vyaru vinyake pakati pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose na Senegal. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku France ŵakagura nyumba mu msumba wa Dakar panji mu misumba yinyake yikuruyikuru. Kweniso mu matawuni mukukhala ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Vietnam, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku China awo ŵakuguliska malonda. Kweniso ku Senegal kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Mauritania awo ŵakuchimbilira ku vyaru vinyake. Lipoti linyake la wupu wa U.S. Komiti ya Ŵakuchimbira na Ŵakufuma mu Vyaru Vinyake, Senegal yili na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo na awo ŵakupenja malo ghakubisamamo ŵakujumpha 23,800 mu 2007. Ŵanthu ŵanandi (20,200) ŵakufuma ku Mauritania. Ŵanthu awo ŵachimbira kwawo ŵakukhala ku N'dioum, Dodel, na ku mizi yinyake mu dambo la Mlonga wa Senegal.<ref name="World Refugee Survey 2008">{{cite news|title=World Refugee Survey 2008 |publisher=U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants |date=19 June 2008 |url=http://www.refugees.org/survey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528032724/http://www.refugees.org/survey/ |archive-date=28 May 2010 }}</ref> ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Senegal}} Cifurenci ni ciyowoyero ca boma, ico cikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu wose awo ŵakhala vyaka vinandi mu masukulu, ndipo ciyowoyero ici ndico cikusambizgika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakuyowoya Cifurenci ŵazamuŵa 26 peresenti mu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.francophonie.org/|title=Portail de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)|website=Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref> Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vikamba kuchita malonda mu Senegal. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, caru ca France cikamba kulamulira comene Senegal, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakayowoyanga Cifurenci cikure comene. Cifurenci cikaŵa ciyowoyero cakuzomerezgeka mu 1960 apo caru ici cikapokera wanangwa. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakayowoyanga ciyowoyero cawo, kweni comenecomene ku Dakar, ciyowoyero ca Wolof ndicho cikayowoyeka comene. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Fula na Toucouleur ndiwo ŵakuyowoya Chipula. Chiyowoyero cha Serer chikuyowoyeka na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose (nga ni Pulezidenti Sall, uyo muwoli wake ni Serer). Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Casamance ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya Jola. Pa caru cose ca Senegal pali viyowoyero 39. Viyowoyero vinyake ni Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, Soninke, na Wolof. Cingelezi cikusambizgika nga ni ciyowoyero cinyake mu masukulu gha ku sekondare ndiposo mu masukulu ghanandi gha ku sekondare.<ref name=warwick>{{citation|website=The Warwick ELT|title= The Status of English and Other Languages in Senegal|author=Oumar Moussa Djigo|date=31 December 2016 |url=https://thewarwickeltezine.wordpress.com/2016/12/31/77/|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref> Ku Dakar kuli masukulu gha viyowoyero viŵiri agho 50% ya masambiro ghake ghakuŵa mu Cingelezi. Sukulu ya Senegalese American Bilingual School (SABS), Yavuz Selim, na The West African College of the Atlantic (WACA) zikusambizga ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi makora mu mapulogiramu gha vyaka vinayi. Cingelezi cikugwiliskirika nchito comene mu vyasayansi na mu vyamalonda, kusazgapo ŵa Modou-Modou. Chiphwitikizi cha Creole, icho ŵanthu ŵakuchichema kuti Chiphwitikizi, ni chiyowoyero cha ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene mu chigaŵa cha Ziguinchor, mu chigaŵa cha Casamance. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde ŵakuyowoya Chiphwitikizi chakuchemeka Creole. Chiphwitikizi chikamba kusambizgika mu sukulu za sekondare mu 1961 ku Dakar na pulezidenti wakwamba wa charu ichi, Léopold Sédar Senghor. Pasono sukulu iyi yikuchitika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya Senegal kweniso mu masukulu ghapachanya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero ichi mu Casamance chifukwa cha umo ŵanthu ŵakukhalira.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm | title=A Língua Portuguesa no Senegal | date=12–25 April 2006 | access-date=10 December 2014 | author=José Horta | publisher=Instituto Camões | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000233/http://www.instituto-camoes.pt/encarte/encarte98a.htm | archive-date=4 March 2016 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>[[File:Dakar Roofs - Beach & Ocean (5651584098).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Yoff Commune, Dakar]] Ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana nga ni Chibambara (vikwi 70,000), Chimooré (vikwi 37,000), Chi Kabuverdiano (vikwi 34,000), Chikrio (vikwi 6,100), Chivietnamese (vikwi 2,500), na Chiphwitikizi (vikwi 1,700), ndipo ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero ivi mu msumba wa Dakar.<ref name=warwick /> Nangauli ciyowoyero ca ku Senegal ni Cifurenci pera, kweni ciyowoyero ca ku Senegal ico cikucemeka kuti Wolof, cikovwira kuti ciyowoyeke makora mu caru. Vigaŵa vya Senegal nga ni Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaffrine, Kaolack, Kedougou, Kolda, Louga, Matam, Saint-Louis, Sedhiou, Tambacounda, Thies na Ziguinchor ni vigaŵa vya International Association of Francophoneregions. ===Misumba ikulu=== {{See also|List of cities in Senegal}} Msumba ukuru wa Dakar ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene mu Senegal, uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni.<ref name="ANSD-population">{{cite web | url = http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf | title = Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal | author=Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la Démographie | publisher=Government of Senegal | language = fr | year = 2005 | access-date =18 November 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080625002308/http://www.ansd.org/SES2005.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 25 June 2008}}</ref> The second most populous city is [[Touba, Senegal|Touba]], a ''[[de jure]] communaute rurale'' (rural community), with over half a million people.<ref name="ANSD-population"/> {{Largest cities | country = Senegal | stat_ref = Kuyana na kalembera wa 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal |work=City Population |url= https://www.citypopulation.de/en/senegal/cities/ }}</ref> | div_name = Region | city_1 = Dakar | div_1 = Dakar Region{{!}}Dakar | pop_1 = 2,646,503 | img_1 = Dakar - Panorama urbain.jpg | city_2 = Touba | div_2 = Diourbel Region{{!}}Diourbel | pop_2 = 753,315 | img_2 = | city_3 = Pikine | div_3 = Thiès Region{{!}}Thiès | pop_3 = 317,763 | img_3 = Pikine.gif | city_4 = Kaolack | div_4 = Kaolack Region{{!}}Kaolack | pop_4 = 233,708 | img_4 = MedinaBaayMosque.jpg | city_5 = M'Bour{{!}}M'bour | div_5 = Thiès Region{{!}}Thiès | pop_5 = 232,777 | city_6 = Rufisque | div_6 = Dakar Region{{!}}Dakar | pop_6 = 221,066 | city_7 = Ziguinchor | div_7 = Ziguinchor Region{{!}}Ziguinchor | pop_7 = 205,294 | city_8 = Diourbel | div_8 = Diourbel Region{{!}}Diourbel | pop_8 = 133,705 | city_9 = Tambacounda | div_9 = Tambacounda Region{{!}}Tambacounda | pop_9 = 107,293 | city_10 = Louga | div_10 = Louga Region{{!}}Louga | pop_10 = 104,349 }} ===Chisopo=== {{main|Religion in Senegal}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Chisopo ku Senegal (PEW estimate, 2020)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/senegal#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 | title=Religions in Senegal &#124; PEW-GRF }}</ref> |label1 = [[Islam]] |value1 = 96.6 |color1 = Green |label2 = [[Christianity]] (mostly Catholicism) |value2 = 3.3 |color2 = DodgerBlue |label3= Other |color3= Orange |value3= 0.1 }} Charu cha Senegal chili na visopa vinandi, kweni chisopa chikuru mu charu ichi ni Chisilamu, ndipo ŵanthu 96.6% ndiwo ŵakugomezga chisopa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵacoko comene pa caru cose ndiwo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli vyamoyo, comenecomene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa caru ici. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Serer ŵakulondezga chisopa cha Serer.<ref>Conklin, Alice L. ''A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa, 1895–1930''. Stanford University Press, 1997. {{ISBN|0-8047-2999-9}}. p. 27.</ref><ref>Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'', Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International</ref> Kuyana na kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2012, ŵanthu 55% ŵa ku Senegal mba Sunni ŵa chisopa cha Maliki. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu ku Senegal ŵakukolerana na gulu limoza ilo likuchemeka kuti tariqas, ilo likulongozgeka na khalifa (xaliifa mu Chiwofu, kufuma ku chiarabu cha khalīfa), uyo kanandi ni muzukuru wa uyo wakajintha gulu ili. Ma Tariqa gha Sufi ghaŵiri ghakurughakuru na ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Senegal ni Tijaniyya, agho magulu ghakurughakuru gha mu Senegal ghali mu matawuni gha Tivaouane na Kaolack ndipo ghali na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa, na Murīdiyya (Murid), awo ŵali mu tawuni ya Touba ndipo ŵali na ŵalondezgi ŵanandi mu Senegal.<ref name="Pew">{{cite web |date=August 9, 2012 |title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |access-date=4 September 2013 |work=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project}}</ref> [[File:Dakar cathedrale.jpg|thumb|[[Our Lady of Victories Cathedral, Dakar|Our Lady of Victories Cathedral]], a [[Catholic Church|Catholic church]] in [[Dakar]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Halpulaar (awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha Pulaar), awo ni Ŵafula, awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Sahel kufuma ku Chad m'paka ku Senegal, kweniso ŵa mtundu wa Toucouleurs, ŵalipo 23.8 peresenti.<ref name=cia/> Mbunenesko kuti ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kuŵa Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Toucouleurs, panji Halpulaar awo ŵakakhalanga ku Senegal River Valley kumpoto, ŵakang'anamukira ku Chisilamu vyaka pafupifupi 1,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Wolof ŵakatonda, kweni Ŵaseri ŵakaŵatinkha. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Dambo la Senegal ŵakaŵa kuti ŵandazgoke Ŵasilamu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer ndiwo ŵakamanyikwa chomene chifukwa ŵakasuska chisopa cha Chisilamu kwa vyaka vyakujumpha 1,000. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Serer Mbakhristu panji Ŵasilamu, kweni ŵakang'anamukira ku Chisilamu sonosono ndipo ŵakachita mwakujipeleka yayi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Bressers|author2=Walter A. Rosenbaum|title=Achieving Sustainable Development: The Challenge of Governance Across Social Scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvAGAeQNo7oC&pg=PA151|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97802-0|pages=151–}}</ref> Kusambizgika kwa visambizgo vya mu Baibolo (ivyo mu Chiwofu vikuchemeka daara) mu nyengo ya ukoloni kukakura chomene chifukwa cha mulimo wa Tidjâniyya. Mu vikaya vya Ŵamuridi, awo ŵakuŵika comene mahara pa mulimo kuluska pa mabuku gha mu Baibolo, lizgu lakuti daara kanandi likung'anamura magulu agho ghakuteŵetera mulongozgi wa cisopa. Magulu ghanyake gha Chisilamu ni gulu lakale chomene la Qādiriyya na la Laayeen la ku Senegal, ilo ndakumanyikwa chomene pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebu. Mazuŵa ghano, ŵana ŵanandi ŵa ku Senegal ŵakusambira pa daaras kwa vyaka vinandi, ndipo ŵakumanya makora Koran. Ŵanyake ŵakulutilira kusambira vya cisopa pa macouncil (majlis) panji ku masukulu gha Cirabu ghaŵene na ku masukulu gha Cifurenci na Cirabu agho ghali na ndalama za boma. Ŵanthu ŵachokoŵachoko ŵa Katolika ŵakusangika chomene mu vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja nga ni Serer, Jola, Mankanya, na Balant, kweniso ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Senegal. Ŵalendo ndiwo ŵakuluta ku matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti, kweni mu hafu yachiŵiri ya vyaka vya m'ma 1900, matchalitchi gha Chiprotesitanti agho ghakalongozgekanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Senegal ghakafuma ku mitundu yakupambanapambana. Ku Dakar, ŵanthu ŵa ku Lebanon, Cape Verde, Europe, na America, kweniso ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu vyaru vinyake vya ku Africa, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal, ŵakuchita mitheto ya Chikatolika na Chiprotesitanti. Nangauli visopa vinandi mu Senegal ni vya Ciislamu, kweni pulezidenti wakwamba wa caru ici, Léopold Sédar Senghor, wakaŵa wa cisopa ca Serer. Chisopa cha Serer chikusazgapo kugomezga kuti kuli chiuta mukuru uyo wakuchemeka Roog (Koox pakati pa Cangin), kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga kwa Serer, kusanda vinthu vya mu mlengalenga, na viphikiro vya kuwukwa nga ni chiphikiro cha chaka chilichose cha Xooy (panji Khoy) icho chikuchitiskika na Serer Saltigues (ŵasembe na ŵasembe ŵanakazi). Vikondwelero vya Ŵasilamu vya ku Senegambia (Senegal na Gambia) nga ni Tobaski, Gamo, Koriteh, Weri Kor, na vinyake, vyose ni mazgu ghakufuma ku cisopa ca Serer. Yikaŵa viphikiro vyakale vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Serer ivyo vikafuma mu chisopa cha Serer, mu Chisilamu yayi.<ref name="N.Diouf">Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le [[Kingdom of Sine|royaume du Sine]] par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10)</ref> Chiphikiro cha Boukout nchimoza mwa viphikiro vya cisopa ca Jola. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa fuko la Bani Israel awo ŵakukhala mu chipalamba cha Senegal ŵakugomezga kuti ŵali kufuma ku mtundu wa Chiyuda. Gulu la Mahayana la cisopa ca Cibuda mu Senegal likuciskika na cigaŵa cicoko comene ca ŵanthu ŵa ku Vietnam awo ŵali ku caru ici. Cikhristu ca Bahá'í mu Senegal cikamba pamanyuma pakuti 'Abdu'l-Bahá, mwana wa uyo wakambiska cisopa ici, wakayowoya kuti ku Africa ndiko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenera kuluta. Ŵabaha'i ŵakwamba kufika mu cigaŵa ca French West Africa ico cikazgoka Senegal ŵakafika mu 1953. Ungano wauzimu wakwamba wa Bahá'í mu Senegal ukasankhika mu 1966 mu Dakar. Mu 1975, ŵa Baha'i ŵakasora wupu wakwamba wa ku Senegal. Kuyana na lipoti la 2005 la wupu wakuwona vya chisopa (Association of Religion Data Archives), ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵalipo 22,000.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title=Most Baha'i Nations (2005)|work=QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >|publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives|year=2005|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|access-date=4 July 2009|archive-date=14 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414021730/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Umoyo=== {{Main|Health in Senegal}} [[File:Life expectancy in Senegal.svg|thumb|Development of life expectancy]] Mu 2016, vyaka ivyo ŵanthu ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵakhalenge para ŵababa vikaŵa 66,8 (64,7 kwa ŵanalume, 68,7 kwa ŵanakazi).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204256/http://www.aho.afro.who.int/profiles_information/images/e/e3/Senegal-Statistical_Factsheet.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2014|title=Senegal Statistical Factsheet|website=Factsheet of Health Statistics 2018}}</ref> Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 2.4 peresenti ya GDP mu 2004, apo ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 3.5 peresenti. Ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakugwiliskira nchito pa umoyo wake zikaŵa $72 (PPP) mu 2004. Kufumira mu 2005 m'paka mu 2013, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakubaba chikaŵa pakati pa 5 na 5.3, ndipo mu misumba chikaŵa 4.1 ndipo ku mizi 6.3, nga umo ukawoneranga kafukufuku wa boma (6.4 mu 1986 na 5.7 mu 1997). Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000 kukaŵa ŵadokotala 6 pa ŵanthu 100,000.<ref name="hdrstats.undp.org">{{cite web |title=Human Development Report 2009&nbsp;– Senegal |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715090901/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_SEN.html |archive-date=15 July 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=Hdrstats.undp.org}}</ref> Mu 1950, ŵana 157 pa ŵanthu 1,000 awo ŵakababika ŵamoyo ndiwo ŵakafwanga ku Senegal. Kweni kufuma nyengo iyo, chiŵerengero ichi chakhalako kankhondi pa ŵanthu 1,000 mu 2018. Mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha, ŵana ŵanandi ŵakufwa na maleriya. Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013 likati, pa ŵanakazi wose mu Senegal, 26 pa ŵanakazi 100 ŵaliwose ŵali kupokera nthumbo. Mu Malichi 2020, nthenda ya COVID-19 yikamba mu Senegal, ndipo yikapangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵeko nyengo yakufikira panyumba. Mu Julayi 2021, ku Senegal kukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakalwara nthenda iyi. Mu Juni 2021, wupu wakuwona vya umoyo wa ŵanthu wose ku Senegal ukambiska sunucmu.com (SunuCMU), webusayiti iyo wupu uwu ukugomezga kuti yingawovwira kuti umoyo wa ŵanthu uŵe uwemi. Webusayiti iyi njimoza mwa vinthu ivyo Mubali Mohammad Abdallah Dionne, uyo ni nduna ya boma, wakukhumba kuti viŵe vya digito. Iyo wakukhumba kuti wovwiri wa munkhwala mu Senegal uŵe wakovwira kweniso wakukhazikika. Senegal yikukhumba kuti mu vyaka viŵiri kufuma apo yikambira ntchito ya SunuCMU, ŵanthu 75 pa 100 ŵafike pa sukulu iyi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=A New Platform to Improve Health Care in Senegal|url=https://www.borgenmagazine.com/health-care-in-senegal/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=BORGEN|language=en-US}}</ref> ===Masambilo=== {{main|Education in Senegal}} [[File:Senegal students.jpg|thumb|Students in Senegal]] Ndime 21 na 22 za Dango ilo likapelekeka mu Janyuwale 2001 zikovwira kuti ŵana wose ŵasambire. Ŵana ŵa vyaka 16 ŵakusambira kwambura kulipira. Unduna wa vya Ntchito ukati masukulu gha boma ghangakwaniska yayi kusambizga ŵana awo ŵakukhumba kusambira sukulu.<ref name="ilab">"Senegal". [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf ''2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'']. [[Bureau of International Labor Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of Labor]] (2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109071239/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf|date=9 January 2014}}</ref>Chiphwitikizi chikusambizgika mu masukulu gha sekondare, chifukwa cha unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape Verde. Ku Zinguichor na Dakar kuli ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuyowoya Ciphwitikizi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya yayi kuŵazga, comenecomene ŵanakazi. Mu 2005, chiŵelengero cha ŵana awo ŵakalembeskanga sukulu iyi chikaŵa 69 peresenti. Ndalama izo boma likagwiliskira nchito pa masambiro zikaŵa 5.4 peresenti ya GDP ya 2002-2005. Charu cha Senegal chili pa malo 105 pa Global Innovation Index mu 2021, kufuma pa malo 96 mu 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2021 |url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2021/|work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=2022-03-05 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2021-09-02|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RTD - Item|url=https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898|access-date=2021-09-02|website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-28|title=Global Innovation Index|url=https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|access-date=2021-09-02|website=INSEAD Knowledge|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930|archive-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> ==Mwambo== Charu cha Senegal nchakumanyikwa cifukwa ca maluso gha ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa ghakuyowoya nkhani. Ntchito ya kuzenga njoka iyi yikwenda kufuma ku muwiro na muwiro ndipo yikukhumba kuti munthu wasambire vinandi pa nkhani ya mbumba, mbiri, na sumu. Ŵagriot ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku West Africa.<ref name="ross">Eric S. Ross, Culture and Customs of Senegal, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2008 {{ISBN|0-313-34036-6}}</ref> Chipilala cha African Renaissance Monument, icho ŵakazenga mu 2010 ku Dakar, ndicho ntchakutowa chomene mu Africa. Ku Dakar nako kuli chiphikiro cha mafilimu chakuchemeka Recidak. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakukondwelera chiphikiro cha Eid al-Fitr. Nangauli mu tawuni ya Dakar muli Ŵasilamu ŵanandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukondweleraso Khisimasi iyo Ŵakhristu ŵakuchita.<ref name=":0b" /> ===Cuisine=== {{Further|Senegalese cuisine}} Pakuti Senegal yili pafupi na Nyanja ya Atlantic, somba njakuzirwa comene. Nkhuku, mwana wa mberere, phere, mazira, na nyama ya ng'ombe vikugwiliskirika nchito mu vyakurya vya ku Senegal, kweni nkhumba yayi, cifukwa ŵanthu ŵanandi mu caru ici mba Cisilamu. Mu vyakurya vinandi vya ku Senegal, mukusangika vyakumera vyakuchemeka peanuts, couscous, mpunga utuŵa, mbatata, mankhwaŵa, viŵiya vyamawoko ghafipa, na vyakurya vinyake. Kanandi nyama na mphangwe ŵakuviphika panji kuviphika mu vyakumera na vyakununkhira, ndipo ŵakuviŵika pa mpunga panji couscous. Majusi ghakutowa ghakufuma ku bisap, ginger, buy, mango, panji vipambi vinyake panji makuni ghamuthengere. Vyakurya vyakunowa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakuphika ni vyakunowa chomene. Kanandi ŵakurya na vipambi viphya ndipo kanandi ŵakumwa khofi panji tiyi. ===Music=== {{Further|Music of Senegal}} [[File:Solo cissokho DSC 0448.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Kora (instrument)|Kora]] player from Senegal]] Senegal yikumanyikwa mu Africa yose chifukwa cha sumu zake, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa mbalax, iyo yikamba kufuma ku Serer percussive tradition chomene chomene Njuup. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kwimba viŵeya. Kanandi ŵakugwiliskira nchito sabala pa viphikiro vyapadera nga ni maukwati. Vyakwimbira vinyake ni tama, ndipo vikugwiliskirika nchito mu mitundu yinandi. Ŵakwimba ŵanyake ŵa ku Senegal awo ŵakumanyikwa pa caru cose ni Ismael Lô, Cheikh Lô, Orchestra Baobab, Baaba Maal, Akon Thione Seck, Viviane, Fallou Dieng Titi, Seckou Keita na Pape Diouf. ===Cinema=== {{main|Cinema of Senegal}} ===Media=== {{main|Media of Senegal}} ===Hospitality=== Mu cikaya ca ku Senegal, kupokelera ŵalendo nkhwakuzirwa comene mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti nkhwakuzirwa comene. Lizgu la Chiwolophu ilo likung'anamura kupokelera ŵalendo ni "teranga" ndipo likukolerana chomene na kujikuzga kwa Senegal mwakuti timu ya charu ichi yikuchemeka kuti nkhalamu za ku Teranga.<ref name="ross"/> === Maseŵera === [[File:Lutte sénégalaise Bercy 2013 - Mame Balla-Pape Mor Lô - 32.jpg|thumb|Senegalese Wrestling|left]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku Senegal ŵakuchita maseŵero ghanandi. Maseŵero ghakucemeka kuti wrestling na football ngakutchuka comene mu caru ici. Boma la Senegal ndilo lizamuchitiska maseŵero gha Olimpiki gha ŵawukirano mu chaka cha 2026 ku Dakar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164731/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/senegal-to-be-1st-african-olympic-host-at-2022-youth-games/2018/09/07/4a0d6548-b2c2-11e8-8b53-50116768e499_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2018|title=Senegal to be 1st African Olympic host at 2022 Youth Games|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/09/senegal-african-nation-host-olympic-event-180907175449927.html|title=Senegal first African nation to host an Olympic event|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=10 September 2018}}</ref> Ku Senegal, maseŵero ghakucemeka wrestling ngakumanyikwa comene ndipo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene maseŵero agha. Kanandi maseŵero agha ghakovwira ŵawukirano ŵanandi kuti ŵaleke ukavu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2011-06-09/wrestling-solution-poverty-senegal|title=Wrestling As a Solution to Poverty in Senegal|last1=Skelton|first1=Rose|last2=Werman|first2=Marco|date=9 June 2011|publisher=PRI|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> [[File:Senegal fans Russia 2018.jpg|thumb|Senegalese football fans at the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] in Russia]] Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero agho ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa ku Senegal. Mu 2022, timu ya chalo ichi yikathereska chalo cha Egypt pakutola chiphalizgano cha Africa Cup of Nations kwa nyengo yakwamba. Ŵakaŵa ŵamoza mwa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi pera ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafika ku vigaŵa vyaumaliro vya FIFA World Cup. Charu cha Senegal chikapokera mpikisano wa 2018 FIFA World Cup ku Russia, na 2022 FIFA World Cup ku Qatar. Kwamba kale, charu cha Senegal ndicho chili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene mu Africa. Gulu la ŵanalume likachita makora chomene kuluska charu chilichose cha ku Africa pa 2014 FIBA World Cup, apo ŵakafika ku play-off kakwamba. Gulu la ŵanakazi likapokera mendulo 19 pa maseŵero 20 gha ku Africa. Apo chalo ichi chikapokeleranga chiphalizgano cha FIFA Women's AfroBasket cha 2019, ŵanthu 15,000 ŵakiza ku Dakar Arena. Senegal yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kuchita maseŵero gha basketball. Mu 2016, NBA yikapharazga za kukhazikiska Elite's Academy mu Africa, chomenechomene mu Senegal. Charu ichi ndicho chikachitiskanga chiphalizgano cha Paris-Dakar kufuma mu 1979 m'paka mu 2007. Rally ya Dakar yikaŵa mpikisano wa njinga ya moto uwo ukafumanga ku Paris, France, kuya ku Dakar, Senegal. Awo ŵakacitanga maseŵero agha ŵakendanga mu magalimoto ghakupambanapambana. Mpikisano uwu ukachitika mu 2007, kweni mu 2008, mpikisano uwu ukafumiskika zuŵa limoza pamanyuma pakuti boma la Mauritania lalekeska. Kweniso ku Senegal kukachitika chiphalizgano cha Ocean X-Prix cha Extreme E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/05/france.sport|title=Dakar rally cancelled at last minute over terrorist threat|last=Hamilos|first=Paul|date=4 January 2008|website=The Guardian|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{portal|Senegal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Senegal]] * [[Index of Senegal-related articles]] == Mazgo ghakulongosoleka == {{notelist}} ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} == Vyakulemba vinyake == {{refbegin}} * Babou, Cheikh Anta, ''Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913'', (Ohio University Press, 2007) * Behrman, Lucy C, ''Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Senegal'', (iUniverse.com, 1999) * Buggenhage, Beth A, ''Muslim Families in Global Senegal: Money Takes Care of Shame'', (Indiana University Press, 2012) * Bugul, Ken, ''The Abandoned Baobab: The Autobiography of a Senegalese Woman'', (University of Virginia Press, 2008) * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Senegal (colony) | volume= 24 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 640&ndash;644 |short= 1}} * Foley, Ellen E, ''Your Pocket is What Cures You: The Politics of Health in Senegal'', (Rutgers University Press, 2010) * Gellar, Sheldon, ''Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005) * Glover, John, ''Sufism and Jihad in Modern Senegal: The Murid Order'', (University of Rochester Press, 2007) * Kane, Katharina, ''Lonely Planet Guide: The Gambia and Senegal'', (Lonely Planet Publications, 2009) * Kueniza, Michelle, ''Education and Democracy in Senegal'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) * Mbacké, Khadim, ''Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal'', (Markus Wiener Publishing Inc., 2005) * Streissguth, Thomas, ''Senegal in Pictures'', (Twentyfirst Century Books, 2009) * Various, ''Insight Guide: Gambia and Senegal'', (APA Publications Pte Ltd., 2009) * Various, ''New Perspectives on Islam in Senegal: Conversion, Migration, Wealth, Power, and Femininity'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) * Various, ''Senegal: Essays in Statecraft'', (Codesria, 2003) * Various, ''Street Children in Senegal'', (GYAN France, 2006) {{Refend}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|voy=Senegal}} * {{Official website|https://www.sec.gouv.sn/}} {{in lang|fr}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1064496.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Senegal}} * {{wikiatlas|Senegal}} ; Trade * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/SEN/Year/2012/Summary Senegal 2012 Summary Trade Statistics] {{-}} {{Senegal topics}} {{Navboxes | list = {{Countries of Africa}} {{African Union}} {{G15}} {{Organisation of Islamic Cooperation}} {{La Francophonie}} {{Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Senegal| ]] [[Category:1960 establishments in Senegal]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:Economic Community of West African States]] [[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]] [[Category:French-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:G15 nations]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1960]] [[Category:West African countries]] tq2totawhkohkw12d077gbi6hl16fwj 0 7044 123372 122130 2026-11-01T22:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good article}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipediya | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|upright=0.68|frameless|center|Chibulumutuzga chambura kumara chakupangika na vipande vikuru, vituŵa vya jigsaw puzzle. Chigaŵa chilichose cha puzzle chili na [[glyph]] yimoza kufuma ku [[ndondomeko yakulembera]] yakupambanapambana, ndipo glyph yiliyose yalembeka na mtundu ufipa.]] | screenshot = Wikipediya Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Portal ya Wikipediya yakulongora viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana vyakupangwa mwakulondezgana na unandi wa nkhani | caption = Tsamba lakwamba la Wikipediya pa desktop mu 2022 | collapsible = yes | type = [[Ensaikulopidiya ya pa intaneti]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} | language_footnote = {{efn|Pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}} agho ghakugwira ntchito, kweni ichi chikung'anamura yayi kuti pali viyowoyero vyapadera {{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}. Mwachiyelezgero, pali edition ya Chingelezi na edition ya Simple English, ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chibelarusi (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Narkamaŭka]] na [[Taraškievica]] orthographies), ma edition ghakupambanapambana gha Chinorway (ghakugwiliskira ntchito [[Nynorsk]] na [[Bokmål]] orthographies), na vinyake.<br />Kusazgirapo apo, pali ma edition gha Wikipediya {{NUMBEROF|closed|Wikipedia}} agho ghali kujalika, mu viyowoyero ivyo vilije ŵakuyowoya ŵakukwana kuti vilutilire (mwachiyelezgero, [[Chiyowoyero cha Marshallese|Marshallese]] na [[Chiyowoyero cha Akan|Akan]]). Ma edition ghanayi ghakafumiskikathu (vyakuyeruzgapo ni [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Moldovan Wikipedia 2|Wikipediya ya Moldovia]] na [[:meta:Proposals for closing projects/Deletion of Siberian Wikipedia|Wikipediya ya Siberia]])}}{{efn|Pa viyowoyero vinyake ivyo vili pafupi kumara, nga ni [[Chiyowoyero cha Manchu]], palije edition ya Wikipediya iyo yili kupangikapo.}} | predecessor = [[Nupediya]] | headquarters = [[San Francisco]], California, US | country_of_origin = United States | area_served = Charu chose (kupatulako [[China]], [[Myanmar]], na [[North Korea]]) | owner = [[Wikimidiya Foundation]] (kwambira mu 2003) | authors = {{hlist|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://wikipedia.org}} | ipv6 = Yikovwirika | commercial = Yayi | registration = Yakusankha{{efn|Kulembeska nkhwakukhumbikwa pa milimo yinyake, nga nkhusintha [[#Vakugega|mapeji ghakovirikilika]], kupanga mapeji pa Wikipedia ya Chingelezi, na kukwezga mafayilo.}} | num_users = {{format price|{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}} (kufika pa {{Date|2=MDY}}) | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2001}} | current_status = Yichali kugwira ntchito | content_license = [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike]] 4.0{{efn|Malemba ghanandi ghali na layisensi yiŵiri pamoza na [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; layisensi ya media yikupambana.}} | oclc = 52075003 | programming_language = <!-- None, the programming language is a property of MediaWiki --> }} '''Wikipediya''' ni nkhokwe ya vinjeru ya ulere ya pa [[intaneti]] iyo ikayambika mu chaka cha 2001. Waliyose wangasintha vyakulembeka va pa nkhokwe iyi nyengo iliyose, kulikose, palipose. Pakwamba Wikipediya yikaŵa mu [[ChiNgelezi]] pera, kweni sono yakura na kuŵa na viyowoyero vyakujumpha 300 ndipo njimoza mwa mawebusayiti agho ŵanthu ŵakulutako chomene pa charu chose kufuma mu 2026.{{citation needed}} Wikipediya yalumbanizgika chifukwa chakuti yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye vinthu mwa demokilase ndiposo chifukwa chakuti yikulongosora chomene nkhani zakupambanapambana, kapangikiro ka vinthu vya mukati na chikhalidwe. Wikipediya yaseŵezeskeka na maboma ghanyake gha vyaru, kufuma pa masamba ghanyake mpaka pa webusayiti yose, nyengo zinyake chifukwa chakuti yikususka boma panji chifukwa cha ivyo vikuwoneka kuti ni vyakunyoza Chiuta.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=April 1, 2022 |title=Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|url-status=live|access-date=January 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine|archive-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> Wikipediya iyi yasuskikaso chifukwa cha kusankhana kwa ndondomeko, nga nkhusankhana kwa ŵanalume na ŵanakazi na kusankhana kwa malo gha Global South.<ref>{{cite news |last=Noor |first=Poppy |title=Wikipedia biases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=July 29, 2018 |author-link=Poppy Noor |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040056/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/29/the-five-wikipedia-biases-pro-western-male-dominated |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hern |first1=Alex |title=Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/sep/15/wikipedia-view-of-the-world-is-still-written-by-the-west |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=May 31, 2024 |date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Kugomezgeka kwa Wikipediya kukasuskika kanandi waka mu vilimika vya m’ma 2000, kweni ŵanthu ŵakalumba chomene kufuma kuumaliro wa vilimika vya m’ma 2010 kuya munthazi.<ref name="Last best">{{cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Richard |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|url-access=limited|access-date=October 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217081500/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/|archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> Nkhani za pa Wikipedia mu ChiNgelezi zakukhwaskana na nkhani zasonosono zikusangika kanandi waka nga ni magwero ghakusangirapo uthenga wasonosono na ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Samantha Murphy |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012001310/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/20/tech/wikipedia-editors-breaking-news/index.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= McNamee |first= Kai |date=September 15, 2022 |title= Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death |publisher= [[NPR]] |url= https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |url-status= live| access-date= January 22, 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230115033202/https://www.npr.org/2022/09/15/1122943829/wikipedia--queen-elizabeth-ii-death-deaditors-editors-article |archive-date= January 15, 2023}}</ref> ==Kusintha mwakukolerana== ===Kuwoneseska ivyo vyasintha=== [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|Thepo lakusintha la Wikipediya|300px]] Nangauli ivyo vyasintha vikuwoneseska yayi mwa ndondomeko, kweni pulogiramu ya Wikipediya yikupereka vipangizo ivyo vikuzomerezga waliyose kuti wawone ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha. Thepo la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani yiliyose likulongosora umo nkhani yiliyose yikusinthira.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/https://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf</ref> Pa nkhani zinandi, waliyose wangawona ivyo vyasintha sonosono apa na kuwuskapo ivyo ŵanyake ŵasintha mwa kudodoliska pa linki iyo yili pa hamba la Kuona umo mayambilo la nkhani iyo. ===Kunanga vinthu=== Kusintha kulikose uko kukunanga dala masamba gha Wikipediya kukuwoneka kuti kunanga vinthu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015701/https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers</ref> ==Viyowoyero vinyake== Pasono pali mabuku gha viyowoyero 348 gha Wikipediya, kufuma mu Julayi 2026.<ref>https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles</ref> ===Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya=== Iyi ni mndandanda wa ma Wikipediya gha viyowoyero agho ghali na nkhani pa Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka (panji nkhani izo zikukhazga kuti zizamupangika mu mazuŵa ghachoko waka ghakwiza). {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" |- ! Wikipediya ya chiyowoyero ! Chiyowoyero ! Khodi ya<br>chiyowoyero ! Nkhani |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]] | [[ChiNgelezi]] | [[:en:|en]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]] | [[ChiJeremani]] | [[:de:|de]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|de|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]] | [[ChiFurenchi]] | [[:fr:|fr]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|fr|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]] | [[ChiSpanish]] | [[:es:|es]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|es|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]] | [[ChiRussia]] | [[:ru:|ru]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ru|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]] | [[ChiItaliya]] | [[:it:|it]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|it|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]] | [[ChiChayinizi]] | [[:zh:|zh]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]] | [[ChiJapanizi]] | [[:ja:|ja]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ja|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]] | [[ChiCatalan]] | [[:ca:|ca]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ca|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiBask]] | [[ChiBask]] | [[:eu:|eu]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|eu|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]] | [[ChiMinnan]] | [[:zh-min-nan:|zh-min-nan]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|zh-min-nan|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]] | [[ChiGalicia]] | [[:gl:|gl]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|gl|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]] | [[ChiLadin]] | [[:lld:|lld]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lld|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]] | [[ChiSwahili]] | [[:sw:|sw]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sw|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]] | [[ChiHausa]] | [[:ha:|ha]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ha|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]] | [[ChiLombard]] | [[:lmo:|lmo]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|lmo|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]] | [[ChiPiedmont]] | [[:pms:|pms]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pms|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiFula]] | [[ChiFula]] | [[:ff:|ff]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ff|N}} |- | '''[[Wikipediya ya ChiTumbuka]]''' | [[ChiTumbuka]] | [[:tum:|tum]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|tum|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiShona]] | [[ChiShona]] | [[:sn:|sn]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|sn|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]] | [[ChiKarekare]] | [[:kai:|kai]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|kai|N}} |- | [[Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]] | [[ChiCheŵa]] | [[:ny:|ny]] | {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ny|N}} |} == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} == Vyakukumbuska == {{Notelist|30em}} [[Category:Wikipediya| ]] [[Category:Wikimidiya]] m3gstijrumrhstq5gu5hw8fdswzzj0d 0 8039 123370 90704 2026-11-01T22:22:59Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|President of Guinea-Bissau since 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Umaro Sissoco Embaló | image = Umaro Sissoco Embaló 2019.jpg | caption = Embaló mu 2019 | office = 6th [[List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President of Guinea-Bissau]] | term_start = 27 February 2020 | predecessor = [[José Mário Vaz]] | primeminister = [[Nuno Gomes Nabiam]] | office1 = 18th [[List of Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]] | president1 = José Mário Vaz | term_start1 = 18 November 2016 | term_end1 = 16 January 2018 | predecessor1 = [[Baciro Djá]] | successor1 = [[Artur Silva]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|9|23|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bissau]], [[Portuguese Guinea]] | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = [[Dinisia Reis Embaló]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2023-06-07|date=2020-01-27|language=fr-FR|title=Guinée-Bissau – Umaro Sissoco Embaló : « Alpha Condé, Macky Sall, Compaoré, Sassou Nguesso, Kadhafi et moi » – Jeune Afrique|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/885758/politique/guinee-bissau-umaro-sissoco-embalo-alpha-conde-macky-sall-compaore-sassou-nguesso-kadhafi-et-moi/|website=JeuneAfrique.com}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> | party = [[Madem G15]] | alma_mater = [[Technical University of Lisbon]]<br />[[Complutense University of Madrid|Complutense University]] | allegiance = {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | rank = [[File:12. Guinea-Bissau BG.svg|22px]] [[Brigadier general]] }} '''Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embaló''' (wakababika pa 23 Seputembala 1972) ni wandale wa ku [[Guinea-Bissau]] uyo wakuteŵetera nga ni pulezidenti wa Guinea-Bisau kufuma mu Febuluwale 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 February 2020 |title=Umaro Sissoco Embalo swears himself in as Guinea-Bissau president |language=en |work=BusinessDay |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2020-02-27-umaro-sissoco-embalo-swears-himself-in-as-guinea-bissau-president/ |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Iyo ni nkhwantha ya vya ndyali na msilikari uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru pakati pa Novembala 2016 na Janyuwale 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2016 |title=Guinea-Bissau names new prime minister, fifth in nine months |language=en |work=DW |agency=Agence France-Presse and Reuters |url=http://www.dw.com/en/guinea-bissau-names-new-prime-minister-fifth-in-nine-months/a-36448890}}</ref> ==Umoyo== Wakababikira ku Bissau, ndipo wakamalizga masambiro ghake gha vya ndyali pa Yunivesite ya Lisbon. Wakuyowoya makora [[Ciphwitikizi]] na [[Cisipanishi]], kweniso [[Cingelezi]], [[Cifurenci]], [[Cirabu]] na [[Ciswahili]].<ref name="USE">{{Cite web |title=Umaro Mokhtar Sissoco Embalo |url=http://www.general-embalo.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150313100222/http://www.general-embalo.com/ |archive-date=13 March 2015 |access-date=30 January 2017 |website=Général Embalo |language=fr}}</ref> Embaló wakateŵeteranga usilikari, ndipo wakasambira vya kuvikilira charu ku [[National Defense Center of Spain]]. Wakazgoka mulara wa ŵasilikari.<ref name="USE" /> Pambere wandambe uteŵeti wake wa ndyali, Embaló wakasambiranga nkhani za ku [[Africa]] na [[Middle East]] kweniso nkhani za kuvikilira caru, wovwiri wa caru cose, na za citukuko. Wakaŵa nduna ya vya ku Africa. == Upharazgi == Embaló wakapangiska nduna yake pa 13 Disembala 2016 pamanyuma pakwimikika kuŵa nduna yikuru na President José Mário Vaz pa 18 Novembala 2016. Ndipouli, Embaló wakatora udindo uwu apo wakaŵa pasi pa chivikiliro cha chipani chake, African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) icho kwizira mu Central Committee yake chikamupa voti ya kuleka kugomezga pa 26 November 2016. Pakuŵa mulongozgi wa boma, wakathembanga waka kuti Social Renovation Party ndiyo yimovwire, iyo yikaŵa yaciŵiri pa vyalo vinandi mu National People's Congress of Guinea-Bissau. Pa 13 January 2018, pamanyuma pa kusankhana maghanoghano na pulezidenti José Mário Vaz, wakasinthika kuyana na ivyo João Fadiá (nduna ya vya ndalama) na Botche Candé (nduna ya vya mukati) ŵakakhumbanga.<ref name="DW2018">{{Cite news|date=16 January 2018|title=Umaro Sissoco Embaló deixa Governo da Guiné-Bissau|language=pt|work=DW|agency=Agência Lusa|url=http://www.dw.com/pt-002/umaro-sissoco-embal%C3%B3-deixa-governo-da-guin%C3%A9-bissau/a-42171513}}</ref> == Chisankho cha purezidenti cha 2019 == Embaló wakaluta ku mavoti gha purezidenti mu chaka cha 2019, wakimilira nga ni munthu wa Madem G15. Wakakhala pa malo ghaciŵiri, na mavoti 27%, mu cigaŵa cakwamba ca kuvota. Kuyana na vifukwa vyakwambilira na vyaumaliro ivyo vikapelekeka na wupu wa vyakusankha, iyo wakathereska mulongozgi munyake wakale wa boma, Domingos Simões Pereira, pa 54% na 46%. Ndipouli, uyo wakimikana nayo Domingos Simões Pereira wakalutilira kususka ivyo vikacitika. Nangauli khoti likuru la ku Guinea-Bissau na nyumba ya malango vikazomerezga yayi kuti waŵe na mwaŵi wa kulapa, kweni Sissoco Embaló wakacita phangano linyake mu hotelo yinyake mu Bissau kuti waŵe na mazaza gha kuŵa pulezidenti wa ku Guinea-Bissau. Ŵandyali ŵanandi mu Guinea-Bissau, kusazgapo nduna yikuru Aristides Gomes, ŵakamupa mulandu Sissoco Embaló kuti wakanozga boma kuwukira boma, nangauli pulezidenti wakufumapo Mário Vaz wakafumapo mwakuti Embaló watore mazaza.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Darame |first=Braima |last2=Agência Lusa |date=27 February 2020 |title=Em meio a contencioso judicial, Sissoco toma "posse simbólica" como Presidente da Guiné-Bissau |language=pt |work=DW |url=https://www.dw.com/pt-002/em-meio-a-contencioso-judicial-sissoco-toma-posse-simbólica-como-presidente-da-guiné-bissau/a-52560557 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> == Wupu Wakulongozga == Chisambizgo: Sissoco Embaló wakati muwuso wake ngwa "Embaloism", uwo wakulongosora kuti "ndondomeko, ndyali, na chitukuko", wakukayika kuti "palije boma lichoko panji pulezidenti muchoko" ndipo wakujiyaniska na Lee Kuan Yew na Rodrigo Duterte. Pakulimbana na vimbundi, wakalangura kuti mu caru cose muŵike makamera gha CCTV na kukora nduna ya vyaumoyo Antonio Deuna pa mulandu wa kunanga ndalama mu 2021. Mu chaka cha 2020, boma lake likawona kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Economic Community of West African States ŵafumamo mu charu ichi pamanyuma pa chipani cha 2012 ndipo ŵakayezga kunozga maulendo gha ŵalongozgi ŵa vyaru vinyake, kusazgapo ulendo wakwamba wa boma la Portugal mu vyaka makumi ghatatu, na mawupu gha vyaru nga International Monetary Fund. Ulendo wake wakudanga nga ni mulongozgi wa chalo ukaŵa wa ku Senegal, Niger, na Nigeria mu March 2020. Pa February 1, 2022, boma likayezga kutimbanizga Embaló.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2022 |title=Fears of Guinea-Bissau coup attempt amid gunfire in capital |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/01/fears-of-guinea-bissau-coup-attempt-amid-gunfire-in-capital |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Heavy gunfire heard near presidential palace in Guinea-Bissau |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/2/1/gunfire-heard-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2022 |title=Gunfire near government house in Guinea-Bissau |language=en |work=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220201-gunfire-near-government-house-in-guinea-bissau |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> Iyo wakati "ŵanandi" ŵa ŵasilikari ŵakakomeka mu "nthowa yakutondeka ya kuwukira demokilase".<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2022 |title=Guinea-Bissau president says 'many' dead after 'failed attack against democracy' |language=en |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20220201-gunfire-heard-and-armed-men-seen-near-seat-of-government-in-guinea-bissau |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref> ==Vyawanangwa== ;Vyakuvyaru vinyake * [[File:JOR_Order_of_the_Renaissance_GC.SVG|50px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Supreme Order of the Renaissance]] (20 February 2023).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230502152020/https://jordantimes.com/news/local/king-meets-guinea-bissau-president-al-husseiniya-palace Jordan Times]</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{Reflist}} {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} {{s-start}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Baciro Djá]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau|Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau]]|years=2016–2018}} {{s-aft|after=[[Artur Silva]]}} |- {{s-bef|before=[[José Mário Vaz]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau|President of Guinea-Bissau]]|years=2020–present}} {{s-inc}} {{s-end}} {{GuineaBPMs}} {{Guinea-Bissau Presidents}} {{Heads of state of republics}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Embalo, Umaro Sissoco}} [[Category:1972 births]] [[Category:Presidents of Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:Bissau-Guinean military personnel]] [[Category:Bissau-Guinean Muslims]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Prime Ministers of Guinea-Bissau]] [[Category:People from Bissau]] [[Category:African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde politicians]] [[Category:Technical University of Lisbon alumni]] [[Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni]] 02ue74i19p5h0zprduh490i3o5f36xp 4 13121 123376 33734 2026-11-02T07:23:26Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png with [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas_(2004).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · The Sudan map reflects the situation of 2004 as s 123376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Country in East Africa}} {{For|the former autonomous regions that existed in the same territory as the current nation|Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)}} {{Redirect|RoSS|other uses|Ross (disambiguation)}} {{pp-protected|small=yes}} {{pp-move-indef|small=yes}} {{update|date=November 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Coord|8|N|30|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republic of South Sudan | common_name = South Sudan | image_flag = Flag of South Sudan.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Sudan.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | motto = <br/>"Justice, Liberty, Prosperity" | national_anthem = <br/>"[[South Sudan Oyee!]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:South Sudan Oyee! (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location South Sudan AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = South Sudan in dark green, disputed regions in light green | capital = [[Juba]] | coordinates = {{Coord|04|51|N|31|36|E|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English language|English]]<ref name="engwork">{{cite web |url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=Government of South Sudan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110721121619/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/home/mainColumnParagraphs/0/content_files/file/FINAL%20TCRSS.doc |archive-date=21 July 2011}} Part One, 6(2). "English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan".</ref> | national_languages = {{hlist |[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Murle language|Murle]]|[[Luo languages|Luo (Anyuak, Acholi, Shilluk, Pari, Jur-Luo, others)]] ||[[Ma'di language|Ma'di]] |[[Otuho language|Otuho]] |[[Zande language|Zande]]}} <div style="line-height:1.25em;font-size:80%;">and around 60 other languages</div>{{#tag:ref|The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, Part One, 6(1): "All indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=18 November 2016|publisher=Government of South Sudan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170732/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=note}} | languages_type = [[Spoken language]]s<ref name=Ethnologue>[[Ethnologue]]: [https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages ''Ethnologue Languages of the World – South Sudan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150520/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SS/languages |date=9 September 2018 }}, Retrieved 9 September 2018.</ref> | languages = {{hlist|[[Dinka language|Dinka]]|[[Juba Arabic]]<ref name=UNICEF>[[UNICEF|United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)]]: [https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf ''The impact of language policy and practice on children’s learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183348/https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf |date=13 September 2017 }} (PDF; 672&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;1–3, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Juba Arabic (Árabi Júba): a "less indigenous" language of South Sudan |url=https://iris.unito.it/retrieve/handle/2318/1702685/508881/06%20ManfrediTosco.pdf |last=Manfredi |first=Stefano |journal=Sociolinguistic Studies |year=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=209–230|doi=10.1558/sols.35596 |hdl=2318/1702685 |s2cid=150503108 }}</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2016), [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document ''A new state, an old language policy, and a pidgin-creolo: Juba Arabic in South Sudan, Forthcoming: Sociolinguistic Studies 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101013034/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01357537/document |date=1 November 2018 }} (PDF; 1141&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;1–18, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref><ref>Manfredi Stefano; Tosco Mauro (2013), [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document ''Language uses vs. language policy: South Sudan and Juba Arabic in the post-independence era''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150639/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102624/document |date=9 September 2018 }} (PDF; 301&nbsp;kB), Pages&nbsp;798–802, III Congresso Coordinamento Universitario per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Sep 2013, Turin, Italy. JUNCO, Journal of Universities and International Development Cooperation, 2014, Imagining Cultures of Cooperation – Proceedings of the III CUCS Congress, Turin 19–21 September 2013, Retrieved 9 September 2018</ref> |[[Nuer language|Nuer]]|[[Bari language|Bari]] |[[Zande language|Zande]] |[[Jur language|Jur (Luo)]] |[[Murle language|Murle]] |[[Shilluk language|Shilluk]] |[[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]|[[Languages of South Sudan|various others]]}} | demonym = [[Demographics of South Sudan|South Sudanese]] | government_type = [[Federal system|Federal]] [[provisional government|provisional]] [[unity government]]<ref>{{cite news|title= South Sudan's transitional government: realities, challenges and opportunities|url= https://issafrica.org/research/east-africa-report/south-sudans-transitional-government-realities-challenges-and-opportunities |work= Emmaculate Asige Liaga|date=25 October 2021|language=en|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of Republic of South Sudan|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of South Sudan|Vice President]] | leader_name2 = [[Riek Machar]] | leader_title3 = [[National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)|Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Jemma Nunu Kumba]] | leader_title4 = [[Judiciary of South Sudan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = Chan Reec Madut | leader_title5 = | leader_name5 = | leader_title6 = | leader_name6 = | legislature = [[National Legislature (South Sudan)|Transitional National Legislature]] | upper_house = [[Council of States (South Sudan)|Council of States]] | lower_house = [[National Legislative Assembly (South Sudan)|Transitional National Legislative Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of South Sudan|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from [[Sudan]] | established_event1 = [[Government of Southern Sudan (2005–2011)|Autonomy]] | established_date1 = 9 July 2005 | established_event2 = [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum#Results|Declared and recognized]] | established_date2 = 9 July 2011 | area_km2 = 644329 | area_rank = 41st <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 400453.1 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 12,778,250 | population_census = {{nowrap|8,260,490 {{smaller|(''disputed'')}}<ref name="n24">{{cite news |url=http://www.news24.com/World/News/Discontent-over-Sudan-census-20090521 |title=Discontent over Sudan census |date=21 May 2009 |work=News24.com |access-date=14 July 2011 |agency=AFP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713214109/http://www.news24.com/World/News/Discontent-over-Sudan-census-20090521 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 75th | population_census_year = 2008 | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = 13.33 | population_density_sq_mi = 34.52 | population_density_rank = 214th | GDP_PPP = $18.435 billion<ref name=IMF /> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $825<ref name=IMF /><!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 221st | GDP_nominal = $3.194 billion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=733&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=South Sudan|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|work=World Economic Outlook Database|access-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319145424/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=55&pr.y=14&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=733&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|archive-date=19 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><!--Do not use CIA factbook as source!--> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $246<ref name=IMF /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 215th | Gini = 44.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |archive-date=11 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.433 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 185th | currency = [[South Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SSP | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web |title=Traffic and Road Conditions in Sudan, South |url=https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm |publisher=Countryreports.org |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233247/https://www.countryreports.org/travel/southsudan/traffic.htm |archive-date=21 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Sudan|+211]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=New country, new number: Country code 211 officially assigned to South Sudan |publisher=International Telecommunication Union |date=14 July 2011 |url=http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx |access-date=20 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005151037/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/press_releases/2011/25.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> | iso3166code = SS | cctld = [[.ss]]<ref name="iana">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html |title=.ss Domain Delegation Data |work=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] |publisher=[[ICANN]] |access-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/666aOCeg2?url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ss.html |archive-date=12 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>^a | footnote_a = Registered and operational since 2019 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |60.5% [[Christianity]] |32.9% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional faiths]] |6.2% [[Islam]] |0.4% [[Religion in South Sudan|Others]] / [[Irreligion|None]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/south-sudan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |title=South Sudan |work=Global Religious Futures |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=1 July 2021 }}</ref> | today = | org_type = }} '''South Sudan''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|d|ɑː|n|,_|-|ˈ|d|æ|n}}),<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> officially known as the '''Republic of South Sudan''',<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ |title=South Sudan |date=11 July 2011 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[CIA]] |access-date=14 July 2011 }}</ref> is a [[landlocked country]] in [[East Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Sudan|title=South Sudan &#124; Facts, Map, People, & History &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="UN classification of world regions">{{cite web |title=UN classification of world regions Eastern Africa: South Sudan |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |publisher=UN |access-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |archive-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is bordered by [[Ethiopia]], [[Sudan]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Uganda]] and [[Kenya]]. Its population was estimated as 12,778,250 in 2019.<!---per infobox---needs source---> [[Juba]] is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Cities in South Sudan (2022) |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cities/south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref> The nation is sometimes informally referred to as the '''Nilotic Republic''' (as the supposed place of origin of the [[Nilotic peoples]]).<ref>{{cite web | title=30 Interesting And Fascinating Facts About South Sudan | website=Tons Of Facts | date=7 February 2018 | url=http://tonsoffacts.com/30-interesting-fascinating-facts-south-sudan/ | access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Visit South Sudan | website=Travel Africa Blog | date=23 August 2018 | url=https://www.travelafricablog.com/travel-destinations/south-sudan/ | access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> It gained independence from Sudan on 9^thJuly 2011, making it the [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|most recent]] sovereign state or country with widespread recognition as of 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-are-the-youngest-countries-of-the-world.html|title=The World's Youngest Countries|website=WorldAtlas|date=28 May 2018|language=en|access-date=11 March 2020}}</ref> It includes the vast swamp region of the [[Sudd]], formed by the [[White Nile]] and known locally as the ''[[Bahr al Jabal (river)|Bahr al Jabal]]'', meaning "Mountain River".<ref>eg. example reference in {{cite web |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bahr+al+Jabal |title=Bahr el Jabal |work=The Free Dictionary |access-date=1 July 2021 }}</ref> Sudan was occupied by [[History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egypt]] under the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] and was governed as an [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian condominium]] until Sudanese independence in 1956. Following the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], the [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83)|Southern Sudan Autonomous Region]] was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A [[Second Sudanese Civil War|second Sudanese civil war]] soon broke out in 1983 and ended in 2005 with the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]]. Later that year, southern autonomy was restored when an [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] was formed. South Sudan became an [[independent state]] on 9 July 2011, following 98.83% support for independence in [[South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|a January 2011 referendum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8 |title=Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 1) |publisher=Youtube.com |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084549/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-sJugNxYVA8 |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38 |title=Broadcast of Declaration of Independence (part 2) |publisher=Youtube.com |date=19 June 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707130327/http://www.youtube.com/user/Laseranthem#p/a/u/0/v5m4JUyBW38 |archive-date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has suffered [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan|ethnic violence]] and endured [[South Sudanese Civil War|a civil war]] characterised by rampant [[Human rights in South Sudan|human rights abuses]], including various ethnic massacres and [[List of journalists killed in South Sudan|killings of journalists]] by various parties to the conflict from December 2013 until February 2020, when competing combat leaders [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] and Riek Machar struck a unity deal and formed a coalition government,<ref name="power-sharing">{{cite news |title=South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367 |access-date=28 February 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=22 February 2020}}</ref> paving the way for refugees to return home.<ref name=malak>{{cite web | last=Malak | first=Garang A. | title=Trust issues persist in Juba despite new dawn | website=The East African | date=22 February 2020 | url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Trust-issues-persist-in-South-Sudan/4552908-5464954-format-xhtml-fexisgz/index.html | access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> The South Sudanese population is composed mostly of [[Nilotic peoples]], and it is demographically among the youngest nations in the world, with roughly half under 18 years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671|title='Children's crisis' in South Sudan must be addressed, says top UN official calling for real accountability|date=7 September 2018|access-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193622/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/09/1018671|archive-date=30 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The majority of inhabitants adhere to [[Christianity]] or various [[Traditional African religions|Indigenous faiths]]. The country is a [[Member states of the United Nations|member of the United Nations]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714 |title=South Sudan admitted to U.N. as 193rd member |last=Worsnip |first=Patrick |date=14 July 2011 |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715144119/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/14/uk-sudan-un-membership-idUKTRE76D3I120110714 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= |title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State |publisher=United Nations News Service |date=14 July 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100613/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39034&Cr=South+Sudan&Cr1= |archive-date=3 August 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="au54">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html |title=South Sudan Becomes African Union's 54th Member |publisher=Voice of America News |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916115846/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Becomes-African-Unions-54th-Member-126320433.html |archive-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[East African Community]],<ref>"South Sudan admitted into EAC", Daily Nation, 2 March 2016, reprinted at nation.co.ke, accessed 4 March 2016</ref> and the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |title=Ethiopia Agrees to Back Somalia Army Operations, IGAD Says |agency=Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=25 November 2011 |date=25 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.07.29-154359/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-11-25/ethiopia-agrees-to-back-somalia-army-operations-igad-says.html |archive-date=29 July 2012 }}</ref> ==Etymology== The name ''Sudan'' is a name given to a [[Sudan (region)|geographical region]] to the south of the [[Sahara]], stretching from Western Africa to eastern Central Africa. The name derives from the Arabic ''{{transl|ar|bilād as-sūdān}}'' ({{lang|ar|بلاد السودان}}), or the "Land of the [[Black people|Blacks]]".<ref>{{citation | author = International Association for the History of Religions | title = Numen | publisher = EJ Brill | place = Leiden | year = 1959 | page = 131 | quote = West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> == History == {{Main|History of South Sudan}} The [[Nilotic]] people of South Sudan—the [[Dinka people|Dinka]], [[Anyuak]], [[Bari people|Bari]], [[Acholi people|Acholi]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Kaligi people|Kaligi]] (Arabic Feroghe), and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the 10th century, coinciding with the fall of [[medieval Nubia]]. From the 15th to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]], brought the Anyuak, Dinka, Nuer and Shilluk to their modern locations in Bahr El Ghazal and the Upper Nile Region, while the Acholi and [[Bari people|Bari]] settled in Equatoria. The [[Zande people|Zande]], [[Mundu]], [[Avukaya]] and [[Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)|Baka]], who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state of Equatoria Region. The Dinka is the largest, Nuer the second largest, the Zande the third-largest, and the Bari the fourth-largest of South Sudan's ethnic groups. They are found in the [[Maridi]], [[Yambio]], and Tombura districts in the [[tropical rainforest]] belt of [[Western Equatoria]], the Adio of Azande client in [[Yei]], [[Central Equatoria]], and [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]]. In the 18th century, the Avungara [[Sib (anthropology)|sib]] rose to power over the rest of Azande society, a domination which continued into the 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Sudan: A Country Study |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan/11.htm |series=Area handbook series |year=1991 |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0 |chapter=The Turkiyah, 1821–85 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sudancountrystud00metz_0 }}</ref> British policies favoring Christian missionaries, such as the Closed District Ordinance of 1922 (see [[History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]), and geographical barriers such as the swamplands along the [[White Nile]] curtailed the spread of Islam to the south, thus allowing the southern tribes to retain much of their social and cultural heritage, as well as their political and religious institutions. British colonial policy in Sudan had a long history of emphasizing development of the Arab north, and largely ignoring the Black African south, which lacked schools, hospitals, roads, bridges, and other basic infrastructure. After Sudan's first independent elections in 1958, the continued neglect of the southern region by the [[Khartoum]] government led to uprisings, revolt, and the longest civil war on the continent.<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref><ref>[[Richard Cockett]] Sudan: Darfur and the failure of an African state. 2010. Hobbs the Printers Ltd., Totten, Hampshire. {{ISBN|978-0-300-16273-8}}</ref> Peoples affected by the violence included the [[Dinka]], [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]], [[Anyuak]], [[Murle people|Murle]], [[Bari]], [[Mundari people|Mundari]], [[Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)|Baka]], [[Balanda Bviri]], [[Boya people|Boya]], [[Didinga]], [[Jiye people|Jiye]], [[Kaligi people|Kaligi]], [[Kuku people|Kuku]], [[Lotuka]], [[Nilotic]], [[Toposa people|Toposa]] and [[Zande people|Zande]].<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Ethnic Groups and Flashpoints. p. xv. Columbia University Press. New York. {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref> [[Slavery]] had been an institution of Sudanese life throughout history.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/dialogue/pdf/Sudanese%20Trade%20in%20Black%20Ivory.pdf|title=Sudanese Trade in Black Ivory: Opening Old Wounds (PDF)|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=21 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904062356/http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/CLT/dialogue/pdf/Sudanese%20Trade%20in%20Black%20Ivory.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The slave trade in the south intensified in the 19th century, and continued after the British had suppressed slavery in much of [[sub-Saharan Africa]]. Annual [[Slavery in Sudan|Sudanese slave raids]] into non-Muslim territories resulted in the capture of countless thousands of southern Sudanese, and the destruction of the region's stability and economy.<ref>{{citation|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+sd0023%29|title=Sudan&nbsp;— The Turkiyah (1821–1885)|publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202093506/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+sd0023%29|archive-date=2 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:John Garang.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Profile of John Garang|[[John Garang]] de Mabior led the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] until his death in 2005.]] The Azande have had good relations with their neighbours, namely the [[Moru people|Moru]], [[Mundu people|Mundu]], [[Pojulu people|Pöjulu]], [[Avukaya people|Avukaya]], Baka and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their king [[Gbudwe]], in the 18th century. In the 19th century, the Azande fought the [[France|French]], the [[Belgium|Belgians]] and the [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdists]] to maintain their independence. [[Ottoman Egypt]], under the rule of [[Khedive]] [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismail Pasha]], first attempted to control the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of [[Equatoria]] in the southern portion. Egypt's first appointed governor was [[Samuel Baker]], commissioned in 1869, followed by [[Charles George Gordon]] in 1874, and by [[Emin Pasha]] in 1878.<ref name="Levering Lewis 1995">{{cite book|last=Levering Lewis|first=David|title=The Race to Fashoda |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|place=New York|year=1995}}</ref> The [[Muhammad Ahmed|Mahdist Revolt]] of the 1880s destabilized the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included [[Lado District|Lado]], [[Gondokoro]], [[Dufile]] and [[Wadelai]]. European colonial maneuverings in the region came to a head in 1898, when the [[Fashoda Incident]] occurred at present-day [[Kodok]]; Britain and France almost went to war over the region.<ref name="Levering Lewis 1995"/> In 1947, British hopes of joining South Sudan with [[Uganda]] while leaving Western Equatoria as part of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] were dashed by the Rajaf Conference to unify North and South Sudan.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} South Sudan has an estimated population of 8 million,<ref name="US_State_Dept">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm |title=Sudan |publisher=State.gov |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802172914/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> but, given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on [[subsistence farming]].<ref name="US_State_Dept"/> Around 2005, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance, and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development. The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence: from 1955 to 1972, the Sudanese government fought the [[Anyanya]] rebel army (Anya-Nya is a term in the [[Madi language (Sudan and Uganda)|Madi]] language which means "snake venom")<ref>Matthew LeRiche, Matthew Arnold. South Sudan: from revolution to independence. 2012. Columbia University Press. New York. p. 16 {{ISBN|978-0-231-70414-4}}</ref> during the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], followed by the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement]] (SPLA/M) in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]] for over 20 years. As a result, the country suffered serious neglect, a lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and millions more have become [[refugee]]s both within and outside the country. ===Independence (2011)=== [[File:A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities (5926735716).jpg|thumb|upright|A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities]] Between 9 and 15 January 2011, [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|a referendum]] was held to determine whether South Sudan should become an independent country and separate from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence.<ref>{{cite news |work=USA Today |title=Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm |access-date=30 January 2011 |date=30 January 2011 |first=Maggie |last=Fick |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202151710/http://www.usatoday.com/news/topstories/2011-01-30-2052877353_x.htm |archive-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 January 2011, members of a steering committee on post-independence governing told reporters that upon independence the land would be named the Republic of South Sudan "out of familiarity and convenience". Other names that had been considered were [[Azania]], Nile Republic, [[Kingdom of Kush|Kush]] Republic and even Juwama, a [[portmanteau]] for [[Juba (Southern Sudan)|Juba]], [[Wau, Sudan|Wau]] and [[Malakal]], three major cities.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/world/africa/24sudan.html|title=Southern Sudan Nears a Decision on One Matter: Its New Name|author=Kron, Josh|date=23 January 2011|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> South Sudan formally became independent from Sudan on 9 July, although certain disputes still remained, including the division of oil revenues, as 75% of all the former Sudan's oil reserves are in South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=South Sudan profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 |access-date=14 February 2014 |date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214043200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 |archive-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The region of [[Abyei]] still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join Sudan or South Sudan.<ref>{{cite news |last=News |first=BBC |title=99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927 |access-date=30 January 2011 |date=30 January 2011 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130081322/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12317927 |archive-date=30 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[South Kordofan conflict]] broke out in June 2011 between the [[Sudan People's Armed Forces|Army of Sudan]] and the SPLA over the [[Nuba Mountains]]. On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th independent country in Africa<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843 South Sudan becomes an independent nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010213502/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14089843 |date=10 October 2018 }}, BBC News.</ref> (9 July is now celebrated as [[List of national independence days|Independence Day]], a national holiday<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=CIA World Factbook}}</ref>) and since 14 July 2011, South Sudan is the 193rd member of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552|title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd Member State|date=14 July 2011|website=UN News|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128123134/https://news.un.org/en/story/2011/07/381552|archive-date=28 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 July 2011, South Sudan became the 54th country to join the [[African Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812031145/http://www.au.int/en/content/african-union-welcomes-south-sudan-54th-member-state-union|url-status=dead|title=au.int: ''African Union Welcomes South Sudan as the 54th Member State of the Union''|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 January 2011|title=The LRA and Sudan|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318090401/http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/peopleandpower/2011/01/20111585750480428.html|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, [[Google Maps]] recognized South Sudan as an independent country, after a massive crowdsourcing mapping initiative was launched.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PiersDillonScott|date=17 September 2011|title=Google Maps officially recognises South Sudan as an independent country|url=https://sociable.co/web/google-maps-officially-recognises-south-sudan-as-an-independent-country/|access-date=11 March 2021|website=The Sociable|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2011 it was reported that South Sudan was at war with at least seven armed groups in 9 of its 10 states, with tens of thousands displaced.<ref name=rebellion>{{cite news |title=South Sudan army kills fighters in clashes |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=24 April 2011 |access-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429090553/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/04/2011424145446998235.html |archive-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The fighters accuse the government of plotting to stay in power indefinitely, not fairly representing and supporting all tribal groups while neglecting development in rural areas.<ref name=rebellion /><ref name=AP>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/06/02/hundreds_of_civilian_casualties_in_s_sudan_battle/ |title=Civilians dead in South Sudan battle |agency=Associated Press |date=2 June 2011 |author1=Fick, Maggie |author2=Straziuso, Jason |name-list-style=amp |access-date=3 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063545/http://www.boston.com/news/world/africa/articles/2011/06/02/hundreds_of_civilian_casualties_in_s_sudan_battle/ |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Joseph Kony]]'s [[Lord's Resistance Army]] (LRA) also operates in a wide area that includes South Sudan. Inter-ethnic warfare that in some cases predates the war of independence is widespread. In December 2011, [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan#Murle-Nuer fighting|tribal clashes in Jonglei]] intensified between the [[Nuer White Army]] of the [[Luo peoples|Lou]] [[Nuer people|Nuer]] and the [[Murle people|Murle]].<ref name=aljazeera2>{{cite news |title=Thousands flee South Sudan tribal conflict |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/201212101840599359.html |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102152458/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/01/201212101840599359.html |archive-date=2 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The White Army warned it would wipe out the Murle and would also fight South Sudanese and [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan|UN forces]] sent to the area around [[Pibor]].<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite news |title=United Nations urges South Sudan to Help Avert Possible Attack |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html |work=[[Bloomberg Television]] |date=27 December 2011 |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214130705/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-27/united-nations-urges-south-sudan-to-help-avert-possible-attack.html |archive-date=14 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2012, South Sudanese forces seized the [[Heglig]] oil fields in lands claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan in the province of [[South Kordofan]] after [[2012 South Sudan–Sudan border conflict|conflict with Sudanese forces]] in the South Sudanese state of [[Unity (state)|Unity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209|title=Sudan and South Sudan in fierce oil border clashes|publisher=BBC News Africa|date=27 March 2012|access-date=27 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109224240/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17515209|archive-date=9 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan withdrew on 20 March, and the Sudanese Army entered Heglig two days later. === Joining East Africa === South Sudan and [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] are the newest members of the [[East African Community]]. South Sudan acceded to the Treaty of the East Africa Community on 15 April 2016 and become a full Member on 15 August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of South Sudan |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-partner-states/south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.eac.int}}</ref> === Civil war (2013–2020) === {{See also|South Sudanese Civil War}} {{further|Ethnic violence in South Sudan}} [[File:Southern Sudan Civil War.svg|thumb|Military situation in South Sudan on 22 March 2020 {{legend|#ebc0b3|Under control of the Government of South Sudan}} {{legend|#cae7c4|Under control of the [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement-in-Opposition]]}} {{legend|blue|Under control of the [[Government of Sudan]] }}]] In December 2013, a political power struggle broke out between President Kiir and his former deputy [[Riek Machar]], as the president accused Machar and ten others of attempting a [[2013 South Sudanese coup d'état attempt|coup d'état]].<ref name="Kulish">{{cite news |last=Kulish |first=Nicholas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html |title=New Estimate Sharply Raises Death Toll in South Sudan |newspaper=The New York Times |date=9 January 2014 |access-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015153429/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/10/world/africa/new-estimate-sharply-raises-death-toll-in-south-sudan.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Fighting broke out, igniting the [[South Sudanese Civil War]]. Ugandan troops were deployed to fight alongside South Sudanese government forces against the rebels.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650 |title=Yoweri Museveni: Uganda troops fighting South Sudan rebels |journal=BBC News |date=16 January 2014 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006114751/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25759650 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The United Nations has peacekeepers in the country as part of the [[United Nations Mission in South Sudan]] (UNMISS). Numerous ceasefires were mediated by the Intergovernmental Authority on Development ([[IGAD]]) between the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) and [[SPLM-IO|SPLM – in opposition]] and were subsequently broken. A peace agreement was signed in Ethiopia under threat of United Nations sanctions for both sides in August 2015.<ref name="South Sudan country profile">{{Cite news|url=http://bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082|title=South Sudan country profile|journal=BBC News|date=6 August 2018|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620123955/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14069082|archive-date=20 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Machar returned to Juba in 2016 and was appointed vice president.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423|title=South Sudan rebel chief Riek Machar sworn in as vice-president|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=30 April 2016|date=26 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429155058/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36140423|archive-date=29 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a second breakout of violence in Juba, Machar was replaced as vice-president<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html|title=South Sudan opposition replaces missing leader Machar|date=23 July 2016|publisher=aljazeera|access-date=15 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727102427/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/07/south-sudan-opposition-replaces-missing-leader-machar-160723144856580.html|archive-date=27 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and he fled the country<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862|title=South Sudan conflict: Sacked VP Riek Machar goes into exile|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=19 August 2016|date=18 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818231703/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-37116862|archive-date=18 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> as the conflict erupted again. Rebel in-fighting has become a major part of the conflict.<ref name=fp0117>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/|title=The revenge of Salva Kiir|date=2 January 2017|publisher=foreignpolicy|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626152337/http://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/02/the-revenge-of-salva-kiir-south-sudan-genocide-ethnic-cleansing/|archive-date=26 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Rivalry among Dinka factions led by the President and Malong Awan have also led to fighting. In August 2018, another power sharing agreement came into effect.<ref name=washingtonpost0718>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html|title=South Sudan's warring leaders agree to share power, again|date=25 July 2018|access-date=1 August 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726110843/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-sudans-warring-leaders-agree-to-share-power-again/2018/07/25/6ca19412-902b-11e8-ae59-01880eac5f1d_story.html|archive-date=26 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> About 400,000 people are estimated to have been killed in the war,<ref>{{cite news |title=Nearly 400,000 'excess deaths' caused by South Sudan war |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309 |work=ABC News |date=26 September 2018 |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008022704/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/report-400000-excess-deaths-south-sudan-58090309 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> including notable atrocities such as the [[2014 Bentiu massacre]].<ref name=Reuters0918>{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R| work=Reuters| title=Study estimates 190,000 people killed in South Sudan's civil war| date=26 September 2018| access-date=26 September 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926173943/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-toll/study-estimates-190000-people-killed-in-south-sudans-civil-war-idUSKCN1M626R| archive-date=26 September 2018| url-status=live}}</ref> Although both men have supporters from across South Sudan's ethnic divides, subsequent fighting has been communal, with rebels targeting members of Kiir's Dinka ethnic group and government soldiers attacking Nuers.<ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446 |title=South Sudan 'coup leaders' face treason trial |journal=BBC News |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102093736/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25944446 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> More than 4 million people have been displaced, with about 1.8 million of those internally displaced, and about 2.5 million having fled to neighboring countries, especially Uganda and Sudan.<ref name=WashingtonPost0918>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html|title=A new report estimates that more than 380,000 people have died in South Sudan's civil war|agency=Washington Post|date=26 September 2018|access-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926131126/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/a-new-report-estimates-more-than-380000-people-have-died-in-south-sudans-civil-war/2018/09/25/e41fcb84-c0e7-11e8-9f4f-a1b7af255aa5_story.html|archive-date=26 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 February 2020, [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] and [[Riek Machar]] agreed to a peace deal,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51562367|title=South Sudan rivals strike power-sharing deal|date=22 February 2020|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=25 February 2020}}</ref> and on 22 February 2020 formed a [[Cabinet of South Sudan|national unity government]]. ===Post-civil war (2020–present)=== {{Empty section|date=April 2022}} == Government and politics == {{Main|Government of South Sudan|Politics of South Sudan}} === Government === [[File:President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama greet His Excellency Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of the Republic of South Sudan (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], the first President of South Sudan. His trademark [[Stetson|Stetson hat]] was a gift from United States President [[George W. Bush]].]] [[File:South Sudan Independence.jpg|thumb|South Sudan's presidential guard on Independence Day, 2011]] The now-defunct [[Southern Sudan Legislative Assembly]] ratified a [[Constitution of South Sudan|transitional constitution]]<ref name="transconstit">{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e269a3e2.html |title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=12 July 2011 |publisher=Government of South Sudan}}</ref> shortly before independence on 9 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-passes-interim,39457 |title=South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers |date=8 July 2011 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711141830/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-passes-interim,39457 |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> The constitution was signed by the [[President of South Sudan]] on Independence Day and thereby came into force. It is now the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU=&tabid=341|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720154147/http://gurtong.brandx.eu/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=1atewJwi6UU=&tabid=341|archive-date=20 July 2011|title=The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005}}</ref> The constitution establishes a [[presidential system]] of government headed by a president who is [[head of state]], [[head of government]], and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. It also establishes the [[National Legislature of South Sudan|National Legislature]] comprising two houses: a directly elected assembly, the [[National Legislative Assembly of South Sudan|National Legislative Assembly]], and a second chamber of representatives of the states, the [[Council of States of South Sudan|Council of States]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Henneberg |first=Ingo |date=2013 |title=Das politische System des Südsudan |language=German |trans-title=The Political System of South Sudan |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=174–196 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2013-2-174 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125722/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305220861_The_Political_System_of_South_Sudan_2011_p_196 |archive-date=18 June 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[John Garang]], the founder of the SPLA/M, was the first president of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]],<ref name="factbook" /> his deputy, was sworn in as [[List of Vice Presidents of Sudan|First Vice President of Sudan]] and [[List of presidents of South Sudan|President of the Government of Southern Sudan]] on 11 August 2005. [[Riek Machar]]<ref name="factbook" /> replaced him as [[List of Vice-Presidents of the Government of South Sudan|Vice-President of the Government]]. Legislative power is vested in the government and the bicameral National Legislature. The constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]]. On 8 May 2021, South Sudan President [[Salva Kiir]] announced a dissolution in Parliament as part of a 2018 peace deal to set up a new legislative body that will number 550 lawmakers <ref>{{cite news |title=South Sudan president dissolves parliament as part of peace deal |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/9/south-sudan-president-dissolves-parliament-as-part-of-peace-deal |agency=Al Jazeera |date=9 May 2021}}</ref> ==== National capital project ==== [[File:South Sudan 003.jpg|thumb|A young south sudanese girl smiling in tradition attire]] The capital of South Sudan is located at [[Juba]], which is also the state capital of [[Central Equatoria]] and the county seat of the eponymous [[Juba County]], and is the country's largest city. However, due to Juba's poor infrastructure and massive urban growth, as well as its lack of centrality within South Sudan, the South Sudanese Government adopted a resolution in February 2011 to study the creation of a new [[planned city]] to serve as the seat of government.<ref name="rnw">{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |agency=Radio Netherlands |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011 |title=New capital city for South Sudan? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629133501/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/new-capital-city-south-sudan |archive-date=29 June 2012 }}</ref><ref name="sudtrib">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-to-establish-a-new,37886 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=6 February 2011 |title=South Sudan to establish a new capital city and relocate from Juba after independence |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051336/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-to-establish-a-new,37886 |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> It is planned that the capital city will be changed to the more centrally located [[Ramciel]].<ref name=BBCprofile>{{cite news|title=South Sudan profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208|publisher=BBC|date=5 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232057/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14019208|archive-date=20 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> This proposal is functionally similar to construction projects in [[Abuja]], Nigeria; [[Brasília]], Brazil; and [[Canberra]], Australia; among other modern-era planned national capitals. It is unclear how the government will fund the project. In September 2011, a spokesman for the government said the country's political leaders had accepted a proposal to build a new capital at Ramciel,<ref name="relocate">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-relocates-its-capital,40027 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=3 September 2011 |title=South Sudan relocates its capital from Juba to Ramciel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929081441/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-relocates-its-capital,40027 |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> a place in [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] state near the borders with Central Equatoria and [[Jonglei]]. Ramciel is considered to be the geographical center of the country,<ref name="search">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/News/regional-news/4130-the-search-for-new-nations-capital-in-south-sudan |agency=The Independent |date=29 April 2011 |title=The search for new nation's capital in South Sudan |first=Mashel |last=Amos |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313041336/http://independent.co.ug/news/regional-news/4130-the-search-for-new-nations-capital-in-south-sudan |archive-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> and the late pro-independence leader [[John Garang]] allegedly had plans to relocate the capital there before his death in 2005. The proposal was supported by the Lakes state government and at least one Ramciel tribal chief.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4879/Lakes-Leaders-Visit-Prospective-South-Sudanese-Capital.aspx |agency=Gurtong |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=24 July 2011 |title=Lakes Leaders Visit Prospective South Sudanese Capital |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328012119/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/4879/Lakes-Leaders-Visit-Prospective-South-Sudanese-Capital.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The design, planning, and construction of the city will likely take as many as five years, government ministers said, and the move of national institutions to the new capital will be implemented in stages.<ref name="relocate" /> === States === ====2020–present==== {{Main|States of South Sudan}} [[File:SouthSudanStatesandAdministrativeAreas.svg|thumb|upright=1.9|The ten states and three administrative areas of South Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of the Sudan {{legend|#9BCD9B|[[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]]}} {{legend|#7AC5CD|[[Equatoria]]}} {{legend|#EEE685|[[Greater Upper Nile]]}}]] Under the terms of a peace agreement signed on 22 February 2020, South Sudan is divided into 10 states, two administrative areas and one area with special administrative status.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/6-years-war-peace-finally-south-sudan-200223114919537.html|title=After 6 years of war, will peace finally come to South Sudan?|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=d e k u e k |url=https://twitter.com/dekuekd/status/1228596792155000833 |title=d e k u e k on Twitter: "So it has been decided that #SouthSudan shall revert to 10 states plus Abyei, Pibor and Ruweng Administrative Areas.‌ " |publisher=Twitter.com |date=15 February 2020 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref> As a result of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] signed in 2005, the [[Abyei|Abyei Area]] was given special administrative status and following the independence of South Sudan in 2011, is considered to be simultaneously part of both the [[Republic of Sudan]] and the Republic of South Sudan, effectively a [[condominium (international law)|condominium]]. The [[Kafia Kingi]] area is disputed between South Sudan and Sudan and the [[Ilemi Triangle]] is disputed between South Sudan and Kenya. The states of and administrative areas are grouped into the three former historical provinces of the Sudan; [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]] and [[Greater Upper Nile]]: ;[[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] *[[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] ;[[Equatoria]] *[[Western Equatoria]] *[[Central Equatoria]] (containing the national capital city of [[Juba]]) *[[Eastern Equatoria]] ;[[Greater Upper Nile]] *[[Jonglei]] *[[Unity (state)|Unity]] *[[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] ;Administrative Areas *[[Greater Pibor Administrative Area]] *[[Ruweng Administrative Area]] ;Special Administrative Status Areas *[[Abyei|Abyei Special Administrative Area]] ==== 2015–2020 ==== [[File:South Sudan-32 States.png|thumb|upright=1.9|The 32 states of South Sudan, after the addition of 4 more states in 2017]] In October 2015, South Sudan's President Salva Kiir issued a decree establishing 28 states in place of the 10 constitutionally established states.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/kiir-and-makuei-want-28-states-s-sudan|title = Kiir and Makuei want 28 states in South Sudan|work = Radio Tamazuj|access-date = 16 October 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208183221/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/kiir-and-makuei-want-28-states-s-sudan|archive-date = 8 December 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The decree established the new states largely along ethnic lines. A number of opposition parties and civil society challenged the constitutionality of this decree and Kiir later resolved to take it to parliament for approval as a constitutional amendment.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/kiir-pressured-taking-decree-parliament-approval|title = Kiir pressured into taking decree to parliament for approval|work = Radio Tamazuj|access-date = 16 October 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224908/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/article/kiir-pressured-taking-decree-parliament-approval|archive-date = 4 March 2016|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In November the South Sudanese parliament empowered President Kiir to create new states.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57484|title = South Sudan's Kiir appoints governors of 28 new states|work = Sudan Tribune|access-date = 13 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160126195523/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article57484|archive-date = 26 January 2016|url-status = live}}</ref> ;Bar el Ghazal #[[Aweil State|Aweil]] #[[Aweil East]] #[[Eastern Lakes State|Eastern Lakes]] #[[Gogrial State|Gogrial]] #[[Gok State|Gok]] #[[Lol State|Lol]] #[[Tonj State|Tonj]] #[[Twic]] #[[Wau State|Wau]] #[[Western Lakes State|Western Lakes]] ;Equatoria #[[Amadi State|Amadi]] #[[Gbudwe State|Gbudwe]] #Torit #[[Jubek State|Jubek]] (containing the national capital city of [[Juba]]) #[[Maridi State|Maridi]] #[[Kapoeta State|Kapoeta]] #[[Tambura State|Tambura]] #[[Terekeka State|Terekeka]] #[[Yei River State|Yei River]] ;Greater Upper Nile #[[Boma State|Boma]] #[[Central Upper Nile State|Central Upper Nile]] #[[Akobo State|Akobo]] #[[Northern Upper Nile State|Northern Upper Nile]] #[[Jonglei|Jonglei State]] #[[Latjoor]] #[[Maiwut State|Maiwut]] #[[Northern Liech]] #[[Ruweng State|Ruweng]] #[[Southern Liech]] #[[Bieh State|Bieh]] #[[Fashoda State]] #[[Fangak State]] On 14 January 2017 another four states have been created, Central Upper Nile, Northern Upper Nile, Tumbura and Maiwut leading to an overall number of 32.<ref>{{cite web |title=South Sudanese President creates four more states |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61403 |website=www.sudantribune.com |publisher=Sudan Tribune |access-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918153344/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61403 |archive-date=18 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jan2017 South Sudan|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=13&date_range=last_12_months&from_month=01&from_year=2017&to_month=01&to_year=2017|website=International Crisis Group|publisher=International Crisis Group|access-date=6 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905184735/https://www.crisisgroup.org/crisiswatch/database?location%5B%5D=13&date_range=last_12_months&from_month=01&from_year=2017&to_month=01&to_year=2017|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Abyei]] Area, a small region of Sudan bordering on the South Sudanese states of Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Warrap, and Unity, currently has a special administrative status in Sudan and is governed by an [[Abyei Area Administration]]. It was due to hold a [[Abyei status referendum, 2011|referendum]] in 2011 on whether to join South Sudan or remain part of the Republic of Sudan, but in May the Sudanese military seized Abyei, and it is not clear if the referendum will be held. ==== 2011–2015 ==== [[File:SouthSudanStates.svg|thumb|upright=1.9|The ten states of South Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of the Sudan {{legend|#9BCD9B|[[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]]}} {{legend|#7AC5CD|[[Equatoria]]}} {{legend|#EEE685|[[Greater Upper Nile]]}}]] Prior to 2015, South Sudan was divided into the current 10 states, which also correspond to three historical regions: [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]], [[Equatoria]], and [[Greater Upper Nile]]: ;[[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] *[[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] *[[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] ;[[Equatoria]] *[[Western Equatoria]] *[[Central Equatoria]] (containing the national capital city of [[Juba]]) *[[Eastern Equatoria]] ;[[Greater Upper Nile]] *[[Jonglei]] *[[Unity (state)|Unity]] *[[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] === Military === {{Main|South Sudan People's Defence Forces}} A Defense paper was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs [[Dominic Dim Deng]], and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642 |title=Juba parliament authorizes establishment of South Sudan air force |date=25 June 2008 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116123534/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article27642 |archive-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212205613/http://aircraft.zurf.info/article/creation-south-sudan-air-force |archive-date=12 February 2011 |title=Creation of the South Sudan Air Force |date=9 January 2011|work=aircraft.zurf.info}}</ref> {{As of|2015}}, South Sudan has the third highest military spending as a percentage of GDP in the world, behind only Oman and Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|title=The World Bank|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428135151/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS&country=|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === Media{{anchor|Media freedom}} === {{Main|Media of South Sudan}} While former Information Minister [[Barnaba Marial Benjamin]] vowed that South Sudan will respect [[freedom of the press]] and allow journalists unrestricted access in the country, the chief editor of [[Juba]] newspaper ''[[The Citizen (South Sudan)|The Citizen]]'' claimed that in the absence of a formal media law in the fledgling republic, he and his staff have faced abuse at the hands of security forces. This alleged fettering of media freedom was attributed in an [[Al Jazeera]] report to the difficulty [[SPLM]] has faced in reforming itself as a legitimate government after years of leading a rebellion against the Sudanese government. ''The Citizen'' is South Sudan's largest newspaper, but poor infrastructure and poverty have kept its staff relatively small and limited the efficiency of both its reporting and its circulation outside of Juba, with no dedicated news bureaus in outlying states and newspapers often taking several days to reach states like [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/southsudanindependence/2011/07/201171211357184117.html |agency=Al Jazeera English |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011 |title=South Sudan journalists facing intimidation |first=Gregg |last=Carlstrom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713130342/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/southsudanindependence/2011/07/201171211357184117.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2020, ''[[South Sudan Friendship Press]]'' was established as the country's first dedicated online news website.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Sudan Friendship Press|url=https://www.s-sfp.com/|website=South Sudan FP|language=en|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Censorship ==== On 1 November 2011, South Sudan's National Security Services (NSS) arrested the editor of a private Juba-based daily, ''Destiny'', and suspended its activities indefinitely. This was in response to an opinion article by columnist Dengdit Ayok, entitled "Let Me Say So", which criticized the president for allowing his daughter to marry an Ethiopian national, and accused him of "staining his patriotism". An official letter accused the newspaper of breaking "the media code of conduct and professional ethics", and of publishing "illicit news" that was defamatory, inciting, and invading the privacy of personalities. The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] had voiced concerns over media freedoms in South Sudan in September.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cpj.org/2011/11/south-sudan-security-detains-two-journalists.php |agency=Committee to Protect Journalists |date=7 November 2011 |access-date=8 November 2011 |title=South Sudan security detains two journalists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108005137/http://www.cpj.org/2011/11/south-sudan-security-detains-two-journalists.php |archive-date=8 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The NSS released the journalists without charge after having held them for 18 days.<ref name="Sudan Tribune 2011-11-18" /> In 2015, Salva Kiir threatened to kill journalists who reported "against the country".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34008089|title=South Sudan journalist Peter Moi shot dead|publisher=bbcnews.com|access-date=3 September 2015|date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822232154/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34008089|archive-date=22 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Work conditions have become terrible for journalists, and many have left the country. Documentary filmmaker Ochan Hannington is one of them.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/south-sudanese-filmmaker-ochan-hannington-speaks-about-his-dangerous-work-and-why-he-loves |title= Risking my life |first= Ochan |last= Hannington |publisher= D+C, development and cooperation |access-date= 21 December 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151122182556/http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/south-sudanese-filmmaker-ochan-hannington-speaks-about-his-dangerous-work-and-why-he-loves |archive-date= 22 November 2015 |url-status= live }}</ref> In August 2015, after journalist Peter Moi was killed in a targeted attack, being the seventh journalist killed during the year, South Sudanese journalists held a 24-hour news blackout.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/World/2015/Aug-21/312136-south-sudan-media-blackout-after-reporter-shot-dead.ashx|title=South Sudan media blackout after reporter shot dead|publisher=dailystar.com.lb|access-date=3 September 2015|date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825035239/http://www.dailystar.com.lb//News/World/2015/Aug-21/312136-south-sudan-media-blackout-after-reporter-shot-dead.ashx|archive-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2017, a 26-year-old American journalist, Christopher Allen, was killed in [[Kaya, South Sudan|Kaya]], [[Yei River State]], during fighting between government and opposition forces. Christopher Allen was a freelance journalist who had worked for several U.S. news outlets. He had been reportedly embedded with the opposition forces in South Sudan for a week before he was killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/27/us-journalist-killed-in-yei-river/|title=US journalist killed in Yei River|publisher=southsudan.biz|access-date=19 September 2017|date=27 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The same month, President Salva Kiir said the millions of civilians fleeing South Sudan were being driven by the propaganda from social media users conspiring against his government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southsudan.biz/2017/08/28/south-sudan-president-downplays-refugee-crisis-blames-social-media/|title=South Sudan president downplays refugee crisis, blames social media|publisher=southsudan.biz|access-date=19 September 2017|date=28 August 2017}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Just a month prior in July 2017, access to major news websites and popular blogs including [[Sudan Tribune]] and [https://radiotamazuj.org/en Radio Tamazuj] had been blocked by the government without formal notice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/south-sudan-blocks-access-to-independent-websites/a-39786961|title=South Sudan blocks access to independent websites|publisher=dw.com|access-date=19 September 2017|date=21 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909044730/http://www.dw.com/en/south-sudan-blocks-access-to-independent-websites/a-39786961|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2020, access to [[Sudans Post]], a local news website, was blocked by the government following the publication of an article deemed defamatory by the NSS.<ref>{{Cite book|date=23 December 2020|title=World Report 2021: Rights Trends in South Sudan|chapter=South Sudan: Events of 2020 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/south-sudan|access-date=16 June 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> Two months later, Qurium Media Foundation, a Swedish non-profit organization, announced that it has deployed a mirror for the website to circumvent the government blocking.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Sudans Post" gets blocked after receiving personal threats from NSS – transcript revealed – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/|access-date=16 June 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Foreign relations === {{Main|Foreign relations of South Sudan}} [[File:Secretary Kerry Meets With South Sudan President Kiir (3).jpg|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] meets with President Salva Kiir, 26 May 2013]] Since independence, relations with Sudan have been changing. Sudan's President [[Omar al-Bashir]] first announced, in January 2011, that dual citizenship in the North and the South would be allowed,<ref name="BBC independence">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675 |title=Southern Sudan votes on independence |author=Ross, Will |publisher=BBC |date=9 January 2011 |access-date=2 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401085955/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12144675 |archive-date=1 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> but upon the independence of South Sudan he retracted the offer. He has also suggested an EU-style confederation.<ref name="BBC 9 July">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843 |title=South Sudan becomes an independent nation |work=BBC News |date=9 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709112842/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14089843 |archive-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Essam Sharaf]], Prime Minister of Egypt after the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 Egyptian Revolution]], made his first foreign visit to [[Khartoum]] and [[Juba]] in the lead-up to South Sudan's secession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm |title=AlAhram Weekly&nbsp;– Heading for headwaters |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg |date=6 April 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114713/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1041/eg1.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> Israel quickly recognized South Sudan as an independent country,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lior |first=Ilan |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460 |title=Netanyahu: Israel recognizes South Sudan as independent state |journal=Haaretz |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221180853/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/netanyahu-israel-recognizes-south-sudan-as-independent-state-1.372460 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is host to thousands of [[Sudanese refugees in Israel|refugees from South Sudan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/17/120-south-sudanese-leaving-israel-under-pressure/ |title=120 South Sudanese leaving Israel under pressure |newspaper=[[Fox News]] |date=17 June 2012 |access-date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624044509/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/06/17/120-south-sudanese-leaving-israel-under-pressure/ |archive-date=24 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> who now face deportation to their native country.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-southsudan-idUSBRE85G0PA20120617 |title=Israel launches African migrant deportation drive |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=17 June 2012 |access-date=2 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164638/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/06/17/us-israel-southsudan-idUSBRE85G0PA20120617 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95685/SOUTH-SUDAN-ISRAEL-Returnees-complain-of-harsh-treatment-in-Israel |title=IRIN Middle East &#124; SOUTH SUDAN-ISRAEL: Returnees complain of harsh treatment in Israel &#124; Israel &#124; South Sudan &#124; Early Warning &#124; Economy &#124; Governance &#124; Human Rights &#124; Migration |publisher=Irinnews.org |date=19 June 2012 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202223207/http://www.irinnews.org/report/95685/south-sudan-israel-returnees-complain-of-harsh-treatment-in-israel |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to American sources, President Obama officially recognised the new state after [[Sudan]], Egypt, Germany and Kenya were among the first to recognise the country's independence on 8 July 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|title=Obama grants U.S. recognition of South Sudan|journal=Reuters|first=Matt|last=Spetalnick|date=9 July 2011|access-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028201754/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-usa-obama-idUSTRE76817120110709|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>D. H. Johnson, ''The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars''</ref> Several states that participated in the international negotiations concluded with a self-determination referendum were also quick to acknowledge the overwhelming result. The Rationalist process included Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Eritrea, the United Kingdom and Norway.<ref>{{ citation | first=Fernando | last=Prieto | title=Did the US act as a 'defensive-positionalist' power and was it primary moved by local and regional stability concerns when it recognized South Sudan in 2011?| work=Research Study SIS 686| date= 18 November 2014 }}</ref>{{efn| See table in [[Foreign relations of South Sudan]] with footnotes for early recognition countries.}} South Sudan is a member state of the United Nations,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390 |agency=BBC News |date=14 July 2011 |access-date=14 July 2011 |title=UN welcomes South Sudan as 193rd member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714202229/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14151390 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="au54" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1 |date=13 July 2011 |access-date=15 July 2011 |title=The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 285th meeting held on 13 July 2011, was briefed by the Commissioner for Peace and Security on the accession to independence of the Republic of South Sudan |agency=African Union |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504162230/http://www.au.int/en/content/peace-and-security-council-african-union-au-its-285th-meeting-held-13-july-2011-was-briefe-1 |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> and the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid={62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403034148/http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story.asp?storyid=%7B62d78860-a792-475c-bff9-0722d5d61d3e%7D |archive-date=3 April 2012 |agency=MENAFN.com |title=COMESA Welcomes New Member |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=13 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> South Sudan plans to join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712044345/http://talkofsudan.com/sudan/item/9001-south-sudan-launches-bid-to-join-commonwealth |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2011 |agency=Gurtong News via Talk of Sudan |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth}}</ref> the [[East African Community]],<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref name=bw1>{{cite web |url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011|publisher=East African Business Week |title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC! |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="sudantribune1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637 |agency=Sudan Tribune |title=South Sudan avails new foreign policy, to open 54 embassies |date=25 July 2011 |access-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729051637/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-avails-new-foreign,39637 |archive-date=29 July 2011 }}</ref> the [[International Monetary Fund]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm |agency=International Monetary Fund |title=IMF Receives Membership Application from South Sudan, Seeks Contributions to Technical Assistance Trust Fund to Help New Country |date=20 April 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085250/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2011/pr11145.htm |archive-date=24 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[OPEC Plus|OPEC+]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akhilesh|first=Ganti|date=25 March 2021|title=How OPEC (and Non-OPEC) Production Affects Oil Prices|url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012216/how-opec-and-nonopec-production-affects-oil-prices.asp|access-date=1 December 2021|website=Investopedia}}</ref> and the [[World Bank]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/ |agency=The Financial |date=9 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |title=World Bank Group Congratulates People of South Sudan on Independence |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711063900/http://finchannel.com/news_flash/World/90526_World_Bank_Group_Congratulates_People_of_South_Sudan_on_Independence/ |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> Some international trade organizations categorize South Sudan as part of the [[Greater Horn of Africa]].<ref>Maxwell, Daniel, and Ben Watkins. "Humanitarian information systems and emergencies in the Greater Horn of Africa: logical components and logical linkages." Disasters 27.1 (2003): 72–90.</ref> Full membership in the [[Arab League]] has been assured, should the country's government choose to seek it,<ref name="sdntribuneArabLg">{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=12 June 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011 |title=South Sudan "entitled to join Arab League" |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629062631/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-entitled-to-join-Arab,39193 |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> though it could also opt for observer status.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm |agency=Al-Ahram |date=7 July 2011 |access-date=8 July 2011 |title=Hoping for the best |first=Asmaa |last=El-Husseini |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711201000/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2011/1055/re10.htm |archive-date=11 July 2011 }}</ref> It was admitted to UNESCO on 3 November 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|title=South Sudan is UNESCO's 194th member|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of South Sudan in Washington, DC|date=3 November 2011|access-date=1 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129094633/http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1263&Itemid=1|archive-date=29 November 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref> On 25 November 2011, it officially joined the [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]], a regional grouping of [[East Africa]]n states.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125 |work=Reuters |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=25 November 2011 |title=East African bloc admits South Sudan as member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505123658/http://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE7AO0A820111125 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The United States supported the 2011 referendum on South Sudan's independence. The ''New York Times'' reported that "South Sudan is in many ways an American creation, carved out of war-torn Sudan in a referendum largely orchestrated by the United States, its fragile institutions nurtured with billions of dollars in American aid."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=3 January 2014 |title=U.S. Is Facing Hard Choices in South Sudan |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131143757/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/04/us/politics/us-is-facing-hard-choices-in-south-sudan.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The U.S. government's long-standing sanctions against Sudan were officially removed from applicability to newly independent South Sudan in December 2011, and senior RSS officials participated in a high-level international engagement conference in Washington, D.C., to help connect foreign investors with the RSS and South Sudanese private sector representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204855.htm |title=South Sudan |publisher=State.gov |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> Given the interdependence between some sectors of the economy of the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan, certain activities still require OFAC authorization. Absent a license, current Sudanese sanction regulations will continue to prohibit U.S. persons from dealing in property and interests that benefit Sudan or the Government of Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html |title=Doing Business in South Sudan &#124; Embassy of the United States Juba, South Sudan |publisher=Southsudan.usembassy.gov |access-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101030038/http://southsudan.usembassy.gov/business/doing-business-in-south-sudan.html |archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> A 2011 Congressional Research Service report, "The Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa’s Newest Country", identifies outstanding political and humanitarian issues as the country forges its future.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf |title=Republic of South Sudan: Opportunities and Challenges for Africa's Newest Country |publisher=Congressional Research Service |author=Dagne, Ted |year=2011 |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201101335/https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/170506.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including South Sudan, have signed a joint letter to the [[UNHRC]] defending China's treatment of [[Uyghurs]] in the [[Xinjiang]] region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |work=[[The Diplomat]] |date=15 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716160658/https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/ |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Human rights === {{Main|Human rights in South Sudan}} Campaigns of atrocities against civilians have been attributed to the SPLA.<ref name="Al Jazeera">{{cite news |title=Sudan: Transcending tribe |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113359/http://english.aljazeera.net//photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the SPLA/M's attempt to disarm rebellions among the [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] and [[Murle people|Murle]], they burned scores of villages, [[rape]]d hundreds of women and girls and killed an untold number of civilians.<ref name=aljazeera>{{cite news |title=Sudan: Transcending tribe |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |work=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=30 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317113359/http://english.aljazeera.net//photo_galleries/africa/201111010324526960.html |archive-date=17 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Civilians alleging [[torture]] claim fingernails being torn out, burning plastic bags dripped on children to make their parents hand over weapons, and villagers burned alive in their huts if it was suspected that rebels had spent the night there.<ref name=aljazeera /> In May 2011, the SPLA allegedly set fire to over 7,000 homes in [[Unity State]].<ref>{{cite news|title=SPLA set fire to over 7,000 homes in Unity says Mayom county official |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-set-fire-to-over-7-000-homes,39010 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629084946/https://www.sudantribune.com/SPLA-set-fire-to-over-7-000-homes,39010 |archive-date=29 June 2011 }}</ref> The UN reports many of these violations and the frustrated director of one Juba-based international aid agency calls them "human rights abuses off the [[Richter scale]]".<ref name=aljazeera /> In 2010, the [[CIA]] issued a warning that "over the next five years,...a new mass killing or [[genocide]] is most likely to occur in southern Sudan."<ref name=aljazeera /> The [[Nuer White Army]] has stated it wished to "[[genocide|wipe out]] the entire [[Murle people|Murle]] tribe on the face of the earth as the only solution to guarantee long-term security of Nuer’s cattle"<ref name=Bloomberg /> and activists, including [[Minority Rights Group International]], warned of genocide in [[Jonglei]].<ref name=sudantribune2>{{cite news|title=Activists warn of "genocide" in S.Sudan's Jonglei conflict |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Activists-warn-of-genocide-in-S,41011 |work=[[Sudan Tribune]] |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=2 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229111823/https://www.sudantribune.com/Activists-warn-of-genocide-in-S,41011 |archive-date=29 December 2011 }}</ref> At the beginning of 2017, genocide was imminent again.<ref name="D+C">{{cite news |title=Slinding towards genocide |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/urgent-action-needed-south-sudan-deescalate-violent-conflict |work=D+C, development and cooperation |date=13 January 2017 |access-date=27 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228075409/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/urgent-action-needed-south-sudan-deescalate-violent-conflict |archive-date=28 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Peter Abdul Rahaman Sule, the leader of the key opposition group [[United Democratic Front (Sudan)|United Democratic Forum]], has been under arrest since 3 November 2011 over allegations linking him to the formation of a new rebel group fighting against the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=S. Sudan's opposition leader arrested over rebel links |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/Breaking-News-S-Sudan-s-opposition,40624 |work=Sudan Tribune |date=4 November 2011 |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704181314/http://www.sudantribune.com/Breaking-News-S-Sudan-s-opposition,40624 |archive-date=4 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Sudan arrests opposition leader turned rebel |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/04/175465.html |publisher=AlArabiya |date=4 November 2011 |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219001953/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/11/04/175465.html |archive-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[child marriage]] rate in South Sudan is 52%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures|title=Child Marriage Facts and Figures|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828070027/https://www.icrw.org/child-marriage-facts-and-figures/|archive-date=28 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[LGBT rights in South Sudan|Homosexual acts]] are illegal.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |title=Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 June 2016 |access-date=31 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111064457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/13/here-are-the-10-countries-where-homosexuality-may-be-punished-by-death-2/ |archive-date=11 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Recruitment of [[child soldier]]s has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29762263|title=Child soldiers still being recruited in South Sudan|journal=BBC News|date=27 October 2014|last1=Burridge|first1=Tom|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010143340/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29762263|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2014, [[Navi Pillay]], then the [[UN High Commissioner for Human Rights]], stated that more than 9,000 [[child soldiers]] had been fighting in South Sudan's [[civil war]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27220244|title=South Sudan sides 'recruit 9,000 children to fight'|journal=BBC News|date=30 April 2014|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010103854/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27220244|archive-date=10 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The United Nations rights office has described the situation in the country as "one of the most horrendous [[human rights]] situations in the world". It accused the army and allied militias of allowing fighters to rape women as form of payment for fighting, as well as raid cattle in an agreement of "do what you can, take what you can."<ref name=globalpost>{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/article/6744906/2016/03/11/s-sudan-lets-fighters-rape-women-place-wages|title=South Sudan lets fighters rape women as payment|publisher=globalpost.com|access-date=24 May 2016|date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519113950/http://www.globalpost.com/article/6744906/2016/03/11/s-sudan-lets-fighters-rape-women-place-wages|archive-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] claimed the army suffocated to death in a shipping container more than 60 people accused of supporting the opposition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/10/469971475/amnesty-international-says-south-sudan-soldiers-suffocated-60-plus-men-and-boys|title=South Sudan Soldiers Suffocated 60-Plus Men And Boys, Report Says|website=NPR|date=10 March 2016|access-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040226/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/03/10/469971475/amnesty-international-says-south-sudan-soldiers-suffocated-60-plus-men-and-boys|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=live|last1=Beaubien|first1=Jason}}</ref> On 22 December 2017, at the conclusion of a 12-day visit to the region, the Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan said, "Four years following the start of the current conflict in South Sudan, gross human rights violations continue to be committed in a widespread way by all parties to the conflict, in which civilians are bearing the brunt."<ref name="ohchr.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22562&LangID=E|title=OHCHR – UN human rights experts call for perpetrators of widespread human rights violations to be brought to justice in South Sudan|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=23 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124071559/http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22562&LangID=E|archive-date=24 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Commission on Human Rights in South Sudan was established by the Human Rights Council in March 2016.<ref name="ohchr.org"/> == Geography == {{Main|Geography of South Sudan}} {{Refimprove section|date=July 2022}} [[File:South Sudan protected areas.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Protected areas in South Sudan]] South Sudan lies between latitudes [[3rd parallel north|3°]] and [[13th parallel north|13°N]], and longitudes [[24th meridian east|24°]] and [[36th meridian east|36°E]]. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The [[White Nile]] passes through the country, passing by Juba.<ref name="BBC independence" /> South Sudan's protected area of [[Bandingilo National Park]] hosts the second-largest [[wildlife]] migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that [[Boma National Park]], west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the [[Sudd]] wetland and [[Southern National Park]] near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of [[hartebeest]], [[kob]], [[topi]], [[African buffalo|buffalo]], elephants, giraffes, and lions. South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]], [[giant forest hog]]s, [[red river hog]]s, forest elephants, [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzees]], and forest [[monkeys]]. Surveys begun in 2005 by [[Wildlife Conservation Society|WCS]] in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3&nbsp;million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact. Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and [[Nile Lechwe]], as well as elephants, giraffes, [[common eland]], [[giant eland]], [[oryx]], lions, [[Lycaon pictus|African wild dogs]], cape buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, both types of [[antelope]], whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve. Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S. A. J. Tarr and published by the then [[Commonwealth Mycological Institute]] (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi in South Sudan is probably much higher. In 2006, President Kiir announced that his government would do everything possible to protect and propagate South Sudanese fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure. The country had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 9.45/10, ranking it 4th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several [[ecoregion]]s extend across South Sudan: the [[East Sudanian savanna]], [[Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]], [[Saharan flooded grasslands]] (Sudd), [[Sahelian Acacia savanna]], [[East African montane forests]], and the [[Northern Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Neil|first2=Jennifer |last2=D'Amico Hales|first3= Emma |last3=Underwood|year=2004|title= Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|publisher= Island Press|place= Washington DC|isbn=978-1-55963-364-2}}</ref> === Climate === [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SSD present.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|South Sudan map of Köppen climate classification.]] South Sudan has a tropical climate, characterized by a rainy season of high humidity and large amounts of rainfall followed by a drier season. The temperature on average is always high with July being the coolest month with average temperatures falling between {{convert|68|and|86|F|C|order=flip}} and March being the warmest month with average temperatures ranging from {{convert|73|to|98|F|C|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Juba,Sudan|title=Average weather in Juba, Sudan|work=weather-and-climate.com|access-date=19 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915023106/http://www.weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Juba,Sudan|archive-date=15 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The most rainfall is seen between May and October, but the rainy season can commence in April and extend until November. On average May is the wettest month. The season is "influenced by the annual shift of the Inter-Tropical Zone"<ref name="factbook" /> and the shift to southerly and southwesterly winds leading to slightly lower temperatures, higher humidity, and more cloud coverage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/373303 |title=Weather: Juba |work=bbc.co.uk |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213155823/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/373303 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Demographics == [[File:John Garang Mausoleum Square in Juba.JPG|thumb|John Garang Square in Juba]] {{Main|Demographics of South Sudan}} {{seealso|List of cities in South Sudan}} South Sudan has a population of approximately {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|South Sudan}}|R}}/1e6 round 0}} million{{UN_Population|ref}} and a predominantly rural, subsistence economy. This region has been negatively affected by war for all but 10 of the years since 1956, resulting in serious neglect, lack of [[infrastructure]] development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2 million people have died, and more than 4 million are [[internally displaced person]]s or became [[refugee]]s as a result of the civil war and its impact. [[File:Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan (28 05 2009).jpg|thumb|Children in Yambio, Western Equatoria, South Sudan]] [[File:USAID-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project.jpg|thumb|Rural school children participating in the [[USAID]]-funded Southern Sudan Interactive Radio Instruction project, July 2010]] === Ethnic groups === The major [[ethnic group]]s present in South Sudan are the [[Dinka people|Dinka]] at more than 1 million (approximately 15 percent combined), the [[Nuer people|Nuer]] (approximately five percent), the [[Bari people|Bari]], and the [[Azande]]. The [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] constitute a historically influential state along the White Nile, and their language is fairly closely related to Dinka and Nuer. The traditional territories of the Shilluk and the Northeastern Dinka are adjacent. Currently, around 800,000 expatriates from the [[Horn of Africa]] are living in South Sudan. === Education === {{Main|Education in South Sudan}} Unlike the previous educational system of the regional Southern Sudan—which was modeled after the system used in the Republic of Sudan since 1990—the current educational system of the Republic of South Sudan follows the {{nowrap|8 + 4 + 4}} system (similar to Kenya). Primary education consists of eight years, followed by four years of [[secondary education]], and then four years of university instruction. The primary language at all levels is English, as compared to the Republic of Sudan, where the [[language of instruction]] is [[Modern Standard Arabic|Arabic]]. In 2007, South Sudan adopted English as the [[official language]] of communication. There is a severe shortage of English teachers and English-speaking teachers in the scientific and technical fields. On 1 October 2019, The South Sudan Library Foundation opened South Sudan's first public library, the Juba Public Peace Library in Gudele 2.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace|title=The Christian Times – First public library opens in South Sudan, advocates for peace|website=www.thechristiantimes.net|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132917/http://www.thechristiantimes.net/index.php/s-sudan/19-education/2434-first-public-library-opens-in-south-sudan-advocates-for-peace|archive-date=7 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library|title=Instilling a culture of reading; South Sudan looks forward to new public library|website=Audioboom|language=en|access-date=7 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107132914/https://audioboom.com/posts/7327847-instilling-a-culture-of-reading-south-sudan-looks-forward-to-new-public-library|archive-date=7 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The library currently employs a staff of over 40 volunteers and maintains a collection of over 13,000 books.<ref name=":0" /> The South Sudan Library Foundation was co-founded by Yawusa Kintha and Kevin Lenahan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sydney.edu.au/business/news-and-events/news/2019/02/07/mba-student-establishes-ngo-to-improve-literacy-in-south-sudan.html|title=MBA student establishes NGO to improve literacy in South Sudan|website=The University of Sydney|language=en-AU|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref> === Languages === {{Main|Languages of South Sudan}} The official language of South Sudan is English,<ref name="engwork" /> while Arabic is the national language of South Sudan. Swahili is the newly official language that has been added to the curriculum to be taught at schools in South Sudan since they are part of the East African Community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2017-07-06 |title=S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> There are over 60 [[indigenous language]]s, most classified under the [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan Language family]]; collectively, they represent two of the first-order divisions of [[Nilotic languages|Nile Sudanic]] and [[Central Sudanic languages|Central Sudanic]]. ====Constitution updates==== The interim constitution of 2005 declared in Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that "[a]ll indigenous languages of Southern Sudan are [[national language]]s and shall be respected, developed and promoted." In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it was stated that "English and [[Arabic]] shall be the official working languages at the level of the governments of Southern Sudan and the States as well as languages of instruction for higher education."<ref>[http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_SouthernSudan.pdf ''The Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan'', 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170713/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/c_SouthernSudan.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }} (PDF; 484&nbsp;kB), Part One, Page.&nbsp;3–4, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017</ref> The government of the new independent state later removed Arabic as an official language and chose English as the sole official language. The new transitional constitution of the Republic of South Sudan of 2011 declares in Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (1) that "[a]ll indigenous languages of South Sudan are national languages and shall be respected, developed and promoted." In Part 1, Chapter 1, No. 6 (2), it is defined that "English shall be the official working language in the Republic of South Sudan, as well as the language of instruction at all levels of education."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|title=The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011|access-date=6 May 2017|publisher=Government of South Sudan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170732/http://www.sudantribune.com/IMG/pdf/The_Draft_Transitional_Constitution_of_the_ROSS2-2.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}} Part One, Page 3, No. 6 (1), (2), retrieved 6 May 2017</ref> On 6 July 2017, South Sudan stated that it might adopt Swahili as an additional official language due to seeking [[Tanzania]]'s help to send Swahili teachers to the country as it introduces the language in school curriculum ahead of its possible adoption as an official language.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/|title=S. Sudan to adopt Swahili as official language, seeks Tanzania's help – Africanews|last=AfricaNews|date=5 July 2017|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008025942/http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/06/s-sudan-to-adopt-swahili-as-official-language-seeks-tanzania-s-help/|archive-date=8 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Some areas==== In the border region between [[Western Bahr el Ghazal]] [[States of South Sudan|state]] and Sudan are an indeterminate number of people from [[West Africa]]n countries who settled here on their way back from [[Mecca]] – who have assumed a traditionally [[nomadic]] life – that resides either seasonally or permanently. They primarily speak [[Chadic languages|Chadian languages]] and their traditional territories are in the southern portions of the Sudanese regions of Northern [[Kurdufan]] and [[Darfur]]. In the capital, Juba, there are several thousand people who use non-classical Arabic, usually a pidgin called [[Juba Arabic]], but South Sudan's ambassador to [[Kenya]] said on 2 August 2011 that [[Swahili language|Swahili]] will be introduced in South Sudan with the goal of supplanting Arabic as a ''[[lingua franca]]'', in keeping with the country's intention of orientation toward the [[East African Community]] rather than Sudan and the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://assistamerica.countrywatch.com/rcountry.aspx?vcountry=89&topic=CBWIR&uid=5271402 |agency=Xinhua |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=16 September 2013 |title=South Sudanese still in Kenya despite new state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411015341/http://assistamerica.countrywatch.com/rcountry.aspx?vcountry=89 |archive-date=11 April 2015 }}</ref> Nevertheless, South Sudan submitted an application to join the Arab League as a [[Member states of the Arab League|member state]] on 25 March 2014, which is still pending.<ref>[[Middle East Monitor]]: [https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140412-south-sudan-and-chad-apply-to-join-the-arab-league ''South Sudan and Chad apply to join the Arab League''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231309/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140412-south-sudan-and-chad-apply-to-join-the-arab-league/ |date=13 September 2017 }}, 12 April 2014, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> In an interview with the newspaper [[Asharq Al-Awsat]], the Foreign Minister of South Sudan [[Deng Alor Kuol]] said: South Sudan is the closest African country to the [[Arab world]], and we speak a special kind of Arabic known as Juba Arabic.<ref>[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]: [http://english.aawsat.com/ahmedyounis/interviews/foreign-minister-south-sudan-considering-joining-arab-league ''Foreign Minister of South Sudan: We Are Considering Joining the Arab League''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913233152/https://english.aawsat.com/ahmedyounis/interviews/foreign-minister-south-sudan-considering-joining-arab-league |date=13 September 2017 }}, 7 June 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> Sudan supports South Sudan's request to join the Arab League.<ref>[[Sudan Tribune]]: [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59689 ''Khartoum supports South Sudan demand to join Arab League''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018103721/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article59689 |date=18 October 2017 }}, 21 July 2016, retrieved 3 May 2017</ref> Juba Arabic is a [[lingua franca]] in South Sudan.<ref>[https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf ''The impact of language policy and practice on children’s learning: Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa 2016''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183348/https://www.unicef.org/esaro/UNICEF(2016)LanguageandLearning-SouthSudan-CaseStudy.pdf |date=13 September 2017 }} (PDF; 672&nbsp;kB), Page.&nbsp;1, retrieved 20 May 2017</ref> === Population === ==== 2008 census ==== [[File:South Sudan 034.jpg|thumb|upright|Woman in South Sudan]] [[File:Village in South Sudan.jpg|thumb|A village in South Sudan]] The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", for Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. The census counted the Southern Sudan population at 8.26&nbsp;million;<ref name="n24" /><ref name="epro">{{cite news |url=http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy |title=S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy |work=!enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity |date=8 June 2009 |first=Maggie |last=Fick |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717031826/http://www.enoughproject.org/blogs/s-sudan-census-bureau-releases-official-results-amidst-ongoing-census-controversy |archive-date=17 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Southern Sudanese officials rejected the census results of Southern Sudan because "the central bureau of statistics in [[Khartoum]] refused to share the national Sudan raw census data with the southern Sudan centre for census, statistics and evaluation."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746 |title=South Sudan parliament throws out census results |work=SudanTribune |date=8 July 2009 |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712230242/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article31746 |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, President Kiir "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally 'unacceptable'."<ref name="newvis">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6 |title=South Sudanese officials decry 'unfortunate' announcement of census results |work=The New Sudan Vision |date=10 May 2009 |first=Marvis |last=Birungi |access-date=3 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714174659/http://www.newsudanvision.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1677:southern-sudanese-officials-decry-unfortunate-announcement-of-census-results&catid=1:sudan-news-stories&Itemid=6 |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He claimed that the Southern Sudanese population actually constituted one-third of that of Sudan, though the census showed it to be only 22%.<ref name="epro" /> Many southern Sudanese were also said to have been uncounted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transport networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."<ref name="newvis" /> The chief American technical adviser for the census in the south said that the census-takers probably reached only 89% of the population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761 |title=Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census |work=NPR |first=Gwen |last=Thompkins |date=15 April 2009 |access-date=6 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109134348/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103124761 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== 2009 census ==== In 2009, Sudan initiated a Southern Sudanese census ahead of the [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|2011 independence referendum]], which would also include the [[South Sudanese diaspora]]; however, this initiative was criticised for leaving out countries with a high share of the South Sudanese diaspora, rather counting countries where the diaspora share was low.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest |title=South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest |work=Radio Nederland Wereldomroep |date=6 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170053/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/south-sudan-claims-northern-sudans-census-dishonest |archive-date=24 July 2011}}</ref> === Religion === {{Main|Religion in South Sudan}} [[File:Romic.jpg|thumb|Sunday Mass in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Rumbek]]]] Religions followed by the South Sudanese include traditional [[indigenous religion]]s, [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|newspaper=The Daily Star|date=9 January 2011|access-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024203009/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Sudan profile |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 |newspaper=BBC News |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708021732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last [[census]] to mention the religion of southerners dates back to 1956 where a majority were classified as following traditional beliefs or were [[Christians|Christian]] while 18% were [[Muslim]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306 |title=South Sudan's Muslims welcome secession |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]] |access-date=15 August 2011 |date=8 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024203009/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=169306 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scholarly<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric |last=Kaufmann |title=Rethinking ethnicity: majority groups and dominant minorities|publisher=Routledge|year= 2004|page=45|isbn=978-0-203-56339-7|author-link=Eric Kaufmann}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Minahan, J.|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z|publisher= Greenwood Press|year= 2002|page=1786 |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Arnold, G|title=Book Review: Douglas H. Johnson, The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars| journal=African Journal of Political Science |volume=8 |year=2003| page=147 |issue=1}}</ref> and some [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] sources<ref name="US_State_Dept" /> state that a majority of southern Sudanese maintain traditional indigenous (sometimes referred to as [[Animism|animist]]) beliefs with those following Christianity in a minority. However, according to the U.S. State Department's [[International Religious Freedom Report]] of 2012 the majority of the population adhere to Christianity, while reliable statistics on animist and Muslim belief are not available.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208198|title=International Religious Freedom Report 2012 – South Sudan|publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213323/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=208198|archive-date=12 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Federal Research Division]] of the US [[Library of Congress]] states that "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10% of southern Sudan's population was Christian".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |title=Sudan: A Country Study; Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |access-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.06.30-181108/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the early 1990s, official records of Sudan claimed that the population of what was then included as South Sudan, 25% of people followed traditional religions and 5% were Christians.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographica. The Complete Illustrated Atlas of the world| year=1999 |page= 336}}</ref> However, some news reports claim a Christian majority.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=72dc4ff98fdd3210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|title= More than 100 dead in south Sudan attack-officials|publisher= SABC News|date= 21 September 2009|access-date= 5 April 2011|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628225905/http://www.sabcnews.com/portal/site/SABCNews/menuitem.5c4f8fe7ee929f602ea12ea1674daeb9/?vgnextoid=72dc4ff98fdd3210VgnVCM10000077d4ea9bRCRD&vgnextfmt=default|archive-date= 28 June 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Hurd |first=Emma |url=http://news.sky.com/story/835953/southern-sudan-votes-to-split-from-north |title=Southern Sudan Votes To Split From North |publisher=News.sky.com |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031042419/http://news.sky.com/story/835953/southern-sudan-votes-to-split-from-north |archive-date=31 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', the [[Catholic Church]] is the largest single Christian body in Sudan since 1995, with 2.7 million Catholics mainly concentrated in South Sudan.<ref>{{cite book|title=World Christian Encyclopedia|editor-first1= David|editor-last1= Barrett|editor-first2= George|editor-last2= Kurian|editor-first3= Todd|editor-last3= Johnson|place=Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press|year= 2001| pages= 699–700}}</ref> The [[Episcopal Church (United States)|US Episcopal Church]] claims the existence of large numbers of [[Anglican Communion|Anglican adherents]] from the [[Episcopal Church of the Sudan]] with 2 million members in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fwepiscopal.org/downloads/howmanyanglicans.pdf |title=How many Anglicans are there in the Anglican Church in North America? |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073614/http://www.fwepiscopal.org/downloads/howmanyanglicans.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Presbyterian Church in Sudan]] is the third largest denomination in [[Southern Sudan]]. It has about one million members in 500 congregations in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/africa/south-sudan/presbyterian-church-of-the-sudan.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520124842/http://www.oikoumene.org/gr/member-churches/regions/africa/south-sudan/presbyterian-church-of-the-sudan.html|archive-date=20 May 2012 |title=Presbyterian Church of the Sudan |date=20 May 2012 |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> A 18 December 2012 report on religion and public life by the [[Pew Research Center]] states that in 2010, 60.5% of South Sudan's population was Christian, 32.9% were followers of traditional African religion and 6.2% were Muslim.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |title=Global Religious Landscape Table&nbsp;— Percent of Population&nbsp;— Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |publisher=Features.pewforum.org |date=18 December 2012 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |archive-date=1 January 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some publishers described the conflicts prior to partition as a Muslim-Christian war, but others reject this notion, claiming Muslim and Christian sides sometimes overlapped.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pat|first1=Mr|title=Christians Under Siege|date=2009|page=105}}</ref> Speaking at Saint Theresa Cathedral in [[Juba]], South Sudanese [[President of South Sudan|President]] Kiir, a Roman Catholic, said that South Sudan would be a nation that respects [[freedom of religion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-respect-freedom-religion-says-goss-president |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712011904/http://www.sudanradio.org/south-sudan-respect-freedom-religion-says-goss-president |archive-date=12 July 2011 |title=South Sudan To Respect Freedom of Religion Says GOSS President |work=Sudan Radio Service, Sudanradio.org |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> Amongst Christians, most are Catholic or [[Anglican Church|Anglican]], though other denominations are also active, and [[Animism|animist]] beliefs are often [[Religious syncretism|blended]] with Christian beliefs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html#sd0065 |title=Sudan : Country Studies&nbsp;— Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.06.30-181108/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html#sd0065 |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Diaspora === {{Main|South Sudanese diaspora}} The South Sudanese diaspora consists of citizens of South Sudan residing abroad. The number of South Sudanese outside South Sudan has sharply increased since the beginning of the struggle for independence from the [[Sudan]]. Almost one and a half million South Sudanese have left the country as refugees, either permanently or as temporary workforce, leading to the establishment of the South Sudanese diaspora population.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The largest communities of the South Sudanese diaspora are located in North America, Western Europe, and Oceania are in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, and small communities exist in France, Italy, Germany, Sweden, and New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sveriges flyktingkvot|url=https://www.migrationsverket.se/Om-Migrationsverket/Vart-uppdrag/Sveriges-flyktingkvot.html|access-date=2021-10-19|website=www.migrationsverket.se|language=sv}}</ref> Activist [[Achol Jok Mach]] has spoken out about growing up and growing up in a diaspora community and the effect on her identity, saying: "I was only ever told, "You are South Sudanese"... It was only much later that I learned I was [[Dinka people|Dinka]]."<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Martell|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAuXDwAAQBAJ&q=Achol+Jok+Mach&pg=PA199|title=First Raise a Flag: How South Sudan Won the Longest War But Lost the Peace|date=15 May 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-005270-6|language=en}}</ref> == Culture == {{Main|Culture of South Sudan|Tourism in South Sudan}} [[File:South Sudan 012.jpg|thumb|[[Scarification|Scarified]] tribeswoman, South Sudan, 2011]] Due to the many years of civil war, South Sudan's culture is heavily influenced by its neighbours. Many South Sudanese fled to Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda where they interacted with the nationals and learned their languages and culture. Most of those who remained in Sudan until or after independence partially assimilated to Sudanese culture and speak [[Juba Arabic]] or [[Sudanese Arabic]]. Most South Sudanese value knowing one's tribal origin, its traditional culture and [[dialect]] even while in exile and [[diaspora]]. Although the common languages spoken are Juba Arabic and English, [[Swahili language|Swahili]] might be introduced to the population to improve the country's relations with its [[East Africa]]n neighbours.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} === Music === Many music artists from South Sudan use English, Swahili, Juba Arabic, their African language or a mix of all. Popular artists like Barbz, [[Yaba Angelosi]], De Peace Child sing [[Afro-beat]], [[R&B]], and [[Zouk (musical movement)|Zouk]]; [[Dynamq]] is popular for his [[reggae]] releases; and Emmanuel Kembe who sings [[Folk music|folk]], reggae and Afro-beat. Also hip hop artists like [[Emmanuel Jal]], FTG Metro, Flizzame and Dugga Mulla (of FMG). Emmanuel being one of the South Sudaneses music artist's who have broken through on an international level<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/emmanuel_jal/en_US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027025559/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/emmanuel_jal/en_US|archive-date=27 October 2009 |title=Emmanuel Jal: National Geographic World Music |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> with his unique form of [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and a positive message in his lyrics.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stevenson |first=Jane |url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/08/emmanuel-jal-uses-music-as-therapy |title=Emmanuel Jal uses music as therapy &#124; Music &#124; Entertainment |newspaper=Toronto Sun |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101183859/http://www.torontosun.com/2012/08/08/emmanuel-jal-uses-music-as-therapy |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jal, a former [[child soldier]] turned musician, received good airplay and album reviews in the UK<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g9zf |title=Music&nbsp;— Review of Emmanuel Jal&nbsp;— Warchild |publisher=BBC |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010131912/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/g9zf |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and has also been sought out for the lecture circuit with major talks at popular talkfests like [[TED (conference)|TED]].<ref>{{cite web |author=TEDGlobal 2009 |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/emmanuel_jal_the_music_of_a_war_child.html |title=Emmanuel Jal: The music of a war child &#124; Video on |publisher=Ted.com |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818162134/http://www.ted.com/talks/emmanuel_jal_the_music_of_a_war_child.html |archive-date=18 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Games and sports === {{Main|Sport in South Sudan}} [[File:Luol Deng Wizards.jpg|right|thumb|South Sudanese-born basketball player [[Luol Deng]]]] Many traditional and modern games and sports are popular in South Sudan, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. During the matches, they smeared themselves with [[ochre]]&nbsp;– perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sudan in Pictures |last=DiPiazza |first=Francesca |year=2006 |publisher=21st-century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2678-0 |page=54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202093506/https://books.google.com/books?id=jaLr4YpUHGUC&pg=PA54 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Association football]] is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding football clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these efforts with youth football, the country recently hosted the [[Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations|CECAFA]] youth football competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The [[South Sudan national football team|South Sudan national association football team]] joined the [[Confederation of African Football]] in February 2012 and became a full [[FIFA]] member in May 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18210048 |title=South Sudan joins Fifa 10 months after independence |work=BBC News |date=25 May 2012 |access-date=27 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527120415/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18210048 |archive-date=27 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The team played its first match against [[Tusker FC]] of the [[Kenyan Premier League]] on 10 July 2011 in Juba as part of independence celebrations,<ref name="sports" /> scoring early but losing 1–3 to the more experienced team.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538 |agency=SKNVibes |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |title=S. Sudan team kicks off to a good start, then collapses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115839/http://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/33538 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Famous South Sudanese footballers are [[James Moga]], [[Richard Justin]], [[Athir Thomas]], [[Goma Genaro Awad]], [[Khamis Leyano]], [[Khamis Martin]], William Afani Clicks and [[Roy Gulwak]]. The South Sudanese can boast links to top basketball players. [[Luol Deng]] was a [[National Basketball Association]] star in the United States; at the international level, he represented [[Great Britain national basketball team|Great Britain]]. Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include [[Manute Bol]], [[Kueth Duany]], [[Deng Gai]], [[Ater Majok]], [[Wenyen Gabriel]], and [[Thon Maker]]. The [[South Sudan national basketball team]] played its first match against the [[Uganda national basketball team]] on 10 July 2011 in Juba.<ref name="sports">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201 |title=World's Newest Nation Set to Step into Sporting Arena |newspaper=The Jakarta Globe |date=6 July 2011 |access-date=21 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927093457/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/basketball/worlds-newest-nation-set-to-step-into-sporting-arena/451201 |archive-date=27 September 2012 }}</ref> One athlete from South Sudan, [[Guor Marial]], competed in the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. Due to South Sudan not as yet possessing an official Olympics organization, and Marial not yet possessing American citizenship, he, along with three athletes from the former [[Netherlands Antilles]], competed under the banner of [[Independent Olympic Athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Independent Olympic Athletes]]. On 2 August at the 128th IOC Session, South Sudan was granted full recognition of its [[South Sudan National Olympic Committee|National Olympic Committee]]. [[South Sudan at the 2016 Summer Olympics|South Sudan competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics]] with three athletes in track and field. No medals were won during this Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan|title=South Sudan|website=Rio 2016|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125235855/https://www.rio2016.com/en/south-sudan|archive-date=25 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> == Economy == {{Main|Economy of South Sudan}} {{See also|List of companies based in South Sudan}} [[File:South Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of South Sudan exports, 2019]] [[File:Loka west teak.jpg|thumb|right|Loka Teaks is the largest [[teak]] [[plantation]] in Africa.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}]] The economy of South Sudan is one of the world's most underdeveloped with South Sudan having little existing infrastructure and the highest maternal mortality and female illiteracy rates in the world {{As of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |title=South Sudanese celebrate the birth of their nation |first1=Nima |last1=Elbagir |first2=Faith |last2=Karimi |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=9 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164855/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> South Sudan exports timber to the international market. The region also contains many natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[silver]], [[gold]], [[diamonds]], [[hardwoods]], [[limestone]] and [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|title= Natural resources|work= CIA World Factbook|access-date= 2 February 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120129052947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|archive-date= 29 January 2012|url-status= dead|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Other than natural resources-based companies, other such organisations include [[Southern Sudan Beverages Limited]], a subsidiary of [[SABMiller]]. === Oil === The oilfields in the south have been significant to the economy since the latter part of the 20th century. South Sudan has the third-largest [[oil reserves]] in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="oil" /> However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1310234502-5nvX4GUBg0fK28Wp4PYaEA |title=After Years of Struggle, South Sudan Becomes a New Nation |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 July 2011 |first=Jeffrey |last=Gettleman |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222195809/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1310234502-5nvX4GUBg0fK28Wp4PYaEA |archive-date=22 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas (2004).png|thumb|upright=1.15|Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004]] It is estimated that South Sudan has around 4 times the oil deposits of Sudan. The oil revenues, according to the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA), were split equally for the duration of the agreement period.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, [[oil refinery|refineries]], and [[Port Sudan]]'s facilities in [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] state in Sudan, the agreement stated that the [[government of Sudan|government]] of Sudan in [[Khartoum]] would receive a 50% share of all oil revenues.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">{{cite web |first=Rebecca |last=Hamilton |url=http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life |title=Southern Sudanese Independence: High Hopes, Huge Obstacles |publisher=Pulitzer Center |date=28 November 2010 |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425010705/http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life |archive-date=25 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hours">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sudan-independence-2011-7 |agency=Business Insider |title=Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China and the U.S |first=Vincent |last=Trivett |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=9 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710020507/http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sudan-independence-2011-7 |archive-date=10 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> This arrangement was maintained during the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan|second period of autonomy]] from 2005 to 2011. In the run up to independence, northern negotiators reportedly pressed for a deal maintaining the 50–50 split of oil revenues, while the South Sudanese were holding out for more favorable terms.<ref name="hours" /> Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> After independence, South Sudan objected to Sudan charging US$34 per [[Barrel (unit)|barrel]] to transport oil through the pipeline to the oil terminal at Port Sudan. With production of around 30,000 barrels per day, this was costing over a million dollars per day. In January 2012, South Sudan suspended oil production, causing a dramatic reduction in revenue and food costs to rise by 120%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html |title=Happy Birthday South Sudan? |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |first=Ros |last=Wynne-Jones |date=7 July 2012 |access-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709013201/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/happy-birthday-south-sudan-7912244.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, [[Nile Drilling & Services]] became South Sudan’s first locally owned and run petroleum drilling company. [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC) is a major investor in South Sudan's oil sector.<ref name="oil">"[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-unrest-china-idUSBRE9BJ0FV20131220 China to evacuate South Sudan oil workers to capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191913/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/20/us-southsudan-unrest-china-idUSBRE9BJ0FV20131220 |date=24 September 2015 }}". Reuters. 20 December 2013.</ref> South Sudan's economy is under pressure to diversify away from oil as oil reserves will likely halve by 2020 if no new finds are made, according to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19806 |title=S.Sudan seeks food and farmland investments |agency=Reuters |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121032826/http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19806 |archive-date=21 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Debt === In terms of South Sudan's external debt, Sudan and South Sudan maintain a shared debt of approximately US$38 billion, all of which has accumulated throughout the past five decades.<ref>{{cite web |last=Badawi |first=Ahmad |date=3 October 2011 |url=http://africanarguments.org/2011/10/03/a-greek-tragedy-is-sudan%E2%80%99s-woe-sudan-should-be-relieved-of-foreign-debt-by-ahmed-badawi/ |title=A Greek Tragedy is Sudan's Woe: Sudan Must be Relieved of Foreign Debt Quickly |publisher=African Arguments |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329101159/http://africanarguments.org/2011/10/03/a-greek-tragedy-is-sudan%e2%80%99s-woe-sudan-should-be-relieved-of-foreign-debt-by-ahmed-badawi/ |archive-date=29 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Though a small portion of this debt is owed to such international institutions as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (approximately US$5.3 billion according to a 2009 report provided by the Bank of Sudan), the bulk of its debt load is actually owed to numerous foreign actors that have provided the nation with financial loans, including the [[Paris Club]] (over US$11 billion) and also non-Paris Club bilateral creditors (over US$13 billion).<ref>{{cite web |last=Leo |first=Benjamin |year=2009 |url=http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1424644 |title=Sudan Debt Dynamics: Status Quo, Southern Secession, Debt Division, and Oil&nbsp;– a Financial Framework for the Future |publisher=Center for Global Development |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512004905/http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/1424644 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Paris Club refers to an informal group of financial officials from 19 of the world's most influential economies, including such member nations as the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Canada, while non-Paris Club bilateral creditors refers to any entity that does not enjoy permanent/associated status as a Paris Club member.<ref>{{cite web |year=2012 |url=http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/composition/membres-permanents-et/membres-permanents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628015530/http://www.clubdeparis.org/sections/composition/membres-permanents-et/membres-permanents |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 June 2009 |title=Permanent Members |publisher=Paris Club}}</ref> Private bilateral creditors (i.e. private commercial banks and private credit suppliers) account for the majority of the remainder (approximately US$6 billion of the total debt).<ref>{{cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Medani |year=2008 |url=http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3080-external-debts-growth-and-peace-in-the-sudan.pdf |title=External Debts, Growth and Peace in the Sudan |publisher=CHR. Michelsen Institute |access-date=28 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607171151/http://www.cmi.no/publications/file/3080-external-debts-growth-and-peace-in-the-sudan.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> === East African Community membership === The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] to apply for membership to the [[East African Community]] upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,<ref name="en.igihe.com">{{cite news|url=http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|agency=IGIHE|title=South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173803/http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|agency=allAfrica|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudan: Rwanda Hopeful of South's Strategic Link to North Africa|first=Magnus|last=Mazimpaka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711130747/http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|agency=East African Business Week|title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC!|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including [[rail transport in South Sudan|rail links]] and oil pipelines,<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan to link to Kenya oil pipeline|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|access-date=19 October 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514061706/http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of [[Juba, South Sudan|Juba]] to pivot away from dependence on [[Sudan]] and toward the EAC. On 17 September 2011, the ''[[Daily Nation]]'' quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|agency=Daily Nation|first=Machel|last=Amos|title=South Sudan delays membership in regional bloc|date=17 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020405/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This was contradicted by President [[Salva Kiir]], who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021011844/http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|url-status=dead|title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,<ref name=SS2EAC>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm |title=Uganda says South Sudan likely to join EAC in 2014 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114233621/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm |archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> and incidents with Ugandan [[boda-boda]] operators in South Sudan created political tension.<ref name=UQSS2EAC>{{cite news |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html |title=Ugandan MPs oppose South Sudan joining East African community |agency=The Africa Report |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018075530/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.<ref name="Tanzania warms up to South Sudan">{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html |title=Tanzania warms up to South Sudan membership |agency=The EastAfrican |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224927/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2013, the EAC set aside $82,000 for the admission process. Starting after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.<ref name="EAC prepares to admit South Sudan">{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html |title=EAC prepares to admit South Sudan |agency=The EastAfrican |date=11 May 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224932/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to [[South Sudanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|title=allAfrica.com: East Africa: EAC to Decide On South Sudan Admission by April 2014|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518125004/http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=observer>{{cite web|title=South Sudan defers EAC admission|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114|work=The Observer|publisher=Observer Media Ltd.|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222918/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following unpublished evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|title=East Africa: South Sudan's Push to Join EAC Gains Momentum|date=7 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022557/http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in [[East African Community]] in March 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|title=South Sudan joins East African regional bloc|website=Daily Nation|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418043232/https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|title=COMMUNIQUÉ: SIGNING CEREMONY OF THE TREATY OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN INTO THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY|date=15 April 2016|access-date=15 April 2016|publisher=East African Community|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032901/http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> === South Sudan and the Commonwealth of Nations === South Sudan has applied to join the [[Commonwealth of Nations]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx |title=South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth |website=Gurtong.net |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711061322/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/5418/South-Sudan-Launches-Bid-to-Join-Commonwealth.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> considering that South Sudan was part of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], and has 2 [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]], [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]] as neighbouring countries. == Transport == {{Main|Transport in South Sudan}} [[File:Train Sudan towards Wau.jpg|thumb|Passengers atop a train travelling towards [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]]]] [[File:SPAF Mi17 helicopters at Juba Airport January 2011.jpg|thumb|Two [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopters at [[Juba Airport]]]] === Railway === {{Main|Rail transport in South Sudan}} South Sudan has {{convert|248|km|abbr=on}} of single-track {{RailGauge|3ft6in|lk=on|first=met}} gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to [[Juba]]. There are also plans to link Juba with the [[Rail transport in Kenya|Kenyan]] and [[Rail transport in Uganda|Ugandan]] railway networks. === Air === {{Main|List of airports in South Sudan}} The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is [[Juba Airport]], which has regular international connections to [[Asmara International Airport|Asmara]], [[Entebbe International Airport|Entebbe]], [[Jomo Kenyatta International Airport|Nairobi]], [[Cairo International Airport|Cairo]], [[Bole International Airport|Addis Ababa]], and [[Khartoum International Airport|Khartoum]]. Juba Airport was also the home base of [[Feeder Airlines Company]] and [[Southern Star Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18710&catid=74&Itemid=30 |title=South Sudan gets new airline |publisher=Defenceweb.co.za |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013753/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18710&catid=74&Itemid=30 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other international airports include [[Malakal Airport|Malakal]], with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; [[Wau Airport|Wau]], with weekly service to Khartoum; and [[Rumbek Airport|Rumbek]], also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves [[Nimule Airport|Nimule]] and [[Akobo Airport|Akobo]], which have unpaved runways. Several smaller airports exist throughout South Sudan, the majority consisting of little more than dirt runways. On 4 April 2012, plans were unveiled to launch a South Sudanese national airline, primarily for domestic service at first but eventually expanding to international service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news.html#South%20Sudan%20set%20have%20own%20national%20air%20carrier |title=South Sudan set to have own national air carrier |publisher=goss-online.org |date=1 May 2013 |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20110922121702/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/news.html#South%20Sudan%20set%20have%20own%20national%20air%20carrier |archive-date=22 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Humanitarian situation == {{See also|Health in South Sudan|Child marriage in South Sudan}} According to the United Nations, there are 8.3 million people in need of humanitarian aid in South Sudan as of January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview 2021 (January 2021) – South Sudan|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview-2021-january-2021|access-date=2021-10-12|website=ReliefWeb|language=en}}</ref> South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.<ref name=health>{{cite news |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 |title=Southern Sudan has unique combination of worst diseases in the world&nbsp;— Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan |work=Sudan Tribune |access-date=21 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408090727/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article1616 |archive-date=8 April 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Moszynski | first1 = P. | title = Conference plans rebuilding of Southern Sudan's health services | doi = 10.1136/bmj.331.7510.179 | journal = BMJ | volume = 331 | issue = 7510 | page = 179 | year = 2005 | pmc = 1179754}}</ref><ref name=SSMJ>{{cite journal |title=South Sudan Household Survey |date=December 2007 |url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf |journal=South Sudan Medical Journal |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612082122/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/assets/files/misc/SHHS.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The under-five [[infant mortality]] rate is 135.3 per 1,000, whilst [[maternal mortality]] is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=SSMJ /> In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving in southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.<ref name=health /> The epidemiology of [[HIV/AIDS]] in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is believed around 3.1%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hakim |first=James |date=August 2009 |url=http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html |title=HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment |publisher=South Sudan Medical Journal |access-date=20 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312032025/http://www.southernsudanmedicaljournal.com/archive/2009-08/untitled-resource.html |archive-date=12 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2013 study, South Sudan "probably has the highest [[malaria]] burden in sub-Saharan Africa".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Malaria control in South Sudan, 2006–2013: strategies, progress and challenges|journal=Malaria Journal|volume=12|page=374|doi=10.1186/1475-2875-12-374|pmid=24160336|pmc=3816306|year=2013|last1=Pasquale|first1=Harriet|last2=Jarvese|first2=Martina|last3=Julla|first3=Ahmed|last4=Doggale|first4=Constantino|last5=Sebit|first5=Bakhit|last6=Lual|first6=Mark Y.|last7=Baba|first7=Samson P.|last8=Chanda|first8=Emmanuel}}</ref> South Sudan is one of the few countries where [[dracunculiasis]] still occurs.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 22647809 | doi=10.1016/S1995-7645(12)60088-1 | volume=5 | issue=7 | title=Dracunculiasis eradication—finishing the job before surprises arise. | date=Jul 2012 | journal=Asian Pac J Trop Med | pages=505–10 | last1 = Visser | first1 = BJ| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 23843492 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0090 | volume=89 | issue=1 | title=Dracunculiasis eradication: and now, South Sudan. | date=Jul 2013 | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | pages=5–10 | pmc=3748487 | last1 = Hopkins | first1 = DR | last2 = Ruiz-Tiben | first2 = E | last3 = Weiss | first3 = A | last4 = Withers | first4 = PC | last5 = Eberhard | first5 = ML | last6 = Roy | first6 = SL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/en/|title=WHO&nbsp;— Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)|work=World Health Organization|access-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405212912/http://www.who.int/dracunculiasis/en/|archive-date=5 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> At the time of the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the UN [[Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism |title=Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism |last=Ambler |first=Sean |date=10 January 2011 |work=[[League for the Fifth International]] |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709140536/http://fifthinternational.org/content/support-freedom-southern-sudan-and-fight-workers-unity-against-imperialism |archive-date=9 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, the United Nations OCHA (under the leadership of [[Éliane Duthoit]]) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 |title=SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south |date=18 April 2007 |work=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]] |access-date=24 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828092901/http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=71676 |archive-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> [[Famine]] reportedly led to deaths in [[Northern Bahr el Ghazal]] and [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]] states in mid-2011, though the state governments of both denied hunger there was severe enough to cause fatalities.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-N-Bahr-el-Ghazal,39863 |agency=Sudan Tribune |title=South Sudan's N. Bahr el Ghazal denies reports that hunger caused death |date=17 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921161921/http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-N-Bahr-el-Ghazal,39863 |archive-date=21 September 2011 }}</ref> In Pibor County located in the Jonglei State, in December 2011 and January 2012, [[Cattle raiding|cattle raids]] led to border clashes that eventually resulted in widespread [[Sudanese nomadic conflicts|ethnic violence]], with thousands of deaths and tens of thousands of South Sudanese being displaced, and hundreds of [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] staff went missing. The government declared the area a disaster zone and took control from local authorities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meldrum |first=Andrew |title=South Sudan News: Ethnic clashes must be solved in the long term |url=http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205004734/http://web1.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/africa/120105/south-sudan-news-ethnic-clashes-must-be-solved-long-term |archive-date=5 February 2012 |access-date=6 January 2012 |newspaper=GlobalPost |date=6 January 2012}}</ref> South Sudan has a very high rate of [[child marriage]].<ref>According to the WHO: "The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; Bangladesh, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and Malawi, 50%. "[https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424050514/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/ |date=24 April 2015 }}</ref> [[Violence against women]] is common in the country, and South Sudan's laws and policies have been criticized as inadequate in offering protection.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115725/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/south-sudan/womens-security/HSBA-women-security-law.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref><ref>Inter-Agency Standing Committee (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150114234102/http://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/5/humanitarian-crisis-in-south-sudan Humanitarian Crisis in South Sudan Gender Alert 2: May 2014.] United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women)</ref> === Water crisis === {{Further|Water supply in South Sudan}}{{See also|Sudanese nomadic conflicts}} The [[water supply in South Sudan]] is faced with numerous challenges. Although the [[White Nile]] runs through the country, water is scarce during the dry season in areas that are not located on the river. About half the population does not have access to an [[improved water source]], defined as a protected well, standpipe or a handpump within one kilometre. The few existing piped water supply systems are often not well maintained and the water they provide is often not safe to drink. Displaced people returning home put a huge strain on infrastructure, and the government institutions in charge of the sector are weak. Substantial external funding from numerous government agencies and non-governmental organizations is available to improve water supply. Numerous non-governmental organizations support water supply in Southern Sudan, such as [[Water is Basic]], [[Water for South Sudan]], the [[Obakki Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obakkifoundation.org/projects |title=Obakki Foundation |publisher=ObakkiFoundation.com |access-date=2 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120004231/https://obakkifoundation.org/projects/ |archive-date=20 January 2019 }}</ref> and [[Bridgton-Lake Region Rotary Club]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lakeregionrotary.com |title=Rotary Club of Bridgton Lake-Region |publisher=Lakeregionrotary.com |access-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611161653/https://www.lakeregionrotary.com/ |archive-date=11 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> from North America. === Refugees === [[File:The scale of the problem Jamam refugee camp from the air (6972523516).jpg|thumb|Jamam refugee camp]] As of February 2014, South Sudan was host to over 230,000 [[refugee]]s, with the vast majority, over 209,000, having arrived recently from Sudan, because of the [[War in Darfur]]. Other African countries that contribute the most refugees to South Sudan are the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update">{{cite web |url=http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832 |title=South Sudan Emergency Situation-Regional Update |publisher=UNHCR |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222140349/http://data.unhcr.org/SouthSudan/download.php?id=832 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the war that erupted in December 2013, more than 2.3 million people – one in every five people in South Sudan – have been forced to flee their homes, including 1.66 million internally displaced people (with 53.4 per cent estimated to be children) and nearly 644,900 refugees in neighbouring countries. Some 185,000 internally displaced people (IDPs) have sought refuge in UN Protection of Civilians (PoC) sites, while around 90 percent of IDPs are on the run or sheltering outside PoC sites.<ref name="reliefweb">{{cite web|title=2016 South Sudan Humanitarian Needs Overview|work=[[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|date=5 January 2016|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235414/https://reliefweb.int/report/south-sudan/2016-south-sudan-humanitarian-needs-overview|archive-date=27 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, UNHCR is stepping up its response through an inter-agency collaborative approach under the leadership of the Humanitarian Coordinator, and working with the International Organization for Migration (IOM). In early February 2013, UNHCR started distributing relief items outside the UN base in Malakal, South Sudan, which was expected to reach 10,000 people.<ref name="UNHCR Regional Update" /> === 2017 famine === {{Further|2017 South Sudan famine}} On 20 February 2017 South Sudan and the United Nations declared a famine in parts of former [[Unity State]], with the warning that it could spread rapidly without further action. Over 100,000 people were affected. The [[UN World Food Programme]] said that 40% of the population of South Sudan, 4.9 million people, need food urgently.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/famine-hits-parts-south-sudan|title=Famine Hits Parts of South Sudan|date=20 February 2017|publisher=World Food Programme|access-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105459/https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/famine-hits-parts-south-sudan|archive-date=21 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=BBC>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|title=South Sudan declares famine in Unity State|journal=BBC News|date=20 February 2017|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722044156/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39025927|archive-date=22 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> U.N. officials said that President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] was blocking food deliveries to some areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/|title=Famine declared in part of South Sudan by government and UN|date=20 February 2017|publisher=WHIO|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105314/http://www.whio.com/news/world/famine-declared-part-south-sudan-government-and/ZT9UT22sGQUWxH1w5rIjYJ/|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Furthermore, UNICEF warned that more than 1 million children in South Sudan were subjected to malnutrition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/20/africa/south-sudan-famine/index.html|title=Famine declared in South Sudan|first1=Farai|last1=Sevenzo|first2=Bryony|last2=Jones|website=CNN|access-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307014524/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/20/africa/south-sudan-famine/index.html|archive-date=7 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An outbreak of [[fall armyworm]] further threatened [[sorghum]] and maize production by July 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/south-sudan/news/detail-events/en/c/1145120/ | title=FAO trains village facilitators to fight Fall Armyworm in South Sudan &#124; FAO in South Sudan &#124; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | access-date=20 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720110207/http://www.fao.org/south-sudan/news/detail-events/en/c/1145120/ | archive-date=20 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> ==Villages== <!---♦♦♦ Only add a location to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> *[[Kuinger]] == See also == *[[Outline of South Sudan]] == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} {{notelist}} == References == {{Reflist |refs = <ref name="Sudan Tribune 2011-11-18">{{cite news |title = South Sudan releases two journalists without charges |newspaper=[[Sudan Tribune]] |date=18 November 2011 |url = http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-releases-two,40769 |access-date=2 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111229115124/https://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-releases-two,40769 |archive-date=29 December 2011 }}</ref> }} ==Further reading== {{Refbegin}} *{{Country study}}&nbsp;– [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html Sudan] *Walter C. Soderlund, E. Donald Briggs, ''The Independence of South Sudan: The Role of Mass Media in the Responsibility to Prevent'', Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2014. pp. $38.99 (paper), {{ISBN|978-1-77112-117-0}} * Mohamed Omer Beshir: ''The Southern Sudan. Background to Conflict''. C. Hurst & Co., London 1968. *{{cite book |last=Biel |first=Melha Rout |title=South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement |year=2007 |publisher=Netzbandt Verlag |location=Jena |isbn=978-3-937884-01-1}} *{{cite book|last1=Daly|first1=M. W.|last2=Rolandsen|first2=Øystein H.|title=A History of South Sudan: From Slavery to Independence|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, U.K.|isbn=978-0-521-11631-2|oclc=921821890}} *{{cite book |last=Tvedt |first=Terje |title=South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols) |year=2004 |publisher=IB Tauris |location=London/New York |isbn=978-1-86064-987-5 |edition=2nd}} *{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12107760 |title=Profile: Southern Sudan leader Salva Kiir |date=5 January 2011 |work=[[BBC Online]]| access-date=24 July 2011}} *{{cite journal|date=June 2009 |title=No One to Intervene: Gaps in Civilian Protection in Southern Sudan |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |location=New York |url=http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001005138/http://www.humansecuritygateway.com/documents/HRW_GapsCivlianProtection_SouthernSudan.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2011 }} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikivoyage}} * [https://twitter.com/southsudangov?lang=en Government of South Sudan] * [https://www.southsudanembassyusa.org/ Government of South Sudan;– USA and UN Mission] * [https://embrss.org.uk/ Government of South Sudan- UK Mission] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ South Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/South_Sudan}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14069082 South Sudan profile] from the [[BBC News]]. * [http://sudanproject.ryanspencerreed.com/gallery/ Photographer's Account of South Sudan – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"] * [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/teague-text "Sudan's Shaky Peace"], ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'', November 2010. * [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/11/southern-sudan/steinmetz-photography Photo gallery] by [[George Steinmetz]]. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140419170725/http://www.hnkcnews.com/2014/04/19/un-outrage-at-south-sudan-attack/ UN Outrage at South Sudan Attack] {{South Sudan topics}} {{Countries of Africa}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:South Sudan| ]]<!--leave the empty space and the catmain above as standard--> [[Category:2011 establishments in South Sudan]] [[Category:Central African countries]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African Community]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:States and territories established in 2011]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] l33e6e0zm088y7o0nsd1c36vsrntn1e 4 13241 123377 110257 2026-11-02T07:23:33Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png with [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas_(2004).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · The Sudan map reflects the situation of 2004 as s 123377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Overview of the economy of South Sudan}} {{Infobox economy | country = [[South Sudan]] | image_size = 300px | caption = [[Juba]], the economic center of South Sudan | currency = [[South Sudanese pound]] (£&nbsp;SSP) | fixed exchange = | year = | organs = [[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Area|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[East African Community|EAC]], [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development|IGAD]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]] (observer) | group = {{plainlist| *[[Least Developed Countries|Least Developed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *[[Least Developed Countries|Low-income economy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}} | gdp = {{plainlist| *{{decrease}} $3.681 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOSS">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=733&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref> *{{increase}} $22.092 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="2020/01">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2020 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2020/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=13&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=733&s=NGDP_RPCH%2CPPPGDP%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref>}} | gdp rank = {{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|156th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|140th (PPP, 2019)]]}} | growth = {{plainlist| *–1.2%&nbsp;(2018) 11.3%&nbsp;(2019e) *4.9%&nbsp;(2020e) 3.2%&nbsp;(2021e)<ref name="2020/01"/>}} | per capita = {{plainlist| *{{decrease}} $276 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOSS"/> *{{increase}} $1,602 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOSS"/>}} | per capita rank = {{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|186th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|178th (PPP, 2018)]]}} | components = | sectors = | inflation = 8.1% (2020 est.)<ref name="2020/01"/> | poverty = {{plainlist| *66% (2015 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/|title=AFRICA :: SOUTH SUDAN|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|website=CIA.gov|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> *42.9% on less than $1.90/day (2009)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - South Sudan |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=SS&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>}} | gini = 45.5 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Income Gini coefficient |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/income-gini-coefficient |website=hdr.undp.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> | hdi = {{plainlist| *{{decrease}} 0.413 {{color|red|low}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|186th]]) *0.264 [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>}} | labor = {{increase}} 4,724,150 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor force, total - South Sudan |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=SS&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> | edbr = {{steady}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|185th (below average, 2020)]] | occupations = | unemployment = | industries = | exports = $1.13 billion (2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | export-goods = | export-partners = | imports = $3.795 billion (2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | import-goods = | import-partners = | current account = {{decrease}} −$154 million (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | FDI = | gross external debt = | debt = {{decreasePositive}} 62.7% of GDP (2017 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | revenue = 259.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | expenses = 298.6 million (FY2017/18 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | balance = −1.3% (of GDP) (FY2017/18 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | aid = | credit = | reserves = $73 million (31 December 2016 est.)<ref name="CIAWFOD"/> | cianame = south-sudan | spelling = | image = Juba City.jpg }} [[South Sudan]] became the world's newest country and Africa's 55th nation in July 9, 2011. The conflict which started in December 2013 and July 2016 undermined the development achieved since the independence which has made the Humanitarian work situation difficult, as such, South Sudan is facing economy [[Stagnation pressure|stagnation]] and instability in 10 years after the independence, poverty is everywhere in the country as a result of the intercommunal conflict and displacement and external fear.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/overview |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> The '''economy of [[South Sudan]]''' is $3.681 billion by [[gross domestic product]] as of 2019, being one of the most [[Petroleum|oil]] dependent economies in the world, despite being endowed with adequate natural resources. It has a very fertile agricultural land and vast livestock. The livestock include over 60 million cattle, sheep and goats. [[Fragile States Index|Instability]], unsatisfactory governance, and [[Corruption in South Sudan|corruption]] continue to hinder development in South Sudan. South Sudan is mostly underdeveloped; most cities in the country have no electricity or running water, and overall infrastructure is lacking, with only {{convert|10000|km|abbr=on}} of paved roads.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last1=Elbagir|first1=Nima|last2=Karimi|first2=Faith|date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudanese celebrate the birth of their nation|publisher=[[CNN]]|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html|access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> South Sudan is a [[Least developed countries|least developed country]] according to [[United Nations]]. ==Natural resources== South Sudan exports timber to the international market. Some of the states with the best known teak and natural trees for timber are [[Western Equatoria]] and [[Central Equatoria]] and some parts of Eastern Equatoria like magwi . There are teak plantations located at Kegulu; the other, oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West, and Nuni. Western Equatoria timber resources include [[mvuba]] trees at Zamoi. One of the major natural features of South Sudan is the [[Nile|River Nile]] whose many tributaries have sources in the country. The region also contains many natural resources such as [[petroleum]], [[iron ore]], [[copper]], [[chromium]] ore, [[zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[silver]], [[gold]] in Kapoeta area of Eastern Equatoria, and [[hydropower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|title=FIELD LISTING :: NATURAL RESOURCES|publisher=CIA|work=World Factbook|access-date=2012-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129052947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2111.html|archive-date=2012-01-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some of the agricultural produce include [[cotton]], groundnuts ([[peanut]]s), [[sorghum]], [[millet]], [[wheat]], [[gum arabic]], [[sugarcane]], [[cassava]] (tapioca), [[mango]]s, [[papaya]], maize,simsim,[[banana]]s, [[sweet potatoes]], and [[sesame]]. Solar power could become important with a solar photovoltaic project on 250,000 m2 of land near Juba expected to be operational by late 2020. The project consists of a 20 MWP photovoltaic park, a 35 megawatt-hour battery storage system and an in-house training center.[https://www.elsewedyelectric.com/en/business-lines/engineering-construction/power-generation/solar/]. ===Oil=== [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas (2004).png|thumb|350px|Oil and gas concessions in Sudan – 2004.]] Prior to independence, South Sudan produced 85% of [[Sudan]]ese oil output.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riskwatchdog.com/2011/01/19/south-sudan-referendum-oil-industry-implications/ |title=South Sudan Referendum: Oil Industry Implications |publisher=Risk Watchdog |date=2011-01-19 |access-date=2011-07-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226081108/http://www.riskwatchdog.com/2011/01/19/south-sudan-referendum-oil-industry-implications/ |archive-date=2011-02-26 }}</ref> The oil revenues according to the [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] (CPA), were to be split equally for the duration of the agreement period.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org"/> Since South Sudan relies on pipelines, [[oil refinery|refineries]], and port facilities in [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] state in North Sudan, the agreement stated that the [[government of Sudan|government]] in [[Khartoum]] would receive 50% share of all oil revenues.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org"/> Oil revenues constitute more than 98% of the government of South Sudan's budget according to the southern government's [[Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)|Ministry of Finance and Economic]] Planning and this has amounted to more than $8 billion in revenue since the signing of the peace agreement.<ref name="pulitzercenter.org">Hamilton, Rebecca [http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life "Awaiting Independence Vote, Southern Sudan Has High Hopes"], ''Washington Post'', 28 November 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.</ref> In recent years, a significant amount of foreign-based oil drilling has begun in South Sudan, raising the land's geopolitical profile. Oil and other mineral resources can be found throughout South Sudan, but the area around [[Bentiu]] is commonly known as being especially rich in oil, while [[Jonglei]], [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]], and [[Lakes (state)|Lakes]] have potential reserves. During the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan|autonomy years]] from 2005 to 2011, [[Khartoum]] partitioned much of Sudan into blocks, with about 85% of the oil coming from the South. Blocks 1, 2, and 4 are controlled by the largest overseas consortium, the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]] (GNPOC). GNPOC is composed of the following players: [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] (CNPC, [[People's Republic of China]]), with a 40% stake; [[Petronas]] ([[Malaysia]]), with 30%; [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] ([[India]]), with 25%; and [[Sudapet]] of the central Sudan government with 5%.<ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 "The 'Big 4' – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429082354/http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 |date=2011-04-29 }} Amnesty International Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> Due to Sudan's presence on the [[United States]]' list of [[state sponsor of terrorism|state sponsors of terrorism]] and Khartoum's insistence upon receiving a share of the profit from any oil deal South Sudan conducts internationally, US oil companies cannot do business with [[landlocked country|landlocked]] South Sudan. As such, US companies have virtually no presence in the South Sudanese oil sector.<ref name="hours">{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/southern-sudan-independence-2011-7|agency=Business Insider|title=Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China And The U.S.|first=Vincent|last=Trivett|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> The other producing blocks in the South are blocks 3 and 7 in eastern [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]] state. These blocks are controlled by [[Petrodar]] which is 41% owned by [[CNPC]], 40% by [[Petronas]], 8% by Sudapet, 6% by [[Sinopec|Sinopec Corp]] and 5% by [[Al Thani]].<ref name="Amnesty" /> Another major block in the South, formerly called Block B by the North Sudanese government, is claimed by several players. [[Total S.A.|Total]] of [[France]] was awarded the concession for the 90,000 square kilometre block in the 1980s but has since done limited work invoking "[[force majeure]]". Various elements of the [[SPLM]] handed out the block or parts thereof to other parties of South Sudan. Several of these pre-Naivasha deals were rejected when the SPLM/A leader [[Dr. John Garang De Mabior|Dr. John Garang de Mabior]] lost power. The wealth-sharing section of the CPA states that all agreements signed prior to the CPA would hold; they would not be subject to review by the National Petroleum Commission (NPC), a commission set up by the CPA and composed of both Khartoum and Southerners and co-chaired by both President [[Omar Hassan al-Bashir|al-Bashir]] of Khartoum and President [[Salva Kiir Mayardit|Kiir]] of South Sudan. However, the CPA does not specify who could sign those pre-CPA agreements. According to some reports, the [[People's Republic of China]] has offered to extend a line of credit to South Sudan for several years while an alternative pipeline to the [[Kenya]]n coast is laid and an export deal is worked out with the Kenyan government, but this scenario is regarded as less likely than continued South Sudanese dependence on Sudanese [[infrastructure]]. If such a deal were struck, though, and South Sudan began exporting oil from Kenyan ports, the US would become a potential trade partner and South Sudanese oil importer. In the meantime, the South Sudanese government intends to lobby the US to ease restrictions on American companies doing business with Sudan.<ref name="hours"/> ===Agriculture=== {{cleanup reorganize|section|date=January 2014}} [[South Sudan]] is rich in agricultural land and has one of the largest populations of pastoralists in the world.<ref name="The Oakland Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.oaklandinstitute.org/sites/oaklandinstitute.org/files/OI_country_report_south_sudan_1.pdf |title=UnderstandingLand Investment Deals in Africa: South Sudan|publisher=The Oakland Institute|year=2011 |access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> However, since 1999, when Sudan first started exporting oil, agricultural production in the country had declined. According to the [[World Bank]], the average annual growth rate of the agricultural sector between 2000 and 2008 was only 3.6 percent, which is considerably lower than the 10.8 percent growth rate of the previous decade.<ref name="Norwegian People's Aid">{{cite web|url=http://www.npaid.org/filestore/NPA_New_Frontier.pdf|title=The New Frontier: A Baseline Survey of Large-scale land-based investment in Southern Sudan|publisher=Norwegian People's Aid|year=2011|access-date=2012-01-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106170947/http://www.npaid.org/filestore/NPA_New_Frontier.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-06}}</ref> The UN Food and Agriculture Agency ([[FAO]]) carried out an extensive satellite land cover survey that showed just 4.5 percent of the available land was under cultivation when South Sudan became independent.<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/81693/icode/|title=South Sudan naturally endowed for sustainable growth through agriculture|publisher=FAO|date=2011-07-08 |access-date=2012-02-02}}</ref> South Sudan relies on food imports from neighboring countries, such as [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Sudan]]. These come at a high transportation cost which, coupled with [[inflation]], has caused [[food prices]] to rise dramatically in South Sudan.<ref name="The Oakland Institute"/> The declining agricultural production and the reliance on expensive foreign food supplies have contributed to a severe food shortage in South Sudan. Around 2.7 million South Sudanese will need food aid in 2012 according to the United Nations' food programme.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite web|url=http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19806|title=S.Sudan seeks food and farmland investments|publisher=Reuters|date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> The government has begun to address the issue of agriculture and food security. According to Elizabeth Manoa Majok, undersecretary in the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Investment, the government of South Sudan has made food production a top priority.<ref name="Reuters"/> The Ministry of [[Agriculture]] in South Sudan has announced its goal of boosting food production in South Sudan to two million metric tons per year by 2013.<ref name="The Oakland Institute" /> South Sudan hopes to attract agricultural investors from [[Gulf Arab states]], [[Israel]], [[China]], the [[Netherlands]] and fellow African countries in order to increase production of basic food items such as sugar, rice, cereals and oilseeds, livestock as well as cotton.<ref name="Reuters" /> In June 2011, the vice-president of South Sudan, [[Riek Machar|Riek Machar Teny]], announced a plan to mobilize $500 billion of foreign investment in the first five years of independence. Much of this investment would be focused in the agricultural sector, where the government hopes to diversify the economy and provide jobs to the large numbers of unemployed.<ref name="The Oakland Institute" /> The FAO has also drawn up a $50 million Interim Assistance Plan (IAP) for the agricultural sector that will build capacity in ministerial and state agricultural extension offices. This includes the establishment of a seed production sector and an urban and peri-urban agriculture component.<ref name="fao.org"/> [[Smallholding|Smallholder]] farming accounts for 80 percent of the country's cereal production. Unfortunately, these farmers face a number of constraints, due to high transport costs, unavailability of agricultural inputs, and underdeveloped agricultural extension services. Instead of investing resources into developing the kind of agricultural extension services that could help smallholder production, however, the government has chosen to focus on large-scale, private sector-led industrial agricultural schemes as a way to boost food production.<ref name="The Oakland Institute" /> Donor countries promote the idea that industrial farming is the key to improved food security in South Sudan. The [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID), for example, is working with [[Citibank]], the IFC, the [[Corporate Council on Africa]], and others to help the country market its resources and attract private capital in key sectors, including agriculture.<ref name="The Oakland Institute" /> This investment is intended to stimulate rural development and generate employment opportunities, increase food productivity, provide government institutions with new and sustainable sources of revenue, and help to diversify the economy. There is some concern, however, that a small transnational elite will benefit at the expense of the rural poor if the country's arable land is used to grow food for foreign populations, while simultaneously pushing communities onto increasingly [[Marginal land|marginal lands.]] This could create the potential for more food [[InSecurity|insecurity]], [[instability]], social unrest and conflict.<ref name="Norwegian People's Aid" /> Nina Pedersen, manager of [[Norwegian People's Aid]] (NPA)'s Civil Society Development Project is concerned that in the rush to attract foreign investment for South Sudan not enough attention was paid as to whether the people negotiating the terms really knew the value of the land they were selling.<ref name="allafrica.com">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201112122291.html|title=Land Deals 'Threaten Country's Development'|access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> According to the NPA, prior to South Sudan's declaration of Independence, beginning in 2007, private interests sought or secured 5.15 million hectares of land in the agriculture, [[biofuels]], [[forestry]], [[carbon credit]], and ecotourism sectors—equivalent to more than eight percent of South Sudan's total land area.<ref name="Norwegian People's Aid" /> One of the largest firms involved is the Egyptian private equity firm Citadel Capital, which has leased 259,500 acres for farming. This plantation has provided little local employment, being mostly run by [[Demographics of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]ans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://farmlandgrab.org/post/view/19593|title=South Sudanese fear impact of farming deals|work=Financial Times|date=2011-11-06 |access-date=2012-01-15}}</ref> A Ugandan conglomerate called the [[Madhvani Group]] has also entered into a preliminary agreement with the government of South Soudan to revitalize a government-owned sugar plantation and processing facility in Mangala Payam. This plantation would cover 10,000 ha of prime riverfront property along the [[Nile]], about 70 kilometers north of [[Juba]]. According to the paramount chief in Mangala, the community has not been involved in any of the investment negotiations.<ref name="The Oakland Institute" /> Concerns about foreign exploitation has led organizations such as OI and NPA to urge a moratorium on new land deals until a better framework is established.<ref name="allafrica.com" /> [[File:Banana plantation in Arua-Uganda.jpg|thumb|Banana plantation]] For its part, the South Sudan's Land Commission, a task force headed by [[Robert Lado]] in charge of advising the government and drawing up the new policy, is pushing for land administrations at county and sub-county level that are run by community members, including women and tribal elders.<ref name="allafrica.com" /> ==Infrastructure== In 2012, [[The World Bank]] approved a four-year, US$38 million investment loan to South Sudan's Ministry of Roads and Bridges to build rural and inter-urban roads and highways.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Sudan Rural Roads Project (SSRRP)|url=http://www.worldbank.org/projects/P129000/south-sudan-rural-roads-project-ssrrp?lang=en|website=worldbank.org|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref> Access to clean [[Water supply in South Sudan|water in South Sudan]] is a major challenge for many people. The nation has some [[telecommunications]] service through operators like [[MTN Group]] (formerly known as [[Investcom]]), but currently lacks the infrastructure to offer high speed Internet connections. In March 2015, South Sudan's minister for telecommunications and postal services revealed plans for the government to lay 1,600 kilometers of fiber-optic cable across the country within two years.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Miriri|first1=Duncan|title=South Sudan plans to lay fibre-optic cables within two years|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/southsudan-internet-idUSL6N0WX5JM20150401|access-date=1 April 2015|work=Reuters}}</ref> The government plans to connect this network with undersea cables via existing infrastructure in Uganda and Tanzania. ==Currency== {{Further|South Sudanese pound}} In 1992, the [[Sudanese Pound]] replaced the dinar as [[Sudan]]'s currency. Until [[Southern Sudanese independence referendum, 2011|a referendum]], South Sudan will become to first to use the new currency and will be nicknamed 'the Sudani'.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Sudan pilots new currency |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6244019.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 January 2007 |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref> Inaugural Finance Minister [[David Deng Athorbie]] announced the creation of the [[South Sudanese pound]] to go into effect a week after independence.<ref name="english.aljazeera.net">{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/07/2011711145513727475.html |title=South Sudan to introduce 'pound' as currency |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref> ==East African Community membership== {{Further|East African Community}} The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the [[Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan]] to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,<ref name="en.igihe.com">{{cite news|url=http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|agency=IGIHE|title=South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173803/http://en.igihe.com/spip.php?article455|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|agency=allAfrica|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|title=South Sudan: Rwanda Hopeful of South's Strategic Link to North Africa|first=Magnus|last=Mazimpaka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711130747/http://allafrica.com/stories/201107090046.html|archive-date=11 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.<ref name="en.igihe.com" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|agency=East African Business Week|title=Welcome South Sudan to EAC!|date=10 July 2011|access-date=10 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010848/http://www.busiweek.com/11/editorial/editorial/1316-welcome-south-sudan-to-eac|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> By early-October, South Sudan was officially expected to become a member in the future.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thecitizen.co.tz/sunday-citizen/-/15933-south-sudan-now-confirms-eac-entry|work=The Citizen|title=South Sudan now confirms EAC entry|date=8 Oct 2011|access-date=31 Oct 2011}}</ref> Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including [[rail transport in South Sudan|rail links]] and oil pipelines,<ref>{{cite news|title=South Sudan to link to Kenya oil pipeline|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|access-date=19 October 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514061706/http://af.reuters.com/article/sudanNews/idAFLAE63689720110706|archive-date=14 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of [[Juba, South Sudan|Juba]] to pivot away from dependence on [[Sudan]] and toward the EAC. [[Reuters]] considered South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term,<ref>{{cite news|agency=DAWN|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/07/south-sudan-needs-african-neighbours-to-survive.html|title=South Sudan needs African neighbours to survive|date=8 July 2011|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709025645/http://www.dawn.com/2011/07/07/south-sudan-needs-african-neighbours-to-survive.html|archive-date=9 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and an article in Tanzanian daily ''[[The Citizen (Tanzania)|The Citizen]]'' that reported [[East African Legislative Assembly]] Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was "free to join the EAC" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thecitizen.co.tz/news/55-east-african-news/12784-south-sudan-free-to-join-the-eac.html|agency=The Citizen|date=12 July 2011|access-date=12 July 2011|title=South Sudan 'free to join the EAC'}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 17 September 2011, the ''[[Daily Nation]]'' quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|agency=Daily Nation|first=Machel|last=Amos|title=South Sudan delays membership in regional bloc|date=17 September 2011|access-date=18 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018020405/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/South+Sudan+delays+membership+in+regional+bloc++/-/1066/1238078/-/s3w8wbz/-/|archive-date=18 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> This was contradicted by President [[Salva Kiir]], who announced South Sudan had officially embarked on the application process one month later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021011844/http://www.busiweek.com/11/the-eac-issues/eac-news/1891-south-sudan-readies-for-eac-membership|url-status=dead|title=South Sudan readies for EAC membership|archive-date=21 October 2011}}</ref> The application was initially deferred by the EAC in December 2012,<ref name=SS2EAC>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm |title=Uganda says South Sudan likely to join EAC in 2014 |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=9 September 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114233621/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2013-09/10/c_132705919.htm |archive-date=14 November 2013}}</ref> however incidents with Ugandan [[boda-boda]] operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process.<ref name=UQSS2EAC>{{cite news |url=http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html |title=Ugandan MPs oppose South Sudan joining East African community |agency=The Africa Report |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=17 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018075530/http://www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/ugandan-mps-oppose-south-sudan-joining-east-african-community.html |archive-date=18 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2012, Tanzania officially agreed to South Sudan's bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world's newest state to become the regional bloc's sixth member.<ref name="Tanzania warms up to South Sudan">{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html |title=Tanzania warms up to South Sudan membership |agency=The EastAfrican |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224927/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Tanzania-warms-up-to-South-Sudan-membership-/-/2558/1639636/-/viwjrjz/-/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2013 The [[EAC Generals|EAC]] set aside $82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in [[Nairobi]] in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.<ref name="EAC prepares to admit South Sudan">{{cite news |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html |title=EAC prepares to admit South Sudan |agency=The EastAfrican |date=11 May 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201224932/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/EAC-prepares-to-admit-South-Sudan--/-/2558/1849526/-/ao63gfz/-/index.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to [[South Sudanese Civil War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|title=allAfrica.com: East Africa: EAC to Decide On South Sudan Admission by April 2014|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518125004/http://allafrica.com/stories/201312051231.html|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=observer>{{cite web|title=South Sudan defers EAC admission|url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114|work=The Observer|publisher=Observer Media Ltd.|access-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222918/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31578:-south-sudan-defers-eac-admission&catid=34:news&Itemid=114|archive-date=12 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been officially released to the public. It was reported that South Sudan could be admitted as early as November 2015 when the heads of East African States had their summit meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|title=East Africa: South Sudan's Push to Join EAC Gains Momentum|date=7 November 2015|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022557/http://allafrica.com/stories/201511090602.html|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> South Sudan was eventually approved for membership in [[East African Community]] in March 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|title=South Sudan joins East African regional bloc|website=Daily Nation|access-date=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418043232/https://www.nation.co.ke/business/South-Sudan-admitted-into-EAC/996-3100314-acaobi/index.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and formally acceded with the signature of the treaty in April 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|title=COMMUNIQUÉ: SIGNING CEREMONY OF THE TREATY OF ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN INTO THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY|date=15 April 2016|access-date=15 April 2016|publisher=East African Community|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424032901/http://www.eac.int/news-and-media/statements/20160415/communique-signing-ceremony-treaty-accession-republic-south-sudan-east-african-community|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> ==See also== * [[Transport in South Sudan]] * [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.ecosonline.org/ European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)] {{Portal bar|Business and economics|Africa}} {{Economy of South Sudan}} {{South Sudan topics}} {{Africa topic|Economy of}} [[Category:Economy of South Sudan| ]] [[Category:African Union member economies]] fp18ad6i2e6cuin5j7k0xl8e7vkdo27 0 16455 123367 123295 2026-11-01T21:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123367 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''''Miss Grand International''<br />''มิสแกรนด์อินเตอร์เนชันแนล''<br />'''</big></big> | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="140px" | | align="center" width="140px" |[[File:Miss_Grand_Conferencia.jpg|135x135px]] |} |- | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | colspan="2" align="center" |'''Miss Grand International Organisation''' |- | colspan="2" align="center" |<small>Mwakudumula: ''MGI'' panji ''MGIO''</small> |} |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Thailand_(orthographic_projection).svg|250x250px]] |- | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="left" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |'''Ŵakakhazikiska:''' |6 Novembala 2013 |- |'''Wakwambiska:''' |Nawat Itsaragrisil |- |'''Ofesi yayikulu:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |- |'''Adilesi:''' |213/414, Soi Lat Phrao 94 (Pancha Mit), Lat Phrao Road, Phapphla, Wang Thonglang, [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |- |'''Chiluso:''' |Lekani nkhondo na viwawa ''(Stop the wars and violence)'' |- |'''Malo:''' |Charu chose chapasi |- |'''Mlongozgi:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} Nawat Itsaragrisil |- |'''Wachŵwili kwa mlongozgi:''' |{{flagicon|Thailand}} Teresa Chaivisut |- |'''Miss Grand International:''' |{{flagicon|Tanzania}} Jihan Dimack <small>''(2026)''</small> |- |'''Webusayiti yakuzomelezgeka''' |[http://www.missgrandinternational.com/ MissGrandInternational.com] |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Facebook_Logo_(2019).png|link=https://www.facebook.com/MISSGRANDINTERNATIONAL|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Instagram_logo_2016.svg|link=https://www.instagram.com/missgrandinternational/|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Twitter_Logo.png|link=https://twitter.com/MissGrandInter|25x25px]]&nbsp;[[File:Youtube_logo.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/user/missgrandinter|25x25px]]<br />[[File:Gnome_globe_current_event.svg|25x25px]] ''[[:es:Miss Grand Internacional 2020|Miss Grand International 2020]]'' |} |} {{multiple image|perrow=1|total_width=200|align=right|header=Oyimira mayiko olankhula Chichewa|header_background=gold|header_align=center|background color=pink|direction=horizontal||image1=|caption1=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2014'''<br/>Lillie lmmaculate Chopamba</div>|image2=|caption2=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2013'''<br/>Samantha Ntombizodwa Thsuma</div>|image3=|caption3=<div style="text-align:center">'''Miss Grand Zambia 2018'''<br/>Isabel Chikoti</div>}} '''Miss Grand International''' (MGI) ni mpikisano wakusankha awo mbakutowa ku [[Thailand]]. Mpikiksano uwu ukuchitika chaka chilichose kuyambila mu 2013. ''[[Nawat Itsaragrisil]]'' wakaŵa mwenecho wa Miss Grand International pageant.<ref name="tayang" /> == Ŵakuphaska == {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand International !Charu !Malo !Chiŵelengelo cha Wopikisana |- |2013 |Janelee Chaparro<ref name="tayang">{{cite web |author=Voltaire E. Tayag |date=2017-10-21 |title=Miss Grand International: A Pageant for Peace |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/185963-miss-grand-international-primer-2017-elizabeth-clenci-stop-the-war-advocacy |work=The Rappler |language=en |accessdate=2019-11-11 |archivedate=2018-07-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715010955/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/185963-miss-grand-international-primer-2017-elizabeth-clenci-stop-the-war-advocacy}}</ref> |[[File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg|23x23px]] [[Puerto Rico]] |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|71}} |- |2014 |Lees Garcia<ref name="leesg">{{cite web |author=Hot in Juba |date=2014-11-10 |title=Miss Grand International Lees Garcia is in Juba |url=https://hotinjuba.com/miss-grand-international-daryanne-lees-garcia-is-in-juba/ |language=en |archivedate=2017-09-27 |accessdate=2019-11-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927070901/http://hotinjuba.com/miss-grand-international-daryanne-lees-garcia-is-in-juba}}</ref><ref name="lees">{{cite web |author=Miss Grand International |date=2015-05-23 |title=Lees Garcia - Miss Grand International 2014 Inside The Refugee Camp |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqfdBdjS09Y |language=en |accessdate=2019-11-12}}</ref> |{{flag|Cuba}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|85}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |Anea Garcia |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} | rowspan="2" |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] | rowspan="2" |{{center|77}} |- |Claire Elizabeth Parker |{{flag|Australia}} |- |2016 |Ariska Putri Pertiwi<ref name="tayang" /><ref name="brazil">{{cite web |author=Concurso Nacionalde Beleza |date=2017-04-21 |title=Conheça os detalhes sobre o Miss Grand International 2017! |url=http://www.concursonacionaldebeleza.com.br/internacionais/2017/4/21/conhea-detalhes-sobre-o-miss-grand-international-2017 |language=pt |accessdate=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508071430/http://www.concursonacionaldebeleza.com.br/internacionais/2017/4/21/conhea-detalhes-sobre-o-miss-grand-international-2017 |archive-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> |{{flag|Indonesia}} |[[Las Vegas]], [[USA]] |{{center|74}} |- |2017 |María José Lora<ref name="winner">{{cite web |author=Global Beauties |date=2017-10-25 |title=Miss Grand International 2017 is Miss Peru! |url=https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/10/25/miss-grand-international-2017-is-miss-xxx |language=en |accessdate=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508071430/https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/10/25/miss-grand-international-2017-is-miss-xxx |archive-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Phú Quốc]], [[Vietnam]]<ref name="press">{{cite web |author=Global Beauties |date=2017-05-24 |title=Miss Grand International 2017 in Vietnam – Official Press Conference |url=https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/5/24/miss-grand-international-2017-in-vietnam-official-press-conference |language=en |accessdate=2018-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508071431/https://www.globalbeauties.com/news/2017/5/24/miss-grand-international-2017-in-vietnam-official-press-conference |archive-date=2019-05-08}}</ref> |{{center|77}} |- |2018 |Clara Sosa<ref name="clara">{{cite web |author=Rappler.com |date=2018-10-26 |title=Miss Grand International 2018 Clara Sosa faints on stage after winning title |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/215210-miss-grand-international-2018-winner-clara-sosa-faints-on-stage |language=en |accessdate=2018-11-12 |archivedate=2018-11-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123064856/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/specials/215210-miss-grand-international-2018-winner-clara-sosa-faints-on-stage}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=JdqZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=Miss+Grand+International+Asia+America&source=bl&ots=fgthRK-HAX&sig=ACfU3U2wXTs1b7TR9mFWrQAjk0Hp6E0zPw&hl=th&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif36TflePlAhXbiHAKHXv1At84ChDoATAPegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=Miss%20Grand%20International%20Asia%20America&f=false|title=Current Affairs Capsule October 2018|page=28|volume=Oktoobril 2018|year=2018|author=Testbook.com|publisher=Testbook.com|language=en}}</ref> |{{flag|Paraguay}} |[[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]] |{{center|75}} |- |2019 |Valentina Figuera<ref name="metro">{{cite web |author=Metro Puerto Rico |date=2019-10-28 |title=Valentina Figuera conquista Miss Grand International en su tierra |url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/entretenimiento/2019/10/28/valentina-figuera-conquista-miss-grand-international-tierra.html |language=pt |accessdate=2019-10-30 |archivedate=2019-11-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105070631/https://www.metro.pr/pr/entretenimiento/2019/10/28/valentina-figuera-conquista-miss-grand-international-tierra.html|}}</ref> |{{flag|Venezuela}} |[[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] |{{center|60}} |- |2020 |Abena Appiah |{{flag|USA}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|63}} |- |2021 |Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên |{{flag|Vietnam}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|59}} |- |2022 |Isabella Menin |{{flag|Brazil}} |[[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |{{center|68}} |- |2023 |Luciana Fuster |{{flag|Peru}} |[[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Vietnam]] |{{center|69}} |- |rowspan="2" |2024 |Rachel Gupta |{{flag|India}} |rowspan="2" |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |rowspan="2" |{{center|68}} |- |Christine Juliane Opiaza<ref>{{cite news |last=Deveza |first=Reyma |title='This is my golden moment': CJ Opiaza in tears at Miss Grand International coronation |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/2025/6/3/-this-is-my-golden-moment-cj-opiaza-in-tears-at-miss-grand-international-coronation-1626 |work=[[ABS-CBN]] |date=June 3, 2025 |access-date=June 3, 2025}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}} |- |2025 |Emma Tiglao<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adina |first=Armin P. |date=2025-10-18 |title=Emma Tiglao gives PH a back-to-back win at Miss Grand International 2025 |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/634219/emma-tiglao-gives-ph-its-back-to-back-win-at-miss-grand-international-2025 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}</ref> |{{flag|Philippines}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|77}} |- |2026 |Jihan Dimack<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernando |first=Jefferson|title=Tanzania’s Jihan Dimack wins Miss Grand International 2026 |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2026/10/11/tanzanias-jihan-dimack-wins-miss-grand-international-2026 |access-date=2026-10-12 |website=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)|Daily Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> |{{flag|Tanzania}} |[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] |{{center|77}} |} === Vithuzi === <gallery> File:Emma Mary Tiglao.jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2025'''</div><div class="center">Emma Tiglao<br/>{{flag|Philippines}}</div> File:CJ Opiaza during Miss Iligan 2025.jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2024'''</div><div class="center">Christine Juliane Opiaza<br/>{{flag|Philippines}}</div> File:Luciana Fuster 2023.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2023'''</div><div class="center">Luciana Fuster<br/>{{flag|Peru}}</div> File:Isabella Menin.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2022'''</div><div class="center">Isabella Menin<br/>{{flag|Brazil}}</div> File:Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên 2021.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2021'''</div><div class="center">Nguyễn Thúc Thùy Tiên<br/>{{flag|Vietnam}}</div> File:Abena Akuaba Appiah.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2020'''</div><div class="center">Abena Appiah<br/>{{flag|USA}}</div> File:Valentina Figuera Morales.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2019'''</div><div class="center">Valentina Figuera<br/>{{flag|Venezuela}}</div> File:Clara Sosa on FarangDay.jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2018'''</div><div class="center">Clara Sosa<br/>{{flag|Paraguay}}</div> File:Miss Grand International 2017 visited Embassy of Peru in Bangkok 01 (cropped).jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2017'''</div><div class="center">María José Lora<br/>{{flag|Peru}}</div> File:Ariska Putri Pertiwi in Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of The Republic of Indonesia Press Conference (1) (cropped).jpg|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2016'''</div><div class="center">Ariska Putri Pertiwi<br/>{{flag|Indonesia}}</div> File:Claire Parker.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2015''' </div><div class="center">Claire Elizabeth Parker<br/>{{flag|Australia}}</div> File:Daryanne Lees.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2014''' </div><div class="center">Lees Garcia<br/>{{flag|Cuba}}</div> File:Janelee Chaparro.png|<div class="center">'''Miss Grand International 2013''' </div><div class="center">Janelee Chaparro <br/>[[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|23px]] [[Puerto Rico]]</div> </gallery> == Woyimilila vyaru vyakuyowoya Chichewa == '''Color Key'''; {{plainlist|* {{color box|gold}} Wopambana * {{color box|#FFFF66}} Finalist (Top 5) * {{color box|#FFFACD}} Semifinalist (Top 10/ 20 kapena 21)}} [[Mozambique]] ndi [[Malawi]] sizitenga nawo mbali pamphikisano. [[Zimbabwe]] idalumikizana kawiri mu 2013 ndi 2014.<ref name="mgz13" /><ref name="mgz14" /> Ndipo 2018 ndiye kope lokhalo lomwe [[Zambia]] idatenga nawo gawo. === Miss Grand Zimbabwe === {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand Zimbabwe !Mpikisano wadzikoli !Hometown !Zotsatira |- | rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFFACD" | 2013 |Fungai Mawada<ref name="mgz13" /><ref>{{cite web |author=Sindiso Dube |date=2013-07-16 |title=Mawada crowned Miss Grand International Zimbabwe |url=https://www.southerneye.co.zw/2013/07/16/mawada-crowned-miss-grand-international-zimbabwe/ |publisher=Southern Eye |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2014-02-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040024/https://www.southerneye.co.zw/2013/07/16/mawada-crowned-miss-grand-international-zimbabwe/}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2013 | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] |align=center {{n/a|''Dethroned''}} |- bgcolor="#FFFACD" |Samantha Ntombizodwa Thsuma<ref name="mgz13">{{cite web |author=Chronicle |date=2013-09-03 |title=Organiser nominates self for inaugural Miss Grand International Zim pageant |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/organiser-nominates-self-for-inaugural-miss-grand-international-zim-pageant/ |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2020-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424112725/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/organiser-nominates-self-for-inaugural-miss-grand-international-zim-pageant/}}</ref> |align=center {{N/a|''Appointed''}} | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] | align="center" |Top 20 finalists |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 |Marble Nyathi<ref name="mgz14">{{cite web |author=Bekezela Tshuma |date=2014-07-02 |title=Scandal rocks Miss Grand Zimbabwe beauty pageant |url=https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/scandal-rocks-miss-grand-zimbabwe-beauty-pageant/ |publisher=Sunday News |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-24 |archivedate=2014-10-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029155546/https://www.sundaynews.co.zw/scandal-rocks-miss-grand-zimbabwe-beauty-pageant/}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Grand Zimbabwe 2014 | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] |align=center {{n/a|''Dethroned''}} |- |Lillie lmmaculate Chopamba |align=center {{N/a|''Appointed''}} | align="center" |[[Bulawayo]] | align="center" |— |- |} === Miss Grand Zambia === {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !Miss Grand Zambia !Mpikisano wacharu !Hometown !Zotsatira |- | 2018 |Isabel Chikoti<ref>{{cite web |author=Miss Grand International |date=2018-09-08 |title=Miss Grand Zambia 2018 |url=http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=1891 |language=en |archivedate=2019-10-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004061139/http://www.missgrandinternational.com/?page=contestant_detail&cont=1891}}</ref> | align="center" |Wopambana wa Miss Zambia 2017 | align="center" |Chingola | align="center" |Top 20 in Best National costume |- | 2019 |Luwi Lusa Kawanda<ref>{{cite web |author=Missosology |date=2019-09-05 |title=Luwi Kawanda to represent Zambia at Miss International 2019 |url=http://missosology.org/miss-international/58870-luwi-kawanda-to-represent-zambia-at-miss-international-2019/ |language=en |accessdate=2020-04-25 |archivedate=2019-09-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906082209/http://missosology.org/miss-international/58870-luwi-kawanda-to-represent-zambia-at-miss-international-2019/}}</ref> |Malo achitatu a Miss Zambia 2017 | align="center" |[[Lusaka]] |{{n/a|Lowani nawo ''Miss International 2019'' ku [[Japan]] m'malo mwake}} |} == Ukaboni wakuwalo == {{commonscat|Miss Grand International}} * [http://www.missgrandinternational.com/ Official website] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.facebook.com/MISSGRANDINTERNATIONAL FAcebook page] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.instagram.com/missgrandinternational/ Instagram] of Miss Grand International * [https://twitter.com/MissGrandInter Twitter] of Miss Grand International * [https://www.youtube.com/user/missgrandinter Youtube channel] of Miss Grand International == Ukaboni == {{reflist}} [[Category:Thailand]] adm37cvzp8erzroisahfh6zttbd8o9v 0 19858 123360 122501 2026-11-01T19:33:33Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|National economy}} {{nkhani iwemi}} {{Infobox economy|country=Malawi|image=|image_size=300px|caption=[[Lilongwe]], the [[financial centre]] of Malawi|currency=[[Malawian kwacha]] (MWK)|year=1 July - 30 June|organs=[[African Union|AU]], [[African Continental Free Trade Area|AfCFTA]] (signed), [[World Trade Organization|WTO]], [[Southern African Development Community|SADC]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]]|group={{plainlist| *[[Least developed countries|Least Developed]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> *Low-income economy<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref>}}|gdp={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $7.522 billion (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=37&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a= |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref> *{{increase}} $25.167 billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|gdp rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|144th (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|138th (PPP, 2019)]]}}|growth={{plainlist| *4.0%&nbsp;(2017) 3.5%&nbsp;(2018) *4.4%&nbsp;(2019e) 4.8%&nbsp;(2020f)<ref name="World Bank">{{cite web |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33044/9781464814693.pdf |title=Global Economic Prospects, January 2020 : Slow Growth, Policy Challenges |page=147 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |website=openknowledge.worldbank.org |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>}}|per capita={{plainlist| *{{increase}} $371 (nominal, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/> *{{increase}} $1,240 (PPP, 2019 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>}}|per capita rank={{plainlist| *[[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|183rd (nominal, 2019)]] *[[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|182nd (PPP, 2018)]]}}|sectors=agriculture 29.4%, industry 15.8%, services 56.1% (2016 est.)|inflation=8.4% (2020 est.)<ref name="IMFWEOMW"/>|poverty={{plainlist| *51.5% (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731003039/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=MW&name_desc=false |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> *70.3% on less than $1.90/day (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205095235/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY%3Flocations%3DMW%26name_desc%3Dfalse |archive-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|gini=44.7 {{color|darkorange|medium}} (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>|hdi={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 0.485 {{color|red|low}} (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137506 |title=Human Development Index (HDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> ([[List of countries by Human Development Index|172nd]]) *0.346 [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI|IHDI]] (2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/table-3-inequality-adjusted-human-development-index-ihdi |title=Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) |publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]] |website=hdr.undp.org |access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref>}}|labor={{plainlist| *{{increase}} 8,156,049 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |title=Labor force, total - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank & [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] |access-date=5 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113151402/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=MW&name_desc=false |archive-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> *39.1% employment rate (2017)<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate) - Malawi |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.TOTL.SP.NE.ZS?locations=MW&name_desc=false |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=World Bank |access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref>}}|occupations=agriculture: 76.9%, industry: 4.1%, services: 19% (2013 est.)|unemployment rate=20.4% (2013 est.)|edbr={{increase}} [[Ease of doing business index#Ranking|109th (medium, 2020)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/malawi |title=Ease of Doing Business in Malawi |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |access-date=2017-01-24 }}</ref>|industries=|exports=$1.443 billion (2017 est.)|export-goods=tobacco (55%), dried legumes (8.8%), sugar (6.7%), tea (5.7%), cotton (2%), peanuts, coffee, soy (2015 est.)|export-partners=Zimbabwe 13.1%, Mozambique 11.8%, Belgium 10.7%, South Africa 6.3%, Netherlands 5%, UK 4.7%, Germany 4.3%, US 4.2% (2017)|imports=$2.388 billion (2017 est.)|import-goods=food, petroleum products, semi-manufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment|import-partners=South Africa 20.7%, China 14.2%, India 11.6%, UAE 7%, Netherlands 4.4% (2017)|FDI=$129.5 million (2014)|debt=50.8% of GDP (2013 est.)|gross external debt=$1.861 billion (2017 est.)|revenue=$1.347 billion (2013 est.)|expenses=$1.4 billion (2013 est.)|reserves=$364.2 million (31 December 2013 est.)|credit=|aid=$1.174 million (2012)|cianame=south-africa|spelling=UK}} [[File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lilongwe_market_closeup.JPG|thumb|300x300px|[[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] market.]] '''Chuma cha Malawi c'''hili na ndalama zakukwana $7.522 billion pa GDP pa chaka cha 2019, ndipo chikupangika chomene na ulimi, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 80% ŵakukhala ku mizi. Charu ichi chili kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo chili pakati pa vyaru ivyo vindapulikiske makora. Mu 2017, vyakurya vikapangiska pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya GDP na pafupifupi 80% ya ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska. Chuma cha charu ichi chikuthemba pa ndalama zinandi izo zikufuma ku wupu wa IMF, World Bank, na vyaru vinyake. Boma lili na masuzgo ghakuru comene: kukhozga vyakurya ivyo vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kunozga masukulu na maofesi gha munkhwala, kumazga masuzgo gha makuni, na HIV/AIDS mu Africa. Malaŵi ni caru cambura kukura comene kuyana na wupu wa United Nations. == Ulimi == {{main|Ulimi mu Malaŵi}} {{see also|Tobacco industry}} Cinthu cakuzirwa comene ico Malawi wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake ni hona, uyo wakapangiska pafupifupi cigaŵa cacitatu (30%) ca ndalama izo ŵakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake mu 2012. Mu 2000, caru ici cikaŵa pa nambara 10 pa vyakurya vikuruvikuru pa caru cose. Cifukwa cakuti caru ici cikuthemba comene hona, cuma cikusuzgika comene cifukwa cakuti mitengo ya hona pa caru cose yikukhizga ndipo caru cose cikuphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kukhweŵa comene. Malaŵi wakuthemba chomene hona, ndipo kufuma mu 2007 m'paka 2008, hona wakwera kufuma pa 53% kufika pa 70% pa ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakuguliska.<ref>CIA World Factbook</ref><ref>J. Tyler Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', 43rd edition, Harpers Ferry, WV: Stryker-Post Publications, 2008. p. 278</ref> [[File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Tea_Estate.jpg|thumb|240x240px|A Malawi [[:en:Tea|tea]] estate]] Charu ichi chikuthemba chomene pa tiyi, mkaka na khofi, ndipo vyakurya ivi pamoza na hona vikupangiska kuti Malawi wapokere ndalama zinandi chomene. Mu 1878, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumwa tiyi. Viŵeto vinandi vikulimika mu Mulanje na Thyolo. Vyakumera vinyake ni katoni, mbuto, mbuto za mbuto, ng'ombe na mbuzi. Makampani gha hona na gha shuga ndigho ghakupanga vinthu vinandi. Kwamba kale, charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya, ndipo mu ma 1980, chikaguliskanga vyakurya vinandi ku vyaru vinyake ivyo vikaŵa pafupi na charu ichi. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 90 pa 100 ŵali mu vyaru ivi ŵakulima. Ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko ŵakupanda vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, nga ni chimanga, nyungu, mpunga, maniyu, hona, na phere. Usambazi wa ndalama ukuŵa mu mawoko gha ŵanthu ŵachoko waka. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikupangika mu Malawi vili kuzingilizga msumba wa Blantyre. Nyanja ya Malawi na ya Chilwa ni zinandi chomene mu chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Malawi ŵakutemwa chomene somba. Somba zakomira zikupelekekaso ku vyaru vinyake. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuloŵa somba na mawoko. Ndipouli, Maldeco Fisheries yili na maboti ghanandi ghakuloŵeska somba ndipo yikuliska viŵeto vya somba kumwera kwa Nyanja ya Malawi. Somba zakomira pa cirwa ca Likoma Malaŵi walije vinthu vinandi vyakuthupi. Wupu unyake wa ku South Africa na Australia ukulima uranium mu migodi kufupi na Karonga. Ku chigaŵa cha Mzimba, ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito malasha. Charu cha Malawi chikuthemba chomene pa vyakurya ivyo vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakuguliska vinthu, izo zingaŵa kuti ni 30 peresenti ya ndalama izo ŵakuguliska, zikovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora. Malaŵi wakwenera kwiza na mafuta ghose agho wakuguliska. Vinyake ivyo vikusuzga ni ukavu wa ŵantchito ŵakumanya nchito, suzgo la kusanga vyakuzomerezga ŵanthu awo ŵafuma ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵagwirenge nchito, maburoko, vimbundi, kweniso misewu, magesi, maji, na mawupu agho ghakovwira kuti vinthu vileke kwenda makora mu Malawi. Ndipouli, vinthu ivyo boma lacita sonosono apa kuti liŵawovwire kunozga misewu, pamoza na cigaŵa ca ŵekha mu vyalo vya njanji na vya kwendera matelefoni, vyapangiska kuti malo gha ndalama ghaŵe ghakutowa comene. Munthu wakuguliska vinthu mumphepete mwa msewu ku Blantyre Ivi ni vigaŵa 20 vya viŵelengero vya vyakurya vya ku Malawi mu 2009. (Maukaboni ghambura kuzomerezgeka ghafuma ku FAO) <ref name="faostat.fao.org">{{Cite web |title=Faostat |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |access-date=2023-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713020710/http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-13}}</ref> {| class="sortable wikitable" !Mbewu !Ndalam mu [[:en:Geary–Khamis_dollar|International dollars]] (1000) !Production in [[:en:Ton|tonnes]] ![[:en:FAO|FAO]] source |- |[[:en:Maize|Maize]] |462,330 |3,582,500 | |- |[[:en:Cassava|Cassava]] |404,764 |3,823,240 | |- |[[:en:Tobacco|Tobacco]] |331,542 |208,155 | |- |[[:en:Peanut|Groundnuts]] |116,638 |275,176 | |- |[[:en:Banana|Bananas]] (excluding plantains) |95,152 |400,000 |F |- |[[:en:Sugar_cane|Sugar cane]] |82,093 |2,500,000 |F |- |Indigenous [[:en:Beef_cattle|cattle meat]] |80,688 |0 | |- |[[:en:Pigeon_pea|Pigeon peas]] |80,274 |184,156 | |- |[[:en:Pulse_(legume)|Beans, dry]] |75,706 |164,712 | |- |[[:en:Fruit|Fresh fruit]] |74,456 |213,321 |Im |- |[[:en:Plantain_(cooking)|Plantains]] |72,634 |351,812 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Pork|pig meat]] |68,788 |0 | |- |[[:en:Tea|Tea]] |55,895 |52,559 |P |- |Indigenous [[:en:Goat_meat|goat meat]] |53,512 |0 | |- |[[:en:Mango|Mangoes]], [[:en:Mangosteen|mangosteens]] and [[:en:Guava|guavas]] |49,527 |82,659 |Im |- |[[:en:Cotton#Uses|Cotton lint]] |39,017 |27,300 |F |- |[[:en:Rice|Paddy rice]] |36,896 |135,988 | |- |[[:en:Vegetables|Fresh vegetables]] |30,530 |162,012 |Im |- |Indigenous [[:en:Chicken|chicken meat]] |25,713 |0 | |- |[[:en:Cowpea|Cow peas]] |18,073 |72,082 | |} <small>Key: F : FAO estimate, Im: FAO data based on imputation methodology, P : Provisional official data</small> == Kachimbililo ka malonda == Pa chithuzithuzi ichi pali vinthu vikuruvikuru ivyo vikachitika mu 1980 na 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=676&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=12&pr.y=11 |access-date=2018-08-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Chaka !1980 !1985 !1990 !1995 !2000 !2005 !2006 !2007 !2008 !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 |- |GDP in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |2.42 bil. |3.46 bil. |4.52 bil. |5.75 bil. |7.73 bil. |9.76 bil. |10.53 bil. |11.85 bil. |13.00 bil. |14.19 bil. |15.35 bil. |16.43 bil. |17.05 bil. |18.22 bil. |19.61 bil. |20.40 bil. |21.13 bil. |22.37 bil. |- |GDP per capita in $ <small>(PPP)</small> |368 |449 |450 |539 |640 |714 |750 |820 |876 |929 |977 |1,016 |1,025 |1,065 |1,114 |1,127 |1,134 |1,167 |- |GDP growth <small>(real)</small> |0.4 % |4.6 % |5.7 % |13.8 % |0.8 % |3.3 % |4.7 % |9.6 % |7.6 % |8.3 % |6.9 % |4.9 % |1.9 % |5.2 % |5.7 % |3.0 % |2.3 % |4.0 % |- |Inflation <small>(in Percent)</small> |19.2 % |10.6 % |11.9 % |83.1 % |29.6 % |15.4 % |13.9 % |8.0 % |8.7 % |8.4 % |7.4 % |7.6 % |21.3 % |28.3 % |23.8 % |21.9 % |21.7 % |11.5 % |- |Government debt <small>(Pct. of GDP)</small> |... |... |... |... |... |107 % |28 % |28 % |36 % |36 % |30 % |31 % |44 % |59 % |55 % |61 % |60 % |59 % |} == Industry == Mu 2013, viŵaro vya Malawi vikaŵa 10.7% pa GDP. Vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ni vyakurya, vyakuzenga, vinthu vyakugwiliskira nchito, simenti, vyakurya vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vyakuguliska vyakurya, kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba na hona. Ivyo boma likucita kuti liŵike vinthu vinandi mu vyakurya na kwambiska malonda pa caru cose, vikutimbanizgika comene cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo vikucitika, ŵanthu ŵambura kusambira makora, ndiposo suzgo la malonda. Kuti viŵawovwire kuti ŵagwiliskirenge ntchito nthowa na matekinoloje ghaphya, ndondomeko ya vyamalonda iyo yikapelekeka mu 2013, yikovwira kuti ŵagwirenge makora ntchito pa kafukufuku wa pa charu chose kweniso kuti ŵamanye makora vya matekinoloje agho ghalipo. Pa nyengo yeneiyo pera, boma la Russia lakwezga ndalama izo likugwiliskira nchito pa kafukufuku na vyakupangapanga kufika pa 1% ya GDP. === Food and beverages === Vipasi na vipasi vinandi vikuguliskika ku vyaru vinyake, kweni vyakurya vyakunozgeka vikufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 1965, Carlsberg yikajura kampani yake yakwamba ya kupanga moŵa kuwaro kwa Denmark mu msumba wa Blantyre. Kweniso kampani iyi yikupanga mabotolo gha vyakurya vya Coca-Cola. Mu 2013, ku Salima kukajulika malo ghakupangira mango kuti ghapange vipasi. Universal Industries yikugwira nchito mu mafakitale ghanandi gha vyakurya mu Blantyre, uko yikupanga maswiti, chips, mabisiketi, mkaka, vyakurya vya soya na vyakurya vya ŵana. Khofi na tiyi vikupangika na makampani ghaŵiri mu vigaŵa vya Thyolo, Mulanje na kuzingilizga Mzuzu. === Pharmaceutical companies === Malaŵi wali na makampani ghanayi gha vyakurya. Ŵakupanga minkhwala yinandi yayi, comenecomene iyo yikukhumbikwa comene pa msika. Makampani agha ni Pharmanova Ltd., agho ndigho ghakupanga munkhwala ukuru comene mu Malawi, ndipo ghakulondezgapo ni SADM, Malawi Pharmacies (Pharmaceuticals Limited) na Kentam Products Limited.<ref name="who.int">[https://www.who.int/hiv/amds/countries/mwi_SurveyUseTRIPs.pdf A Survey of Policy and Practice on the Use of Access to MedicinesRelated TRIPs Flexibilities in Malawi]</ref> === Forestry === [[File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lady_carrying_solar_panel.jpg|thumb|Lady carrying a solar panel.]] Nkhorongo zikuruzikuru izo ŵanthu ŵakuzenga zili mu mapiri gha Viphya, kuzingilizga Mulanje na Zomba. Makuni agho ghakugwiliskirika nchito pakuzenga na kupanga vinthu vya mu nyumba ni nchito yakuzirwa comene mu vigaŵa ivi. Ndipouli, vigaŵa vinandi mu Malaŵi vikuparanyika cifukwa ca kukora makuni mwambura kuzomerezgeka na boma kuti ŵapange malasha. === Electricity === Boma la Malawi ndilo likupeleka magesi ku charu ichi. Malire agho ghalipo ghali pafupifupi 351MW. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 12 pa 100 ŵali na magesi, kuyana na ivyo vikalembeka na World Bank mu 2014. Charu ichi chikuŵa na suzgo la kuŵavya magesi chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chapangiska kuti magesi ghachepe chomene. Mlonga uwu ukupangiska magesi ghakukwana 300MW, ndipo ukupeleka 98 peresenti ya magesi ghose gha mu Malawi. Ndipouli, kuyana na fundo za wupu wa ESCOM, chilangalanga chikapangiska kuti nkhongono iyi yichepe kufika pa 160 MW..<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/malawi-blackouts-drought-hydro-power|title=Malawi suffers blackouts as drought exposes 98% reliance on hydro power|last=France-Presse|first=Agence|date=2017-12-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Services == Vigaŵa vya mautumiki vikupangiska 51.7% ya GDP ya Malawi. Makampani agho ghakumanyikwa comene ni gha vyaulendo, malonda, kwendeska vinthu, masambiro, maofesi gha munkhwala, kwendera mawoko, na mabanki. Boma la Malawi lili na masheya mu makampani ghanandi ghakuzirwa, nga ni Malawian Airlines (51%) na Press Corporation Limited. Press Corporation Ltd. ni kampani yikuru comene ya mu caru ici, ndipo yili na mabungwe ghanyake mu vyaru nga ni hona, banki, shuga, somba, kupanga ethanol, kupanga njere, malonda, kwendera mawoko na mafuta. == International support == Kwambira mu 1981, Malawi wachita ndondomeko ya kunozga vinthu mu vyaru ivyo vili na ndalama zinandi. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikukhumbikwa pa ndondomeko iyi ni kukhwimiska nchito za boma na kucitako vinthu vinyake mwa kulekeska kwendeska mitengo na kupeleka malayisensi ku makampani, kulekeska malonda gha vyamalonda na kusinthiska ndalama, kunozga misonkho, kupanikizgira mabungwe gha boma, na kunozga uteŵeti wa boma. Malaŵi wakeneranga kupokera wovwiri wa kuchepeska ngongoli ya vyaru vikavu ivyo vili na ngongoli zinandi (HIPC) ndipo pasono wakunozgaso ndondomeko yake ya kuchepeska ukavu. Malaŵi wali na mapangano gha malonda na vyaru viŵiri vikuruvikuru, vya South Africa na Zimbabwe. Boma likukumana na masuzgo nga nkhupanga makora masukulu na maofesi gha vyaumoyo mu Malaŵi - ivyo ni vyakuzirwa comene cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa HIV/AIDS - kweniso masuzgo gha cilengiwa nga nkhutema makuni, kunangika kwa dongo, na dongo ilo ndakughanda. [[File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bingu_Wa_Mutharika_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Africa_2008.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Former President [[:en:Bingu_wa_Mutharika|Bingu wa Mutharika]] of Malawi spoke about the country's recent unilateral agricultural reforms at the [[:en:World_Economic_Forum|World Economic Forum]] on Africa at the [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], September 2008.]] === Move towards economic independence === Mu 2006, cifukwa ca kucepa kwa vyakurya, Malawi, kwizira mwa pulezidenti Bingu Mutharika, uyo wakaŵa nkhwantha ya vya cuma, wakambiska pulogiramu ya kupeleka vyakurya vyakovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵambeso kulima. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ndondomeko iyi, iyo yikukhozgeka na pulezidenti wa caru ici, yikovwira kuti ulimi wa ku Malawi uŵe uwemi comene, ndipo yikupangiska kuti Malawi waŵe wakuguliska vyakurya ku vyaru vyapafupi. Ndipouli, masuzgo gha vyachuma ghakachepa chomene mu nyengo ya Mutharika. Vyakudandawura vya vyachuma ndivyo vikapangiska kuti mu Julayi 2011, ku Malawi kuŵe vivulupi vya vyachuma. == Economic indicators == Viŵelengero ivi vyafuma mu buku la CIA World Factbook, pekha usange pali vinyake. '''GDP:''' purchasing power parity = $22.37 billion (2017 est.) [[File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_interest_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Interest rates advertised by Malawi Savings Bank in Nchalo, Malawi on 30 September 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Kwacha_xchg_rates.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Exchange rates advertised by a currency trader in [[:en:Lilongwe|Lilongwe]] on 7 October 2008]] [[File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malawi_Holiday_100.JPG|thumb|240x240px|Reserve Bank of Malawi Mzuzu Branch under construction in [[:en:Mzuzu|Mzuzu]], a fast-growing city. July 2008]] '''GDP - real growth rate:''' 4% (2017 est.) '''GDP - per capita:''' purchasing power parity - $1200 (2017 est.) '''GDP - composition by sector:''' ''agriculture:'' 28.1% ''industry:'' 15.8% ''services:'' 56.1% (2016 est.) '''Population below poverty line:''' 50.7% (2010 est.) '''Inflation rate (consumer prices):''' 23% (2014 est.) '''Labor force:''' 7 million (2013 est.) '''Labor force - by occupation:''' agriculture 76.9%, industry and services 23.1% (2013 est.) '''Unemployment rate:''' NA% '''Budget:''' ''revenues:'' $1.346 billion (2017 est.) ''expenditures:'' $1.556 billion (2017 est.) '''Public Debt''' 59.3% of GDP (2017 est.) '''Industries:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], sawmill products, [[:en:Cement|cement]], consumer goods, cotton, consumer goods, uranium and coal mining '''Industrial production growth rate:''' 2.8% (2013 est.) '''Electricity - production:''' 1.973 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Electricity - consumption:''' 1.835 billion kWh (2010 est.) '''Agriculture - products:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Sugar_cane|sugar cane]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], [[:en:Potato|potatoes]], [[:en:Cassava|cassava]] ([[:en:Tapioca|tapioca]]), [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Legume|pulses]]; [[:en:Cattle|cattle]], [[:en:Goat|goats]] '''Exports:''' $1.427 billion (2013 est.) '''Exports - commodities:''' [[:en:Tobacco|tobacco]], [[:en:Tea|tea]], [[:en:Sugar|sugar]], [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], [[:en:Coffee|coffee]], [[:en:Peanut|peanuts]], wood products, apparel, uranium and its compounds '''Exports - partners:''' Canada 10.6%, Zimbabwe 9.3%, Germany 7.3%, South Africa 6.6%, Russia 6.5%, US 6.1%, China 4.2% (2012) '''Imports:''' $2.42 billion (2013 est.) '''Imports - commodities:''' food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation equipment '''Imports - partners:''' South Africa 27%, China 16.6%, India 8.7%, Zambia 8.5%, Tanzania 5.1%, US 4.3% (2012) '''Current account balance''' - $280.1 million (2013 est.) '''Debt - external:''' $1.556 billion (31 December 2013 est.) '''Economic aid - recipient:''' $575.3 million (2005) '''Foreign direct investment - inflow''' $129.5 million (2014) '''Currency:''' 1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala '''Exchange rates:''' Malawian kwachas per US dollar -730.00 (20/June/2016), 460.00 (20/Jan/2015), 360.00 (6/Feb/2013), 165.961 (1/Sep/2011), 145.179 (2009), 135.96 (2006), 108.894 (2005), 108.898 (2004), 97.433 (2003), 76.687 (2002) '''Fiscal year:''' 1 July - 30 June {{Commons category}} == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Transportation_in_Malawi|Transportation in Malawi]] * [[:en:List_of_companies_based_in_Malawi|List of companies based in Malawi]] * [[:en:Science_and_technology_in_Malawi|Science and technology in Malawi]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Mozambique|Economy of Mozambique]] * [[:en:Economy_of_South_Africa|Economy of South Africa]] * [[:en:Economy_of_Botswana|Economy of Botswana]] * [[:en:The_International_Monetary_Fund_and_Malawi|The International Monetary Fund and Malawi]] * [[:en:United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa|United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{CIA World Factbook}} == Lutizgani kufufuza == * Anthony and Doreen Young, ''A Geography of Malawi'', Second edition. Evans Brothers, Limited, London (1978) {{ISBN|0-237-50296-8}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140807/http://www.malawi.gov.mw/Finance/Home%20Finance.htm Official site - Ministry of Finance of Malawi] * {{Curlie|Regional/Africa/Malawi/Business_and_Economy/Economic_Development}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060919060219/http://www.mbendi.co.za/land/af/ma/p0005.htm MBendi Malawi overview] * [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=454 Malawi latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] {{portalbar|Malawi|Business and economics|Africa}}{{World Trade Organization}}{{Africa in topic|Economy of}} {{Economy of Malawi}}{{Malaŵi}} 14sp0sd3bc8y9l3de7eo3mj9akqyrgx 0 22645 123371 120280 2026-11-01T22:41:47Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revision}} Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakugomezga na kuchita ni vyakupambanapambana.<ref name="mol">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ndlovu|first=Tommy Matshakayile|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34114180|title=Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele|date=1995|publisher=Mambo Press|others=Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube|isbn=0-86922-624-X|location=Gweru,GasiyaZimbabwe|oclc=34114180}}</ref> Kanandi, maluso agha ghakuyowoyeka na mulomo m'malo mwa Malemba ndipo ghakupharazgika kufuma ku muwiro umoza kuya ku unyake kwizira mu nkhani za ŵanthu, sumu, na viphikiro,<ref>{{cite book | last=Juergensmeyer | first=Mark | title=The Oxford handbook of global religions | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_i0h0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford | date=2006 | isbn=0-19-513798-1 | oclc=64084086}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Mbiti | first=John S. | title=Introduction to African religion | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoaf0000mbit_a2y5 | publisher=Heinemann Educational Books | publication-place=Oxford [England] | date=1991 | isbn=0-435-94002-3 | oclc=24376978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nweke |first=Kizito Chinedu |date=2022-12-25 |title=Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Religious/article/view/20246 |journal=Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246 |s2cid=255213985 |issn=2528-7249}}</ref> ndipo ghakusazgapo kugomezga mizimu na ŵachiuta ŵapacanya na ŵa pasi, nyengo zinyake kusazgapo munthu wapachanya, kweniso kusopa ŵakufwa, na kugwiliskira nchito masalamusi na munkhwala wa ku Africa. Visopa vinandi vikulongosoreka kuti ni vyamoyo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kimmerle|first=Heinz|date=2006-04-11|title=The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|language=en-US|volume=2|issue=2|pages=15|doi=10.4102/td.v2i2.277|issn=2415-2005|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Vontress|first=Clemmont E.|title=Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=2005|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/integrating-traditional-healing-practices-into-counseling-and-psychotherapy/n11.xml|work=Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy|pages=124–137|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|access-date=2019-10-31|doi=10.4135/9781452231648|isbn=9780761930471}}</ref> na vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya cisopa na cisopa.<ref name="mol"/><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml An African Story] [[BBC]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102074637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml Archived] November 2, 2015, at the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Ntchito ya ŵanthu yikuwoneka kuti yikukolerana na vinthu vyachilengiwa.<ref name="mol"/><ref>[https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 What is religion? An African understanding] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521115514/http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 Archived] May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.</ref> ==Kufalikira== [[File:Igbo medicine man.jpg|thumb|right|Munthu wakuchizga wa ku Nigeria, West Africa.]] Ŵanthu awo ŵakulondezga visopa vya mu Africa ŵali mu vyaru 43. <ref name="Encyclbrit">''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306 <br />According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php Ian S. Markham, ''A World Religions Reader'' (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032618/http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php |date=March 4, 2016 }} is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. ''The Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', summarized here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222924/http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm |date=March 5, 2016 }}, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions], Foreign Policy, May 2007.</ref><ref name="Lugira">Lugira, Aloysius M., ''African Traditional Religions'' (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, ''Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus'', Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, {{ISBN|9781557258397}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH8JtLHnFkoC&pg=PA1935] (Retrieved 24 March 2019)</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa lero ŵakulondezga Chikhristu panji Chisilamu, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa kanandi ŵakusazgapo maluso gha visopa vyawo na maluso gha visopa vya Abrahamu.<ref name="googlemix">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C&q=%22often+mix%22&pg=PA15|title=Introduction to African religion |isbn=9780435940027|last1=Mbiti|first1=John S|year=1992}}When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22many+African+Christians%22|page=1|title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations |isbn=9780787666125|last1=Riggs|first1=Thomas|year=2006}}Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA266|title=The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology |isbn=9780195178722|last1=Gottlieb|first1=Roger S|date=2006-11-09}}Even in the adopted religions of Islam and Christianity, which on the surface appear to have converted millions of Africans from their traditional religions, many aspect of traditional religions are still manifest</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg|title=US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix| publisher=AFP}}t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IDfqT6589kC&pg=PA40|title=In Transitions and consolidation of democracy in Africa |isbn=9781586840402|last1=Quainoo|first1=Samuel Ebow|date=2000-01-01}}Even though the two religions are monotheistic, most African Christians and Muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions</ref> Visopa viŵiri ivi vikusangika mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, kweni vinandi vikusangika mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Visopa ivi vikasintha visopa vya ku Africa, kweni kanandi vikukolerana na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa chisopa cha Abrahamu, chomenechomene awo ŵakugomezga kuti kuli Chiuta yumoza pera, ŵakamba kugomezga chisopa ichi.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) {{ISBN|9780852299562}} p.306. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)] is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here], as being an outlier. [[The World Book Encyclopedia]] has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%.</ref> Ŵalondezgi ŵa visopa vya ku Africa ŵali pa caru cose. Sonosono apa, visopa vinandi, nga ntchisopa cha Ŵayoruba, vyazara chomene. Cisopa ca Ŵayoruba cikujintha misisi mu virwa vya ku Caribbean na vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Central na South America. Mu United States, Voodoo yikuru comene mu vyaru vya ku Gulf of [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ancient African Religion Finds Roots In America|url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/25/215298340/ancient-african-religion-finds-roots-in-america|access-date=2020-11-27|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> == Fundo Zakwamba == Ivyo ŵanthu ŵakugomezga vikukolerana na visambizgo vyautesi vya visopa vya ku Africa. Ivi vikusazgapo kusopa ŵachiuta, kusopa vyamoyo, kusopa ŵasekuru, na kugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakulutilira kuŵa na umoyo, nga umo viliri na visopa vinyake vya ku [[Japan]], nga ni Shinto panji vya ku [[Europe]]. Nangauli visopa vinyake vikuwona kuti kuli chiuta yumoza pera uyo wali kulenga vinthu vyose, kweni vinyake vikuwona kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kimmerle|first=Heinz|date=2006-04-11|title=The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism|journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa|language=en-US|volume=2|issue=2|pages=15|doi=10.4102/td.v2i2.277|issn=2415-2005|doi-access=free}}</ref> Visopa vya ku Africa navyo vikukolerana na visambizgo vyautesi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/download/91437/80924|title=The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion|last=Asukwo|date=2013}}</ref> Chisopa cha ku Africa, nga umo viliri na visambizgo vinandi vyakale pa charu chose, chikajintha pa maluso gha ŵanthu. Maluso agha ni visambizgo vya cisopa yayi, kweni ni mikhaliro iyo yikusangika mu nkhani, vidokoni, na vidokoni, kufuma ku muwiro umoza kuya ku unyake. Ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya na mbumba zawo, kweniso malo agho munthu wakukhalako, ni vyakuzirwa comene pa umoyo wake. Awo ŵakulondezga Yesu ŵakugomezga kuti mizimu ya ŵasekuru ŵawo yikuŵalongozga. Mu visopa vinandi vya ku Africa, muli ŵalongozgi ŵa cisopa na ŵasembe. Ŵanthu aŵa mbakukhumbikwa comene kuti ŵanthu ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵakukhora mwauzimu na kusopa. Pali ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakuchizga na 'kuwukwa' nga umo vikuŵira na ŵasamani. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakucemeka na ŵasekuru panji ŵachiuta. Ŵakusambizgika vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo umo ŵangagwiliskira nchito vyakumera kuti ŵagowokere ŵalwari ndiposo vinthu vinyake vyamahara, nga nkhusanga cinthu cakubisika kwambura kumanya uko cili. Visopa vya ku Africa vikugomezga kuti ŵasekuru ŵakuŵa paubwezi na ŵabali ŵawo. Mizimu ya ŵasekuru kanandi yikuŵa yiwemi ndiposo yiwemi. Vinthu viheni ivyo mizimu ya ŵasekuru yikucita vikupangiska matenda ghacoko waka kuti ŵanthu ŵamanye kuti ŵanjira mu nthowa yiheni.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Traditional Religion {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-traditional-religion|access-date=2021-06-19|website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> Visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa vikukolerana na kusopa ŵasekuru, kugomezga kuti kuli mizimu, vyamoyo vyamahara, na wanangwa wakusankha. Ŵanthu awo ŵali kufwa (na vinyama panji vinthu vyakuzirwa) ŵacali ŵamoyo ku malo gha mizimu ndipo ŵangakhwaska panji kucezga na caru. Kusopa ŵachiuta ŵanandi kukaŵa kwachilendo mu vyaru vinandi vya ku Africa na vyaru vinyake pambere Chisilamu, Chikhristu, na Chiyuda vindambe. Chisopa chautesi icho chikaŵako nyengo yichoko waka chikaŵa cha Farawo Akhenaten, uyo wakaphalira ŵanthu kuti ŵalombenge kwa chiuta wawo Aten.<ref>{{cite book | last=Hornung | first=Erik | title=Akhenaten and the religion of light | url=https://archive.org/details/akhenatenreligio0000horn | publisher=Cornell University Press | publication-place=Ithaca, N.Y. | date=2001 | isbn=0-8014-8725-0 | oclc=48417401 | author-link=Erik Hornung}}</ref> Kweni mwana wake muchoko chomene, Tutankhamun, wakawuskapo chisopa ichi.<ref>Hexham, Irvin ((1981), ''Lord of the Sky-King of the earth: Zulu Traditional Religion and Belief in the Skrelicsy God'', Sciences Religieuses Studies in Religion, vol. 10: 273-78)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Busia|first=K. A.|date=1963|title=Has the distinction between primitive and higher religions any sociological significance ?|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0003-9659_1963_num_16_1_1996|journal=Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions|volume=16|issue=1|pages=22–25|doi=10.3406/assr.1963.1996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Peterson|first=Olof|date=|title=Foreigen influences on the idea of God in African religions|url=https://journal.fi/scripta/article/download/67031/27329|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref name="Okwu">{{cite journal | vauthors = Okwu AS | title = Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa | journal = Issue: A Journal of Opinion | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | date = 1979 | doi = 10.2307/1166258 |pages = 19–24| jstor = 1166258 }}</ref> Ŵachiuta ŵankhongono, pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵapadera, mizimu ya ŵasekuru, mizimu ya vigaŵa, na vyamoyo, ni nkhani iyo yikusangika mu visopa vya mu Africa, ndipo yikulongora umo ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa ku Africa ŵakachitiranga vinthu.<ref name="Okwu" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=traditional+african+religions+polytheism&pg=RA1-PA185|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|last=Stanton|first=Andrea L.|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412981767|language=en}}</ref><ref>Baldick, Julian (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzGsr1bw6cC&q=christianity+judaism+islam+afroasiatics Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions]. Syracuse University Press:{{ISBN|0-8156-0522-6}}</ref> Ŵachiuta ŵankhongono, pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵapadera, mizimu ya ŵasekuru, mizimu ya vigaŵa, na vyamoyo, ni nkhani yakuzomerezgeka mu visopa vya mu Africa, ndipo vikulongosora za kakhaliro ka ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa wakale. 26][27][28] Kafukufuku munyake wakulongora kuti visambizgo vinyake vya cisopa cimoza, nga nkhugomezga mwa Ciuta panji nkhongono yikuru (pamoza na ŵachiuta ŵanyake ŵanandi, ŵachiuta na mizimu, nyengo zinyake ŵakuwoneka nga ni awo ŵakwendeska pakati pa ŵanthu na Mlengi) vikaŵako mu Africa, pambere visopa vya Abrahamu vindaŵeko. Fundo izi zikapambananga na chisopa chautesi icho chikaŵa mu visopa vya Abrahamu.<ref name="Okwu" /><ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0K0p8wCNKTQC&q=Christopher+Ehret+Niger+Congo+religion The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800]'', by Christopher Ehret, James Currey, 2002 </ref><ref name=convehret>{{cite interview | last=Ehret | first=Christopher | interviewer-first=Tom | interviewer-last=Laichas | title=A Conversation with Christopher Ehret | website=World History Connected | date=November 2004 | url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/2.1/ehret.html | access-date=30 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821144957/http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/2.1/ehret.html | archive-date=21 August 2017 }} (Citation with date provided [https://web.archive.org/web/20230320085035/https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/cgi-bin/cite.cgi here])</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=traditional+african+religions+polytheism&pg=RA1-PA185|title=Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia|last=Stanton|first=Andrea L.|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9781412981767|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Koku Dancer.jpg|thumb|Munthu wakwimba sumu ya Koku]] Nakuti munkhwala wa ku Africa ukukolerana na visopa vya ku Africa. Kuyana na Clemmont E. Vontress, visopa vyakupambanapambana vya mu Africa vikukolerana cifukwa ca cisopa ca Animisimu. Kuyana na iyo, kugomezga mizimu na ŵasekuru ni fundo yakuzirwa comene mu visopa vya ku Africa. Ŵachiuta aŵa ŵakajipangira ŵekha panji ŵakafuma ku mizimu panji ŵasekuru awo ŵanthu ŵakaŵasopanga. Wakayowoyaso kuti visopa vinandi vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa vikakhwaskika chomene na visopa vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yayi, chomenechomene Chikhristu na Chisilamu.<ref>{{Citation|last=Vontress|first=Clemmont E.|title=Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=2005|url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/integrating-traditional-healing-practices-into-counseling-and-psychotherapy/n11.xml|work=Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy|pages=124–137|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|access-date=2019-10-31|doi=10.4135/9781452231648|isbn=9780761930471}}</ref> Visopa vya ku Africa vikugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakuwuka, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakubabikaso.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndemanu |first=Michael T. |date=January 2018 |title=Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon |journal=Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |volume=30 |pages=70–84 |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |publisher=Ball State University; Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |doi=10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 |quote=There is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional African religions with some even believing in reincarnation...|doi-access=free }}</ref> Jacob Olupona, uyo ni pulofesa wa chisopa cha ku Africa pa yunivesite ya Harvard, wakayowoya kuti visopa vinandi vya ku Africa vikaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Kusopa ŵasekuru nkhwakuzirwa chomene mu mitheto ya ku Africa ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakuwona kuti ndiko nkhwakuzirwa chomene. Ŵasekuru (viŵanda vya ŵasekuru) ŵaliko nadi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugomezga kuti ŵasekuru ŵakukhala mu malo gha mizimu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=The spirituality of Africa|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> :''Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakususkana pa nkhani ya umo ŵachiuta na ŵasekuru ŵaliri, kweni ŵakugomezga kuti ŵasekuru ŵali na umoyo wapachanya kuluska ŵanthu ndipo ŵakugomezga kuti ŵangapeleka vitumbiko panji matenda ku ŵana ŵawo.'' Ŵasekuru ŵangapeleka ulongozgi na kucindika ŵana ŵawo awo ŵacali ŵamoyo, kweni ŵangapemphaso kuti malo ghawo ghakupatulika ghakhalenge makora. Chipulikano mu ŵasekuru chikulongoraso kuti umoyo wauzimu wa mu Africa ngwakukolerana na ŵanthu wose. Olupona wakukana fundo ya ku Western/Islam ya kusopa Chiuta yumoza ndipo wakuti fundo izi zingapulikiska yayi maluso gha ku Africa ndipo ni zakusuzga. Nangauli visambizgo vinyake vikuyowoya kuti kuli chiuta munyake uyo wali pachanya pa wose, kweni vinyake vikuyowoya nthena yayi. Kusopa Ciuta yumoza kukuyana yayi na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakuwonera ŵachiuta na vilengiwa vyauzimu. Iyo wakalongosora kuti visopa vya mu Africa ni visopa pera yayi, kweni ni umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera vinthu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-06|title=The spirituality of Africa|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US}}</ref> == Viphikiro == Mu vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi na vya ku Central Africa, ŵanthu ŵakuchita viphikiro panji maluso gha kuwukwa. Mulimo unyake wa cisopa uwo ukucitika mu Gabon na Cameroon ni Okuyi, uwo ukucitika na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bantu. Mu chigaŵa ichi, kwakuyana na chigaŵa, kuvina kwa viŵiya panji viŵiya ivyo ŵakwimba ŵakumanyikwa (vyose ivyo ni vyapadera kwa chiuta panji ŵasekuru), awo ŵakuchitako ŵakuŵa na chiuta panji ŵasekuru, nkhongono panji maghanoghano mwa kuchita maluso panji kuvina uko kukovwira kuti ŵamanye vinandi.<ref name="Karade, B. pages 39-46">Karade, B. ''The Handbook of Yoruba Religious Concepts'', pages&nbsp;39–46. Samuel Weiser Inc, 1994</ref> Para munthu wakuwona na kupulikiska umo vinthu viliri, wakuŵa na maghanoghano ghakwenelera. Ivi vikovwira munthu kuti wapambaniskenge pakati pa umo wakujipulikira na umo vinthu vikuŵira mu umoyo wake. Para munthu waŵa na maghanoghano ghakupambanapambana pa nkhani ya nkhongono panji umo wakujipulikira, vikovwira kuti wamanye umo wangachitira na masuzgo agha. Ici cikovwira kuti nkhongono izi zileke kuwoneka makora na kuzgoka nkharo yiwemi, maghanoghano, na kayowoyero. Kweniso, para munthu uyo wali na maluso gha kusopa panji wavinjeru wakung'anamura mazgu agha, wangamanya nthowa iyo wupu (panji munthu) wangalondezga kuti wafiske chilato chake.<ref>Annemarie De Waal Malefijt (1968) ''Religion and Culture: an Introduction to Anthropology of Religion'', p.&nbsp;220–249, Macmillan</ref> == Moŵa == Awo ŵakulondezga visopa vya mu Africa ŵakulomba mizimu yakupambanapambana kweniso ŵasekuru ŵawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/|title=The spirituality of Africa|date=2015-10-06|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> Ici cikusazgapo cilengiwa, vilengiwa vyauzimu, na vinyama. Kanandi palije mphambano pakati pa mizimu yankhongono na ŵachiuta. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu vyaru vya mu Africa ŵakugomezga kuti kuli ŵachiuta ŵanandi kweniso ŵachiuta na mizimu yinandi. Paliso visopa vinyake ivyo vili na munthu yumoza pera (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, etc.).[ 39] Ŵanyake ŵakumanya kuti kuli chiuta na chiuta mwanakazi ŵaŵiri nga ni Mawu-Lisa.<ref>Willie F. Page (2001) ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture'', Volume 1, p. 55. Published by Facts on File, {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref> Some recognize a [[Dualistic cosmology|dual]] god and goddess such as [[Mawu|Mawu-Lisa]].<ref>Peter C. Rogers (2009) ''Ultimate Truth'', Book 1, p100. Published by AuthorHouse, {{ISBN|1-4389-7968-1}}</ref> Visopa vya ku Africa vikugomezga kuti para munthu wafwa wakuluta ku caru cinyake, ndipo kusopa ŵasekuru nkhwakuzirwa comene. Visopa vinyake vya ku Africa vikamba kuwona vinthu mwakupambana na visopa vya Chisilamu panji Chihindu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=E. G.|date=1959|title=Islam and West African Indigenous Religion|journal=Numen|volume=6|issue=2|pages=130–141|doi=10.2307/3269310|issn=0029-5973|jstor=3269310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndemanu |first=Michael T. |date=January 2018 |title=Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon |journal=Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |volume=30 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405|doi-access=free }}</ref> == Maluso na maluso == [[File:Masques BaKongo.JPG|thumb|Masks a Bakongo ochokera ku Central Congo]] Mu visopa vyose vya mu Africa, pali vinthu vinandi vyakuyana kuluska ivyo vikupambana, nangauli Jacob Olupona wakalemba kuti nchakusuzga kuviyaniska cifukwa ca kupambana kwa visopa ivi.<ref>John S. Mbiti (1990) ''African Religions & Philosophy'' 2nd Ed., p&nbsp;100–101, Heinemann, {{ISBN|0-435-89591-5}}</ref> Ŵachiuta na mizimu ŵakuchindikika kwizira mu sembe za nyama, mphangwe, vyakurya vyakuphika, maluŵa, malibwe ghakuzirwa na visulo vyakuzirwa. Munthu uyo wakugomezga Chiuta wakuchita ivyo ŵachiuta ŵakukhumba.<ref>John S. Mbiti (1992) ''Introduction to African Religion'' 2nd Ed., p. 68, Published by East African Publishers {{ISBN|9966-46-928-1}}</ref> Visopa vya ku Africa vikukolerana na umo vinthu vikuŵira mu charu. Gottlieb na Mbiti ŵakuti: <blockquote>Vinthu vyakuthupi na vyakuthupi vikukolerana na visopa na mitheto ya ku Africa. Ici nchifukwa cakuti visambizgo vya cilengiwa na vigomezgo vikukolerana comene na vinthu vya mu cilengiwa. Vinthu vyose nga ni vula, kududumira, ŵaleza, vula, zuŵa, mwezi, dazi, nyenyezi, na vinyake vingaŵa vyakuti munthu wangavilamulira mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakughanaghanira. Vinthu vyakuthupi ndivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wawo.<ref>Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology'', p. 261, Oxford Handbooks Online {{ISBN|0-19-517872-6}}</ref></blockquote> Mwaciyelezgero, mu cisopa ca Serer, nyenyezi yimoza yakupatulika comene mu mlengalenga yikucemeka Yoonir (Nyenyezi ya Siriyo).<ref>Henry Gravrand (1990) ''La Civilisation Sereer Pangool'', PP 21, 152, Published by Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}</ref> Ŵasembe na ŵasembe ŵanakazi ŵa ku Serer (Saltigue) ŵakupeleka maungano gha chaka na chaka pa Xooy Ceremony (ciphikiro ca kuwukwa) mu Fatick pambere nyengo ya Yoonir yindakwane.<ref>Simone Kalis (1997) ''Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal: La Coonaissance de la Nuit'', L'Harmattan, {{ISBN|2-7384-5196-9}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kuchizga ŵalwari mu vigaŵa vinandi. == Kuwukwa == [[File:Early 20th century Yoruba divination board.jpg|thumb|Charu cha Yoruba chakwambilira kwa m'ma 1900]] Pakuti mu Africa muli ŵanthu ŵa mitundu na mitheto yakupambanapambana, pali nthowa yimoza yayi ya kuwukwa. Munthu wangaponya vinthu vichoko waka nga ni viwangwa, viswaswa, malibwe, vikumba, panji mathabwa. [[File:Sangoma reading the Bones.jpg|thumb|left|Wakuchizga wa ku South Africa]] wakuŵerenga viwangwa]] Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakugwiliskira nchito mbale zakupatulika za makuni panji ŵakuzigwiliskira nchito pa caru. Mu vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuluta ku awo ŵakuwukwa. Kanandi palije dango lakukanizga kuchita nthena. Ŵalongozgi ŵavinjeru ŵakumanyikwa comene cifukwa ca vinjeru vyawo ndiposo cifukwa ca kumanya makora vyakurya. == Nkharo yiwemi na viheni == Mu cisopa ca ku Africa, kaŵirikaŵiri nkharo yiweme yikukolerana na kufiska milimo ya mu cikaya. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni kucindika ŵapapi na ŵalara, kulera makora ŵana, kupokelera ŵalendo, kuŵa ŵakugomezgeka, kweniso kuŵa na cikanga. Mu visopa vinyake vya ku Africa, nkharo yiwemi yikukolerana na kupulikira panji kuleka kupulikira Ciuta. Ŵanthu ŵa Kikuyu ŵakugomezga kuti Chiuta, uyo wakuyowoya kwizira mu ŵachiuta ŵachoko, wakovwira munthu kuŵa na njuŵi yiwemi. Mu vigaŵa vinandi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵali kuzgokera ku visopa vinyake ŵakulutilira kusunga mitheto yawo na maluso ghawo.<ref>''Resolving the Prevailing Conflicts Between Christianity and African (Igbo) Traditional Religion Through Inculturation'', by Edwin Anaegboka Udoye</ref> == Malo ghakupatulika == Malo ghanyake ghakupatulika gha visopa vyawo ni: Nri-Igbo, Point of Sangomar, Yaboyabo, Fatick, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem, Bornu Empire na Tulwap Kipsigis. == Kutambuzgika cifukwa ca cisopa == Visopa vya mu Africa vikususkika na Ŵakhristu na Ŵasilamu.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa00bail <!-- quote=Africans were equal partners. --> Anne C. Bailey, ''African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame''.]</ref><ref>M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, The Many faces of religion and society (1985), Page 100, https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ:"African traditional religion went through and survived this type of persecution at the hands of Christianity and Islam..."</ref> Awo ŵakulondezga visopa ivi ŵakunjira mu cisopa ca Cisilamu na Cikhristu, ndipo ŵakuŵasuska na kuŵataya. ^ ndime.<ref>Garrick Bailey, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564 ''Essentials of Cultural Anthropology''], 3rd edn (2013), p. 268:"Later, during the nineteenth century, Christian missionaries became active in Africa and Oceania. Attempts by Christian missionaries to convert nonbelievers to Christianity took two main forms: forced conversions and proselytizing."</ref> Vinthu ivi ni kukoma ŵanthu, kurwa nkhondo, kuparanya malo ghakupatulika, na vinthu vinyake vyakofya.<ref> Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418 ''Towards and Understanding of the African Experience''] (1990), p. 161:"The role of Christian missionaries are a private interest group in European colonial occupation of Africa was a significant one...Collectively their activities promoted division within traditional African societies into rival factions...the picture denigrated African culture and religion..."</ref><ref>Toyin Falola et al., [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972 Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa] (2010), p. 7:"A religion of Middle Eastern origin, Islam reached Africa via the northern region of the continent by means of conquest. The Islamic wars of conquest that would lead to the Islamization of North Africa occurred first in Egypt, when in about 642 CE the country fell to the invading Muslim forces from Arabia. Over the next centuries, the rest of the Maghreb would succumb to Jihadist armies...The notion of religion conversion, whether by force or peaceful means, is foreign to indigenous African beliefs...Islam, however, did not become a religion of the masses by peaceful means. Forced conversion was an indispensable element of proselytization."</ref> Chifukwa cha kutambuzgika na kusankhana, kweniso chifukwa cha kuleka kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Dinka ŵakakana panji kusulako visambizgo vya Chisilamu na Chikhristu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beswick |first=S. F. |date=1994 |title=Non-Acceptance of Islam in the Southern Sudan: The Case of the Dinka from the Pre-Colonial Period to Independence (1956) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931096 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=1 |issue=2/3 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1353/nas.1994.0018 |jstor=41931096 |s2cid=143871492 |issn=0740-9133}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> [[Category:Visopa vya mu Africa]] [[Category:Chitumbuka]] [[Category:Chisopa mu Africa]] aa7wjyly9bi6d9ynzz6dyajht106qei 0 25250 123358 122442 2026-11-01T18:57:32Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Aguada de Moya | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-1 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = Msumba | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Villa Clara Map - Aguada de Moya (Camajuaní).png | map_alt = | map_caption = Mapu ya Aguada de Moya (wofiira) mu Camajuaní (Orange) mu Villa Clara (Chikasu) | pushpin_map = Cuba#Villa Clara Province#Cuba Camajuaní | pushpin_map_alt = Aguada de Moya | pushpin_map_caption = Aguada de Moya mu Cuba | pushpin_label_position = | coordinates = {{coord|22|32|49|N|79|43|12|W|type:city_region:CU|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Charu | subdivision_name = [[Cuba]] | subdivision_type1 = Chigawa | subdivision_name1 = [[Villa Clara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities of Cuba|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Camajuaní]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = Ŵakaŵikapo | established_date = 1793 | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://cu.geoview.info/aguada_de_moya,3569548 | title=Aguada de Moya populated place, Villa Clara, Cuba }}</ref> | elevation_m = 43 | population_footnotes = <ref name="EcuRed"> [https://www.ecured.cu/Aguada_de_Moya_(Camajuan%C3%AD) Aguada de Moya (Camajuani)] </ref> | population_as_of = | population_total = 2967 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Nambala ya positi | postal_code = 52500 <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.getpostalcodes.com/cuba/place-aguada-de-moya-2605/|title= Aguada de Moya Villa Clara Postal / ZIP Codes}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.postalcodeinfo.com/cuba/place-aguada_de_moya-camajuani_-villa_clara-3 | title=Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Postal Code - Pin Code of Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba - Aguada de Moya, Camajuani, Villa Clara, Cuba Zip Code }}</ref> | area_code_type = | area_code = | area_codes = <!-- for multiple area codes --> | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | module = | footnotes = }} '''Aguada de Moya''' ni tawuni na chigaŵa chichoko mu [[Camajuaní]], [[Villa Clara]], [[Cuba]]. ==Mbiri== Mu [[1793]] wakaŵa meya wa [[Santa Clara, Cuba|Santa Clara]] Don [[Cristóbal de Moya]], uyo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 16 awo ŵakazenga tawuni yakwamba ya Santa Clara. Kweniso wakaŵa na munda wa San Antonio kufupi na Santa Clara, ndipo wakati wafwa, mu chilapo chake wakapeleka ndalama zinandi ku munda wake kuluska munda uwu. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Aguada de Moya wakaŵa [[San Antonio de las Vueltas]] Municipality m'paka mu [[1976]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Antonio de las Vueltas |url=http://www.guije.com/pueblo/municipios/vsanantonio/index.htm |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=www.guije.com}}</ref> ==Malo== Mu ward ya Aguada de Moya muli matawuni na vikaya vya: <ref name="EcuRed"/> * Aguada de Moya * [[El Purial, Camajuaní|El Purial]] * [[Chorrerón, Cuba|Chorrerón]] * [[Ojo de Agua, Camajuaní|Ojo de Agua]] * [[Guajén, Cuba|Guajén]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perera |first=Dalia Reyes |title=Llama Díaz-Canel a reforzar la unidad, el optimismo y la voluntad de vencer en visita a Villa Clara (+Audio y Fotos) |url=https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=CMHW |language=es-es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115184445/https://www.cmhw.cu/villa-clara/inicio-diaz-canel-visita-a-villa-clara-por-la-comunidad-guajen |archive-date=2023-01-15}}</ref> * [[Mochita, Camajuaní|Mochita]] * [[Dolorita, Camajuaní|Dolorita]] * [[Entronque Aguada de Moya]] * [[CPA “Juan B. Montes de Oca”]] * [[CPA “Fructuoso Rodríguez”, Camajuaní|CPA “Fructuoso Rodríguez”]] ==Masambiro== Masukulu mu Aguada de Moya ni agha: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Educación |url=https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712021433/https://www.soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/educacion/amp |archive-date=2024-07-12}}</ref> * [[Escuela Primaria Isidro Glez]] (Chorrerón) * [[Escuela Primaria Celestino Pacheco (Camajuaní)|Escuela Primaria Celestino Pacheco]] (El Purial) * [[Escuela "San José" (Aguada de Moya)|Escuela "San José"]] <ref> [https://www.ecured.cu/Isidro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Morales Isidro González Morales - EcuRed] </ref> Iyo wali na masukulu gha viwoneskero mu vigaŵa vinandi. Awo ŵakwendeska ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa sukulu iyi ni awo ŵakwendeska ntchito ya kusambizga ŵana ŵa sukulu iyi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chuma== Kuyana na DMPF (Departamento de control de la Dirección Municipal de Planificación Física) ku Camajuani, Aguada de Moya ni malo agho ghakovwira ŵanthu kusanga nchito panji kuti vinthu vyendenge makora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barroso |first=Joel Jiménez |last2=Figueroa Vidal |first2=Dr. Arq. Carlos. R. |title=Diagnóstico estratégico de la situación habitacional del municipio de Camajuaní |url=https://dspace.uclv.edu.cu/bitstream/handle/123456789/1550/C10009.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |page=67}}</ref> Wupu wa La Estrella uli na vigaŵa ku [[La Quinta, Camajuaní|La Quinta]], Camajuani, Aguada de Moya, San Antonio de las Vueltas, na [[Taguayabón]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nacional |first=Equipo de Producción |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Agricultura |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegacion-municipal-de-la-agricultura |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní |language=es-es}}</ref> Chigaŵa ichi chili na malo ghakukwana makilomita 312. Pa malo agha, 20 ghakurya, ndipo 11 ghakuliska ng'ombe, mbuzi na mbuzi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Chuma chawo chikuthemba pa makoperative gha Credit and Services (CCS) na Cooperatives of Agricultural Production (CPA). Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, ŵalimi awo ŵali mu Wupu Wakulongozga ŵamba kulima chomene balere, anyezi, na chizi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Aguada de Moya wakusazgapo mawupu gha: * [[CPA (agriculture)|CPA]] [[Juan B. Montes de Oca]] * CPA [[Fructuoso Rodríguez]] * [[File:Camajuaní VC - Isidro González.png|22px]] [[CCS (cooperative)|CCS]] [[Isidro González Morales|Isidro González]] * CCS [[Julio Antonio Mella]] (mu [[Guajén, Cuba|Guajen]]) * [[CCS Fortalecida|CCSF]] [[Abel Santamaria]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gC5PJa7ISQC&dq=%22consejo+popular%22+vueltas&pg=PA56 |title=Hekademus - Revista Cientifica de la FIEE. Volumen 02. Numero 06 |publisher=Julio Cesar Antolin Larios |language=es}}</ref> Cinthu cikuru ico cikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵasange ndalama ni hona. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Boma== Camajuaní wali na nthumwi zinandi Chigaŵa chavisankho (Delegado Circunscripción) pa ward yiliyose, ward ya Aguada de Moya iyi: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal del Ciudadano en Camajuaní - Consejo Popular Aguada de Moya |url=https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/318-consejo-popular-aguada-de-moya/amp |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=soycamajuani.gob.cu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711153155/https://soycamajuani.gob.cu/es/delegados/318-consejo-popular-aguada-de-moya/amp |archive-date=2024-07-11}}</ref> * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 33 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #33]] Yusbyela Peña Orozco * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 40 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #40]] Lázaro González Marrero (mu Guajén<ref name=":0" />) * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 47 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #47]] Elkis Emilio Muros * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 49 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #49]] Hildelisa Montero Hernández * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 50 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #50]] Armando León Orozco * Mulongozgi ya [[Chigaŵa chavisankho 56 (Camajuaní)|Chigaŵa chavisankho #56]] Mildrey Ramos Peña ==Ntchito za ŵanthu== Mu muzi uwu muli mashopu ghanandi agho ghakuguliska vyakurya ivyo vili na malango kweniso ivyo vyafuma mu vyaru vinyake. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakusangika pa malo agha, ndipo ŵakupeleka vinthu vyakukondweska ŵanthu nga ni mapiri, viphikiro, vyakusanguluska, na vinyake. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Umoyo== Mu tawuni iyi muli madokotala ghanandi na ŵanthu ŵaluso awo ŵali na nkharo yiwemi. Ŵakupeleka waka mauteŵeti yayi, kweni ŵakusambizga na kuchita kafukufuku. Ivi vyawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na umoyo uwemi kweniso kuti ŵadokotala na ŵalwari ŵenderane makora. Ŵakulimbikira chomene kovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa chawo kweniso ntchito ya kupwelelera umoyo. Pali mapulogiramu ghanyake agho ghakumanyikwa. <ref name="EcuRed"/> *Ndondomeko ya ŵanthu ŵalara msinkhu. *Ndondomeko ya kupwelelera ŵana. *Ndondomeko ya matenda agho ghakwambukira pa kugonana. *Ndondomeko ya matenda ghambura kupira. Ŵantchito awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu ŵakusangika mu muzi uwu. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Chikhalidwe== Chifukwa cha maluso, kukhazikika na kutemwa kwithu kwithu kwithu kwa kwimba sumu za ku Guateque na za ku mizi iyi, gulu lithu la kwimba sumu za ku mizi ili lapangika na ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi iyi. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Bungwe la Chikhalidwe la Aguada de Moya limagwira ntchito yochita maphwando ndi guateques. <ref name="EcuRed"/> Mu wupu uwu, mawupu agho ghakuwona vya masambiro gha Baibolo ni: Video Chambers, Religious Women, na Evangelical Church and the World Mission. <ref name="EcuRed"/> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} {{Camajuaní}} [[Category:Camajuaní]] [[Category:Villa Clara]] [[Category:Aguada de Moya| ]] [[Category:Council Lakumanyikwa ya Cuba]] nvwqb5j0ggnomfdiinxyyh0au8wkoed 0 25254 123374 118846 2026-11-01T23:55:18Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Kusanda ma algorithm agho ghakugwiliskira nchito malemba ghakuyana pafupi-pafupi zgolo lenecho}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} [[Image:Ybc7289-bw.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Libwe la dongo la ku Babuloni [[YBC 7289]] (c. 1800–1600 BC) na mazgu ghakulongosola. Kuloska kwa zgolo la [[msisi ŵili wa 2]] ni ma lembo[[sexagesino]], iyo ni malembo gha [[mdoto]] pafupi fupi khumi na moza. 1 + 24/60 + 51/60² + 10/60³ = 1.41421296...<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |title=Photograph, illustration, and description of the ''root(2)'' tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection |access-date=2 October 2006 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813054036/http://it.stlawu.edu/%7Edmelvill/mesomath/tablets/YBC7289.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] '''Kusanthula vipendero''' ni chisambiro cha [[ndondomeko]] izo zikugwiliskika kusanga mazgoro agho [[ghakusendelera]] waka ku zgoro lenecho (mwakupambana na [[symbolic computation|kuseŵezga manambara mwakuchiti tisange manambara ghenecho nkhanira-nkhanira) pa masuzgo gha [[kusanthula kwa samuzi]] (Kupambana na [[samuzu ghapadera]]). Ntchigaŵa cha masambiro gha manambara agho ghakovwira kusanga nthowa zakumazgira masuzgo m'malo mwa kusanga mazgoro ghakwenelera ghankhanira nkhanira. Kusanthula wakugwiliskira nchito vinthu vyose vya sayansi, Ndipo mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, likugwiliskirika nchito mu umoyo, sayansi, munkhwala, bizinesi na luso wuwo. Kukura kwa nkhongono ya kompyuta hŴakaŵa na mwaŵi wakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakusuzga chomene pa Kusanthula, kupeleka vyandulo vya masamu mu sayansi. Viyelezgero vinyake vya 'kusandula' ni ivi: [[viyanjano vyapadera vya waka]] nga umo viliri mu [[makina gha vyakucanya]] (kumanya umo mapulaneti, nyenyezi, na vipingausiku vikwendera), [[algebra ya mulingo ya vipendero]] mu kusanda mauthenga,<ref>{{cite book |first=J.W. |last=Demmel |title=Applied numerical linear algebra |publisher=[[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|SIAM]] |date=1997 |isbn=978-1-61197-144-6 |doi=10.1137/1.9781611971446 |url=https://epubs.siam.org/doi/epdf/10.1137/1.9781611971446.fm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ciarlet |first1=P.G. |last2=Miara |first2=B. |last3=Thomas |first3=J.M. |title=Introduction to numerical linear algebra and optimization |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000ciar |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1989 |isbn=9780521327886 |oclc=877155729 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Trefethen |first1=Lloyd |last2=Bau III |first2=David |title=Numerical Linear Algebra |publisher=SIAM |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-89871-361-9 |url={{GBurl|4Mou5YpRD_kC|pg=PR7}}}}</ref> na [[chiyanjano cha upambano cha stokastic]] na [[maunyolo gha Markov]] pakuyelezgera maselo ghamoyo mu vyamankhwala na kusanda-umoyo. Pambere makompyuta ghandaŵeko, [kusanthula]] Kanandi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa [[zakuŵikapo pakati]] na mawoko, Kufumiska mauthenga kufuma mu mathebulu ghakurughakuru. Kwambira m'ma 1900, makompyuta ghakuchita mawerengero gha mauteŵeti agho ghakukhumbikwa, kweni vigaŵa vinandi vya malemba agha vikulutilira kugwiliskirika nchito mu mapulogiramu gha mapulogiramu gha pa kompyuta.<ref name="20c">{{cite book |last1=Brezinski |first1=C. |last2=Wuytack |first2=L. |title=Numerical analysis: Historical developments in the 20th century |publisher=Elsevier |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-444-59858-5 |url={{GBurl|dt3Z1yu2VxwC|pg=PP6}}}}</ref> Fundo iyi yikamba kulembeka mu mabuku ghakwambilira gha masamu. Libwe la dongo from the [[Yale Babylonian Collection]] ([[YBC 7289]]), gives a [[sexagesimal]] numerical approximation of the [[square root of 2]], the length of the [[diagonal]] in a [[unit square]]. Numerical analysis continues this long tradition: rather than giving exact symbolic answers translated into digits and applicable only to real-world measurements, approximate solutions within specified error bounds are used. ==General introduction== The overall goal of the field of numerical analysis is the design and analysis of techniques to give approximate but accurate solutions to hard problems, the variety of which is suggested by the following: * Advanced numerical methods are essential in making [[numerical weather prediction]] feasible. * Computing the trajectory of a spacecraft requires the accurate numerical solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. * Car companies can improve the crash safety of their vehicles by using computer simulations of car crashes. Such simulations essentially consist of solving [[partial differential equation]]s numerically. * [[Hedge fund]]s (private investment funds) use tools from all fields of numerical analysis to attempt to calculate the value of [[stock]]s and [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] more precisely than other market participants. * Airlines use sophisticated optimization algorithms to decide ticket prices, airplane and crew assignments and fuel needs. Historically, such algorithms were developed within the overlapping field of [[operations research]]. * Insurance companies use numerical programs for [[Actuary|actuarial]] analysis. The rest of this section outlines several important themes of numerical analysis. ===History=== The field of numerical analysis predates the invention of modern computers by many centuries. [[Linear interpolation]] was already in use more than 2000 years ago. Many great mathematicians of the past were preoccupied by numerical analysis,<ref name="20c"/> as is obvious from the names of important algorithms like [[Newton's method]], [[Lagrange polynomial|Lagrange interpolation polynomial]], [[Gaussian elimination]], or [[Euler's method]]. The origins of modern numerical analysis are often linked to a 1947 paper by [[John von Neumann]] and [[Herman Goldstine]],<ref name="watson" /><ref> {{cite book |editor1-link=Adhemar Bultheel |editor1-first=Adhemar |editor1-last=Bultheel |editor2-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Cools |title=The Birth of Numerical Analysis |volume=10 |publisher= World Scientific |date=2010 |isbn=978-981-283-625-0 |url={{GBurl|pKZpDQAAQBAJ|pg=PR17}} }} </ref><ref> {{harvnb|Brezinski|Wuytack|2001|p=2}} </ref> but others consider modern numerical analysis to go back to work by [[E. T. Whittaker]] in 1912.<ref name="watson" > {{cite book |first=G.A. |last=Watson |chapter=The history and development of numerical analysis in Scotland: a personal perspective |chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/206717434.pdf |title=The Birth of Numerical Analysis |publisher=World Scientific |date=2010 |isbn=9789814469456 |pages=161–177 }} </ref> To facilitate computations by hand, large books were produced with formulas and tables of data such as interpolation points and function coefficients. Using these tables, often calculated out to 16 decimal places or more for some functions, one could look up values to plug into the formulas given and achieve very good numerical estimates of some functions. The canonical work in the field is the [[NIST]] publication edited by [[Abramowitz and Stegun]], a 1000-plus page book of a very large number of commonly used formulas and functions and their values at many points. The function values are no longer very useful when a computer is available, but the large listing of formulas can still be very handy. The [[mechanical calculator]] was also developed as a tool for hand computation. These calculators evolved into electronic computers in the 1940s, and it was then found that these computers were also useful for administrative purposes. But the invention of the computer also influenced the field of numerical analysis,<ref name="20c"/> since now longer and more complicated calculations could be done. The [[Leslie Fox Prize for Numerical Analysis]] was initiated in 1985 by the [[Institute of Mathematics and its Applications]]. ===Direct and iterative methods=== Consider the problem of solving :3''x''³ + 4 = 28 for the unknown quantity ''x''. {| style="margin:auto; text-align:right" |+ Direct method |- | || 3''x''³ + 4 = 28. |- | ''Subtract 4'' || 3''x''³ = 24. |- | ''Divide by 3'' || ''x''³ = &nbsp;8. |- | ''Take cube roots'' || ''x'' = &nbsp;2. |} For the iterative method, apply the [[bisection method]] to ''f''(''x'') = 3''x''³ &minus; 24. The initial values are ''a'' = 0, ''b'' = 3, ''f''(''a'') = &minus;24, ''f''(''b'') = 57. {| style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable" |+ Iterative method |- ! ''a'' !! ''b'' !! mid !! ''f''(mid) |- | 0 || 3 || 1.5 || &minus;13.875 |- | 1.5 || 3 || 2.25 || 10.17... |- | 1.5 || 2.25 || 1.875 || &minus;4.22... |- | 1.875 || 2.25 || 2.0625 || 2.32... |} From this table it can be concluded that the solution is between 1.875 and 2.0625. The algorithm might return any number in that range with an error less than 0.2. ====Discretization and numerical integration==== [[Image:Schumacher (Ferrari) in practice at USGP 2005.jpg||thumb|right|upright=0.6]] In a two-hour race, the speed of the car is measured at three instants and recorded in the following table. {| style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable" ! Time | 0:20 || 1:00 || 1:40 |- ! km/h | 140 || 150 || 180 |} A '''discretization''' would be to say that the speed of the car was constant from 0:00 to 0:40, then from 0:40 to 1:20 and finally from 1:20 to 2:00. For instance, the total distance traveled in the first 40 minutes is approximately {{math|size=100%|1=({{val|2|/|3|u=h}}&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;{{val|140|u=km/h}})&nbsp;=&nbsp;{{val|93.3|u=km}}}}. This would allow us to estimate the total distance traveled as {{val|93.3|u=km}} + {{val|100|u=km}} + {{val|120|u=km}} = {{val|313.3|u=km}}, which is an example of '''numerical integration''' (see below) using a [[Riemann sum]], because displacement is the [[integral]] of velocity. Ill-conditioned problem: Take the function {{math|size=100%|1=''f''(''x'') = 1/(''x''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)}}. Note that ''f''(1.1) = 10 and ''f''(1.001) = 1000: a change in ''x'' of less than 0.1 turns into a change in ''f''(''x'') of nearly 1000. Evaluating ''f''(''x'') near ''x'' = 1 is an ill-conditioned problem. Well-conditioned problem: By contrast, evaluating the same function {{math|size=100%|1=''f''(''x'') = 1/(''x''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)}} near ''x'' = 10 is a well-conditioned problem. For instance, ''f''(10) = 1/9 ≈ 0.111 and ''f''(11) = 0.1: a modest change in ''x'' leads to a modest change in ''f''(''x''). Direct methods compute the solution to a problem in a finite number of steps. These methods would give the precise answer if they were performed in [[Arbitrary-precision arithmetic|infinite precision arithmetic]]. Examples include [[Gaussian elimination]], the [[QR decomposition|QR factorization]] method for solving [[system of linear equations|systems of linear equations]], and the [[simplex method]] of [[linear programming]]. In practice, [[floating-point arithmetic|finite precision]] is used and the result is an approximation of the true solution (assuming [[numerically stable|stability]]). In contrast to direct methods, [[iterative method]]s are not expected to terminate in a finite number of steps. Starting from an initial guess, iterative methods form successive approximations that [[Limit of a sequence|converge]] to the exact solution only in the limit. A convergence test, often involving [[Residual (numerical analysis)|the residual]], is specified in order to decide when a sufficiently accurate solution has (hopefully) been found. Even using infinite precision arithmetic these methods would not reach the solution within a finite number of steps (in general). Examples include Newton's method, the [[bisection method]], and [[Jacobi iteration]]. In computational matrix algebra, iterative methods are generally needed for large problems.<ref>{{cite book |first=Y. |last=Saad |title=Iterative methods for sparse linear systems |publisher=SIAM |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-89871-534-7 |url={{GBurl|qtzmkzzqFmcC|pg=PR5}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hageman |first1=L.A. |last2=Young |first2=D.M. |title=Applied iterative methods |publisher=Courier Corporation |edition=2nd |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-8284-0312-2 |url={{GBurl|se3YdgFgz4YC|pg=PR4}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=J.F. |last=Traub |title=Iterative methods for the solution of equations |publisher=American Mathematical Society |edition=2nd |date=1982 |isbn=978-0-8284-0312-2 |url={{GBurl|se3YdgFgz4YC|pg=PR4}}}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |first=A. |last=Greenbaum |title=Iterative methods for solving linear systems |publisher=SIAM |date=1997 |isbn=978-0-89871-396-1 |url={{GBurl|QpVpvE4gWZwC|pg=PP6}}}}</ref> Iterative methods are more common than direct methods in numerical analysis. Some methods are direct in principle but are usually used as though they were not, e.g. [[GMRES]] and the [[conjugate gradient method]]. For these methods the number of steps needed to obtain the exact solution is so large that an approximation is accepted in the same manner as for an iterative method. ===Discretization=== Furthermore, continuous problems must sometimes be replaced by a discrete problem whose solution is known to approximate that of the continuous problem; this process is called '[[discretization]]'. For example, the solution of a [[differential equation]] is a [[function (mathematics)|function]]. This function must be represented by a finite amount of data, for instance by its value at a finite number of points at its domain, even though this domain is a [[Continuum (set theory)|continuum]]. ==Generation and propagation of errors== The study of errors forms an important part of numerical analysis. There are several ways in which error can be introduced in the solution of the problem. ===Round-off=== [[Round-off error]]s arise because it is impossible to represent all [[real number]]s exactly on a machine with finite memory (which is what all practical [[digital computer]]s are). ===Truncation and discretization error=== [[Truncation error]]s are committed when an iterative method is terminated or a mathematical procedure is approximated and the approximate solution differs from the exact solution. Similarly, discretization induces a [[discretization error]] because the solution of the discrete problem does not coincide with the solution of the continuous problem. In the example above to compute the solution of <math>3x^3+4=28</math>, after ten iterations, the calculated root is roughly 1.99. Therefore, the truncation error is roughly 0.01. Once an error is generated, it propagates through the calculation. For example, the operation + on a computer is inexact. A calculation of the type {{tmath|a+b+c+d+e}} is even more inexact. A truncation error is created when a mathematical procedure is approximated. To integrate a function exactly, an infinite sum of regions must be found, but numerically only a finite sum of regions can be found, and hence the approximation of the exact solution. Similarly, to differentiate a function, the differential element approaches zero, but numerically only a nonzero value of the differential element can be chosen. ===Numerical stability and well-posed problems=== [[Numerical stability]] is a notion in numerical analysis. An algorithm is called 'numerically stable' if an error, whatever its cause, does not grow to be much larger during the calculation.<ref name="stab">{{harvnb|Higham|2002}}</ref> This happens if the problem is '[[condition number|well-conditioned]]', meaning that the solution changes by only a small amount if the problem data are changed by a small amount.<ref name="stab"/> To the contrary, if a problem is 'ill-conditioned', then any small error in the data will grow to be a large error.<ref name="stab"/> Both the original problem and the algorithm used to solve that problem can be 'well-conditioned' or 'ill-conditioned', and any combination is possible. So an algorithm that solves a well-conditioned problem may be either numerically stable or numerically unstable. An art of numerical analysis is to find a stable algorithm for solving a well-posed mathematical problem. For instance, computing the square root of 2 (which is roughly 1.41421) is a well-posed problem. Many algorithms solve this problem by starting with an initial approximation ''x''₀ to <math>\sqrt{2}</math>, for instance ''x''₀ = 1.4, and then computing improved guesses ''x''₁, ''x''₂, etc. One such method is the famous [[Babylonian method]], which is given by ''x''_''k''+1 = ''x_k''/2 + 1/''x_k''. Another method, called 'method X', is given by ''x''_''k''+1 = (''x''_''k''² − 2)² + ''x''_''k''.{{NoteTag|This is a [[fixed point iteration]] for the equation <math>x=(x^2-2)^2+x=f(x)</math>, whose solutions include <math>\sqrt{2}</math>. The iterates always move to the right since <math>f(x)\geq x</math>. Hence <math>x_1=1.4<\sqrt{2}</math> converges and <math>x_1=1.42>\sqrt{2}</math> diverges.}} A few iterations of each scheme are calculated in table form below, with initial guesses ''x''₀ = 1.4 and ''x''₀ = 1.42. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Babylonian ! Babylonian ! Method X ! Method X |- | ''x''₀ = 1.4 | ''x''₀ = 1.42 | ''x''₀ = 1.4 | ''x''₀ = 1.42 |- | ''x''₁ = 1.4142857... | ''x''₁ = 1.41422535... | ''x''₁ = 1.4016 | ''x''₁ = 1.42026896 |- | ''x''₂ = 1.414213564... | ''x''₂ = 1.41421356242... | ''x''₂ = 1.4028614... | ''x''₂ = 1.42056... |- | | | ... | ... |- | | | ''x''_1000000 = 1.41421... | ''x''₂₇ = 7280.2284... |} Observe that the Babylonian method converges quickly regardless of the initial guess, whereas Method X converges extremely slowly with initial guess ''x''₀ = 1.4 and diverges for initial guess ''x''₀ = 1.42. Hence, the Babylonian method is numerically stable, while Method X is numerically unstable. :'''Numerical stability''' is affected by the number of the significant digits the machine keeps. If a machine is used that keeps only the four most significant decimal digits, a good example on loss of significance can be given by the two equivalent functions :<math> f(x)=x\left(\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x}\right) </math> and <math> g(x)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}}. </math> :Comparing the results of :: <math> f(500)=500 \left(\sqrt{501}-\sqrt{500} \right)=500 \left(22.38-22.36 \right)=500(0.02)=10</math> :and :<math> \begin{alignat}{3}g(500)&=\frac{500}{\sqrt{501}+\sqrt{500}}\\ &=\frac{500}{22.38+22.36}\\ &=\frac{500}{44.74}=11.17 \end{alignat} </math> : by comparing the two results above, it is clear that [[loss of significance]] (caused here by [[catastrophic cancellation]] from subtracting approximations to the nearby numbers <math>\sqrt{501}</math> and <math>\sqrt{500}</math>, despite the subtraction being computed exactly) has a huge effect on the results, even though both functions are equivalent, as shown below :: <math> \begin{alignat}{4} f(x)&=x \left(\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x} \right)\\ &=x \left(\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x} \right)\frac{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}}\\ &=x\frac{(\sqrt{x+1})^2-(\sqrt{x})^2}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}}\\ &=x\frac{x+1-x}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}} \\ &=x\frac{1}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}} \\ &=\frac {x}{\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}} \\ &=g(x) \end{alignat}</math> : The desired value, computed using infinite precision, is 11.174755... * The example is a modification of one taken from Mathew; Numerical methods using MATLAB, 3rd ed. ==Areas of study== The field of numerical analysis includes many sub-disciplines. Some of the major ones are: ===Computing values of functions=== {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; width: 250px; clear: right; margin-left: 1em;" | Interpolation: Observing that the temperature varies from 20 degrees Celsius at 1:00 to 14 degrees at 3:00, a linear interpolation of this data would conclude that it was 17 degrees at 2:00 and 18.5 degrees at 1:30pm. Extrapolation: If the [[gross domestic product]] of a country has been growing an average of 5% per year and was 100 billion last year, it might extrapolated that it will be 105 billion this year. [[Image:Linear-regression.svg|right|100px|A line through 20 points]] Regression: In linear regression, given ''n'' points, a line is computed that passes as close as possible to those ''n'' points. [[Image:LemonadeJuly2006.JPG|right|100px|How much for a glass of lemonade?]] Optimization: Suppose lemonade is sold at a [[lemonade stand]], at $1.00 per glass, that 197 glasses of lemonade can be sold per day, and that for each increase of $0.01, one less glass of lemonade will be sold per day. If $1.485 could be charged, profit would be maximized, but due to the constraint of having to charge a whole-cent amount, charging $1.48 or $1.49 per glass will both yield the maximum income of $220.52 per day. [[Image:Wind-particle.png|right|Wind direction in blue, true trajectory in black, Euler method in red]] Differential equation: If 100 fans are set up to blow air from one end of the room to the other and then a feather is dropped into the wind, what happens? The feather will follow the air currents, which may be very complex. One approximation is to measure the speed at which the air is blowing near the feather every second, and advance the simulated feather as if it were moving in a straight line at that same speed for one second, before measuring the wind speed again. This is called the [[Euler method]] for solving an ordinary differential equation. |} One of the simplest problems is the evaluation of a function at a given point. The most straightforward approach, of just plugging in the number in the formula is sometimes not very efficient. For polynomials, a better approach is using the [[Horner scheme]], since it reduces the necessary number of multiplications and additions. Generally, it is important to estimate and control [[round-off error]]s arising from the use of [[floating-point arithmetic]]. ===Interpolation, extrapolation, and regression=== [[Interpolation]] solves the following problem: given the value of some unknown function at a number of points, what value does that function have at some other point between the given points? [[Extrapolation]] is very similar to interpolation, except that now the value of the unknown function at a point which is outside the given points must be found.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brezinski |first1=C. |last2=Zaglia |first2=M.R. |title=Extrapolation methods: theory and practice |publisher=Elsevier |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-08-050622-7 |url={{GBurl|WGviBQAAQBAJ|pg=PR7}}}}</ref> [[Regression analysis|Regression]] is also similar, but it takes into account that the data are imprecise. Given some points, and a measurement of the value of some function at these points (with an error), the unknown function can be found. The [[numerical methods for linear least squares|least squares]]-method is one way to achieve this. ===Solving equations and systems of equations=== Another fundamental problem is computing the solution of some given equation. Two cases are commonly distinguished, depending on whether the equation is linear or not. For instance, the equation <math>2x+5=3</math> is linear while <math>2x^2+5=3</math> is not. Much effort has been put in the development of methods for solving [[systems of linear equations]]. Standard direct methods, i.e., methods that use some [[matrix decomposition]] are [[Gaussian elimination]], [[LU decomposition]], [[Cholesky decomposition]] for [[symmetric matrix|symmetric]] (or [[hermitian matrix|hermitian]]) and [[positive-definite matrix]], and [[QR decomposition]] for non-square matrices. Iterative methods such as the [[Jacobi method]], [[Gauss–Seidel method]], [[successive over-relaxation]] and [[conjugate gradient method]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hestenes |first1=Magnus R. |last2=Stiefel |first2=Eduard |title=Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems |journal=Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards |volume=49 |issue=6 |pages=409– |date=December 1952 |doi=10.6028/jres.049.044 |url= https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/049/jresv49n6p409_A1b.pdf}}</ref> are usually preferred for large systems. General iterative methods can be developed using a [[matrix splitting]]. [[Root-finding algorithm]]s are used to solve nonlinear equations (they are so named since a root of a function is an argument for which the function yields zero). If the function is [[derivative|differentiable]] and the derivative is known, then Newton's method is a popular choice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ezquerro Fernández |first1=J.A. |last2=Hernández Verón |first2=M.Á. |title=Newton's method: An updated approach of Kantorovich's theory |publisher=Birkhäuser |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-55976-6 |url={{GBurl|A3orDwAAQBAJ|pg=PR11}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Deuflhard |title=Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms |publisher=Springer |edition=2nd |series=Computational Mathematics |volume=35 |date=2006 |isbn=978-3-540-21099-3 |url={{GBurl|l20xK__HG_kC|pg=PP1}} }}</ref> [[Linearization]] is another technique for solving nonlinear equations. ===Solving eigenvalue or singular value problems=== Several important problems can be phrased in terms of [[eigenvalue decomposition]]s or [[singular value decomposition]]s. For instance, the [[image compression|spectral image compression]] algorithm<ref>{{cite web |first1=C.J. |last1=Ogden |first2=T. |last2=Huff |title=The Singular Value Decomposition and Its Applications in Image Compression |date=1997 |work=Math 45 |publisher=College of the Redwoods |url=http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/darnold/laproj/Fall97/Tammie/tammie.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925193348/http://online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/instruct/darnold/laproj/Fall97/Tammie/tammie.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2006 }}</ref> is based on the singular value decomposition. The corresponding tool in statistics is called [[principal component analysis]]. ===Optimization=== {{Main|Mathematical optimization}} Optimization problems ask for the point at which a given function is maximized (or minimized). Often, the point also has to satisfy some [[Constraint (mathematics)|constraint]]s. The field of optimization is further split in several subfields, depending on the form of the [[objective function]] and the constraint. For instance, [[linear programming]] deals with the case that both the objective function and the constraints are linear. A famous method in linear programming is the simplex method. The method of [[Lagrange multipliers]] can be used to reduce optimization problems with constraints to unconstrained optimization problems. ===Evaluating integrals=== {{Main|Numerical integration}} Numerical integration, in some instances also known as numerical [[quadrature (mathematics)|quadrature]], asks for the value of a definite [[integral]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=P.J. |last2=Rabinowitz |first2=P. |title=Methods of numerical integration |publisher=Courier Corporation |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-486-45339-2 |url={{GBurl|gGCKdqka0HAC|pg=PR5}}}}</ref> Popular methods use one of the [[Newton–Cotes formulas]] (like the midpoint rule or [[Simpson's rule]]) or [[Gaussian quadrature]].<ref>{{MathWorld|author=Weisstein, Eric W. |title=Gaussian Quadrature |id=GaussianQuadrature}}</ref> These methods rely on a "divide and conquer" strategy, whereby an integral on a relatively large set is broken down into integrals on smaller sets. In higher dimensions, where these methods become prohibitively expensive in terms of computational effort, one may use [[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo]] or [[quasi-Monte Carlo method]]s (see [[Monte Carlo integration]]<ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Geweke |chapter=15. Monte carlo simulation and numerical integration |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1574002196010179) |doi=10.1016/S1574-0021(96)01017-9|title=Handbook of Computational Economics |publisher=Elsevier |volume=1 |date=1996 |isbn=9780444898579 |pages=731–800 }}</ref>), or, in modestly large dimensions, the method of [[sparse grid]]s. ===Differential equations=== {{Main|Numerical ordinary differential equations|Numerical partial differential equations}} Numerical analysis is also concerned with computing (in an approximate way) the solution of differential equations, both ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations.<ref>{{cite book |first=A. |last=Iserles |title=A first course in the numerical analysis of differential equations |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |date=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-73490-5 |url={{GBurl|M0tkw4oUucoC|pg=PR5}} }}</ref> Partial differential equations are solved by first discretizing the equation, bringing it into a finite-dimensional subspace.<ref>{{cite book |first=W.F. |last=Ames |title=Numerical methods for partial differential equations |publisher=Academic Press |edition=3rd |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-08-057130-0 |url={{GBurl|KmjiBQAAQBAJ|pg=PP7}} }}</ref> This can be done by a [[finite element method]],<ref>{{cite book |first=C. |last=Johnson |title=Numerical solution of partial differential equations by the finite element method |publisher=Courier Corporation |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-486-46900-3 |url={{GBurl|0IFCAwAAQBAJ|p=2}} }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brenner |first1=S. |last2=Scott |first2=R. |title=The mathematical theory of finite element methods |publisher=Springer |edition=2nd |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4757-3658-8 |url={{GBurl|ServBwAAQBAJ|pg=PR11}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Strang |first1=G. |last2=Fix |first2=G.J. |orig-year=1973 |title=An analysis of the finite element method |publisher=Wellesley-Cambridge Press |date=2018 |isbn=9780980232783 |url=https://archive.org/details/analysisoffinite0000stra |oclc=1145780513 |edition=2nd}}</ref> a [[finite difference]] method,<ref>{{cite book |last=Strikwerda |first=J.C. |title=Finite difference schemes and partial differential equations |publisher=SIAM |edition=2nd |date=2004 |isbn=978-0-89871-793-8 |url={{GBurl|mbdt5XT25AsC|pg=PP5}}}}</ref> or (particularly in engineering) a [[finite volume method]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Randall |last=LeVeque |title=Finite Volume Methods for Hyperbolic Problems |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2002 |isbn=978-1-139-43418-8 |url={{GBurl|mfAfAwAAQBAJ|pg=PT6}}}}</ref> The theoretical justification of these methods often involves theorems from [[functional analysis]]. This reduces the problem to the solution of an algebraic equation. ==Software== {{Main|List of numerical-analysis software|Comparison of numerical-analysis software}} Since the late twentieth century, most algorithms are implemented in a variety of programming languages. The [[Netlib]] repository contains various collections of software routines for numerical problems, mostly in [[Fortran]] and [[C (programming language)|C]]. Commercial products implementing many different numerical algorithms include the [[IMSL Numerical Libraries|IMSL]] and [[Numerical Algorithms Group|NAG]] libraries; a [[free software|free-software]] alternative is the [[GNU Scientific Library]]. Over the years the [[Royal Statistical Society]] published numerous algorithms in its [[Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series C (Applied Statistics)|''Applied Statistics'']] (code for these "AS" functions is [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#apstat here]); [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] similarly, in its ''[[Transactions on Mathematical Software]]'' ("TOMS" code is [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#toms here]). The [[Naval Surface Warfare Center]] several times published its [https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA476840.pdf ''Library of Mathematics Subroutines''] (code [https://jblevins.org/mirror/amiller/#nswc here]). There are several popular numerical computing applications such as [[MATLAB]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Quarteroni |first1=A. |last2=Saleri |first2=F. |last3=Gervasio |first3=P. |title=Scientific computing with MATLAB and Octave |publisher=Springer |edition=4th |date=2014 |isbn=978-3-642-45367-0 |url={{GBurl|_0m9BAAAQBAJ|pg=PR11}}}}</ref><ref name="gh">{{cite book |editor1-last=Gander |editor1-first=W. |editor2-last=Hrebicek |editor2-first=J. |title=Solving problems in scientific computing using Maple and Matlab® |publisher=Springer |date=2011 |isbn=978-3-642-18873-2 |url={{GBurl|di2qCAAAQBAJ|pg=PR14}}}}</ref><ref name="bf">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=B. |last2=Fulford |first2=G.R. |title=Mathematical modelling with case studies: a differential equations approach using Maple and MATLAB |publisher=CRC Press |edition=2nd |date=2011 |isbn=978-1-4200-8350-7 |oclc=1058138488 }}</ref> [[TK Solver]], [[S-PLUS]], and [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]]<ref>{{cite book |first=L.E. |last=Gumley |title=Practical IDL programming |publisher=Elsevier |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-08-051444-4 |url={{GBurl|1d-tNpm_x4gC|pg=PR9}}}}</ref> as well as free and open source alternatives such as [[FreeMat]], [[Scilab]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bunks |first1=C. |last2=Chancelier |first2=J.P. |last3=Delebecque |first3=F. |last4=Goursat |first4=M. |last5=Nikoukhah |first5=R. |last6=Steer |first6=S. |title=Engineering and scientific computing with Scilab |publisher=Springer |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-4612-7204-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thanki |first1=R.M. |last2=Kothari |first2=A.M. |title=Digital image processing using SCILAB |publisher=Springer |date=2019 |isbn=978-3-319-89533-8 |url={{GBurl|VydaDwAAQBAJ|pg=PR9}}}}</ref> [[GNU Octave]] (similar to Matlab), and [[IT++]] (a C++ library). There are also programming languages such as [[R (programming language)|R]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ihaka |first1=R. |last2=Gentleman |first2=R. |title=R: a language for data analysis and graphics |journal=Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=299–314 |date=1996 |doi=10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713 |url=https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/R-paper.pdf}}</ref> (similar to S-PLUS), [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bezanson|first1=Jeff|last2=Edelman|first2=Alan|last3=Karpinski|first3=Stefan|last4=Shah|first4=Viral B.|date=2017-01-01|title=Julia: A Fresh Approach to Numerical Computing|url=https://epubs.siam.org/doi/abs/10.1137/141000671|journal=SIAM Review|volume=59|issue=1|pages=65–98|doi=10.1137/141000671|issn=0036-1445|hdl=1721.1/110125|s2cid=13026838 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and [[Python (programming language)|Python]] with libraries such as [[NumPy]], [[SciPy]]<ref>Jones, E., Oliphant, T., & Peterson, P. (2001). SciPy: Open source scientific tools for Python.</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=E. |last=Bressert |title=SciPy and NumPy: an overview for developers |publisher=O'Reilly |date=2012 |isbn=9781306810395 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=F.J. |last=Blanco-Silva |title=Learning SciPy for numerical and scientific computing |url=https://archive.org/details/learningscipyfor0000fran |publisher=Packt |date=2013 |isbn=9781782161639 }}</ref> and [[SymPy]]. Performance varies widely: while vector and matrix operations are usually fast, scalar loops may vary in speed by more than an order of magnitude.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061005024002/http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark/ Speed comparison of various number crunching packages] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005024002/http://www.sciviews.org/benchmark/ |date=5 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>[http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518062220/http://www.scientificweb.com/ncrunch/ncrunch5.pdf Comparison of mathematical programs for data analysis] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518062220/http://www.scientificweb.com/ncrunch/ncrunch5.pdf |date=18 May 2016 }} Stefan Steinhaus, ScientificWeb.com</ref> Many [[computer algebra system]]s such as [[Mathematica]] also benefit from the availability of [[arbitrary-precision arithmetic]] which can provide more accurate results.<ref>{{cite book |first=R.E. |last=Maeder |title=Programming in mathematica |publisher=Addison-Wesley |edition=3rd |date=1997 |isbn=9780201854497 |oclc=1311056676 |url=https://archive.org/details/programminginmat0000maed_l2m6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Wolfram |date=1999 |title=The MATHEMATICA® book, version 4 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |url={{GBurl|Xny77v_QPkEC|pg=PR19}} |isbn=9781579550042 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=W.T. |last2=Tigg |first2=J. |title=Applied Mathematica: getting started, getting it done |publisher=Addison-Wesley |date=1993 |isbn=978-0-201-54217-2 |oclc=28149048 |url=http://www.gbv.de/dms/bowker/toc/9780201542172.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marasco |first1=A. |last2=Romano |first2=A. |title=Scientific Computing with Mathematica: Mathematical Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations |publisher=Springer |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-8176-4205-1 |url={{GBurl|iFRqemnmMqUC|pg=PR7}}}}</ref> Also, any [[spreadsheet]] [[software]] can be used to solve simple problems relating to numerical analysis. [[Microsoft_Excel#|Excel]], for example, has hundreds of [[Microsoft Excel#Functions|available functions]], including for matrices, which may be used in conjunction with its [[Microsoft Excel#Add-ins|built in "solver"]]. ==See also== {{div col |colwidth=20em}} *[[:Category:Numerical analysts]] *[[Analysis of algorithms]] *[[Computational science]] *[[Computational physics]] *[[Gordon Bell Prize]] *[[Interval arithmetic]] *[[List of numerical analysis topics]] *[[Local linearization method]] *[[Numerical differentiation]] *[[Numerical Recipes]] *[[Probabilistic numerics]] *[[Symbolic-numeric computation]] *[[Validated numerics]] {{div col end}} ==Notes== {{NoteFoot}} ==References== ===Citations=== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |author1 = Golub, Gene H. |author-link = Gene H. Golub |author2 = Charles F. Van Loan |author2-link = Charles F. Van Loan |title=Matrix Computations |edition=3rd |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=0-8018-5413-X |year = 1986 }} *{{cite book |first=Nicholas J. |last=Higham |author-link=Nicholas Higham |title = Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms |url=https://archive.org/details/accuracystabilit0000high |url-access=registration |publisher=Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics |isbn=0-89871-355-2 |orig-year=1996 |year=2002}} * {{cite book |last=Hildebrand |first=F. B. |author-link=Francis B. Hildebrand | title=Introduction to Numerical Analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontonu0000hild |edition=2nd |year=1974 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn= 0-07-028761-9 }} * {{cite book |last=Leader |first=Jeffery J. |author-link=Jeffery J. Leader |title=Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computation |url=https://archive.org/details/numericalanalysi0000lead |year=2004 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn= 0-201-73499-0 }} * {{cite book|last= Wilkinson |first =J.H. |author-link=James H. Wilkinson |title=The Algebraic Eigenvalue Problem |url= https://archive.org/details/algebraiceigenva0000wilk |url-access= registration |publisher = Clarendon Press |orig-year=1965 |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-19-853418-1 }} * {{cite conference |last = Kahan |first = W. |author-link= William Kahan |title = A survey of error-analysis |journal = Info. Processing 71 |conference = Proc. IFIP Congress 71 in Ljubljana |volume = 2 |pages = 1214–39 |publisher = North-Holland |year = 1972 |isbn=978-0-7204-2063-0 |oclc=25116949 }} (examples of the importance of accurate arithmetic). *{{cite book |author-link=Lloyd N. Trefethen |last=Trefethen |first=Lloyd N. |chapter=IV.21 Numerical analysis |chapter-url=http://people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/NAessay.pdf |editor1-first=I. |editor1-last=Leader |editor2-first=T. |editor2-last=Gowers |editor3-first=J. |editor3-last=Barrow-Green |title=Princeton Companion of Mathematics |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-11880-2 |pages=604–614 |url={{GBurl|GLumDwAAQBAJ|pg=PR5}}}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links| wikt=no|c=Category:Numerical analysis | b=Numerical Methods | n=no | q=Numerical analysis | s=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=no}} ===Journals=== *''[[Numerische Mathematik]]'', volumes 1–..., [https://www.springer.com/mathematics/numerical+and+computational+mathematics/journal/211 Springer], 1959– **[http://www-gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/cgi-bin/digbib.cgi?PPN362160546 volumes 1–66, 1959–1994] (searchable; pages are images). {{in lang|en|de}} *''[[Journal on Numerical Analysis]]'' [https://epubs.siam.org/journal/sjnaam (SINUM)], volumes 1–..., SIAM, 1964– ===Online texts=== *{{springer|title=Numerical analysis|id=p/n120130}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905141405/http://www.nr.com/oldverswitcher.html ''Numerical Recipes''], William H. Press (free, downloadable previous editions) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm ''First Steps in Numerical Analysis''] ([[Internet Archive|archived]]), R.J.Hosking, S.Joe, D.C.Joyce, and J.C.Turner *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170801213333/http://www.phy.ornl.gov/csep/CSEP/TEXTOC.html ''CSEP'' (Computational Science Education Project)], [[U.S. Department of Energy]] ([[Internet Archive|archived 2017-08-01]]) *[https://dlmf.nist.gov/3 Numerical Methods], ch 3. in the ''[[Digital Library of Mathematical Functions]]'' *[https://personal.math.ubc.ca/~cbm/aands/page_875.htm Numerical Interpolation, Differentiation and Integration], ch 25. in the ''Handbook of Mathematical Functions'' ([[Abramowitz and Stegun]]) ===Online course material=== *[http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page Numerical Methods] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728181209/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/fdl/people/sd103/lectures/nummeth98/index.htm#L_1_Title_Page |date=28 July 2009 }}), Stuart Dalziel [[University of Cambridge]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110110055517/http://www.math.upenn.edu/~wilf/DeturckWilf.pdf Lectures on Numerical Analysis], Dennis Deturck and Herbert S. Wilf [[University of Pennsylvania]] *[http://johndfenton.com/Lectures/Numerical-Methods/Numerical-Methods.pdf Numerical methods], John D. Fenton [[University of Karlsruhe]] *[http://www-teaching.physics.ox.ac.uk/computing/NumericalMethods/NMfP.pdf Numerical Methods for Physicists], Anthony O’Hare [[Oxford University]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120225082123/http://kr.cs.ait.ac.th/~radok/math/mat7/stepsa.htm Lectures in Numerical Analysis] ([[Internet Archive|archived]]), R. Radok [[Mahidol University]] *[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-993j-introduction-to-numerical-analysis-for-engineering-13-002j-spring-2005/ Introduction to Numerical Analysis for Engineering], Henrik Schmidt [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] *[http://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/ ''Numerical Analysis for Engineering''], D. W. Harder [[University of Waterloo]] *[https://www.math.umd.edu/~diom/courses/AMSC466/Levy-notes.pdf Introduction to Numerical Analysis], Doron Levy [[University of Maryland]] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070310212643/http://math.fullerton.edu/mathews/n2003/NumericalUndergradMod.html Numerical Analysis - Numerical Methods] (archived), John H. Mathews [[California State University Fullerton]] {{Areas of mathematics}} {{Branches of physics}} {{Computer science}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Numerical Analysis}} [[Category:Numerical analysis| ]] [[Category:Mathematical physics]] [[Category:Computational science]] autbk17ak0rhtccgfcbb3op2xwt8ary 0 25664 123368 76283 2026-11-01T21:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Ndola | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = NoliNoli | settlement_type = City | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Ndola01.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_caption = Downtown Ndola | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | pushpin_map = Zambia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Zambia <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Zambia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zambia|Province]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Copperbelt Province]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Zambia#Copperbelt Province|District]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Ndola District]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Samuel Munthali]] | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | established_title = Inception | established_date = 1904 | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2018 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 451246 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicities | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Religions | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|12|58|00|S|28|38|00|E|region:ZM|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 1300 | elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]] | blank1_name = | blank1_info = | website = {{URL|http://www.cityofndola.gov.zm/}} | footnotes = | population_demonym = Zimandola }} '''Ndola''' ni msumba ukuru comene wacitatu mu [[Zambia]] ndipo ni wacitatu pa unandi wa ŵanthu, na ŵanthu 475,194 (kuyana na kalembera wa 2010), pamanyuma pa msumba ukuru wa Lusaka na Kitwe. Msumba uwu ndiwo ni msumba ukuru wa Copperbelt, ndipo ndiwo ukukolerana na migodi ya mkuwa. Ili pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kufuma ku mphaka na DR Congo. Mu tawuni iyi ndimo muli sitediyamu ya Levy Mwanawasa. [[File:Ndola,_The_Friendly_City.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ndola,_The_Friendly_City.jpg|thumb|A sign on the [[:en:T3_road_(Zambia)|T3 Road]] depicting Ndola as The Friendly City]] == Mbili == Malo agho sono ni Ndola ghakaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa Lamba awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chief Chiwala. Ŵanthu ŵa Lamba ŵakafuma mu ufumu wa Luba-Lunda cha m'ma 1600 ndipo tawuni ya Ndola yikaŵa pasi pa Chief Mushili kwa nyengo yitali kweni sono yili pasi pa Chief Chiwala uyo wakiza ku Lambaland pa nyengo ya malonda gha ŵazga kufuma ku Malawi. Zina lakuti Ndola lili kufuma ku mlonga uwo ukufuma mu mapiri gha Kaloko na kuthira mu mlonga wa Kafubu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2016 |title=How The City Of Ndola Got Its Name |url=http://paulshalala.blogspot.com/2016/11/how-city-of-ndola-got-its-name.html |access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> Msumba wa Ndola ukazengeka mu 1904, na John Edward "Chiripula" Stephenson myezi 6 pera pamanyuma pa Livingstone. Pakwamba yikaŵa boma kweniso malo ghakuguliskirako malonda. Mu 1907, misewu yikuru ya Railways ya ku Rhodesia yikafika mu tawuni iyi, ndipo yikendanga na ŵanthu m'paka ku Bulawayo kumwera.<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Ndola Ndola], britannica.com, USA, accessed on June 30, 2019</ref> Mzere uwu ukafika ku DR Congo ndipo kufuma kwenekuko ukakhwaskika na Benguela Railway ku Atlantic port ya Lobito (iyo yikatora katundu munyake wa mkuwa wa Zambia kwa vyaka vinandi na kulekeskeka kwa nyengo yichoko waka chifukwa cha kujara. Mzinda wa Ndola ndiwo ukapangiska kuti msumba uwu uŵe malo ghakupharazgirako. Pambere msewu uwu undazengeke mu m'ma 1930, msewu wakufuma ku Ndola kuluta ku Kapalala pa Mlonga wa Luapula, na kwendera boti kufuma kura kuya ku Mlonga wa Chambeshi ukaŵa nthowa yikuru yakwendeskera malonda ku Northern Province. Mu 1961, ndege iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ŵa wupu wa United Nations, kusazgapo mulembi mukuru waŵiri wa wupu uwu, Dag Hammarskjöld, yikawa pafupi na Ndola. == Nyengo == Malo gha ku Ndola ghali na mphepo yakuzizima (Köppen Cwa).{{Weather box|location=Ndola|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan record high C=31.7|Feb record high C=33.1|Mar record high C=32.0|Apr record high C=32.4|May record high C=32.0|Jun record high C=30.2|Jul record high C=30.5|Aug record high C=33.5|Sep record high C=35.5|Oct record high C=36.1|Nov record high C=38.5|Dec record high C=32.6|year record high C=38.5|Jan high C=26.6|Feb high C=26.9|Mar high C=27.4|Apr high C=27.5|May high C=26.6|Jun high C=25.1|Jul high C=25.2|Aug high C=27.5|Sep high C=30.5|Oct high C=31.5|Nov high C=29.4|Dec high C=27.0|year high C=27.6|Jan mean C=20.8|Feb mean C=20.8|Mar mean C=21.0|Apr mean C=20.5|May mean C=18.6|Jun mean C=16.5|Jul mean C=16.7|Aug mean C=19.2|Sep mean C=22.5|Oct mean C=23.7|Nov mean C=22.5|Dec mean C=21.0|year mean C=20.3|Jan low C=17.1|Feb low C=17.1|Mar low C=16.5|Apr low C=14.4|May low C=10.8|Jun low C=7.9|Jul low C=7.8|Aug low C=10.2|Sep low C=13.6|Oct low C=16.2|Nov low C=17.1|Dec low C=17.2|year low C=13.8|Jan record low C=12.4|Feb record low C=12.4|Mar record low C=7.5|Apr record low C=7.2|May record low C=3.8|Jun record low C=1.7|Jul record low C=0.7|Aug record low C=1.6|Sep record low C=6.7|Oct record low C=9.8|Nov record low C=11.7|Dec record low C=11.2|year record low C=0.7|precipitation colour=green|Jan precipitation mm=292.9|Feb precipitation mm=249.0|Mar precipitation mm=170.1|Apr precipitation mm=45.5|May precipitation mm=3.5|Jun precipitation mm=0.7|Jul precipitation mm=0.1|Aug precipitation mm=0.4|Sep precipitation mm=2.9|Oct precipitation mm=31.5|Nov precipitation mm=130.3|Dec precipitation mm=305.9|year precipitation mm=1232.8|unit precipitation days=1.0 mm|Jan precipitation days=23|Feb precipitation days=20|Mar precipitation days=17|Apr precipitation days=6|May precipitation days=1|Jun precipitation days=0|Jul precipitation days=0|Aug precipitation days=0|Sep precipitation days=0|Oct precipitation days=4|Nov precipitation days=14|Dec precipitation days=23|year precipitation days=108|Jan humidity=82.5|Feb humidity=83.0|Mar humidity=79.7|Apr humidity=73.4|May humidity=65.9|Jun humidity=61.1|Jul humidity=54.6|Aug humidity=46.6|Sep humidity=40.9|Oct humidity=47.3|Nov humidity=64.9|Dec humidity=80.4|year humidity=65.0|Jan sun=151.9|Feb sun=142.8|Mar sun=192.2|Apr sun=243.0|May sun=279.0|Jun sun=276.0|Jul sun=297.6|Aug sun=297.6|Sep sun=279.0|Oct sun=269.7|Nov sun=207.0|Dec sun=158.1|year sun=2793.9|source 1=NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/ZA/67561.TXT | title = Ndola MET Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | accessdate = January 16, 2014}}</ref>|date=November 2011}} == Makampani == [[File:Beryl-Quartz-Emerald-Zambia-33mm_0891.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beryl-Quartz-Emerald-Zambia-33mm_0891.jpg|thumb|Emerald wakufuma ku Kagem Emerald Mine, Kafubu Emerald District, Ndola. Kukula kwake 3.0 x 2.7 x 2.6 cm.]] === Legacy === Pa nyengo iyo, msumba uwu ukaŵa msumba ukuru comene wa Zambia, ndipo pakati pa malo ghanandi agho ghakaŵa na nkhongono zikuruzikuru, pakaŵa malo ghakusonkherapo magalimoto gha Land Rover, Dunlop Tire, Johnson & Johnson, na Unilever. Mu tawuni iyi muli mafakitale ghanandi agho ghali kujara. Makampani ghanyake agho ghakaŵa ghakupanga vyakuvwara na magalimoto ghamara. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakughanaghana kuti Ndola ni tawuni ya mizimu yayi, kweni yikwenera kuzakaŵa na chuma chakukhora nga umo vikaŵira pambere 1980. === Refining === Ku Ndola kulije migodi, kweni migodi ya Bwana Mkubwa yili pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 pera kumwera ca kumafumiro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu. Pambere ŵandajare, mkuwa na visulo vyakuzirwa vikizanga kufuma ku malo ghanyake mu Copperbelt kuti vikatozgeke pa Ndola Copper Refinery and Precious Metals Refinery. Vinthu vya mkuwa ivyo vikuguliskika ku Zambia vikovwira kuti charu ichi chiŵe na ndalama zinandi. Malo ghakupangira mafuta gha Indeni ku Ndola, ghakovwira kuti charu chose chiŵe na mafuta ghakutowa. Nyumba iyi yikanangika na moto mu 1999, ndipo yikanozgeka mu 2001. GL Africa Energy, kwizira mu kampani yake ya Ndola Energy Company Limited, yikupereka 105MW ya nkhongono ku National Grid ya Zambia. Magesi ghakupangika kufuma ku mafuta ghakunonkheska agho ghakupelekeka na kampani ya Indeni Petroleum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Lakes Africa Energy {{!}} Our Projects |url=http://www.glaenergy.com/projects.html |access-date=2017-04-05 |website=www.glaenergy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Lakes Africa Energy {{!}} Our Projects |url=https://www.glaenergy.com/projects.html |access-date=2017-07-07 |website=www.glaenergy.com}}</ref> === Commercial === Ku Ndola ndiko kuli nyuzipepara yinyake ya ku Zambia, yakucemeka The Times of Zambia, kweniso ku malo agha ndiko kuli nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku yakucemeka Printpak. Mabuku agha ghakulembeka na kampani yinyake yakucemeka TimesPrintpak. Kweniso ku Ndola ndiko kuli nyumba yakusindikizgira mabuku iyo yikwendeskeka na tchalitchi la Katolika. Mission Press yikucita malonda. === Limestone === Ndola wali na malibwe ghakurughakuru agho ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ndigho ghakupambanapambana chomene pa charu chose. Pakati pa 1974 na 2009, Ndola wakapanganga simenti yakujumpha 50% ya Zambia kufuma ku fakitare iyo yikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 5 kumwera kwa msumba uwu. Fakitale iyi yikacemekanga Chilanga Cement, Ndola Works. Pa nyengo iyi, kampani iyi yikaŵa Chilanga Cement plc. Chilanga Cement yikaŵa na mafakitale ghaŵiri mu Zambia: limoza likazengeka mu 1949 ku Chilanga (pantheura zina la kampani iyi) ndipo linyake likazengeka mu 1969 ku Ndola. Mu 2008, kampani yiphya yakuchemeka Lafarge Cement Zambia, yikamalizga kuzenga fakitare yiphya ku Chilanga, iyo yikeneranga kupanga vinthu vinandi kuluska ivyo vikaŵa ku Ndola Works. Kuzakafika pakati pa caka ca 2009, nchito yiphya iyi yikaŵa kuti yaluta panthazi comene, ndipo Ndola wakaŵa kuti wachali kucitako nchito ya simenti mu cigaŵa ici. Ndipouli, cifukwa ca malibwe ghakurughakuru agho ghakusangika mu msumba uwu kweniso nthowa za mendero izo zikwenda mu Ndola, msumba uwu ukuŵa wakukondweska comene ku ŵanthu awo ŵakukhumba kugura simenti. Mu 2008 ŵakuzenga sitimanti yachiŵiri.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2007 |title=Mmegi Online :: Nigerian magnate invests in Kafue cement plant |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=32&dir=2008/June/Thursday26 |publisher= |accessdate=17 December 2017}}</ref> Mu Juni 2009, ŵapharazgi ŵa mu charu chose ŵakalemba makalata ghakulongosora umo ŵangasangira ŵanthu ŵakukwana kuti ŵagwirenge ntchito mu fakitare iyi. Malo ghanyake ghakupangira malibwe agha ni Ndola Lime. Ndico cikupangiska Lime [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] mu Zambia. Malo agha ghali pafupi na malo ghaŵiri ghakupangira simenti. Likovwira ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita migodi kweniso ŵalimi awo ŵakukhumbikwira visulo. Kampani ya Ndola Lime yili na ZCCM Investment Holdings, kampani ya boma iyo boma la Zambia likugwiliskira nchito kuti likondweske migodi ya mu charu ichi. === Cultural Interactions === Makampani ghanayi (makampani ghakupangira simenti, makampani ghakupangira visulo na Bwana Mkubwa) ghali na wanangwa wakugwilira nchito migodi pa malo agho ghali pafupi comene na chigaŵa cha Chiwala. Ntheura Chief Chiwala ni munthu wakuzirwa chomene mu vyamalonda na chuma cha Ndola. === Magesi === Kampani ya ku Egypt Elsewedy Electric yikajibatika ku wupu wa makampani gha ku Zambia (ZESCO Ltd) ndipo yikakhazikiska kampani ya kupanga ma transformer na ma electrical meter ku Zambia mu 2008. Malo agha ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 5 kumwera kwa msumba wa Ndola. == Mayendelo == Msumba uwu uli na vigaŵa vya Cape to Cairo Railway. Boma la Zambia Railways lili na siteshoni ya njanji ku Ndola, ndipo likwendeska katundu na ŵanthu ku msumba wa Kitwe kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Sitima za katundu (Cape to Cairo Railway) zikudukira ku matauni ghanyake gha Copperbelt na kufuma ku Ndola kuya ku Lubumbashi mu DR Congo kwizira ku Sakania.<ref name="ITM">Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: "Zambia, 2nd edition", 2000</ref> Ndola wali pa mseu wa T3, uwo ukukolerana na Kitwe kumpoto-kumanjiliro gha dazi (nga ni mseu wa magalimoto ghaŵiri) na Kapiri Mposhi na Lusaka kumwera. Msewu wa M4 ukuyaniska Ndola na Mufulira (na Congo Pedicle) kumpoto. [[File:2013-04-08_10-04-21_Zambia_Copperbelt_-_Malabo.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013-04-08_10-04-21_Zambia_Copperbelt_-_Malabo.JPG|thumb|Ndege ya Old Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport]] Msumba uwu uli mu vigaŵa vya Cape to Cairo Railway. Boma la Zambia Railways lili na siteshoni ya njanji ku Ndola, ndipo yikutumizga katundu na ŵanthu ku msumba wa Kitwe kumpoto kwa charu ichi. Sitima za katundu (Cape to Cairo Railway) zikuluta ku matawuni ghanyake gha ku Copperbelt na kufuma ku Ndola kuluta ku Lubumbashi mu DR Congo kwizira ku Sakania == Sport and recreation == Nga umo vikaŵira na matawuni ghanandi gha ku Copperbelt, umoyo wa vyamaseŵera na vyakusanguluska wa Ndola ukakhozgeka chomene na kampani ya migodi yakuchemeka Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM). ZCCM yikati yamara, malo ghanandi ghakanangika luŵiro. Ndipouli, malo ghakuzirwa gha maseŵero agha ni Ndola Tennis Club (membership), Ndola Swimming Pool (public), malo gha Kanini (pafupifupi makilomita 3 kufuma ku msumba ndipo kuli maseŵero ghanandi gha maseŵero gha maseŵero na malo ghaseŵero nga Ndola Wanderers Football Club, rugby club, na ghanyake). Pafupi na mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, pali msewu uwo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kwenda pa njinga za moto.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galpin |first=Darren |title=Ndola |url=http://www.silhouet.com/motorsport/tracks/africa/ndola.html |work=GEL Motorsport Information Page |accessdate=24 April 2013}}</ref>Mu tawuni iyi muli malo ghanandi ghakupumulirapo agho ghali na malo ghakutowa chomene ndipo ŵanthu ŵangasendelera. Malo ghakuzirwa chomene agha ni Dag Hammarskjöld Crash Site Memorial, agho ghali pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto kwa msumba wa Ndola. Sitediyamu ya Dag Hammarskjöld, iyo yikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Kafubu kumwera kwa msumba uwu, yikaparanyika mu ma 1980. Mu malo ghake, kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba uwu, mukuŵa Sitediyamu ya Levy Mwanawasa, iyo yikukwana ŵanthu 50,000. Ndola ni muzi wa Zesco United, timu ya ku Zambia Premier League. Zesco FC ŵakumucema kuti "team ya ziko", panji kuti timu ya caru mu ciyowoyero ca Nyanja. == Malo gha ku mizi == {{Div col|colwidth=30em}} *[[Bwana Mkubwa]] *[[Chifubu]] *[[Chipulukusu]] *Dola Hill *Hill Crest *Itawa *Kabushi *Kaloko *Kanini *Kansenshi *Kawama *Lubuto *Masala *Minsundu *Mushili *Ndeke *Northrise *Nkwazi *Pamodzi *Twapia {{col div end}} == Masambilo == Yunivesite ya Northrise yikambika mu 2003. Maofesi ghanyake agho ghali mu Ndola ni agha: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * Chifubu High School * Copperbelt Nursing Polytechnic<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.educationinzambia.com/index.php/colleges/nursing-schools/registered-private-nursing-schools/92-copperbelt-nursing-polytechnic-ltd |title=Copperbelt Nursing Polytechnic Ltd |access-date=2017-01-08 |archive-date=2017-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022511/http://www.educationinzambia.com/index.php/colleges/nursing-schools/registered-private-nursing-schools/92-copperbelt-nursing-polytechnic-ltd |url-status=dead }}</ref> * The Copperbelt University School of Medicine<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbu.edu.zm/index.php/schools/medicine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317064538/http://www.cbu.edu.zm/index.php/schools/medicine |archive-date=2012-03-17 |title=School of Medicine}}</ref> * Itawa Basic School * Kansenshi Basic School * [[Kansenshi Secondary School]] * Lubuto Secondary School * Masala Secondary School * Ndola College of Biomedical Sciences<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ncbszambia.org/ |title = Biomedical College – Defining Biomedical Science}}</ref> * Ndola Primary * Ndola Technical School * Northern Technical College<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nortec.edu.zm/ |title=Northern Technical College (NORTEC) – Creative Minds and Hands |access-date=2023-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205124626/http://www.nortec.edu.zm/ |archive-date=2016-12-05}}</ref> * National Institute of Public Administration (NIPA),Ndola campus * Northrise Primary School * St. Andrews High School<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200306075822/http://educatezambia.com/listing/st-andrews-high-school-ndola/ {{Bare URL inline|date=April 2022}}</ref> * Temweni High School {{div col end}} == Mwambo == Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu Vyakupatulika ya Copperbelt, iyo yili na vinthu vyakuzirwa vya ku Copperbelt. Malo ghachoko waka agho ghakusangika na madamu pa milonga ya Kafubu na Itawa agho ghakwenda kumwera kwa tawuni iyi, ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pakukwera boti na vyakusanguluska. Malo ghakukhazikiskira magesi agho ghakaŵa pafupi na siteshoni ya sitima, ghakaleka kugwira ntchito mu ma 1960 apo ŵakazenganga Kariba Dam. === National monuments === [[File:NdolaSlaveTree.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NdolaSlaveTree.jpg|thumb|The Mukuyu Slave Tree (in Ndola, Zambia]] * Khuni la ŵazga panji Mukuyu Slave Tree uko ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga ŵa ku Arabia ŵakachitanga misika ya ŵazga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800 (khuni la mukuyu ni khuni la mkuyu). Ŵakawa cifukwa ca "vibungu". * Chiphikiro cha Dag Hammarskjöld chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 10 kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba, kufupi na msewu wa Ndola/Kitwe. * Chiziŵa cha Chilengwa chili pa mtunda wa makilomita 14 kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Ndola pa 12°58' S 28°45' E, chikapangika chifukwa cha kubwanganduka kwa jalawe ilo likaŵa mu mphanji ya malibwe gha malibwe, ndipo chili na kuzirwa kwa mitheto. == Malo ghakusoperapo == Pa malo agha pali visopa vinandi vya Cikhristu: Roman Catholic Diocese of Ndola (Chisopa ca Katolika), United Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Reformed Church in Zambia (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Baptist Fellowship of Zambia (Baptist World Alliance), Assemblies of God.<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia Zambia], britannica.com, USA, accessed on July 7, 2019</ref> Paliso masisiteri gha Cisilamu. == Msumba wa ŵadumbu == * {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[:en:Aldershot|Aldershot]], [[:en:England|England]], [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]] * {{Flagicon|Malawi}} [[:en:Blantyre,_Malawi|Blantyre]], [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]] * {{Flagicon|Liberia}} Bentol, [[:en:Liberia|Liberia]] * {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[:en:Porto|Porto]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]] * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[:en:Regina,_Saskatchewan|Regina]], [[:en:Saskatchewan|Saskatchewan]], [[:en:Canada|Canada]] * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[:en:Makhachkala|Makhachkala]], [[:en:Russia|Russia]] * {{Flagicon|China}} [[:en:Harbin|Harbin]], [[:en:Heilongjiang|Heilongjiang]], [[:en:China|China]] * {{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of Congo}} [[:en:Lubumbashi|Lubumbashi]], [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] * {{Flagicon|Namibia}} [[:en:Walvis_Bay|Walvis Bay]], [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] == Wonaniso == * [[:en:Railway_stations_in_Zambia|Railway stations in Zambia]] * [[:en:Copperbelt_Province|Copperbelt Province]] * [[:en:Tug_Agan_Barracks|Tug Agan Barracks]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == {{commons category}} * {{wikivoyage-inline|Ndola}} {{coord|12|58|S|28|38|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}} {{Largest cities of Zambia}}{{Authority control}} q5dufj12mkg4d1q0f5ctjxwetmz16c0 0 28791 123365 122987 2026-11-01T20:48:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} Iyi ni ndandanda ya vigaŵa vya [[England]], mtundu wa vigaŵa ivyo vikulongozgeka na boma. Vigaŵa vinandi vya Chingelezi vikuchemeka kuti vigaŵa vyambura msumba ukuru ndipo vikusangika mu vigaŵa vya msumba ukuru yayi. Kweni mu matawuni ndimo muli vigaŵa vinyake. Chigaŵa chilichose chili na chigaŵa chimoza, kupaturako Stockton-on-Tees, icho chili kugaŵika. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵali nga ni awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. {{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}} kufuma ku [[Office for National Statistics]].<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|England}}</ref> == Nomenclature == Pasono pali maboma {{English district total}} mu England. Vigaŵa ivi vili kugaŵika mu vigaŵa vinandi ivyo vikulongosora mazaza na milimo ya boma. * 32 [[Mphanda za London]] * 36 [[Metropolitan borough|metropolitan districts]] * 181 [[Non-metropolitan district|non-metropolitan districts]] (in a two-tier county arrangement) * 58 [[Unitary authorities of England|unitary authorities]] (all also non-metropolitan districts, but with the combined powers of [[Non-metropolitan county|non-metropolitan counties]] and [[Districts of England|districts]]) * [[City of London]] (sui generis) * [[Isles of Scilly]] (sui generis) Chigaŵa chilichose chingaŵa na maudindo gha borough, city, na royal borough, kweni ichi chikukhwaska yayi mazaza na milimo ya boma. == Mndandanda wa maboma == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Zina ! class="unsortable" |Webusaiti !Wanthu<br />({{United Kingdom statistics year|EnglandYYYY}}) !Zina la mtundu !Mtundu !Charu cha mwambo wako |- |[[Adur (district)|Adur]] |[http://www.adur.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000223}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Allerdale]] |[http://www.allerdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000026}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Amber Valley]] |[http://www.ambervalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Arun District|Arun]] |[http://www.arun.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000224}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Ashfield, Nottinghamshire|Ashfield]] |[http://www.ashfield-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000170}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Ashford (borough)|Ashford]] |[http://www.ashford.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000105}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Babergh District|Babergh]] |[http://www.babergh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000200}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025163946/http://www.barking-dagenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000002}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Barnet|Barnet]] |[http://www.barnet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000003}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley|Barnsley]] |[http://www.barnsley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000016}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Barrow-in-Furness (borough)|Barrow-in-Furness]] |[http://www.barrowbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Basildon (district)|Basildon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130622025104/http://www.basildon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000066}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328011058/http://www.basingstoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000084}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Bassetlaw District|Bassetlaw]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530022511/http://www.bassetlaw.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000171}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |[http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000022}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |[http://www.bedford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000055}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]] |[http://www.bexley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000004}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Birmingham|Birmingham]] |[http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000025}} |City (1889) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Blaby (district)|Blaby]] |[http://www.blaby.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000129}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208211710/http://www.blackburn.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000008}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Blackpool|Blackpool]] |[http://www.blackpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000009}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Bolsover (district)|Bolsover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923022124/https://www.bolsover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000033}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bolton|Bolton]] |[http://www.bolton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000001}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Boston (borough)|Boston]] |[http://www.boston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000136}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |[http://www.bcpcouncil.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000058}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Bracknell Forest]] |[http://www.bracknell-forest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[City of Bradford|Bradford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160509013149/http://www.bradford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000032}} |City (1897) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Braintree (district)|Braintree]] |[http://www.braintree.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000067}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Breckland (district)|Breckland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051211091729/http://www.breckland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000143}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Brent|Brent]] |[http://www.brent.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000005}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Brentwood (borough)|Brentwood]] |[http://www.brentwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000068}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] |[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000043}} |City (2000) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Bristol]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20080820043630/http://www.bristol-city.gov.uk/WardFinder/pdfs/cliftonmap-high.pdf website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000023}} |City (1542) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bristol]] |- |[[Broadland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140325021638/http://www.broadland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000144}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[London Borough of Bromley|Bromley]] |[http://www.bromley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000006}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Bromsgrove (district)|Bromsgrove]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150312185509/http://www.bromsgrove.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000234}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Broxbourne (borough)|Broxbourne]] |[http://www.broxbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000095}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Broxtowe|Broxtowe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121102001122/http://www.broxtowe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000172}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Buckinghamshire (district)|Buckinghamshire]] |[https://www.buckinghamshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000060}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Burnley (borough)|Burnley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110704110756/http://www.burnley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000117}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Bury|Bury]] |[http://www.bury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000002}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Calderdale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228042334/http://www.calderdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000033}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Cambridge]] |[http://www.cambridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000008}} |City (1951) | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] |[http://www.camden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000007}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Cannock Chase (district)|Cannock Chase]] |[http://www.cannockchasedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000192}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Canterbury|Canterbury]] |[http://www.canterbury.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000106}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Carlisle|Carlisle]] |[http://www.carlisle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000028}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Castle Point]] |[http://www.castlepoint.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000069}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |[http://www.centralbedfordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000056}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Charnwood (borough)|Charnwood]] |[http://www.charnwood.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000130}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[City of Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] |[http://www.chelmsford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000070}} |City (2012) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Cheltenham (borough)|Cheltenham]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140403232901/http://www.cheltenham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000078}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Cherwell (district)|Cherwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990125094139/http://www.cherwell-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000177}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Cheshire East]] |[http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000049}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |[http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000050}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Borough of Chesterfield|Chesterfield]] |[https://www.chesterfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Chichester (district)|Chichester]] |[http://www.chichestercity.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000225}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Chorley (borough)|Chorley]] |[http://www.chorley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000118}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Colchester (borough)|Colchester]] |[http://www.colchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000071}} |City (2022) | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Copeland, Cumbria|Copeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060101020624/http://www.copelandbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000029}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Cornwall]] |[http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000052}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Cotswold (district)|Cotswold]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140529205712/http://www.cotswold.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000079}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Coventry|Coventry]] |[http://www.coventry.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000026}} |City (1345) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Craven District|Craven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327174650/http://www.cravendc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000163}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Crawley]] |[http://www.crawley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000226}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Croydon|Croydon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040715035518/http://www.croydon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000008}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Dacorum]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140410110649/http://www.dacorum.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000096}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Darlington (borough)|Darlington]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20021130091335/http://www2.darlington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000005}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Dartford (borough)|Dartford]] |[http://www.dartford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000107}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Derby]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110709115308/http://www.derby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000015}} |City (1977) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140213192417/http://www.derbyshiredales.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000035}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Doncaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19991126044042/http://www.doncaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000017}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |[http://www.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000059}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Dorset]] |- |[[Dover (district)|Dover]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121105014846/http://www.dover.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000108}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Dudley|Dudley]] |[http://www.dudley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000027}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |[http://www.durham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000047}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]] |[http://www.ealing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000009}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[East Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000009}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[East Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150501150845/http://eastdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000040}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[East Hampshire]] |[http://www.easthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000085}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[East Hertfordshire]] |[http://www.eastherts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000242}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[East Lindsey]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427002503/http://www.e-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000137}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] |[http://www.eastriding.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000011}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[East Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140927183751/http://www.eaststaffsbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000193}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |[http://www.eastsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000244}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Eastbourne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120817045556/http://www.eastbourne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000061}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Eastleigh (borough)|Eastleigh]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140320141424/http://www.eastleigh.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000086}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Eden, Cumbria|Eden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20081105160240/http://www.eden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000030}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[Borough of Elmbridge|Elmbridge]] |[http://www.elmbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000207}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Enfield|Enfield]] |[http://www.enfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000010}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest]] |[http://www.eppingforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000072}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Epsom and Ewell]] |[http://www.epsom-ewell.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000208}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Erewash|Erewash]] |[http://www.erewash.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000036}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[Exeter]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200511205833/https://exeter.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000041}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Fareham (borough)|Fareham]] |[http://www.fareham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000087}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Fenland District|Fenland]] |[http://www.fenland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000010}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |[http://www.shepway.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000112}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Forest of Dean (district)|Forest of Dean]] |[http://www.fdean.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000080}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Fylde (borough)|Fylde]] |[http://www.fylde.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000119}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead|Gateshead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130805223753/http://www.gateshead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000037}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Borough of Gedling|Gedling]] |[http://www.gedling.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000173}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[City of Gloucester|Gloucester]] |[http://www.gloucester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000081}} |City (1541) | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Gosport|Gosport]] |[http://www.gosport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000088}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Gravesham]] |[http://www.gravesham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000109}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Great Yarmouth (borough)|Great Yarmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140228021952/http://www.great-yarmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000145}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] |[http://www.greenwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000011}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20030528204035/http://www.guildford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000209}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071222093915/http://www.hackney.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000012}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Halton (borough)|Halton]] |[http://www.halton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000006}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Hambleton District|Hambleton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140706221940/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000164}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |[http://www.lbhf.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000013}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harborough District|Harborough]] |[http://www.harborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000131}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] |[http://www.haringey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000014}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Harlow]] |[http://www.harlow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000073}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20161001220619/https://www.harrogate.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000165}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]] |[http://www.harrow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000015}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |[http://www.hart.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000089}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Hartlepool (borough)|Hartlepool]] |[http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000001}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] |- |[[Hastings]] |[http://www.hastings.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000062}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Havant (borough)|Havant]] |[http://www.havant.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000090}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Havering|Havering]] |[http://www.havering.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000016}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060243/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000019}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Hertsmere]] |[http://www.hertsmere.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000098}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]] |[http://www.highpeak.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000037}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Hillingdon|Hillingdon]] |[http://www.hillingdon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000017}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |[http://www.hinckleyandbosworthonline.org.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000132}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]] |[http://www.horsham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000227}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]] |[http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000018}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kingston upon Hull]] |[http://www.hullcc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000010}} |City (1299) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Huntingdonshire]] |[http://www.huntsdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000011}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Hyndburn]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060530050349/http://www.hyndburnbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000120}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Ipswich (borough)|Ipswich]] |[http://www.ipswich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000202}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060334/http://www.iwight.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000046}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Isles of Scilly]] |[http://www.scilly.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000053}} | |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] |[http://www.islington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000019}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] |[http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000020}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |[http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000146}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston upon Thames]] |[http://www.kingston.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000021}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal Borough]] |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Kirklees]] |[http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/beta/default.aspx website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000034}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090729122520/http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000011}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] |[http://www.lambeth.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000022}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[City of Lancaster|Lancaster]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328022608/http://www.lancaster.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000121}} |City (1937) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Leeds|Leeds]] |[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000035}} |City (1895) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Leicester]] |[http://www.leicester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000016}} |City (1919) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Lewes (district)|Lewes]] |[http://www.lewes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000063}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] |[http://www.lewisham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000023}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Lichfield (district)|Lichfield]] |[http://www.lichfielddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000194}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]] |[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000138}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Liverpool]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060328002145/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000012}} |City (1880) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of London]] |[http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000001}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |''[[Sui generis]]'' |[[City of London]] |- |[[Borough of Luton|Luton]] |[http://www.luton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000032}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Bedfordshire]] |- |[[Maidstone (borough)|Maidstone]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050522024129/http://www.digitalmaidstone.co.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000110}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Maldon (district)|Maldon]] |[http://www.maldon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000074}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140608095352/http://www.malvernhills.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000235}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of Manchester|Manchester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110303042405/http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000003}} |City (1853) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Mansfield (district)|Mansfield]] |[http://www.mansfield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000174}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Medway]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20040124162034/http://www.medway.gov.uk/index/leisure/localhistory/timeline/17909.htm website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000035}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Kent]] |- |[[Melton (borough)|Melton]] |[http://www.melton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000133}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Mendip District|Mendip]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130416233913/http://www.mendip.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000187}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[London Borough of Merton|Merton]] |[http://www.merton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000024}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Mid Devon]] |[http://www.middevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000042}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Mid Suffolk]] |[http://www.midsuffolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000203}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Mid Sussex District|Mid Sussex]] |[http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000228}} |District | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Middlesbrough (borough)|Middlesbrough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20191006165155/https://middlesbrough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000002}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City of Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829214812/http://www.miltonkeynes.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000042}} |City (2022) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Buckinghamshire]] |- |[[Mole Valley]] |[http://www.molevalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000210}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |[http://www.newark-sherwooddc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000175}} |District | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Newcastle-under-Lyme (borough)|Newcastle-under-Lyme]] |[http://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000195}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[City of Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle upon Tyne]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200135/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000021}} |City (1882) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[New Forest (district)|New Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130525044829/http://nfdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000091}} |District | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Newham|Newham]] |[http://www.newham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000025}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[North Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090502233241/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000043}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[North East Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110205101637/http://www.ne-derbyshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000038}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |[http://www.nelincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000012}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Hertfordshire]] |[https://www.north-herts.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000099}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[North Kesteven]] |[http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000139}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122041738/http://www.northlincs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000013}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[North Norfolk]] |[http://www.north-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000147}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[North Northamptonshire]] |[https://www.northnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[North Somerset]] |[http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000024}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Somerset]] |- |[[North Tyneside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012827/https://northtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000022}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[North Warwickshire]] |[http://www.northwarks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000218}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[North West Leicestershire]] |[http://www.nwleics.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000134}} |District | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Northumberland]] |[http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000057}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Norwich]] |[http://www.norwich.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000148}} |City (1195) | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[Nottingham]] |[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000018}} |City (1897) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |[http://www.nuneatonandbedworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000219}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Oadby and Wigston]] |[http://www.oadby-wigston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000135}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Leicestershire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]] |[http://www.oldham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000004}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[City of Oxford|Oxford]] |[http://www.oxford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000178}} |City (1542) | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[Borough of Pendle|Pendle]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722025859/http://www.pendle.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000122}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[City of Peterborough|Peterborough]] |[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000031}} |City (1541) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[Plymouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130821085851/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000026}} |City (1928) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Portsmouth]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110208200226/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000044}} |City (1926) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[City of Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] |[http://www.preston.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000123}} |City (2002) | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Borough of Reading|Reading]] |[http://www.reading.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000038}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[London Borough of Redbridge|Redbridge]] |[http://www.redbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000026}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902105910/http://www.redcar-cleveland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000003}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Redditch|Redditch]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040122/http://www.redditchbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000236}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Reigate and Banstead]] |[http://www.reigate-banstead.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000211}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Ribble Valley]] |[http://www.ribblevalley.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000124}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond upon Thames]] |[http://www.richmond.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000027}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Richmondshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163824/http://www.richmondshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000166}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]] |[http://www.rochdale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000005}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Rochford (district)|Rochford]] |[http://www.rochford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000075}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Borough of Rossendale|Rossendale]] |[http://www.rossendale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000125}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Rother District|Rother]] |[http://www.rother.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000064}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham|Rotherham]] |[http://www.rotherham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000018}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]] |[http://www.rugby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000220}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Runnymede (borough)|Runnymede]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050618081206/http://www.runnymede.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000212}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Rushcliffe]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140326160416/http://www.rushcliffe.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000176}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Nottinghamshire]] |- |[[Rushmoor]] |[http://www.rushmoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000092}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Rutland]] |[http://www.rutland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000017}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Rutland]] |- |[[Ryedale]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406211149/http://www.ryedale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000167}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[City and District of St Albans|St Albans]] |[http://www.stalbans.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000240}} |City (1877) | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]] |[http://www.sthelens.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000013}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[City of Salford|Salford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327011636/http://www.salford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000006}} |City (1926) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Sandwell]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20020925171742/http://smbc.sandwell.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000028}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201005065205/https://www.scarborough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000168}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sedgemoor]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140313080617/http://www.sedgemoor.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000188}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] |[http://www.sefton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000014}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Selby (district)|Selby]] |[http://www.selby.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000169}} |District | |[[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Sevenoaks (district)|Sevenoaks]] |[http://www.sevenoaks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000111}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[City of Sheffield|Sheffield]] |[http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000019}} |City (1893) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[South Yorkshire]] |- |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |[http://www.shropshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000051}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Borough of Slough|Slough]] |[http://www.slough.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000039}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Solihull|Solihull]] |[http://www.solihull.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000029}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510081103/http://somersetwestandtaunton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000246}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Cambridgeshire]] |[http://www.scambs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000012}} |District | |[[Cambridgeshire]] |- |[[South Derbyshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012317/http://www.south-derbys.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000039}} |District | |[[Derbyshire]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140615074017/http://www.southglos.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000025}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[South Hams]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/19990429120847/http://www.south-hams-dc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000044}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[South Holland, Lincolnshire|South Holland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050657/http://www.sholland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000140}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Kesteven]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20000304023227/http://www.skdc.com/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000141}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[South Lakeland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130430031933/http://www.southlakeland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000031}} |District | |[[Cumbria]] |- |[[South Norfolk]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060102223444/http://www.south-norfolk.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000149}} |District | |[[Norfolk]] |- |[[South Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.southoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000179}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[South Ribble]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025041957/http://www.south-ribblebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000126}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[South Somerset]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140703124829/http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000189}} |District | |[[Somerset]] |- |[[South Staffordshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060615101642/http://www.sstaffs.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000196}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[South Tyneside]] |[http://www.southtyneside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000023}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Southampton]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20110218194008/http://www.southampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000045}} |City (1964) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Borough of Southend-on-Sea|Southend-on-Sea]] |[http://www.southend.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000033}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] |[http://www.southwark.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000028}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Spelthorne|Spelthorne]] |[http://www.spelthorne.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000213}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Stafford (borough)|Stafford]] |[http://www.staffordbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000197}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Staffordshire Moorlands]] |[http://www.staffsmoorlands.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000198}} |District | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stevenage]] |[http://www.stevenage.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000243}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Stockport|Stockport]] |[http://www.stockport.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000007}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Stockton-on-Tees (borough)|Stockton-on-Tees]] |[http://www.stockton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000004}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[County Durham]] and [[North Yorkshire]] |- |[[Stoke-on-Trent]] |[http://www.stoke.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000021}} |City (1925) |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Stratford-on-Avon (district)|Stratford-on-Avon]] |[http://www.stratford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000221}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Stroud (district)|Stroud]] |[http://www.stroud.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000082}} |District | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20160203200247/http://www.sunderland.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000024}} |City (1992) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Tyne and Wear]] |- |[[Surrey Heath]] |[http://www.surreyheath.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000214}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]] |[http://www.sutton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000029}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Swale|Swale]] |[http://www.swale.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000113}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |[http://www.swindon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000030}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Tameside]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20150629115437/http://www.tameside.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000008}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tamworth (borough)|Tamworth]] |[http://www.tamworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000199}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Staffordshire]] |- |[[Tandridge (district)|Tandridge]] |[http://www.tandridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000215}} |District | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Teignbridge]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20141020150805/http://www.teignbridge.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000045}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |[http://www.telford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000020}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Shropshire]] |- |[[Tendring District|Tendring]] |[http://www.tendringdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000076}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Test Valley]] |[http://www.testvalley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000093}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Tewkesbury (borough)|Tewkesbury]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024133610/http://www.tewkesburybc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000083}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Thanet (district)|Thanet]] |[http://www.thanet.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000114}} |District | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Three Rivers (district)|Three Rivers]] |[http://www.threerivers.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000102}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Thurrock]] |[http://www.thurrock.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000034}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Tonbridge and Malling]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013112247/http://www.tmbc.gov.uk/cgi-bin/buildpage.pl?mysql=996 website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000115}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Torbay]] |[http://www.torbay.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000027}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Devon]] |- |[[Torridge District|Torridge]] |[http://www.torridge.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000046}} |District | |[[Devon]] |- |[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] |[http://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000030}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Trafford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20130921184244/http://www.trafford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000009}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Tunbridge Wells (borough)|Tunbridge Wells]] |[http://www.tunbridgewells.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000116}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Kent]] |- |[[Uttlesford]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20050829190520/http://www.uttlesford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000077}} |District | |[[Essex, England|Essex]] |- |[[Vale of White Horse]] |[http://www.whitehorsedc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000180}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[City of Wakefield|Wakefield]] |[http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000036}} |City (1888) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Yorkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Walsall|Walsall]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20170905165129/https://www.walsall.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000030}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]] |[https://www.walthamforest.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000031}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] |[http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000032}} |London Borough |[[London borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[Borough of Warrington|Warrington]] |[http://www.warrington.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000007}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Cheshire]] |- |[[Warwick (district)|Warwick]] |[http://www.warwickdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000222}} |District | |[[Warwickshire]] |- |[[Watford]] |[http://www.watford.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000103}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[Waverley, Surrey|Waverley]] |[http://www.waverley.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000216}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Wealden District|Wealden]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20201009122858/https://www.wealden.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000065}} |District | |[[East Sussex]] |- |[[Welwyn Hatfield]] |[http://www.welhat.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000241}} |District | |[[Hertfordshire]] |- |[[West Berkshire]] |[http://www.westberks.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000037}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[West Devon]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927031925/http://www.westdevon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000047}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Devon]] |- |[[West Lancashire]] |[https://www.westlancs.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000127}} |District | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[West Lindsey]] |[http://www.west-lindsey.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000142}} |District | |[[Lincolnshire]] |- |[[City of Westminster|Westminster]] |[http://www.westminster.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E09000033}} |City (1540) |[[London Borough]] |[[Greater London]] |- |[[West Northamptonshire]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510095331/https://www.westnorthants.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000154}} |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] | |[[Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Oxfordshire]] |[http://www.westoxon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000181}} |District | |[[Oxfordshire]] |- |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |[http://www.westsuffolk.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000245}} |District | |[[Suffolk]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wigan|Wigan]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20051203095320/http://www.wiganmbc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000010}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Greater Manchester]] |- |[[Wiltshire]] |[http://www.wiltshire.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000054}} | |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[City of Winchester|Winchester]] |[http://www.winchester.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000094}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') | |[[Hampshire]] |- |[[Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead|Windsor and Maidenhead]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20180925232902/http://www.rbwm.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000040}} |[[List of place names with royal patronage in the United Kingdom|Royal borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] |[http://www.wirral.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000015}} |Metropolitan Borough |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[Merseyside]] |- |[[Borough of Woking|Woking]] |[http://www.woking.gov.uk website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000217}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Surrey]] |- |[[Borough of Wokingham|Wokingham]] |[http://www.wokingham.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000041}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[Berkshire]] |- |[[Wolverhampton]] |[http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E08000031}} |City (2000) |[[Metropolitan borough]] |[[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] |- |[[Worcester, England|Worcester]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20230510094146/https://www.worcester.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000237}} |City (1189) | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Worthing]] |[http://www.worthing.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000229}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[West Sussex]] |- |[[Wychavon]] |[http://www.wychavon.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000238}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[Borough of Wyre|Wyre]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20060804091037/http://wyrebc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000128}} |[[Borough status in the United Kingdom|Borough]] | |[[Lancashire]] |- |[[Wyre Forest (district)|Wyre Forest]] |[https://web.archive.org/web/20140406161721/http://wyreforestdc.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E07000239}} |District | |[[Worcestershire]] |- |[[City of York|York]] |[http://www.york.gov.uk/ website] | align="right" |{{English district population|GSS=E06000014}} |City (''[[Time immemorial|TI]]'') |[[Unitary authorities of England|Unitary authority]] |[[North Yorkshire]] |} == Maboma ghakale == Ndondomeko ya vigaŵa iyo yilipo sono yikamba mu 1974 mu England na Wales, ndipo yikanjira m'malo mwa vigaŵa vyakale nga ni municipalities, urban districts, rural districts na county boroughs. Ku England, vinthu vikasintha, kweni mu ndondomeko iyo yikaŵako. Malo ghakale gha Chingelezi ni agha: {| class="wikitable sortable" !District !Status !Date abolished !Former county !Successor |- |[[Alnwick (district)|Alnwick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Berwick-upon-Tweed (borough)|Berwick-upon-Tweed]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Blyth Valley]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] and [[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Bridgnorth (district)|Bridgnorth]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Brighton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Caradon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Carrick, Cornwall|Carrick]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Castle Morpeth]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Chester (district)|Chester]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Chester-le-Street (district)|Chester-le-Street]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Congleton (borough)|Congleton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Corby (borough)|Corby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Daventry (district)|Daventry]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Derwentside]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Durham (district)|Durham]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Easington (district)|Easington]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[East Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[East Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Forest Heath]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Hereford]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[East Riding of Yorkshire]] |- |[[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1997 |[[East Sussex]] |[[Brighton and Hove]] |- |[[Kennet (district)|Kennet]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Kerrier]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Kettering|Kettering]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Kingswood (borough)|Kingswood]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] (part to [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]]) |- |[[Macclesfield (borough)|Macclesfield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire East]] |- |[[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] and [[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] |- |[[Medina (borough)|Medina]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Mid Bedfordshire (district)|Mid Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[North Cornwall]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[North Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[North Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[North Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Borough of Northampton|Northampton]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[Northavon]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[South Gloucestershire]] |- |[[Oswestry (borough)|Oswestry]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[Penwith]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |unitary authority, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] |- |[[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[Restormel]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cornwall]] |[[Cornwall]] |- |[[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester-upon-Medway]] |non-metropolitan district, City |1 April 1998 |[[Kent]] |[[Medway]] |- |[[Salisbury (district)|Salisbury]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1996 |[[Humberside]] |[[North Lincolnshire]] |- |[[Sedgefield (borough)|Sedgefield]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Bedfordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Bedfordshire]] |[[Central Bedfordshire]] |- |[[South Herefordshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1998 |[[Hereford and Worcester]] |[[Herefordshire]] |- |[[South Northamptonshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[West Northamptonshire]] |- |[[South Shropshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Shropshire]] |[[Shropshire (district)|Shropshire]] |- |[[South Wight]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 1995 |[[Isle of Wight]] |[[Isle of Wight]] |- |[[St Edmundsbury (borough)|St Edmundsbury]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[West Suffolk (district)|West Suffolk]] |- |[[Suffolk Coastal]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Taunton Deane]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[Teesdale (district)|Teesdale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Tynedale]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Vale Royal]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2009 |[[Cheshire]] |[[Cheshire West and Chester]] |- |[[Wansbeck District|Wansbeck]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Northumberland]] |[[Northumberland]] |- |[[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 1996 |[[County of Avon|Avon]] |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] |- |[[Waveney District|Waveney]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Suffolk]] |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] |- |[[Wear Valley]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[County Durham]] |[[County Durham (district)|County Durham]] |- |[[Borough of Wellingborough|Wellingborough]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2021 |[[Northamptonshire]] |[[North Northamptonshire]] |- |[[West Dorset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |- |[[West Somerset]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2019 |[[Somerset]] |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] |- |[[West Wiltshire]] |non-metropolitan district |1 April 2009 |[[Wiltshire]] |[[Wiltshire]] |- |[[Weymouth and Portland]] |non-metropolitan district, borough |1 April 2019 |[[Dorset]] |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] |} In most cases, these districts were merged to form [[Unitary authority|unitary authorities]], which are indicated in the right. The exceptions were [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]], which were both split between the new district of [[Herefordshire]] and a new district of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]]. See [[List of rural and urban districts of England]] for a list of the districts as they stood immediately before 1 April 1974. <!-- ==New districts== Districts created post-1974, ignoring unitary authorities run as counties, are {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !District !Date created !Predecessor(s) |- |[[Bath and North East Somerset]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and [[Wansdyke (district)|Wansdyke]] |- |[[Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Borough of Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], [[Borough of Christchurch|Christchurch]] and [[Borough of Poole|Poole]] |- |[[Brighton and Hove]] || 1 April 1997 || [[Brighton]] and [[Borough of Hove|Hove]] |- |[[Dorset (unitary authority)|Dorset]] || 1 April 2019 || [[East Dorset]], [[North Dorset]], [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]], [[West Dorset]], [[Weymouth and Portland]] |- |[[East Riding of Yorkshire (district)|East Riding of Yorkshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]], [[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]], [[Holderness (borough)|Holderness]] |- |[[East Suffolk (district)|East Suffolk]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Suffolk Coastal]], [[Waverney District|Waveney]] |- |[[Herefordshire]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Hereford]], [[Malvern Hills]] (part), [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) [[South Herefordshire]] |- |[[Isle of Wight]] || 1 April 1995 || [[Medina (borough)|Medina]], [[South Wight]] |- |[[Malvern Hills District|Malvern Hills]] || 1 April 1998 || [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] (part) and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] (part) |- |[[Medway]] || 1 April 1998 || [[City of Rochester-upon-Medway|Rochester]] and [[Gillingham, Medway|Gillingham]] |- |[[North Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Boothferry (district)|Boothferry]] (part), [[Glanford (borough)|Glanford]], [[Scunthorpe (borough)|Scunthorpe]] |- |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |[[Somerset West and Taunton]] || 1 April 2019 || [[Taunton Deane]], [[West Somerset]] |- |[[South Gloucestershire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Kingswood, South Gloucestershire|Kingswood]], [[Northavon]] |- |[[City of York|York]] || 1 April 1996 || [[York]], [[Borough of Harrogate|Harrogate]] (part), [[Ryedale]], [[Selby District)|Selby]] |[[North East Lincolnshire]] || 1 April 1996 || [[Cleethorpes (borough)|Cleethorpes]], [[Great Grimsby (borough)|Great Grimsby]] |- |} --> == Renamings == Under section 74 of the [[Local Government Act 1972]], the council of a district, county or London borough (or [[county borough]] in Wales) may change its name, providing the resolution to do so gains two-thirds of the votes at a special meeting. Until 1 April 1978, the council had to have the permission of the Secretary of State, but since that date they may do so unilaterally. At least one district name change was vetoed: the shadow authority for North Wolds wished to become "Bridlington and Yorkshire Wolds" before 1974 at the same time as other name changes were allowed. Several English districts have done this, whilst others have been renamed under the [[1990s UK local government reform]]. A few districts have even changed names twice. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Original name !New name ! data-sort-type="date" |Date !Notes |- |Barking |[[London Borough of Barking and Dagenham|Barking and Dagenham]] |1 January 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Basingstoke |[[Basingstoke and Deane]] |20 January 1978 |<ref>* {{London Gazette|issue=47453|date=2 February 1978|page=1397}}</ref> |- |Beaconsfield |[[South Bucks]] |1 April 1980 |<ref name="7980bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities October 1979 to April 1980 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213221611/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin79-80.pdf |archive-date=13 December 2011 |access-date=16 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Bedford |North Bedfordshire |15 October 1975 |<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=46725|date=31 October 1975|page=13813}}</ref> |- |[[Borough of Bedford|Bedford]] |1 October 1992 |<ref name="bulletin9293">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1 April 1992 – 31 March 1993 |url=https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805150954/https://www.lgbce.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/17517/bulletin92-93.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=5 August 2017 |publisher=Department of The Environment}}</ref> |- |Beverley |[[Beverley (borough)|East Yorkshire Borough of Beverley]] |12 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Blackburn |[[Blackburn with Darwen]] |2 May 1997 |(before unitary) |- |Bosworth |[[Hinckley and Bosworth]] |20 November 1973 |† |- |Bracknell |[[Bracknell Forest]] |27 April 1988 |<ref name="8788bull">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes of Local Authority Status, Names and Areas 1st April 1987- 31st March 1988 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033524/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1987-1988.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Crewe |[[Crewe and Nantwich]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Ellesmere Port |[[Ellesmere Port and Neston]] |21 June 1976 | |- |Grimsby |[[Great Grimsby]] |1 January 1979 | |- |Hammersmith |[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] |1 April 1979 | |- |Hartley Wintney |[[Hart (district)|Hart]] |17 January 1974 |† |- |Herefordshire |[[Herefordshire|County of Herefordshire]] |20 June 1997 | |- |Huntingdon |[[Huntingdonshire]] |1 October 1984 |<ref name="bull8485">{{cite web |title=Alteration of Areas and Status of Local Authorities 1 April 1984 – 31 March 1985 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072726/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin84-85.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |Langbaurgh |Langbaurgh-on-Tees |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |[[Redcar and Cleveland]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- |Medway |[[Rochester-upon-Medway]] |3 December 1979 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Medway Towns |[[Medway]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Newark |[[Newark and Sherwood]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |- |Newbury |[[West Berkshire]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |North Wolds |[[East Yorkshire (district)|East Yorkshire]] |1 February 1981 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Nuneaton |[[Nuneaton and Bedworth]] |1 October 1980 |<ref name="bull8082" /> |- |Pastonacres |[[North Norfolk]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |Petersfield |[[East Hampshire]] |8 October 1973 |† |- |Poole |[[Poole|Borough and County of the Town of Poole]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Rutland |[[Rutland|Rutland County Council]] |1 April 1997 |(with unitary) |- |Shepway |[[Folkestone and Hythe (District)|Folkestone and Hythe]] |1 April 2018 |<ref>{{cite web |title=We've changed our name |url=https://www.shepway.gov.uk/news/name-change |website=www.shepway.gov.uk |language=EN}}</ref> |- |Shrewsbury |[[Shrewsbury and Atcham]] |12 June 1974 | |- |Thamesdown |[[Swindon (borough)|Swindon]] |effective 1 April 1997 |(soon before unitary)<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20031924.htm The Road Traffic (Permitted Parking Area and Special Parking Area)(Borough of Swindon) Order 2003<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |- |Tiverton |[[Mid Devon]] |6 February 1978 |<ref name="1978bull">{{cite web |title=Alteration in Status and Areas of Local Authorities for Period February 1978 - September 1978 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603044241/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/records-and-resources/bulletins-published-by-dclg/change---bulletin-1978-feb-to-sept.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2011 |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment}}</ref> |- |Wallingford |[[South Oxfordshire]] |20 September 1973 |† |- |West Derbyshire |[[Derbyshire Dales]] |1 January 1987 | |- |West Norfolk |[[King's Lynn and West Norfolk]] |14 May 1981 |<ref name="bull8082">{{cite web |title=Bulletin of Changes in Local Authority Areas, Names and Status 1980-1982 |url=http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |access-date=15 January 2012 |publisher=Department of the Environment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226072710/http://www.lgbce.org.uk/__documents/lgbce-documents/research/clg-bulletins/bulletin80-82.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2018}}{{dead link|date=June 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> |- |Wimborne |[[East Dorset]] |1 January 1988 |<ref name="8788bull" /> |- |Woodspring |[[North Somerset]] |1 April 1996 |(with unitary) |- | rowspan="2" |Wrekin |The Wrekin |7 February 1974 |† |- |[[Telford and Wrekin]] |1 April 1998 |(with unitary) |- |Yeovil |[[South Somerset]] |1 April 1985 |<ref name="bull8485" /> |} † Malango gha kusintha zina la cigaŵa ici ghakapelekeka na maboma gha "mithunzi" agho ghakasankhika pa 7 Juni 1973. Kweniso chigaŵa chinyake cha ku England ŵali kuchinthaso zina. Pakwamba, tawuni ya Shropshire yikacemekanga Salop. Zina lake likasintha kufuma pa Epulero 1, 1980. == Wonaniso == * [[List of rural and urban districts in England in 1973]] == Ukaboni == {{Reflist}} == Vyakuona vya kuwalo == * [[wikisource:The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972|The English Non-metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972]] (SI 1972/2039) {{Administrative geography of the United Kingdom}} {{Subdivisions of England}} [[Category:Districts of England|*02]] [[Category:England geography-related lists|Districts of England]] [[Category:Lists of subdivisions of the United Kingdom|English districts]] [[Category:Local government in the United Kingdom|Districts, English02]] [[fr:Liste des districts d'Angleterre]] [[no:Distrikt (England)]] ohbui458k7xi5hnq8puzzlbd3ivnuey 0 29281 123378 123225 2026-11-02T07:23:37Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png with [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas_(2004).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · The Sudan map reflects the situation of 2004 as s 123378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1880s-1900s European colonization of Africa}} {{Good article}} {{About||Fundo zakukhwaskana na uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu Africa pambere chaka cha 1880 chindafike, kusazgapo uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga ku Cartagena na ku Europe|Kuwusa mu Africa|buku la [[Thomas Pakenham (historian)|Thomas Pakenham]]|Nkhondo ya ku Africa (buku)}}{{Exploration of Africa}}{{Campaignbox Scramble for Africa}}{{New Imperialism}} [[File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_map.svg|thumb|300x300px|Vigaŵa vya mu Africa ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha maboma gha ku Europe mu 1913 Ufumu wa Belgium (wafipa), Britain (wa pinki), France (wa buluu), Germany (wa teal), Italy (wa lime green), Portugal (wa violet), na Spain (wa lilac).]] Nkhondo ya ku [[Afilika|Africa]], iyo yikumanyikwaso kuti Kupatukana kwa Africa, panji Kupoka kwa Africa, yikaŵa nkhondo ya kuwukira, kupoka, kugaŵikana, na kukoloneska vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa na maboma gha ku Europe ghaŵiri gha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Pa caru cose ca ku Africa ico cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa ŵa ku [[Europe]] mu 1870, ciŵelengero ici cikakwera kufika pa 90 peresenti mu 1914.<ref>The [[Egba United Government]], a government of the [[Egba people]], was legally recognized by the British as independent until being annexed into the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914: {{cite journal|last1=Daly|first1=Samuel Fury Childs|title=From Crime to Coercion: Policing Dissent in Abeokuta, Nigeria, 1900–1940|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=4 May 2019|volume=47|issue=3|pages=474–489|doi=10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|s2cid=159124664|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086534.2019.1576833|issn=0308-6534}}</ref> Pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku [[Berlin]] mu 1884, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ndiwo ŵakambiska vyamalonda mu Africa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, maboma gha ku Europe ghakatimbananga pa nkhani za ndyali. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, vinthu vikasintha kufuma ku "ufumu wambura kuzomerezgeka" - mazaza gha ŵasilikari na usambazi - kuya ku muwuso wakudunjika. Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yakuzizima, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vikaŵa vyambura ŵanthu. Mazuŵa ghano napo, mphaka za ufumu na vinthu vya cuma ivyo vikapangika cifukwa ca nkhondo iyi vikukhwaska ndyali na vya cuma vya mu Africa.<ref>Southall and Melber, ''A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,'' pp. 41–45</ref> == Mbili == Kuzakafika mu 1841, ŵamalonda ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhazikiska malo ghacoko gha malonda mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Africa, kweni ŵakendanga mu vigaŵa vya mukati pera. Ŵakaguliskanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakakhalanga yayi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwanga na matenda nga ni maleriya. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Europe ŵakajambura mapu gha vyaru vinandi vya ku East Africa na Central Africa. Kuzakafika m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa chigaŵa cha 10% cha Africa, ndipo vigaŵa vyawo vyose vikaŵa pafupi na nyanja. Vyaru vyakuzirwa comene vikaŵa Angola na Mozambique, ivyo vikaŵa vya Portugal; Cape Colony, ivyo vikaŵa vya Britain; na Algeria, ivyo vikaŵa vya France. Kuzakafika mu 1914, mu vyaru vya ku Europe mukaŵa vyaru vya Ethiopia na Liberia pera ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kulamulirika na vyaru vya America. Vinthu vikenda makora chomene mu vyakupangapanga ndipo vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵalute ku vyaru vinyake. Makampani ghakupanga vinthu vinandi chomene pa nkhani ya mendero na mawoko, chomenechomene pa nkhani ya sitima za pa maji, njanji, na matelefoni. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikawovwira chomene ni munkhwala, comenecomene munkhwala wakumazgira matenda agho ghakwiza mu vyaru vyamuthondo. Kufumiskika kwa chinine, munkhwala wakukoma maleriya, kukawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵafike makora ku malo ghakuru gha mu vyaru vya mu vigaŵa vyakututuka.s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quinine |url=http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216122141/http://broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/techniques/quinine |archive-date=2020-02-16 |access-date=2019-12-18 |website=broughttolife.sciencemuseum.org.uk}}</ref> == Vyakwambiska == === Africa na vyaru vya caru cose === [[File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African-civilizations-map-pre-colonial.svg|thumb|Mapu gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na maufumu agho ghakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵandambe kulamulira charu chawo (kwambira mu 500 B.C.E. m'paka mu 1500 C.E.)]] [[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|left|thumb|350x350px|Kuyaniska Afrika mu 1880 na 1913]] Caru ca Africa kumwera kwa Sahara, cimoza mwa vigaŵa vyaumaliro pa caru cose ico cikakhwaskika yayi na "maufumu gha caru", cikaŵa cakukondweska ku ŵamalonda. Mu nyengo iyo malonda gha Britain ghakatimbanizgikiranga comene, kweniso mu nyengo ya suzgo la ndalama (1873-1896), caru ca Africa cikapeleka ku Britain, Germany, France, na vyaru vinyake msika uwo ukaŵapa ndalama zinandi.<ref>Ewout Frankema, Jeffrey Williamson, and Pieter Woltjer, "An Economic Rationale for the West African Scramble? The Commercial Transition and the Commodity Price Boom of 1835–1885", ''Journal of Economic History'' 78#1 (2018), pp. 231–67.</ref> Kanandi ndalama izo ŵakasanganga mu vyaru vinyake zikaŵanga zakovwira comene, cifukwa vinthu vyapacanya, mpikisano, na vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito vikapangiska kuti ŵasange ndalama zinandi. Cinthu cinyake ico cikapangiska kuti ŵathemba ŵambeso kuwusa caru cikaŵa kukhumba vinthu vyakukhumbikwa comene, comenecomene njovu, mphira, mafuta, koko, dayamondi, tiyi, na thini. Kweniso, Britain wakakhumbanga kuwusa vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa uko ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga para ŵakuluta ku Asia na ku India. Kweni kupaturako cigaŵa ico cikazgoka South Africa mu 1910, vyaru vya ku Europe vikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zicoko comene mu Africa pakuyaniska na vyaru vinyake. Ntheura, makampani agho ghakacitanga malonda mu vyaru vya mu Africa ghakaŵa ghacoko comene, kupaturako De Beers Mining Company ya Cecil Rhodes. Rhodes wakaŵa kuti wapanga Rhodesia kuŵa wake. Leopold II wa ku Belgium wakambiska boma lakucemeka Congo Free State kuti lipangire mphira na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na boma la Germany, nga ni Alldeutscher Verband, Francesco Crispi na Jules Ferry, ŵakatenge usange vyaru vya ku Africa vingaŵa na misika yakuvikilirika, mbwenu vimazgenge suzgo la kuguliska vinthu pa mtengo wapasi. John A. Hobson wakayowoya mu buku lake lakuti Imperialism kuti kuchepa kwa misika ya mu vyaru ivi ndiko kukawovwira kuti nyengo ya "New Imperialism" yifike pa charu chose. Ndipouli, William Easterly wakususka fundo yakuti capitalism na imperialism vikukolerana yayi. Iyo wakuti kolonialism yikovwira chomene kuti ŵanthu ŵasambire vya boma m'malo mwa makampani. Iyo wakayowoya kuti "ufumu wa ŵamitundu uli wakukolerana yayi na capitalism na misika ya wanangwa... m'paka sono pali kukolerana pakati pa ufumu wa ŵamitundu na umo boma likucitira vinthu".<ref>{{cite web |last=Easterly |first=William |date=September 17, 2009 |title=The Imperial Origins of State-Led Development |url=http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205113614/http://aidwatchers.com/2009/09/the-imperial-origins-of-state-led-development/ |archive-date=2016-02-05 |access-date=2009-09-23 |publisher=New York University Blogs}}</ref> === Kupambana kwa ndyali === [[File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeCommandantMarchand.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha ku France icho chikulongora umo Major Marchand wakendera mu Africa m'paka ku Fashoda mu 1898]] Nangauli mu vyaru vya mu Africa mukaŵa vyakurya vinandi yayi, kweni mu vyaru vinyake vikaŵa vinandi. Charu ichi chikaŵa pakati pa Eguputo na kumwera kwa Africa uko kukaŵa usambazi wa golide na dayamondi. Boma la Britain likakhumbanga kuti likhazikiske misika yiwemi ku India, Malaya, Australia, na New Zealand. Ntheura likakhumbanga kuti maji gha mu Suez Canal, agho ghakazengeka mu 1869, ghaŵe ghakukhora. Ndipouli, fundo yakuti Britain wakakhumbanga kunjizga East Africa mu ma 1880, cifukwa ca kughanaghana vya ku Eguputo (makamaka Suez Canal), yikususkika na ŵanthu ŵa mbiri nga ni John Darwin (1997) na Jonas F. Gjersø (2015).<ref>Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp. 614–42. http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114114902/http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXII/447/614.full.pdf+html|date=2012-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Gjersø|first=Jonas Fossli|title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|issue=5|pages=831–860|date=2015|s2cid=143514840|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131|doi-access=free}}</ref><!--What do they say in contrast?-->Ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵatore malo gha ŵasilikari na ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza. Chifukwa chakuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku nyanja ŵakamba kukura, kweniso ngalaŵa zaphya zikendanga na mphepo, pakakhumbikwanga malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha makara. Kweniso ŵakakhumbikwiranga mizi yakuvikililira misewu ya pa nyanja na nthowa zakwendamo, comenecomene misewu yakuzirwa ya pa caru cose nga ni Suez Canal. Ŵakawonanga vyaru nga ni vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pakudumbiskana vya nkhongono. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, navyo vikaŵa na ŵasilikari ŵanandi; Britain na France ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa ku British Indian na North African, mu nkhondo zawo zinandi za ku malo agha. Mu nyengo ya kutemwa caru, ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti mtundu unyake uŵe na ufumu, ndipo ici cikaŵa cilongolero cakuti uli na udindo. Kukwambilira kwa ma 1880, Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza wakawonanga caru ca Congo ku France, ndipo panyengo yeneyiyo, Henry Morton Stanley nayo wakawonanga caru ici mu zina la Leopold II wa ku Belgium. Mu Meyi 1881, caru ca France cikapoka caru ca Tunisia, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Italy wanjire mu wupu wa German-Austrian Dual Alliance mu 1882. Mu chaka chenechicho, Britain likapoka caru ca Eguputo, ico cikalongozganga caru ca Sudan na vigaŵa vinyake vya Chad, Eritrea, na Somalia. Mu 1884, Germany yikati Togo, Cameroon, na South West Africa viŵenge pasi pa muwuso wake. Charu cha French West Africa chikapangika mu 1895 ndipo cha French Equatorial Africa mu 1910. Mu chigaŵa cha French Somaliland, mu 1889, Ŵakozaci ŵa ku Terek ŵakamba kulamulira malo ghanyake gha ku Russia agho ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Sagallo ku Eguputo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Borrero|first=Mauricio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC|title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4|pages=69–70|language=en}}</ref> [[File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preaching_from_a_Waggon_(David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society.jpg|left|thumb|David Livingstone, uyo wakambapo kusambira vya mu Africa na kulimbana na malonda gha ŵazga]] ==== Germany's ''Weltpolitik'' ==== [[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA6364,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Polizeiaskaris.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA6364,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Polizeiaskaris.jpg|thumb|Ŵasilikari ŵa Askari mu German East Africa, c. 1906]] Ku Germany, uko kukaŵa vyaru vichoko, pakwamba kukaŵavya ufumu wa vyaru vinyake. Mu 1862, Otto von Bismarck wakazgoka nduna ya Ufumu wa Prussia, ndipo cifukwa ca nkhondo zinandi izo wakacita na Austria mu 1866 na France mu 1870, wakawovwira kuti caru cose ca Germany ciŵe pasi pa muwuso wa Prussia. Ufumu wa Germany ukamba kulamulira pa Janyuwale 18, 1871. Pakwamba, Bismarck wakatinkhanga vyaru vinyake, kweni mu ma 1880, ŵanthu ŵakamba kumusuzga. Wakawovwira pa ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukachitika mu 1884-85, uwo ukaŵa na malango ghakwendeskera vyaru vya mu Africa, na kuchepeska suzgo la nkhondo pakati pa maboma gha vyaru vinyake. Bismarck wakagwiliskiranga nchito makampani gha ŵanthu ŵacoko kuti wakhazikiske vyaru vinyake mu Africa na mu Pacific. Kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany kukaŵa kwakuyana waka na ivyo vikachitikanga mu caru ici. Kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1880, ŵakazenga German Colonialverein, ndipo ŵakafumiskanga nyuzipepara ya Kolonialzeitung. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Alldeutscher Verband nalo likakolerana na fundo iyi. Weltpolitik (ndondomeko ya caru cose) yikaŵa ndondomeko ya caru cose iyo yikacitika na Kaiser Wilhelm II mu 1890, na cilato cakuti Germany waŵe ufumu wankhongono pa caru cose. Mu 1914, charu cha Germany ndicho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakukwana 14 miliyoni. Vyaru ivyo vikaŵa mu Africa vikaŵa kumwera kwa Africa, Togo, Cameroon, na Tanganyika. Mu 1905, caru ca Germany cikayezga kupatura caru ca France na nkhondo yakwamba ya ku Morocco. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Algeciras mu 1905, France yigeziske malo ghanyake mu Morocco. ==== Kukura kwa Italy ==== [[File:Italian Nieuport IV attacking Ottoman forces in Libya 1911 or 1912.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian Nieuport IV attacking Ottoman forces in Libya 1911 or 1912.jpg|thumb|Ndege za ku Italy zikulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Libya]] Nkhondo ya ku Crimean (1853-56) yikati yamara, ufumu wa Sardinia ukakhumbanga kuti ukoleranenge na caru ca Italy. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo na Austria mu 1859, Sardinia, pasi pa muwuso wa Giuseppe Garibaldi, wakamanya kuwunganya chigaŵa chikuru cha chilumba ichi mu 1861, na kukhazikiska Ufumu wa Italy. Pamasinda, Italy wakakhumbanga kusazgirako vigaŵa vyake na kuŵa ufumu wankhongono, ndipo mu 1870 na 1882 wakapoka vigaŵa vinyake vya Eritrea. Mu 1889-90, yikaŵa ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Africa, ndipo yikaŵa chigaŵa icho chikazgoka Italian Somaliland. Mu 1889, apo Themba Yohannes IV likafwa, mulara wa ŵasilikari zina lake Oreste Baratieri wakakora malo gha ku Ethiopia agho ghakaŵa mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Eritrea. Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Italy na Ethiopia yikati yanangika mu 1895, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti Ŵaetiyopiya ŵakaŵa ŵanandi, ŵakaŵa ŵakunozgeka makora, kweniso ŵakakhozgekanga na Russia na France. Mu 1911, caru ca Italy cikaluta ku nkhondo na ufumu wa Ottoman, ndipo cikapoka Tripolitania na Cyrenaica. Mu 1919, Enrico Corradini wakambiska fundo ya Proletarian Nationalism, iyo yikwenera kuti yikovwira kuti ufumu wa Italy uŵe wakwenelera kwizira mu kusanganiska cisopa na cisopa: {{quote|Tikwenera kumanya kuti pali mitundu ya ŵanthu awo ŵakuchita vinthu mwakuyana na umo ŵanthu ŵakuchitira. Para ŵanthu ŵamanya fundo iyi, ŵakweneraso kukolerana na unenesko uwu: Italy ni caru ca ŵanthu ŵambura nchito..<ref>[[Enrico Corradini]], ''Report to the First Nationalist Congress'', Florence, 3 December 1919.</ref>}} Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Italy na Abyssinia (1935-1936), iyo yikalangulika na Benito Mussolini, wakaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro ya ku Africa (iyo yikaŵa ya kuzenga charu chinyake, m'malo mwa nkhondo za kufwatura ŵanthu). Charu cha Italy cha Ethiopia chikapokeka na ŵasilikari ŵa Italy mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose nga ni cigaŵa ca Italy East Africa nangauli chigaŵa cikuru ca mapiri cikaŵa cambura kulamulirika na Italy cifukwa ca ŵanthu ŵa Arbegnoch. Kuwukira caru ici ni ciyelezgero ciwemi comene ca umo ŵasilikari ŵa Axis ŵakacitiranga. == Mbiri na mikhaliro == === Ŵanji ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake pambere Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose yindambe === ==== Congo ==== [[File:Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Morton_Stanley.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]]]] Ivyo David Livingstone wakacita, ivyo Henry Morton Stanley wakacitanga, vikakhozga maghanoghano gha Stanley pa nkhani ya kukoloneska caru. Kweni cifukwa ca masuzgo na vyakucitika ivyo vikakhumbikwanga, ŵanthu ŵakamovwira comene yayi. Kufuma mu 1869 m'paka 1874, Leopold II wakatuma Stanley ku chigaŵa cha Congo, uko wakachita mapangano na ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo.. [[File:Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Savorgnan_de_Brazza.jpg|left|thumb|Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza mu kawonekero kake ka kavwaliro ka "ŵeneco", kakutoleka na Félix Nadar]] Apo Stanley wakendanga mu vyaru vya ku Congo mu zina la Leopold II wa ku Belgium, Pierre de Brazza, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku France na Italy, wakaluta ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Congo ndipo wakawuska ndembera ya France pa msumba wa Brazzaville mu 1881. Portugal nayo wakakhumbanga malo agha cifukwa ca phangano lakale na ufumu wa Kongo. Kuzakafika mu 1890, boma la Congo Free State likaŵa kuti laŵika mazaza ghake pakati pa Leopoldville na Stanleyville, ndipo likakhumbanga kunjilira kumwera kwa mlonga wa Lualaba kufuma ku Stanleyville. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, kampani ya British South Africa Company ya Cecil Rhodes yikamba kwenda kumpoto kufuma ku mlonga wa Limpopo, na kutuma ŵapayiniya (ŵakulongozgeka na Frederick Selous) kujumpha mu Matabeleland, na kwamba kukhazikika mu Mashonaland. Tippu, Muarabu wa ku Zanzibar uyo wakakhalanga mu Ufumu wa Zanzibar, nayo wakawovwirapo chomene pakuvikilira ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakati wakhazikiska ufumu wa malonda mu Zanzibar na vigaŵa vyapafupi mu East Africa, Tippu Tip wakasintha maghanoghano ghake ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza pa malo agha ndipo pa fundo ya Henry Morton Stanley, Tippu Tip wakazgoka kazembe wa "Stanley Falls District" (Boyoma Falls) mu boma la Leopold la Congo Free State, pambere wandanjire mu Nkhondo ya Congo-Arab against Leopold II's colonial state. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, mu caru ico ŵakeneranga kukumana, kukaŵa Katanga, uko kukaŵa ufumu wa Yeke wa Msiri. Msiri wakaŵa fumu yankhongono comene mu cigaŵa ici ndipo wakaguliskanga mkuŵa, njovu, na ŵazga. Ku Katanga ndiko kukacitika nkhondo iyi. Mu 1890, Rhodes wakatuma ŵanthu ŵaŵiri ku Msiri, Alfred Sharpe, uyo ŵakamukana, na Joseph Thomson, awo ŵakatondeka kufika ku Katanga. Leopold wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanayi. Chakwamba, gulu la Le Marinel likasanga waka kalata yambura kupulikikwa makora. Gulu la Delcommune likakanika. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Stairs, ilo likaŵa na vilwero viwemi, likapika ulongozgi wakuti lipokere Katanga kwali Msiri wazomerezge panji yayi. Msiri wakati wakana, ŵakamudinya, ndipo ŵakamudumura mutu na kumupayika pa khuni kuti ŵanthu ŵasambirepo. Gulu ilo likalongozganga pa Mlonga wa Bia likamalizga mulimo wa kukhazikiska boma na "ŵapolisi" mu Katanga. Mwantheura, chigaŵa cha Katanga icho chikaŵa na malo ghakukwana hafu ya miliyoni ghakaŵa gha Leopold ndipo ufumu wake wa ku Africa ukafika pa malo ghakukwana 2,300,000, agho ghakaŵa ghakuru kuluska Belgium kankhondi na kaŵiri. Boma la Congo Free State likaŵa na nkhaza zikuru chomene pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, ndipo likakanizganga ŵanthu ŵanandi kugwira ntchito zinonono, mwakuti boma la Belgium, likati lakoserezgeka na wupu wakuchemeka Congo Reform Association, likamazga muwuso wa Leopold II na kuwunjika charu ichi pa Ogasiti 20, 1908.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2003 |title=Congo Free State becomes the Belgian Congo {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/congo-free-state-becomes-belgian-congo |access-date=2019-12-20 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> [[File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg|thumb|Kufuma mu 1885 m'paka 1908, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakachitanga nkhaza zinandi mu charu cha Congo Free State.]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanya kuti Themba Leopold II likachitiranga nkhaza ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu icho kale chikaŵa pasi pake, cha Congo Free State. Roger Casement, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa vyaru vya Ireland, wakati pali vifukwa vikuru vinayi ivyo vikawovwilira kuti ŵanthu ŵafumemo mu vyaru ivi: "nkhondo yambura kujikora", njara, kuchepa kwa ŵana, na matenda. Matenda gha mu tulo ghakatimbanizga caru ici ndipo ghakwenera kughanaghanirika cifukwa ca kuchepa kwa ŵantu. Ŵanthu ŵakupambaniska chomene pa nkhani ya unandi wa awo ŵakafwa. Pakuti kalembera wakwamba wakacitika mu 1924, nchakusuzga kumanya unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa. Lipoti la Casement likati ni 3 miliyoni. William Rubinstein wakalemba kuti: "Nadi, vikuwoneka kuti ivyo Hochschild wakayowoya ni vyautesi. Mbunenesko kuti palije umo tingasimikizgira unandi wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Congo pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vindafike. Mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu charu cha Congo mukaŵavya uyo wakamanya uko kukaŵa ŵanthu". Ndimo vikaŵiraso mu charu cha French Congo, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgikanga na matenda. Mu 1905, boma la France likimika komiti iyo yikalongozgekanga na De Brazza kuti yifufuze nkhani izo zikayowoyekanga kuti ŵanthu ŵakasuzgikanga. Ndipouli, de Brazza wakafwa pa ulendo wa kuwelera, ndipo lipoti lake likapelekeka yayi ku ŵanthu. Mu ma 1920, ŵanthu pafupifupi 20,000 awo ŵakacizgika kugwira nchito ŵakafwa pakuzenga njanji iyo yikajumphanga mu France.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coquéry-Vidrovitch|first=Catherine|title=Le Congo au temps des grandes compagnies concessionaires 1898–1930|year=1971|publisher=Mouton|location=Paris|page=195}}</ref> ==== Egypt, Sudan, and South Sudan ==== ===== Suez Canal ===== [[File:Port_Said_Suez_Canal.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Port_Said_Suez_Canal.jpg|thumb|Ku Port Said uko ŵanthu ŵakunjira pa Suez Canal, kuli chikozgo cha De Lesseps]] Kuti wazenga Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps wa ku France wakapokera vinthu vinandi kwa Isma'il Pasha, Khedive wa ku Egypt na Sudan mu 1854-56. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 30,000 ŵakazenga, kweni ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu 120,000 ŵakafwa na njara, kutopa, na matenda, comenecomene kolera. Pambere ŵandamalizge kuzenga, mu 1869, Khedive Isma'il wakabwereka ndalama zinandi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain na France. Kuzakafika mu 1875, wakaŵa na masuzgo gha ndalama ndipo wakeneranga kuguliska masheya agho wakaŵa nagho mu Suez Canal. Boma la Britain, ilo likaŵa pasi pa nduna yikuru Benjamin Disraeli, likakhumbanga kuti charu chake chiŵe na mazaza pa maji agha. Mu 1879, apo Isma'il wakaleka ngongoli ya Eguputo, Britain na France ŵakamba kulamulira charu ichi.<ref>{{cite book|title=World monarchies and dynasties|last=Middleton|first=John|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317451587|location=Armonk, NY|pages=273|oclc=681311754}}</ref>Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo na ku Sudan ŵakakondwa yayi kuti ŵanyawo ŵanjirengepo. ===== Nkhondo ya Mahdist ===== Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na malonda gha ŵazga, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ku mpoto kwa Sudan kuŵe suzgo la vyachuma. Mu 1881, ku Sudan kukawuka chigaluka cha Mahdist icho chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Muhammad Ahmad. Mu chaka chenechicho, Tewfik wakasuzgika chomene na gulu la nkhondo la Ŵaeguputo. Mu 1882, Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira Eguputo. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Egypt ŵakanjira mu Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kweniso chigaŵa cha Egypt cha Equatoria (chenechicho chili ku South Sudan) icho chikalongozgekanga na Emin Pasha nacho chikaŵa pasi pa mulimo wa Emin Pasha wa kovwira ŵasilikari ŵa Mahdist. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na Eguputo ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Mahdi ku Sudan mu 1898.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Hurst |first=Ryan |date=2009-07-15 |title=Mahdist Revolution (1881-1898) • |url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/mahdist-revolution-1881-1898/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=BlackPast |language=en-US}}</ref> Kufuma apo, Britain yikamba kulamulira caru ca Sudan, ico cikacemekanga kuti Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. ==== Berlin Conference (1884–1885) ==== {{main|Berlin Conference}} [[File:Kongokonferenz.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kongokonferenz.jpg|thumb|Otto von Bismarck pa ungano wa ku Berlin, 1884]] Kupoka caru ca Egupto na Congo vikaŵa vyakucitika vikuru comene vyakwambilira vya nkhondo ya ku Africa. Mu 1884, Otto von Bismarck wakacema ungano wa ku Berlin uwo ukacitika mu 1884-1885 kuti wadumbiskane suzgo la ku Africa. Apo ŵakadumbiskananga vya kumazga malonda gha ŵazga ndiposo umo ŵamishonale ŵangapharazgira ku vyaru vinyake, awo ŵakiza ku ungano uwu ŵakafipiranga mtima comene kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo na ŵamazaza ŵa ku Europe. Cakuzirwa comene nchakuti ŵadipulomatesi ŵa ku Berlin ŵakanozga malango agho ghakaŵa ghakovwira ŵamazaza kuti ŵasange vyaru vinyake. Kweniso ŵakakolerana kuti chigaŵa icho chikaŵa mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo chiŵenge pasi pa muwuso wa Leopold II. Palije mtundu uwo ukeneranga kupoka caru ca Africa kwambura kuphalira ŵamazaza ŵanyakeso. Pakaŵavya cigaŵa ico cikaŵa cakwenelera kupoka pambere ŵandambe kucikora. Ndipouli, awo ŵakachitanga maseŵera ŵakasulako malango, ndipo nyengo zinandi nkhondo yikaŵa pafupi kumara. Vyaru vya Swahili vya ku Zanzibar vikagaŵikana pakati pa Germany na Britain, ndipo pakwamba vikatenge viŵenge vyekha mpaka mu 1890.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shivji|first=Issa G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qflWEAAAQBAJ|title=Pan-Africanism or pragmatism? : lessons of the Tanganyika-Zanzibar union|date=2008|publisher=Mkuki na Nyota Publishers|others=Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa|isbn=978-9987-08-105-9|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|pages=7|oclc=777576770}}</ref> ==== Boma la Britain ku Egypt na South Africa ==== [[File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg|thumb|Mwana wa ku Boer mu msasa wakusuzgirako ŵanthu wa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Boer (1899-1902)]] Boma la Britain likati lakhala ku Eguputo na ku Cape Colony, ŵanthu ŵakamba kufipa mtima chomene na uko mlonga wa Nayelo ukufuma. Mu 1882, Ŵacigiriki ŵakatora caru ca Eguputo, ndipo ufumu wa Ottoman ukakhala waka mu caru ici mpaka mu 1914, apo London ukawuzgora ufumu wakuvikilirika. Eguputo wakaŵa wakukolerana yayi na Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1890 na kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, charu cha Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya, na Uganda vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Cape. Theophilus Shepstone wakatoraso caru ca South Africa mu 1877 na kuŵa ca ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1879, pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya Anglo-Zulu, Britain yikakhozga mazaza ghake pa vigaŵa vinandi vya South Africa. Ŵaburu ŵakasuska, ndipo mu Disembala 1880 ŵakagaluka, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Ŵaburu. Pa 23 Malichi, 1881, William Gladstone, uyo wakaŵa nduna yikuru ya Britain, wakalemba phangano la mtende. Kuwukira kwa Jameson mu 1895 kukaŵa kuyezgayezga kwa British South Africa Company na Johannesburg Reform Committee kuti ŵathereske boma la Boer mu Transvaal. Nkhondo yaciŵiri ya ŵa Boer, iyo yikacitika pakati pa 1899 na 1902, yikaŵa ya kuwusa nchito za golide na daimondi; ma republics gha ŵa Boer gha Orange Free State na South African Republic ghakathereskeka na kunjizgika mu ufumu wa Britain. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakanjira mu vyaru vya mu Africa kufuma ku West Africa (uko sono ni Senegal) na kuluta kumafumiro gha dazi, kujumpha mu Sahel m'paka ku mphaka ya kumwera kwa Sahara. Chilato chawo chikaŵa chakuti ŵalutilire kulamulira kufuma ku Mlonga wa Niger m'paka ku Nile, ndipo ŵakendeskanga malonda ghose agho ghakafumanga na kuluta ku Sahel. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakakhumbanga kuti malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho kumwera kwa Africa ghaŵe pamoza na malo agho ŵakaŵa nagho kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. [[File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ahmad.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Ahmad, mulongozgi wa Mahdi. Gulu ili la Ŵasilamu likapoka caru cose ca Sudan na kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Charu cha Sudan (uko sono ni Uganda) ndicho chikawovwira kuti vinthu ivi vicitike, comenecomene apo Eguputo wakaŵa pasi pa Britain. Cecil Rhodes ndiyo wakamanya comene za "mzere uswesi" uwo ukujumpha mu Africa. Padera pa Lord Milner, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma la Britain ku South Africa, Rhodes wakawoneseska kuti ku South Africa kuŵe ufumu wa "Cape to Cairo", uwo ukakolerananga na njanji ya Suez Canal na South Africa. Nangauli caru ca Tanganyika cikapokelereka na ŵa German m'paka paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, kweni Rhodes wakathereska caru ici. Britain wakakhumbanga kusazgirako ufumu wake wa ku East Africa kufuma ku Cairo m'paka ku Cape of Good Hope, apo France wakakhumbanga kusazgirako ufumu wake kufuma ku Dakar m'paka ku Sudan. Usange munthu wangayora mzere kufuma ku Cape Town kuya ku Cairo (loto la Rhodes), na unyake kufuma ku Dakar kuya ku Horn of Africa (luso la France), mizere yiŵiri iyi yikudumura ku malo ghanyake ku mafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan kufupi na Fashoda, kulongosora kuzirwa kwake. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku France la Jean-Baptiste Marchand ndilo likamba kufika ku Fashoda. Ŵasilikari ŵa ku France ŵakafumapo ndipo ŵakalutilira kupempha malo ghanyake mu cigaŵa ici. Cakucitika ca Fashoda cikapangiska kuti paŵe phangano la Entente Cordiale la 1904, ilo likapeleka mtende pakati pa ŵaŵiri aŵa. ==== Phangano la Anglo-French ==== Mu 1890, Britain na France ŵakamazga mphindano ya vyaru ivyo ŵakakhalanga. Kuyana na umo caru ca France cikapokeleranga mazaza gha Britain pa Zanzibar, ufumu wa Britain ukazomera kuti France ndiyo uli na mazaza pa caru ca Madagascar kweniso kuti ndiwo uli na mazaza pa caru ca North Africa, m'paka ku Sokoto. Ndipouli, chikaŵa chakusuzga kuti munthu wasange mphaka iyi kwambura mapu ghakuru.<ref>"LORD SALISBURY yesterday expounded the Anglo-." ''Times'', 12 Aug. 1890, p. 7. ''The Times Digital Archive'', https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CS117887756/TTDA?u=tall85761&sid=bookmark-TTDA&xid=5cff4a4a. Accessed 18 Apr. 2023.</ref> ==== Moroccan Crises ==== {{main|First Moroccan Crisis|Agadir Crisis}} [[File:Pacification.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacification.jpg|thumb|Mapu agho ghakulongora umo charu cha Morocco chikaŵira m'paka mu 1934]] Nangauli Ungano wa ku Berlin ukaŵa kuti waŵika malango gha nkhondo ya ku Africa, kweni ukaŵatondeska yayi ŵasilikari awo ŵakalimbananga nawo. Chifukwa cha phangano la Entente Cordiale, themba la Germany likaghanaghana vya kuyezga mazaza ghake mwa kugwiliskira nchito caru ca Morocco. Kaiser Wilhelm II wakaluta ku Tangier pa 31 March 1905 ndipo wakayowoya nkhani yakukhozgera wanangwa wa Morocco. Mu 1904, caru ca Britain na Spain vikazomerezga kuti caru ca France ciŵepo. Ivyo Kaiser wakayowoya vikakhozga mtima wa caru ca France, ndipo cifukwa ca wovwiri wa Britain, Théophile Delcassé, nduna ya vyaru vya kuwaro ya France, wakakana. Suzgo ili likakura comene pakati pa Juni 1905, apo Delcassé wakacimbizgika na nduna yikuru Maurice Rouvier. Kweni mu Julayi 1905, caru ca Germany cikaŵa kuti capatukana na ŵasilikari ŵa boma la France, ndipo ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe ungano uwo uzamumazga suzgo ili. [[File:Si_Kaddour_ben_Ghabrit_et_le_sultan_Moufay_Hafid.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Si_Kaddour_ben_Ghabrit_et_le_sultan_Moufay_Hafid.jpg|left|thumb|Fumu ya ku Morocco, Abdelhafid, uyo wakalongozga ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma la France pa nyengo ya suzgo la Agadir]] Pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Algeciras mu 1906, ŵakadumura kuti nkhani iyi yimare. Pa vyaru 13 ivyo vikaŵapo, ŵimiliri ŵa Germany ŵakasanga kuti Austria-Hungary ndiyo yikaŵa yekha muwukirano wawo. Boma la Britain, U.S.A., Russia, Italy, na Spain, vikawovwira comene caru ca France. Paumaliro, Ŵachijeremani ŵakakolerana na phangano ilo likalembeka pa Meyi 31, 1906, ilo likati France lichitengepo kanthu pa vinthu vinyake mu Morocco, kweni likalutilira kulamulira vigaŵa vikuruvikuru. Ndipouli, pati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Morocco (panji Nkhondo ya ku Agadir) yikamba apo boti la German Panther likaluta ku Agadir mu Julayi 1911. Boma la Germany likakhumbanga kuti ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain ŵalutilire kuŵa na mazaza pa nkhondo. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakati ŵapulika kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Panther ŵafika ku Morocco, ŵakaghanaghana kuti Ŵachijeremani ŵakukhumba kuzgora Agadir kuŵa msasa wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Atlantic. Chilato cha boma la Germany chikaŵa chakuti liŵape ndalama zakukwana kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ufumu wa ku North Africa. Mu Novembala 1911, ŵakakolerana kuti charu cha Germany chizomere malo gha France mu Morocco kuti chipeleke chigaŵa chinyake ku Middle Congo. Pa 30 Malichi, 1912, France na Spain ŵakamba kulamulira Morocco. Kweniso, cifukwa cakuti Britain yikawovwira caru ca France pa nyengo ya nkhondo ziŵiri izo zikacitika ku Morocco, vikakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. ==== Dervish resistance ==== Pamanyuma pa ungano wa ku Berlin, ŵasilikari ŵa Britain, Italy, na Ethiopia, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa malo agho kukaŵa Ŵasomali. Gulu la Dervish, ilo likalongozgekanga na Sayid Muhammed Abdullah Hassan, likaŵako vyaka 21, kwamba mu 1899 m'paka mu 1920. Gulu la Dervish likathereska ufumu wa Britain maulendo ghanayi ndipo likapangiska kuti uwelere ku vigaŵa vya mumphepete mwa nyanja. Cifukwa ca maulendo agha, ufumu wa Ottoman na German ukamanya kuti gulu la Dervish ni mubwezi wawo. Ŵa Turkiya ŵakamuthya Hassan kuti ni fumu ya mtundu wa Somali, ndipo Ŵajeremani ŵakalayizga kuti ŵamanyenge vigaŵa vyose ivyo ŵa Dervish ŵasanga. Pakati pajumpha vilimika 25 kufuma apo ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakaŵasuzganga, mu 1920 ŵasilikari ŵa Dervish ŵakathereskeka cifukwa cakuti Britain yikagwiliskira nchito ndege. ==== Nkhondo za Ŵaherero na Kuwukira kwa Maji Maji ==== {{Main|Herero Wars|Maji Maji Rebellion}} {{see also|Herero and Namaqua genocide}} [[File:Herero_Nama_Shark_Island_Death_Camp_Lieutenant_von_Durling_05.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herero_Nama_Shark_Island_Death_Camp_Lieutenant_von_Durling_05.jpg|thumb|Mulara wa ŵasilikari Von Durling pamoza na ŵakayidi ku Shark Island, umoza mwa misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ya ku Germany iyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa nyengo ya kukoma ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero na Namaqua]] Pakati pa 1904 na 1908, vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Germany, ku German South West Africa na German East Africa, vikasuzgika na ŵanthu awo ŵakagalukira boma lawo. Mu vigaŵa vyose viŵiri ivi, ŵalwani ŵa boma la Germany ŵakathereskeka mwaluŵiro apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Germany ŵakiza. Ŵasilikari ŵa Herero ku German South West Africa ŵakathereskeka pa Nkhondo ya Waterberg, ndipo Ŵasilikari ŵa Maji-Maji ku German East Africa ŵakasuzgika na ŵasilikari ŵa Germany. Ŵasilikari ŵa Germany ŵakayezgayezga kuti ŵafumiske ŵanthu mu vyaru vya kumwera kwa Africa. Pa ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi, ŵanthu 65,000 (80% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi) na 10,000 (50% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu chigaŵa ichi) ŵakafwa na njara, nyota, panji ŵakagwiranga nchito mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu nga ni Shark Island pakati pa 1904 na 1908. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Herero ŵakukwana 24,000 m'paka 100,000, Ŵanaama 10,000, na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵa mtundu wa San ŵakafwa.<ref name="Walter Nuhn 1904">{{cite book|author=Nuhn, Walter|year=1989|title=Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904|language=de|location=Koblenz, DEU|publisher=Bernard & Graefe-Verlag|isbn=978-3-7637-5852-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Schaller|first=Dominik J.|editor-last=Moses|editor-first=A. Dirk|title=From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa.|trans-title=Empire, Colony Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|edition=first|year=2008|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4|pages=296|quote=see his footnotes to German language sources citation #1 for Chapter 13.}}</ref><ref name="sarkin">Jeremy Sarkin-Hughes (2008) ''Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908'', p. 142, Praeger Security International, Westport, Conn. {{ISBN|978-0-31336-256-9}}</ref><ref name="moses">{{cite book|author=Moses, A. Dirk|year=2008|title=Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/empirecolonygeno0000unse|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Schaller, Dominik J.|year=2008|title=From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|page=296|isbn=978-1-84545-452-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Friedrichsmeyer, Sara L.|author2=Lennox, Sara|author3=Zantop, Susanne M.|year=1998|title=The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy|location=Ann Arbor, MI|publisher=University of Michigan Press|page=87|isbn=978-0-472-09682-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Baronian, Marie-Aude|editor2=Besser, Stephan|editor3=Jansen, Yolande|year=2007|title=Diaspora and Memory: Figures of Displacement in Contemporary Literature, Arts and Politics|series=Thamyris, Intersecting Place, Sex and Race, Issue 13|location=Leiden, NDL|publisher=Brill/Rodopi|page=33|issn=1381-1312|isbn=978-9042021297}}</ref> Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakafwa na njara, nyota, panji chifukwa cha kununkhira maji mu visimi apo ŵakaŵa mu mapopa gha Namib.<ref>Ulrich van der Heyden; Holger Stoecker (2005) ''Mission und Macht im Wandel politischer Orientierungen: Europaische Missionsgesellschaften in politischen Spannungsfeldern in Afrika und Asien zwischen 1800–1945'', p. 394, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart {{ISBN|978-3-515-08423-9}}</ref><ref name="totten">Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny (2004) [https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&dq=Herero+Poisoned+wells&pg=PA51 ''Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts''], Routledge, NY {{ISBN|978-0-203-89043-1}} p. 22</ref><ref name="kroll">Dan Kroll (2006) ''Securing Our Water Supply: Protecting a Vulnerable Resource'', p. 22, PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press {{ISBN|978-1-59370-069-0}}</ref> == Filosofi == === Kuŵa na mahara na viwoneskero === ==== Ŵalongozgi ŵa vigaŵa ==== [[File:African_Pigmies_CNE-v1-p58-B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Pigmies_CNE-v1-p58-B.jpg|thumb|Ŵapigeme na ŵa ku Europe. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ŵakuŵa nga ni Ota Benga, uyo wakalongoreka na Madison Grant, uyo wakasambizganga vya ŵanthu.]] IMu nyengo yakwambilira, ufumu wa ŵeneco ukaŵa mulimo wa ŵanthu awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake na ŵamalonda ŵanyake. Maufumu agho ghakaŵa na mazaza pa vyaru vinyake ghakaŵa kutali comene na kuzomerezga vinthu vyakudura ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ndyali, nga ni William Gladstone, ŵakasuskanga boma la Britain. Ndipouli, apo wakaŵa nduna yikuru pakati pa 1880 na 1885, wakatondeka kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa mu boma lake, ndipo wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga. Nangauli Gladstone wakasuskanga fundo za ufumu, kweni masuzgo agho ghakaŵapo chifukwa cha suzgo la ndalama ghakamupangiska kuti wakondweske fundo za boma. Mu France, Georges Clemenceau, wandale wa ku France, wakakananga comene: wakaghanaghananga kuti ukoloni ukufumako ku "mzere wa buluu wa mapiri gha Vosges", ndiko kuti, kuwukira caru na kukhumba kuwuskako caru ca Alsace-Lorraine ico cikapokeka na Ufumu wa Germany na phangano la Frankfurt mu 1871. Clemenceau ndiyo wakacitiska kuti Jules Ferry waleke kuwusa cifukwa ca ngozi ya mu 1885 ku Tonkin. Hannah Arendt wakalemba mu buku lake lakuti The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951), kuti kuthandazgika kwa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake kukususkana na umoza wa boma ilo likupeleka wanangwa wa kukhala mu charu ichi. Ntheura, pakamba kuŵa mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵacindikenge wanangwa wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake, awo ŵakuwoneka nga "mbanthu" ŵa boma, na ŵamazaza awo ŵakakhumbanga kusuzga ŵanthu awo ŵakawonekanga kuti mbambura kwenelera. Ŵanyake mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na ŵazga ŵakasuskanga vinthu ivyo ŵakaviwonanga kuti ni viheni yayi ivyo boma la ŵazga likachitanga para ŵaleka kuvilondezga. Ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa nkhondo ya ku Africa. Ku Germany, France, na Britain, ŵanthu ŵa m'maumba ghapakati ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵalutilire kukolerana na ŵanyawo kuti ŵalutilire kukura. Nanga ni mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na mazaza ghacoko, ŵanthu nga ni Enrico Corradini ŵakayowoya kuti "vyaru vya ŵanthu ŵambura nchito" vikwenera kuŵa na "malo ghakutowa" mu caru. ==== Kupharazga na kusopa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ==== Mabuku ghanandi agho ghakayowoyanga vya ŵakoloni, maghanoghano ghawo, na vithuzithuzi vyawo, ghakawovwira ŵakaronga kuti ŵagomezge kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene vyaru vyawo. Cimanyikwiro ca caru ca France ico cikaŵa mu nyengo ya kuuyambiro kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na m'ma 1900, cikaŵa mulimo wa kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa ŵalusungu. Ntheura, ŵalara ŵa boma la France ŵakachitanga ndyali za ku France na Europe mu vyaru vya France, chomenechomene ku French West Africa na Madagascar. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinayi ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa boma la France, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guyanne, Réunion, kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinayi vya Senegal, ŵakapika wanangwa wa kuŵa ŵimiliri ŵa Nyumba ya Malango. Kanandi ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhikanga ŵakaŵa Ŵachifurenci ŵatuŵa, nangauli pakaŵaso ŵanthu ŵafipa nga ni Blaise Diagne wa ku Senegal, uyo wakasankhika mu 1914..<ref name="Segalla 2009">Segalla, Spencer. 2009, ''The Moroccan Soul: French Education, Colonial Ethnology, and Muslim Resistance, 1912–1956''. Nebraska University Press</ref> ==== Viwoneskero vya Ŵakoloni ==== [[File:Dellepiane-exposition-nationale-coloniale-1906.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dellepiane-exposition-nationale-coloniale-1906.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha chionetsero cha mu 1906 ku Marseilles (France)]] [[File:Affiche_exposition_coloniale_Tervuren.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Affiche_exposition_coloniale_Tervuren.jpg|thumb|Chithuzithuzi cha ungano wa ku Brussels wa mu 1897.]] Paumaliro wa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose, maufumu gha vyaru vya ŵazga ghakaŵa ghakumanyikwa comene pafupifupi mu vyaru vyose vya ku Europe. Vinthu ivyo vikacitikanga mu vyaru vinyake vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kughanaghana makora. Ntheura, para ŵanthu ŵanjira mu vyaru vinyake, ŵakawoneleranga ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru ivi. Mu 1874, Carl Hagenbeck, uyo wakaŵa wamalonda wa nyama za kuthondo wa ku Germany, ndipo pamasinda wakamba kupanga malo ghakusungirako viŵeto ku Europe, wakawona kuti ntchiwemi kulongora ŵanthu ŵa ku Samoa na ku Sami. Mu 1876, wakatuma yumoza wa ŵantchito ŵake ku caru ca Sudan ico cikaŵa kuti capokeka waka na Eguputo kuti wakatore vikoko na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia aŵa ŵakaŵako mu Paris, London, na Berlin. "Vipinda vya ŵanthu" ivi vikaŵa mu Hamburg, Antwerp, Barcelona, London, Milan, New York City, Paris, na kunyake, ndipo ŵanthu 200,000 panji 300,000 ŵakizanga ku malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg ŵakaŵako pamanyuma pakuti France wapoka msumba wa Timbuktu (René Caillié, uyo wakajibisa nga ni Musulumani, wakaluta kukaŵawona mu 1828, ndipo wakapokera chawanangwa chakufuma ku French Société de Géographie). Cifukwa ca kuleka kuzgoŵera nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafwa na nthenda iyi, nga umo vikaŵira na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mtundu wa Galibi ku Paris mu 1892. Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa Jardin d'Acclimatation, mu 1877 wakadumura vyakuti paŵe viphikiro viŵiri vya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana. Tikiti zinandi zikaguliskika ku Jardin d'Acclimatation, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakukwana 1 miliyoni ŵakalipira. Pakati pa 1877 na 1912, pa malo agha pakaŵa "vinthu vyakusanguluska" pafupifupi 30.<ref>[http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html "These human zoos of the Colonial Republic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405044035/http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2000/08/BANCEL/14145.html|date=2014-04-05}}, ''[[Le Monde diplomatique]]'', August 2000 {{in lang|fr}}. ([http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127010516/http://mondediplo.com/2000/08/07humanzoo|date=2020-11-27}} {{in lang|en}})</ref> Mu 1878, pa ungano wa caru cose uwo ukacitikira ku Paris, ŵanthu ŵakamba kuwona "midzi ya ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake". Ŵakapanga "mizinda ya ku Senegal" iyo yikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵakwendakwenda. Ku United States, Madison Grant, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa wupu wakuwona vya vinyama ku New York, wakasanga Pygmy Ota Benga ku Bronx Zoo pamoza na vinyama vinyake mu 1906. Mubali Grant, uyo wakaŵa wasayansi wakususkana na ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, wakaphalira William Temple Hornaday, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa chiŵaya cha vinyama kuti waŵike Ota Benga mu kanyumba ako mukaŵa orangutan, ndipo wakamuthya zina lakuti "The Missing Link" kuti walongosore makora fundo ya Darwin. Vinyake ivyo ŵakawoneleranga vikaŵa vya Ufumu wa Britain uwo ukaŵako mu 1924, na vya ku Paris mu 1931. === Kulimbana na matenda === Kwambira mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ŵasilikari wose ŵa vyaru vyakumwera ŵakamba kulimbana na matenda. Ku Africa, nthenda ya kugona yikamara cifukwa cakuti magulu ghakupambanapambana ghakapenjerezga ŵanthu mamiliyoni ghanandi. Mu ma 1880, ng'ombe izo zikafuma ku Britain ku Asia kuti zikapeleke chakurya ku ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakanjira mu charu cha Eritrea, zikasangika na nthenda yakucemeka cinkhara. Chikulutilira kupweteka viŵeto 90 pa 100 mu Africa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakasuzgikanga chomene chifukwa cha kutayika kwa viŵeto vyawo. Mu virimika vya m'ma 1900, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakasazgikira comene cifukwa cakuti mu vyaru vinandi ciŵelengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵakufwa cikakhira cifukwa ca mtende, kulekeska njara, munkhwala, ndiposo comenecomene cifukwa cakuti malonda gha ŵazga ghakamara. Ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ŵakukwera kufuma pa 120 miliyoni mu 1900 kufika pa 1 biliyoni lero.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034124/http://www.africanews.com/site/Africas_population_now_1_billion/list_messages/26588 "Africa's population now 1 billion"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427034124/http://www.africanews.com/site/Africas_population_now_1_billion/list_messages/26588|date=2011-04-27}}. AfricaNews. August 25, 2009.</ref> === Kuwuskapo wuzga === {{main|Slavery in Africa#Abolition}} Ŵanthu ŵakalutilira kulimbana na wuzga ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Europe. Iyi yikaŵa nkhani yikuru pa ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Brussels mu 1889-90. Kufuma waka apo ŵanthu ŵakambira kulimbana na ŵazga mu Africa, maboma ghose agho ghakalamuliranga charu ichi ghakati ghakakhumbanga kumazga wuzga na malonda gha ŵazga. Ku French West Africa, ŵazga ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni ŵakachimbira kwa mabwana ghawo pakati pa 1906 na 1911. Ku Madagascar, ŵa ku France ŵakalekeska wuzga mu 1896, ndipo ŵazga pafupifupi 500,000 ŵakafwatulika. Mu 1911, ŵazga ŵakalekeka mu chigaŵa cha Sahel icho chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha France. Vyaru vinyake ivyo vikakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵaviwone nga ni vyaru vya ku Europe, nyengo zinyake vikawonanga nga kuti vikukhumba kumazga wuzga. Pakususkana na ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe ŵakachitanga, boma la Sokoto likamazga wuzga mu 1900, ndipo Ethiopia likamazga wuzga mu 1932. Nangauli ŵazga ŵakalutilira kugwira ntchito mu Africa, kweni ŵakamba kugwira ntchito za malipiro. Ku Africa, wuzga ukamara yayi.<ref>Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. New York: CRC Press, p. 878</ref><ref name="Manning-1990">{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Patrick|title=Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveryafricanli0067mann|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|year=1990}}</ref><ref name="Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref>Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in ''Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories'', ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: [[Liverpool University Press]], 2009), 29.</ref> == Ivyo Vikachitika == [[File:Victoria_(Cameroon).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_(Cameroon).jpg|thumb|Charu cha Cameroon, chakuŵajika na R. Hellgrewe, 1908]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, mu nyengo ya muwuso uphya wa ŵasilikari, caru ca Europe cikasazgirako pafupifupi makilomita 23,000,000 ku malo agho ghakaŵa mu vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Europe mukaŵa vyaru vyose vya mu Africa, kupaturako Ethiopia, Liberia, na Saguia el-Hamra. Pakati pa 1885 na 1914, caru ca Britain cikapoka pafupifupi 30% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa; 15% ŵa ku France, 11% ŵa ku Portugal, 9% ŵa ku Germany, 7% ŵa ku Belgium na 1% ŵa ku Italy. Ku Nigeria pera, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 15 miliyoni ŵakakoleka. Kuyana na malo agho ŵakakhalanga, Ŵacifurenci ndiwo ŵakadangiliranga comene, kweni caru cawo cikakura comene mu caru ca Sahara..<ref>Richard Rathbone, "World war I and Africa: introduction." ''Journal of African History'' 19.1 (1978): 1-9.</ref><ref>James Joll and Gordon Martel, ''The Origins of the First World War'' (4th ed. 2006) pp 219-253.</ref> Nkhondo ya ndyali yikalondezgana na kuthandazgika kwa vinthu vya cuma, ndipo "mabungwe ghakulongozga vyaru" ghakakhozgeranga visambizgo vya kutinkha ŵamazaza pa suzgo yiliyose kuti ŵalutilire kuŵa ŵamahara. Nkhondo iyi yikamba mu Ogasiti 1914, apo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵanyawo.<ref>William Mulligan, ''The Origins of the First World War'' (2017) pp 230-238.</ref> === Makoloni gha mu Africa ghakulondezgana na ufumu uwo ukaŵako === [[File:Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Trône_-_panoramio.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leopold_II_Statue_at_Place_du_Tr%C3%B4ne_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cikozgo ca Leopold II wa ku Belgium, Fumu ya Congo Free State kufuma mu 1885 mpaka 1908, Regent Place mu Brussels, Belgium]] ==== Belgium ==== * [[:en:Congo_Free_State|Congo Free State]] na * [[:en:Belgian_Congo|Belgian Congo]] (today's ** [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) * [[:en:Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda-Urundi]] (comprising modern ** [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]]<nowiki/>na ** [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]], 1922–62) ==== France ==== {{Further|French Africa}} [[File:Mission_Foureau-Lamy.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mission_Foureau-Lamy.jpg|thumb|The [[:en:Amédée-François_Lamy|Foureau-Lamy]] military expedition sent out from [[:en:Algiers|Algiers]] in 1898 to conquer the [[:en:Chad_Basin|Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa.]] {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:French_West_Africa|French West Africa]]: ** [[:en:Mauritania|Mauritania]] ** [[:en:Senegal|Senegal]] ** [[:en:Albreda|Albreda]] (1681–1857, now part of [[:en:Gambia|Gambia]]) ** [[:en:French_Sudan|French Sudan]] (now [[:en:Mali|Mali]], 1880 – 1958) ** [[:en:French_Guinea|French Guinea]] (now [[:en:Guinea|Guinea]]) ** [[:en:Ivory_Coast|Ivory Coast]] ** [[:en:Colony_of_Niger|Niger]] ** [[:en:French_Upper_Volta|French Upper Volta]] (now [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]]) ** [[:en:French_Dahomey|French Dahomey]] (now [[:en:Benin|Benin]]) ** [[:en:French_Togoland|French Togoland]] (1916–60, now [[:en:Togo|Togo]]) ** [[:en:Enclaves_of_Forcados_and_Badjibo|Enclaves of Forcados and Badjibo]] (in modern [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]) * [[:en:French_Equatorial_Africa|French Equatorial Africa]]: ** [[:en:Gabon|Gabon]] ** [[:en:French_Cameroun|French Cameroun]] (1922–60) ** [[:en:French_Congo|French Congo]] (now [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]) ** [[:en:Ubangi-Shari|Oubangui-Chari]] (now [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]]) ** [[:en:Colonial_Chad|Chad]] * [[:en:French_North_Africa|French North Africa]]: ** [[:en:French_Algeria|French Algeria]] (1830-1962; was administered as an integral part of France itself from 1848) ** [[:en:French_Protectorate_of_Tunisia|French Protectorate of Tunisia]] ** [[:en:French_protectorate_in_Morocco|French Protectorate of Morocco]] ** [[:en:Fezzan-Ghadames_(French_Administration)|Fezzan-Ghadames]] (1943–1951) (administration given by the UNO after its conquest by [[:en:Charles_de_Gaulle|Charles de Gaulle]]) ** [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] (ownership (1798–1801)) ([[:en:Condominium_(international_law)|Condominium]] of [[:en:France|France]] and the [[:en:United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]] (1876–1882))<ref>{{cite web |title=Centenaire de l'Entente cordiale : les accords franco-britanniques de 1904 |url=http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004005739/http://www.minefe.gouv.fr/fonds_documentaire/notes_bleues/nbb/nbb270/entente_cordiale.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-04 |access-date=2011-08-29 |language=fr}}</ref> * [[:en:French_East_Africa|French East Africa]]: ** [[:en:French_Madagascar|French Madagascar]] ** [[:en:Comoros|Comoros]] ** [[:en:Scattered_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean|Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean]] ** [[:en:French_Somaliland|French Somaliland]] (now [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]]) ** [[:en:Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)|Isle de France]] (1715–1810) (now [[:en:Mauritius|Mauritius]]) |} [[File:Desembarco_en_Cotonou_de_tropas_senegalesas._Le_Petit_Journal,_21may1892.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desembarco_en_Cotonou_de_tropas_senegalesas._Le_Petit_Journal,_21may1892.jpg|thumb|Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Senegal (Tirailleurs) ilo likalongozgekanga na Koloneli Alfred-Amédée Dodds, likapoka Dahomey (lero ni Benin) mu 1892]] ==== Germany ==== * [[:en:German_Kamerun|German Kamerun]] (now [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] and part of [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]], 1884–1916) * [[:en:German_East_Africa|German East Africa]] (now [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]], [[:en:Burundi|Burundi]] and most of [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]], 1885–1919) * [[:en:German_South-West_Africa|German South-West Africa]] (now [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], 1884–1915) * [[:en:German_Togoland|German Togoland]] (now [[:en:Togo|Togo]] and eastern part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], 1884–1914) After the First World War, Germany's possessions were partitioned among Britain (which took a sliver of western Cameroon, Tanzania, western Togo, and Namibia), France (which took most of Cameroon and eastern Togo) and Belgium (which took Rwanda and Burundi). ==== Italy ==== [[File:CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika,_Massana_(Massawa,_Massaua)-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika,_Massana_(Massawa,_Massaua)-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga ku Massawa]] * [[:en:Italian_Eritrea|Italian Eritrea]] * [[:en:Italian_Somalia|Italian Somalia]] * [[:en:Italian_Ethiopia|Italian Ethiopia]] ** ''[[:en:Oltre_Giuba|Oltre Giuba]]'' {{small|(annexed into Italian Somalia in 1925)}} * [[:en:Italian_colonization_of_Libya|Libya]] ** [[:en:Italian_Tripolitania|Italian Tripolitania]] ** [[:en:Italian_Cyrenaica|Italian Cyrenaica]] ** [[:en:Italian_Libya|Italian Libya]] {{small|(from the unification of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in 1934)}} Mu nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo, Ethiopia wa ku Italy pamoza na Eritrea wa ku Italy na Somaliland wa ku Italy ŵakapangiska Italy East Africa (A.O.I., "Africa Orientale Italiana", iyo yikumanyikwa na boma la Fascist nga L'Impero). ==== Portugal ==== [[File:Combat_de_marracuene.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combat_de_marracuene.jpg|thumb|Ku Marracuene, Mozambique uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa Ŵapwitikizi na themba la Gaza, Gungunhana, mu 1895]] {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:Portuguese_Angola|Portuguese Angola]] (now [[:en:Angola|Angola]]) ** Mainland [[:en:Angola|Angola]] ** [[:en:Portuguese_Congo|Portuguese Congo]](now [[:en:Cabinda_Province|Cabinda Province]] of [[:en:Angola|Angola]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Mozambique|Portuguese Mozambique]](now [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Guinea|Portuguese Guinea]](now [[:en:Guinea-Bissau|Guinea-Bissau]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Gold_Coast|Portuguese Gold Coast]] (now part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) * [[:en:Portuguese_Cape_Verde|Portuguese Cape Verde]] * [[:en:Portuguese_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe]] ** [[:en:São_Tomé_Island|São Tomé Island]] ** [[:en:Príncipe_Island|Príncipe Island]] ** [[:en:Fort_of_São_João_Baptista_de_Ajudá|Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá]](now [[:en:Ouidah|Ouidah]], in [[:en:Benin|Benin]]) |} ==== Spain ==== {| | valign="top" | * Northern [[:en:Spanish_Morocco|Spanish Morocco]] ** Chefchaouen (''Chauen'') *** Jebala (''Yebala'') *** Kert *** Loukkos (''Lucus'') *** Rif * [[:en:Spanish_West_Africa|Spanish West Africa]] ** [[:en:Ifni|Ifni]] ** Southern Spanish Morocco ([[:en:Cape_Juby|Cape Juby]]) ** [[:en:Spanish_Sahara|Spanish Sahara]] (now [[:en:Western_Sahara|Western Sahara]]) *** [[:en:Saguia_el-Hamra|Saguia el-Hamra]] *** [[:en:Río_de_Oro|Río de Oro]] * [[:en:Spanish_Guinea|Spanish Guinea]](now [[:en:Equatorial_Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]]) ** [[:en:Bioko|Fernando Pó]] ** [[:en:Río_Muni|Río Muni]] ** [[:en:Annobón|Annobón]] | valign="top" | |} {{anchor|United Kingdom}}<!--linked--> ==== United Kingdom ==== {{Further|Historiography of the British Empire}} [[File:1899railroad_salisbury.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1899railroad_salisbury.jpg|thumb|Kujura njanji mu Rhodesia, 1899]] [[File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prempeh-124-palaver-and-submission.jpg|thumb|Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachinayi iyo yikachitika mu 1896, ŵa ku Britain ŵakamba kulamulira Ufumu wa Ashanti.]] Ku Marracuene, Mozambique uko kukaŵa Ŵapwitikizi, kukaŵa nkhondo pakati pa Ŵapwitikizi na themba la Gaza, Gungunhana, mu 1895. {| | valign="top" | * [[:en:British_Egypt|Egypt]] * [[:en:British_Military_Administration_(Libya)|British Cyrenaica]] (1943-1951, now part of [[:en:Libya|Libya]]) * [[:en:British_Military_Administration_(Libya)|British Tripolitania]] (1943-1951, now part of [[:en:Libya|Libya]]) * [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (1899–1956) * [[:en:British_Somaliland|British Somaliland]] (now part of [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]]) * [[:en:British_East_Africa|British East Africa]]: ** [[:en:Kenya_Colony|Kenya Colony]] ** [[:en:Uganda_Protectorate|Uganda Protectorate]] ** [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] : *** [[:en:Tanganyika_Territory|Tanganyika Territory]] (1919–61) *** [[:en:Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] * [[:en:British_Mauritius|British Mauritius]] * [[:en:Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland]] (now [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]) * [[:en:Southern_Rhodesia|Southern Rhodesia]] (now [[:en:Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]) * [[:en:Northern_Rhodesia|Northern Rhodesia]] (now [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]]) * [[:en:History_of_Seychelles#British_rule|British Seychelles]] * [[:en:Union_of_South_Africa|British South Africa]] ** [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]]: *** [[:en:Transvaal_Colony|Transvaal Colony]] *** [[:en:Cape_Colony|Cape Colony]] *** [[:en:Colony_of_Natal|Colony of Natal]] *** [[:en:Orange_River_Colony|Orange River Colony]] ** [[:en:South-West_Africa|South-West Africa]] (from 1915, now [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]]) * [[:en:British_West_Africa|British West Africa]] ** [[:en:Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate|Gambia Colony and Protectorate]] ** [[:en:Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate|British Sierra Leone]] ** [[:en:Colonial_Nigeria|Colonial Nigeria]] ** [[:en:British_Togoland|British Togoland]] (1916–56, today part of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) ** [[:en:Cameroons|Cameroons]] (1922–61, now part of [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] and [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]) ** [[:en:Gold_Coast_(British_colony)|Gold Coast (British colony)]] (now [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]) * [[:en:Nyasaland|Nyasaland]] (now [[:en:Malawi|Malawi]]) * [[:en:Basutoland|Basutoland]] (now [[:en:Lesotho|Lesotho]]) * [[:en:Swaziland_Protectorate|Swaziland]] (now [[:en:Eswatini|Eswatini]]) * [[:en:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha|Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] |} ==== Vyaru vyakujiyimira ==== Charu cha Liberia chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa wupu wa American Colonization Society, uwo ukaŵa na ntchito ya kusamuska ŵazga ŵa ku Africa na Caribbean kufuma ku United States na ku virwa vya Caribbean mu 1822. Pa Julayi 26, 1847, charu cha Liberia chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Liberia ni charu chakale chomene mu Africa ndipo ni charu chachiŵiri chakale chomene pa charu chose. Pa nyengo iyi, charu cha Liberia chikaŵa pa mtende na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Boma ili likagomezganga kuti Ethiopia ni boma la Italy nangauli charu ichi chikapokelera yayi fundo iyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Mark |date=2 March 2018 |title=Adwa Day in Ethiopia {{!}} Tesfa Tours |url=https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=www.tesfatours.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024142256/https://www.tesfatours.com/adwa-day-in-ethiopia/ |archive-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> Padera pa ufumu wa Italy uwo ukaŵako pakati pa 1936 na 1941 na ŵasilikari ŵa Benito Mussolini, Etiyopiya ni charu chakale chomene mu Africa. === Vinthu ivyo vikuchitika mazuŵa ghano === {{Further|Decolonisation of Africa|Neocolonialism}} [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas (2004).png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudan Map Oelgas (2004).png|thumb|Kupeleka mafuta na gasi ku Sudan ️ 2004]] Ŵasayansi awo ŵakususka wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na ivyo vikachitikanga kale na ivyo vikachitikanga mu Africa. Apo vyaru vya ku Africa vikamba kujiwusa vyekha pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, vinthu vyawo vikaŵa makora yayi. Kanandi ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga zikafumanga ku vyakurya panji ku vinthu vinyake. Ŵasayansi aŵa ŵakuti vinthu vikasintha chomene mu Africa chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vyaru vinyake. Ŵakayowoyaso kuti mapulogiramu gha kusintha vinthu ghakawovwira kuti maboma ghanandi gha mu Africa ghaŵe na wanangwa wa vinthu vya ndyali na vyachuma.<ref>Southall and Melber, ''A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,'' pp. 41–45</ref> === Vithuzithuzi vya mafuta === Mu nyengo ya kuzgaluka kwa vinthu pa caru cose, vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa vyazgoka vyaru vya mafuta (nga ni Angola, Cameroon, Nigeria, na Sudan). Vyaru ivi ni vyaru ivyo vikukolerana pa nkhani za cuma na ndyali pakati pa makampani gha mafuta gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana na ŵamazaza ŵa mu vyaru vya mu Africa ivyo vili na mafuta ghanandi. Mu nyengo iyi, vyaru vinandi vikamba kukolerana na Africa. Mary Gilmartin wakati: "Kuŵa na vinthu vyakuthupi na vimanyikwiro vya malo [ntchakuzirwa chomene] kuti ufumu upharazgike na kulamulira". Makampani gha mafuta gha boma gha ku China (na vyaru vinyake vya ku Asia) ghasanga nchito yikuru ya mafuta mu Africa. China National Petroleum Corporation yikagura 40% ya Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Kweniso, charu cha Sudan chikuguliska mafuta 50~60% ku China. Charu cha China chikuguliskaso masheya mu malo gha mafuta gha mu Africa, kugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakupanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa mu vyaru ivi na kusanga malo gha mafuta mu vyaru vya mu Africa.<ref>Southall, Roger and Melber, Henning. “A New Scramble For Africa?: Imperialism, Investment and Development,” South Africa: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2009: 192</ref> == Wonaniso == {{Portal|History|Africa}} * [[:en:Analysis_of_Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization|Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization]] * [[:en:Chronology_of_Western_colonialism|Chronology of Western colonialism]] * [[:en:Durand_Line|Durand Line]] * [[:en:Economic_history_of_Africa|Economic history of Africa]] * [[:en:French_colonial_empire|French colonial empire]] * [[:en:Historiography_of_the_British_Empire|Historiography of the British Empire]] * [[:en:International_relations_(1814–1919)|International relations (1814–1919)]] * [[:en:List_of_former_sovereign_states|List of former sovereign states]] * [[:en:List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies|List of French possessions and colonies]] * [[:en:Sykes–Picot_Agreement|Sykes–Picot Agreement]] * [[:en:White_Africans_of_European_ancestry|White Africans of European ancestry]] == Vyakulemba == <references group="note" responsive="1"></references> == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> === Works cited === * {{cite book|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Hochschild|title=[[King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa]]|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|year=2006|orig-year=1998|isbn=978-0-330-44198-8}} * {{cite book|last=Shillington|first=Kevin|title=History of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrica0002shil|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-333-59957-0}} == Wonani vinandi == * Aldrich, Robert. ''Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion'' (1996) * Atkinson, David. "Constructing Italian Africa: Geography and Geopolitics". ''Italian colonialism'' (2005): 15–26. * Axelson, Eric. ''Portugal and the Scramble for Africa: 1875–1891'' (Johannesburg, Witwatersrand UP, 1967) * Betts, Raymond F., ed. ''The scramble for Africa: causes and dimensions of empire'' (Heath, 1972), short excerpts from historians. [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000bett|online]] * Boddy-Evans, Alistair. "What Caused the Scramble for Africa?" ''African History'' (2012). [https://www.seal-pa.org/hs/staff/teachers/wswitala/courses/wahg2/SiteAssets/SitePages/colonial/What%20Caused%20the%20Scramble%20for%20Africa%20KINDLE.pdf online] * Brantlinger, Patrick. "Victorians and Africans: The genealogy of the myth of the dark continent." ''Critical Inquiry'' (1985): 166–203. [http://www.uwf.edu/dearle/imperialadventure/imperial%20adventure/documents/brantlinger%20victorians%20and%20africans.pdf online] * Chamberlain, Muriel Evelyn. ''The scramble for Africa'' (4th ed. Routledge, 2014) [https://www.amazon.com/Scramble-Africa-Seminar-Studies/dp/1408220148/ excerpt and text search]; also [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up|complete text of 2nd edition 1999]] * Curtin, Philip D. ''Disease and empire: The health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa'' ([[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]], 1998) * Darwin, John. "Imperialism and the Victorians: The dynamics of territorial expansion." ''English Historical Review'' (1997) 112#447 pp.&nbsp;614–42. * Finaldi, Giuseppe. ''Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa: Italy's African Wars in the Era of Nation-building, 1870–1900'' (Peter Lang, 2009) * Förster, Stig, Wolfgang Justin Mommsen, and Ronald Edward Robinson, eds. ''Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa conference 1884–1885 and the onset of partition'' ([[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]], 1988) [[iarchive:bismarckeuropeandafricatheberlinafricaconference18841885andtheonsetofpartitionst|online]] * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''France and Britain in Africa: Imperial Rivalry and Colonial Rule'' (1971) * Gifford, Prosser, and William Roger Louis. ''Britain and Germany in Africa: Imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (1967) [[iarchive:britaingermanyin0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up|online]]. * {{cite journal|last=Gjersø|first=Jonas Fossli|title=The Scramble for East Africa: British Motives Reconsidered, 1884–95|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=43|issue=5|pages=831–860|date=2015|s2cid=143514840|doi=10.1080/03086534.2015.1026131|doi-access=free}} * Hammond, Richard James. ''Portugal and Africa, 1815–1910: a study in uneconomic imperialism'' ([[:en:Stanford_University_Press|Stanford University Press]], 1966) [[iarchive:portugalafrica180000hamm|online]] * Henderson, W.O. ''The German Colonial Empire, 1884–1919'' (London: Frank Cass, 1993) * Hinsley, F.H. ed. ''The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98'' (1962) [http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2010_334.pdf contents] pp.&nbsp;593–40. * Klein, Martin A. ''Slavery and colonial rule in French West Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) * Koponen, Juhani, ''The Partition of Africa: A Scramble for a Mirage?'' Nordic Journal of African Studies, 2, no. 1 (1993): 134. * Lewis, David Levering. ''The race to Fashoda : European colonialism and African resistance in the scramble for Africa'' (1988) [[iarchive:racetofashodaeur0000lewi_u0m1|online]] * Lovejoy, Paul E. ''Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa'' (Cambridge University Press, 2011) * Lloyd, Trevor Owen. ''Empire: the history of the British Empire'' (2001). * Mackenzie J.M. ''The Partition of Africa, 1880–1900, and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century'' (London 1983) [[iarchive:partitionofafric0000mack|online]] * Middleton, Lamar. ''The Rape Of Africa'' (London, 1936) [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.77361/page/n207/mode/2up|online]] * Minawi, Mustafa. ''The Ottoman Scramble for Africa Empire and Diplomacy an the Sahara and the Hijaz'' (2016) [[iarchive:kaoikaprophe007_gmail_20180922|online]] * Oliver, Roland, ''Sir Harry Johnston and the Scramble for Africa'' (1959) [[iarchive:sirharryjohnston0000oliv|online]] * {{cite book|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Pakenham (historian)|title=The Scramble for Africa|title-link=The Scramble for Africa (book)|location=London|publisher=Abacus|year=1992|isbn=978-0-349-10449-2}} [[iarchive:scrambleforafric00pake_0|online]] * Penrose, E.F., ed. ''European Imperialism and the Partition of Africa'' (London, 1975). * Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. ''German colonialism and national identity'' (London: Taylor & Francis, 2010). * Porter, Andrew, ed. ''The Oxford history of the British Empire: The nineteenth century. Vol. 3'' (1999) [[iarchive:oxfordhistoryofthebritishempirevol3_829_k|online]] pp 624–650. * Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. "The partition of Africa", in ''The New Cambridge Modern History'' vol XI, pp.&nbsp;593–640 (Cambridge, 1962). * Robinson, Ronald, and John Gallagher. ''Africa and the Victorians: The official mind of imperialism'' (Macmillan, 1961). [[iarchive:africavictorians00robi_0|online]] * Rotberg, Robert I. ''The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power'' (1988) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Founder-Cecil-Rhodes-Pursuit/dp/0195066685/ excerpt and text search]; * Sarr, Felwine, and Savoy, Bénédicte, ''The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage, Toward a New Relational Ethics'' (2018) https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326204535/http://restitutionreport2018.com/sarr_savoy_en.pdf|date=2021-03-26}} * Sanderson, G.N., "The European partition of Africa: Coincidence or conjuncture?" ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' (1974) 3#1 pp.&nbsp;1–54. * Stoecker, Helmut. ''German imperialism in Africa: From the beginnings until the Second World War'' (Hurst & Co., 1986.) * Thomas, Antony. ''Rhodes: The Race for Africa'' (1997) [https://www.amazon.com/Rhodes-Race-Africa-Antony-Thomas/dp/0312169825/ excerpt and text search] * Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. ''French West Africa'' (Stanford University Press, 1958) * Vandervort, Bruce. ''Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830―1914'' ([[:en:Indiana_University_Press|Indiana University Press]], 2009). * Wesseling, H.L. and [[:en:Arnold_J._Pomerans|Arnold J. Pomerans]]. ''Divide and rule: The partition of Africa, 1880–1914'' (Praeger, 1996.) === Primary sources === * Brooke-Smith, Robin. ''Documents And Debate: The Scramble For Africa'' (Macmillan Education, 1987) [[iarchive:DocumentsAndDebatesRobinBrookeSmithB.A.M.Sc.auth.TheScrambleForAfricaMacmillanEducationUK1987|online]] * Chamberlain. M.E. ''The Scramble for Africa'' (2nd ed. 1999) pp 94-125 [[iarchive:scrambleforafric0000cham/page/n3/mode/2up|online]] == Vigaŵa vya kuwaro == * {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jul/13/humanities.artsandhumanities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=13 July 2002|title=Belgium exhumes its colonial demons|last1=Osborn|first1=Andrew}} * {{cite thesis|url=https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/docviews/abstract.php?id=42990|last=Gülstorff|first=Torben|year=2016|place=Berlin|title=Trade follows Hallstein? Deutsche Aktivitäten im zentralafrikanischen Raum des Second Scramble.|doi=10.18452/17628}} * {{cite news|last=Fischer|first=Hilke|date=25 February 2015|title=130 years ago: carving up Africa in Berlin|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/130-years-ago-carving-up-africa-in-berlin/a-18278894|access-date=6 June 2021}} {{Africa topics}}{{Great Power diplomacy}}{{World War I}} 8oy2zlbe50oeysojla0yy5ah0753ouv 0 35543 123379 123288 2026-11-02T07:23:43Z CommonsDelinker 72 Replacing Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png with [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas_(2004).png]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · The Sudan map reflects the situation of 2004 as s 123379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Country in East Africa}} {{Redirect|Sudanese Republic|other uses|Sudan (disambiguation)}} {{Distinguish|Sudan (region)|the Sudans}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Charu cha Sudan | common_name = Sudan | native_name = {{native name|ar|جمهورية سودان|italics=off}}<br />''{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Sūdān}}'' | image_flag = Flag of Sudan.svg | flag_type = [[Flag of Sudan|Flag]] | religion_year = 2020 | image_coat = Emblem of Sudan.svg | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Sudan|Chidindo cha boma]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|النصر لنا}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|an-Naṣr lanā}}<br />"Victory is ours" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|نحن جند الله، جند الوطن}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|[[Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan|Naḥnu jund Allah, jund al-waṭan]]}}<br />"We are the soldiers of God, the soldiers of the Nation"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sudanese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg | map_caption = Sudan displayed in dark green color, claimed territories in light green | image_map2 = | capital = [[Khartoum]] | coordinates = {{coord|15.5007|N|32.5599|E|type:city_region:SD}} | largest_city = [[Omdurman]] | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Arabic]]|[[English_language|English]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist |79% [[Sudanese Arab]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| title = People and Society CIA world factbook| date = 10 May 2022| access-date = 7 June 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/| archive-date = 11 January 2021}}</ref> |5.5% [[Beja people|Beja]] |2.5% [[Nuba peoples|Nuba]] |2% [[Fur people|Fur]] |2% [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/ShowPDF.aspx?page_id=%20/Admin/Pages%20Files/2017109143840cns.pdf| title = الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء}}</ref> |1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] |0.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]]<ref>{{cite web| url = https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/11774/SU| title = Sudanese Fulani in Sudan}}</ref> |17.3% [[Demographics of Sudan|other]] }} | government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] republic under a [[military junta]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gavin |first1=Michelle |title=Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/junta-and-public-odds-sudan |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jeffrey |first1=Jack |title=Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta |url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-africa-cairo-sudan-democracy-2b87ee19685ec2667ac05acff8b4ed9e |access-date=20 March 2023 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=23 October 2022 |location=[[Cairo, Egypt]]}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Transitional Sovereignty Council]] | leader_name1 = {{indented plainlist| *[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] (Chairman) *[[Malik Agar]] (Deputy chairman) }} {{Collapsible list |title=Others<ref>{{cite news |title=Sudan coup leader restores restructured Sovereignty Council |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-coup-leader-restores-restructured-transitional-sovereignty-council |access-date=26 March 2023 |work=[[Radio Dabanga]] |date=11 November 2021 |location=[[Khartoum]]}}</ref> |bullets = true |1=Shams al-Din Khabbashi |2=Yasser al-Atta |3=Ibrahim Jabir Karim |5=El Hadi Idris Yahya |6=El Tahrir Abubakr Hajar |7=[[Raja Nicola]] |8=Abdulgasim Bortom |9=Yousef Jad Karim |10=Abdelbagi al-Zubeir |11=Salma Abdeljabbar }} | leader_title2 = [[List of heads of government of Sudan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = {{indented plainlist|*[[Osman Hussein (politician)|Osman Hussein]] (acting)}} | legislature = [[Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)|Transitional Legislative Council]] | religion = {{ublist||90.7% [[Islam in Sudan|Islam]] |5.5% [[Christianity in Sudan|Christianity]] |3.5% [[Traditional African religions|Traditional Faiths]] |1.0% [[Religion in Sudan|Others]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Sudan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Kerma culture|Kingdom of Kerma]] | established_date1 = 2500 BC | established_event2 = [[Kingdom of Kush]] | established_date2 = 1070 BC | established_event3 = [[Mahdist State]] | established_date3 = 1885 | established_event4 = [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] | established_date4 = 1899 | established_event5 = Independence from the United Kingdom and the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] | established_date5 = 1 January 1956 | established_event6 = Secession of [[South Sudan]] | established_date6 = 9 July 2011 | established_event7 = [[2019 Sudanese coup d'état|2019 coup d'état]] | established_date7 = 11 April 2019 | established_event8 = [[2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration]] effective | established_date8 = 20 August 2019 | established_event9 = [[2021 Sudan coup d'état|2021 coup d'état]] | established_date9 = 25 October 2021 | area_km2 = 1886068 | area_rank = 15th | area_sq_mi = 728215 | percent_water = | population_estimate = 49,197,555<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 30th | population_density_km2 = 21.3 | population_density_sq_mi = 55.3 | population_density_rank = 202nd | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}}$207.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022|date=October 2022|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date= 23 December 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2022 | GDP_PPP_rank = 71st | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}}$4,450<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 151st | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}}$42.7&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2022 | GDP_nominal_rank = 96th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}}$916<ref name="imf2" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171st | Gini = 34.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.508 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2021 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172nd | currency = [[Sudanese pound]] | currency_code = SDG | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy <!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (AD, AH, etc.)--> | drives_on = Right | calling_code = [[+249]] | iso3166code = SD | cctld = [[.sd]]<br />[[سودان.]] | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=211c |access-date=8 October 2022 |website=[[Association of Religion Data Archives]]}}</ref> | demonym = [[Demographics of Sudan|Sudanese]] }} '''Sudan''' ([[Chingelezi]]: /suːˈdɑːn/ panji /suːˈdæn/; Arabic: سودان, romanized: Sūdān), mwalamulo '''Republic of Sudan''' (Arabic: جمهورية سودان, romanized: Jumhūriyyat Sūdān), ni chalo icho chili ku [[North East Africa]]. Charu ichi chili kumafumiro gha dazi kwa [[Central African Republic]], kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Chad, kumpoto kwa [[Egypt]], kumpoto kwa [[Eritrea]], kumwera kwa [[Ethiopia]], kumwera kwa [[Libya]], kumwera kwa [[South Sudan]], na ku [[Nyanja Yiswesi]]. Mu 2022, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 45.7 miliyoni<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/sudan-population/ |title=Sudan Population 2021 (Live) |website=worldpopulationreview.com |access-date=26 July 2021 }}</ref> Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 square kilometres (728,215 square miles), ndipo ntchigaŵa chachitatu mu Africa. Charu ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pa vyaru vya mu [[Afilika|Africa]] na vyaru vya [[Arab League]] m'paka apo South Sudan yikapatukira mu 2011. Msumba wake ukuru ni Khartoum, ndipo msumba wake ukuru ni [[Omdurman]]. Mbiri yikulongora kuti Ufumu wa Kerma (c. 2500-1500 B.C.E.), Ufumu Waphya wa Eguputo (c. 1500 BC~1070 BC), na Ufumu wa Kush (c. 785 BC~350 AD). Pamanyuma pakuti Kush wabwangandulika, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakamba kulamulira mu maufumu ghatatu gha Ŵakhristu gha Nobatia, Makuria, na Alodia. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakamba kukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Sudan. Kwambira mu ma 1500 m'paka m'ma 1800, chigaŵa chapakati na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Funj, apo Darfur wakaŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndipo Ottomans kumafumiro gha dazi. Mu 1811, Mamluks ŵakakhazikiska boma ku Dunqulah, ilo likaŵa likuru la malonda gha ŵazga. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo na Ŵaturuki mu charu cha Sudan, mu 1820, ŵanthu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumwera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Walz |first1=Terence |url=https://oxfordre.com/abstract/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-8 |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |chapter=Egyptian‐Sudanese Trade in the Ottoman Period to 1882 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.8}}</ref> Kwambira mu ma 1800, caru cose ca Sudan cikathereskeka na Ŵaegupto awo ŵakalongozgekanga na ufumu wa Muhammad Ali. Nkhondo iyi yikati yacitika, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa ku [[Egypt|Eguputo]]. Mu 1899, ku Britain, Eguputo wakazomera kugaŵana mazaza pa Sudan na Britain. Nakuti charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pasi pa Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henehan |first=Alva D. Jr.|title=For Want Of A Camel: The Story of Britain's Failed Sudan Campaign, 1883–1885|date=2016|publisher=Outskirts Press|isbn=978-1-4787-6562-2|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=1007048089}}</ref>Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo ya mu 1952 yikawuskapo muwuso wa ufumu ndipo yikati ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵafumemo mu Eguputo na Sudan. Muhammad Naguib, yumoza wa ŵalongozgi ŵaciŵiri ŵa cigaluka ici, ndiposo pulezidenti wakwamba wa Egupto, uyo wakaŵa wa ku Sudan ndipo wakakulira mu Sudan, wakaŵika pakwamba kuti boma la Sudan liŵe na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Chaka chakulondezgapo, ku Eguputo na ku Sudan, United Kingdom yikakolerana na ivyo Eguputo wakakhumbanga. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, charu cha Sudan chikamba kujiyimira paŵekha. Boma la Jaafar Nimeiry likamba kulamulira charu cha Sudan. Ici cikapangiska kuti paŵe kugaŵikana pakati pa boma la kumpoto kwa caru ici, na ŵavisopa vya [[Cisilamu]] na Ŵakhristu ŵa kumwera. Nkhondo iyi yikamba pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa boma, awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu la National Islamic Front (NIF), na ŵakugaluka ŵa ku South Sudan, awo gulu lawo likuru chomene ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).<ref>Collins, Robert O. (2008). ''A History of Modern Sudan''. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-85820-5}}.</ref> Pakati pa 1989 na 2019, muwuso wa ŵasilikari wa vyaka 30 uwo ukalongozgekanga na Omar al-Bashir ndiwo ukalamuliranga Sudan ndipo ukachitanga viheni vinandi pa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kutambuzga, kutambuzga ŵanthu ŵachoko waka, kutemwera vigeŵenga pa caru cose, na kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi mu Darfur kwambira mu 2003 mpaka 2020. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti boma ili likakoma ŵanthu pakati pa 300,000 na 400,000. Chiwonetsero chinabuka mu 2018, chofuna kuti Bashir achoke, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti boma liwonongeke pa 11 April 2019 ndipo Bashir anamangidwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/omar-al-bashir---fast-facts/index.html|title=Omar al-Bashir Fast Facts|website=CNN|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> Chisilamu chikaŵa chisopa cha boma la Sudan ndipo malango gha Chisilamu ghakaŵako kwambira mu 1983 m'paka mu 2020 apo charu chikazgoka charu cha charu.<ref name="sudan.gov.sd">{{cite web |title=عن السودان |url=http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902160838/http://sudan.gov.sd/ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=39&Itemid=75 |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2017 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Sudan ni yimoza mwa vyaru vyakutukuka yayi ndipo yili pa malo 172 pa Human Development Index mu 2022. Chuma chake chimadalira kwambiri ulimi chifukwa cha ziletso zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kudzipatula, komanso mbiri yakusakhazikika kwamkati ndi ziwawa zamagulu. Charu chose cha Sudan ntchakomira ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 35 peresenti mbakavu. Charu cha Sudan chili mu wupu wa United Nations, Arab League, African Union, COMESA, Movement of Non-Aligned and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. ==Kwiza kwa zina== Zina lakuti Sudan ni zina ilo likapelekeka ku chigaŵa chikuru cha Sahel, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu cha Sudan. Pakwamba, zina lakuti Sudan likang'anamuranga chigaŵa icho chikaŵa kufupi na nyanja ya Atlantic kufuma ku Senegal m'paka kumpoto cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa. Zina ili lili kufuma ku lizgu la Chiarabu lakuti bilād as-sūdān (بلاد السودان), panji "Charu cha Ŵachibulumutira".<ref>{{citation |author=International Association for the History of Religions |title=Numen |publisher=EJ Brill |place=Leiden |year=1959 |page=131 |quote=West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the West to the Cameroons in the East; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan, the ''Bilad as-Sūdan'', 'Land of the Blacks', of the Arabs}}</ref> Ili ni zina linyake la malo agho ŵanthu ŵakukhala. Pambere ivi vindachitike, Ŵaeguputo ŵakale ŵakachemanga charu cha Sudan kuti Nubia na Ta Nehesi panji Ta Seti. ==Mbili== {{Main|History of Sudan}} === Charu cha Sudan (pambere c. 8000 B.C.E.) === [[File:Western Deffufa - Kerma.jpg|thumb|Tempile likuru la mathabwa, lakucemeka Deffufa wa ku Western, mu msumba wakale wa Kerma]] [[File:Fortress of the Middle Kingdom, reconstructed under the New Kingdom ( about 1200 B.C.).jpg|thumb|Linga la Buhen, la mu Ufumu wapakati, likazengekaso mu Ufumu uphya (pafupifupi 1200 BC)]] Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1000 B.C.E., ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic ŵakakhalanga mu vikaya vyakukhora vya mathipa, ndipo ŵakalondezganga vyakurya na viŵeto.<ref name=locearlyhist>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/sudan |title=Sudan A Country Study |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> Neolithic peoples created cemeteries such as [[R12 (cemetery)|R12]]. During the fifth millennium BC, migrations from the drying Sahara brought neolithic people into the Nile Valley along with agriculture. The population that resulted from this cultural and genetic mixing developed a social hierarchy over the next centuries which became the [[Kingdom of Kush]] (with the capital at Kerma) at 1700 BC. Anthropological and archaeological research indicates that during the predynastic period Nubia and Nagadan Upper Egypt were ethnically and culturally nearly identical, and thus, simultaneously evolved systems of pharaonic kingship by 3300 BC.<ref name="Keita, S.O.Y. 1993 129–54">{{cite journal|title = Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships| author = Keita, S.O.Y. |year = 1993| journal=History in Africa|volume=20| issue = 7 |pages=129–54|jstor=317196|doi = 10.2307/3171969| s2cid = 162330365 }}</ref> === Ufumu wa Kush (c. 1070 BC~350 AD) === {{main|Ufumu wa Kush|Ufumu wa Ŵaeguputo wa 25}} [[File:Sudan Meroe Pyramids 2001.JPG|thumb|[[Nubian pyramids]] ku [[Meroë]]]] [[File:Xerxes detail Ethiopian.jpg|thumb|Msilikari wa ku Kušiya wa ŵasilikari ŵa Achaemenid, c. 480 B.C.E. Ivyo vili pa dindi la Xerxes I.]] Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa ufumu wakale wa ku Nubia uwo ukaŵa pa malo agho mukakumananga Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile, kweniso Mlonga wa Atbarah na Nile. Likakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya Bronze apo ufumu uphya wa Eguputo ukamara. Fumu Kashta ("Mkhushite") yikati yaluta ku Eguputo mu vyaka vya m'ma 700 B.C.E., mathemba gha Kushite ghakawusa nga ni mafaro gha muwuso wa Ŵaeguputo wa vyaka pafupifupi 100 pambere Ŵaasiriya ŵandaŵathereske. Pa nyengo iyo Ŵakushi ŵakaŵa ŵankhongono comene, ŵakathereska ufumu uwo ukafumanga ku caru ico sono cikucemeka South Kordofan m'paka ku Sinayi. Farawo Piye wakayezga kusazgirako ufumu wake mu vyaru vya ku Near East, kweni themba la ku Asiriya, Sarigoni II, likamutondeska. Pakati pa 800 B.C.E. na 100 C.E. ŵakazenga mapiramidi gha Nubian, pakati pawo pali El-Kurru, Kashta, Piye, Tantamani, Shabaka, mapiramidi gha Gebel Barkal, mapiramidi gha Meroe (Begarawiyah), mapiramidi gha Sedeinga, na mapiramidi gha Nuri.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Takacs |first1=Sarolta Anna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&q=%22in+fact%2C+there+are+twice+as+many+Nubian+pyramids%22&pg=PA15 |title=The Ancient World |last2=Cline |first2=Eric H. |date=17 July 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-45839-5 |language=en}}</ref> Baibolo likuyowoya za ufumu wa Kush kuti ndiwo ukaponoska Ŵaisrayeli ku ukali wa Ŵaasiriya. Nkhondo iyo yikacitika pakati pa Farawo Taharqa na Senakeribu themba la Asiriya yikaŵa yakuzirwa comene mu mbiri ya caru ca kumanjiliro gha dazi. Esarihadoni, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Senakeribu, wakaluta patali comene ndipo wakawukira Egupto kuti wawuske caru ca Levant. Wakacita nthena cifukwa wakacimbizga Taharqa mu caru ca Lower Egypt. Taharqa wakachimbilira ku Upper Egypt na Nubia, uko wakafwira pakati pajumpha vyaka viŵiri. Ŵaegupto ŵakamba kulamulirika na Ŵaasiriya, kweni ŵakaleka kupulikira. Kufuma apo, themba Tantamani, ilo likakanjira mu malo gha Taharqa, likayezgapo kaumaliro kupoka caru ca Lower Egypt kwa Neko I, uyo wakaŵa kuti wawelerapo ku ufumu wake. Wakathereska msumba wa Memfisi na kukoma Neko. Ashurbanipal, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Esarhaddon, wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵanandi ku Egupto kuti ŵakambeso kuwusa. Wakathereska Tantamani kufupi na Memfisi ndipo wakati wamulondezga, wakapoka msumba wa Thebes. Nangauli Ŵaasiriya ŵakafumako mwaluŵiro ku Upper Egypt pamanyuma pa vinthu ivi, kweni Thebes wakajipeleka kwa Psamtik I, mwana wa Neko. Ici cikapangiska kuti Ufumu wa Nubia uleke kuwuskika, ndipo ukalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko uwo ukaŵa ku Napata. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika na Ŵaeguputo ca. 590 B.C.E., ndipo nyengo yichoko waka pamanyuma paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 300 B.C.E., Ŵakushi ŵakasamukira ku Meroë.<ref name=Kelsey>{{cite book|chapter=A Cultural History of Kush: Politics, Economy, and Ritual Practice|url=https://lsa.umich.edu/content/dam/kelsey-assets/kelsey-publications/pdfs/Graffiti-as-Devotion.pdf|title=Graffiti as Devotion along the Nile and Beyond|last1=Emberling|first1=Geoff|last2=Davis|first2=Suzanne|publisher=[[Kelsey Museum of Archaeology]]|date=2019|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=5–6, 10–11|isbn=978-0-9906623-9-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lh4GBNLsCUsC|title=Forgotten Africa: An Introduction to Its Archaeology|last=Connah|first=Graham|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2004|access-date=3 November 2021|pages=52–53|isbn=0-415-30590-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Semantic Shift on a Geographical Term|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bible-translator_1998-07_49_3/page/323|last=Unseth|first=Peter|journal=[[The Bible Translator]]|date=1 July 1998|volume=49|issue=3|pages=323–324|doi=10.1177/026009359804900302|s2cid=131916337}}</ref> ===Medieval Christian Nubian kingdoms (c. 350–1500)=== {{main|Nobatia|Makuria|Alodia|Daju kingdom}} [[File:Christian Nubia.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Maufumu ghatatu gha Cikhristu gha ku Nubia. Mphaka ya kumpoto ya Alodia yikumanyikwa makora yayi, kweni yikwenera kuti yikaŵa kumpoto, pakati pa chigodobu chachinayi na chachisanu cha Nile.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=26}}]] Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 400 C.E., Ŵablemmyes ŵakakhazikiska ufumu uwo ukakhala nyengo yichoko waka mu Upper Egypt na Lower Nubia, ndipo panyake ukaŵa kuzingilizga Talmis (Kalabsha). Kweni pambere chaka cha 450 C.E. chindafike, Ŵanobatiya ŵakaŵachimbizga kale mu Dambo la Nayelo. Paumaliro ŵanthu aŵa ŵakamba kuwusa mu ufumu wawo wa Nobatia. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E., pakaŵa maufumu ghatatu gha ku Nubia: Nobatia kumpoto, ilo likaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Pachoras (Faras); ufumu wapakati, Makuria uwo ukaŵa ku Tungul (Old Dongola), makilomita 13 kumwera kwa Dongola; na Alodia, uwo ukaŵa mu ufumu wakale wa Kushitic, uwo ukaŵa na msumba ukuru ku Soba (uno ni tawuni ya Khartoum). Ŵakazgoka Ŵakhristu mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 C.E. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 C.E., panyake pakati pa 628 na 642, Nobatia wakazgoka chigaŵa cha Makuria.{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=77}} Pakati pa 639 na 641, Ŵaarabu ŵa mu ufumu wa Rashidun ŵakathereska charu cha Byzantium. Mu 641 panji 642 kweniso mu 652 ŵakanjira mu Nubia, kweni ŵakaŵachimbizga. Pamanyuma, fumu ya Makuria na Ŵaarabu ŵakakolerana kuti ŵaleke kuwukira caru cawo. Nangauli Ŵaarabu ŵakatondeka kuthereska Nubia, kweni ŵakamba kukhala kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|pp=77–78}} [[File:Queen Mother Repeatedly Mistaken as King.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Mozesi George, fumu ya Makuria na Alodia]] Kufuma pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 700 m'paka m'ma 1100, ufumu wa Chikhristu wa Nubia ukaŵa na nkhongono chomene. Mu 747, Makuria wakawukira Eguputo, uyo pa nyengo iyi wakaŵa wa Ŵaumaliyadi, ndipo wakawuskaso ufumu uwu mu ma 960, apo ukafika kumpoto kwa Akhmim. Makuria wakaŵa paubwezi wakukhora na Alodia, ndipo panji ici cikapangiska kuti maufumu ghaŵiri agha ghaŵe ufumu umoza. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga mu nyengo yakale ŵakachemekanga "Afro-Byzantine", kweni ŵakakhwaskikanga chomene na ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Gulu la boma ili likaŵa lapakati chomene, ndipo likajintha pa ŵamazaza ŵa ku Byzantine ŵa mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 na 600. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kupenta vinthu vya ku dongo, chomenechomene vithuzithuzi vya ku viliŵa. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakalemba vilembo vya chiyowoyero chawo, Old Nobiin, ivyo vikajintha pa vilembo vya Chigiriki, Chigiriki, Chigiriki, na Chiarabu. Ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa na udindo wapachanya: ŵakasambiranga, ŵakaguranga, kugura na kuguliska malo, ndipo kanandi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito chuma chawo kuti ŵapeleke ndalama ku matchalitchi. Nanga mphapu ya fumu yingaŵa ya mu mbumba ya amama ŵake, ndipo mwana wa mudumbu wa fumu ndiyo wakeneranga kuŵa muhaliri. Kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1100 na 1200, msumba ukuru wa Makuria, Dongola, ukamba kuchepa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 na 1500, mafuko gha Ŵabedouin ghakaŵa mu vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Sudan, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Butana, Gezira, Kordofan, na Darfur. Mu 1365, nkhondo ya pawenenawene yikapangiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Makuria kuti ŵachimbilire ku Gebel Adda ku Lower Nubia. Kufuma apo, Makuria wakalutilira kuŵa ufumu ucoko waka. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yitali kufuma apo themba Joel likawusira, charu cha Makuria chikamara. Malo gha mumphepete mwa nyanja kufuma kumwera kwa Sudan m'paka ku tawuni ya Suakin ghakaŵa gha Adal Sultanate mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Kumwera, ufumu wa Alodia ukathereskeka na Ŵaarabu, awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdallah Jamma, panji Funj, ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakafuma kumwera. Vinthu ivi vikaŵako mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E. (c. 1396~1494 C.E.), mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., 1504 m'paka 1509. Ufumu wa alodian ungapona mu ufumu wa Fazughli, uwo ukakhalapo m'paka mu 1685.{{sfn|Spaulding|1974|pp=12–30}} === Ufumu wa Sennar na Darfur (c. 1500–1821) === {{main|Sultanate of Sennar|Tunjur kingdom|Sultanate of Darfur}} [[File:Sennar mosque (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mzikiti ukuru wa Sennar, uwo ukazengeka mu 17th century{{sfn|Holt|Daly|2000|p=25}}]] Mu 1504 Ŵafunj ŵakakhazikiska Ufumu wa Sennar, uwo ukaŵa chigaŵa cha Abdallah Jamma. Mu 1523, apo Muyuda munyake zina lake David Reubeni wakaluta ku Sudan, caru ca Funj cikafika ku Dongola. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga ku Nile ŵakamba kupharazga vya cisopa ca Cisilamu. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa ku Funj ŵakalutilira kusunga mitheto iyo yikaŵa ya chisopa chautesi, nga nkhutora ufumu wa Chiuta panji kumwa moŵa m'paka mu 1800. Chisilamu cha ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan chikasungilira maluso ghanandi agho ghakafuma ku Chikhristu m'paka sono.{{sfn|Werner|2013|pp=177–184}} Mwaluŵiro Ŵafunj ŵakanjira mu nkhondo na Ŵaotomu, awo ŵakakora Suakin mu 1526 ndipo pamasinda ŵakaluta kumwera mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, m'paka ŵakafika ku chigaŵa chachitatu mu 1583/1584. Ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman ŵakayezga kupoka Dongola mu 1585. Pamanyuma pake, Hannik, uyo wakaŵa kumwera kwa nthenda ya katara, ndiyo wakaŵa mphaka pakati pa vyaru viŵiri ivi. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwa Ŵaotomu, ŵakayezga kupoka ufumu wa Ajib, themba lichoko la kumpoto kwa Nubia. Nangauli Funj ŵakamukoma mu 1611/1612, kweni Abdallab, awo ŵakamulondezganga, ŵakapika mazaza ghakulongozga vinthu vyose kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakukumana. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Funj ukafika paheni chomene, kweni mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukamba kuchepa. Kuwukira boma mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti muwuso wa mafuko usinthe, ndipo mu 1761 panji 1762, boma la Hamaj likamba kulamulira. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yichoko waka, ufumu uwu ukamba kupasuka; ndipo kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, ukaŵa waka mu chigaŵa cha Gezira.{{sfn|Spaulding|1985|p=382}}[[File:Southern Sudan - 1800.png|thumb|Kumwera kwa Sudan mu c. 1800. Vikuwoneka kuti mazuŵa ghano pali mphaka.]] Kuwukira boma kwa mu 1718 kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵambe kulondezga chisopa cha Cisilamu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu ichi ŵambe kuŵa Ŵarabu. Kuti ŵaŵe na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, Funj ŵakamba kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Umayyad. Kumpoto kwa uko maji gha Blue na White Nile ghakusanganirana, kufupi na Al Dabbah, ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakasankha mtundu wa Aarabu ŵa ku Jaalin. M'paka m'ma 1800, Chiarabu ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero chikuru chomene mu chigaŵa chapakati pa milonga ya Sudan na mu chigaŵa chikuru cha Kordofan. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Mlonga wa Nayelo, ku Darfur, nyengo ya Chisilamu yikati yakwana, ufumu wa Tunjur ukawuka, uwo ukasintha ufumu wakale wa Daju mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur ŵakwenera kuti ŵakaŵa Ŵaarabu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndipo awo ŵakalongozganga ŵakaŵa Ŵasilamu. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, ufumu wa Fur Keira ukachimbizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Tunjur. Boma la Keira, ilo likaŵa la Chisilamu kufuma mu nyengo ya Solomoni Solong (uyo wakawusa mu 1660 m'paka mu 1680), likaŵa ufumu uchoko kumpoto kwa Jebel Marra, kweni likakura kumanjiliro gha dazi na kumpoto mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na kumafumiro gha dazi mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Muhammad Tayrab (uyo wakawusa mu 1751 m'paka mu 1786). Ufumu uwu ukaŵa ukuru chomene, ndipo ukaŵa ukuru wakuyana na wa Nigeria wa mazuŵa ghano.{{sfn|O'Fahey|Tubiana|2007|p=9}} === Turkiyah na Mahdist Sudan (1821-1899) === {{Main|Mbili ya Sudan (1821-1885)|Mahdist Sudan|Kuwukira kwa Anglo-Egypt kwa Sudan}} [[File:Ismail Pacha.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Ismail Pasha, Khedive wa Ottoman wa Egypt na Sudan kufuma 1863 mpaka 1879]] [[File:Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Muhammad Ahmad, muwusi wa Sudan (1881-1885)]] Mu 1821, muwusi wa ku Eguputo, Muhammad Ali, wakawukira na kuwukira kumpoto kwa Sudan. Nangauli Muhammad Ali wakaŵa fumu ya Eguputo mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman, kweni wakajiwonanga kuti ni khedive wa Eguputo. Pakukhumba kuti Sudan nayo waŵe chigaŵa chake, wakatuma mwana wake wacitatu Ismail (uyo wakwenera kutimbanizgika yayi na Isma'il Pasha uyo wazunulika kunthazi) kuti wakawuske caru ici, ndipo pamanyuma pake wakaciŵika mu Eguputo. Padera pa Shaiqiya na Darfur sultanate mu Kordofan, ŵakamususka yayi. Mwana wa Ibrahim Pasha, Ismaʻil, ndiyo wakalutilira kuthereska Eguputo. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wake, charu cha Sudan chikathereskeka. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Egypt ŵakanozga vinthu vinandi mu caru ca Sudan, comenecomene kumpoto kwa caru ici, comenecomene pa nkhani ya ulimi wa milonga na ulimi wa katoni. Mu 1879, maufumu ghakuru ghakachimbizga Ismail na kwimika mwana wake Tewfik Pasha. Uheni wa Tewfik ukapangiska kuti 'Urabi wagomezge kuti Khedive wafwa. Tewfik wakapempha ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kuti ŵamovwire. Charu cha Sudan chikakhala mu mawoko gha boma la Khedivial, na maboma agho ghakacitanga vinthu mwambura kwenelera ndiposo uheni. Mu nyengo ya Khedivial, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususkika chifukwa cha msonkho ukuru uwo ŵakakhomanga pa milimo yinandi. Malipiro gha msonkho pa visimi vya maji na vyakurya ghakaŵa ghanandi comene mwakuti ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaleka minda yawo na viŵeto. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1870, ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe awo ŵakasuskanga malonda gha ŵazga ŵakakhwaska chomene chuma cha kumpoto kwa Sudan. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, Mahdi (Uyo Wakulongozgeka), wakapeleka mwaŵi ku Ansars (ŵalondezgi ŵake) na awo ŵakamupulikira kuti ŵasankhepo yumoza pakati pa kupokelera cisopa ca Ciisilamu panji kukomeka. Ufumu wa Mahdiyah ukakhazikiska malango gha Chisilamu. Pa Ogasiti 12, 1881, pakacitika cinthu cinyake pa cirwa ca Aba, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo ya Mahdist. Kufuma apo wakapharazgira vya Mahdiyya mu Juni 1881 m'paka apo msumba wa Khartoum ukaparanyikira mu Janyuwale 1885, Muhammad Ahmad wakalongozga nkhondo yakuluska ya nkhondo yakwimikana na boma la Turk-Egypt ku Sudan, ilo likamanyikwanga kuti Turkiyah. Muhammad Ahmad wakafwa pa Juni 22, 1885, myezi 6 pera kufuma apo ŵakathereskera Khartoum. Pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad, na wovwiri wa Baggara ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan, wakathereska ŵakususka ŵanyake na kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mahdiyah. Wakati wakhozga mazaza ghake, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wakatora udindo wa Khalifa (wakulondezgapo) wa Mahdi, wakambiska boma, ndipo wakasora Ansar (ŵeneawo kanandi ŵakaŵa Baggara) kuŵa ma emirs pa chigaŵa chilichose.[[File:Battle of Omdurman-1.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Kuthawa kwa Khalifa wati wathereskeka ku Nkhondo ya Omdurman mu 1898]] Mu nyengo ya Mahdiyah, vinthu vikaŵa makora yayi mu chigaŵa ichi, chifukwa cha nkhaza izo Khalifa wakachitanga kuti wawuse charu chose. Mu 1887, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakukwana 60,000 ŵakanjira mu Etiyopiya, ndipo ŵakafika m'paka ku Gondar. Mu Malichi 1889, fumu Yohannes IV ya ku Etiyopiya yikaluta ku Metemma. Kweni Yohannes wakati wafwa pa nkhondo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Etiyopiya ŵakawerako. Abd ar-Rahman an-Nujumi, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa Khalifa, wakayezga kuti wawukire Eguputo mu 1889, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku Eguputo awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Britain ŵakathereska ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ku Tushkah. Cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa nkhondo ya Ŵaegupto, ŵasilikari ŵa Ansar ŵakathera. Ŵa Belgian ŵakalekeska ŵanthu ŵa Mahdi kuwukira Equatoria, ndipo mu 1893, ŵa Italiya ŵakathereska ŵalwani ŵa Ansar ku Agordat (mu Eritrea) na kuŵachichizga kuti ŵafumemo mu Ethiopia. Mu ma 1890, ŵa ku Britain ŵakayezga kuwezgerapo mazaza ghawo pa Sudan, mwantheura ŵakambaso kulamulira mu zina la Khedive wa ku Egypt, kweni mu unenesko ŵakacitanga vinthu nga ni caru ca Britain. Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1890, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain, France, na Belgium ŵakamba kudokera maji gha Nile. Britain wakafipanga mtima kuti maboma ghanyake ghacitenge vinthu mwambura kwenelera mu Sudan na kupoka malo agho ghakaŵa pasi pa Eguputo. Padera pa fundo za ndyali izi, Britain wakakhumbanga kuti wakhozge Nile kuti waleke kunanga chiziŵa cha Aswan. Herbert Kitchener wakalongozga nkhondo yakwimikana na Mahdist Sudan kufuma mu 1896 mpaka 1898. Nkhondo ya Kitchener yikamalira pa Nkhondo ya Omdurman pa Seputembala 2, 1898. Chaka chimoza pamanyuma, Nkhondo ya Umm Diwaykarat pa 25 November 1899 yikapangiska kuti Abdallahi ibn Muhammad wafwe, ndipo nkhondo ya Mahdist yikamara. ===Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956)=== {{Main|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan}} [[File:The war in the Soudan.jpg|thumb|Nkhondo ya Mahdist yikacitika pakati pa gulu la Ŵasilamu ŵakucemeka Mahdists, awo ŵakathereska caru cose ca Sudan, na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain.]] Mu 1899, Britain na Egypt ŵakakolerana kuti Sudan walongozgekenge na kazembe uyo wakimikika na Eguputo. Nakuti caru ca Sudan cikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa boma. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Britain ŵakaŵa ŵakukhumbisiska kuti ŵamazge ndondomeko iyo yikamba mu muwuso wa Muhammad Ali Pasha ya kuwunganya Nile Valley pasi pa ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Eguputo. [Pakukhumbika ukaboni apa] Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vigaŵa vya ku Sudan ŵakasuzgikanga kuti ŵamanye mphaka ya charu ichi na Abisini. Mu 1905, mulongozgi wa chigaŵa ichi, Sultan Yambio, wakaleka kurwa nkhondo na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain awo ŵakakhalira mu chigaŵa cha Kordofan. Boma la Britain likalutilira kulamulira mu Sudan, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kulimbana na boma la Egypt. Mu 1914, boma la Ottoman likati lamara, Sir Reginald Wingate wakatumika ku Sudan mu Disembala. Hussein Kamel wakapharazgika kuŵa Sultan wa ku Egypt na Sudan, nga umo vikaŵira na mubali wake Fuad I. Ŵakalutilira kukhumba boma limoza la ku Egypt na Sudan nanga ni apo ufumu wa Egypt ukasinthika zina kuŵa Ufumu wa Egypt na Sudan, kweni Saad Zaghloul ndiyo wakalutilira kukhuŵara na ivyo ŵakakhumbanga mpaka apo wakafwira mu 1927.{{sfn|Daly|p=346}}[[File:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan camel soldier of the British army.jpg|thumb|right|Msilikari wa ngamila wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Britain, kukwambilira kwa m'ma 1900]] From 1924 until independence in 1956, the British had a policy of running Sudan as two essentially separate tMalo gha kumpoto na kumwera. Kukomeka kwa kazembe wa Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ku Cairo ndiko kukacitiska kuti boma la Wafd ilo likasoleka liŵe na ŵasilikari. Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri mu msumba wa Khartoum likasinthika zina kuŵa Sudan Defence Force (SDF) ilo likateŵeteranga pasi pa boma la Sudan. Ŵa Wafist ŵakakana fundo yakuti Sarwat Pasha wakhalenge na Austen Chamberlain ku London. Kweni Cairo wakakhumbikwiranga ndalama. Ndalama za boma la Sudan zikafika pachanya mu 1928 pa £6.6 million, pamanyuma pa kusinthasintha kwa Wafdist, na kupoka kwa mphaka za Italy kufuma ku Somaliland, London wakadumura kuchepeska ndalama mu nyengo ya suzgo yikuru. Vinthu vinandi ivyo ŵakaguliskanga ku Britain vikapangiska kuti ku Khartoum kuŵe suzgo la ndalama. Mu Julayi 1936, mulongozgi wa Liberal Constitutional, Muhammed Mahmoud wakanyengelereka kuti wize na nthumwi za Wafd ku London kuti zizakasayine phangano la Anglo-Egypt, "kwamba kwa nyengo yiphya mu ubwezi wa Anglo-Egypt", wakalemba Anthony Eden. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakazomerezgeka kuwelera ku Sudan kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ca Canal. Ŵakasanga malo ghakusambizgirako ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa nkhondo ŵakendanga mwakufwatuka mu Eguputo. Ndipouli, likamazga yayi suzgo la ku Sudan: ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakamba kucitiska kuti boma la msumba uwu liwelere, ndipo ŵakakolerana na ŵantchito ŵa ku Germany. Mussolini wakalongosora makora kuti wangakananga yayi kuwukira Abyssinia kwambura kuwukira Eguputo na Sudan. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Britain ŵakanozgekera kuti ŵavikilire cigaŵa ici, ico cikaŵa cakusuzga comene. Mthenga wa ku Britain wakajandizga Italy kuti waleke kukolerana na Egypt na Sudan. Kweni Mahmoud wakaŵa movwiri wa Mufti Mukuru wa ku Yerusalemu.{{sfn|Morewood|pp=164–165}} Boma la Sudan likacitako nkhondo ya ku East Africa. Gulu la Sudan Defence Force likakhazikiskika mu 1925. Mu 1940, ŵasilikari ŵa Italy ŵakakora Kassala na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Somaliland. Mu 1942, SDF yikawovwiraso pa nkhondo ya ku Italy iyo yikacitika na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain na ŵa Commonwealth. Kazembe waumaliro wa Britain wakaŵa Robert George Howe. Nkhondo ya ku Eguputo iyo yikacitika mu 1952, yikalongora kuti caru ca Sudan capokera wanangwa. Pakumazga muwuso wa ufumu mu 1953, ŵalongozgi ŵaphya ŵa ku Eguputo, Mohammed Naguib, uyo nyina wakaŵa wa ku Sudan, na Gamal Abdel Nasser, ŵakagomezganga kuti nthowa yimoza pera ya kumazgira muwuso wa Britain mu Sudan yikaŵa yakuti Eguputo waleke kujilambika. Kweniso Nasser wakamanyanga kuti cikaŵa cakusuzga kuti Eguputo wambe kuwusa caru cikavu ca Sudan para capokera wanangwa. Kweni ŵa ku Britain ŵakalutilira kovwira mu ndyali na vya ndyali muhaliri wa Mahdist, Abd al-Rahman al-Mahdi, uyo ŵakagomezganga kuti walekelerenge kuyuzgika na Ŵaeguputo kuti charu cha Sudan chiŵe na wanangwa wa kusankha. Rahman wakaŵa wakwenelera kucita nthena, kweni boma lake likaŵa lambura mahara pa nkhani za ndyali. Ŵaegupto na Britain wose ŵakamanya kuti vinthu vikwenda makora yayi, ntheura ŵakasankha kuzomerezga vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, kumpoto na kumwera kuti viŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota usange vikukhumba kujiyimira paŵekha panji kufumamo kwa Britain.. === Kujiyimira (1956~pano) === {{Main|Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)|Democratic Republic of the Sudan}} [[File:Sudan independence 2.png|upright=1.05|thumb|Ndembera ya Sudan yikakwezgeka pa ciphikiro ca kujithemba pa 1 Janyuwale 1956 na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari ndipo pakunozgekera mulongozgi wakususka Mohamed Ahmed Almahjoub.]] Kuvota kukacitika ndipo pakapangika nyumba ya malango ya demokilase ndipo Ismail al-Azhari wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba na kulongozga boma lakwamba la ku Sudan. Pa Janyuwale 1, 1956, pa ciphikiro capadera ico cikacitikira mu Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndembera za Eguputo na Britain zikakhira ndipo ndembera yiphya ya Sudan, yakuŵa na viyuni, vyamabuluu na vyafipa, yikakwezgeka na nduna yikuru Ismail al-Azhari. Ŵanthu ŵakakondwa yayi na ivyo vikachitika ndipo pa Meyi 25, 1969, boma likapoka boma laciŵiri. Mulongozgi wa boma, Col. Gaafar Nimeiry, wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo boma liphya likamazga Nyumba ya Malamulo na kukanizga vipani vyose vya ndyali. Mphindano pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa Marxist na ŵambura Marxist mukati mwa ŵasilikari awo ŵakaŵa ku muwuso wa ŵasilikari, zikapangiska kuti boma lipoke boma mu July 1971. Pakati pajumpha mazuŵa ghacoko waka, ŵasilikari awo ŵakasuskanga boma la Communist ŵakawezgerapo Nimeiry ku mazaza. Mu 1972, phangano la Addis Ababa likawovwira kuti nkhondo ya kumpoto na kumwera yimare. Ivi vikapangiska kuti nkhondo ya pawenenawene yimare kwa vyaka 10, kweni ŵasilikari ŵa ku America ŵakaleka kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama pa mulimo wa kuzenga Jonglei Canal. Ivi vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene kuti maji gha mu chigaŵa cha Upper Nile ghaleke kunjira mu maji, kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa suzgo la vinthu vyakuthupi kweniso kuti paleke kuŵa njara yikuru pakati pa mafuko gha ku malo agha, chomenechomene Dinka. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene iyo yikati yacitika, caru cawo cikapokeka, kupokeka, na kotcheka. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa fuko ili ŵakakomeka pa nkhondo ya pa cikaya iyo yikatora vilimika vyakujumpha 20.[[File:Hashem al Atta, 1971 Sudanese coup d'état.jpg|thumb|[[1971 Sudanese coup d'état]]]] M'paka m'ma 1970, vyakurya vinandi vya ku Sudan vikagwiliskirika ntchito mu charu. Mu 1972, boma la Sudan likamba kutemwera vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, ndipo likakhumbanga kuti vyakurya na vyakurya vinyake vifumiskike mu vyaru vinyake. Kweni mu ma 1970, mitengo ya vinthu yikakhira, ndipo vinthu vikamba kunangika mu Sudan. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, ndalama izo ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakunozga vyakurya zikakwera. Mu 1978, IMF yikadumbiskana na boma za ndondomeko ya kusintha vinthu. Ici cikakhozga comene vyakurya ivyo vikupelekeka ku vyaru vinyake. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵaliska ŵa viŵeto ŵa ku Sudan ŵasuzgikenge comene (wonani ŵanthu ŵa ku Nuba). Mu 1976, gulu la Ansars likayezga kutimbanizga boma, kweni likatondeka. Kweni mu Julayi 1977, Pulezidenti Nimeiry wakakumana na mulongozgi wa Ansar, Sadiq al-Mahdi, ndipo ivi vikajura nthowa yakuti paŵe mtende. Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakakika cifukwa ca ndyali ŵakafwatulika, ndipo mu Ogasiti, ŵanthu wose ŵakususkana na boma ŵakafwatulika. ====Bashir era (1989–2019)==== [[File:Omar al-Bashir (2017-11-23) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Omar al-Bashir in 2017]] {{further|Republic of the Sudan (1985–2019)}} Pa Juni 30, 1989, Colonel Omar al-Bashir wakalongozga boma la nkhondo kwambura kuthiska ndopa. Boma liphya la ŵasilikari likakanizga vyaru vinyake vya ndyali ndipo likambiska dango la chisopa cha Cisilamu. Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, al-Bashir wakayezga kukanizga magulu gha ŵasilikari, vyaru vya ndyali, na manyuzipepara ghakujiyimira pawekha, kweniso wakakaka ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa ŵa ndyali na ŵamutolamakani. Pa Okutobala 16, 1993, al-Bashir wakajiŵika kuŵa "Mukuru wa Boma" ndipo wakasesa wupu wa Revolutionary Command Council. Al-Bashir ndiyo wakaŵa na mazaza gha kuwusa na kusora malango. Mu 1996, iyo wakaŵa yekha uyo wakaŵa wakwenelera kusankhapo. Charu cha Sudan chikaŵa na chipani chimoza icho chikaŵa pasi pa National Congress Party (NCP). Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, Hassan al-Turabi, uyo pa nyengo iyo wakaŵa mulaŵiliri wa Nyumba ya Malango, wakawungana na magulu gha chisopa cha Cisilamu ndipo wakachema Osama bin Laden kuti wize mu caru ici. Pamanyuma pake, boma la United States likalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likuwovwira vigeŵenga. Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Al-Qaeda ŵaponya mabomba pa ofesi ya ufumiskiri wa ku United States ku Kenya na Tanzania, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakamba ntchito ya Operation Infinite Reach ndipo ŵakakoma fakitare ya Al-Shifa, iyo boma la United States likagomezganga kuti yikupanga vilwero vya vyamizimu. Nkhongono ya Al-Turabi yikamba kuchepa, ndipo ŵanji awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵe makora ŵakayezga kusintha umo charu cha Sudan chikaŵira. Charu ichi chikagwiranga nchito kuti cikhozge ŵakususka ŵake mwa kufumiska ŵanthu ŵa ku Egypt ŵa Islamic Jihad na kukhuŵilizga bin Laden kuti wafumeko.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=The Looming Tower|url=https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-26608-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig/page/221 221]–223}}</ref>[[File:Government Militia in Darfur.PNG|thumb|Gulu la boma ku Darfur]] Pambere chisankho cha 2000 chindachitike, al-Turabi wakapeleka dango lakukanizga mazaza gha pulezidenti, ndipo al-Bashir wakalangura kuti boma lileke kugwira ntchito. Apo al-Turabi wakaciskanga ŵanthu kuti ŵaleke kucita nawo phangano na gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army, al-Bashir wakaghanaghananga kuti ŵakukhumba kuwuskapo boma. Hassan al-Turabi ŵakamujalira mu jele mu chaka chenechicho. Mu Febuluwale 2003, gulu la Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) mu Darfur ŵakanyamura vilwero, ŵakasuska boma la Sudan kuti likusuzga ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakaŵa Ŵarabu yayi. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, nkhondo iyi yikucemeka kuti ni kukoma ŵanthu, ndipo Khoti la ku Hague (ICC) lili kupeleka malango ghaŵiri kuti al-Bashir wakomeke. Gulu la ŵanthu ŵakuchemeka Janjaweed, ilo likuyowoya Ciarabu, likuyuyulika cifukwa ca vinthu viheni ivyo likucita. Pa 9 Janyuwale 2005, boma likasaina phangano la Nairobi Comprehensive Peace Agreement na Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) na chilato cha kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Wupu wa United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) ukakhazikiskika na UN Security Council Resolution 1590 kuti uwovwire pakugwiliskira nchito ndondomeko iyi. Phangano la mtende likaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti paŵe referendum ya mu 2011: chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti South Sudan yipatulike.[[File:Southern Sudan Referendum1.jpg|thumb|Ŵanthu ŵa ku South Sudan ŵakulindilira kuvota pa 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum.]] Gulu la Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) ndilo likaŵa na mazaza pa Eastern Front. Pambuyo pa mgwirizano wamtendere, malo awo adatengedwa mu February 2004 pambuyo pa kuphatikiza kwa Fulani wamkulu ndi Beja Congress ndi Rashaida Free Lions yaying'ono. Pa Okutobala 14, 2006, boma la Sudan likasaina phangano la mtende na gulu la Eastern Front ku Asmara. Pa Meyi 5, 2006, pakalembeka phangano la mtende la ku Darfur, ilo likakhumbanga kumazga nkhondo iyo yikatora vyaka vitatu. Nkhondo ya Chad na Sudan (2005-2007) yikamba pamanyuma pakuti nkhondo ya Adré yikapangiska kuti Chad yipharazge nkhondo. Ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Sudan na Chad ŵakalembeska phangano ku Saudi Arabia pa 3 May 2007 kuti ŵaleke kurwa nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yikaŵa pa mphaka ya makilomita 1,000. Mu Julayi 2007, mu caru ici mukaŵa maji ghanandi agho ghakatimba ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 400,000. Kwambira mu 2009, nkhondo izo zikuchitika pakati pa mafuko gha visopa ku Sudan na South Sudan zakoma ŵanthu ŵanandi. ==== Kugaŵa na kuwezgerapo ==== Nkhondo ya ku Sudan ku South Kordofan na Blue Nile mu ma 2010s pakati pa Army of Sudan na Sudan Revolutionary Front yikamba nga nkhukwesana pa chigaŵa cha Abyei icho chili na mafuta ghanandi mu myezi yakulondezgapo pambere South Sudan yindaŵe na wanangwa mu 2011, nangauli yikukolerana na nkhondo ya ku Darfur iyo yili kumalizgika. Ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pake vikacemeka kuti Sudanese Intifada, ndipo vikamara mu 2013 apo al-Bashir wakalayizga kuti wazamusankhikaso yayi mu 2015. Pamanyuma wakaleka kufiska ivyo wakalayizga ndipo wakakhumba kuwuskika mu 2015, ndipo wakawina cifukwa cakuti ŵakususka ŵakazomerezga yayi kuti mavoti ghaŵenge ghakufwatuka yayi. Kuvota kukaŵa kwacoko comene, 46%. Pa January 13, 2017, pulezidenti wa ku United States, Barack Obama, wakalembapo dango ilo likawuskapo vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo boma la Sudan likakanizga. Pa 6 Okutobala 2017, purezidenti wa US Donald Trump wakamazga vyeruzgo vinandi ivyo vikaŵapo pa charu ichi na mafuta, katundu wakunjira na kunjilira mu vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wadhams|first1=Nick|last2=Gebre|first2=Samuel|title=Trump Moves to Lift Most Sudan Sanctions|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-06/u-s-lifting-most-sudan-sanctions-on-progress-in-terrorism-fight|access-date=6 October 2017|work=Bloomberg Politics|date=6 October 2017}}</ref> ====2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government==== {{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}} {{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}} [[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement.png|thumb|Awo ŵakwimira boma la Sudan ŵakukondwelera kusazgikira kwa ndondomeko ya malango gha chalo pa 17 August 2019.]] Pa Disembala 19, 2018, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kususka ivyo boma likadumura vyakuti mitengo ya vinthu yikwane katatu. Kweniso, Pulezidenti al-Bashir, uyo wakaŵa pa mazaza kwa vilimika vyakujumpha 30, wakakana kufumapo, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti magulu gha ŵakususka ghaŵe pamoza. Boma likawezgera na kukora ŵanthu ŵakuwukira boma ŵakujumpha 800 na awo ŵakasuskanga, ndipo ŵanthu pafupifupi 40 ŵakafwa, kuyana na wupu wa Human Rights Watch. Chiwonetserochi chinapitilizidwa pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa boma lake pa 11 Epulo 2019 pambuyo pa chiwonetsero chachikulu kutsogolo kwa likulu la Sudanese Armed Forces, pambuyo pake atsogoleri a nduna adaganiza kulowererapo ndipo adalamula kumangidwa kwa Purezidenti al-Bashir ndikulengeza miyezi itatu yachilendo.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 100 ŵakafwa pa Juni 3 pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵabwangandura ŵanthu awo ŵakakhalanga pasi na kugwiliskira nchito mafuta gha masozi na vilwero vyeneco. Ŵawukirano ŵa ku Sudan ndiwo ŵakapelekanga ulongozgi pa viyezgo ivi. Ungano uwu ukamara apo gulu la Forces for Freedom and Change (bungwe la magulu agho ghakachitiska ungweru uwu) na Transitional Military Council (boma la ŵasilikari) ŵakasaina chiphangano cha Julayi 2019.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" /> Vinthu ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe wupu wa ŵasilikari na ŵanthu wose wa ku Sudan, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, kweniso kuti paŵe mulara wa boma, Nemat Abdullah Khair. Mulara wa boma wakale, Abdalla Hamdok, wa vyaka 61, uyo wakagwiranga nchito ku wupu wa UN Economic Commission for Africa, wakapika nchito pa Ogasiti 21. Wakamba kudumbiskana na wupu wa IMF na World Bank kuti ŵamazge suzgo la vyakurya, mafuta na ndalama. Hamdok wakati ndalama zakukwana madola 10 biliyoni mu vyaka viŵiri zingamazga wofi. Maboma gha Saudi Arabia na United Arab Emirates ghakaŵika ndalama zinandi pakovwira wupu wa ŵasilikari kufuma apo Bashir wakathereskekera. Pa 3 Seputembala, Hamdok wakasora ŵanalume 14 kuŵa nduna za boma, kusazgapo mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa nduna ya vyaru vinyake na Mkhristu wakwamba wa ku Coptic, uyo nayo wakaŵa mwanakazi. Mu Ogasiti 2021, chalo chikalongozgekanga na Chairman wa Transitional Sovereign Council, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref> ====2021 coup and the al-Burhan regime ==== {{main|October–November 2021 Sudanese coup d'état}} Boma la Sudan likapharazga pa 21 Seputembala 2021 kuti pakaŵa chiyezgo chakutondeka cha boma kufuma ku ŵasilikari icho chikapangiska kuti ŵapolisi 40 ŵakakike. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza kufuma apo boma likayezga kutimbanizga boma, ŵasilikari ŵakambaso kuwukira boma pa Okutobala 25, 2021. Nkhondo iyi yikalongozgeka na Jenerale Abdel Fattah al-Burhan uyo pamasinda wakapharazga kuti kuli suzgo. Pa Novembala 21, 2021, Hamdok wakambaso kuŵa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pakuti Abdel Fattah al-Burhan wasayina phangano la ndyali kuti wawezgepo muwuso wa ŵanthu (nangauli Burhan wakalutilira kuwusa). Phangano la vigaŵa 14 likati ŵakayidi wose ŵa ndyali awo ŵakakakika pa nyengo ya vimbundi ŵafwatulike. Hamdok wakachimbizga mulara wa ŵapolisi Khaled Mahdi Ibrahim al-Emam na wachiŵiri wake Ali Ibrahim. Pa Janyuwale 2, 2022, Hamdok wakapharazga kuti wafumengepo pa udindo wake wa nduna yikuru pamanyuma pa umoza wa viphikiro ivyo vyapangiska ŵanthu ŵanandi kufwa. Kufika mu Malichi 2022 ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1,000 kusazgapo ŵana 148 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakakika cifukwa ca kukana boma la boma, ndipo pakaŵa milandu 25 yakucicizga ndipo ŵanthu 87 ŵakakomeka kusazgapo ŵana 11.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bachelet |first=Michelle |date=7 March 2022 |title=Oral update on the situation of human rights in the Sudan – Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/oral-update-situation-human-rights-sudan |access-date=22 March 2022 |website=ReliefWeb/ 49th Session of the UN Human Rights Council |language=en}}</ref> ====2023 internal conflict==== {{main|2023 Sudan conflict}} Mu Epulero chaka cha 2023, apo ŵanthu ŵa vyaru vyakupambanapambana ŵakadumbiskananga za ndondomeko ya kusinthira boma ku boma la ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu, nkhondo ya mazaza yikakura pakati pa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari (na mulongozgi wa charu) Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, na movwiri wake, Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, mulongozgi wa gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces & Rapid Strike Force ("RSF"), ilo likapangika kufuma ku Janjaweed. Pa 15 Epulero, 2023, nkhondo yawo yikazgoka nkhondo zaciwawa comene mu misewu ya mu Khartoum pakati pa ŵasilikari na RSF na ŵasilikari, matangi na ndege. Kuyana na wupu wa United Nations, pa zuŵa lacitatu, ŵanthu 400 ŵakafwa ndipo 3,500 ŵakapwetekeka. Pa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa, pakaŵa ŵantchito ŵatatu ŵa WFP, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti wupu uwu uleke kugwira nchito mu Sudan, nangauli mu caru cose muli njara. Mulembi-mulongozgi wa UN, António Guterres, wakapempha "urunji" mwaluŵiro cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu aŵa, ndipo wakapempha kuti nkhondo yimare. Ŵadipuloma ŵa African Union na Saudi Arabia ŵaluta ku Sudan kuti ŵakayezge kuwezgerapo mtende. Ŵakaŵaphalira kuti ŵaleke kuwombera ŵanthu awo ŵapwetekeka, kweni nkhondo yikalutilira.<ref name="fighting_2023_04_16_france27_com">[https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230416-death-toll-mounts-in-sudan-as-army-paramilitary-fight-for-power "Fighting continues in Sudan despite humanitarian pause,"] 16 April 2023, [[France24]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref><ref name="clashes_2023_04_16_abc_news">[https://abcnews.go.com/International/clashes-erupt-sudan-army-paramilitary-group-government-transition/story?id=98607846 "Clashes erupt in Sudan between army, paramilitary group over government transition,"] 16 April 2023, [[ABC News]], retrieved 16 April 2023</ref> ==Makhalilo gha charu== {{Main|Geography of Sudan}} [[File:Map of Sudan (New).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Mapu gha Sudan. Chigaŵa cha Hala'ib Triangle chili pasi pa boma la Egypt kwambira mu 2000.]] [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map SDN present.svg|thumb|Mapu gha charu cha Sudan]] Charu cha Sudan chili kumpoto kwa Africa, ndipo chili na mtunda wa makilomita 853 kufupi na Nyanja Yiswesi. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na vyaru nga ni Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Chad, na Libya. Na malo ghakukwana 1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi), ni chalo chachitatu pakukura mu Africa (panyuma pa Algeria na Democratic Republic of Congo) na cha 15 pa vyaru vyose. Charu cha Sudan chili pakati pa 8° na 23°N. Malo agha ngakutowa chomene ndipo ghali na mapiri ghanandi. Kumanjiliro gha dazi, Deriba Caldera (3,042 m), iyo yili mu mapiri gha Marrah, ndiyo ni malo ghapacanya comene mu Sudan. Kumafumiro gha dazi kuli mapiri gha ku Nyanja Yiswesi. Mlonga wa Blue Nile na White Nile ukukumana ku Khartoum kuti uŵe Mlonga wa Nile, uwo ukufuma kumpoto kujumpha mu Eguputo kuya ku Nyanja ya Meditereniyani. Mlonga wa Blue Nile ukujumpha mu Sudan ndipo uli na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 800. Mlonga wa White Nile mu Sudan ulije milonga yinandi. Pali madamu ghanandi pa Mlonga wa Blue na White Nile. Zina mwa madamu agha ni madamu gha Sennar na Roseires agho ghali pa Mlonga wa Blue Nile, kweniso madamu gha Jebel Aulia agho ghali pa Mlonga wa White Nile. Paliso Nyanja ya Nubia pa mphaka ya Sudan na Eguputo. Mu Sudan muli vinthu vinandi vyakukhumbikwa nga ni asibesiti, chromite, cobalt, mkuwa, golide, granite, gypsum, chisulo, kaolin, lead, manganese, mica, gasi, nikele, mafuta, siliva, tini, uranium na zinki..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930235450/http://www.sudan-embassy.co.uk/infobook/geograph.php |archive-date=30 September 2005 |title=Geography of Sudan |publisher=Sudan Embassy in London |date=n.d.}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{Main|Geography of Sudan#Climate|l1=Climate of Sudan}} Mvula yikukhilira kumwera. Ku chigaŵa chapakati na kumpoto kuli malo ghakomira chomene nga ni chipalamba cha Nubia kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi. Nyengo ya vula ku Sudan yikutora myezi yinayi (June m'paka September) kumpoto, ndipo myezi 6 (May m'paka October) kumwera. Ku vigaŵa vyakomira, kukuchitika chimphepo chikuru cha mchenga, icho chikuchemeka haboob. Ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi uko kuli mapopa ghacoko, ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene vula izo zikulokwa yayi kuti ŵambe kulima. Pafupi na Mlonga wa Nayelo, pali minda iyo yili na maji ghanandi. Mu vyaru vinandi, zuŵa likuŵala nyengo yitali comene, kweni comenecomene mu mapopa uko likuŵala maora 4,000 pa caka..<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121001164348/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/kidsweb/world/sudan/sudgeog.htm |archive-date= 1 October 2012 |title=Sudan – Geography & Environment |publisher=[[Oxfam GB]] |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ===Environmental issues=== Kuzgoka mapopa ni suzgo likuru comene mu Sudan. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵakufipa mtima na kunangika kwa dongo. Vyaru vinandi vya boma na vya ŵanthu ŵekha vyalutilira kukura kwambura kuvikilirika. Vinthu ivi vyapangiska kuti makuni ghaphyoleke, dongo liwomire, kweniso kuti maji gha mu dongo ghaleke kuŵa ghawemi. Vinyama vyamuthondo vya mu caru ici vili pangozi cifukwa ca ulovi. Kuzakafika mu 2001, vyamoyo 21 vya vinyama na vyamoyo 9 vya viyuni vikaŵa pangozi. Viyuni vinyake ivyo vili pangozi ni: waldrapp, northern white rhinoceros, tora hartebeest, gazela wa masengwe ghafupi, na hawksbill turtle. Nyama ya Sahara oryx yili kumara mu ciŵaya.<ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2011|reason=appear to be user-generated site; how are entries vetted?}} {{cite encyclopedia |url= http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Sudan-ENVIRONMENT.html |title=Sudan – Environment |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Nations |date=n.d. |access-date=13 January 2011}}</ref> ==Politics== {{Main|Politics of Sudan}} Ndyali za ku Sudan zikaŵa za boma la Islamic Republic m'paka mu April 2019, apo boma la President Omar al-Bashir likathereskeka na boma la ŵasilikari. Pakwamba wakambiska wupu wa Transitional Military Council kuti uwuse vyalo vya mukati. Kweniso wakalekeska malango gha boma na kumazga nyumba za malango izo zikaŵanga na nyumba ziŵiri. Kweni Ibn Auf wakakhalako zuŵa limoza pera ndipo wakafumapo, ndipo Abdel Fattah al-Burhan ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa wupu wa Transitional Military Council. Pa 4 Ogasiti 2019, chikalata chiphya cha Constitution chikalembeka pakati pa ŵimiliri ŵa Transitional Military Council na Forces of Freedom and Change, ndipo pa 21 Ogasiti 2019 Transitional Military Council yikasinthika mwalamulo kuŵa mutu wa boma na wupu wa 11 wa Sovereignty Council, ndipo nga mutu wa boma na nduna yikuru. ===Sharia law=== ====Under al-Bashir==== Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Omar al-Bashir, malango gha mu Sudan ghakajintha pa Sharia. Mu 2005, pakaŵa phangano la Naivasha ilo likamazga nkhondo pakati pa kumpoto na kumwera kwa Sudan. Dango la Chisilamu la ku Sudan ndakupambana na vyaru vinyake. Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakakomeranga munthu na malibwe. Pakati pa 2009 na 2012, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakakomeka na malibwe. Dango likatenge munthu wakwenera kukomeka. Mu vyaka vyapakati pa 2009 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakalangika kuti ŵapike chilango cha kuŵatimba na mafayiti 40. Mu Ogasiti 2014, ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafwira mu jele chifukwa cha kutambuzgika. Mu 2001, Ŵakhristu 53 ŵakatimbika. Dango la boma la Sudan likazomerezganga ŵapolisi kuti ŵathyapure ŵanakazi awo ŵakuti ŵakuchita vinthu vyambura kwenelera. Kweniso dango likalanganga munthu para wakhomeka pa khuni. Mu 2002, ŵanthu 88 ŵakeruzgika kuti ŵakomeke cifukwa ca kukoma ŵanthu, kwiba na vilwero, na kurwa nkhondo. Wupu wa Amnesty International ukalemba kuti ŵanthu aŵa ŵangakomeka na kukhomeka panji kukhomeka pa khuni. Khoti la pa caru cose likuzomera kuti ndise ŵakwenelera kweruzga. Kuyana na phangano la Naivasha, dango la Chisilamu likagwiranga nchito yayi mu South Sudan. Kufuma waka apo South Sudan yikapatukira, pakaŵa kukayika usange dango la Sharia lizamugwira nchito ku ŵanthu ŵacoko waka awo Mbasilamu yayi mu Sudan. Boma la Sudan lili na khoti la malango ilo lili na ŵeruzgi 9, Khoti Likuru Chomene, Khoti la Cassation, na makhoti ghanyake gha mu charu ichi..<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12033185 |title= Sharia law to be tightened if Sudan splits – president |work=BBC News |date=19 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> ====After al-Bashir==== {{Main|2019–2024 Sudanese transition to democracy}} Following the ouster of al-Bashir, the interim constitution signed in August 2019 contained no mention of Sharia law.<ref name="MOM 09-2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200907-sudan-separates-religion-from-state-ending-30-years-of-islamic-rule/|title=Sudan separates religion from state ending 30 years of Islamic rule|date=7 September 2020}}</ref> As of 12 July 2020, Sudan abolished the apostasy law, public flogging and alcohol ban for non-Muslims. The draft of a new law was passed in early July. Sudan also criminalized [[female genital mutilation]] with a punishment of up to 3 years in jail.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733|title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2020|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref> An accord between the transitional government and rebel group leadership was signed in September 2020, in which the government agreed to officially separate the state and religion, ending three decades of rule under Islamic law. It also agreed that no official state religion will be established.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/sudan-ends-30-years-of-islamic-law-by-separating-religion-state-1.1599359147751|title=Sudan ends 30 years of Islamic law by separating religion, state}}</ref><ref name="MOM 09-2020"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/islamic-world-at-decisive-point-in-history-will-it-take-the-path-of-emirates-or-turkey-8789981.html|title=Islamic world at decisive point in history: Will it take the path of Emirates or Turkey?|date=6 September 2020}}</ref> ===Foreign relations=== {{Main|Foreign relations of Sudan}} [[File:Al bashir1.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Bashir (right) and U.S. Deputy Secretary of State [[Robert Zoellick]], 2005]] Pakuti charu cha Sudan chili na visambizgo vya chisopa chautesi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, charu cha Uganda, Kenya, na Ethiopia, vikaŵa mu wupu wa ad hoc uwo ukachemekanga "Front Line States" na wovwiri wa United States kuti uwonenge umo boma la National Islamic Front likuchitira. Boma la Sudan likapeleka wovwiri ku magulu gha ŵakugaluka gha ku Uganda nga ni Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). Apo boma la National Islamic Front ku Khartoum likamba kuwoneka nga ni suzgo ku chigaŵa ichi na caru cose, boma la United States likamba kuŵika Sudan pa ndondomeko ya vyaru ivyo vikovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵacite vinthu vyakofya. Pamanyuma pakuti boma la United States lalemba kuti Sudan ni boma ilo likupeleka wovwiri ku vigeŵenga, wupu uwu ukaghanaghana vyakuti wambiske ubwezi na Iraq, ndipo pamanyuma Iran, vyaru viŵiri ivyo vili na mphindano mu cigaŵa ici. Kwamba m'ma 1990, Sudan yikamba kuchepeskako maghanoghano ghake cifukwa ca kukhuŵilizgika na boma la United States pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa maboma gha United States mu 1998, ku Tanzania na Kenya, kweniso cifukwa ca kunozgaso malo gha mafuta agho ghakaŵa mu mawoko gha ŵakugaluka. Sudan nayo wali na mphindano na Egypt pa nkhani ya Hala'ib Triangle. Kufuma mu 2003, maubwezi gha ku vyaru vinyake gha Sudan ghakaŵa ghakuthemba pa wovwiri wa kumazga Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan na kususka wovwiri wa boma ku magulu gha nkhondo mu Darfur. Charu cha Sudan chili paubwezi wakukhora na China. Charu cha China chikupokera mafuta 10 pa 100 gha mu Sudan. Kuyana na uyo wakaŵa nduna ya boma la Sudan, caru ca China ndico cikupeleka vilwero vinandi comene ku Sudan. Mu Disembala 2005, Sudan yikaŵa yimoza mwa vyaru vichoko ivyo vikazomera mazaza gha Morocco pa Western Sahara.<ref>{{cite news |archive-date=26 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226210429/http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |url=http://www.moroccotimes.com/paper/article.asp?idr=2&id=11765 |title=Sudan supports Moroccan sovereignty over Southern Provinces |newspaper=Morocco Times |location=Casablanca |date=26 December 2005}}</ref>[[File:Secretary Pompeo Meets with Sudanese Sovereign Council Chair General Fattah el-Burhan (50267527813).jpg|thumb|The chairman of Sudan's sovereign council, General [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], with U.S. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]], 2020]] Mu 2015, Sudan yikawovwirapo pa nkhondo ya Saudi Arabia ku Yemen kwimikana na ma Houthi na ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka kwa pulezidenti wakale Ali Abdullah Saleh, uyo wakathereskeka mu 2011. Mu Juni 2019, charu cha Sudan chikalekeka kunjira mu wupu wa African Union chifukwa chakuti pakaŵavya icho chikachitika pakukhazikiska wupu wakulongozgeka na ŵanthu. Mu Julayi 2019, ŵimiliri ŵa vyaru 37 ku UN, kusazgapo Sudan, ŵakasaina kalata yakukolerana ku UNHRC kuvikilira umo China yikuchitira na ma Uyghur mu chigaŵa cha Xinjiang. Pa 23 Okutobala 2020, U.S. Pulezidenti Donald Trump wakapharazga kuti Sudan yikwamba kuwezgerapo ubwezi wake na Israel, ndipo yikaŵa chalo chachitatu cha ma Arab kuchita nthena mu chigaŵa cha Abraham Accords icho chikalembeka na United States. Pa Disembala 14 mu U.S. Boma la Sudan likawuskamo boma ili pa ndondomeko ya boma ilo likovwira ŵanthu kuti ŵachitenge vinthu vyakofya. Mkangano pakati pa Sudan na Ethiopia pa Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam ukakura mu 2021. Munthu munyake uyo wakupeleka ulongozgi kwa mulongozgi wa Sudan, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, wakayowoya kuti nkhondo ya maji "yiŵenge yakofya comene kuluska umo munthu wangaghanaghanira". Mu Febuluwale 2022, ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Sudan ŵakaluta ku Israel kukakhozga ubwezi pakati pa vyaru ivi. Mu myezi yakwambilira ya 2023, nkhondo yikambaso, comenecomene pakati pa ŵasilikari ŵa Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari na mulongozgi wa boma, pamoza na gulu la ŵasilikari la Rapid Support Forces ilo likulongozgeka na mulwani wake, Gen. Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Pa cifukwa ici, boma la United States na vyaru vinandi vya ku Europe vyajara maboma ghawo mu Khartoum na kuyezga kufumiska ŵanthu. Mu 2023, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ku Sudan kukaŵa ŵanthu 16,000 ŵa ku America awo ŵakakhumbikwiranga kufumamo. Pakuti ku United States kulije ndondomeko ya kufumiskako ŵanthu, Ku ofesi ya boma, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku America ŵakeneranga kuluta ku maboma gha vyaru vinyake kukapempha ulongozgi, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakachimbilira ku Nairobi. Vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa na mawupu ghanyake ghakovwira ŵanthu, ghakayezga kovwira. Ŵapolisi ŵa ku Turkey ŵati ŵazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa ku America kuti ŵafumemo mu charu chawo. TRAKboys, gulu la ndyali la ku South Africa ilo likususkana na Wagner Group, kampani yaku Russia iyo yikugwira ntchito ya usilikari mu Sudan kwambira mu 2017, yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ŵa ku America na ku Sudan ŵafumemo mu charu ichi na kuluta ku malo ghakukhora mu South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Americans and other foreigners struggle to flee Sudan amid fierce fighting |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/04/26/sudan-fighting-evacuation-americans-british/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fDS8IQSdZ-E | title=Trakboys David Mbatha, Blose begin peaceful talks w/ Mayor Kaunda about Durban Port tariff increase | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> === Wankhondo === {{Main|Sudanese Armed Forces}} Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan ni gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Sudan ndipo lili kugaŵikana mu vigaŵa vinkhondi: Gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Sudan, Navy ya Sudan (kukusazgapo Marine Corps), Air Force ya Sudan, Border Patrol na Internal Affairs Defence Force. Gulu la ŵasilikari la Sudan laŵa na vilwero viwemi comene; cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vilwero vizito na vyapacanya. Gulu ili likulongozgeka na wupu wa National Assembly ndipo fundo zake ni za kuvikilira mphaka za Sudan na kuvikilira wanangwa wa mukati. Kufuma waka pa suzgo la Darfur mu 2004, kuvikilira boma lapakati pa caru ku ŵanthu awo ŵakulimbana na gulu la ŵakugaluka nga ni Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) na Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) ni vyakuzirwa comene. Nangauli ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakugwira ntchito yayi, kweni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito magulu gha ŵasilikari, ndipo ŵakumanyikwa chomene ni Janjaweed. Pakati pa 200,000 na 400,000<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Sudan|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|access-date=10 July 2011|work=The World Factbook|publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|issn=1553-8133|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="peopledaily1">{{cite news |url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200511/28/eng20051128_224254.html |title=Darfur Peace Talks To Resume in Abuja on Tuesday: AU |agency=Xinhua News Agency |newspaper=[[People's Daily]] |location =Beijing |date=28 November 2005 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/10/AR2007041001775.html |agency= Associated Press |newspaper=The Washington Post |title=Hundreds Killed in Attacks in Eastern Chad – U.N. Agency Says Sudanese Militia Destroyed Villages |date=11 April 2007 |access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵali kufwa cifukwa ca nkhondo. ===International organisations ku Sudan=== Mabungwe ghanandi gha UN ghakugwira ntchito mu Sudan nga ni World Food Programme (WFP); Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO); United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Mine Service (UNMAS), United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) na World Bank. Kweniso pali wupu wa International Organization for Migration (IOM).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |title=Sudan |publisher=International Organisation for Migration |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310183842/http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/activities/africa-and-middle-east/east-africa/sudan/cache/offonce/ |archive-date=10 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/Eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |title=The Sudans |publisher=Canadian International Development Agency |location=Gatineau, Quebec |date=29 January 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528183621/http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/acdi-cida/ACDI-CIDA.nsf/eng/JUD-217124359-NT2 |archive-date=28 May 2013 }}</ref> Pakuti mu Sudan muli nkhondo ya pawenenawene kwa vyaka vinandi, mabungwe ghanandi ghambura kwendera boma (NGO) ghakovwiraso ŵanthu awo ŵafumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Mabungwe ghambura vya boma ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vyose vya Sudan, comenecomene kumwera na kumanjiliro gha dazi. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya pawenenawene, mawupu gha vyaru vyakupambanapambana nga ni Red Cross ghakacitanga milimo yawo comene mu vigaŵa vya kumwera, kweni ghakaŵa mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kughanaghanira chomene nkhondo iyo yikacitika ku Darfur, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Sudan. Wupu wakuwoneka comene mu South Sudan ni Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS). Wupu unyake wa vyamalonda ukuwona kuti charu cha Sudan chili ku chigaŵa cha Great Horn of Africa Nangauli mawupu ghanandi gha pa caru cose ghali mu vigaŵa vya South Sudan na Darfur, kweni ghanyake ghakugwira nchito mu vigaŵa vya kumpoto. Mwaciyerezgero, wupu wa United Nations Industrial Development Organization ukucita makora nchito yake mu msumba wa Khartoum. Ndimo viliriso na sukulu zinyake za ku Europe. Wupu wa Canada wakuwona vya Vyakusazgirako Vinthu pa Caru Cose ukucitako milimo yinandi kumpoto kwa Sudan.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615200234/http://www.unido.org/media-centre/press-releases/news/article/date////eu-unido-set-up-centre-in-sudan-to-develop-industrial-skills-entrepreneurship-for-job-creation.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=EU, UNIDO set up Centre in Sudan to develop industrial skills, entrepreneurship for job creation |publisher=UN Industrial Development Organisation |date=8 February 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 }}</ref> ===Human rights=== {{Main|Human rights in Sudan|Freedom of religion in Sudan|Slavery in Sudan|Child marriage in Sudan}} SKwambira mu 1983, nkhondo ya pawenenawene na njara vyakoma ŵanthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni mu Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵanthu pafupifupi 200,000 ŵakakoleka wuzga pa nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Sudan. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Reporters Without Borders, charu cha Sudan chili pa nambara 172 pa vyaru 180. Ŵakukhumba kuti ŵapharazgi ŵaleke kutangwanika na nkhani za vimbundi. Ŵasilamu awo ŵakung'anamukira ku Cikristu ŵangalangika na nyifwa cifukwa ca kusopa kwautesi, wonani Kutambuzgika kwa Ŵakristu mu Sudan na cilango ca nyifwa kwa Mariam Yahia Ibrahim Ishag (uyo wakakulira mu Cikristu). Lipoti la wupu wa UNICEF la mu 2013, likati ŵanakazi 88 pa 100 ŵaliwose ku Sudan ŵakomeka. Dango la ku Sudan lakukhwaskana na nthengwa likususkika cifukwa ca kukanizga wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuzomerezga nthengwa za ŵana. Ukaboni ukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezga kuti ŵanakazi ŵakomeke, comenecomene ŵanthu ŵa ku mizi kweniso awo ŵakusambira comene yayi. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika; kwambira mu Julayi 2020 kulije chilango cha nyifwa. Lipoti la wupu wa Human Rights Watch ilo likalembeka mu 2018 likulongora kuti charu cha Sudan chindachitepo kanthu kuti ŵanthu ŵeruzgike chifukwa cha vinthu viheni ivyo vikachitikanga kale kweniso ivyo vikuchitika sono. Lipoti ili likulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵakusuzgikira mu Darfur, kumwera kwa Kordofan, na Blue Nile. Mu 2018, wupu wa National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) ukagwiliskira nchito nkhongono zinandi pakupatura ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵa ku Sudan ŵakakanizga mawupu gha United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation na mawupu ghanyake gha pa caru cose kuti ghasangire ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika mu Darfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/sudan|title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Sudan|chapter=Sudan: Events of 2018 |date=17 January 2019 |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> ====Darfur==== {{Main|War in Darfur|International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur}} [[File:Darfur refugee camp in Chad.jpg|right|thumb|Darfur refugee camp ku [[Chad]], 2005]] Kalata yakufuma kwa mulara wa wupu wa Human Rights Watch ya pa Ogasiti 14, 2006, yikati boma la Sudan ndakutondeka kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake mu Darfur kweniso likukhumba yayi kuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake. Kweniso ŵasilikari ŵake ŵali na mulandu wa kuswa malango gha boma. Kalata iyi yikayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵakuswa wanangwa uwu kwambira mu 2004. Malipoti ghanyake ghakulongora kuti ŵakugaluka, boma, na gulu la Janjaweed ndiwo ŵakuswa malango. U.S. Lipoti la Dipatimenti Yakuwona vya Wanangwa wa Ŵanthu ilo likalembeka mu Malichi 2007, likati: "Ŵanthu wose awo ŵakanjilirapo pa nkhondo iyi ŵakachitanga vinthu viheni chomene, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu ŵanandi, kuyuzga ŵanalume na ŵanakazi, kutambuzga ŵanthu, kwiba na kulemba ŵana ŵankhondo". Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2.8 miliyoni ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo ndipo ŵanthu 300,000 ŵali kufwa. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma na ŵasilikari awo ŵakukolerana na boma ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakuwukira ŵanthu bweka yayi mu Darfur, kweniso awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukolerana na magulu gha ŵakugaluka ŵakukakika mwambura kwenelera, nga mba nyuzipepara ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake, ŵakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu, ŵana ŵa sukulu, na ŵanthu awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vya mu msumba wa Khartoum na vigaŵa vyapafupi. Lipoti linyake la boma la United States likayowoya kuti gulu la ŵakugaluka likuwukira awo ŵakovwira ŵanthu na kukoma ŵanthu ŵambura mulandu. Wupu wa UNICEF ukati mu 2008, mu Darfur mukaŵa ŵana 6,000 awo ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7796507.stm|title=Africa – Sudan 'has 6,000 child soldiers'|access-date=15 February 2015}}</ref> ===Disputed areas and zones of conflict=== * In April 2012, the South Sudanese army captured the [[Heglig]] oil field from Sudan, which the Sudanese army later recaptured. * [[Kafia Kingi]] and [[Radom National Park]] was a part of [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr el Ghazal]] in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415073643/http://www.pca-cpa.org/upload/files/GoS%20Memorial.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012|page=xii |title=Memorial of the Government of Sudan |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |location=The Hague |date=18 December 2008}}</ref> Sudan has recognised South Sudanese independence according to the borders for 1 January 1956.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |title=South Sudan ready to declare independence |publisher=Menas Associates |date=8 July 2011 |access-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529175404/http://www.menasborders.com/menasborders/news/article/1956/South_Sudan_ready_to_declare_independence/ |archive-date=29 May 2013 }}</ref> * The [[Abyei Area]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[South Sudan]]. It is currently under Sudanese rule. * The states of [[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] are to hold "popular consultations" to determine their constitutional future within Sudan. * The [[Hala'ib Triangle]] is disputed region between Sudan and [[Egypt]]. It is currently under Egyptian administration. * [[Bir Tawil]] is a [[terra nullius]] occurring on the border between Egypt and Sudan, claimed by neither state. ===Administrative divisions=== {{main|States of Sudan|List of current state governors in Sudan|Districts of Sudan}} Sudan is divided into [[States of Sudan|18 states]] (''[[wilaya]]t'', [[Grammatical number|sing.]] ''[[wilayah]]''). They are further divided into 133 [[Districts of Sudan|districts]]. [[File:Political Regions of Sudan, July 2010.svg|thumb|{{legend|#f7931d|Central and northern states}} {{legend|#8cc63f|[[Darfur]]}} {{legend|#800080|[[Eastern Front (Sudan)|Eastern Front]]}} {{legend|#FFFF00|[[Abyei|Abyei Area]]}} {{legend|#fb6282|[[South Kurdufan]] and [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] states}}]] {{div col|colwidth=10em|content= * [[Gezira (state)|Gezira]] * [[Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] * [[Blue Nile (state)|Blue Nile]] * [[Central Darfur]] * [[East Darfur]] * [[Kassala (state)|Kassala]] * [[Khartoum (state)|Khartoum]] * [[North Darfur]] * [[North Kordofan]] * [[Northern state, Sudan|Northern]] * [[Red Sea (state)|Red Sea]] * [[River Nile (state)|River Nile]] * [[Sennar (state)|Sennar]] * [[South Darfur]] * [[South Kordofan]] * [[West Darfur]] * [[West Kordofan]] * [[White Nile (state)|White Nile]] }} ===Regional bodies=== Padera pa maboma, paliso maboma ghanyake agho ghakaŵako cifukwa ca mtende uwo ukaŵako pakati pa boma na gulu la ŵakugaluka. * Boma la Darfur likakhazikiskika na phangano la mtende la Darfur kuti liŵe wupu wakulongozga vyaru ivyo vili mu Darfur. * Wupu wakuwona vya vyaru vya kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ukakhazikiskika na Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement pakati pa boma la Sudan na gulu la rebels la Eastern Front. * Chigaŵa cha Abyei, icho chili pa mphaka ya South Sudan na Republic of Sudan, pasono chili na mazaza ghapadera ndipo chikulongozgeka na boma la Abyei. Mu 2011, boma la Sudan likakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵayowoyepo maghanoghano ghawo pa nkhani yakuti charu ichi chiŵe chigaŵa cha South Sudan panji cha Republic of Sudan. ==Chuma== {{Main|Economy of Sudan}} {{See also|Telecommunications in Sudan|Transport in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019]] [[File:Sudan Map Oelgas (2004).png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petroleum|Oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] concessions in Sudan – 2004]] [[File:GDP per capita development in Sudan.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Sudan]] Mu 2010, charu cha Sudan chikaŵa pa nambara 17 pa vyaru ivyo vili na chuma chakukwera luŵiro chomene pa charu chose. Chifukwa cha kupatukana kwa South Sudan, komwe kunali pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malo opangira mafuta ku Sudan, Sudan idalowa gawo la stagflation, kukula kwa GDP kudatsika mpaka 3.4 peresenti mu 2014, 3.1 peresenti mu 2015 ndipo zikuyembekezeka kuchira pang'onopang'ono mpaka 3.7 peresenti mu 2016 pomwe kukwera kwamitengo kudakhalabe kokwera mpaka 21.8% kuyambira 2015. GDP ya Sudan yikakhira kufuma pa US$123.053 billion mu 2017 kufika pa US$40.852 billion mu 2018. Nanga ni apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa kuti chindapatuke, chikaŵa na masuzgo ghakuru gha vyachuma. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, chuma cha ku Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo lipoti la World Bank likati GDP yikakura chomene mu 2010. Kukura uku kukalutilira nanga ni mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Darfur kweniso apo charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na wanangwa wa kujilongozga. Mafuta ndigho ghakaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo Sudan wakuguliska ku vyaru vinyake. Chifukwa cha kunjira kwa mafuta, chuma cha Sudan chikakura chomene, ndipo mu 2007 chikakura na 9 peresenti. Kweni chifukwa chakuti charu cha South Sudan chikaŵa na mafuta ghanandi, chikaleka kulamulira boma la Sudan. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, mulimo wa kunozga vyakurya wawelera pa malo ghake ndipo pa chaka cha 2014-15 wafika pa 40,000 m3/d. Kuti charu cha South Sudan chipeleke mafuta, chikuthemba pa chitoliro icho chikulongozgera ku Port Sudan mumphepete mwa Nyanja Yiswesi. Mu Ogasiti 2012, Sudan na South Sudan ŵakakolerana kuti ŵagulire mafuta ku South Sudan kwizira mu mapaipi gha ku Sudan. Boma la China ndilo likwendeska malonda ku Sudan, ndipo China yili na masheya 40 pa 100 gha Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. Charu ichi chikuguliskaso ku Sudan vilwero vichoko, ivyo vyagwiliskirika nchito pa nkhondo nga ni nkhondo za ku Darfur na South Kordofan. Nangauli kale vyakurya na vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, ndipo vikawovwira ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 80 pa 100 pa 100 pa caru cose. Pasono, wupu wa International Monetary Fund (IMF) ukuteŵetera lumoza na boma la Khartoum kuti viwovwire pakunozga vinthu. Ivi vikacitika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980 apo caru ca Sudan cikaŵa na suzgo la ngongoli, ndipo ubwezi wake na IMF na World Bank ukakhira. Lipoti linyake likati mu charu cha Sudan ndimo vimbundi vyazara chomene. Kuyana na Global Hunger Index ya 2013, charu cha Sudan chili na chiŵerengero cha GHI cha 27.0 icho chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na 'njara yikuru.' Charu ichi chili pa nambara 5 pa vyaru ivyo vili na njara chomene pa charu chose. Kuyana na 2015 Human Development Index (HDI), charu cha Sudan chili pa malo 167. Ichi chikulongora kuti charu ichi chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa charu chose. Mu 2014, ŵanthu 45 pa ŵanthu 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala na ndalama zakuchepera pa madola 3.20 gha ku United States pa zuŵa..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807205748/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> === Science and research === Ku Sudan kuli ma yunivesite pafupifupi 25-30 ndipo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu ciarabu panji Cingelezi. Masambiro gha ku sekondare na ku yunivesite ghakutimbanizgika comene cifukwa cakuti ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵakukhumbikwira kunjira usilikari pambere ŵandafike ku malizgo gha masambiro ghawo. Kweniso, "Chisisilamu" ico pulezidenti Al-Bashir wakakhwimiska cikapangiska kuti ŵasayansi ŵanandi ŵaleke kusambira Baibolo. Ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira nchito pakusanda vya sayansi zikumara. Wupu wa UNESCO ukati pakati pa 2002 na 2014, ŵanthu ŵakufufuza ŵakujumpha 3,000 ŵa ku Sudan ŵakafumamo mu charu ichi. Kuzakafika mu 2013, caru ici cikaŵa na ŵasayansi 19 pera pa ŵanthu 100,000, panji 1/30 ya ciŵelengero ca ku Eguputo, kuyana na Sudan National Center for Research. Mu 2015, ku Sudan kukalembeka nkhani za sayansi pafupifupi 500. Kuyaniska na caru ici, caru ca Poland, ico cili na ŵanthu ŵanandi, cikupanga manyuzipepara pafupifupi 10,000 pa caka. Ndondomeko ya vya mu mlengalenga ya ku Sudan yili kupanga mapulaneti ghanandi gha CubeSat, ndipo yili na mapulani gha kupanga mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SUDASAT-1) na mapulaneti gha kudumbiskirana gha ku Sudan (SRSS-1). Boma la Sudan likapeleka ndalama zakugulira satellite yakuwona malo ya boma ya Arabsat 6A iyo yikugwira ntchito pachanya pa Sudan, iyo yikatoleka makora pa 11 April 2019, kufuma ku Kennedy Space Centre. Pulezidenti wa ku Sudan Omar Hassan al-Bashir wakapempha kuti mu 2012 paŵe wupu wakuwona vya mlengalenga wa ku Africa, kweni ivi vikamara yayi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=correspondent |first2=Africa |date=6 September 2012 |title=Sudanese president calls for African space agency |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency |access-date=7 March 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == {{Main|Demographics of Sudan}} {{see also|List of cities in Sudan}} [[File:Sudan 2010 population density2.png|thumb|Sudan 2010 estimated population density]] Ku Sudan, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 30 miliyoni ŵakukhala kumpoto, kumanjiliro gha dazi, na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu ichi. Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Sudan kufuma apo charu cha South Sudan chikapatukira ŵalipo 30 miliyoni. Ichi ntchiŵelengero icho chikukwera comene mu vyaka 20 ivyo vyajumpha, cifukwa pa kalembera wa mu 1983, ŵanthu wose ŵa mu Sudan, kusazgapo awo sono ŵakucemeka South Sudan, ŵakaŵa 21.6 miliyoni. Ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu msumba wa Greater Khartoum (ukusazgapo Khartoum, Omdurman, na Khartoum North) ŵakukura mwaluŵiro ndipo ŵalipo 5.2 miliyoni. Padera pa kuŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo, mu Sudan muli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchimbira kwawo ŵakufuma mu vyaru vinyake. Kuyana na kafukufuku wa UNHCR, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.1 miliyoni awo ŵakacimbira kwawo na awo ŵakapempha civikiliro ŵakakhalanga mu Sudan mu Ogasiti 2019. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku South Sudan (ŵanthu 858,607), Eritrea (123,413), Syria (93,502), Ethiopia (14,201), Central African Republic (11,713) na Chad (3,100). Padera pa ŵanthu aŵa, wupu wa UNHCR ukayowoya kuti pali ŵanthu 1,864,195 awo ŵali kufumamo mu vikaya vyawo. Charu cha Sudan chili kunjilirapo pa phangano la mu 1951 lakukhwaskana na ŵanthu ŵakuchimbira kwawo. ===Ethnic groups=== [[File:Eisa shikawi.JPG|thumb|[[Sudanese Arab]] of [[manasir|Al-Manasir]]]] Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Ciarabu ŵakukwana 70 peresenti ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu caru ici. Ŵanandi mwa ŵanthu aŵa Mbasilamu ndipo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Mitundu yinyake ni Beja, Fur, Nubians, Armenians, na Copts. Ŵanthu awo Mbambura Ciarabu kanandi ŵakupambana mitundu, viyowoyero, na mitheto. Ŵanyake mwa ŵanthu aŵa mba Beja (ŵanandi chomene), Fur (ŵanandi chomene), Nuba (ŵanandi chomene), Moro, Masalit, Bornu, Tama, Fulani, Hausa, Songhay, Nubians, Berta, Zaghawa, Nyimang, Ingessana, Daju, Koalib, Gumuz, Midob na Tagale. Chi Hausa chikugwiliskirika ntchito nga chiyowoyero cha malonda. Paliso Ŵagiriki ŵachoko waka, kweni ŵakumanyikwa chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Arabia ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vinyake nga ni Awadia na Fadnia, na Bani Arak, awo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic cha Najdi. Ŵabedouin ŵachoko waka ŵa kumpoto kwa Rizeigat ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Sudan ndipo ŵali na mitheto yakuyana na ya Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Sudan. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Baggara na Tunjur ŵakuyowoya Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakukhala kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakafuma ku Arabia. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia ŵakukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia awo ŵakakhalanga kumwera kwa Eguputo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mafuko gha Ŵaarabu ku Sudan ŵakasamukira ku Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 C.E., ndipo ŵakatorana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Nubia na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Africa. Kweniso, mafuko ghaciarabu agho ghakaŵako pambere Chisilamu cindafike ghakaŵako mu Sudan kufuma ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira mu caru ici kufuma ku Arabia. Mu mabuku ghanandi agho ghakulongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan ŵakazgoka Ŵaarabu, ŵanthu ŵakusanda mdauko ŵakudumbiskana za umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia ŵakawonekeranga. Mwaciyelezgero, Elena Vezzadini wakulemba mdauko wakuti ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana mu Sudan ŵakuthemba pa umo ŵakulongosolera nkhani iyi. Mwakudumura, iyo wakuti "Ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yira, ndipo ŵakazgoka "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan". Mu nkhani yinyake yakulongosora za mbumba za ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan, Claude Rilly, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku France, wakati Ŵarabu ŵanandi ŵa ku Sudan awo ŵakuti ŵali kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia, ŵakumanya yayi kuti DNA yawo yikupangika na ŵanakazi ŵa ku Africa na ŵana ŵawo.<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Rilly |author-first=Claude |title=Le Soudan, de la Préhistoire à la conquête de Méhémet Ali |publisher=Soleb Bleu autour |year=2021 |isbn=978-2-35848-186-1 |editor-last=Rilly |editor-first=Claude |publication-place=Paris |pages=543–544 |language=fr |chapter=Aux racines de la population soudanaise |oclc=1298202018 |editor-last2=Francigny |editor-first2=Vincent |editor-last3=Maillot |editor-first3=Marc |editor-last4=Cabon |editor-first4=Olivier}}</ref><ref>See also: Spaulding, J. (2000) ''The chronology of Sudanese Arabic genealogical tradition''. In History in Africa 27, Cambridge University Press, pp. 325–337</ref> ===Urban areas=== {{Further|List of cities in Sudan}} {{Largest cities of Sudan|Osman=}} ===Viyowoyelo=== {{Main|Languages of Sudan}} Ku Sudan kuli viyowoyero pafupifupi 70. Mu charu cha Sudan muli viyowoyero vinandi vya mawoko ivyo vikupulikikwa yayi. Mu 2009, pakaŵa ndondomeko yakuti paŵe chiyowoyero chimoza cha mawoko cha ku Sudan. Pambere chaka cha 2005 chindafike, Chiarabic ndicho chikaŵa chiyowoyero cha boma. Mu 2005, Dango la Charu cha Sudan likati viyowoyero vya boma ni Chiarabic na Chingelezi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba ni 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia.gov">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=13 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/|archive-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> ===Chisopo=== {{Main|Religion in Sudan}} Mu 2011, apo charu cha South Sudan chikagaŵikana, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 97% ŵakasopanga Chisilamu. Ŵasilamu ŵanandi ŵali kugaŵikana mu magulu ghaŵiri: Ŵasilamu ŵa Sufi na Salafi. Magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakumanyikwa na ŵanthu ŵanandi, Ansar na Khatmia, ghakukolerana na chipani cha Umma na Democratic Unionist. Malo gha Darfur pera ndigho ghakaŵavya magulu gha Sufi agho ghakusangika mu vyaru vinyake. Mu msumba wa Khartoum na misumba yinyake ya kumpoto, muli Ŵakhristu ŵa Coptic Orthodox na Greek Orthodox. Mu Khartoum na kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Sudan, mu vyaru ivi muli ŵanthu ŵa tchalitchi la Orthodox la Ethiopia na Eritrea. Tchalitchi la Armenian Apostolic nalo lilipo ndipo likuteŵetera ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan. Tchalitchi la Sudan Evangelical Presbyterian nalo lili na ŵanthu awo ŵali mu tchalitchi ili. Chisopa ndicho chikupangiska kuti mu charu ichi muŵe kugaŵikana. Ŵasilamu ŵa kumpoto na ŵa kumanjiliro gha dazi ndiwo ŵakulongozga ndyali na vyachuma mu charu ichi kufuma apo charu chikapokera wanangwa. Chipani cha NCP chikukhozgeka chomene na ŵa Islam, Salafis/Wahhabis na Ŵaarabu ŵanyake ŵa ku mpoto. Chipani cha Umma chakopa ŵalondezgi ŵa Aarabu ŵa gulu la Ansar la Sufism pamoza na Ŵasilamu ŵambura Aarabu kufuma ku Darfur na Kordofan. Chipani cha Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) chili na Ŵaarabu na Ŵasilamu ŵanyake ŵa kumpoto na kumafumiro gha dazi, comenecomene awo ŵali mu cisopa ca Khatmia Sufi. ===Health=== {{Main|Health in Sudan}} Sudan has a [[life expectancy]] of 65.1 years according to the latest data for the year 2019 from macrotrends.net<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|title=Sudan Life Expectancy) {{!}} Data|website=macrotrends.net|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807153431/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/SDN/sudan/life-expectancy|archive-date=7 August 2020}}</ref> Infant mortality in 2016 was 44.8 per 1,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=SD&year_high_desc=true|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> [[UNICEF]] estimates that 87% of Sudanese females between the ages of 15 to 49 have had [[female genital mutilation]] performed on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|title=UNICEF FGM country profile for Sudan|website=UNICEF|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503130618/https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/country_profiles/Sudan/FGM_SDN.pdf|archive-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> ===Education=== {{Main|Education in Sudan}} [[File:Faculty of Science (University of Khartoum) 002.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The [[University of Khartoum]], established as [[Gordon Memorial College]] in 1902]] Sukulu mu Sudan njambura kulipira ndipo njakukakamira ku ŵana ŵa vyaka 6 m'paka 13, nangauli ŵana ŵakujumpha 40% ŵakuluta yayi ku sukulu cifukwa ca suzgo la vya cuma. Vinthu vinyake ivyo vikuchitika pa umoyo wa ŵanthu vikupangiska kuti ŵana ŵasungwana ŵasuzgikenge kuluta ku sukulu. Masambiro gha ku pulayimale ghakukhala vyaka 8, ndipo gha sekondare ghakwenda vyaka vitatu. Mu 1990, masambiro ghakaŵa gha 6 + 3 + 3. Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka pa vigaŵa vyose. Masukulu ghanandi ghali mu matawuni, ndipo ghanyake gha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa caru ici ghatimbanizgika panji kunangika cifukwa ca nkhondo ya pa cikaya. Mu 2001, Banki ya Caru Cose yikati ŵana 46 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakeneranga kusambira masambiro gha ku pulayimale, ndipo 21 pa 100 ŵaliwose awo ŵakasambiranga masambiro gha ku sekondare. Ŵanandi ŵakunjira sukulu izi, ndipo mu vigaŵa vinyake ŵakujumpha 20 peresenti. Ŵanthu awo ŵakumanya kuŵazga na kulemba ni 70.2%, ŵanalume 79.6%, ŵanakazi 60.8%.<ref name="cia" /> ==Culture== {{Further|Visual arts of Sudan|Architecture of Sudan|Sudanese literature}} Ŵanthu ŵa mafuko pafupifupi 578 ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa. Ukaboni wasono ukulongora kuti nangauli ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa mu charu ichi ŵakutemwa chomene vinthu vya ku Sudan na chisopa chawo, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia na ku Africa ŵakutemwana chomene..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|title=Hamilton, A. and Hudson, J. (2014) Bribery and Identity: Evidence from Sudan. Bath Economic Research Papers, No 21/14|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003707/http://www.bath.ac.uk/economics/research/working-papers/2014-papers/21-14.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Music=== {{main|Music of Sudan}} [[File:Drummer at Hamed el-Nil Mosque (8625532075).jpg|thumb|A [[Sufi]] [[dervish]] drums up the Friday afternoon crowd in [[Omdurman]].]] Charu cha Sudan chili na mitheto ya sumu iyo yikasuzga chomene ŵanthu. Pakwamba na kukhazikiskika kwa dango la Salafi la Sharia mu 1983, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakumanyikwa ŵa mu charu ichi nga ni Mahjoub Sharif ŵakakakika apo ŵanyake nga ni Mohammed el Amin (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan pakati pa ma 1990s) na Mohammed Wardi (uyo wakawelera ku Sudan mu 2003), ŵakachimbilira ku Cairo. Sumu za mu nyengo yakale nazo zikapwetekeka, ndipo viphikiro vya mu nyengo yakale vya Zār vikamara. Nyengo yeneyiyo, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe ŵakayambiska sumu za ku Sudan. Chiyelezgero ni ungano wa Shulkawi No. 1. Kumpoto kwa Sudan kuli sumu zakupambana na zinyake. Mu sumu yinyake iyo yikuchemeka Aldlayib, ŵakugwiliskira nchito cakwimbira cakucemeka Tambur. Chiŵiya ichi chili na vingwe vinkhondi, chili kupangika na khuni ndipo chikulizga sumu pamoza na ŵanthu awo ŵakwimba. ===Cinema === {{Main|Cinema of Sudan|Photography of Sudan}} Sinema ya ku Sudan yikamba na vithuzithuzi ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1956, filimu yakulongosora vya mdauko yikaŵa yakukhora, kweni boma la Chisilamu likapangiska kuti mafilimu ghachepe mu ma 1990. Kwambira mu 2010, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuwoneseska kuti mafilimu ghaŵaso ghakunozga kweniso kuti ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mafilimu. Kugwiliskira nchito vithuzi mu Sudan kukamba mu ma 1880 apo ufumu wa Britain na Eguputo ukalamuliranga. Nga ni umo vikaŵira mu vyaru vinyake, kucindikwa kwa vithuzithuzi pa nkhani za ŵanthu ŵanandi nga ni manyuzipepara, kweniso vya ŵanthu awo ŵakujambura vithuzithuzi, kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵamanye vinandi pa nkhani ya vithuzithuzi mu Sudan mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 2000, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu charu cha Sudan, chomenechomene chifukwa cha vithuzi vya digito. ===Clothing=== [[File:Bedscha.jpg|thumb|Bejia men wearing galabiyas]] Ŵanthu ŵanandi ku Sudan ŵakuvwara vyakuvwara vya ku Europe na vyakumwera. Ŵanalume ŵa ku Sudan ŵakutemwa kuvwara malaya ghakuchemeka jalabiya. Kanandi jalabiya wakuvwara chisoti chikuru na chigudulu, ndipo chakuvwara ichi chingaŵa chituŵa, cha mitundu yakupambanapambana, cha mikwawu, ndiposo chakuvwara chakupambanapambana, kuyana na nyengo ya chaka na ivyo munthu wakukhumba. Chovala chofala kwambiri cha akazi a ku Sudan ndi thobe kapena thawb, chomwe chimatchulidwa kuti tobe m'chinenero cha ku Sudan. Thube ni salu yitali yituŵa panji ya mitundu yakupambanapambana iyo ŵanakazi ŵakuvwara mu malaya ghawo, ndipo kanandi ŵakubisa mutu na sisi. Chifukwa cha dango la milandu ilo likaŵako mu 1991, ŵanakazi ŵakazomerezgekanga yayi kuvwara mathalauza pa wumba. Munthu uyo wakavwara mathalauza wakalangikanga kuti wapwetekenge na nthonga 40. Kweni mu 2009, mwanakazi munyake wakapika ndalama zakukwana madola 200.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/2009/09/06/woman_faces_40_lashes_for_wearing_trousers.html|title=Woman faces 40 lashes for wearing trousers|date=6 September 2009|newspaper=The Toronto Star|last1=Ross|first1=Oakland}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/08/world/africa/08sudan.html?_r=0| work=The New York Times |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Gettleman |first2=Waleed |last2=Arafat |title=Sudan Court Fines Woman for Wearing Trousers |date=8 September 2009}}</ref> ===Sport=== {{Main articles|Sudan national football team |Sudan women's national football team}} Nga umo viliri mu vyaru vinandi, mpira ndiwo ngwakuzirwa comene mu Sudan. Bungwe la mpira la Sudan Football Association likakhazikiskika mu chaka cha 1936 ndipo ndi umo likakhalira limoza mwa mabungwe ghakale chomene mu Africa. Ndipouli, pambere wupu wa football Association undaŵeko, chalo cha Sudan chikamba kuseŵera mpira uwo ukatoleka na ŵasilikari ŵa Britain kufuma ku Egypt. Mabungwe ena a ku Sudan omwe adakhazikitsidwa panthawiyo akuphatikizapo Al-Hilal Omdurman, Al-Merrikh, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mpira ukhale wotchuka mdzikolo. Khartoum League ndiyo yikaŵa ligi yakwamba ku Sudan. Kufuma mu Seputembala 2019, pakaŵa ligi ya ŵanakazi ya mpira iyo yikamba kufuma ku magulu gha ŵanakazi ghambura kulembeka. Mu chaka cha 2021, timu ya mpira ya ku Sudan yikwenela kakwamba mu chiphalizgano cha Arab Women's Cup, icho chikachitikira ku Cairo, Egypt. Chikwata cha mpira wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Sudan chikapikisana pa CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup ya 2018-2020 mu chigawo cha azimayi ndi amuna. Mu Juni 2022, Patricia Seif El Din El Haj, mwanakazi wakwamba wa ku Sudan uyo wakachitako maseŵero gha ku Africa, wakatoleka vithuzi na Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah wa ku Reuters, apo wakanozgekeranga kuluta ku Nigeria kunozgekera maseŵero gha Olimpiki mu 2024..<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=Reuters Pictures – Sudan-Women/Martial art |url=https://pictures.reuters.com/CS.aspx?VP3=SearchResult&VBID=2C0BXZ1THRXCM&SMLS=1&RW=1498&RH=904&POPUPPN=25&POPUPIID=2C0FQED8J07WH |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=pictures.reuters.com}}</ref> ==Wonaniso== {{Portal|Africa}} * [[Outline of Sudan]] * [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] ==Ukaboni== {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial">{{cite web |last = Reeves |first = Eric |author-link = Eric Reeves |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]], [[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance|IDEA]] |title = Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period |website= sudanreeves.org |date = 10 August 2019 |url = https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |access-date = 10 August 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190810213233/https://sudanreeves.org/2019/08/06/sudan-draft-constitutional-charter-for-the-2019-transitional-period/ |archive-date= 10 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec">{{cite web |others=[[Forces of Freedom and Change|FFC]], [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|TMC]] |title = (الدستوري Declaration (العربية)) |trans-title = (Constitutional Declaration) |language = ar |website= raisethevoices.org |date =4 August 2019 |url = http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |access-date = 5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805170905/http://raisethevoices.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/sudan-amendment.pdf |archive-date= 5 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> }} ==Vyamu mabuku== {{Scholia}} ; Mabuku * {{cite book |last=Adams |first=William Y. |title=Nubia. Corridor to Africa |year=1977 |publisher=Princeton University |isbn=978-0691093703}} * Berry, LaVerle B., ed. (2015). ''[https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo63176 Sudan: A Country Study]''. [[Library of Congress]] (Washington, D.C.) {{ISBN|978-0-8444-0750-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Beswick |first=Stephanie |title=Sudan's Blood Memory |url=https://archive.org/details/sudansbloodmemor0000besw |year=2004 |publisher=University of Rochester |isbn=978-1580462310}} * {{cite book|last=Brown|first=Richard P. C.|year=1992|title=Public Debt and Private Wealth: Debt, Capital Flight and the IMF in Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/publicdebtprivat00brow|publisher=Macmillan Publishers |location=London |isbn=978-0-333-57543-7}} * [[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Winston]] (1899; 2000). ''[[The River War|The River War: An Historical Account of the Reconquest of the Soudan]]''. Carroll & Graf (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-7867-0751-5}}. * {{cite book|last=Churchill|first=Winston|year=1902|title=The River War |chapter=The Rebellion of the Mahdi |edition=New and Revised |url=https://archive.org/stream/riverwarhistoric00chur}} * [[Paul Clammer|Clammer, Paul]] (2005). ''Sudan: The Bradt Travel Guide''. [[Bradt Travel Guides]] (Chalfont St. Peter); Globe Pequot Press. (Guilford, Connecticut). {{ISBN|978-1-84162-114-2}}. * {{cite book |last=Daly |title=Empire on the Nile|year=1986 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireonnileangl0000daly }}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * Evans-Pritchard, Blake; Polese, Violetta (2008). ''Sudan: The City Trail Guide''. City Trail Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-9559274-0-9}}. * {{cite book |last=Edwards |first=David |title=The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan |url=https://archive.org/details/nubianpastarchae0000edwa |year=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415369879}} * [[Mandour Elmahdi|El Mahdi, Mandour]]. (1965). A Short History of the Sudan. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-913158-9}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2005). ''The Problem of Dar Fur'', iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-36502-9}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2004). ''Short History of Sudan''. iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-31425-6}}. * Fadlalla, Mohamed H. (2007). ''UN Intervention in Dar Fur'', iUniverse (New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-595-42979-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Yusuf Fadl| title=The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century |url=https://archive.org/details/arabssudanfromse0000hass |year=1967 |publisher=Edinburgh University |oclc=33206034}} * {{cite book |last=Hesse |first=Gerhard |title=Die Jallaba und die Nuba Nordkordofans. Händler, Soziale Distinktion und Sudanisierung |year=2002 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3825858902 |language=de}} * {{cite book |last1=Holt |first1=P. M. |last2=Daly |first2=M. W. |title=History of the Sudan: From the coming of Islam to the present Day |year=2000 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-0582368866 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780582368866 }} * Jok, Jok Madut (2007). ''Sudan: Race, Religion and Violence''. Oneworld Publications (Oxford). {{ISBN|978-1-85168-366-6}}. * Köndgen, Olaf (2017). ''The Codification of Islamic Criminal Law in the Sudan. Penal Codes and Supreme Court Case Law under Numayri and al-Bashir''. Brill (Leiden, Boston). {{ISBN|9789004347434}}. * {{cite book |editor-last1=Levtzion |editor-first1=Nehemia |editor-last2=Pouwels |editor-first2=Randall |year=2000 |title=The History of Islam in Africa |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=9780821444610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC}} * {{cite book |last=Loimeier |first=Roman |title=Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology |url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsocietiesi0000loim |year=2013 |publisher=Indiana University |isbn=9780253007889}} * {{cite book |last=Morewood |year=1940 |title=The British Defence of Egypt 1935–40 |publisher=Suffolk}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * {{cite book |last=Morewood |year=2005 |title=The British of Egypt |publisher=Suffolk}}{{full citation needed|date=November 2020}} * [[Godfrey Mwakikagile|Mwakikagile, Godfrey]] (2001). ''Slavery in Mauritania and Sudan: The State Against Blacks'', in ''The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation''. Nova Science Publishers (Huntington, New York). {{ISBN|978-1-56072-936-5}}. * {{cite book |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R.S. |last2=Spaulding |first2=Jay L. |title=Kingdoms of the Sudan |year=1974 |publisher=Methuen Young Books |isbn=978-0416774504}} * Peterson, Scott (2001). ''Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda—A Journalist Reports from the Battlefields of Africa''. Routledge (London; New York City). {{ISBN|978-0-203-90290-5}}. * [[Gérard Prunier|Prunier, Gérard]] (2005). ''Darfur: The Ambiguous Genocide''. Cornell University Press (Ithaca, New York). {{ISBN|978-0-8014-4450-0}}. * {{cite book |last=Ruffini|first=Giovanni R. |year=2012 |title=Medieval Nubia. A Social and Economic History |publisher=Oxford University}} * {{cite book |last=Shackelford|first=Elizabeth |year=2020 |title=The Dissent Channel: American Diplomacy in a Dishonest Age |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn=978-1-5417-2448-8}} * {{cite book |last=Shinnie |first=P.L. |title=The Cambridge History of Africa. Volume 2 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory02fage |chapter=Christian Nubia. |editor=J.D. Fage |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University |year=1978 |pages=556–588 |isbn=978-0-521-21592-3}} * {{cite book |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Heroic Age in Sennar |year=1985 |publisher=Red Sea |isbn=978-1569022603}} * {{cite book |last=Suliman |first=Osman |year=2010 |title=The Darfur Conflict: Geography or Institutions? |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-83616-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hrn-dkM00koC}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Oriental Sources concerning Nubia |year=1975 |publisher=Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften |url=http://www.medievalnubia.info/dev/index.php/Giovanni_Vantini%27s_Oriental_Sources_Concerning_Nubia |oclc=174917032}} * {{cite book |last=Welsby |first=Derek |title=The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalkingdoms0000wels |year=2002 |publisher=British Museum |place=London |isbn=978-0714119472}} * {{cite book |last=Werner |first=Roland |title=Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche |year=2013 |publisher=Lit |isbn=978-3-643-12196-7|language=de}} * Zilfū, ʻIṣmat Ḥasan (translation: Clark, Peter) (1980). ''Karari: The Sudanese Account of the Battle of Omdurman''. Frederick Warne & Co (London). {{ISBN|978-0-7232-2677-2}}. ; Articles * "Sudan." Background Notes, U.S. Department of State, 2009. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A194470122/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=bb340529 online] * "Quo Vadis bilad as-Sudan? The Contemporary Framework for a National Interim Constitution". ''Law in Africa'' ([[Cologne]]; 2005). Vol. 8, pp.&nbsp;63–82. {{ISSN|1435-0963}}. * {{cite book |last=Lajtar |first=Adam |chapter=Qasr Ibrim's last land sale, AD 1463 (EA 90225) |title=Nubian Voices. Studies in Christian Nubian Culture |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/5857688}} * {{cite journal |last=Martens-Czarnecka |first=Malgorzata |year=2015 |title=The Christian Nubia and the Arabs |url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.hdl_11089_18404 |journal=Studia Ceranea |volume=5 |pages=249–265 |issn=2084-140X|doi=10.18778/2084-140X.05.08 |doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |journal=Sudan&Nubia |volume=15 |year=2011 |title=Palaces in the Mountains: An Introduction to the Archaeological Heritage of the Sultanate of Darfur |url=https://issuu.com/sudarchrs/docs/s_n15_mcgregor |pages=129–141}} * {{cite journal |last=Peacock |first=A.C.S. |title=The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries |year=2012 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=75| issue=1 |pages=87–11 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X11000838}} * {{cite journal |last=Sharkey |first=Heather J. |title=Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity and Race |year=2007 |url=http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |pages=21–43 |journal=African Affairs |volume=107 |issue=426 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adm068 |access-date=24 September 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012152657/http://southsudanhumanitarianproject.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/formidable/Sharkey-J.-2007-Arab-Identity-and-Ideology-in-Sudan-The-Politics-of-Language-Ethnicity-and-Race2-annotated.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |last=Spaulding |first=Jay |title=The Fate of Alodia |journal=Meroitic Newsletter |volume=15 |year=1974 |url=http://www.meroiticnewsletter.org/MeroNews15.pdf#page=13&zoom=125(0,0) |pages=12–30 |issn=1266-1635}} * {{cite book |last=Vantini |first=Giovanni |title=Acta Nubica. Proceedings of the X International Conference of Nubian Studies Rome 9–14 September 2002 |editor= Alessandro Roccati and Isabella Caneva |year=2006 |chapter=Some new light on the end of Soba |pages=487–491 |publisher=Libreria Dello Stato |isbn=978-88-240-1314-7}} ; Intaneti * {{cite web |last1=O'Fahey |first1=R. S. |last2=Tubiana |first2=Jérôme |year=2007 |title=Darfur. Historical and Contemporary Aspects |url=https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228022400/https://org.uib.no/smi/darfur/A%20DARFUR%20WHOS%20WHO3.pdf |url-status=dead }} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Sister project links|Sudan|voy=Sudan}} * [http://www.sudan.gov.sd/index.php/en Government of Sudan] website * [https://rainerebert.com/2017/08/25/archaeological-sites-in-sudan/ Archaeological sites in Sudan] * {{GovPubs|sudan}} * {{curlie|Regional/Africa/Sudan}} * {{Wikiatlas|Sudan}} * {{osmrelation-inline|192789}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ Sudan]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Sudan |volume= 26 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= |pages = 9–19 ||short= 1}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14094995 Sudan profile] from [[BBC News]] * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/127199474/CIMIC-activities-int-he-African-Union-Mission-in-Sudan%20 CIMIC activities in the African Union Mission in Sudan] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FAYxXu53m04 The conflict in South Sudan] – ''[[The Economist]]'' * [https://unamid.unmissions.org/ UNAMID {{!}} UNITED NATIONS – AFRICAN UNION HYBRID OPERATION IN DARFUR] {{Sudan topics|state=collapsed}} {{coord|15|N|032|E|region:SD_type:country|display=title}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Sudan]] <!--Keep at top (category corresponding to article), with a blank space, to keep this article at the top of the category.--> [[Category:1956 establishments in Africa]] [[Category:Arabic-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Countries in Africa]] [[Category:East African countries]] [[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]] [[Category:Federal republics]] [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Member states of the African Union]] [[Category:Member states of the Arab League]] [[Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:Member states of the United Nations]] [[Category:Military dictatorships]] [[Category:Saharan countries]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1956]] cl5ajfs16lhf251x4ugnwbvuu9qq7oy 0 46107 123373 122509 2026-11-01T23:18:54Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|British explorer and missionary to Africa (1813–1873)}} {{other people}} {{Use British English|date=September 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = David Livingstone | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRGS|FRS}} | image = David Livingstone by Thomas Annan.jpg | caption = Livingstone in 1864 | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1813|3|19}} | birth_place = [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], in Scotland | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1873|5|1|1813|3|19}}<ref name="BBC2014">{{cite web | title = David Livingstone (1813–1873) | work = BBC - History - Historic Figures | date = 2014 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/livingstone_david.shtml }}</ref> | death_place = [[Livingstone Memorial|Chief Chitambo's Village]], Kingdom of Kazembe {{awrap|(today [[Northern Province, Zambia]])}} | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|51.499444|-0.1275}} | known_for = Proselytizing Christianity, exploration of Africa, and meeting with [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Mary Moffat Livingstone|Mary Moffat]]|January 1845|27 April 1862|end=d}} | children = 6 }} '''David Livingstone''' (19 Malichi 1813 - 4 Meyi 1873) wakaŵa dokotala wa ku Scotland<ref name=":0" />, Congregationalist, mupayiniya wa mishonale wachikhristu na London Missionary Society<ref name=":0" />, na explorer ku Africa, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti waleke wuzga; yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵakumanyikwa chomene ŵa ku Britain mu nyengo ya Victorian ya 19th century. David wakaŵa mfumu wa Mary Moffat Livingstone, uyo wakafuma mu mbumba yakumanyikwa ya ŵamishonale ya mu virimika vya m'ma 1700, Moffat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Paul |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/853507173 |title=David Livingstone, Africa's greatest explorer : the man, the missionary and the myth |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-78155-333-6 |location=Stroud |pages=50 |oclc=853507173}}</ref> Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wavinjeru uyo wakacitanga vinthu vinandi vyakupambanapambana. Wakaŵa mishonale wa Chiprotesitanti uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambiri, munthu uyo wakajipeleka kuti waŵe musambazi, wasayansi, wakwendakwenda, wakunozga vinthu, wakususka wuzga, na wakukhozgera kuti Britain yisandenge malonda ghake na kukhazikiska maufumu ghanyake.<ref name="Easton2017">{{cite web | title = Why don't many British tourists visit Victoria Falls? | last = Easton | first = Mark | work = BBC News | date = 3 September 2017 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41083374 }}</ref> Livingstone wakamanyikwanga kuti ni munthu uyo wakakhumbanga kumanya uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile, ndipo wakagomezganga kuti usange wangawuskapo cisisi ici, wamanyikwenge kuti wacitengepo kanthu kuti walekeske malonda gha ŵazga mu caru ca East Africa. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Maji gha mu Nile ghali na candulo cifukwa ca kunovwira kuti niŵe na nkhongono pakati pa ŵanthu. Nkhongono iyi [ndiyo] nkhugomezga kuti yizamumazga suzgo likuru".{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | p=289}} Wakamba kupenja malo ghakupambanapambana gha ku Central Africa, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Europe]] ŵasange malo ghakupambanapambana mu Africa. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo pera, maulendo ghake gha umishonale, "kuzgeŵa", na nyifwa yake mu Africa, ndiposo kuzunurika kwake nga ni munthu wakuzirwa mu 1874 vikapangiska kuti paŵe maubwezi ghanandi gha Ŵakhristu ŵa ku Central Africa.<ref name="Mackenzie1990">{{cite book|last=Mackenzie|first=John M. |editor1-first=Graham |editor1-last=Walker|editor2-first=Tom |editor2-last=Gallagher|title=Sermons and battle hymns: Protestant popular culture in modern Scotland|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpZnAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-0217-9|chapter=David Livingstone: The Construction of the Myth}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == [[File:Birthplace of david livingstone.jpg|thumb|Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre]], [[South Lanarkshire]], Scotland]] [[File:David Livingstones birthplace (geograph 4530192).jpg|thumb|David Livingstone's birthplace, with period furnishings]] Livingstone wakababika pa 19 March 1813 mu tawuni ya Blantyre, Scotland, mu nyumba ya ŵantchito ŵa fakitare ya thonje pa m'mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Clyde pasi pa mlatho uwo ukujumpha mu Bothwell.<ref name="nts.org.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |title=David Livingstone Centre: Birthplace Of Famous Scot |access-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212012712/https://www.nts.org.uk/Property/23/ |archive-date=12 February 2007 |url-status=bot: unknown |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wakaŵa mwana waciŵiri pa ŵana ŵankhondi na ŵaŵiri ŵa Neil Livingstone (1788 ⁇ 1856) na muwoli wake Agnes (née Hunter; 1782- 1865). Apo Davide wakaŵa na vilimika khumi, wakamba kugwira nchito pa fakitare ya Henry Monteith & Co. ku Blantyre Works. Iyo na mudumbu wake John, ŵakagwiranga nchito ya maora 12 pa zuŵa, ŵakakakiliranga visulo vya thonje pa makina ghakusonera. Neil Livingstone wakaŵa msambizgi wa Sande sukulu ndipo wakakananga kumwa moŵa, ndipo wakagaŵiranga mathirakiti gha Cikhristu paulendo wake wa kuguliska tiyi nyumba na nyumba. Wakaŵazga comene mabuku ghakukhwaskana na cisopo, vyamwendakwenda, na mauteŵeti gha umishonale. Ivi vikamovwira kuti waŵe munthu wakutemwa kuŵazga, kweniso kuti wasangenge [[vinyama]], vyakumera, na vinthu vinyake mu migodi ya malibwe. Neil wakafipanga mtima kuti mabuku gha sayansi ghangatimbanizga Cikristu ndipo wakayezga kucicizga mwana wake kuti waŵazgenge vya cisopo pera, kweni David wakatemwanga comene vinthu vya cilengiwa na sayansi, ndipo ici cikamupangiska kuti wasande umo cisopa na sayansi vikukolerana.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | p=6}} Mu 1832, wakaŵazga buku la Thomas Dick lakuti Philosophy of a Future State, ndipo wakasanga fundo izo zikamovwira kuti wagwirizaniske cisopa na sayansi. Padera pa Baibolo, buku ili ndilo likamovwira comene pa nkhani ya vinjeru.<ref name="Blaikie1880">{{cite book|last=Blaikie|first=William Garden|author-link=William Garden Blaikie |title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone... Chiefly from His Unpublished Journals and Correspondence in the Possession of His Family|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13262|year=1880|publisher=John Murray|location=London|via=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> Ŵanyake awo ŵakamovwira comene apo wakaŵa mwana ŵakaŵa Thomas Burke, mupharazgi wa mu Blantyre, na David Hogg, msambizgi wake wa Sunday school. Apo wakaŵa na virimika 15, David wakafumamo mu Church of Scotland na kuluta ku mpingo wa Congregational, ndipo wakapusikika na ŵapharazgi nga ni Ralph Wardlaw, awo ŵakakananga kuti munthu wangapona cifukwa ca kugomezga kuti vinthu vyose vili kulembekerathu. Pakuti Livingstone wakasambizgika visambizgo vya ŵanthu ŵa ku United States, wakazomera fundo iyo Charles Finney, uyo ni Pulofesa wa vya cisopa pa Oberlin College, ku [[Ohio]], wakayowoya yakuti "mzimu utuŵa ukupelekeka kwa wose awo ŵakuwulomba". Kwa Livingstone, ici cikang'anamuranga kuti walekerethu kopa kuti wazamuparanyika kwamuyirayira. Livingstone wakati waŵazga buku la Karl Gützlaff, ilo likayowoyanga za visopa vya ku Britain na America, wakaciska adada ŵake kuti ŵasambire vya udokotala kuti ŵasange nchito ya kusopa. Ivyo vikacitikira Livingstone ku H. Mulimo wa ku Blantyre uwo Monteith wakacitanga, ukaŵawovwiranga chomene ŵana awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyapakati pa 10 na 26. Mulimo uwu ukaŵa wakukhumbikwa kuti wovwire mbumba yake iyo yikaŵa yambura ndalama zinandi, kweni ukamusambizga kuti waŵe wakuzizipizga, ndiposo kuti waŵenge walusungu na wose awo ŵakugwira nchito, nga ni umo wakalongolera mu mazgu agho wakacemerezganga mu sumu ya Robert Burns yakuti: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that".{{efn|This sentiment today would be expressed along the lines of: "all people, worldwide, are brothers and sisters, despite everything."<ref name="Blaikie1880" />}} ==Masambilo== Livingstone wakasambiranga pa sukulu ya mu muzi wa Blantyre, pamoza na ŵana ŵanyake awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya ku fakitare nangauli ŵakagwiranga nchito maora 14 pa zuŵa (6 koloko mulenji mpaka 8 koloko mise). Cifukwa cakuti wakaŵa na mbumba iyo yikalimbikiranga comene kusambira, wakasambira vinandi. Apo wakaŵa na vilimika 21, wakakondwa comene na kapepara ako adada ŵake ŵakapokera kufuma ku chalichi ako kakayowoyanga ivyo Gützlaff wakacema ŵamishonale kuti ŵalute ku China, ndipo kakayowoyanga kuti ŵamishonale ŵakwenera kusambizgika kuŵa ŵadokotala. Awiske ŵakamukhorweska, ndipo nga umo ŵakacitiranga ŵana ŵanyake ku Scotland, Livingstone wakeneranga kusanga vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo wake, na kuzomerezgana na ŵalaŵiliri ŵa fakitare, ndipo wakeneranga kugwira nchito yake yakale kufuma pa Isitara m'paka Okutobala. Mu 1836, wakasambira ku Anderson's University, ku Glasgow, ndipo wakasambiranga vyaumoyo na chemistry. Kweniso wakasambiranga vya cisopa na Richard Wardlaw, uyo wakalimbananga na wuzga.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=9–12}}<ref name="education">{{cite web |first1=Christopher |last1= Lawrence| editor-last =Wisnicki | editor-first =Adrian S. | editor-last2 =Ward | editor-first2 = Megan | title=Livingstone's Medical Education | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstones-medical-education |year= 2015 | access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="UnivGlas">{{cite web | title = The University of Glasgow Story : David Livingstone | work = University of Glasgow | date = n.d. | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180712154315/https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0220&type=P | archive-date = 12 July 2018 }}</ref> Kuti wanjire sukulu ya udokotala, wakakhumbikwiranga kumanya Cilatini, ndipo wakasambizgikanga na Daniel Gallagher (uyo pamasinda wakaŵa wasembe, ndipo wakambiska chalichi la St. Simon's, ku Partick). Livingstone wakalimbikiranga comene nchito, wakasambira comene vya sayansi na vya cipatala, ndipo wakasanga ŵabwezi ŵanandi, kusazgapo Andrew Buchanan na James Young.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=13–14}} Pa nyengo iyo, gulu la London Missionary Society (LMS) ndilo likaŵa likuru comene pa gulu la ŵamishonale mu caru ici. Mu Okutobala 1837 wakalembeska ku LMS, ndipo mu Janyuwale ŵakamutumira mafumbo agho wakazgora. Wakazgoreka yayi m'paka apo wakacemekera ku maungano ghaŵiri mu Ogasiti 1838. Pamanyuma pake wakapokelereka nga ni mulondezgi, ndipo wakapika masambiro ghakwambilira ku Ongar, Essex, nga ni umo ŵakambira masambiro kuti waŵe muteŵeti mu mpingo wa Congregational Union wakutumikira mu LMS, m'malo mwa masambiro ghakwambilira gha mishonale. Ku Ongar, iyo na ŵasambiri ŵanyake 6 ŵakasambiranga Cigiriki, Cilatini, Cihebere, na vya cisopa kwa Reverend Richard Cecil, uyo mu Janyuwale 1839 wakawona kuti nangauli Livingstone wakaŵa "wakujikuzga" kweniso "wakusuzga", kweni wakaŵa na "maghanoghano ghawemi, wakukhazikika, wakutemwa kusesa, kweniso wakaŵa na nkharo yiwemi. Pakati pajumpha mwezi umoza, wakalutilira kughanaghana kuti Livingstone "wakaŵa wakunozgeka yayi" kuti wasambire vya cisopa ku Cheshunt College, ndipo wakaŵa "wakwenelera kweni wakaŵa kuti walije mahara". Mu Juni 1839 ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS ŵakazomera Livingstone, ndipo ŵakazomera pempho lake lakuti walutilire kusambira na Cecil ku Ongar mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika, ndipo pamanyuma pake LMS yikamovwira kuti wasambire vya udokotala ku London. Kuti wasambire vya chipatala, wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Charing Cross Hospital Medical School. Pa 16 November 1840 wakaba Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (mu 1857 wakaba Honorary Fellow of the Faculty). Pa Novembala 20, 1840, Livingstone wakimikika kuŵa muteŵeti wa mpingo, pamoza na William Ross, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale ku South Africa, mu mpingo wa Albion Chapel, ku Finsbury. Cecil na J. J. Freeman.<ref name="Albion Chapel">{{cite book | title=The Evangelical Magazine and Missionary Chronicle | issue=v. 19 | year=1841 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4eI6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 | access-date=15 March 2022 | page=50}}</ref> ==Vision for Africa== [[File: Dance of Landeens.jpg|thumb|[[Zulu people|Zulu]] dance, at [[Chupanga|Shupanga]] on the [[Zambesi]] to collect tribute from Portuguese merchants.]] Nangauli Livingstone wakazomera pempho la Gützlaff lakuti ŵamishonale ŵapharazgike ku China, kweni cifukwa cakuti Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Opiyamu yikaŵa pafupi, ŵalara ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵaleke kutuma ŵanthu ku China. Wakati wapempha kuti wakakhaleko nyengo yitali ku Ongar, Cecil wakamuphalira kuti ŵakukhumba kuti iyo wagwirenge nchito ku West Indies "m'malo mwa ku South Africa". Pa Julayi 2, 1839, wakalembera kalata ŵalara ŵa LMS kuti ku West Indies kukaŵa ŵadokotala ŵanandi, ndipo nyengo zose wakakhumbanga kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya pa charu chapasi m'malo mwa kukakhala ku malo ghakupambanapambana. Wati wazomerezgana na gulu la LMS, wakalutilira kusambira vya cisopa na Cecil mpaka kuumaliro wa cilimika ici, ndipo pamasinda wakambiraso masambiro gha udokotala. Mu Janyuwale 1840, wakati wamba masambiro ghake, wakawelera ku sukulu ya Mrs. Nyumba iyo Sewell wakakhalanga apo wakaŵa mishonale ku Aldersgate.<ref name="education" />{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=19–20}} Ŵanji awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha nyengo na nyengo ŵakizanga kucezga na mishonale Robert Moffat, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa ku England na mbumba yake kuti waŵapharazgire vya mulimo wa LMS ku Kuruman, South Africa. Livingstone wakamufumba kanandi waka vya Africa, ndipo nga umo Moffat wakalongosolera pamanyuma, wakati: "Nyengo na nyengo wakanifumbanga usange ine nkhugomezga kuti wangawovwira ku Africa. Nkhamuphalira kuti ine nkhugomezga kuti wangacita nthena, usange wangaluta ku malo ghakale yayi, kweni ku malo ghambura ŵanthu, chomenechomene ku mapiri ghakumpoto, uko nyengo zinyake nkhawonanga josi la mizi yikuruyikuru, uko kulije mishonale uyo wali kufikapo". Iyo wakakondwa na umo Moffat wakawoneranga mulimo wa umishonale kumpoto kwa Bechuanaland, kweniso nkhani ya Chikhristu na malonda. John Philip, uyo wakaŵa mishonale wa LMS, wakati wadumbiskana na Fowell Buxton, uyo wakakhumbanga kuti boma lilekerethu mulimo wa kupharazga, wakalemba buku la Researches in South Africa mu 1828. Fundo iyi yikakhozgeka na Livingstone apo wakaluta ku ungano uwo ukacitikira ku Exeter Hall pa Juni 1, 1840. Pa ungano uwu, Buxton wakalongosora mwakukhorweska kuti malonda gha ŵazga ku Africa ghamalenge usange ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko, m'malo mwa kuguliska ŵazga, ŵangasanga vinthu vyakukhumbikwa ku Europe kwizira mu "malonda ghaunenesko".<ref name="Vetch1893">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Livingstone, David|first=Robert Hamilton|last=Vetch|authorlink=Robert Hamilton Vetch|p=385|volume=33}}</ref>{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=24–25}} ===Mission stations=== Livingstone wakafumako ku London pa Novembala 17, 1840, ndipo wakaluta ku Cape of Good Hope, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake ŵaŵiri ŵa LMS: Ross, uyo wakasankhika pa uteŵeti umoza na iyo, na muwoli wake. Pa ulendo utali uwu, wakasambira ciyowoyero ca Cidachi na Citswana, ndipo kapiteni wakamusambizga comene umo ŵangendeskera sitima. Mu Rio de Janeiro, mwakupambana na maboti ghanyake ghaŵiri, iyo wakafika pa mtunda ndipo wakakondwa na tchalitchi na malo agho ghakaŵa ku mtunda, kweni wakakondwa yayi na uloŵevu wa ŵantchito ŵa sitima ŵa ku Britain na ŵa ku America, ntheura wakaŵagaŵira mathirakiti mu malo ghakunjilira moŵa. Pa 15 March 1841, ngaraŵa yikafika ku Simon's Bay, ndipo kwa mwezi umoza, ŵanthu ŵatatu aŵa ŵakakhala mu msumba wa Cape Town pamoza na mfumu na muwoli wa Philip. Nga ni mulongozgi wa LMS, Philip wakalutilira na ndondomeko yawo yakuti ŵanthu wose ŵakaŵa ŵakuyana pamaso pa Chiuta na dango, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe na mphindano na ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boers, na awo ŵakakhalanga ku Britain. Ŵamishonale ŵakakolerana nayo yayi nkhani iyi, kweniso ŵakakolerana yayi na fundo yakuti wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Griqua ndiwo ŵapharazgenge. Ŵanyake, nga ni Moffatt, ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵapharazgenge mu vigaŵa vinyake. Pakaŵaso mphindano pakati pa ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito za mawoko, na ŵamishonale awo ŵakaŵikika kuŵa ŵalaŵiliri.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=25, 33–36, 37–40}} Ngalaŵa iyi yikaluta na Livingstone na mbumba yake ku Algoa Bay, ndipo kufuma pa 19 Meyi mpaka pa 31 Julayi ŵakenda pa ngolo ya ng'ombe kuluta ku Kuruman Mission. Mbumba ya Moffat yikaŵa kuti yindawelere kufuma ku Britain, ndipo iyo wakajiŵikamo comene mu umoyo wa Ŵatswana. Kufuma mu Seputembala mpaka kuumaliro wa Disembala, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 1,210 na mishonale Roger Edwards, uyo wakaŵa ku Kuruman kwambira mu 1830. Ŵakacezgera na kudumbiskana malo ghakucemeka Mabotsa, Botswana, kufupi na Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa. Mu 1842, Livingstone wakaluta ku Africa na ŵanyake ŵaŵiri, Paul na Mebalwe, awo ŵakaŵa ŵamishonale. Mu Juni 1843, Edwards wakazomelezgeka na LMS kuti wakhazikiske malo gha mishoni pamoza na muwoli wake ku Mabotsa. Livingstone wakasamukira ku malo agha na kukolerana nawo, ndipo wakaŵawovwira pa mulimo wa kuzenga. Wakalembera kalata Arthur Tidman, uyo wakaŵa mulembi wa LMS, kuti waŵenge wakukondwa kucemeka Mabotsa kuti "ntchigaŵa ca nchito yane", kweni waŵenge wakunozgeka "kuya kulikose, kweni kunthazi pera". Mu Janyuwale 1844, mbumba ya Moffat yikati yafika ku Mlonga wa Vaal pamoza na mbumba zinyake ziŵiri za ŵamishonale, Livingstone wakaluta kukakumana nawo, ndipo wakakhala mu ngolo ya Moffat na kuyowoya na Robert kwa maora ghanandi mu ulendo wa mazuŵa 17 panji 18 wa ku Kuruman. Aka kakaŵa kakwamba kuti wakumane na mwana wawo Mary, uyo wakababikira na kukulira ku Africa.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=44–46, 49}}[[File:David Livingstone attacked by a lion in Africa. Lithograph. Wellcome V0018847.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Deacon Mebalwe shooting, distracting the lion which had overpowered Livingstone.]] [[File:Livingstone and the Lion.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Livingstone Memorial Sculpture in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland]] Pa 16 February, Mebalwe na Livingstone ŵakamba kuvikilira mberere zawo. Livingstone wakawona nkharamu yikuru, kweni apo iyo wakayeghanga katundu, nkharamu iyi yikamuwukira, yikamudinya woko lake lamazere, ndipo yikamugwaza pasi. Mebalwe wakaponoska umoyo wa nkhalamu apo wakayizguzga kuti yikome nkharamu. Nayo wakuluma. Mwanalume munyake uyo wakayezga kumugwaza na mkondo wakalasika pambere wandafwe. Nangauli Livingstone wakaphwanya chiwangwa, kweni iyo na Edwards ŵakakhozga ubwezi wawo. Wakaluta ku Kuruman kuti wakachizgike, ndipo mwana wa Moffat, zina lake Mary, ndiyo wakamupweleleranga. Woko lake likachizgika, ndipo likamba kumuwuska na futi, nangauli likalutilira kumusuzga umoyo wake wose, ndipo wakatondekanga kuwuska woko lake kujumpha pa chiŵegha. Livingstone na Mary ŵakatorana pa Janyuwale 9, 1845. Livingstone wakeneranga kuleka uteŵeti wake wakwamba wa umishonale ku Mabotsa mu caru ca Botswana mu 1845 cifukwa ca mphindano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa iyo na Rogers Edwards, uyo nayo wakaŵa mishonale, ndiposo cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Bakgatla ŵakaleka kupulikira makani ghawemi. Mu 1847, wakaleka uteŵeti wake wa ku Chonuane cifukwa ca njara, kweniso cifukwa cakuti ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Boer ŵakaŵa pafupi, ndipo wakakhumbanga "kusamukira ku vigaŵa vinyake". Ku Kolobeng Mission, Livingstone wakang'anamura maghanoghano gha mulongozgi Sechele mu 1849 pamanyuma pa vilimika viŵiri vya kulimbikira kumunyengelera. Pakati pajumpha myezi yichoko waka, Sechele wakafwa.<ref name="Livingstone1960">{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor=Isaac Schapera|title=Livingstone's private journals, 1851–1853|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgQrAAAAIAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of California Press|page=304}}</ref> ==Exploration of southern and central Africa== [[File:Map livingstone travels africa.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The journeys of Livingstone in Africa between 1851 and 1873]] Livingstone na William Cotton Oswell ŵakaluta kutali kumpoto kwa Kolobeng kuti ŵasambire ciyowoyero ca Tswana na kusanga malo ghakukhala ŵamishonale. Mu 1849 ŵakambuka mapopa gha Kalahari na kufika pa Nyanja ya Ngami. Mu 1850, Royal Geographical Society yikamuwonga ndipo yikamupa wachi wa chronometer chifukwa cha ulendo wake wa ku nyanja yikuru ya Ngami. Wakapulika za mlonga uwo ukwenera kuti ukaŵa "msewu ukuru" uwo ukafikanga ku nyanja, ndipo mu Ogasiti 1851 ŵakafika ku Zambezi, uko wakagomezganga kuti kukaŵa "kiyi wakunjilira mu vyaru vya mukati". Mu 1852, wakati watuma mbumba yake ku Britain, Livingstone wakaluta kumpoto ku muzi wa Linyanti pa mlonga wa Zambezi, uwo ukaŵa pakati pa mphepete ya kumafumiro na kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Africa. Ŵakafika mu msumba wa Luanda ku [[Portugal]] mu Meyi 1854 pamanyuma pa masuzgo ghanandi na nyifwa iyo yikaŵa pafupi kucitika ya Livingstone. Livingstone wakamanya kuti ulendo uwu ukaŵa wakusuzga comene ku ŵamalonda ŵa munthazi, ntheura wakawelera ku Linyanti. Pamanyuma pake, pamoza na ŵanalume 114 ŵa fuko la Kololo, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na mulongozgi uyu, ŵakanyamuka kuya ku Zambezi. Pa ulendo uwu, wakaŵa munthu wakwamba ku Europe kuwona maji ghakututuka gha Mosi-oa-Tunya, agho wakathya zina lakuti Victoria Falls, mu zina la Fumukazi Victoria. Paumaliro wakafika ku Quelimane pa Nyanja ya India, ndipo wakapanga mapu gha nthowa ya mu mlonga wa Zambezi.{{sfn | Jeal | 2013 | pp=126, 147–8}}<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> Pa cifukwa ici, Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kujumpha mu caru ca Africa pa mtunda uwu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamulumba kuti "wakajura" caru ca Africa, kweni pakaŵa kale nthowa zinandi za malonda. Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakanjira mu caru ca Africa kufuma ku vigaŵa vyose viŵiri, mu 1853 na 1854 ŵamalonda ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Arabia ŵakambukira ku Zanzibar kuluta ku Benguela, ndipo ca m'ma 1800 ŵamalonda ŵa ku Angola ŵakambukira ku [[Mozambique]].{{sfn|Jeal|1973b|p=159}} [[File:Preaching from a Waggon (David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Livingstone preaching the gospel to unconverted Africans. Like other missionaries of the era he had a low success rate and is credited with a single conversion.{{sfn|Jeal|1973b}}]] Livingstone wakakhumbanga kuti ku Central Africa kuŵe malonda na visopa, kweni wakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵa ku Africa ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito na Ŵaphwitikizi ŵa ku Tete na Ŵaarabu ŵa ku Kilwa. Mazgu ghake agho ghakalembeka pa chikhwangwani chake ku Victoria Falls ghakaŵa "Chikhristu, Malonda na Civilization", ndipo wakagomezganga kuti ghazamuzgora malonda gha ŵazga na kupeleka ntchindi ku ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Wakagomezganga kuti nthowa yakufiskira vilato ivi yikaŵa yakuti Mlonga wa Zambezi uŵe nthowa yikuru yakwendeskera malonda gha Ŵakhristu mu vyaru vya mukati.<ref name="Holmes1996">{{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Tim |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-86872-012-5|chapter=The History}}</ref> ===Author and campaigner=== Wakawelera ku Britain mu Disembala 1856. Mu 1855, wupu wa Royal Geographical Society ukamupa nkhombo ya Patron's Medal cifukwa ca ivyo wakacita ku Africa. Wati wacicizgika na wupu wa London Missionary Society, wakalemba buku lake lakucemeka kuti Missionary Travels, ilo mu 1857 likalembeka na John Murray. Buku ili likaŵa la malonda comene. Buku ili likaŵa na nkhani za sayansi, ndipo likalongosoranga makora vya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Wakayowoya kuti mauteŵeti gha umishonale na "malonda gha pamtunda" pa mlonga wa pakati pa Africa vizamumazga malonda gha ŵazga.<ref name="Life & Expeditions">{{cite web |first1=Adrian S. |last1=Wisnicki |first2= Megan |last2=Ward | title=Livingstone's Life & Expeditions | website=Livingstone Online | url=https://livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions |year=2015| access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref>{{sfn | Livingstone | 1857 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n122 92], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n740 679–680, 683]}} [[File:Gang of Captives at Mbame’s.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Slave traders and their captives bound in chains and collared with 'taming sticks'. From Livingstone's ''Narrative'']] Livingstone wakakhozgeka comene na umo ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain ŵakacitira na ivyo wakasanga, kweniso ŵakamovwira kuti wacitenge maulendo ghanyake. Wakayowoya kuti wakambenge kupenjerezga malo ghanyake, kuti wasange nthowa za malonda izo wakagomezganga kuti zingatora malo gha malonda gha ŵazga, m'malo mwa kupenja nthowa za umishonale. Wupu wa London Missionary Society (LMS) ukati wamanya ivyo wakakhumbanga kucita, ukamutumira kalata, iyo Livingstone wakapokera ku Quelimane, na kumuwonga cifukwa ca ulendo wake, kweni ukati ŵalongozgi ŵa wupu uwu "ŵakakanizgika kovwira kuti mulimo wa kupharazga makani ghawemi ufike patali". Wakakana kuti ŵambe kuzenga misasa yinyake kumpoto kwa Zambezi, ndipo wakakhumbanga kuti Zambezi yiŵe nthowa yakwendeskera malonda mu vyaru vinyake, kweni wakakhumba yayi kuleka LMS nyengo yeneyiyo. Apo Roderick Murchison, pulezidenti wa Royal Geographical Society, wakadumbiskana nayo na nduna ya vya caru, Livingstone wakayowoyapo cilicose yayi ku ŵalongozgi ŵa LMS, nanga ni apo cikawonekanga kuti boma ndilo lizamugwiliskira nchito ndalama pakwendeska ulendo wa ku Zambezi. Wakaphalira mubwezi wake kuti: "Nindamanye vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Boma, kweni nkhumanya vinandi vyakukhwaskana na Sosaite (LMS)". Mu 1857, Livingstone wakafumapo pa gulu la London Missionary Society, ndipo mu Meyi wa cilimika ici, wakimikika kuŵa mulara wa boma la ku Mozambique. Mu Febuluwale 1858, boma likati malo agho wakenera kulamulira ni "mafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa na vigaŵa vya mukati mwa Africa". Apo wakadumbiskananga na boma kuti waŵe Konsolo, ŵa LMS ŵakaghanaghananga kuti wawelerenge ku Africa na ulendo wawo wa ku Kololo ku Barotseland, uko Livingstone wakawovwira. Paumaliro, mishonale yumoza, muwoli wake, muwoli wa mishonale munyake, na ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakafwa na maleriya. Livingstone wakakumana na viyezgo vinandi pa ulendo wake wakwamba, kweni wakapulikiska yayi masuzgo agho wakakumana nagho, ndipo wakajumphizga kughanaghanira za caru ico ŵakasangako, ntheura ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakaluta ku malo gha mathipa uku ŵakaŵa na cakurya cambura kukwana ca quinine. Munthu munyake wakulemba mbiri ya ŵanthu zina lake Tim Jeal, wakawona kuti nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti Livingstone wakatondeka kucita makora vinthu vinyake, ndipo wakalongora kuti nyengo zose wakaŵikanga vilato vyake na ntchito yake pakwamba kuluska umoyo wa ŵanthu ŵanyake. Pa nyengo iyi Livingstone wakaŵa munthu wakumanyikwa comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga kuti wayowoyenge nkhani pa wumba, ndipo wakasankhika kuŵa mu Royal Society. Wakapokera ndalama zinandi ku boma kuti wawovwire pa ulendo wake wakulondezgapo. Kweniso boma likamupa ndalama zakukwana £5,000 kuti wawone umo ŵamalonda ŵa ku Britain ŵangagwilira nchito pa Mlonga wa Zambezi.<ref name="Life & Expeditions" /> ===Zambezi expedition===<!-- This section is linked from [[Zambezi]] --> Mu Disembala 1857, ofesi ya munthavi yikanozga kuti yilute na gulu likuru. Mu Janyuwale 1858 wakazomera kulongozga ulendo waciŵiri wa ku Zambezi pamoza na ŵalara ŵa ŵasilikari ŵankhondi na yumoza. Boti lakucemeka Ma Robert likapangika mwaluŵiro ndipo likanyamulika mu boti la Colonial Office la Pearl, ilo likaluta nalo ku Ceylon. Ŵakafumako pa 10 March, ndipo ŵakaluta ku Freetown na kutora ŵanthu 12 ŵa mtundu wa Kru kuti ŵakateŵetere pa sitima ya pa mlonga, ndipo ŵakafika pa Zambezi pa 14 May. Ŵakaghanaghana kuti ngalaŵa zose ziŵiri ziŵawovwire kuti ŵende mu mlonga na kukhazikapo malo, kweni pakaŵa pakusuzga kuti ngalaŵa zijumphemo para zajumpha mu Cahora Bassa rapids. Pearl wakataya katundu wawo pa cirwa ico cikaŵa pa mtunda wa makilomita 64 kufuma uko kukaŵa boti ili. Kufuma pa malo agha, Ma Robert wakendanga mwakuzizima, ndipo ŵakamuguzira mu maji ghanandi. Mlonga uwu ukaŵa malo gha nkhondo, ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa ku Portugal na ŵazga ŵawo ŵakarwanga nkhondo na Ŵachikunda ŵa ku Matakenya (Mariano) awo ŵakakhumbanga ŵazga, kweni wose ŵaŵiri ŵakazomera kuti ŵaŵe ŵabwezi.{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=129–138}}<ref name="Popular Account I">{{cite wikisource|chapter=CHAPTER I|wslink=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries|plaintitle=A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries| last=Livingstone|first=David|year= 1894 |publisher=John Murray|page=|wspage=|scan=}}</ref>[[File:MaryMoffatGravestone.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|The grave of Livingstone’s wife, [[Mary Moffat Livingstone]], in [[Chupanga]], Mozambique. She died in 1862.]] Ŵasayansi ŵara ŵakati ŵakhala waka ku Shupanga, ŵakamanya yayi umo vinthu vikwenera kucitikira, ntheura ŵakakolerana yayi. Thomas Baines, uyo wakaŵa citatata, ŵakamuwuskamo mu gulu ili. Ŵanyake awo ŵakaluta ku Nyanja ya Nyasa ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kufika ku Nyanja iyi, ndipo ŵakenda pa sitima zinayi. Mu 1861, ofesi ya Colonial yikatumizga boti la nkhuni lakucemeka Pioneer, ilo likanyamura gulu la University Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) ilo likalongozgekanga na Bishop Charles MacKenzie. Livingstone wakawunjika ndalama kuti wapange ngalaŵa yinyake, ya Lady Nyasa, iyo yikanozgeka kuti yende pa Nyanja ya Nyasa. Buku ili likatumizgika mu vigaŵa-vigaŵa, mwakupambana na ivyo wakapempha, pamoza na ŵamishonale ŵanyake, kusazgapo Mary Livingstone, ndipo ŵakafika mu 1862. Ngalaŵa ya Pioneer yikacedwa kufika pa mtunda kuti yikakumane nawo, ndipo yikacedwa comene cifukwa cakuti yikamanya kuti Bishopu wafwa. Mary Livingstone wakafwa pa 27 Epulero 1862 cifukwa ca maleriya. Livingstone wakatora sitima ya Pioneer na kuluta ku mtunda na kukawona Mlonga wa Ruvuma, ndipo dokotala John Kirk wakalemba kuti: "Nkhuwona kuti Dr. Livingstone wali na maghanoghano ghaheni ndipo ni mulongozgi wakofya comene". Apo ŵapayiniya ŵakaweleranga ku Shupanga mu Disembala 1862, ŵakaŵalipira (mu salu) "ŵanalume ŵa Mazaro" awo ŵakafumapo na kusanga ŵanyake. Pa 10 Janyuwale 1863 ŵakanyamuka, ŵakaguzanga Lady Nyasa, ndipo ŵakakwelera mu Mlonga wa Shire uko kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikaparanyika apo Mariano wakambanga kupenja ŵazga ku Chikunda, ivyo vikapangiska njara. Ŵakafika ku Chibisa na ku Murchison Cataracts mu Epulero, ndipo ŵakamba kuwuskapo Nyanakazi Nyasa na kuzenga msewu uwo ukajumphanga mu vigaŵa vinyake vya Nyanja iyi.{{sfn | Livingstone | Livingstone | 1866 | pp=[https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog/page/n509/mode/2up 472–475]}}{{sfn | Ross | 2002 | pp=180–182}} Mu 1864 wakanyamura ngalaŵa izi mu mlonga pamanyuma pakuti boma lazomerezga kuti ŵaleke kuluta. Ŵapharazgi ŵanandi ŵa mu nyuzipepara ŵakayowoya kuti ulendo wa ku Zambezi watondeka, ndipo Livingstone vikamusuzga kusanga ndalama zakwendeskera ulendo wake wa ku Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, na Richard Thornton, ŵasayansi awo ŵakasankhika na Livingstone kuti ŵacite mulimo uwu, ŵakapeleka vinthu vinandi vyakukhwaskana na vyakumera, vinyama, na ŵanthu ku masukulu gha ŵasayansi ku United Kingdom. ===Nile River=== Mu Janyuwale 1866, Livingstone wakawelera ku Africa, ndipo pa nyengo iyi wakaluta ku Zanzibar, ndipo kufuma ku malo agha wakamba kupenja uko kukufuma maji gha mu Mlonga wa Nile. Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, na Samuel Baker ŵakayowoya kuti Nyanja ya Albert panji Nyanja ya Victoria ndiyo yikafuma maji agha. (Ivyo vikaŵa vyaunenesko nadi, cifukwa Nile "yikuphulika kufuma pasi pa mapiri gha ku Burundi pakati pa Nyanja ya Tanganyika na Nyanja ya Victoria"), kweni pakaŵa mphindano pa nkhani iyi. Livingstone wakagomezganga kuti cisimi ici cikaŵa kumwera ndipo wakasora gulu la ŵazga awo ŵakafwatuka ku wuzga, ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros, na ŵateŵeti ŵaŵiri ŵa pa ulendo wake wakwamba, Chuma na Susi. [[File:Livingstone House, Mikindani, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|This house in Mikindani in southern Tanzania was the starting point for Livingstone's last expedition. He stayed here from 24 March to 7 April 1866.]] Livingstone wakamba ulendo wake kufuma pa mlomo wa mlonga wa Ruvuma, kweni pacoko na pacoko awo ŵakamovwiranga ŵakamba kumuleka. Ŵanthu ŵa ku virwa vya Comoros ŵakawelera ku Zanzibar ndipo ŵakaphalira ŵalara ŵa boma kuti Livingstone wafwa. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Malawi pa 6 Ogasiti, ndipo pa nyengo iyi vinthu vyake vinandi vikaŵa kuti vyibika, kusazgapo munkhwala wake wose. Kufuma apo, Livingstone wakaluta ku Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ndipo umoyo wake ukaŵa pa ngozi. Wakatuma uthenga ku Zanzibar kupempha kuti ŵatumizge vinthu ku Ujiji ndipo wakaluta kumanjiliro gha dazi, chifukwa cha ulwari. Wakafika pa Nyanja ya Mweru pa 8 November 1867 ndipo wakalutizga ulendo wake, wakaluta kumwera kukaŵa munthu wakwamba wa ku Europe kuwona Nyanja ya Bangweulu. Wakati wasanga mlonga wa Lualaba, Livingstone wakaghanaghana kuti ungaŵa mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Nile, kweni wakamanya kuti mu mphepete mwa Mlonga wa Congo muli Nyanja ya Upper Congo.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Livingstone |first1=David |title=Personal Letter to J. Kirk or R. Playfair |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |website=David Livingstone Online |access-date=10 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221195004/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/view/transcript.php?id=LETT2200 |archive-date=21 December 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> Caka ca 1869 cikamba apo Livingstone wakalwara comene apo wakaŵa mu nkhorongo. Ŵamalonda Ŵaarabu ndiwo ŵakamuponoska, ŵakamupa munkhwala na kuluta nayo ku malo gha Ŵaarabu. Mu Malici 1869, Livingstone wakalwara nthenda ya chibungu ndipo wakati wafika ku Ujiji, wakasanga kuti ŵanthu ŵabiba katundu wake. Wakapwetekeka na cholera ndipo malundi ghake ghakaŵa na vilonda, ntheura wakeneranga kugomezga ŵamalonda ŵa ŵazga kuti ŵamufikiske ku Bambara, uko nyengo ya vula yikamukora. Pakuti wakaŵaje cakurya, Livingstone wakaryanga mu cipinda ico ŵakakakilira vingwe kuti ŵakondweske ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. Pa Julayi 15, 1871, Livingstone wakalemba ivyo wakawona apo Ŵaarabu ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga ku msika wa Nyangwe, mumphepete mwa Mlonga wa Lualaba. Ŵakayowoya kuti cifukwa ca kupanikizgira ici cikaŵa kuwezgera pa ivyo wakacita Manilla, uyo wakaŵa muzga uyo wakawukira ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Mohombo cifukwa ca kulongozgeka na mulongozgi wa mtundu wa Wagenya, Kimburu. Ŵaarabu ŵakawukira ŵamalonda na ŵanthu ŵa Kimburu. Ŵasayansi ŵa pa Yunivesite ya Indiana ku Pennsylvania, awo ŵakawona ivyo vikaŵa mu diary ya Livingstone ŵakayowoya kuti apo wakalembanga ivyo vikaŵa mu diary yake, wakaleka kughanaghanira vya ŵalondezgi ŵake ŵanyake, awo ŵakaŵa ŵazga ŵa ŵamalonda ŵa ku Banyan, awo ŵakagwiranga nchito na John Kirk, uyo wakaŵa mulara wa boma ku Zanzibar, ndipo wakatumika kuti wakaponoske Livingstone. Ŵazga aŵa ŵakaŵafwatura ndipo ŵakasazgikako ku gulu lake, kweni ŵakalongora nkhaza ku ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha mwakupambana na ulongozgi wake, ndipo wakafipanga mtima kuti panji ndiwo ŵakambiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakomeke. Mu diary yake wakalemba kuti "ŵanalume ŵa Dugumbe ŵakakoma Kimburu na munyake kuti ŵaŵe ŵazga" ndipo wakalongosora kuti ŵazga ŵa Manilla ndiwo ŵakalongozganga, kweni pakuwona ivyo vikacitika, wakati ŵanthu ŵa Dugumbé ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mulandu, ndipo ŵakamba mulandu uwu kuti ŵaŵe ciyelezgero ciwemi ku Manilla. Mu diary yake wakalongosora kuti wakatuma ŵanalume ŵake na ndembera kuti ŵawovwire munung'una wa Manilla. Baibolo ilo Waller wakalemba mu "Last Journals", ilo likalembeka mu 1874, likulongosora yayi ivyo Livingstone wakayowoya vyakukhwaskana na Kirk na nkharo yiheni ya ŵanalume ŵa ku Banyan awo ŵakagwiranga nchito, ndipo likulongosora yayi umo ŵanthu ŵa mu muzi ŵakakhalira pakwamba apo ŵakalimbana na ŵazga ŵa Ŵaarabu. Cigaŵa ico cikulongosora vya kukoma ŵanthu cikaŵa na mazgu ghacoko waka. Kupenjerezga ivyo vikalembeka mu dayare kukulutilira.<ref name="cbsn_Rese">{{Cite web |title=Researchers now presume that Dr Livingstone lied |work=CBS News |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=25 April 2019 |url= https://www.cbsnews.com/news/researchers-now-presume-that-dr-livingstone-lied/ }}</ref><ref name="livingstoneonline.org">{{Cite web |last=Wisnicki |first=Adrian S. |date=2011 |title=Livingstone in 1871 |url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/livingstone-in-1871 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=livingstoneonline.org}}</ref> Livingstone wakatenthema comene na ivyo vikacitika, ndipo wakalutilira yayi kupenja maji gha mu Nile. Nyengo ya vula yikati yamara, wakenda mtunda wa makilomita 390 kufuma ku Nyangwe kuwelera ku Ujiji, malo gha Ŵaarabu agho ghakaŵa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika. ===Geographical discoveries=== Nangauli Livingstone wakananga pakuyowoya za Nile, kweni wakasora malo ghanandi agho ghakovwira ŵasayansi ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni Nyanja ya Ngami, Nyanja ya Malawi, na Nyanja ya Bangweulu, kusazgapo Victoria Falls iyo yazunulika kale. Wakalongosora makora umo Nyanja ya Tanganyika, Nyanja ya Mweru, na nthowa ya milonga yinandi, comenecomene ya Zambezi, ndipo ivyo wakawona vikawovwira kuti vigaŵa vikuruvikuru ivyo vikaŵa vyambura kumanyikwa vilembeke. Nangauli vikaŵa nthena, kweni wakafika yayi kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika, iyo yikaŵa kumwera kwa Equator, ndipo wakafika yayi ku nkhorongo za mu Mlonga wa Congo uko kukaŵa kufupi na Msumba wa Ntangwe, kufupi na Misisi. Livingstone wakapika mendulo ya golide ya Royal Geographical Society of London, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na gulu ili umoyo wake wose.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /> ==Stanley meeting== [[File:Omani Empire 2.png|thumb|Livingstone's meeting with Stanley took place at [[Ujiji]], an Arab trading post under the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]], marked in pink at the bottom left of this map.]] [[File:Henry Morton Stanley meeting David Livingstone at Ujiji, in Wellcome V0006855.jpg|thumb|Henry Morton Stanley meets David Livingstone]] [[File:Livingstone Memorial, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Livingstone Memorial in [[Ujiji]], Tanzania]] Kwa vilimika vinkhondi na cimoza, Livingstone wakaleka kucezga na ŵanthu ndipo vilimika vinayi vyaumaliro wa umoyo wake, wakaŵa mulwari comene. Pa makalata 44 agho wakatuma, limoza pera ndilo likafika ku Zanzibar. Kalata yimoza iyo yikalembeka na Horace Waller, yikavumbukwa na Peter Beard mu 2010. Likuti: "Nili na nthumbo yikuru, kweni iyi njinu pera... Nkhukayika usange nizamukuwonaso".<ref>{{cite news|title=David Livingstone letter deciphered at last. Four-page missive composed at the lowest point in his professional life|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38064893|agency=Associated Press|date=2 July 2010|access-date=2 July 2010}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ ''Livingstone's Letter from Bambarre''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705102958/http://emelibrary.org/livingstoneletter/ |date=5 July 2010 }}, emelibrary.org; accessed 4 July 2010.</ref> Mu 1869, nyuzipepara ya New York Herald yikatuma Henry Morton Stanley kuti wamupenje. Wakamusanga Livingstone mu tawuni ya Ujiji pa mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika pa Novembala 10, 1871. Livingstone, nkhugomezga?" Livingstone wakazgora kuti, "Enya", ndipo wakasazgirapo kuti, "Nkhuwonga comene kuti nili pano kuti nimupokelerani". Mazgu ghakumanyikwa agha ghangaŵa ghakupangika waka, cifukwa pamasinda Stanley wakalemba mu diary yake ivyo vikacitika. Nanga ni nkhani ya Livingstone ya umo wakakumana na ŵanthu aŵa yikuzunurapo yayi mazgu agha. Kweni mazgu agha ghakusangika mu nyuzipepara ya New York Herald ya Ogasiti 10, 1872, ndipo mabuku gha Encyclopædia Britannica na Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ghakuzunura mazgu agha kwambura kukayika. Mazgu agha ghakumanyikwa comene cifukwa cakuti ghakulongora kuti Livingstone wakaŵa yekha muzungu uyo wakaŵapo pa mtunda wa makilomita ghanandi, kweniso cifukwa cakuti Stanley wakayezgayezga kuti wawoneke wakucindikika mu nkhorongo ya mu Africa mwa kuyowoya mazgu agho munthu wangaghanaghananga kuti wangapulika mu kilabu ya ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa ku London. Ndipouli, awo ŵakaŵazganga nyuzipepara iyi ŵakawona kuti Stanley wakuneneska yayi. Munthu munyake uyo wakalemba mbiri ya umoyo wa Stanley, zina lake Tim Jeal, wakati umoyo wake wose Stanley wakalimbananga na suzgo lakuti wakaŵa mukavu. Buku la Stanley likulongora kuti mazgu agha ghakaŵa ghakufuma ku soni, cifukwa wakakhumba yayi kukumbatira Livingstone. Nangauli Stanley wakamuchiskanga, kweni Livingstone wakaŵikapo mtima kuti waleke kuwukapo mu Africa m'paka wamalizge mulimo wake. Ulwari wake ukamupangiska kuti watimbanizgike maghanoghano ndipo wakasuzgikanga kusankha vinthu paumaliro wa umoyo wake. Wakenda mu mlonga wa Lualaba, ndipo wakati watondeka kusanga nthowa yakunjilira mu mlonga wa Nile, wakawelera ku Nyanja ya Bangweulu na malo ghake kuti wakawone umo mlonga uwo ukendanga kumpoto ukuyendera.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=}} ==Christianity and Sechele== Livingstone wakumanyikwa kuti ni "mishonale mulara comene mu Africa", ndipouli, pali kulembeka kuti wakang'anamura mtima munthu yumoza pera wa ku Africa: Sechele, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵantu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena ŵa ku Botswana (ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Kwena mba Sotho-Tswana, awo ŵakusangika mu South Africa, Lesotho, na Botswana mu magulu ghose ghatatu gha ciyowoyero ca Sotho-Tswana). Sechele wakababika mu 1812. Adada ŵake ŵakafwa apo Sechele wakaŵa na vilimika 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri mwa ŵadumbu ŵake ŵakagaŵana fuko, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti Sechele wafumeko ku nyumba yake kwa vilimika vinkhondi na vinayi. Sechele wakati wawelera, wakatora cigaŵa ca fuko la sekuru wake, ndipo pa nyengo iyi ndipo wakakumana na Livingstone. Livingstone wakamba kutemwa chomene Sechele, chomenechomene umo wakaŵazgiranga. Pakuti Sechele wakasambiranga luŵiro, wakasambira alufabeti mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri ndipo mwaluŵiro wakamba kuyowoya Cingelezi. Wakati wasambizga ŵanakazi ŵake luso ulu, wakalemba Baibolo mu ciyowoyero cake. Livingstone wakamanyikwanga mu vigaŵa vinandi vya mu Africa kuti wakacindikanga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha, ndipo mafuko agho wakaluta nagho ghakamucindikanga na cipulikano ndiposo kugomezgeka. Ndipouli, wakatondeka kuzgora ŵanthu ŵa mu fuko ili kuti ŵaŵe Ŵakhristu. Cifukwa cimoza nchakuti, Sechele, uyo panyengo iyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa fuko la ku Africa, wakakondwa yayi na fundo yakuti Livingstone wangapempha yayi vula kwa Ciuta wake nga ni umo awo ŵakapanganga vula ŵakacitiranga, ŵeneawo ŵakatenge ŵangacita. Livingstone wakadandawura kwa nyengo yitali, ndipo wakabapatiza Sechele na kumuzomerezga kuti waŵe muteŵeti wa chalichi. Sono Sechele wakaŵa mu chalichi, kweni wakalutilira kucita vinthu kuyana na mitheto yake ya ku Africa, iyo yikaŵa yakupambana na visambizgo vya Livingstone.:20 Sechele wakaŵa wakupambana yayi na ŵanalume ŵanyake ŵa fuko lake pa nkhani ya kutora ŵanakazi ŵanandi. Wakaŵa na ŵawoli ŵankhondi, kusazgapo MmaKgari (kufuma ku lizgu la Citswana ilo likung'anamura "anyina ŵa Kgari"), Mokgokong na Masebele. Wakati walekana na ŵanakazi aŵa, Livingstone wakaŵabatizga wose ndipo vyose vikenda makora. Ndipouli, pakati pajumpha cilimika cimoza, yumoza wa ŵawoli ŵake wakale wakaŵa na nthumbo, ndipo mwana wakababika na Sechele. Sechele wakapempha Livingstone kuti waleke kumugongoweska cifukwa cipulikano cake cikaŵa kuti citali, kweni Livingstone wakafumamo mu caru ici na kuluta kumpoto kuti walutilire kuzgora ŵanthu kuŵa Ŵakhristu. Template:Mapeji ghakukhumbikwa Livingstone wakati wafumako ku fuko la Kwena, Sechele wakalutilira kugomezgeka ku Cikhristu ndipo wakalongozganga ŵamishonale ku mafuko gha pafupi na kuzgora pafupifupi ŵanthu wose ŵa fuko la Kwena kuŵa Ŵakristu. Neil Parsons wa ku Yunivesite ya ku Botswana wakati, Sechele "wakacita vinandi pakuthandazga Cikristu kumwera kwa Africa mu vilimika vya m'ma 1800 kuluska mishonale waliyose wa ku Europe". Nangauli Sechele wakajicemanga kuti ni Mkhristu, kweni ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵa ku Europe ŵakakolerana nayo yayi. Mulongozgi wa fuko la Kwena wakakhumbanga kuti vula yilokwe, kweniso wakakhumbanga kuti ŵanakazi ŵaŵe na ŵanakazi ŵanandi.<ref name="Tomkins2013a">{{cite web |last=Tomkins |first=Stephen |date=19 March 2013 |title=The African chief converted to Christianity by Dr Livingstone |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21807368 |access-date=2018-07-12 |work=BBC News}}</ref> ==Death== [[File:David Livingstone Medal (p.60) - Copy.jpg|thumb|David Livingstone Medal<ref name="LMS1890">{{cite journal|title=A Livingstone Medal|journal=Chronicles of the London Missionary Society|date=February 1890 |url=https://archive.org/stream/chroniclelondon00unkngoog#page/n104/mode/2up/search/livingstone+medal|first=Allen|last=Wyon|page=60|location=London}}</ref>]] Livingstone wakafwa pa 1 May 1873 apo wakaŵa na vyaka 60 mu muzi wa Chitambo ku Chipundu, kumwera-kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Nyanja ya Bangweulu, mu Zambia lero, chifukwa cha maleriya na kuthika ndopa mukati chifukwa cha nthenda ya malungo. Wakalongozgeka na ŵantchito ŵake ŵakugomezgeka, Chuma na Susi, ndipo gulu lake likanozga vyakusunkhizga nyifwa. Ŵakafumiskamo mtima wake na kuwusunga musi mwa khuni ilo likaŵa pafupi na malo agho wakafwira. Ŵanthu ŵakuti khuni ili ni mvula panji baobab, kweni likwenera kuti ni mpundu, chifukwa awo ŵakukhala pasi pa khuni ili mbachoko chomene kweniso ŵali mu malo ghambura maji.<ref name="WickensLowe2008">{{cite book|last1=Wickens|first1=G. E. |last2= Lowe |first2=P.|title=The Baobabs: Pachycauls of Africa, Madagascar and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYq6NAEACAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=978-1-4020-6430-2|page=33}}</ref>{{sfn|Dugard|2014|p=147}} Pa malo agha, agho sono ghakucemeka kuti Livingstone Memorial, pali kulembeka kuti wakafwa pa 4 May, zuŵa ilo Chuma na Susi ŵakayowoya (ndipo ŵakalilemba mu khuni); kweni mabuku ghanandi ghakulongora kuti zuŵa lakwamba la Meyi ndilo likaŵa zuŵa leneko ilo Livingstone wakalemberanga ivyo wakalemba. Ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Chuma na Susi, ŵakanyamura thupi lake, pamoza na buku lake lakulongosora umoyo wake na katundu wake, ndipo ŵakenda ulendo wa mazuŵa 63 kuluta ku Bagamoyo, tawuni iyo yili mumphepete mwa nyanja, mtunda wa makilomita ghakujumpha 1,600. Ŵakafika ku Ujiji mu Febuluwale 1874, uko ŵakasanga mapepara gha Livingstone na kughapeleka ku England. Ŵalondezgi 79 ŵakamalizga ulendo uwu, ndipo ŵanalume aŵa ŵakapokera malipiro ghawo, ndipo viwangwa vya Livingstone vikaweleraso ku Britain kuti ŵakasunge. Mu London, thupi lake likagona pa No.1 Savile Row, uko panyengo iyo kukaŵa likuru la Royal Geographical Society, pambere ŵandamuŵike ku Westminster Abbey.<ref name="Blaikie1880" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|title=On Savile Row|author=G. Bruce Boyer|magazine=Cigar Aficionado|date=Summer 1996|access-date=21 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817001808/http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Archives/CA_Show_Article/0,2322,626,00.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Livingstone|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/david-livingstone|access-date=2023-02-07|website=Westminster Abbey}}</ref> ==Livingstone and slavery== [[File:The Slave Gang (relates to David Livingstone) by The London Missionary Society.jpg|thumb|Arab slave traders and their captives]] {{blockquote|Ndipo usange ivyo nasanga vyakukhwaskana na wuzga wa ku Ujijian vikovwira kuti malonda gha ŵazga ghaleke kucitika ku East Coast, niwonenge kuti nkhani iyi njakuzirwa comene kuluska kusanga maji ghose gha mu Nile.|Livingstone mu kalata iyo wakalembera mulembi wa nyuzipepara ya New York Herald<ref name="Stanley1872">{{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|author-link=Henry Morton Stanley |title=How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months' Residence with Dr. Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving01stangoog|year=1872|publisher=Scribner, Armstrong & Company}}</ref>}} Apo wakayowoyanga za malonda gha ŵazga ku East Africa mu nyuzipepara yake: {{blockquote|Ntchambura macitiko kuti uheni wake uleke kuŵa na nkhongono.{{sfn|Livingstone|1874|p=442}} }} Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the [[African Great Lakes]] region when he was travelling there in 1866: {{blockquote|Tikawona muzga mwanakazi uyo ŵakamukoma na futi panji kumudinya ndipo wakaŵa mu nthowa. Gulu la ŵanalume likimilira patali, ndipo gulu linyake la ŵanakazi likawoneleranga. Ŵakati Muarabu munyake uyo wakajumphapo mulenjilenji zuŵa lira, wakachita nthena chifukwa cha ukali chifukwa cha kutaya ndalama izo ŵakamulipira, chifukwa chakuti mwanakazi uyu wakatondekanga kwenda. 27 Juni 1866 - Lero tikakumana na munthu uyo wakafwa na njara, cifukwa wakaŵa wakunyotwa comene. Yumoza wa ŵanalume ŵithu wakendendendeka ndipo wakasanga ŵazga ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa na ndodo za wuzga, awo ŵasekuru ŵawo ŵakaŵaleka cifukwa ca kusoŵa cakurya. Ŵakaŵa ŵakulopwa comene mwakuti ŵakatondekanga kuyowoya panji kuyowoya uko ŵakafuma; ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵacoko comene.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=62}}}} He also described: {{blockquote|Nthenda yiheni comene iyo nili kuyiwonapo mu caru ici yikuwoneka kuti ni mtima wakuphyoka, ndipo yikuwukira ŵanalume ŵanangwa awo ŵakakoleka na kuzgoka ŵazga... Ŵanalume 21 ŵakafwatuka, kweni wose ŵakacimbira nyengo yeneyiyo. Ŵanandi 8 ŵakakakika, ndipo ŵakafwa mu mazuŵa ghatatu ŵati ŵambuka. Iwo ŵakalongosora kuti ŵakasuzgikanga waka mu mtima, ndipo ŵakaŵika woko pa malo ghakwenelera, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakughanaghana kuti woko ili lili mu chiwangwa cha pa nganga.|source={{harvnb|Livingstone|1874|p=352}} }} Makalata gha Livingstone, mabuku ghake, na magazini ghake ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakane wuzga, kweni wakakhumbikwiranga wovwiri wa awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, awo wakakhumbanga kuŵawuskapo. Wakaŵa mulongozgi wambura nkharo pakati pa ŵanyake, ndipo pa ulendo wake waumaliro wakaluta nga ni munthu uyo wakwenda yekha, na ŵateŵeti na awo ŵakamunyamulira katundu, kweni wakaŵavya wovwiri wa nkhwantha. Kweniso wakakhumbanga yayi kulondezga nthowa za ŵanthu ŵankhaza nga ni Stanley, kuti waŵavikilire ŵantchito ŵake na katundu wake. Pa vifukwa ivi, wakazomera kovwirika na kupokelereka kufuma mu 1867 na Mohamad Bogharib na Mohamad bin Saleh (wakumanyikwaso kuti "Mpamari"), ŵamalonda awo ŵakaguliskanga ŵazga, nga umo wakalongosolera mu mabuku ghake. Iwo nawo ŵakasanga candulo cifukwa cakuti Livingstone wakaŵa na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici, ndipo ici cikawovwira kuti Mpamari wafumiskike mu wuzga wa Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone wakakwiya comene wakati wamanya kuti ŵanji mwa awo ŵakatumizgikanga kufuma ku Ujiji ŵakaŵa ŵazga. Kweni maukaboni gha Livingstone ghakukhwaskana na ŵazga ŵakughakayikira comene.<ref name="TeelockPeerthum2017">{{cite book|last1=Teelock|first1=Vijayalakshmi|last2=Peerthum|first2=Satyendra|title=Transition from Slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iXUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|year=2017|publisher=CODESRIA|isbn=978-2-86978-680-6|pages=47–}}</ref><ref name="Rijpma2015">{{cite book|last=Rijpma|first=Sjoerd |title=David Livingstone and the Myth of African Poverty and Disease: A Close Examination of his Writing on the Pre-colonial Era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Jj8CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|year=2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-29373-1|pages=161–}}</ref> {{clear left}} ==Legacy== Ku umaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1860, Livingstone wakaŵa na lumbiri luheni ku Europe cifukwa ca kutondeka kwa ulendo wake wa ku Zambezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamugomezganga yayi pa nkhani ya uko kukufuma Mlonga wa Nile. Ulendo wake ukaŵa wakulongozgeka makora yayi. Stanley na nyuzipepara yake ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe na lumbiri luwemi, kweniso ŵateŵeti ŵa Livingstone ŵakamovwira kuti waŵe wakugomezgeka. Kulembeka kwa buku lake laumaliro kukavumbura kuti wakaŵa wakukhwima mtima nangauli wakasuzgikanga. Mu 1860, pa pempho lake, ŵakambiska sukulu ya University's Mission to Central Africa. Ŵamishonale ŵanandi ŵakuzirwa, nga ni Mulongozgi Stirling na Miss Annie Allen, ŵakamba kuteŵetera gulu ili. Gulu ili na ŵamishonale awo ŵakagwiranga nchito ya udokotala ŵakamba kovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa. Livingstone wakabowozga vinthu vinyake vya ku Europe. Wakaciska ŵanthu awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti ŵazga ŵaleke kugwiliskirika nchito, awo ŵakendanga mu vyaru vinyake, na ŵamishonale. Wakajulira ŵanthu ŵa ku Central Africa kuti ŵamishonale ŵambe kusambizga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa na kuŵapwelelera, kweniso wakambiska kampani ya African Lakes Company. Ŵalongozgi ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa na ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakamucindikanga comene, ndipo zina lake likawovwira kuti ŵaŵe paubwezi na ŵaboma ŵa ku Britain.<ref name="Blaikie1880" />[[File:David Livingstone statue, Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|Livingstone statue]], Edinburgh by [[Amelia Robertson Hill]]]] Ici cikapangiska kuti pamasinda pa vilimika 50 kufuma apo wakafwira, mu Africa muŵe ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake, ndipo ŵazungu ŵakaciskika kuti ŵakhalenge mu vyaru vinyake. Ndipouli, ivyo Livingstone wakaghanaghananga kuti "makoloni" ghaŵenge nga ni umo ise tikughanaghanira sono ni ufumu wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe yayi, kweni vikaya vya Ŵakhristu ŵakujipeleka awo ŵakakhalanga na ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe kuti ŵaŵawovwire kusanga nthowa za umoyo zambura wuzga. Livingstone wakaŵa yumoza wa gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakatemwanga kupharazga makani ghawemi ndipo ŵakakhumbanga kuti vinthu viŵayendere makora ku Britain. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, gulu ili likawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu charu cha Britain ŵaleke kughanaghana kuti Chiuta wali na mazaza pa ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake. Nyumba ya David Livingstone ku Blantyre yili mu nyumba iyo wakababikiramo, ndipo yili pa malo agho pakaŵa nyumba iyo wakagwirangamo ntchito. Cipulikano cake ca Cikhristu cikulongoreka mu buku lake, umo muli mazgu ghakuti: "Nkhukhumba cara kuŵa na cinthu cilicose ico nili naco panji ico ningaŵa naco, kweni ico cikukolerana na ufumu wa Khristu. Usange cinthu cinyake cingawovwira kuti vinthu vya Ufumu viŵe makora, cipelekekenge panji kusungika, kweni para nkhupeleka panji kusungika, ndikuti nkhukhozga ucindami wa Uyo nkhugomezga kuti wazamuniponoska kwamuyirayira". Alvyn Austin mu 1997 wakati:<ref>Alvyn Austin, "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp 10-19.</ref><blockquote>Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, Livingstone wakalongosoreka kuti ni munthu yumoza pera uyo wakazgoka Mkhristu, kweni pamasinda wakawelera nyuma. Wakenda mu vigaŵa vichoko waka ivyo ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakafikako yayi. Wakathaska ŵazga ŵachoko waka. Ndipouli, mu nyengo iyi apo mazina gha vyaru ghakuzgoreka na vithuzithuzi vikubwangandulika, Livingstone wandafwe. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa mazuŵa ghano ŵakutinkha comene ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe, nga ni Cecil Rhodes, kweni Livingstone wakalutilira kuŵa munthu wacikanga. Kwa nyengo yitali, Rhodesia wali kuleka kuzunura zina lake, kweni mu misumba ya Livingstone (Zambia) na Livingstonia (Malawi) zina la munthu uyu likulutilira kumanyikwa.</blockquote> Mu 2002, David Livingstone wakasankhika kuŵa yumoza wa ŵanthu 100 ŵakumanyikwa comene ŵa ku Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |title=The Top 100 Great Britons |access-date=19 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204214727/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/programmes/greatbritons/list.shtml/ |archive-date=4 December 2002 |url-status=dead | work = BBC | date= 2002|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ==Family life== [[File:David Livingstone by Frederick Havill.jpg|thumb|Posthumous portrait of David Livingstone by [[Frederick Havill]]]] Nangauli Livingstone wakawovwira comene kuti ufumu wa Britain uthande, kweni mbumba yake yikakhwaskika comene. Ŵana ŵake ŵakakura kwambura awiskewo, ndipo muwoli wake Mary (mwana wa Mary na Robert Moffat), uyo wakatorana nayo mu 1845, wakaŵa na umoyo uheni comene, ndipo wakafwa na maleriya pa 27 Epulero 1862. Wakaŵa na ŵana ŵankhondi na yumoza: # Robert died while serving in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]];<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=716469|pages=250–252|last1=Chirgwin|first1=A. M.|title=New Light on Robert Livingstone|volume=33|issue=132|journal=Journal of the Royal African Society|year=1934}}</ref> He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the [[3rd New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry|3rd New Hampshire Volunteers]]. Robert ended up being captured by the [[Confederate States Army]] and died at the [[Salisbury National Cemetery|Salisbury prison camp]] in [[Rowan County, North Carolina]],<ref name="Murray2011">{{cite web | title = Rupert Vincent, I Presume? | last = Murray | first = John | work = Crossfire |issue=96|date=August 2011 | access-date = 2018-07-12 | url = http://www.acwrt.org.uk/uk-heritage_The-Search-for-Robert-Livingstone.asp }}</ref> which has since been termed, "North Carolina's [[Andersonville Prison|Andersonville]]."<ref>{{Cite web|author=Joel R. Stegall|date=2018-09-13|title=Salisbury Prison: North Carolina's Andersonville|url=https://nccivilwarcenter.org/salisbury-prison-north-carolinas-andersonville/|access-date=2023-02-07|website=North Carolina Civil War & Reconstruction History Center|language=en-US}}</ref> # Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=384}}) # Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from [[Schistosomiasis|bilharzia]], a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}} # Elizabeth (who died at two months) # William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.{{Sfn|Dugard||2012|p=}}) # Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939) Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steven Wilson|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~swilson/livingstone/descendants.htm|title=Livingstone Descendants|publisher=Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children.<ref name="Ferguson2002">{{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall |author-link=Niall Ferguson|title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power|url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0-465-02329-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/empire00nial/page/158 158]}}</ref> ==Archives== Ivyo vikalembeka mu mabuku gha David Livingstone vikusungikira mu ofesi ya University of Glasgow (GUAS). Pa Novembala 11, 2011, buku la Livingstone la 1871 Field Diary, pamoza na mabuku ghanyake ghakalembeka na David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Mabuku agho ghakulongosora ivyo vikacitika apo Livingstone wakaŵa mishonale wa London Missionary Society (nga ni mapu gha ku South-East Africa) ghali mu malo ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale gha School of Oriental and African Studies. Mabuku gha pa Intaneti agho ghakukolerana na vinthu ivi na vinyake, ghakusangika na ŵanthu wose kwizira mu pulogiramu ya Livingstone Online ya pa Yunivesite ya Nebraska-Lincoln.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|title=Scottish explorer David Livingstone's writings, drawings now available through online archive|date=2015-06-24|website=Life at OSU|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063211/https://today.oregonstate.edu/archives/2015/jun/scottish-explorer-david-livingstone%E2%80%99s-writings-drawings-now-available-through-onli|archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livingstoneonline.org/about-this-site/livingstone-online-introduction|title=Livingstone Online: An Introduction {{!}} Livingstone Online|website=www.livingstoneonline.org|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref> ==Place names and other memorials== [[File:Portrait of David Livingstone (4671614).jpg|thumb|upright|Photograph of Livingstone in later life]] ===Africa=== '''Botswana''' *Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50&nbsp;km west of [[Gaborone|Gaborone, Botswana]] * There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the [[Kolobeng Mission]], 40&nbsp;km west of Gaborone, Botswana. * Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. '''Burundi''' The [[Livingstone–Stanley Monument]] in [[Mugere]] (present-day [[Burundi]]) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. '''Congo''' *[[Livingstone Falls]] on the River Congo, named by Stanley. * The [[Livingstone Inland Mission]], a Baptist mission to the [[Central Africa]] 1877–1884, located in present-day [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. '''Ghana''' * Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). '''Kenya''' * Dr Livingstone Primary School in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]. * Livingstone house, Alliance Highschool in [[Kiambu]], Kenya. [[File:David Livingstone memorial at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|[[Statue of David Livingstone, Zimbabwe|David Livingstone statue]] at [[Victoria Falls]], the first statue on the Zimbabwean side]]'''Malawi''' *The town of [[Livingstonia, Malawi]]. * The city of [[Blantyre, Malawi]] is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial. * The ''David Livingstone Scholarships'' for students at the [[University of Malawi]], funded through [[Strathclyde University]], Scotland. * The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in [[Lilongwe]], Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Livingstone Clinic - University of Strathclyde |url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/malawi/projects/davidlivingstoneclinic}}</ref> * The [[Kipengere Range]] in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of [[Lake Malawi]] is also called the Livingstone Mountains. '''Namibia''' * David Livingstone Museum in [[Sangwali]], north-eastern [[Namibia]]. Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north. '''South Africa''' * David Livingstone Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa. * Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. '''Tanzania''' *A memorial in [[Ujiji]] commemorates his meeting with Stanley.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grant |first=C. H. B. |date=April 1932 |title=The Livingstone-Stanley Memorials in Africa |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=318–319 |doi=10.2307/1784331 |issn=0016-7398 |jstor=1784331}}</ref> * The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in [[Bagamoyo]], Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Livingstone House in [[Stone Town]], [[Zanzibar]], provided by the [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar|Sultan]] for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} * Plaque commemorating his departure from [[Mikindani]] (present-day [[Tanzania]]) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181020221743/http://tz.geoview.info/livingstone_street,25108633w Livingstone Street], [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania. '''Uganda''' * Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala, Uganda]]. '''Zambia''' * The [[Livingstone Memorial]] in [[Zambia|Ilala, Zambia]] marks where David Livingstone died * The city of [[Livingstone, Zambia]], which includes a memorial in front of the [[Livingstone Museum]] and a new statue erected in 2005.<ref name="TOZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |title=David Livingstone Remembered |access-date=27 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225346/http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=6&id=1132264497 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * The [[Rhodes-Livingstone Institute]], located a few miles outside [[Lusaka, Zambia]], 1937 to 1964, was a pioneering research institution in anthropology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crehan |first1=Kate |date=1997 |title=The Fractured Community: Landscapes of Power and Gender in Rural Zambia|place=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press |url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft0779n6dt/ |chapter-url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0779n6dt&chunk.id=d0e2527&toc.depth=100&toc.id=d0e2413&brand=ucpress |chapter=Max Gluckman and the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute}}</ref><ref>Schumaker, Lynette Louise, "The lion in the path: Fieldwork and culture in the history of the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, 1937-1964" (1994). Dissertations available from ProQuest. AAI9521118. https://web.archive.org/web/20160917030609/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI9521118</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heron |first1=Alastair |title=Rhodes-Livingstone Institute, Lusaka |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-african-studies_1964-03_2_1/page/112 |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |date=March 1964 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=112–113 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00003724|s2cid=155082162 }}</ref> * David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. * A new statue of David Livingstone was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> '''Zimbabwe''' * The David Livingstone Memorial statue at [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe]], erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls.<ref name="Michler2007">{{cite book|last=Michler|first=Ian|title=Victoria Falls & Surrounds: The Insider's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NprYukGOsEoC|year=2007|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-77007-361-6|page=11}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{harvnb|Michler|2007}} quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934<ref name="VicFalls">{{cite sign|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|title=David Livingstone's statue|date=1934|location=[[Victoria Falls]]|access-date=30 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> * A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls.<ref name="TOZ" /> * David Livingstone Primary School in [[Harare|Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|title=Dr Livingstone Primary School - Nairobi|website=dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke|access-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603205706/http://dr.livingstone.primary.school.co.ke/|archive-date=3 June 2023}}</ref> * David Livingstone Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40&nbsp;km from [[Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe. * Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. {{Who|date=January 2014}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Museum to honour David Livingstone | last=Lottering | first=Francois | work=[[The Namibian]] | date=28 October 2016 | page=7 | url=http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | access-date=29 October 2016 | archive-date=29 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029174306/http://www.namibian.com.na/47333/read/Museum-to-honour-David-Livingstone | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asia=== '''New Zealand''' *Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland *Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings ===Europe=== '''Scotland''' [[File:David Livingstone statue, Glasgow.JPG|thumb|Livingstone statue, [[Glasgow]]]] * The [[David Livingstone Centre|David Livingstone Birthplace Museum]] in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]], is a museum in his honour, operated by the David Livingstone Trust. * David Livingstone Memorial Primary School in Blantyre. * David Livingstone Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre. * A statue of Livingstone in [[Cathedral Square, Glasgow|Cathedral Square]], [[Glasgow]]. * A [[Statue of David Livingstone, Edinburgh|statue]] of Livingstone in [[Princes Street Gardens]], Edinburgh. * A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the [[Wallace Monument]] near [[Stirling]]. * [[Strathclyde University]], Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the [[Royal College of Science and Technology]]), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084611/http://www.strath.ac.uk/dlcs/|url-status=dead|title=David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability webpage|archive-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> and the [[Livingstone Tower]] where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer. * The David Livingstone Room in the [[Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|title=David Livingstone Meeting & Function Room {{!}} Fifteen Ninety Nine|website=fifteenninetynine.co.uk|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531140052/http://fifteenninetynine.co.uk/venue/the-david-livingstone-room.aspx|archive-date=31 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A portrait of Livingstone by [[Thomas Annan]] (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|title=Thomas Annan and the Documentary Photograph|last=Andrew McAinsh|date=5 January 2016|website=College Library|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629185327/https://libraryblog.rcpsg.ac.uk/2016/01/05/thomas-annan-and-the-documentary-photograph/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * The ''David Livingstone (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology'' commemorates him at the [[University of Glasgow]]. * Livingstone Place, a street in the [[Sciennes]] neighbourhood of Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Stuart |title=The Place Names of Edinburgh: Their Origins and History |url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua |date=2002 |publisher=Steve Savage Publishers |isbn=1-904246-06-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/placenamesofedin0000stua/page/371 371]}}</ref> * Livingstone Street in [[Addiewell]]. * A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in [[Hamilton United Reformed Church|St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton]], the church he attended as a boy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |title=David Livingstone – a brief history |publisher=Hamilton.urc.org.uk |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021144458/http://hamilton.urc.org.uk/david-livingstone/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in [[Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]], for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the [[Freedom of the City|Freedom of the Town]] of Hamilton.<ref>{{cite book|author=Blaikie, William Garden|title=The Personal Life of David Livingstone|publisher=Project Gutenberg|year=2004|orig-year=1880|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13262/13262-h/13262-h.htm}}</ref> '''England''' * A statue of David Livingstone stands in a niche on the outer wall of the [[Royal Geographical Society]] on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Unveiling of the Livingstone Statue|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geographical-journal_1954-03_120_1/page/15|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=120|issue=1|pages=15–20|year=1954|issn=0016-7398|doi=10.2307/1791984|jstor=1791984}}</ref> * Livingstone is one of the four houses at [[Eltham College]]. * David Livingstone Primary School in Thornton Heath, South London. ===North America=== '''Canada''' * The [[Livingstone Range (Canada)|Livingstone Range]] of mountains in southern [[Alberta]]. * David Livingstone Elementary School, [[Vancouver]]. * David Livingstone Community School, [[Winnipeg]]. * Bronze bust in [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia. * Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. * Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario. * Livingstone Street, St. John's, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], Canada. '''United States''' * The town of [[Livingston, California]] * [[Livingstone College]], Salisbury, North Carolina. * Livingstone Adventist Academy, [[Salem, Oregon]]. * Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay ===South America=== *The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |title=Livingstone Healthservice |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104452/http://www.accc-ja.com/0000009f7f0a5e705/0000009ff00e61617/index.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Banknotes=== In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|£10 notes]] issued by the [[Clydesdale Bank]]. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African [[tribesmen]] on the back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1982 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212133/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP213a-10Pounds-1982-donatedth_b.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the [[Zambezi|River Zambezi]], [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]], [[Lake Nyasa]] and [[Blantyre, Malawi]]; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in [[Blantyre, South Lanarkshire|Blantyre]], Scotland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |title=Clydesdale 10 Pounds, 1990 |publisher=Ron Wise's Banknoteworld |access-date=15 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021212114/http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/banknotes/scotland/ScotlandP214-10Pounds-1990-donatedth_f.jpg |archive-date=21 October 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> ===Science=== The following species have been named in honour of David Livingstone: * Livingston's cichlid, ''[[Nimbochromis livingstonii]]'' * Livingstone's eland, ''[[Taurotragus oryx]] livingstonii'' * [[Livingstone's fruit bat]], ''Pteropus livingstonii'' The mineral [[livingstonite]] is named in his honor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barcena |first1=M |title=On livingstonite, a new mineral |journal=American Journal of Science |date=1874 |volume=108 |pages=145–146}}</ref> It was described in 1874 from Mexico. ==Portrayal in film and books== * Livingstone has been portrayed by [[M.A. Wetherell]] in [[Livingstone (film)|''Livingstone'']] (1925), [[Percy Marmont]] in [[David Livingstone (film)|''David Livingstone'']] (1936), Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]] in ''[[Stanley and Livingstone]]'' (1939), [[Bernard Hill]] in [[Mountains of the Moon (film)|''Mountains of the Moon'']] (1990) and Sir [[Nigel Hawthorne]] in the TV movie ''Forbidden Territory'' (1997).<ref>{{IMDb title|id=0132972|title=Forbidden Territory: Stanley's Search for Livingstone (1997)}}</ref> * [[Marvel Comics]]' ''[[Young Allies (Marvel Comics)|The Young Allies]]'' #2 featured an explorer named "Martin Livingstone" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. [[Bucky Barnes]] greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by [[Ernie Hart]], but the writer is unknown--[[Otto Binder]] had written the preceding issue and [[Stan Lee]] the following one.<ref>Stan Lee, Otto Binder, et al. ''[[Marvel Masterworks]]: Young Allies''. New York: Marvel Publishing, 2009.</ref> * The 1949 [[comedy film]] ''[[Africa Screams]]'' is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by [[Lou Costello]]), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. * Stanley Livingston, played by [[Mort Marshall]], whose name invokes both Stanley and David Livingtone, was the zoo director on ''[[Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales]]'', a 1963-66 animated series. * ''Out of Darkness, Shining Light'' (2019) by [[Petina Gappah]] is a fictionalized account of how Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. ==In popular culture== In the 1940 [[Warner Bros.]] [[Looney Tunes]] cartoon "[[Africa Squeaks]]", a caricature of [[Spencer Tracy]] as [[Henry Morton Stanley]] erroneously presumes Porky Pig to be Livingstone in the heart of "Darkest Africa". The [[Moody Blues]] 1968 single [[Dr. Livingstone, I Presume (song)|"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume"]] paints the adventures of Livingstone, [[Captain Scott]], and [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "[[What About Livingstone?|What about Livingstone?]]"<ref name="Sheridan2012">{{cite book|last1=Sheridan|first1=Simon|title=The Complete ABBA|date=2012|publisher=Titan Books|isbn=978-0857687241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glQ4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT69|page=69|edition=40th Anniversary}}</ref> mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. A song from American [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]] band [[Alcatrazz]] called Jet to Jet from 1983's [[No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll]] contains the lyrics "Dr. Livingstone where are you, when We need you the most" which is in reference to the famed doctor and his expedition to [[Africa]]. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the [[Hugh Masekela]] song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, ''[[Colonial Man]]''. ==Wonaniso== *[[Thomas Baines]] *[[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]] *[[Livingstone Inland Mission]] *[[History of Christianity in Zambia]] ==Ukaboni== ===Notes=== {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===Sources and further reading=== {{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" ''Christian History'' (1997) 16#4 pp.&nbsp;10–19. * Dritsas, Lawrence. ''Zambesi: David Livingstone and expeditionary science in Africa'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020). *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=Into Africa: The Epic Adventures Of Stanley And Livingstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5xM29LaRZQC&pg=PA384|year=2012|publisher=Transworld|isbn=978-1-4464-3720-9}} *{{cite book|last=Dugard|first=Martin |title=The Explorers: A Story of Fearless Outcasts, Blundering Geniuses, and Impossible Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HumAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-7757-7}} * Gooding, Philip. "David Livingstone, UNESCO, and Nation-Building in 19th-21st-Century Scotland and East and Central Africa." ''Journal of Indian Ocean World Studies'' 5.2 (2021): 243–269. [https://jiows.mcgill.ca/article/view/117/72 online] * Groop, Kim Stefan. "Exploring Africa in the Nordic Press: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley and the Popular Fascination with Exploration and Adventure in Africa in the Late 19th Century." in ''Modernity, Frontiers and Revolutions: Proceedings of the 4th International Multidisciplinary Congress'' (CRC Press, 2018). [https://www.academia.edu/download/57545041/Grooop_-_Exploring_Africa.pdf online]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} * Holmes, Timothy (1993). ''Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth''. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. {{ISBN|978-0-86241-402-3}}; scholarly biography *{{cite book|first=Tim|last=Jeal|author-link=Tim Jeal|title=Livingstone|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone0000unse_i2j7|year=1973|publisher=[[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-434-37208-9}}, scholarly biography * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first= Tim |url=https://archive.org/details/livingstone00jeal |date=1973b |title=Livingstone |location=New York |publisher=G. P. Putnum's Sons|isbn= 9780399112157 |lccn=73-82030}}, first American edition * {{cite book|last=Jeal|first=Tim|author-link=Tim Jeal |title=Livingstone: Revised and Expanded Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcDR7nTiVAYC|year=2013|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-19100-4}} * Kilbride, Daniel. "The Old South Confronts the Dilemma of David Livingstone." ''Journal of Southern History'' (2016) 82#4 p789-822; how he was seen in the American South. * Lewis, Joanna. ''Empire of sentiment: the death of Livingstone and the myth of Victorian imperialism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018) . * Liebenberg, Elri. "‘I Will Open a Path into the Interior (of Africa), or Perish’: David Livingstone and the Mapping of Africa." ''Cartographic Journal'' 58.1 (2021): 29-49. <!--*{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David|title=Journeys in South Africa, or Travels and Researches in South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/travelsresearche00livi|orig-year=1857|year=1905|publisher=The Amalgamated Press Ltd.|location=London, UK}}--> *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |title=Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342/page/n3 |year=1857|publisher=Murray|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.33342 Contents]}} * {{cite book | last1=Livingstone | first1=D. | last2=Livingstone | first2=C. | title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and Its Tributaries: And of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858–1864 | publisher=Harper & Brothers | year=1866 | url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe03livigoog }} *{{cite book|last=Livingstone|first=David |editor-first=Horace |editor-last=Waller|editor-link=Horace Waller (activist)|title=The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav00livigoog|year=1874|publisher=J. Murray}} * Livingstone, David and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954). ''Livingstone's Travels''. London: J.M. Dent. * Livingstone, David (1999) [1875]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927214512/http://www.arlea.fr/article.php3?id_article=493&var_recherche=livingstone%2F ''Dernier Journal'']. Paris: [[Arléa]]; {{ISBN|2-86959-215-9}} {{in lang|fr}} * Livingstone, Justin D. "Livingstone’s Life & Expeditions." in Adrian S. Wisnicki and Megan Ward, eds. ''Livingstone Online'' (2015) [http://livingstoneonline.org/uuid/node/76ab1aa0-2bf4-4c42-adf7-c8c4ee960236 online]. * MacKenzie, John M. "David Livingstone, the Scottish cultural and political revival and the end of empire in Africa." in ''Scotland, empire and decolonisation in the twentieth century'' (Manchester University Press, 2017) pp.&nbsp;180–199. * [[Thomas Banks Maclachlan|Maclachlan, T. Banks.]] ''David Livingstone,'' Edinburgh: [[Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier]], 1901, ([[List of books for the "Famous Scots Series"|"Famous Scots Series"]]). * Martelli, George (1970). ''Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition'', 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. {{ISBN|978-0-7011-1527-2}} * {{cite book|first=Jay|last=Milbrandt|title=The Daring Heart of David Livingstone: Exile, African Slavery, and the Publicity Stunt that Saved Millions|url=https://archive.org/details/daringheartofdav0000milb|year=2014|publisher=[[Thomas Nelson (book publisher)|Thomas Nelson]]|location=Nashville, TN|isbn=978-1-59555-592-2}} scholarly biography * [[Basil Joseph Mathews|Mathews, Basil Joseph]], ''Livingstone, the Pathfinder'', illustrated by [[Ernest Prater]] (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913) * Mkenda, Festo. "A Protestant Verdict on the Jesuit Missionary Approach in Africa: David Livingstone and Memories of the Early Jesuit Presence in South Central Africa." in ''Encounters between Jesuits and Protestants in Africa'' (Brill, 2017). 59-79 [https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004347151/B9789004347151_006.xml online]. * Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). ''Livingstone, Trail Blazer for God''. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. * [[M. NourbeSe Philip|Philip, M. NourbeSe]] (1991). ''Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence''. Stratford: The Mercury Press; {{ISBN|978-0-920544-88-4}} * Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." '' History Today'' (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp.&nbsp;633–639 online. * {{cite book | last=Ross | first=Andrew | title=David Livingstone : Mission and Empire | publisher=Hambledon Continuum | publication-place=London | year=2002 | isbn= 978-1-85285-285-6 | oclc=}} * Rotberg, Robert I. "His Brother’s Keeper: Charles Livingstone and the ‘Failure’ of David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition." ''Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History'' 47.1 (2019): 76-99. * Seaver, George. ''David Livingston: His Life and Letters'' (1957), a standard biography * Shepperson, George. "David Livingstone 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." ''Geographical Journal'' (1973): 205–219. {{doi|10.2307/1796089}} * Stanley, Henry M. ''How I Found Livingstone'' (1872) [https://archive.org/details/howifoundliving00stangoog famous primary source]. * Stuart, John. "David Livingstone, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., ''Sites of imperial memory'' (Manchester University Press, 2016). * Waters, John (1996). ''David Livingstone: Trail Blazer''. Leicester: Inter-Varsity; {{ISBN|978-0-85111-170-4}} * Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: David Livingstone and the Invention of South Central Africa". ''Victorian Literature and Culture'' 37.1 (Mar.): 255–71. {{refend}} ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline|David Livingstone}} {{Wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} {{EB1911|wstitle=Cameron, Verney Lovett|volume=5|page=109}} *[https://www.livingstoneonline.org/life-and-times/livingstone-s-life-expeditions Livingstone Online] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715215339/http://livingstone.library.ucla.edu/ |date=15 July 2017 }}. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080217151257/http://www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk/index.html Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of David Livingstone] Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401060253/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0192 David Livingstone (c. 1956)]. Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive * {{Gutenberg author |id=519| name=David Livingstone}} **''[[gutenberg:1039|Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa]]'' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/2519 A Popular Account of Dr Livingstone's Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries] '' **''[https://gutenberg.org/etext/13262 The Personal Life of David Livingstone] '' * {{Internet Archive author |sname=David Livingstone}} *{{cite journal |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |pages=225–236 |year=1892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CMYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA225 |title=Dr. Livingston (obituary, Wed., 28 Jan. 1874) |journal=Eminent Persons: Biographies Reprinted from the Times. Vol. 1–6. D. Vol I, 1870–1875}} * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/the-lost-diary-of-dr-livingstone-watch-the-full-episode/1157/ The Lost Diary of Dr. Livingstone] Documentary produced by the [[PBS]] Series [[Secrets of the Dead]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063629/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/VictoriaFalls.htm How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu Interactive map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413235642/http://labs.jstor.org/zambezi/?cid=soc_JSTORedu |date=13 April 2017 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Livingstone, David}} [[Category:David Livingstone| ]] [[Category:1813 births]] [[Category:1873 deaths]] [[Category:Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]] [[Category:Big cat attack victims]] [[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]] [[Category:Congregationalist missionaries in Africa]] [[Category:Deaths from dysentery]] [[Category:Deaths from malaria]] [[Category:Explorers of Africa]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society]] [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Zambia]] [[Category:Medical missionaries]] [[Category:People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist missionaries]] [[Category:Scottish explorers]] [[Category:Scottish evangelicals]] [[Category:Deaths from bleeding]] [[Category:Scottish Congregationalist ministers]] e5jc8jhya7oem3krzh0oiaf64h5cuog 3 47402 123375 123323 2026-11-02T02:18:34Z MediaWiki message delivery 2648 /* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-45 */ new section 123375 wikitext text/x-wiki <center><big>⚠️ Please don't inform me if you want to create language articles. [[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Creating_articles_using_Ethnologue|'''Go here''']] and follow the formats given. ⚠️</big></center> {{VvM Talk 1}} {{Archives}} == congrats! == Hi @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]], You currently appear as Mulembi wa Mwezi on the Tumwiki Main Page. 🎉 This is an automatic system, not a manually selected award. The gadget checks editors' contributions during the previous 30 days and identifies the registered editor with the highest number of qualifying article edits. The current criteria are: * registered editors only; * edits in the main/article namespace; * contributions from the previous 30 days; * bot edits are excluded; * anonymous/IP edits are excluded; * obvious undo/rollback edits are excluded where they can be identified. The result is calculated automatically, so whoever meets the criteria at the time is displayed on the Main Page. Your name appeared first under the current calculation. Congratulations, and yewo chomene for your contributions to Tumwiki! 🎉 [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:02, 7 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Legacy and emergency == @[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] Hello, if you see that I am not active for more than 4 months, it means that something is wrong as I am far from home (country). Since you are one of the users I can trust on this wiki, along native @[[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] who doesn't know much about templates and how home page works, I will leave this with you. If you see that the home page is broken or the home is showing broken links of templates, such as red links with dates or month, please update it. If you see that the home is entirely gone, you can use any of these '''emergency stable basic backup interface ''' diffs: <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=26301 1,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=24431 2,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=105397 3,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=108878 4,] <br> [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jani_likulu&oldid=109763 5,] <br> Our needed home page is located [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], which is currently down. How to fix the current broken page? Since it says: <br> [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]], etc, them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]] into [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Lupya/19]] them move the page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/19]]. You only need to change the month name, nothing else. And importantly, leave a redirect behind as an alternative, don't delete the behind page. If you do that, you can see changes [[Chikaya chikulu 9 demo|here]], and not on main page, unless you swap it with [https://tum.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vyose&oldid=120042 this revision]. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:28, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Ok, its a lot of work to do, I can't be certain I'd get it all done, but I'll try. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:32, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]] Also, can you give me a list of English months and Tumbuka months? I know I previously asked but I really want to know. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 09:37, 19 Lupya 2026 (UTC) :Alright thank you will work on that. Hope your situation gets better whatever it is. And thank you for the message you left me a few weeks back. I saw it just forgot to respond. [[User:Anthonymunthali44|Anthonymunthali44]] ([[User talk:Anthonymunthali44|pakuchezgela]]) 19:00, 21 Lupya 2026 (UTC) == Use Ethnologue make articles == hey there I see your one of the people on Wikipedia that create language articles. I want to make some with ethnologue. Share you're thoughts. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]] ([[User talk:~2026-52997-58|pakuchezgela]]) 02:44, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :Sure! But please follow these notable steps: :* Use the template <nowiki>{{InterWiki|code=XYZ}}</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :* Add the category <nowiki>[[Category:Viyowoyelo]]</nowiki> at the bottom of the articles :Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 02:46, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::Hi @[[User:~2026-52997-58|~2026-52997-58]], thanks for all the work this hour, but the article [[ChiEstonia]] appears non-encyclopedic and can be deleted if not improved. I added the Revision tag. Thanks. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 04:07, 3 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Every villages in Liechtenstein covered in the Tumbuka Wikipedia == Honestly why are you creating every single village in Liechetnstein as an article? What tumbuka person would read articles about Liechtenstein villags? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:29, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] Is there a problem with that? Anyone can create articles on the Tumbuka Wikipedia about anything they want. For example, I'm interested in villages of [[Liechtenstein]], so that's why I created all of those articles on villages of Liechtenstein in Tumbuka. :I don't just create villages of Lichtenstein articles. I also create many other different articles about villages in the world, different people, and geographical features. But I really, really like geography, so that's why I do lots of geography content on this wiki. :And I've always wanted to visit Liechtenstein, so that's why I had been creating articles about all of the villages in the country. :Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:33, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::it feels like your trying to not get many views on your articles. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-53536-92|pakuchezgela]]) 07:37, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:~2026-53536-92|~2026-53536-92]] No, that is not what I'm intending at all. All I want to know is that there is information about that topic where the Tumbuka people would be able to find it and read about it. :::I don't really know what else to add to this conversation, so I'm going to leave it here. I'm not trying to be rude, I just can't think of anything else to say. Sorry. :::Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 07:40, 5 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:09, 12 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Starting October 13, wikis can change the default pattern for [[:en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]] (currently <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name=":1" /></syntaxhighlight>). They will be able to use human-readable, content-based reference names that are more helpful to contributors using the source editor (e.g. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" inline><ref name="Miller2026-1" /></syntaxhighlight>). VisualEditor reference name patterns can be defined using MediaWiki system messages, JSON, templates and modules ([[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite/VisualEditor reference names|more information]]). Admins can enable these changes via [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/Cite-VisualEditor-Autonames|community configuration]]. This is a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/W17|community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436255] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to English Wikipedia on October 14 and to remaining Wikimedia Foundation wikis by end of October (likely October 21). The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. This is a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-standing community wish]] implemented by [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440243][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440304] '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools]] will be removing the list view of the Watchlist and defaulting everyone to the changelog view. Previously, there were two versions of how the Watchlist is shown to mobile web users: the list view, where editors could see watched articles in a list format, and the changelog view, where editors could see changes to watched articles in a log format, controlled by a user's Advanced Mobile Control settings. This has created issues for code-base maintenance: two different displays means two sets of code to manage. By defaulting to the changelog view, we are simplifying the codebase and avoiding the likelihood of missing bugs. * The Wikipedia Android app is testing a way to listen to article introductions in the “For you” feed. A text-to-speech model reads the existing article text aloud without rewriting it or adding any content. The 30-day experiment will begin in the Wikipedia Beta app during the third week of September, then move to the regular Wikipedia Android app in October for a limited group of eligible users. A small portion of app users (those with English feeds and at least one topic interest) will have access to the feature. This experiment is part of broader efforts to give app readers options in how they consume content in order to deepen engagement and user retention. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Listening to Wikipedia/Phase 1|Learn more]] and [[mw:Talk:Readers/Listening to Wikipedia|share feedback]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror syntax highlighting]] was [[phab:T288161|enabled]] by default for all logged out and newly registered users on the English Wikipedia on September 14. With no signs of adverse effects, the same change is being proposed to be made globally across all wikis in a few weeks. If you have concerns or feedback, or if your wiki would like to opt out, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror#Enabling CodeMirror by default on all WMF wikis for newbies|please see the help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440077] * [[d:Wikidata:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|Wikidata mobile statement editing]] of all datatypes will be officially launched on October 13, when it will be removed from Wikidata [[d:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] and become available to all editors. Users can [[d:Wikidata_talk:Usability_and_usefulness/Item_editing_experience/Mobile_editing_of_statements|report bugs and share feedback]]. * Last week, language link changes were removed from [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] feeds on Wikivoyage, Wikisource, Wikiversity, Wikiquote and Wiktionary. As no adverse effects have been observed, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] plans to roll out this change globally to all Wikipedias. This is scheduled for October 13 at 07:00 UTC, after which editors will no longer see when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or ask to opt out their wiki on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440698] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where accidentally touching the graph while scrolling on the Pageviews tool on mobile could unintentionally zoom in has now been fixed. Click-and-drag zoom is now disabled on touch devices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440075] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There are three major changes coming to dumps: the legacy content dumps [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/E6D5EU4PMSTSOI2J7A46HJ3YW2W554CS/ deprecated in January 2026] will now be sunset, the replacement [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki_Content_File_Exports MediaWiki Content File Exports] will be delayed to implement a “safety buffer”, and they are now also available as 7zip-compressed files. Users will need to switch the URL they download their dump from. For more information, timeline and migration instructions, see [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legacy_content_dumps_sunset Legacy content dumps sunset]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation discovered unauthorized activity by OpenAI agents on Wikimedia projects, including edits to wikis, attempts to exploit a public note-taking tool, and heavy automated traffic. [[diffblog:2026/10/05/openai-rogue-agent-activities-found-on-wikimedia-projects/|Read the blog post on Diff]] for more details about the activity and the Foundation’s response. '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon! We’ll be meeting in lovely Tirana, Albania for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] from April 9–11, 2027. Scholarship and staff sponsorship applications are currently being [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ accepted through Pretix] and will close on October 30, 2026. General registration will open in January 2027. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 07:40, 13 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31142468 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jalapeño popper]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Cooking-food-stuffed-jalapenos-peppers.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jalapeño poppers''', or jalapeño bites, are jalapeño peppers that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of cheese, spices, and sometimes ground meat, and breaded and deep-fried or wrapped with bacon and baked. They are a common dish on appetizer menus in chain restaurants in the United States. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 07:15, 19 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To measure the impact of incorporating some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#November 2025: Ideas and feedback|community-requested features]] on logged-out reader retention, a test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing|Image Carousel]] will be pushed to logged-out readers. With the Image Carousel feature, readers browse community-uploaded images, selected by editors as relevant to specific articles. The test starts on November 20. * An experimental notice will be pushed to 0.5% of logged-out mobile readers who come to English Wikipedia from Google, asking them to add Wikipedia as a [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/preferred-sources/ Google Preferred Source]. The test is to see if this notice increases reader retention and encourages people who use Google Search to visit Wikipedia more often. It will run from October 15–29 and will be assessed for its impact on retention and referrals. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[quarry:|Quarry]] returned an “Access denied” error when users tried to run SQL queries, preventing queries from running normally, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T440966] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Cog-icon-grey.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Due to a long-standing bug, applications that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For_Developers|OAuth 2]] client credentials flow to act on their owners’ behalf are treated as if they are logged out. This will be fixed for new applications registered on or after Monday, October 19. Some affected applications need to re-register. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420297] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A proposal to hold the Wikimedia Hackathon every three years, with regional hackathons in between, [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|has been shared]]. It explores making the event more accessible to technical communities in different regions. Share your feedback on the proposal’s [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Hackathon/Community Proposal 2026|talk page]] before November 6. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 14:38, 19 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31178499 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-44 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:National Day of Bhutan]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''National Day of Bhutan''' (Dzongkha: རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་དུས་ཆེན་; Wylie: rgyal yongs dus chen) known as Gyalyong Düchen is a major national event celebrated annually on 17 December in the Kingdom of Bhutan <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:05, 26 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * An experiment launched on September 29 is testing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Experience/Reading_recommendations|article recommendations]] for new account holders who also identify as readers. By suggesting articles to read, similar to recommendations in the Wikipedia app for logged-in readers, the experiment aims to encourage new account holders to read and return to the website regularly, with the goal of increasing internal referrals by 1%. See the related [[m:Community Wishlist/W505|Community Wishlist]] proposal. * Several Wikimedia services were taken offline last week because of a [https://www.php.net/archive/2026.php#2026-10-20-1 security vulnerability in PHP]. This is because they need to be updated before they are safe to put back online. This is not a problem just for the Wikimedia movement but affects a lot of websites. You can follow updates on [[wikitech:Incidents/2026-10-21 PHP security update/Community|Wikitech]]. Cloud VPS and Toolforge will take longer to bring back online. This is to make sure that applications which run on Cloud VPS or Toolforge are not affected. Tool developers can see updates and more information on the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/cloud-announce.lists.wikimedia.org/ Cloud-announce mailing list]. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-tools-and-services/][https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/10/21/impact-of-php-vulnerabilities-on-wikimedia-cloud-services/] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/43|Last week we shared]] that to measure the impact of incorporating some community-requested features on logged-out reader retention, a test for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Carousel]] feature would be pushed to logged-out readers. Due to an issue, we will be restarting the test, but it will be live on October 26, not November 20 as initially announced. '''Updates for editors''' * A new [[wikitech:KAPOW|bot detection system]] to better identify automated traffic that disguises itself as human visitors, is coming to the Wikimedia wikis. This might cause sudden changes to visitor statistics starting from 26 October, going back to 20 June 2026. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] which renders musical notation inside wiki pages, has been temporarily disabled on all wikis due to a security issue. Affected pages will display a notice instead of musical scores, but the underlying code remains intact. No action is needed from editors, and a fix is in progress. A separate announcement will follow when the extension is re-enabled. Read more on [[phab:T441579|Phabricator]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where CodeMirror syntax highlighter appears to have been enabled in error for existing editors has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T441308] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, October 28 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1793199600 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439703] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.48/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship and sponsorship applications for the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia%20Hackathon%202027 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon] will close on Friday, October 30th. Submit your application [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2027/ through Pretix] before the deadline! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:57, 26 Zimya 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31199592 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-45 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:AI washing]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''AI washing''' is a deceptive marketing tactic that consists of promoting a product or a service by overstating the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and the integration of it. Companies often involve in the practice to mislead customers to boost their offerings, and to secure funding from investors. The practice raises concerns regarding transparency, and legal issues. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|pakuchezgela]]) 02:18, 2 Thukila 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> gnrd8s9ny9rbr1jl73gyx3eh8ch6zm4 0 48142 123363 123269 2026-11-01T20:32:15Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|palije}} <!--Per MOS:BOLDTITLE and WP:SBE, please do not reword this to include the article's title.--> [[File:Malawi-map-blank.png|thumb|right|alt=Map of Malawi.|Mapu ya Malawi.]] [[Malawi|Malawi]] ntchimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na chitukuko chakukwana yayi pa charu chose. Mu [[Ndemanga ya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Index]] ya chaka cha 2010, Malawi yikaŵa pa malo 170 pa vyaru 187.<ref name="Number52">{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2013 |title=Human Development Report 2013 |author=United Nations |date=2013-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Chalo ichi chili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 16 miliyoni, ndipo 53% ŵawo ŵakukhala pasi pa [[Mphaka wa ukavu|mphaka wa ukavu]] wa charu. Pafupifupi 90% ŵakukhala na ndalama zakujumpha yayi madola gha ku America ghaŵiri pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number53">{{Cite web |title=FINCA Malawi |url=https://finca.org/where-we-work/africa/malawi/?wp-nocache=true |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=FINCA International |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Wupu wa Mitundu Yakwiza wa Kusungilira Ŵana|Wupu wa Ŵana wa United Nations]] (UNICEF) ukayowoya kuti mu Malawi muli ŵana 46,000 awo ŵakusuzgika chomene na [[kusowa chakurya chakukwana|kusowa chakurya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|title=High stakes for Malawi's children as malnutrition rises|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=2005-10-14|access-date=2007-12-13|archive-date=2021-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023749/https://www.unicef.org/media/media_28776.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mu 2023, UNICEF yikachenjezga kuti ŵana ŵakujumpha 500,000 mu Malawi ŵakaŵa pa ngozi ya kusowa chakurya.<ref name=":1" /> Mazuŵa ghano, mapulogiramu ghanandi ghakuŵikika mu Malawi kuti ghakumane na masuzgo gha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kusintha kwa vyakuchita vya chuma na ulimi.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Stringer |first1=Lindsay C. |last2=Mkwambisi |first2=David D. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |last4=Dyer |first4=Jen C. |date=April 2010 |title=Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi |journal=Climate and Development |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=145–160 |doi=10.3763/cdev.2010.0042 |issn=1756-5529 |s2cid=153677852}}</ref> ==Mbiri na ivyo vikachitika pakwamba== Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵalondezga kwamba kwa suzgo la chakurya mu Malawi kufika mu vyaka vya 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru mu kumwera kwa [[Africa]] chikachepeska chomene vyakurya vya chimanga mu Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene. Chimanga ndicho chikupanga pafupifupi 54% ya chakurya cha ma calories agho Ŵamalawi ŵakugwiliskira ntchito zuŵa lililose.<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera pafupifupi kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2">{{Cite book |last=Administrative Committee on Coordination |first=Subcommittee on Nutrition |title=Update on the Nutrition Situation |date=November 1994 |publisher=United Nations |language=en-GB |chapter=Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries – Malawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202025840/http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi |archive-date=2008-12-02 |chapter-url=http://www.unsystem.org/scn/archives/rwns94update/ch14.htm#Malawi}}</ref> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso mbuto ziwemi za chimanga na fetereza uyo boma likapeleka, ŵanthu ŵakakura yayi mu vyakurya chifukwa cha umo ŵakachitira mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Chigumula mu Malawi. Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengedwe.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachoko kweniso kugawa fetereza pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Ukaboni wa vimbundi na kusanga phindu mwakwenelera yayi mu ADMARC ukapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisuzge ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwambura kwenelera.<ref name=Number12 /> Peneapo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, [[Bungwe la Ulimi na Malonda la Malawi|ADMARC]] likakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pambere apa, nyengo za chilala na chigumula zikalutilira kusuzga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf |date=2015-05-03 }}</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chikuru chomene pakuyaniska na masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikugomezga chomene pa [[Ulimi|ulimi]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakulima ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Kuchuluka kwa chilala na chigumula kufuma mu 1990 kukakhwaska chomene ŵanthu ŵa mu Malawi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya nthowa zakukwana zakuzizipizgira masoka agha panji kubwelera mwaluŵiro, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi ya kusuzgika chomene na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza. Mzere wa ukavu na njara ukalutilira kukura.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma ku vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga wovwiri pa ulimi wa chimanga chakusazgika luso. Kweni apo boma likalekezga pulogalamu iyi chifukwa cha mtengo wake ukuru, ulimi wa chimanga ukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakweraso.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2002, pakaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]] mu Malawi ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufwa ŵakayananga pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16">{{cite book |last=Phillips |first=Erica |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9780801466373 |editor1=Pinstrup-Andersen, Per |location=Ithaca, NY |pages=135–148 |chapter=Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1) |doi=10.7591/9780801466373-014 |editor2=Cheng, Fuzhi |s2cid=198660921}}</ref> Pafupifupi 85% ya ndalama zakwizira mu mbumba za Ŵamalawi zikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi. Chimanga, tirigu na mbatata vikaŵa vyakurya vikuru ivyo ŵanthu ŵakalimanga na kurya.<ref name="Number15">{{Cite book |last=Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. |title=Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012 |date=2012-07-13 |publisher=Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy |location=Minneapolis}}</ref> Ntheura, apo [[Wupu wa Ndalama wa Charu Chose|IMF]] ukayowoya kuti zokolola za chimanga mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti mu charu muŵe kusoŵa kwa matani 273,000 gha chimanga, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu February 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa suzgo la chakurya ndipo likapharazga kuti chikaŵa nyengo ya soka la chalo.<ref name="Number12" /> Zakurya ivyo vikavunwa mu hafu yakwamba ya 2002 vikawovwira kuchepeska njara yikuru, kweni mu 2005, chilala chinyake chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya.<ref name="Number54">{{Citation |chapter=Food, human rights, democracy and beyond |date=2016-11-10 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |title=The Right to Food Guidelines, Democracy and Citizen Participation |pages=9–27 |access-date=2022-05-14 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.9774/gleaf.9781315529899_3 |isbn=9781315529899|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pa Okutobala 15, 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Mulongozgi wa Malawi|Mulongozgi]] [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga [[nyengo ya soka|soka la chalo]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4345246.stm |access-date=2007-12-13 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Kufuma apo Malawi yikamba kubwelera kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, kweni sono yikusangana na suzgo linyake la kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number20">{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9780801466380 |title=Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries |date=2009-01-01 |isbn=9780801466380 |editor-last=Pinstrup-Andersen |editor-first=Per |doi=10.7591/9780801466380 |editor2-last=Cheng |editor2-first=Fuzhi}}</ref> Pakaŵaso masuzgo gha chakurya mu 2012 na 2015. Vinthu vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la 2002 vikapambananga yayi, kweni pa nyengo iyi vikakhwaskika chomene na chilala chikuru na vyigumula. Mu 2012, suzgo la chakurya likachitika chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikakhwaska zokolola za chimanga, kweniso kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mtengo wa [[Kwacha ya Malawi|kwacha]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Malawi {{!}} WFP {{!}} United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide |url=https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |access-date=2019-04-25 |website=www.wfp.org |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210030856/https://www.wfp.org/node/3513/3879/642177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Mu 2015, chilara chikuru chikapangiska suzgo linyake la chakurya, ndipo mulongozgi wa Malawi wakapharazga kuti mu charu mukaŵa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last1=Oneko |first1=Sella |date=2016-04-13 |title=Malawi declares national disaster over food crisis |url=https://www.dw.com/en/malawi-declares-national-disaster-over-food-crisis/a-19183292 |access-date=2019-04-01 |website=Deutsche Welle (DW)}}</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Flooding in Malawi.|Ulimi wa ku Malawi ukukhwaskika na masoka gha chilengedwe nga ni vigumula.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la chitukuko cha ulimi na malonda|ADMARC]] (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Vimbundi na vyakuchita vya kujipenja phindu mu ADMARC vikapangiska kuti bungwe ili lisangwe likupoka ndalama za ŵalimi ŵachoko na kusintha mitengo ya vyakurya mwakubendera.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya hona yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikakhala pafupi kubwanganduka.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(90)90026-t |issn=0305-750X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kuti lisange ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|World Bank]], ADMARC likazgoka kampani iyo yikaŵa na chigaŵa cha ŵanthu wamba ndipo likamazga chithandizo cha manyowa mu 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kusowa kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto kwa ŵalimi ŵachoko nako kukawovwira kuti suzgo la chakurya la 1992 liŵe likuru.<ref name="Number33">{{Cite book |last=Mkandawire |first=Thandika |url=http://www.oit.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---africa/---ro-abidjan/---sro-harare/documents/publication/wcms_228921.pdf |title=Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9 |publisher=International Labour Organization |year=1999 |location=Harare}}</ref> Kwambira nyengo iyi, chilangalanga na vigumula vikulutilira kukhuŵazga Malawi.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, pakaŵa masoka gha nyengo 33, ndipo ichi chikaŵa chakwera chomene kuluska masoka 7 agho ghakachitika pakati pa 1970 na 1989, kuyana na [[ActionAid]].<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikukhazikika chomene pa ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakuvuna ndipo ŵakuguliska ivyo vyajumphapo kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | last1=Dorward | first1=Andrew | last2=Kydd | first2=Jonathan | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=343–361 | s2cid=54763363 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf }}</ref> Chiŵelengero chikuru cha chilangalanga na vigumula kufuma mu 1990 chakhwaska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu charu ichi. Ŵalimi ŵakaŵa ŵambura nkhongono zakusintha panji kuwezgerapo ivyo ŵakataya chifukwa cha masoka, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵaŵe pa ngozi yakukumana na masuzgo ghanyake mu nyengo yikwiza.<ref name=Number5 /> Kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1970 m'paka mu 1994, boma likapelekanga chithandizo cha manyowa na mbuto za chimanga cha mtundu uphya. Kweni apo pulogiramu iyi yikamara chifukwa cha kukwera kwa mtengo wake, kupanga chimanga kukakhira ndipo mitengo yikakwera so.<ref name=Number5 /> ==Njara ya mu 2002 ku Malawi== Mu 2002, ku Malawi kukaŵa [[Njara|njara yikuru]]. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambanapambana, kufuma pa 300 m'paka 3,000, kuyana na [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la chitukuko cha ŵanthu|HDR]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16"/> ==Vyakuchitiska suzgo la chakurya== ===Vyandulo vya ndyali=== Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi yapeleka wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalongozgekanga na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35">{{Cite web |title=Malawi: History |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/malawi/history |access-date=2014-03-30 |website=Global Edge |language=en-us}}</ref> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi yikaŵa na ndyali ya chipani chimoza, ndipo Banda ndiyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]], chipani chimoza pera icho chikaŵapo pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Ntheura Banda wakaŵa na mazaza nga ni muwusi wankhongono chomene, ndipo pa nyengo ya muwuso wake pakaŵa kuphwanya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993 pera, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi yiŵe na ndyali ya vyipani vinandi. Pa nyengo iyi Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party|Chipani cha Malawi Congress]] ŵakathereskeka pa mavoti.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa [[dango]] liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango ya chipani chimoza, kweniso makhoti.<ref name="Number34">{{Citation |title=Malawi |date=2022-05-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105646/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2022-05-15}}</ref> Mu 1998, pasi pa muwuso wa demokilasi wa [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[Bungwe la National Food Reserve Agency|Bungwe la chakurya chakusungika cha charu]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga kuti ghawovwire pa nyengo ya masoka. NFRA, ilo likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na komiti ya ŵalongozgi ŵakusankhika na boma la Malawi, likalamuliranga vyakusungika vya chimanga kweniso ndalama na malonda ghakunjira na kufuma mu charu.<ref name="Number36">{{Cite web |date=2014-03-03 |title=Adequate Reserves for Malawi |url=http://www.nframw.com/ |website=National Food Reserve Agency |access-date=2026-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260724065314/https://www.nframw.com/ |archive-date=2026-07-24}}</ref> Kweni mwaluŵiro NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli yakukwana 1 biliyoni ya [[Malawi kwacha|kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiwongolero chikuru cha ngongoli cha 56%. Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske chimanga chakusungika chifukwa mu 2000 pakaŵa chimanga chinandi. Pakawonekanga kuti pakukhumbikwanga yayi kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena ndipo chimanga chinyake chikaŵa kwamba kunangika.<ref name=Number12 /> Kulongozga uku kukaliso chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa 2000 uyo wakapemphika na [[European Commission|Bungwe la European Commission]]. Kafukufuku uyu wakayowoya kuti matani 30,000 m'paka 60,000 gha chimanga ghakaŵa ghakukwana pa nyengo ya soka lakukhuŵazga chigaŵa chimoza pera.<ref name=Number12 /> NFRA likalondezga languro la IMF ndipo likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chakusungika ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], ndipo malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakakhira kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakayowoyanga kuti languro la IMF lakuti chimanga chiguliskike ndilo likaŵa chimoza mwa ivyo vikapangiska njara ya 2002.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na [[ActionAid]] ŵakazomera kuti chimanga icho chikaŵa chakale ndipo chikaŵa chakudura kuchisunga, ntheura pa nyengo iyo languro ili likawonekanga lakwenelera.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikakura chomene mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa kuti ghamara ndipo boma likaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuti lingagwiliskira ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Suzgo likakulirakulira chifukwa boma likanozga yayi kuwezgerapo chimanga chakusungika apo chikagwiliskikanga ntchito.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakanjilirapo ndipo ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma mu malo ghakusungirako, pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo chakurya chikaŵa chakusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> == Mbiri na vyakuyambirira == Ŵasayansi ŵa mbiri ŵakulongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya ku Malawi likamba mu 1991 na 1992, apo chilangalanga chikuru ku kumwera kwa Africa chikapangiska kuti vyakurya vya [[chimanga]] viŵe vichoko chomene ku Malawi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Msowoya |first1=Kondwani |last2=Madani |first2=Kaveh |last3=Davtalab |first3=Rahman |last4=Mirchi |first4=Ali |last5=Lund |first5=Jay R. |date=2016-11-01 |title=Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa |journal=Water Resources Management |volume=30 |issue=14 |pages=5299–5312 |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3 |issn=1573-1650|doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/39909 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mtengo wa chimanga, icho chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo chikaŵa pafupifupi 54% ya mphamvu ya vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakalyanga,<ref name="Number1">{{Cite journal |last=Minot |first=Nicholas |date=2010-01-10 |title=Staple Food Prices in Malawi |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46470944 |journal=Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP) |location=Maputo, Mozambique |publisher=Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> ukakwera chomene; mtengo wa chimanga ukakhala pafupifupi wakukwana kaŵiri pakati pa 1992 na 1993.<ref name="Number2"/> Nangauli mu 1993 mukaŵa chimanga chinandi chifukwa cha vula yiwemi kweniso ndondomeko ya boma ya kovwira ŵalimi na mbuto za chimanga za mtundu uphya na manyowa, ŵanthu ŵakalyanga vyakurya vinandi yayi chifukwa cha umo ŵakajizolerezgera mu nyengo ya njara.<ref name="Number3">Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.</ref> [[File:ILRI, Stevie Mann - Household takes refuge from the rain in central Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Madambo ku Malawi.|Ulimi wa Malawi ukusuzgika chifukwa cha masoka gha chilengiwa nga ni kusefukira kwa maji.]] Bungwe la boma ilo likachemekanga [[Bungwe la vya ulimi na malonda|Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation]] (ADMARC) ndilo likalamuliranga kugura na kuguliska vyakurya vya ŵalimi ŵachokoŵachoko kweniso kugawira manyowa pambere chaka cha 1998 chindafike.<ref name="Number12">"Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.</ref> Kupuluska ndarama na vinthu vya boma mukati mwa bungwe ili kukapangiska kuti ADMARC yileme kuŵa yakovwira ŵalimi ndipo yikapangiska mitengo ya vyakurya kuŵa yambura kulongosoka.<ref name=Number12 /> Apo mitengo ya fodya yikakhira mu 1985, ADMARC yikamba kusuzgika chomene ndipo yikaŵa pafupi kumara.<ref name="Number32">{{Cite journal |last=Lele |first=Uma |date=1990-09-01 |title=Structural adjustment, agricultural development and the poor: Some lessons from the Malawian experience |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-development_1990-09_18_9/page/1207 |journal=World Development |volume=18 |issue=9 |pages=1207–1219 |doi=10.1016/0305-750x(90)90026-t}}</ref> Kuti liŵeze ngongoli kufuma ku [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|International Monetary Fund]] na mabungwe gha charu chose, ADMARC likazgoka kampani ya payekha mwa chigaŵa ndipo likaleka kovwira na manyowa mu vyaka vya 1988/1989.<ref name=Number32 /> Kuleka kwa ADMARC kupereka manyowa na mbuto ku ŵalimi ŵachoko kukapangiska kuti suzgo la vyakurya mu 1992 liŵe likuru chomene.<ref name="Number33"/> Kwambira nyengo iyo, Malawi wakumana nyengo na nyengo na chilangalanga kweniso kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name="Number5">"Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006.</ref> Pakati pa 1990 na 2006, kukaŵa masoka gha nyengo ghakukwana 33, apo pakati pa 1970 na 1989 kukaŵa masoka 7 pera.<ref name=Number5 /> Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi; ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuphalira pa ivyo ŵalima kuti ŵarye kweniso kuguliska ivyo vyakhalako kuti ŵasange ndalama.<ref name="Number6">{{cite journal | doi=10.1017/s0022278x04000229 | title=The Malawi 2002 food crisis: The rural development challenge | year=2004 | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies}}</ref> Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji, ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusintha nthowa zawo za ulimi ndipo ŵakaŵa pangozi ya njara. Mu 2002, kukaŵa [[njara]] yikuru ku Malawi iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵasuzgike chomene. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa chikupambana, ndipo ŵanyake ŵakuti ŵakaŵa pakati pa 300 na 3,000, kuyana na malipoti gha [[ActionAid]] na [[Lipoti la vya chitukuko cha ŵanthu|Human Development Report]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences |title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences |author=United Nations |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Number16"/> Pa nyengo iyi, pafupifupi 85% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakasanganga ndalama zawo chomene kufuma ku ulimi.<ref name="Number15"/> [[Chimanga]] chikaŵa chakurya chakuzirwa chomene mu charu ichi. Ntheura apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kusanga chakurya chakukwana. Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likati zokolola za chimanga zikakhira kufuma pa matani 2.5 miliyoni kufika pa matani 1.7 miliyoni, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti pa charu chose paŵe mphaka ya matani 273,000 gha chimanga.<ref name="Number12" /> Mu Febuluwale 2002, boma la Malawi likapharazga kuti charu ichi chikaŵa mu suzgo la vyakurya ndipo likati pali [[suzgo la chivikiliro cha charu|soka la chigaŵa cha charu]].<ref name="Number12" /> Mu chigaŵa chaumaliro cha 2002, mvula yikawovwira ndipo vyakurya vikamba kuŵako, kuchepeska njara yikuru. Kweni mu 2005, chilangalanga chinyake chikapangiska kuti Malawi wakumaneso na suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number54"/> Pa 15 Okutobala 2005, boma ilo likalongozgekanga na [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] likapharazga kuti mu Malawi mukaŵa [[suzgo la vyakurya|soka la pa charu chose]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2005-10-15 |title=Malawi issues food crisis appeal |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> Nangauli Malawi wakachira kufuma ku suzgo la 2005, charu ichi chikalutilira kukumana na masuzgo gha vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo, ukavu, kweniso kuthemba chomene ulimi wa chimanga.<ref name="Number20"/> Mu vyaka vya 2012 na 2015, kukaŵaso masuzgo ghanyake gha vyakurya. Masuzgo agha ghakafuma ku vinthu vyakuyana na vya 2002, kweni ghakasazgikako chifukwa cha chilangalanga chikuru na kusefukira kwa maji. Mu 2012, kusowa kwa vula kukapangiska kuti zokolola za chimanga zichepe, apo kutsika kwa mtengo wa ndalama ya Malawi ([[kwacha]]) kukapangiska kuti mitengo ya vyakurya yikwere.<ref name=":12"/> Mu 2015, chilangalanga chikuru chikati chachitika, chikazakasazgika na kusefukira kwa maji. Ivi vikapangiska kuti pulezidenti wa Malawi walengezge kuti charu chili mu suzgo la vyachilengiwa.<ref name=":7"/> == Vyakupangiska suzgo la vyakurya == === Ndale === Pamanyuma pakuti Malawi wapokera wanangwa mu 1964, charu ichi chikalamulirika na pulezidenti [[Hastings Banda]].<ref name="Number35"/> Nangauli ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota, Malawi wakaŵa na ndondomeko ya chipani chimoza pera, ndipo Banda wakaŵa mulongozgi wa chipani cha [[Malawi Congress Party]], icho chikaŵa chipani chekha pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number35 /> Chifukwa cha nkhongono zake, Banda wakalamuliranga nga ni mulongozgi wankhongono chomene, ndipo mu nyengo ya muwuso wake mukaŵa kuswa wanangwa wa ŵanthu, kusazgapo kukoma ŵanthu awo ŵakasuskanga boma.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1993, ŵanthu ŵakavota kuti Malawi usinthe kuŵa charu cha vyipani vinandi, ndipo Banda na [[Malawi Congress Party]] ŵakafumiskika mu mazaza.<ref name=Number35 /> Mu 1995, pakaŵa dango liphya la charu ilo likakhazikiska boma ilo likaŵa na nthambi yakulongozga, nyumba ya malango yimoza, na makhoti.<ref name="Number34"/> Mu 1998, mu nyengo ya pulezidenti [[Bakili Muluzi]], boma likakhazikiska [[National Food Reserve Agency]] (NFRA) kuti lilongozge malo ghakusungirako chimanga cha chivikiliro mu nyengo ya masoka.<ref name="Number36"/> NFRA likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likaŵa na wupu wa ŵanthu ŵakimikika na boma la Malawi. Bungwe ili likalamuliranga chomene malo ghakusungirako chimanga kweniso ndarama, kugula na kuguliska vyakurya.<ref name="Number36" /> Kweni NFRA likamba kuŵa na ngongoli ya pafupifupi 1 biliyoni ya [[kwacha ya Malawi]] chifukwa cha chiŵelengero chikuru cha chiwongolero cha ngongoli (56%).<ref name=Number12 /> Bungwe ili likagura matani 165,000 gha chimanga kuti lisunge nga ni chakurya cha nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Mu 2001, [[Bungwe la ndalama la pa charu chose|IMF]] likalangura boma kuti liguliske malo ghakusungirako chimanga chifukwa zokolola za 2000 zikaŵa zinandi ndipo pakaŵavya chifukwa cha kusunga chimanga chinandi nthena.<ref name=Number12 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 2000 na kulamulika na [[European Commission]] wakalongora kuti chimanga chakukwana matani 30,000 mpaka 60,000 ndicho chikakhumbikwanga kuti chivikilire charu pa nyengo ya soka.<ref name=Number12 /> Chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF, NFRA likaguliska chigaŵa chikuru cha chimanga chake ku [[Kenya]] na [[Mozambique]], kuchepeska malo ghakusungirako kufuma pa matani 165,000 kufika pa matani 60,000.<ref name=Number16 /><ref name=Number15 /><ref name=Number12 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakatenge suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likasazgikapo chifukwa cha ulongozgi wa IMF wakuti chimanga ichi chigulisike.<ref name=Number16 /> Kweni IMF na mabungwe ghanyake ghakazomerezga kuti kusunga chimanga chinandi kukawonanga ndalama zinandi ndipo chimanga chikaŵa chakale, ntheura ulongozgi uwu ukaŵa wakupulikikwa pa nyengo iyo.<ref name=Number16 /> Apo njara yikafika pachanya mu 2002, malo ghakusungirako chimanga ghakaŵa ghawaka ndipo boma likaŵavya vyakusungira vyakukwana. Suzgo ili likakura chifukwa boma likaleka kunozgekera mwakukwana kuti lizuzgenso malo ghakusungirako chimanga.<ref name=Number12 /> Kweniso, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakagura chimanga chinandi kufuma ku malo ghakusungirako boma ndipo pamanyuma ŵakachiguliska pa mitengo yapachanya chomene apo vyakurya vikamba kusowa.<ref name=Number15 /> Boma likamba kupenja chimanga kufuma ku vyaru vyapafupi kweniso vyakutali, kweni chikatora nyengo kuti chifike ku Malawi chifukwa cha masuzgo gha mayendedwe, misewu yambura kwenelera, madoko ghakuzura, na magalimoto agho ghakatondekanga kufika luŵiro.<ref name=Number12 /><ref name=Number16 /> Vyaru vinyake vyakupereka wovwiri navyo vikachedwa kovwira chifukwa vikasuzgika na nkhani za katangale mu boma la Malawi kweniso chifukwa cha mphindano zakukhwaskana na ulongozgi wa IMF.<ref name=Number16 /> === Vyakupangiska vya chuma === Mu 2009, [[United Nations|Bungwe la vyaru vyose]] likati pafupifupi 80% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakakhalanga mu mizi.<ref name="Number30">{{Cite web |last=United Nations |date=2011-02-22 |title=Urban/rural division of countries for the year 2010, World Urbanization Prospects |website=GeoHive}}</ref> Mu charu ichi mukaŵavya nchito zinandi zakukhwaskana na mafakitale panji mauteŵeti.<ref name=Number15 /> Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasanganga nchito mu minda yikuru ya [[fodya]], mu matawuni, panji kusamira ku vyaru vyapafupi kuti ŵakagwire nchito za malipiro ghachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Kweni mipata ya nchito yikaŵa yichoko. Chuma cha Malawi chikudalira chomene ulimi. Mu vyaka vya 2000, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga chigaŵa chikuru cha ndalama izo charu chikapezanga.<ref name="Number37">{{Cite web |last=Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. |date=2021-10-29 |title=Malawi |website=Britannica Online}}</ref> Pafupifupi chigaŵa chimoza pa vigaŵa vitatu vya ndalama zose za charu (GDP) chikaŵanga kufuma ku ulimi, ndipo ulimi ukapanganga ndalama zinandi zakufuma ku malonda gha ku vyaru vinyake, chomenechomene kufuma ku [[fodya]], shuga, tiyi, na kotoni.<ref name=Number37 /> Bungwe la [[Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation|ADMARC]] likaŵa bungwe la boma ilo likalamuliranga chigaŵa chinyake cha msika wa chimanga ndipo likawovwiranga pa mitengo ya vyakurya.<ref name=Number15 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy]] wakalongora kuti mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera chomene kufuma pa 4 MK pa kilogalamu yimoza mu Juni 2001 kufika pa ma MK 40 panji kujumpha mu Janyuwale 2002.<ref name=Number15 /> Nangauli mtengo wa vyakurya ukakwera, malipiro gha ŵantchito ghakhalilira waka pa 20 MK pa zuŵa.<ref name=Number15 /> Ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵatondeke kugura chakurya. Kufwatuka kwa msika, chomenechomene kuchepa kwa mazaza gha ADMARC, kukapangiska kuti kuŵe kusuzga kulondezga na kulamulira msika wa chimanga.<ref name=Number16 /> Mtengo wa chimanga ukamba kutoleka na msika pera, ndipo NFRA likaŵavya nkhongono zinandi zakusinthira vinthu mu msika.<ref name=Number16 /> Ndondomeko za ulimi za Malawi zikaŵaso na masuzgo chifukwa charu ichi chikagomezganga chomene pa chimanga pera. Maukaboni ghakupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵalime vyakurya vyakupambana ghakatondeka chomene.<ref name=Number12 /> Ntheura, apo zokolola za chimanga zikakhira mu 2001, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgika chifukwa ŵakatondeka kulima chakurya chawo panji kusanga ndalama zakugulira chakurya. [[Fodya]] ukaŵa chinthu chikuru icho Malawi wakaguliskanga ku vyaru vinyake, kweni malonda gha fodya ghakamba kuchepa kufuma mu ma 1980. Ndalama izo zikafumanga mu fodya zikakhira na pafupifupi hafu, ndipo ivi vikachepeska nkhongono zakugulira vinthu za ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number15 /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001, ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kuwezga ngongoli izo ŵakaŵa nazo ku mabungwe gha ndalama na ku boma.<ref name=Number15 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, mu 2001/2002 ŵakatondeka kusanga ngongoli zakugulira mbuto na manyowa.<ref name="Number22">{{Cite book |title=FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission |publisher=University of Arizona Libraries |year=2000}}</ref> Nthowa zinyake zakukhozgera ulimi, nga ni kusazgirako vyakurya vyakupambanapambana, kunozga vyakuthilira maji, kusunga vyakurya, kuzenga misewu, na kupereka ngongoli ku ŵalimi, zikaŵa zakovwira chomene ŵalimi ŵakurya mu minda yikuru kuluska ŵalimi ŵachoko.<ref name=Number37 /> === Vyakukhwaskana na ŵanthu na umoyo === [[File:Malawi AIDS Orphans.jpeg|thumb|left|alt=Ŵana ŵakusuzgika chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ku Malawi.|Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana awo ŵakataya ŵapapi chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya ukavu na njara.]] Ukavu uli palipose mu Malawi. Mwakuyana na [[Bungwe la Banki ya Charu|World Bank]], pafupifupi hafu ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Malawi ŵakukhala pasi pa mphaka ya ukavu ya madola gha US$2 pa zuŵa.<ref name="Number17">{{Cite web |title=Malawi Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malawi/overview |website=World Bank}}</ref> Ŵanthu ŵakavu awo ŵakukhala mu mizi ndiwo ŵakasuzgika chomene mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya chifukwa ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira chakurya para vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima vyatondeka.<ref name=Number16 /> Lipoti la [[ActionAid]] la mu 2002 likayowoya kuti kufuma apo demokilase yikakhazikikira mu Malawi mu 1994, chigomezgo cha kovwirana pakati pa ŵanthu chikamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number1 /> Mu nyengo ya chilangalanga cha 1991/1992, mbumba zikovwirana na kupereka chakurya panji nchito ku ŵanthu awo ŵakasuzgikanga. Kweni mu suzgo la vyakurya la 2001/2002, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kuŵa na mtima wa "munthu waliyose wajipulumuske yekha", kuyana na lipoti la ActionAid.<ref name=Number1 /> [[HIV/AIDS ku Malawi|HIV/AIDS]] nayo yikaŵa suzgo likuru ilo likapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe pangozi mu nyengo ya njara. Mu 2012, boma la Malawi likati nthenda iyi yikakhwaskanga pafupifupi 17% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu matawuni na 9% ya ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi.<ref name="Number55">{{Cite journal |last=Government of Malawi |date=2012-03-31 |title=2012 Global AIDS Response Report: Malawi Country Report for 2010 and 2011 |journal=Joint United Nations Programme on HIV AIDS}}</ref> Mbumba izo zikaŵa na ŵanthu awo ŵali na HIV/AIDS zikaŵa na vyakulima vichoko chifukwa ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakatondekanga kugwira ntchito mu minda. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵanyake mu mbumba ŵakeneranga kuŵapwelelera, ndipo ndalama zinyake zikagwiranga ntchito pa munkhwala na malaro. Ichi chikapangiska kuti mbumba zinandi ziŵe zakuzizipizga yayi para chakurya chasowa.<ref name="Number18">{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Meera Kaul |title=Impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the central region of Malawi |publisher=CARE International in Malawi |year=2002 |location=Malawi}}</ref> Mu nyengo ya njara ya 2002, pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu awo ŵakafwira mu vipatala ŵakaŵa chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name="Number31">{{Cite web |title=HIV & AIDS in Malawi |website=Avert}}</ref> Suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ku matenda na kusoŵa chakurya chakukwana. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikati 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kukura chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakupereŵera thupi.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF.</ref> Kwambira mu 1992 apo suzgo la vyakurya likamba, umoyo wa ŵana pa nkhani ya chakurya ukasintha viŵi yayi.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu nyengo ya kusowa kwa chakurya mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu Malawi. [[UNICEF]] yikati miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ukhondo, maji ghambura kuŵa ghawemi, kweniso chifukwa chakuti njara yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakutondeka kulimbana na matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Kafukufuku wa [[Save the Children]] UK mu 2002 wakalongora kuti suzgo la vyakurya likapangiska kuti ŵana na ŵalara ŵaŵe na kutupa kwa mawoko na malundi chifukwa cha kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya vinthu ivyo ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakalyanga yayi, nga ni misisi yinyake, vikoti vya chimanga, vikhuni vyakuphwanyika, na vipasi vyakusangika mu muthondo. Ivi vikapangiska matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakuŵinya.<ref name=Number21 /> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Nsanje District|Nsanje]], ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kurya vimiti vya maji ivyo vikuchemeka nyika. Nangauli pakwamba vikaŵa chakurya cha nyengo, sono ŵakamba kuvigwiliskira ntchito nga ni chakurya chikuru, kweni kurya vinandi kukapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na matenda gha mu nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal |title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen |journal=The Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9502 |pages=1994–1995}}</ref> === Vyakukhwaskana na chilengiwa === Dongo la ku Malawi lili na suzgo chifukwa ŵalimi ŵanandi ŵakaŵavya ndalama zakugulira manyowa mu nyengo yakale.<ref name="Number4">{{Cite book|last=Hardy |first=Jeffrey S. |date=1998-05-01 |title=Malawi: Soil Fertility Issues and Options |publisher=Cornell University Press |volume=1}}</ref> Pali nthowa zicoko waka zakuwezgera nkhongono za dongo. Malawi ngwakavu chomene kuti wambe kunjizga vinthu vinandi vya ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵawezgere vyakurya mu dongo, ndipo malo ghakulimapo ngakusuzga kusunga malo ghakuru ghakupumulira dongo.<ref name=Number4 /> Ŵalimi ŵachoko ŵanandi ŵakatondeka kugura manyowa chifukwa cha kusoŵa ndalama.<ref name=Number16 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, unandi wa vyakurya ivyo ŵakalima ukakhwaskika chomene na kuchepa kwa nkhongono ya dongo kweniso kuchepa kwa malo ghakulimapo. Ŵalimi ŵachoko ku Malawi ŵakakumanaso na kuchepa kwa vyakurya chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Para nyengo ya vula yikusintha na kutentha kukukwera, nyengo yakulimapo yikuchepa ndipo ŵalimi ŵakukhumbikwira kugura mbuto zakudura za mtundu uphya kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukwana.<ref name="Number5" /> Ŵalimi ŵanyake ŵakasintha nyengo iyo ŵakalimiranga chimanga. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kulima mu Disembala m’malo mwa Novembala, apo ŵanyake ŵakalima mwaluŵiro kuti ŵayezge kukumana na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref name="Number5" /> Kuchuluka kwa nyengo za chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji kukapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaŵe pangozi chomene ya kusoŵa chakurya.<ref name="Number5" /> Mu nyengo ya 2000/2001 na 2001/2002, vula yikaŵa yambura kwenelera. Pakachitikanga nyengo zakumira na kusefukira kwa maji, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti vyakurya vileke kukura makora.<ref name="Number8">{{Cite web |last=Masina |first=Lameck |date=2013-01-22 |title=Washed Away: Malawi's Food Security Hit By Natural Disasters |website=Global Policy Forum}}</ref> Ŵalimi ŵanandi, kuti ŵayezge kujivikilira ku nyengo yambura kumanyikwa, ŵakamba kuvuna vyakurya vyawo pambere nyengo yakuvunira yindafike. Kweni ichi chikapangiska kuti vyakurya ivyo vikapelekekanga viŵe vichoko chomene mu 2001/2002.<ref name=Number8 /> Kusintha kwa nyengo kukapangiska kuti nthowa zakuyowoyera vya zokolola zamunthazi ziŵe zambura kugomezgeka. Mautolero agho ghakagwiliskiranga ntchito vifukwa vya nyengo na kuwona vyakurya ghakatondeka kumanya mwakwenelera kukhira kwa vyakurya mu nyengo iyi.<ref name=Number8 /> Mwachiyerezgero, ŵanthu awo ŵakalongozganga vya vyakurya ŵakaghanaghananga kuti kuchepa kwa chimanga kuzamuwelerapo chifukwa cha vyakurya vinyake nga ni misisi na vyakurya vya pasi. Kweni mu nyengo ya 2001/2002, vyakurya vyose vikatondeka.<ref name=Number8 /> Chifukwa cha ichi, boma likaŵavya kunozgeka kwakukwana apo suzgo la vyakurya la 2002 likafika.<ref name=Number8 /> == Wovwiri na nthowa zakuzenga == Boma la Malawi likakhazikiska ndondomeko ya kovwira ŵalimi iyo yikuchemeka [[Farm Input Subsidy Programme]] (FISP) mu 2005. Mu ndondomeko iyi, boma likapelekanga manyowa na mbuto pa mtengo wakuchepa ku ŵalimi awo ŵakaŵa mu suzgo.<ref name="Number7" /> Manyowa gha mu FISP ghakaguliskikanga pa madola gha US$7 pa thumba la makilogalamu 50, apo mtengo wa msika ukaŵa pafupifupi madola gha US$27 pa thumba lenelili.<ref name=Number7 /> Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Michigan State University]] wakalongora kuti nangauli vula yambura kwenelera yikatondeska ndondomeko iyi mu nyengo ya 2005/2006, nyengo yiwemi mu 2007 yikawovwira kuti ndondomeko iyi yichite makora.<ref name="Number7">{{Cite journal |last=Jayne, T.S., Chapoto, A., Minde I.J., Donovan, C. |date=2008 |title=Grain Marketing Policy at the Crossroads: Challenges for Eastern and Southern Africa |journal=International Development Working Papers |publisher=Department of Agricultural, Food, and Resource Economics}}</ref> Chifukwa cha FISP, Malawi wakasanga zokolola zikuru za chimanga mu 2007. Charu ichi chikavuna matani pafupifupi 3.4 miliyoni gha chimanga, ndipo chikaŵa na chakukwana chakujumpha chomene chomwe chikakwana matani 1.4 miliyoni.<ref name=Number7 /> Chifukwa cha chimanga chinandi ichi, Malawi wakamba kuguliska chimanga ku vyaru vinyake kweniso kupereka wovwiri ku vyaru ivyo vikaŵa na suzgo la vyakurya. [[Zimbabwe]] wakapokera matani 40,000 gha chimanga kufuma ku Malawi, ndipo [[Lesotho]] na [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] waliyose wakapokera matani 5,000 gha chimanga.<ref name=Number7 /> Mabungwe gha pa charu chose na gha mu Malawi, kusazgapo [[World Food Programme|WFP]], [[European Union|EU]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], na [[USAID]], ghakapeleka wovwiri wa vyakurya ku Malawi pamanyuma pakuti boma lapharazga soka mu 2002. Mu 2005, WFP yikati wovwiri wake wa vyakurya ukaŵa kovwira pafupifupi 11% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Malawi.<ref name=Number20 /> ==Vyakukhala vyakunyuma (Long-term effects)== ===Umoyo=== Suzgo la vyakurya lapangiska kuti ŵana ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi na matenda. Mu 2006, [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti 46% ya ŵana ŵa pasi pa vyaka vinkhondi ŵakaŵa na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi nyengo yitali, ndipo 19% ŵakaŵa ŵakutepeta chomene.<ref name="Number13">UNICEF. “Malawi Annual Report.” 2006. Malawi: UNICEF. http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030933/http://www.unicef.org/malawi/MLW_annualreport_2006.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref> Kufuma mu 1992, apo misisi ya suzgo la vyakurya yikambiranga, umoyo wa kadyero ka ŵana undasintha.<ref name=Number13 /> Mu 2001/2002 na 2005/2006, mu nyengo izo kusoŵa vyakurya kukaŵa kukuru, kukaŵa miliri yikuru ya [[kolera]] mu charu chose. [[UNICEF]] yikamanya kuti miliri iyi yikachitika chifukwa cha ukhondo wambura kwenelera na maji ghambura kuvikilirika, ivyo vikakolerana na suzgo la vyakurya ndipo vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakupokera matenda.<ref name=Number13 /> Mwakuyana waka, kafukufuku uyo wakachitika na [[Save the Children|Save The Children]] UK mu February 2002 wakawona kuti suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu chifukwa likapangiska kuvimba kwa mawoko na malundi mu ŵana na ŵalara.<ref name="Number21">Kamowa, Olex M. "Living In The Abyss: Hunger In Mchinji, Lilongwe." Save the Children (UK). February 2002.</ref> Kusoŵa vyakurya kwapangiska nyifwa zinandi chifukwa cha njara; unandi wake weneko ukumanyikwa yayi.<ref name=Number5 /> Zinyake mwa nyifwa izi zikasazgirako suzgo la [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]], ndipo ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na nthenda iyi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, kweniso kukapangika unandi wa ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi. [[UNICEF]] yikuyowoya kuti 17% ya ŵana ŵalije ŵapapi ŵamoyo chifukwa cha HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Number13 /> Pa nyengo iyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, kufuma mu Epulero m’paka Meyi 2002, [[WHO]] yikachita kuwunika umoyo wa ŵanthu mu Malawi. Yikawona kuti pakati pa Okutobala 2001 na Malichi 2002, pakaŵa nyifwa zakukwana 1.9 pa ŵanthu 10,000 zuŵa lililose. Kukaŵa muliri wa kolera uwo ukaŵa na milandu 33,150 yakumanyikwa na nyifwa 981, mwakuyana na chiŵelengero cha nyifwa cha 3%. Kweni chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakalutanga ku malo gha chipatala chikakhira na 25% mu nyengo yeneyiyo. Kafukufuku uyu wakalongora kuti malo gha chipatala ghakaŵa na masuzgo chifukwa cha kusoŵa ŵantchito, munkhwala, kweniso mauthenga na mayendedwe ghambura kwenelera. Apo ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵika pakwamba kusanga vyakurya, kupenja wovwiri wa umoyo na kuluta ku malo gha chipatala ghambura kunozgeka kukamba kuchepa.<ref name=Number50>WHO 2002</ref> Ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa na njara ŵakamba kurya misisi yambura kuŵa yakwenelera, mphangwe za chimanga, fumbi la mathabwa, na vipambi vyakuphikika, ndipo ŵakamba kutora matenda gha mu nthumbo na vyakurya vyakuphambanapambana.<ref name=Number21 /> Lipoti mu magazini ya [[The Lancet]] likawona kuti mbumba zinandi, nanga zikaŵa zasambazi, mu [[Nsanje]] chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa Malawi, zikaŵa kurya mizi ya chomera cha maji icho chikachemekanga nyika. Mizi iyi iyo pakwamba yikaŵa chakurya chakulyera waka, yikazgoka chakurya chikuru ndipo para munthu wangarya vinandi yingapangiska kutaya nthumbo.<ref name="Number51">{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67799-9 | title=Malawi's food crisis continues to worsen | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-10-16-2005_366_9502/page/n33 | year=2005 | last1=Tenthani | first1=Raphael | journal=The Lancet | volume=366 | issue=9502 | pages=1994–1995 | pmid=16353311 | s2cid=28688185 | doi-access=free }}</ref> Pa nyengo yinyake, mwana mukuru wa mbumba ya ŵanthu 10 wakasanga mphonje zakupha za chomera cha mbatata zakuthengo. Awiske ŵakapeleka mphonje izi ku ŵana na anyina chifukwa ŵakaŵavya chakurya chinyake; ŵenecho ŵakarya yayi chifukwa ŵakaŵika njara ya ŵana na muwoli wawo panthazi pa njara yawo. Anyina na ŵana ŵawo 8 ŵakafwa yumoza yumoza chifukwa cha kusanza na kupokera chiphe cha vyakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> ===Ndondomeko za boma=== Ndondomeko ya boma ya kuvikilira vyakurya, iyo yikuchemeka FISP, yikawovwira kusazgirako ulimi. Nga umo vyayowoyekera kale, kupanga chimanga kukajumpha ivyo charu chikakhumbanga pamanyuma pa kukhazikiska FISP. Pakati pa 2005 na 2011, [[GDP|GDP ya Malawi]] yikakuranga mwakukwana 11.7% chaka chilichose, ndipo ŵakumanya vinthu ŵanandi ŵakayaniska kukura kwa GDP ya ulimi na FISP. Kweni kafukufuku wa sonosono wakulongora kuti FISP ni ndondomeko iyo yingakhalapo yayi nyengo yitali: apo mbumba izo zikukhumbikwira wovwiri zikuchuluka, uwemi wa fetereza na mbuto izo zikuperekeka ukakhira kufuma pa makilogalamu 85 pa mulimi mu 2005/2006 kufika pa makilogalamu 60 pa mulimi mu 2012/2013.<ref name="Number25">{{Cite journal |last=Thurlow, James |first=Pauw, Karl |date=2014 |title=Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program: Where do we go from here? Policy Note 18 |url=http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/massppn18.pdf |journal=Malawi Strategy Support Program |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute}}</ref> Ndondomeko ziphya za kuvikilira vyakurya zikapangika mu 2002 na 2003. Ndondomeko ya Malawi ya [[Kuchepeska ukavu|kuchepeska ukavu]] yikaŵa chikalata cha ndondomeko icho chikakhumbikwanga kulongozga na kovwira pakupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ya boma. Pakatikati pa ndondomeko iyi pakaŵa kukura kwa chuma, ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa pa chuma, nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika, na kayendeskero kawemi ka boma; mwa kupanga vyakusankha vya bajeti ivyo vikukhozgera kukura kwa ulimi na kuŵika nthowa zakovwilira ŵanthu, boma likate liŵe na nkhongono zakukhozgera kuŵa na vyakurya.<ref name="Number27">{{Cite journal |last=Sahley, C., Groelsema, Bob., Marchione, T., Nelson, D. |date=2005 |title=The Governance Dimensions of Food Security in Malawi |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnade034.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923152016/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADE034.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2006 |journal=Is Food Security Achievable in Malawi? |location=Washington DC |publisher=USA Agency for International Development |volume=20}}</ref> Unduna wa vyaulimi ukagwira ntchito pamoza na mabungwe gha ŵanthu, ma unduna ghanyake, makampani ghapadera, na ŵakupereka wovwiri kupanga Ndondomeko ya Vyakurya na Kadyero. Ndondomeko iyi yikaŵa na vilato vya: 1) kusazgirako vyakurya mwa kusazgirako vyakuvwilira vya maji na kuŵa na fetereza na malo, 2) kukhozga misika ya ku mizi, 3) kupanga malango gha umoyo na kadyero, na 4) kukhazikiska na kukhozga ndondomeko zakulimbana na masoka, malo ghakusungirako chimanga, na nthowa zakuwonera na kulongosora kupanga vyakurya.<ref name=Number27 /> Pamasinda, Unduna wa Kupanga Chuma na Chitukuko ukapanga ndondomeko ya kukura kwa chuma iyo yikaŵa na chilato chakuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe na m'pata wakusanga vyakurya mwa kukhozgera malonda na ndalama zakunjira mu vyalo vya ku mizi mu Malawi, kuti ŵasange ndalama na ntchito.<ref name=Number27 /> ===Mitheto na chikaya=== Pa nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ŵanthu ŵakamba kusintha umo ŵakakhaliranga kuti ŵasange chakurya. Ŵanyake ŵakamba kugwira ntchito zakwiza waka kuti ŵapokere vyakurya. Ŵanandi ŵakaguliska katundu wa mu nyumba na viŵeto pa mitengo yichoko kuti ŵagule chakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti chiŵe chakusuzga kwa iwo kuwelera ku umoyo wakukhazikika pamanyuma pa suzgo la vyakurya.<ref name="Number39">{{Cite journal |last=Margolies, A., Kalagho, K., Kazembe, C. |date=2019 |title=Examining perceptions of food assistance on household food security and resilience in Malawi; Policy Note 32 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.133065 |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |location=Washington DC |volume= |doi=10.2499/p15738coll2.133065|s2cid=239189252|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ŵanyake ŵakasamukira ku [[Zambia]] na vyalo vinyake vyapafupi kukapenja ntchito za malipiro ghachoko panji vyakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Suzgo la vyakurya likakhwaskaso masambiro. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵana awo ŵakaleka sukulu ŵakafika pa 25% chifukwa cha njara. Ŵanandi ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu kuti ŵagwire ntchito panji kupenja chakurya, apo ŵanyake ŵakatondeka kulipira ndalama za sukulu.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵasambizgi ŵanyake ŵakadandawura kuti sukulu zikaluza mazaza pa ŵana chifukwa ŵangachichizga yayi ŵana kukhala, kusambira, panji kuchita ntchito za ku sukulu usange ŵali na njara na kudwala.<ref name=Number5 /> [[UNICEF]] yikayowoya kuti mu vigaŵa ivyo suzgo la vyakurya likaŵa likuru chomene, hafu m’paka vitatu mwa vigaŵa vinayi vya ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakaleka kuluta ku sukulu.<ref name=Number51 /> Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ŵana ku sukulu, [[UNICEF]] na [[WFP]] vikamba mapulogiramu ghakupereka vyakurya ku ŵana ku sukulu na wovwiri unyake ku ŵasambizgi na ŵantchito. [[UNICEF]] yikati pulogiramu iyi yikapangiska "kusintha kukuru" mu kuluta ku sukulu, ndipo mu malo ghanyake nyumba za sukulu zikazura na ŵana awo ŵakapenjanga chakurya.<ref name=Number51 /> Makhaliro gha chikaya chose ghakasinthaso kuheni, chifukwa ŵanthu ŵakamba kwiba ku ŵazengezgani, kusida ŵana, kulimbana chifukwa cha chakurya, na kusinthana kugonana kuti ŵasange chakurya.<ref name=Number5 /> Kwiba vyakurya na ndalama kukachuluka chomene. Mu vigaŵa vinyake, ŵakukora ŵankhungu ŵakaŵatombozganga na kuŵapweteka nga ni chilango.<ref name=Number5 /> Ŵachekuru, ŵana ŵambura ŵapapi, na ŵanakazi ŵakaŵa pangozi chomene, chifukwa chikaŵa chakusuzga kwa iwo kujiwovwira, ndipo ŵakaŵa vilato vikuru vya kwiba na nkhaza.<ref name=Number5 /> Mu 2005, ŵanakazi ŵanandi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵakakomekanga pa msika wa [[ADMARC]] apo ŵakaguranga chimanga chawo cha makilogalamu 25 icho ŵakapika.<ref name="Number40">{{Cite web |title=The Effect of the Food Crisis on Women and Their Families |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/the-dark-side-of-natural-resources-st/water-in-conflict/46209.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> Mtengo wa [[ntchito ya kugonana]] ukakhira kufuma pa MK1000 kufika pa MK200, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti ŵanakazi na ŵasungwana awo ŵakachitanga vinthu ivi kuti ŵasange ndalama ŵaŵe pangozi yikuru.<ref name=Number40 /> Mbumba na nthengwa nazo zikasinthika chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya: ŵasungwana ŵanandi ŵakachichizgika kutengwa ŵachali ŵachoko chifukwa mbumba zawo zikatenge zingakwaniska yayi kuŵapwelelera mu nyengo ya suzgo la vyakurya, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> Ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵakutorana ŵanyake ŵakamba kuleka kugomezgeka mu nthengwa kuti ŵasange ndalama na chakurya, ndipo ichi nacho chikapangiska kuti nthengwa zakuleka na za nkhaza zichuluke.<ref name=Number39 /> ==Suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu 2012–2013== Malawi yikasanganaso na suzgo linyake la vyakurya mu 2012 na 2013. Kuyana na MVAC National [[Chivikiliro cha vyakurya|Food Security]] Forecast, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1.4 miliyoni mu [[Malawi]] ŵakaŵa pangozi ya kusoŵa vyakurya mu vyaka vya 2013 na 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Ichi chikaŵa 9.5% ya ŵanthu mu vigaŵa 21 vya charu, ndipo chigaŵa cha kumpoto ndicho chikasangana na suzgo likuru chomene.<ref name=":0" /> Vifukwa vya chuma, ndale, na ulimi vikawovwirapo pa suzgo ili.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha chuma na ndale, Joyce Banda wakamba kulamulira mu Epulero 2012, ndipo wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi. Mu Meyi wa chaka chenicho, [[Malawian kwacha|kwacha]] yikachepeska mtengo wake na 49% ndipo yikayamba kutaya nkhongono chomene.<ref name=":12"/> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], kuchepa kwa mtengo kwa ndalama iyi pamoza na kukwera kwa mitengo ya vinthu (inflation) kwa 12.4% mu mwezi wenewura kukapangiska mitengo ya vinthu vyakuzirwa na mauteŵeti kukwera chomene mu charu chose.<ref name=":12"/> Kweniso, Centre for Social Concern yikafumiska lipoti ilo likalongora kuti mtengo wa umoyo ukakwera na kujumpha 50% kufuma mu 2011 kufika mu 2012.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} Ku chigaŵa cha ulimi, kupanga chimanga kukakhira na 40% mu vigaŵa vinandi chifukwa cha vula yichoko.<ref name=":12"/> Kupanga chimanga kochepa uku pamoza na kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ŵanthu kugura vinthu, vikapangiska kuti mu 2012 ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni yimoza ŵakhumbikwirenge wovwiri kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyawo vyakuzirwa.<ref name=":12" /> Ndipouli, umo Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee yikawoneranga mu 2012, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa pangozi chikeneranga kukwera na 21% chifukwa cha suzgo la vyakurya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kukwera kwa mitengo pamoza na kuchepa kwa kupanga chimanga vikapangiska kuti mitengo ya [[chimanga]] mu 2012 yiŵe yakwera na 40% kuluska mtengo wapakati wa vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":12" /> Chifukwa cha kukwera chomene kwa khumbo la chakurya, ŵamalonda ŵachisisi ŵakaguliskanga chimanga pa mitengo yapachanya chomene, ndipo ŵakapelekanga ku misika yinyake chimanga icho chikeneranga kupelekeka ku ŵanthu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musa |first=Madalitso |date=2013-09-30 |title=No maize in Malawi's Admarc depots |url=http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316233943/http://timesmediamw.com/no-maize-in-malawis-admarc-depots/ |archive-date=2015-03-16 |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=BNL Times}}</ref> Vinthu ivyo vikabisika na malo ghakupelekera vyakurya ivyo ŵanthu ŵakagomezganga vikawa vichoko chomene panji vikamara. Ichi chikakhwaska chomene chivikiliro cha vyakurya mu Malawi chifukwa chimanga ntchakurya chakuzirwa chomene ndipo ndicho chikulimika na kuryeka chomene mu charu.<ref name=":03"/> [[Famine Early Warning Systems Network|Mulongozgi wa machenjezo ghakwamba gha njara]] wakafumiska uthenga wakuti suzgo likuru la vyakurya lingachitika mu Malawi kufika mu Julayi 2012 ndipo lingatora myezi 9.<ref name=":12" /> Kweniso, kuyana na kafukufuku mu [[The Journal of Modern African Studies]], vinthu vyakhalako kufuma ku masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale vikaŵa vikuwoneka mu 2012. Vifukwa vinandi ivyo vikapangiska suzgo la vyakurya la 2002, nga ni kutondeka kwa chitukuko na misika, navyo vikawovwirapo pa suzgo la 2012.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dorward|first1=Andrew|last2=Kydd|first2=Jonathan|date=2004|title=The Malawi 2002 Food Crisis: The Rural Development Challenge|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=42|issue=3|pages=343–361|issn=0022-278X|jstor=3876336|doi=10.1017/S0022278X04000229|s2cid=54763363|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5115/1/malawi_food_crisis.pdf}}</ref> Ivi vikasazgapo kusazgikiska kwa malonda gha vyakurya mu mawoko gha ŵanthu, kufumiskapo wovwiri wa ŵalimi, na kuleka kulamulira misika.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ng’ambi|first1=F.|last2=Owusu|first2=K.|date=2002|title=Structural damage: the causes and consequences of Malawi's food crisis|url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202812|language=en}}</ref> Kweniso, masuzgo gha vyakurya ghakale ghali na ndalama zikuru za nyengo yitali chifukwa kusoŵa makora vyakurya mu thupi kukupangiska kuchepa kwa nkhongono za ntchito chifukwa cha [[Kukura kwambura kwenelera|kuŵa wakutepeta]]. Kuyana na kafukufuku, pafupifupi 60% ya ŵalara mu charu ŵakusuzgika na kukura kwambura kwenelera chifukwa cha njara iyo ŵakaŵa nayo apo ŵakaŵa ŵana, ndipo ichi chikukwana pafupifupi ŵanthu 4.5 miliyoni mu Malawi awo ŵali na suzgo la kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/new-study-reveals-huge-impact-hunger-economy-malawi-0|title=New Study Reveals Huge Impact Of Hunger On Economy Of Malawi|website=www.wfp.org|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Nadi, kafukufuku wenewura wa [[World Food Programme]] wakawona kuti Malawi yikataya ndalama zakukwana MWK 16.5 biliyoni mu kupanga vinthu chifukwa cha kusoŵa vyakurya mu thupi.<ref name=":2" /> == Chaka cha 2015 cha njara == Nangauli mu 2014 kuŵa kwa vyakurya mu Malawi kukakwera, ŵalimi ŵakawelera mu suzgo la kusoŵa chakurya mu 2015. Mu 2014, komiti ya Malawi Vulnerability Assessment Committee (MVAC) yikayowoya kuti ŵanthu 640,009 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵakusuzgika kusanga chakurya, pakuyaniska na ŵanthu 1.46 miliyoni mu chaka cham'mbuyo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ot-2012-000156-mwi|title=Malawi: Food Insecurity – 2012–2014|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Kuchepa kwa ŵanthu ŵakusuzgika na chakurya kukachitika chifukwa cha kusangika kwa vyakurya vinandi mu 2014 chifukwa cha vuna yiwemi, kweni ivi vikakhala kwa nyengo yichoko chifukwa mu 2015 Malawi yikakhwaskika na maji ghanandi chomene.<ref name=":3" /> Vikuyerekelezgeka kuti Malawi yikutaya ndalama zakukwana madola 12.5 miliyoni, panji 1% ya [[GDP|chuma cha charu chonse]], chaka chilichose chifukwa cha chilangalanga, ndipo madola 9 miliyoni panji 0.7% ya GDP chifukwa cha kusefukira kwa maji mu vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa charu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Besada|first1=Hany|last2=Werner|first2=Karolina|date=2015-01-02|title=An assessment of the effects of Africa's water crisis on food security and management|journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development|volume=31|issue=1|pages=120–133|doi=10.1080/07900627.2014.905124|issn=0790-0627|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nadi, Malawi ni charu chachilendo yayi ku masuzgo gha nyengo, chifukwa pakati pa 1970 na 2006 pakaŵa masoka ghakujintha pa nyengo ghakujumpha 40.<ref name=":5"/> Mu 2015 kufika mu 2016, Malawi yikakumana na chilangalanga chikuru ndipo pamanyuma pakaŵa kusefukira kwa maji chifukwa cha [[El Niño|El Nino]].<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/emergency-response/malawi-food-crisis|title=Malawi Food Crisis|website=Oxfam GB|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Vilangalanga ivi vikaŵa viheni chomene mu vyaka 35 ivyo vyajumpha, chifukwa pakaŵa nyengo ziŵiri zakulima zakutondeka ndipo ŵalimi ŵakaŵavya vinthu vyakukwana vyakuŵapa chakurya iwo na mbumba zawo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|title=Update on the food crisis in Malawi|website=Deki|access-date=2019-04-01|archive-date=2019-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401043739/https://www.deki.org.uk/blog/2017/1/27/update-on-food-crisis-in-malawi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ivyo vikakhwaska ŵanthu chomene chifukwa 90% ya ŵanthu mu Malawi ŵakuthemba vyakurya ivyo vikulimika na vula kweniso ulimi kuti ŵakhale na umoyo. Ntheura pa 13 April 2016, [[Peter Mutharika|Mutharika]] pulezidenti wakapharazga kuti mu charu mwawa masoka ghakuru ndipo wakaŵika Malawi pa mulandu wa suzgo la chilangalanga na kusefukira kwa maji.<ref name=":7" /> Chifukwa cha suzgo ili, mitengo ya [[chimanga]] yikakwera chomene ndipo mbumba zinandi zikakatondeka kugula. Kweniso maji ghakukwana pa ulimi ghakaŵa ghachoko chomene, ivyo vikapangiska kuti ŵalimi ŵaleke kuwelera ku umoyo wawo wa kale.<ref name="Malawi Food Crisis"/> Mu February wa chaka chenechichi, mtengo wa chimanga ukaŵa kuti wakwera kale na 60% kuluska mtengo wa vyaka vitatu ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":7"/> Kuyana na [[Action Against Hunger]], ulimi wa chimanga ukachepa na 27% kufuma mu 2013 ndipo ukawa pasi na 20% pakuyaniska na umo ukaŵira mu vyaka vinkhondi ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/malawi/massive-food-crisis-threatens-500000-children-malawi|title=Massive food crisis threatens 500,000 children in Malawi – Malawi|website=ReliefWeb|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> Masuzgo agha ghakapangiska ŵanthu kuguliska katundu wawo kuti ŵagure chakurya cha mbumba zawo, ndipo charu chikanjira mu suzgo likuru.<ref name=":4" /> Kuyana na [[World Food Programme]], mwana yumoza pa ŵana 10 wakusuzgika na kukura makora kwa thupi chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwa vyakurya na suzgo la chakurya ilo likapangika na kusintha kwa nyengo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2015/09/509722-malawi-facing-worst-food-crisis-decade-requires-81-million-relief-aid-un-agency|title=Malawi facing worst food crisis in decade, requires $81 million in relief aid – UN agency|date=2015-09-25|website=UN News|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska suzgo ili kuŵa likuru, nga nkhuŵavya ndondomeko zakukhora za nyengo yitali zakovwira ŵalimi mu Malawi kuti ŵalimbane na kusintha kwa nyengo mu ulimi.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | doi=10.3390/su7021620 | doi-access=free | title=Responding to Crop Failure: Understanding Farmers' Coping Strategies in Southern Malawi | year=2015 | last1=Coulibaly | first1=Jeanne | last2=Gbetibouo | first2=Glwadys | last3=Kundhlande | first3=Godfrey | last4=Sileshi | first4=Gudeta | last5=Beedy | first5=Tracy | journal=Sustainability | volume=7 | issue=2 | pages=1620–1636 }}</ref> Vikupulikikwa kuti pakukhumbikwa ndondomeko zakovwira ŵalimi kusanga nthowa zakulimbana na kusintha kwa nyengo, nga ni ulimi wakukhalilira kweniso kusazgirako uwemi wa dongo.<ref name=":02" /> Kusowa kwa kunozgekera uku kukasazgikira pa masuzgo agho charu chikaŵa nagho kale. Kuyana na [[World Bank]], ŵanthu mu vyaru vyakukura makora yayi ŵakukhwaskika chomene na masoka gha chilengedwe chifukwa kutaya kwawo kukupimika kuyana na GDP yawo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/famine-malawi-causes-and-consequences|title=Famine in Malawi: Causes and Consequences {{!}} Human Development Reports|website=hdr.undp.org|date=January 2008 |access-date=2019-04-27}}</ref> Kweniso [[United Nations Development Programme]] yikulongosora kuti para charu chilije kunozgekera makora, masoka na ivyo vikuchitika pamanyuma vikuŵa viheni chomene.<ref name=":5" /> Malawi yikayezga kuchepeska vyakufumapo vya suzgo la chakurya mwa kugura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga. Mu 2015, Malawi yikagura inshuwalansi ya chilangalanga ya nyengo ya ulimi wa 2015/2016 kufuma ku kampani ya African Risk Capacity (ACR).<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=Reeves|first1=Jonathan|date=May 2017|title=The wrong model for resilience: How G7-backed drought insurance failed Malawi, and what we must learn from it|url=https://actionaid.org/publications/2017/wrong-model-resilience#downloads|journal=Action Aid}}</ref> Inshuwalansi iyi yikagulira madola ghakukwana US$5 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> Kweni wovwiri ukachedwa kufika ndipo ukafika ku ŵanthu ŵa Malawi mu 2017, ntheura ukatondeka kuchepeska kutaya kwachuma chifukwa cha suzgo ili.<ref name=":62"/> Action Aid yikuyowoya kuti chilangalanga cha 2015 chikapangiska Malawi kutaya ndalama zakukwana US$395 miliyoni.<ref name=":62"/> == Umo vinthu viliri sono == Nangauli Malawi yikambiska Ndondomeko ya Kovwira Ŵalimi na Vinthu vya Ulimi mu 2005, chandulo cha ndondomeko iyi chikalutilira kuthemba pa vula.<ref name=":62"/> Kweniso nthowa izo zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni manyowa gha kupanga na mbuto zakusinthika zikwambiska kunangika kwa dongo kweniso kuŵika ŵalimi mu vikatiko vya ngongoli.<ref name=":62" /> Ndondomeko zinandi zili kuŵikika kuti zivwire ŵalimi pa nkhani ya ndalama na ngongoli, nga ni [[ntchito za ulongozgi wa ulimi]], mapulogiramu gha ntchito za boma, na kupokera ndalama kwambura vifukwa vyakupokera. Ndondomeko ya charu ya kusintha na kunozgekera nyengo nayo yikukhumba kuŵikapo nthowa zakukhozgera chomene ulimi kuti ulutilire kususkana na masuzgo.<ref name=":62" /> Ivi vikukolerana na ndondomeko ya Malawi ya kusinthasintha vyakuchita, iyo yikuyowoya kuti masuzgo ghakuru ni ukavu, malo ghachoko gha kulimapo, kweniso kuthemba chomene pa vinthu vya chilengedwe.<ref name=":03"/> Ndondomeko iyi yikukhumba kunozga nkhani za kusangika kwa chakurya, kusamalira vinthu vya chilengedwe, nkhongono zakutowa, tekinoloje, na ndalama kuti chitukuko chikure, kusintha kwa nyengo kuchepe, kweniso kukhozga mtende na chitetezo cha ŵanthu.<ref name=":03"/> Mu 2018, mtengo wa chimanga ukakwera kanandi waka, kufuma pa 100 Malawi Kwacha (US$0.14) pa kilogalamu kufika pa 140 Kwacha ($0.19) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mwnation.com/maize-prices-40/|title=Maize prices up 40%|last1=Phiri|first1=Grace|date=2018-02-06|website=The Nation Online|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulimi wa chimanga mu Malawi ukachepa na 20% mu 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Roy |first1=Deblina |date=24 May 2018 |title=Malawi maize production down by 20 percent |url=http://www.africanfarming.net/crops/agriculture/malawi-maize-production-down-by-20-per-cent |access-date=2019-03-15 |website=African Farming and Food Processing |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khamula |first=Owen |date=2018-05-22 |title=Malawi maize production harvests down by 20 percent |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-maize-production-harvests-drops-by-20/ |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kufika mu Seputembala 2018, boma la Malawi likakhazikiska mtengo wa chimanga pa 170 Kwacha ($0.23) pa kilogalamu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/govt-brings-down-maize-prices-in-admarc/|title=Govt brings down maize prices in Admarc|date=2018-09-20|website=Malawi Nyasa Times – Malawi breaking news in Malawi|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Pa 14 Malichi 2019, Fumu yikuru ya mu [[Karonga District|Chigaŵa cha Karonga]] yikayowoya kuti yikwenjerwa kuti Karonga yingakumana na kusoŵa kwa chimanga chifukwa cha chilangalanga icho chikatora nyengo yitali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201903140491.html|title=Malawi: Karonga At Risk of Hunger Due to Prolonged Dry Spell|last1=Mhone|first1=Sithembile|date=2019-03-14|work=Nyasa Times (Leeds)|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref> Mu Malichi 2019, Malawi yikakhwaskika na [[Cyclone Idai|Chimphepo cha Idai]]. Pamanyuma pa kusefukira kwa maji kwakofya uko kukachitika chifukwa cha chimphepo ichi, nduna ya vya ulimi yikayowoya kuti charu chingaŵa kuti chataya 20% ya chimanga icho chikeneranga kubalika mu nyengo iyi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402094925/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RE0NK-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2019|title=Malawi could lose 20 pct of maize crop in cyclone flooding – minister|last1=Winning|first1=Alexander|date=April 2, 2019|work=Reuters Africa|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref> == Mazgu ghakulongosora == <references/> [[Category:Njara mu Africa]] [[Category:2005 mu Malawi|suzgo la vyakurya]] [[Category:Chilala mu Africa]] [[Category:Masoka gha chilengiwa mu Malawi]] [[Category: 2002 chilala]] [[Category:2002 mu Malaŵi]] [[Category:Kuvikilirika kwa vyakurya kuyana na vyaru|Malawi]] 07wblb6i2w44rfqs7gsvoqrld5aovtk 0 48168 123366 123283 2026-11-01T21:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123366 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbiri ya Kumwera kwa Afilika''' yagawika mu nyengo za kale za ŵanthu, mbiri yake yakale, maufumu ghakuru agho ghakasambira na kukura, nyengo ya ukoloni, na nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni, iyo ndiyo yikapangiska vyaru ivyo vilipo sono. [[Kumwera kwa Afilika]] kuli na mphaka na [[Afilika ya Pakati]], [[Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]], [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]], [[Nyanja ya India]], na [[Jangwa la Sahara]]. Mipaka ya mu nyengo ya ukoloni yikuwoneka mu mipaka ya mazuŵa ghano pakati pa vyaru vya ku Kumwera kwa Afilika, ndipo kanandi yikajumpha pa mphaka za mitundu na chikaya, mwakugaŵa gulu limoza la mtundu wa ŵanthu pakati pa vyaru viŵiri panji vyakujumpha. ==Malo gha Charu== {{Further|Malo gha Charu gha Africa}} [[File:2002 Satellite Image of Southern Africa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Chithuzithuzi cha pa satellite]] cha [[Kumwera kwa Africa]].]] Chigaŵa icho chili kumwera kwa jangwa ichi ni [[steppe|chigaŵa cha udambo]], icho ntcha chikaŵa chichoko cha chiwawa, ndipo chikuchemeka [[Sahel]]. Ni chigaŵa cha nyengo na [[chigaŵa cha vyamoyo|vyamoyo]] cha [[ecotone|kusintha]] mu Africa pakati pa Jangwa la Sahara kumpoto na [[Savanna ya Sudan]] kumwera. Savanna ya Sudan ni lamba ukuru wa [[malo gha udambo gha mu nyengo yakotcha, masavanna na malo gha vithaka|savanna ya mu nyengo yakotcha]] iyo yikwenda mu [[Africa|charu cha Africa]], kufuma ku mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Atlantic mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] kufika ku [[Mapiri gha Ethiopia]] mu [[Savanna ya Sudan ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]]. ==Nyengo== {{Further|Nyengo ya Africa}} Mu vyaka 15,000 [[Pambere Pakaŵako sono|BP]], [[Mvula ya ku Africa ya Kumafumiro gha Dazi]] yikasintha malo gha [[Africa]] ndipo yikambiska nyengo ya [[Sahara Wakubiliwira]]; vula zinandi mu nyengo ya chihanya zikapangiska kuti malo gha maji (nga ni [[nyanja]], [[madambo]]) na masavanna (nga ni [[malo gha utheka]], [[malo gha vithaka]]) vikure mu [[Africa ya Kumpoto]].<ref name="Pausata">{{cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S.R. |display-authors=etal |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |year=2016 |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 5500 BP na 4000 BP, nyengo ya Sahara Wakubiliwira yikamara.<ref name="Pausata" /> ==Mbiri ya Kale ya Ŵanthu== {{Main|Mbiri ya Kale ya Kumwera kwa Africa}} Kuŵa kwamba mu vyaka 170,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵanthu ŵa ku Kumwera kwa Africa ŵakaphikanga na kurya [[Hypoxis]] angustifolia [[mizu ya pasi]] ku [[Malo gha Malibwe gha Border]], [[Africa ya Kumwera]], ndipo vyakurya ivi vikwenera kuti vikapelekanga [[makarbohayidireti]] pa maulendo ghawo.<ref name="Wadley">{{cite journal |last1=Wadley |first1=Lyn |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |last3=D'Errico |first3=Francesco |last4=Sievers |first4=Christine |title=Cooked starchy rhizomes in Africa 170 thousand years ago |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6473 |pages=87–91 |date=3 Jan 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5926 |pmid=31896717 |bibcode=2020Sci...367...87W |oclc=8527136604 |s2cid=209677578|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/142825 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Mu vyaka 92,000 BP, mu nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]], ŵalimi ŵa vinyama na ŵakusaka ŵa ku Malawi ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito [[Moto|mulilo]] kuti ŵasinthe malo agho ŵakakhalanga.<ref name="Thompson">{{cite journal |last1=Thompson |first1=Jessica C. |display-authors=etal |title=Early human impacts and ecosystem reorganization in southern-central Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=19 |date=5 May 2021 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf9776 |pmid=33952528 |pmc=8099189 |bibcode=2021SciA....7.9776T |oclc=9579895150 |s2cid=233871035}}</ref> Pakati pa 65,000 BP na 37,000 BP, mu nyengo yakusintha kufuma ku [[Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe|Nyengo ya Pakati ya Malibwe]] kuya ku [[Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro|Nyengo ya Malibwe Yakumaliro]], [[ŴaKhoisan|ŴaKhosani ŵa Kumwera kwa Africa]] ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito [[uta na mivi]].<ref name="Hitchcock">{{cite journal |last1=Hitchcock |first1=Robert K. |last2=Crowell |first2=Aron |last3=Brooks |first3=Alison |title=The ethnoarchaeology of Ambush Hunting: A Case Study of ǂGi Pan, Western Ngamiland, Botswana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332529080 |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=14 February 2019 |pages=119–144 |volume=36 |doi=10.1007/S10437-018-9319-X |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8031623872 |s2cid=166634393}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Butua=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Butua}} Pambere undaŵe chigaŵa cha [[Ufumu wa Rozwi|Ufumu wa Rozwi]], fuko la Togwa likalamuliranga mu ufumu wa Butua m'paka mu chaka cha 1683 C.E.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |title=Butua |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Butua |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Maravi=== {{Main|Maravi}} Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 16 C.E. na m'ma 19 C.E., maufumu gha Maravi (nga ni Undi, Lundu, na Kalonga) ghakasangwa na kukura chomene.<ref name="Newitt">{{cite book |last1=Newitt |first1=Malyn |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |year=2016 |pages=1–2 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ==Mbiri ya sono== ===Ufumu wa Merina=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Merina#Mbiri}} Kufika kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakakwaniska kutonda mafuko ghanyake gha pa chilwa ichi nga ni [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bezanozano|Bezanozano]], [[Ŵanthu ŵa Betsimisaraka|Betsimisaraka]], na ufumu wa Sakalava, ndipo ŵakaghazenga pasi pa ufumu wa Merina. Mu ndondomeko iyi mazina gha mtundu wakuti "Merina" ghakamba kugwiliskirika ntchito chomene, chifukwa ghakulongora kuŵa ŵakumanyikwa mu chiyowoyero cha [[Chiyowoyero cha Malagasy|Malagasy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larson|first=Pier M.|date=1996|title=Desperately Seeking 'the Merina' (Central Madagascar): Reading Ethnonyms and Their Semantic Fields in African Identity Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-southern-african-studies_1996-12_22_4/page/541|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=22|issue=4|pages=541–560|doi=10.1080/03057079608708511|jstor=2637156|bibcode=1996JSAfS..22..541L |issn=0305-7070}}</ref> Nangauli vinyake vikulongosora kukura kwa Merina nga nkhuwunganiska Madagascar yose, mafuko agho ghakakhalanga pafupi nga ni Betsimisaraka ghakawonanga kukura uku nga ni nthowa ya kulamulira ŵanthu ŵanyake.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cole, Jennifer, 1966-|title=Forget colonialism?: sacrifice and the art of memory in Madagascar|date=2001|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-92682-0 |oclc=49570321}}</ref> Mu 1824 C.E., Ŵamerina ŵakatora doko la [[Mahajanga]] ilo lili ku chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa chilwa, ndipo ichi chikalongora kusazgikira kwa nkhongono zawo. Mu nyengo ya [[Radama I]], Ŵamerina ŵakalutilira kuchita nkhondo izo zikakuzga mazaza gha ufumu na kusazgira chuma cha ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵasilikari.<ref name="Campbell">{{Cite journal|last=Campbell|first=Gwyn|date=1981|title=Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810-1895|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1981_22_2/page/203|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=203–227|doi=10.1017/S0021853700019411|jstor=181583|s2cid=161991146 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Ŵasilikari ŵa Merina ŵakakumana na kususkika kufuma ku ŵazga awo ŵakachimbira na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachimbira ku ulamuliro wa ufumu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakaŵa masauzandi ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhalanga nga ni magulu ghakuwukira agho ghakasuskikanga na ŵasilikari ŵa ufumu awo ŵakakwendera ŵanthu aŵa mu 1835 C.E. Chomenechomene, unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakachimbiranga ukapangiska kuti pakhale khumbo likuru la ŵantchito ŵazga mu ufumu wa Merina, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti nkhondo zakukuzga ufumu zilutilire.<ref name="Campbell" /> Mu pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E., kukura kwa ufumu na kulamulira chomene malonda gha ku mphepete mwa nyanja vikapangiska kuti Merina ŵaŵe na mazaza ghakuru pa chilwa chose. Ufumu wa Merina ukakhala pafupi kuŵika Madagascar yose pasi pa ufumu umoza pambere [[Ukoloni wa France ku Madagascar|ukoloni wa France]] undambe mu 1895 C.E.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merina|title=Merina {{!}} people |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> [[File:Ranavalona III of Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ranavalona III]] wakaŵa themba laumaliro la Madagascar.]] ===Ufumu wa Rozwi=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Rozwi#Mbiri}} Mabuku gha Ŵapwitikizi ghakulongora kuti Ŵarozwi ŵakaŵa ŵasilikari ŵakumanya chomene. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nthowa ya [[kupanga msasa wa nkhondo wa nyanga za ng'ombe|nyanga za ng'ombe mu nkhondo]] vyaka vinandi pambere mulongozgi mukuru wa Ŵazulu, [[Shaka]], wandayambe kuyigwiliskira ntchito mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. Ŵarozwi, awo ŵakaŵa na mikondo, zishango, na mauta na mivi, ŵakatola chigaŵa cha Zimbabwe plateau.<ref name="brit1">{{cite news |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064305/Rozvi |title=Rozvi |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Ndwandwe=== {{Main|Ndwandwe}} Ufumu wa Ndwandwe ukakura mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. chifukwa cha kusintha kwakupambanapambana kwa vya chuma, ndyali, na umoyo wa ŵanthu.<ref name="Ndlovu‐Gatsheni">{{cite book |last1=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first1=Sabelo J. |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Nguni empires |year=2016 |pages=1–8 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |publisher=Wiley|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe161 |isbn=978-1-118-45507-4 }}</ref> ===Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa=== {{Main|Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa}} Mwakuyana na Muzi Mthethwa (1995), Ŵamthethwa ŵakafuma ku mafuko gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]] gha kumpoto kwa Natal na [[Mapiri gha Lubombo|Mapiri gha Lubombo]], ndipo mtundu wawo wa sono ukamba kumanyikwa vyaka pafupifupi 700 ivyo vyajumpha.<ref>Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research Project", Department of History, University of Zululand.</ref> Ŵakaŵa pakati pa magulu ghakwambilira gha Nguni-Tsonga agho ghakafuma ku [[Maziŵa Ghakuru gha mu Africa|Maziŵa Ghakuru]] mu [[Central Africa|Africa ya pakati]] pakati pa 200 C.E. na 1200 C.E. Apo ŵakafika ku [[Southern Africa|Africa ya kumwera]], ŵakakhala pafupi na charu cha sono cha [[Eswatini]], chomenechomene pa [[Mapiri gha Lubombo]]. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 17 C.E. ŵakasamira ku chigaŵa cha sono cha [[KwaZulu-Natal]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal|Nkandla]]. Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa na mafuko, mbumba, na maufumu ghachoko pafupifupi 30 gha Nguni. Mwakupambana na uyo wakiza pamanyuma, [[Ufumu wa Zulu]], Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukaŵa wupu wa maufumu ghakupambanapambana.<ref>Morris, page 42</ref> Pasi pa ulamuliro wa [[Dingiswayo]], ulongozgi wa Mthethwa ukakhozgeka na kusazgikira. Themba ili likapanga ubwezi na [[Ŵanthu ŵa Tsonga|Ŵatsonga]] kumpoto kwa chigaŵa ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 19 C.E. ndipo likamba kuchita malonda gha [[minyanga ya njovu|minyanga ya njovu]] na vinthu vinyake na [[Portugal|Ŵapwitikizi]] mu [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mthethwa|title=Mthethwa - historical state, Africa |publisher=Britannica}}</ref> ===Ufumu wa Zulu=== {{Main|Ufumu wa Zulu#Mbiri}} [[Shaka]] wakaŵa mwana wa [[Senzangakhona]], themba la Ŵazulu, uyo wakababika cha mu nthengwa. Wakababika cha mu chaka cha 1787 C.E. Iyo na amama ŵake, [[Nandi (amama ŵa Shaka)|Nandi]], ŵakachimbizgika na Senzangakhona ndipo ŵakasanga malo ghakubisamamo mu [[Ulongozgi wa Mthethwa|Mthethwa]]. Shaka wakalwana nga ni msilikari pasi pa Jobe, ndipo pamanyuma pasi pa Dingiswayo, mulongozgi wa Mthethwa. Senzangakhona wati wafwa, Dingiswayo wakawovwira Shaka kuŵa mulongozgi wa Ufumu wa Zulu. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Dingiswayo chifukwa cha Zwide, themba la [[Ufumu wa Ndwandwe|Ndwandwe]], mu 1818 C.E., Shaka wakatora ulongozgi wa wupu wose wa Mthethwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Zulu: Africa's Napoleon?|url=https://www.historynet.com/shaka-zulu-africas-napoleon.htm|last=Wilkinson|first=Stephan|date=2017-03-14 |publisher=HistoryNet}}</ref> Shaka wakambiska masinthiro ghanandi gha vya nkhondo, vya umoyo wa ŵanthu, vya mitheto, na vya ndyali, ndipo wakazenga ufumu wa Zulu uwo ukaŵa wakulongozgeka mwakukhora. Kusintha kukuru chomene kukaŵa mu umo ŵasilikari ŵakenderanga, kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa ziphya za nkhondo na vilwero, kweniso kulimbana na ŵalongozgi ŵa vya mizimu, ŵamankhwala ŵa mizimu ([[sangoma]]), mwakuti ŵakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha boma la Zulu. Wupu uwo ukaŵa pasi pa ulongozgi wake ukapona pa kuwukira kwakwamba kwa Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Phiri la Gqokli|Nkhondo ya Gqokli Hill]] mu 1818 C.E. Mu vyaka viŵiri, Shaka wakatonda Zwide pa [[Nkhondo ya Mlonga wa Mhlatuze|Nkhondo ya Mhlatuze River]] mu 1820 C.E. ndipo wakaparanya wupu wa Ndwandwe. Ŵanyake mwa Ŵandwandwe ŵakamba ulendo wakukoma na kuwukira mafuko ghanyake gha [[Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni|Nguni]], ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti paŵe [[Difaqane|Difaqane (Mfecane)]], uwo ukaŵa kusama kukuru kwa mafuko agho ghakachimbiranga ku maboma agho ghakasweka na nkhondo za Ŵazulu. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakafwa mu nyengo iyi chikumanyikwa makora yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuti chikaŵa pakati pa ŵanthu 1 miliyoni na 2 miliyoni, kweni manambara agha ghakususkika.<ref name="Walter1969">{{cite book|author=Walter, Eugene Victor |year=1969 |title=Terror and Resistance: A Study of Political Violence, with Case Studies of Some Primitive African Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-3mmwEACAAJ|isbn=978-0-19-501562-1 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=<nowiki>Charters, R. A. (Major, Royal Artillery)</nowiki>|year=1839|title=Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier|journal=United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine |publisher=Henry Colburn|volume=1839, Part III|issue=September, October, November|pages=19–25, 171–179, 352–359}}</ref><ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition</ref><ref name="Hanson2007">{{cite book|author=Hanson, Victor Davis |year=2001 |title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|page=313}}</ref> Kufika mu 1822 C.E., Shaka wakaŵa walamulira ufumu uwo ukaŵa na malo pafupifupi {{convert|80000|sqmi|km2|sigfig=2}}.<ref name="Gluckman">{{Cite journal|last=Gluckman|first=Max|author-link=Max Gluckman|date=1960|title=The Rise of a Zulu Empire|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-rise-of-a-zulu-empire/|journal=[[Scientific American]]|volume=202|issue=4|page=162|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0460-157|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24940454|bibcode=1960SciAm.202d.157G |quote=By 1822 he had made himself master over 80,000 square miles|url-access=subscription}}</ref> [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Chithuzithuzi cha Themba Shaka ({{circa}} 1824)]] ===Ufumu wa Mthwakazi=== {{Main|Mthwakazi#Kukhazikika kwa Mzilikazi mu Mthwakazi}} Mthwakazi ni zina lakale ilo likugwiliskirika ntchito pa ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa Ndebele na ufumu wa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Ndebele ŵa Kumpoto|Ndebele]], uwo uli mu chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|title=Bulelani Lobengula crowned the Ndebele King|date=1 October 2018|access-date=26 July 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260802115824/https://www.reportfocusnews.com/2018/10/01/bulelani-lobengula-crowned-the-ndebele-king/|archive-date=2 August 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51|title=Brief History of Mthwakazi (English)|access-date=2021-05-13|archive-date=2013-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415094724/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=51}}</ref> Mthwakazi likugwiliskirikaso ntchito pakuyowoya za ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Matebeleland mu Zimbabwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 Mthwakazi Foundation Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311164413/http://www.mthwakazifoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=29 |date=2014-03-11 }} Retrieved 2012-08-09.</ref> ===Malonda gha ŵazga=== {{Further|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya India|Malonda gha ŵazga mu Nyanja ya Atlantic}} ===Nyengo ya ukoloni=== {{Main|Ukoloni wa Africa}} Mu 1652 C.E., [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha ukoloni pafupi na [[Cape of Good Hope]] kuti yiwovwire nthowa ya malonda gha pa nyanja pakati pa Europe na Southeast Asia. Malo agha ghakakura kuŵa [[Cape Town]], ndipo ghakazgoka [[Dutch Cape Colony]]. Ukoloni wa Ŵadachi ukawukilika kaŵiri na Ŵabritishi; ulendo wakwamba ukaŵa mu 1795 C.E. mu [[kuwukira Cape Colony|kuwukira kwa Cape Colony]] uko kukaŵa chigaŵa cha nkhondo za French Revolutionary Wars, ndipo ulendo wachiŵiri ukaŵa mu 1806 C.E. pa [[Nkhondo ya Blaauwberg]] mu nyengo ya nkhondo za Napoleon. Pamanyuma pa kuwukira kwachiŵiri uku, Cape Colony yikazgoka koloni ya Britain mpaka apo [[Union ya South Africa]] yikapangika mu 1910 C.E. Kukhazikika kwa Cape Colony kukamba nyengo ya ukoloni mu Africa ya kumwera ndipo kukapereka nthowa ya [[Kugawana Africa|kugawika kwa Africa]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na kukhazikika kwa [[Maboma gha Boer|maboma gha Boer]] pamanyuma pa [[Ulendo Mukuru wa Boer|Great Trek]] mu 1836 C.E. Nyengo iyi yikawona kwiza kwa ŵanthu ŵaphya, matekinoloje, vyakumera, na vinyama kufuma ku vyaru vinyake pa charu chose, kweniso kusuzgika kwa maufumu gha ku Africa agho ghakaŵapo kale. ====Kugawana Africa==== {{Main|Kugawana Africa}} ===Nyengo ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni=== {{Further|Kuleka kwa ukoloni mu Africa|Africa ya pamanyuma pa ukoloni#Africa ya kumwera|Ukoloni uphya}} {{See also|Phangano la umoza wa ŵasilikari}} ==Mbiri ya Mapangidwe gha Nyumba mu Africa ya Kumwera== ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa]]:'' * [[Mapangidwe gha nyumba mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Mapangidwe gha nyumba gha mu nyengo ya pakati mu Africa ya Kumwera]] ==Mbiri ya Sayansi na Tekinoloji mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Further||List of South African inventions and discoveries}} ''Wonani vinyake mu vigaŵa vya [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa]]:'' {{Div col|small=yes}} * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera|Sayansi ya nyenyezi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya pakati na ya kumwera|Masamu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 2|Mankhwala]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 3|Ulimi]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 4|Kupanga salu]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 5|Mapangidwe gha nyumba]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 6|Nkhondo]] * [[Mbiri ya sayansi na tekinoloji mu Africa#Africa ya Kumwera 7|Mwakuyana na charu]] {{Div col end}} ==Mbiri ya vya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa#Mbiri ya nkhondo mu Africa ya Kumwera}} ==Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera== {{Main|Mbiri ya majini mu Africa ya Kumwera}} {{Further|Ŵanthu ŵa San#Majini|Ŵanthu ŵa Khoekhoe}} Kufuma ku chigaŵa cha [[Kenya]] na [[Tanzania]] kuya ku [[South Africa]], Ŵaafrica ŵa kumafumiro gha dazi awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero vya [[viyowoyero vya Bantu]] ŵakulongora mphambano ya majini yakufuma kumpoto kuya kumwera. Kweniso, kufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] kulazga ku [[Africa ya kumwera]], ukaboni wa kufanana kwa majini ukulongora kuti pakaŵa kusama kwa ŵanthu na kusazgikana kwa mitundu pakati pa Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa apo kusama kwa Bantu kukafika ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Pfennig">{{cite journal |last1=Pfennig |first1=Aaron |display-authors=etal |title=Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |date=March 29, 2023 |volume=15 |issue=4 |article-number=evad054 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evad054 |pmid=36987563 |url=https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/15/4/evad054/7092825 |pmc=10118306 |oclc=9817135458 |s2cid=257803764}}</ref> ===DNA ya ŵanthu ŵakale=== {{Further|Kusazgikana pakati pa ŵanthu ŵakale na ŵanthu ŵasono#Ŵanthu ŵakale ŵa mu Africa}} Nangauli mphapu za [[Denisovan]] na [[Neanderthal]] mu ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala kuwaro kwa Africa zikupulikikwa makora, ukaboni wa mphapu za ŵanthu ŵakale mu ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa ngwachali kusimikizgika yayi ndipo ukukumana na mphindano.<ref name="Bergström">{{cite journal |last1=Bergström |first1=Anders |display-authors=etal |title=Origins of modern human ancestry |url=https://iranvarjavand.ir/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/paperhub.ir10.1038@s41586-021-03244-5.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7845 |pages=229–237 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33568824 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5 |s2cid=231883210 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..229B}}</ref> ===DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale=== Ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵa [[Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma|Nyengo ya Malibwe ya Pamanyuma]] awo ŵakaŵa ŵakukwima ŵakanyamura DNA yakuyana na ya ŵanthu ŵa San awo ŵakuyowoya chiyowoyero cha San.<ref name="Choudhury">{{cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Ananyo |display-authors=etal |title=Bantu-speaker migration and admixture in southern Africa |url=https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R56/6046806 |journal=Human Molecular Genetics |volume=30 |issue=R1 |pages=R56–R63 |date=April 2021 |pmid=33367711 |pmc=8117461 |doi=10.1093/hmg/ddaa274}}</ref> Pambere kusama kwa [[Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu|Bantu]] kwinda mu chigaŵa ichi, nga umo DNA yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵakale mu [[Botswana]] yikulongolera, ŵaliska ŵa vinyama ŵakufuma ku [[Africa ya kumafumiro gha dazi]] ŵakasamira ku Africa ya kumwera.<ref name="Choudhury" /> Pa ŵalimi ŵa nyengo ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] ŵanayi ŵa Bantu awo ŵakafuma ku [[Africa ya kumanjiliro gha dazi]], ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵakwambilira ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵatsonga na Ŵavenda, ndipo ŵalimi ŵaŵiri ŵanyengo yamanyuma ŵakaŵa na DNA yakuyana na Ŵanthu ŵa Nguni. Ichi chikulongora kuti pakaŵa mayendedwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵanthu pa nyengo ya kusama kwa Bantu, ndipo ichi chikapangiska kuti Ŵanthu ŵa Bantu na Ŵanthu ŵa Khoisan ŵakumane na kusazgikana.<ref name="Choudhury" /> ====Botswana==== Ku Nqoma, mu [[Botswana]], munthu yumoza uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 900 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)#Haplogroup L2a1|haplogroup L2a1f]].<ref name="Wang">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |pmc=7292641 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref><ref name="Wang II">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ke |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Ancient genomes reveal complex patterns of population movement, interaction, and replacement in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2020/06/08/6.24.eaaz0183.DC1/aaz0183_SM.pdf |journal=Science Advances |volume=6 |issue=24 |article-number=eaaz0183 |date=June 2020 |pmid=32582847 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaz0183 |pmc=7292641 |bibcode=2020SciA....6..183W}}</ref> Ku Taukome, mu [[Botswana]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1100 ivyo vyajumpha), wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1|E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3b1]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> Ku Xaro, mu [[Botswana]], mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵaŵiri awo ŵakaŵako mu nyengo yakwamba ya [[Nyengo ya Chuma cha Chisulo|Chuma cha Chisulo]] (vyaka pafupifupi 1400 ivyo vyajumpha). Yumoza wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-M2#E1b1a1a1c|E1b1a1a1c1a]] na [[Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)#Subclade distribution|L3e1a2]], ndipo munyake wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup E-Z827#E-V1515|E1b1b1b2b (E-M293, E-CTS10880)]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k1a2]].<ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Wang II" /> ====Malawi==== =====Fingira===== Ku malo ghakusungirako malibwe gha Fingira mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6179 BP na 2341 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M182|B2]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1]].<ref name="Lipson II">{{cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |display-authors=etal |title=Extended Data Table 1 Ancient individuals analysed in this study: Ancient DNA and deep population structure in sub-Saharan African foragers |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2022 |volume=603 |issue=7900 |pages=290–296 |doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04430-9 |pmid=35197631 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8907066 |oclc=9437356581 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..290L |s2cid=247083477}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6175 BP na 5913 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1b2b]].<ref name="Skoglund">{{cite journal |last1=Skoglund |first1=Pontus |display-authors=etal |title=Reconstructing Prehistoric African Population Structure |journal=Cell |volume=171 |issue=1 |pages=59–71.e21 |date=September 2017 |pmid=28938123 |pmc=5679310 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.049}}</ref> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu munyake uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 6177 BP na 5923 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d1c]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Fingira, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2676 BP na 2330 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0f]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Chencherere===== Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5400 BP na 4800 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Chencherere, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 5293 BP na 4979 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0k1]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Hora===== Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,897 BP na 15,827 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b]] na [[Haplogroup L5 (mtDNA)|L5b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora 1 rockshelter, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakalembeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 16,424 BP na 14,029 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup B-M60#B-M112|B2b1a2~]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0d3/L0d3b]].<ref name="Lipson II" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 10,000 BP na 5000 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogroup [[Haplogroup BT|BT]] na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|L0k2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> Ku Hora, mu [[Malawi]], munthu uyo wakayowoyeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 8173 BP na 7957 BP, wakaŵa na [[Haplogroup L0#Distribution|haplogroup L0a2]].<ref name="Skoglund" /> =====Ballito Bay===== {{Main|Ballito Bay}} Ku [[Ballito Bay|Malaŵi gha ku Ballito Bay]], ku [[South Africa|South Africa]], munthu munyake uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 1986 BP na 1831 BP wakaŵa na ma [[Haplogulu la Y-DNA|haplogulu]] gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2c1]].<ref name="Schlebusch">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |journal=Science |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |date=November 2017 |pmid=28971970 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |s2cid=206663925 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S}}</ref><ref name="Schlebusch II">{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Materials for Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago |url=[https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf](https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/suppl/2017/09/27/science.aao6266.DC1/aao6266_Schlebusch_SM.pdf) |journal=Science |date=3 November 2017 |volume=358 |issue=6363 |pages=652–655 |doi=10.1126/science.aao6266 |pmid=28971970 |bibcode=2017Sci...358..652S |s2cid=206663925}}</ref> Munthu munyake wa ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako pakati pa vyaka 2149 BP na 1932 BP, wakaŵa na ma haplogulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A1b1b2]] na [[Haplogulu L0|L0d2a1]].<ref name="Schlebusch"/><ref name="Schlebusch II"/> Ku [[Ballito Bay|Ballito Bay]], mwana uyo wakumanyikwa kuti Ballito Boy, uyo wakayezgeka kuti wakaŵako vyaka pafupifupi 1,980 ± 20 BP, wakasangika kuti wakaŵa na DNA ya [[Rickettsia felis]].<ref name="Rifkin">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref><ref name="Rifkin II">{{cite journal |last1=Rifkin |first1=Riaan F. |display-authors=etal |title=Supplementary Notes 1-7 for Rickettsia felis DNA recovered from a child who lived in southern Africa 2,000 years ago |journal=Communications Biology |date=March 3, 2023 |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=240 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04582-y |pmid=36869137 |url=[https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf](https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42003-023-04582-y/MediaObjects/42003_2023_4582_MOESM2_ESM.pdf) |pmc=9984397 |oclc=9786799123 |s2cid=257312840}}</ref> ===DNA ya kromozomu Y=== {{Further|Ma haplogulu gha Y-DNA mu ŵanthu ŵa kumwera kwa Jangwa la Sahara}} Masambiro ghakupambanapambana gha [[Kromozomu Y|kromozomu Y]] ghakulongora kuti Ŵasan ŵali na ma haplogulu gha kromozomu Y agho ghakusangika kuŵa ghakale chomene pa charu chapasi. Ma haplogulu agha ni magulu gha [[Haplogulu A (Y-DNA)|A]] na [[Haplogulu B (Y-DNA)|B]], agho ni nthambi zakwambilira chomene mu mphyanga ya ubabika wa kromozomu Y wa ŵanthu.<ref name=j1>{{cite journal |last1=Knight |first1=Alec |display-authors=etal |title=African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages |journal=Current Biology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=464–473 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12646128 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1 |issn=0960-9822 |oclc=4931666146 |s2cid=52862939 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2003CBio...13..464K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=MF |display-authors=etal |title=Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=1189–1203 |date=July 2001 |pmid=11420360 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8092394585 |s2cid=28304418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Naidoo |first1=Thijessen |display-authors=etal |title=Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations |journal=Investigative Genetics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=6 |date=September 2010 |pmid=21092339 |pmc=2988483 |doi=10.1186/2041-2223-1-6 |oclc=5632083214 |s2cid=18243824 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===DNA ya mitochondria=== {{Further|DNA ya mitochondria ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa}} Mu vyaka pafupifupi 200,000 BP, ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa (nga ni [[Ŵasan|Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa]]) awo ŵakaŵa na [[Haplogulu L0|haplogulu L0]] ŵakapambanika kufuma ku ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakaŵa na haplogulu [[Haplogulu L1–6 (mtDNA)|L1′6]], awo ŵakukhala chomene kumpoto kwa [[Kumwera kwa Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]].<ref name="Sá">{{cite journal |last1=Sá |first1=Luísa |display-authors=etal |title=Phylogeography of Sub-Saharan Mitochondrial Lineages Outside Africa Highlights the Roles of the Holocene Climate Changes and the Atlantic Slave Trade |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=16 August 2022 |volume=23 |issue=16 |page=9219 |doi=10.3390/ijms23169219 |pmid=36012483 |issn=1661-6596 |pmc=9408831 |oclc=9627558751 |s2cid=251653686|doi-access=free }}</ref> Pakati pa 130,000 BP na 75,000 BP, vinthu ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakamba kuŵa na maluso gha mazuŵa ghano vikawoneka pakati pa ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Kumwera kwa Africa|Kumwera kwa Africa]], ndipo ubwezi wa nyengo yitali pakati pa chigaŵa cha Kumwera kwa Africa na [[Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa|Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Africa]] ukakhazikika.<ref name="Sá"/> Masambiro gha DNA ya mitochondria ghakulongoraso kuti Ŵasan ŵali na unandi ukuru wa nthambi zakale chomene za [[Haplogulu la DNA ya mitochondria|haplogulu ya DNA ya mitochondria]]. DNA iyi yikupokera kufuma kwa nyina pera. Haplogulu yakale chomene, [[Haplogulu L0|L0]], yikusangika chomene mu magulu gha Ŵasan ŵa kumwera kwa Africa.<ref name=j1/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Yu-Sheng |display-authors=etal |title=mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe-and their genetic relationships to other African populations |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=1362–1383 |date=April 2000 |pmid=10739760 |pmc=1288201 |doi=10.1086/302848 |oclc=679558953 |s2cid=31258611}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |display-authors=etal |title=History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2180–2195 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17656633 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msm155 |issn=0737-4038 |oclc=8090974992 |s2cid=17282053 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schlebusch |first1=Carina M. |display-authors=etal |title=SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa |url=[https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197](https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elps.200900197) |journal=Electrophoresis |volume=30 |issue=21 |pages=3657–3664 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19810027 |doi=10.1002/elps.200900197 |issn=0173-0835 |oclc=5151862048 |s2cid=19515426|url-access=subscription }}</ref> === DNA ya thupi lose (Autosomal DNA) === Mu kafukufuku uyo ukafumiskika mu Malichi 2011, Brenna Henn na ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti Ŵa [[ǂKhomani San|ǂKhomani San]], kweniso Ŵa [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] na Ŵa [[Hadza people|Hadza]] ŵa ku [[Tanzania]], ŵakaŵa na kupambana kukuru kwa majini kuluska ŵanthu wose ŵanyake ŵamoyo awo ŵakasandikwa mu kafukufuku uyu. Kupambana kukuru uku kwa majini kukulongora kuti ndiko kukwenera kuŵa uko [[anatomically modern humans|ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵa thupi lakukwana]] ŵakambira.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=Brenna |display-authors=etal |title=Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2011-03-29_108_13/page/5154 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=108 |issue=13 |pages=5154–5162 |date=March 2011 |pmid=21383195 |pmc=3069156 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1017511108 |jstor=41125668 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108.5154H |issn=0027-8424 |oclc=9529060694 |s2cid=12423756 |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Matt |year=2011 |title=Gene Study Challenges Human Origins in Eastern Africa |journal=[[Scientific American|Scientific American]] |publisher=[[Nature Publishing Group|Nature Publishing Group]] |url=[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/](http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gene-study-challenges-human-origin-africa/) |issn=0036-8733 |oclc=1775222}}</ref> === DNA ya vya matenda (Medical DNA) === Pakati pa DNA yakale yakufuma ku ŵanthu ŵatatu awo ŵakaŵa ŵakusanga vyakurya mu vigaŵa vya chilengedwe (hunter-gatherers) ndipo ŵakaŵa na kufanana kwa majini na [[San people|Ŵa San]], kweniso ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age, ma [[SNPs|SNP]] ghawo ghakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na [[sleeping sickness|matenda gha tsetse fly]] na [[Plasmodium vivax]].<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{cite journal |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Susan |title=Disease as a Factor in the African Archaeological Record |journal=The African Archaeological Review |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=487–490 |year=2020 |pmid=32863518 |pmc=7445818 |doi=10.1007/s10437-020-09405-7 |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=8671686339 |s2cid=221320841}}</ref> Mwakudumura, ŵaŵiri pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵa nyengo ya Iron Age ŵakaŵa na mitundu ya majini yakovwira kulimbana na matenda gha tsetse fly, ndipo ŵatatu pa ŵalimi ŵanayi ŵakaŵa na [[Human genetic resistance to malaria#Duffy antigen receptor negativity|mitundu ya Duffy negative]] iyo yikovwira kulimbana na [[malaria]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Mwakupambana na ŵalimi ŵa Iron Age, pakati pa ŵasakaji ŵakale awo ŵakaŵa paubali na Ŵa San, mwana munyamata wa vyaka 6 wakwenera kuti wakafwa chifukwa cha [[schistosomiasis|matenda gha mphutsi za mu maji]].<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> Ku [[Botswana]], mwanalume uyo wakukhala mu nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 1400 BP, wakwenera kuti wakaŵa na mtundu wa Duffy negative uwo ukovwira kulimbana na malaria.<ref name="Pfeiffer" /> ### Kusintha kwa majini mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa (Genetic adaptation) Ma genome gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa agho kanandi ghakusangika kuti ghali na **kusintha kwakukhwaskana na chilengedwe (adaptation)** ghakukhwaska chomene **DNA yakulongozga umo majini ghakugwilira ntchito (regulatory DNA)**. Milandu yinandi ya kusintha uku mwa ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa yikukolerana na **vyakurya, umo thupi likugwilira ntchito (physiology),** kweniso **mphinjika za kusankha kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha matenda (evolutionary pressure from pathogens)**.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[Sub-Saharan Africa|vigaŵa vya kumwera kwa chipalamba cha Sahara]], kusintha kwa majini (mwachiyelezgero, kusintha kwa **rs334**, [[Duffy blood group|gulu la ndopa la Duffy]], kuchuluka kwa [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|kupereŵera kwa G6PD]], na [[sickle cell disease|matenda gha sickle cell]]) kwakukhwaskana na [[malaria]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa ku Sub-Saharan Africa. Kusintha uku kukwenera kuti kukamba kuchitika pafupifupi vyaka 7300 BP ivyo vyajumpha.<ref name="Pfennig" /> Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Sub-Saharan Africa|kumwera kwa Sahara]] ŵali na kupitilira 90% ya mtundu wa majini wa [[Duffy antigen system|Duffy-null]].<ref name="Wonkam">{{cite journal |last1=Wonkam |first1=Ambroise |last2=Adeyemo |first2=Adebowale |title=Leveraging our common African origins to understand human evolution and health |journal=Cell Genomics |date=March 8, 2023 |volume=3 |issue=3 |article-number=100278 |doi=10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100278 |pmid=36950382 |url=[https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X(23)00038-1.pdf](https://www.cell.com/cell-genomics/pdf/S2666-979X%2823%2900038-1.pdf) |pmc=10025516 |s2cid=257458855}}</ref> Mu chigaŵa cha [[Kalahari Desert|chipalamba cha Kalahari]] mu Africa, mitundu yakupambanapambana ya kusintha kwa majini (nga ni [[adiponectin]], [[body mass index|chiyezo cha uzito wa thupi]], na [[metabolism|umo thupi likusinthira vyakurya kuŵa nkhongono]]) yasangika pakati pa Ŵa [[ǂKhomani people|ǂKhomani]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> Mu [[South Africa|South Africa]], kusintha kwa majini (nga ni rs28647531 pa [[Chromosome 4|chromosome 4q22]]) kweniso kutambuzgika chomene na [[Tuberculosis#Risk factors|TB]] kwasangwa pakati pa Ŵa [[Coloureds|Coloured]].<ref name="Pfennig" /> --- ## Ndondomeko ya nyengo ya malo gha vinthu vya kale na mitheto ya ŵanthu (Timeline of archaeological cultures and sites) * [[Lomekwi]] (vyaka 3,300,000 BP)<ref name="Berwick">{{cite book |last1=Berwick |first1=Robert C. |last2=Chomsky |first2=Noam |title=Why Only Us: Language and Evolution |date=2016 |publisher=MIT Press |page=37 |isbn=978-0-262-03424-1 |url=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}}](https://books.google.com/books?id=8eBRCwAAQBAJ&q=Lomekwi&pg=PP6}})</ref> * [[Taung]] (vyaka 3,030,000 BP)<ref name="Kuhn">{{cite web |last1=Kuhn |first1=Brian F. |display-authors=etal |title=Renewed investigations at Taung; 90 years after the discovery of Australopithecus africanus |url=[http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y](http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/21251/2016.V51.KUHN_ET_AL_Taung.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y) |publisher=Palaeontologia africana}}</ref> * [[Sterkfontein]] (vyaka 2,800,000 BP)<ref name="Pickering">{{cite journal |last1=Pickering |first1=Robyn |last2=Kramers |first2=Jan D. |title=Re-appraisal of the stratigraphy and determination of new U-Pb dates for the Sterkfontein hominin site, South Africa |year=2010 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=70–86 |url=[https://www.academia.edu/446925](https://www.academia.edu/446925) |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.03.014 |pmid=20605190 |bibcode=2010JHumE..59...70P }}</ref> * [[Drimolen]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers">{{cite web |last1=Stammers |first1=Rhiannon C. |title=The first bone tools from Kromdraai and stone tools from Drimolen, and the place of bone tools in the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=[http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf](http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Stammers-et-al-2018-QR.pdf) |publisher=Quaternary International}}</ref> * [[Kromdraai fossil site|Kromdraai malo gha mafupa gha zakale]] (vyaka 2,000,000 BP)<ref name="Stammers" /> * [[Cooper's Cave]] (vyaka 1,900,000 BP)<ref name="Steininger">{{cite journal |last1=Steininger |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=A partial skull of Paranthropus robustus from Cooper's Cave, South Africa |issue=3–4 |pages=143–146 |url=[http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014](http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0038-23532008000200014) |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=April 2008 |volume=104 }}</ref> * [[Canteen Kopje]] (vyaka 1,890,000 BP)<ref name="Smith">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Patricia |display-authors=etal |title=Canteen Kopje: a new look at an old skull |issue=1–2 |pages=01–09 |journal=South African Journal of Science|date=January 2012 |volume=108 |doi=10.4102/sajs.v108i1/2.738 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Swartkrans]] (vyaka 1,800,000 BP)<ref name="D'Errico">{{cite web |last1=D'Errico |first1=Francesco |last2=Backwell |first2=Lucinda |title=Possible Evidence of Bone Tool Shaping by Swartkrans Early Hominids |url=[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223636936) |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Motsetsi]] (vyaka 1,640,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berger">{{cite web |last1=Berger |first1=L.R. |last2=Lacruz |first2=R. |title=Preliminary report on the firstexcavations at the new fossil siteof Motsetse, Gauteng, South Africa |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC97627 |publisher=South African Journal of Science}}</ref> * [[Wonderwerk Cave]] (vyaka 1,000,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Berna">{{cite web |last1=Berna |first1=Francesco |title=Microstratigraphic evidence of in situfire in theAcheulean strata of Wonderwerk Cave, Northern Cape province, South Africa |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109/20/E1215.full.pdf |publisher=Francesco Berna |ref=PNAS}}</ref> * [[Amanzi Springs archaeological site]] ([[Pleistocene chapakati]])<ref name="Petraglia">{{cite journal |last1=Petraglia |first1=Michael |title=The large cutting tools from the South African Acheulean and the question of social traditions |issue=5 |page=653 |url=https://www.academia.edu/471301 |journal=Current Anthropology|year=2004 |volume=45 |doi=10.1086/423973 |s2cid=163124683 }}</ref> * [[Rising Star Cave]] (vyaka 414,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Dirks">{{cite journal |last1=Dirks |first1=Paul HGM |display-authors=etal |title=The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |year=2017 |volume=6 |journal=eLife|doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid=28483040 |pmc=5423772 |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Kalambo Falls]] (vyaka 300,000 BP – 200,000 BP)<ref name="Clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=J.D. |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site: Volume 3, The Earlier Cultures: Middle and Earlier Stone Age |date=1969 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=28 |isbn=978-0-521-20071-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYGwagdt9MQC&dq=%22Kalambo+Falls%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PP14}}</ref> * [[Duinefontein]] (vyaka 290,000 BP)<ref name="Cruz-Uribe">{{cite web |last1=Cruz-Uribe |first1=Kathryn |display-authors=etal |title=Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223255530 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Gladysvale Cave]] (vyaka 257,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |display-authors=etal |title=Probable human hair found in a fossil hyaena coprolite from Gladysvale cave, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223705742 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site]] (vyaka 200,000 BP)<ref name="Kuman">{{cite web |last1=Kuman |first1=K. |last2=Clarke |first2=R. |title=Florisbad—New investigations at a middle stone age Hominid Site in South Africa |url=http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |publisher=Geoarchaeology |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260726184555/http://hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/sites/hesp.irmacs.sfu.ca/files/kuman_1986_-_new_investigations_at_florisbad.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> * [[Mumbwa Caves]] (vyaka 194,000 BP – 124,000 BP)<ref name="Avery">{{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=D.M. |title=Early and Middle Pleistocene environments and hominid biogeography; micromammalian evidence from Kabwe, Twin Rivers and Mumbwa Caves in central Zambia |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820200593X |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=189 |issue=1–2 |pages=55–69 |doi=10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00593-X |bibcode=2003PPP...189...55A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Pinnacle Point]] (vyaka 164,000 BP)<ref name="Marean">{{cite web |last1=Marean |first1=Curtis W. |title=The stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age sediments at Pinnacle PointCave 13B (Mossel Bay, Western Cape Province, South Africa) |url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Marean-et-al-2010-JHE.pdf |publisher=Journal of Human Evolution}}</ref> * [[Hoedjiespunt]] (vyaka 130,000 BP)<ref name="Kyriacou">{{cite journal |last1=Kyriacou |first1=K. |title=Middle and Later Stone Age shellfish exploitation strategies and coastal foraging at Hoedjiespunt and Lynch Point, Saldanha Bay, South Africa |year=2015 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030544031500031X |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=57 |pages=197–206 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.018 |bibcode=2015JArSc..57..197K |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngalue]] (vyaka 105,000 BP)<ref name="Mercader">{{cite journal |last1=Mercader |first1=Julio |display-authors=etal |title=Initial excavation and dating of Ngalue Cave: A Middle Stone Age site along the Niassa Rift, Mozambique |year=2009 |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=63–74 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248409000633 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.03.005 |pmid=19487015 |bibcode=2009JHumE..57...63M |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Blombos Cave]] (vyaka 84,000 ivyo vyajumpha (BP))<ref name="Backwell II">{{cite web |last1=Backwell |first1=Lucinda |last2=D'Errico |first2=Francesco |last3=Wadley |first3=Lyn |title=Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa |url=http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260726113935/http://in-africa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Backwell-et-al-2008-JAS-MSA-bone-tools-from-HP-layers-Sibudu.pdf |archive-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> * [[Stillbay]] (vyaka 80,000 BP)<ref name="Lovell">{{cite web |last1=Lovell |first1=Nancy C |last2=Palichuk |first2=Kimberley E. |title=Task activity and tooth wear in a woman of ancient Egypt |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331309201 |publisher=Bioarchaeology of Marginalized People}}</ref> * [[Howieson's Poort Shelter]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=Zenobia |display-authors=etal |title=Ages for the Middle Stone Age of Southern Africa: Implications for Human Behavior and Dispersal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23441925 |journal=Science|year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5902 |pages=733–735 |doi=10.1126/science.1162219 |pmid=18974351 |bibcode=2008Sci...322..733J |hdl=1885/32902 |s2cid=206514762 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> * [[Mousteroid]] (vyaka 80,000 BP – 50,000 BP)<ref>O. Davies (1964)</ref><ref>J. D. Clark (1967)</ref> * Peers Cave (vyaka 75,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Howiesons Poort]] (vyaka 68,000 BP – 60,000 BP)<ref name="Gibson">{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=N. E. |last2=Wadley |first2=L. |last3=Williamson |first3=B. S. |title=Microscopic residues as evidence of hafting on backed tools from the 60 000 to 68 000 year-old Howiesons Poort layers of Rose Cottage Cave, South Africa |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.902.9496&rep=rep1&type=pdf |publisher=Southern African Humanities|citeseerx=10.1.1.902.9496 }}</ref> * [[Boomplaas Cave]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Pargeter">{{cite web |last1=Pargeter |first1=Justin |title=New ages from Boomplaas Cave, South Africa, provideincreased resolution on late/terminal Pleistocene humanbehavioural variability |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |publisher=Azania: Archaeological Research In Africa |access-date=2026-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113212110/https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/brianstewart/wp-content/uploads/sites/62/2018/03/New-ages-from-Boomplaas-Cave-South-Africa-provide-increased-resolution-on-late-terminal-Pleistocene-human-behavioural-variability.pdf |archive-date=2023-11-13}}</ref> * [[Klasies River Caves]] (vyaka 66,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Diepkloof Rock Shelter]] (vyaka 65,000 BP)<ref name="Verna">{{cite journal |last1=Verna |first1=Christine |display-authors=etal |title=The Middle Stone Age human remains from Diepkloof Rock Shelter (Western Cape, South Africa) |year=2013 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440313001350 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3532–3541 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.04.011 |bibcode=2013JArSc..40.3532V |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Plovers Lake]] (vyaka 62,900 BP)<ref name="Brophy">{{cite journal |last1=Brophy |first1=Juliet |display-authors=etal |title=Faunal assemblage composition and paleoenvironment of Plovers Lake, a Middle Stone Age locality in Gauteng Province, South Africa |year=2008 |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1102–1117 |url=https://www.academia.edu/9373821 |journal=Journal of Human Evolution|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.011 |pmid=18954892 |bibcode=2008JHumE..55.1102D }}</ref> * [[Sibudu Cave]] (vyaka 61,000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Fauresmith (industry)]] (vyaka 60,300 BP – 32,600 BP)<ref name="Herries">{{cite journal |last1=Herries |first1=Andy I. R. |title=A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and ItsTransition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa:The Question of the Fauresmith |date=2011 |url=https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/961401.pdf |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology|issue=1 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.4061/2011/961401 |doi-access=free |pmid=21785711 |pmc=3139141 }}</ref> * [[Border Cave]] (vyaka 58,200 BP)<ref name="Bird">{{cite journal |last1=Bird |first1=M.I. |display-authors=etal |title=Radiocarbon dating from 40 to 60 ka BP at Border Cave, South Africa |year=2003 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379103000052 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=22 |issue=8–9 |pages=943–947 |doi=10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00005-2 |bibcode=2003QSRv...22..943B |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Ngwenya Mine]] (vyaka 43,000 BP)<ref name="Watling">{{cite web |last1=Watling |first1=Sarah Elizabeth |title=What Does The Mine Have To Tell Us? Art As A Reclamation Streategy In The Post-Mined Landscape Of The Oldest Known Mine In The World, Ngwenya Mine Swaziland |url=https://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/handle/1903/14237/Watling_umd_0117N_14329.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n |publisher=University of Maryland}}</ref> * [[Apollo 11 Cave]] (vyaka 30,000 BP)<ref name="Haaland">{{cite web |last1=Haaland |first1=Magnus |display-authors=etal |title=Pleistocene Figurative Art Mobilier From Apollo 11 Cave, Karas Region, Southern Namibia |url=https://www.academia.edu/14617050 |publisher=South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Elands Bay Cave]] (vyaka 19,398 BP)<ref name="Porraz">{{cite web |last1=Porraz |first1=Guillaume |display-authors=etal |title=A shape to the microlithic Robberg from Elands BayCave (South Africa) |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-02517687/document |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Tsodilo]] (vyaka 14,500 BP)<ref name="Robbins">{{cite web |last1=Robbins |first1=Lawrence H. |display-authors=etal |title=World's Oldest Ritual Site? The"Python Cave" at Tsodilo Hills World Heritage Site, Botswana |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bd0e66f8d97400eb0099556/t/5bddf66f40ec9a449daf1e88/1541273199732/Nyame+Akuma+Issue+067-Robbins.pdf |publisher=Nyame Akuma}}</ref> * [[Mwela Rock Paintings]] (vyaka 10,820 BP)<ref name="Muianga">{{cite web |last1=Muianga |first1=Décio |title=Rock Art and Ancient Material Culture of Cahora Bassa Dam, Tete Province, Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279443446 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Kalemba Rockshelter]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 8,000 BP)<ref name="Robinson">{{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Joshua R. |last2=Rowan |first2=John |title=Holocene paleoenvironmental change in southeastern Africa (Makwe Rockshelter, Zambia): Implications for the spread of pastoralism |year=2017 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=156 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.030 |bibcode=2017QSRv..156...57R |doi-access=free }}</ref> * [[Matsieng Footprints]] (vyaka 10,000 BP – 3000 BP)<ref name="Matsieng">{{cite web |title=Matsieng Footprints |url=http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |publisher=Botswana Tourism Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725080508/http://www.botswanatourism.co.bw/attractions/matsieng_footprints.html |archive-date=2010-07-25 }}</ref> * [[Nelson Bay Cave]] (vyaka 9000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * Jubilee Shelter (vyaka 8500 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[Twyfelfontein]] (vyaka 5850 BP)<ref name="Imalwa">{{cite web |last1=Imalwa |first1=Emma |title=Analysis of the Management of Twyfelfontein World Heritage Site, Namibia |url=https://repositorio.utad.pt/bitstream/10348/6089/1/phd_eimalwa.pdf |publisher=Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro}}</ref> * [[Rose Cottage Cave]] (vyaka 4000 BP)<ref name="Backwell II" /> * [[The White Lady (Namibia)|The White Lady]] (3000 B.C.E. – 1500 B.C.E.)<ref name="Dubow">{{cite web |last1=Dubow |first1=Saul |title=Henri Breuil And The Imagination Of Prehistory:'Mixing Up Rubble, Trouble And Stratification' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332735840 |publisher=South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series}}</ref> * [[Mussel Point]] (vyaka 3500 BP)<ref name="Jerardino">{{cite web |last1=Jerardino |first1=Antonieta |title=Mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations: the archaeological evidence at Tortoise Cave, south-western Cape, South Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292257945 |publisher=Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Wetenskap}}</ref> * [[Byneskranskop]] (vyaka 3200 BP – 1500 BP)<ref name="Bräuer">{{cite book |last1=Bräuer |first1=Günter |last2=Friedrich |first2=Wilhelm Rösing |title=Afrika II: Südafrika: Human biological history of southern Africa. Le peuplement de Madagascar |date=Dec 3, 2018 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-486-82584-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W7N6DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bambandyanalo%22+%22BP%22+Africa&pg=PA6}}</ref> * [[Driekops Eiland]] (vyaka 2500 BP)<ref name="Morris">{{cite web |last1=Morris |first1=David Roger Neacalbann McIntyre |title=Driekopseiland and "the rain's magic power': history and landscape in a new interpretation of a Northern Cape rock engraving site |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/58912508.pdf |publisher=University of Western Cape}}</ref> * [[Bambata Cave]] (mu chaka cha 215 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=The stylistic origin of Bambata and the spread of mixed farming in southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264852616 |publisher=Southern African Humanities}}</ref> * [[Ziwa]] (vyaka 1630 BP)<ref name="Huffman II">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The Origin and Spread of Social Complexity in Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248572439 |publisher=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology}}</ref> * [[Chibuene]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E.)<ref name="Robertshaw">{{cite web |last1=Robertshaw |first1=Peter |display-authors=etal |title=Glass finds from Chibuene, a 6th to 17th century AD port in southern Mozambique |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265050510 |publisher=The South African Archaeological Bulletin}}</ref> * [[Toutswemogala Hill]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 7 C.E. – 19 C.E.)<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1340/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> * [[Leopard's Kopje]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 750 C.E. – 800 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman III">{{cite web |last1=Huffman |first1=Thomas |title=A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron age of Southern Africa |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248579741 |publisher=Journal of Archaeological Science}}</ref> * [[Bambandyanalo]] (mu chaka cha 1000 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Great Zimbabwe]] (mu chaka cha 1300 C.E.)<ref name="Huffman IV">{{cite journal |last1=Huffman |first1=Tom |title=Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe: The origin and spread of social complexity in southern Africa |date=2009 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7500155 |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|volume=28 |pages=37–54 |doi=10.1016/J.JAA.2008.10.004 }}</ref> * [[Domboshaba]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1600 C.E.)<ref name="De Wit">{{cite journal |last1=De Wit |first1=Michiel C. J. |title=Prospecting history leading to the discovery of Botswana's diamond mines: from artefacts to Lesedi La Rona |year=2018 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=112 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.1007/s00710-018-0556-0 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112....7D |hdl=2263/64747 |s2cid=189943118 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Majojo]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1300 C.E. – 1650 C.E.)<ref name="Ossola">{{cite book |last1=Ossola |first1=Paola |last2=Grechi |first2=Daniele |title=Botswana Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Development A Handbook of Theory and Practice |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |page=253 |isbn=978-1-5275-4956-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkfhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Majojo+1300-1650+AD&pg=PA253}}</ref> * [[Mbande Hill]] (vyaka 600 BP)<ref name="Seitsonen">{{cite web |last1=Seitsonen |first1=Oula |title=Lithics After Stone Age In East Africa Wadh Lang'o Case Study |url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/19613/lithicsa.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |publisher=University Of Helsinki Institute For Cultural Studies}}</ref> * [[Kingdom of Mapungubwe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1370 C.E. – 1410 C.E.)<ref name="Bräuer" /> * [[Manyikeni]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 14 C.E.)<ref name="Jopela">{{cite web |last1=Jopela |first1=Albino Pereira de Jesus |title=Traditional Custodianship Of Rock Art Sites In Southern Africa: A Case Study From Central Mozambique |url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8878/MA%20Thesis%20-%20Jopela.pdf?sequence=2 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand}}</ref> * [[Khami]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1450 C.E. – 1820 C.E.)<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite journal |last1=Chirikure |first1=Shadreck |display-authors=etal |title=New Pathways of Sociopolitical Complexity in Southern Africa |year=2013 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3?shared-article-renderer |journal=African Archaeological Review|volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=339–366 |doi=10.1007/s10437-013-9142-3 |s2cid=254192991 |hdl=2263/41780 |hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Dzata ruins]] (pambere pa chaka cha 1600 C.E.)<ref name="Swanepoel">{{cite book |last1=Swanepoel |first1=Natalie |last2=Esterhuysen |first2=Amanda |title=Five Hundred Years Rediscovered: Southern African precedents and prospects |date=Aug 1, 2008 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-77614-228-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjZjDwAAQBAJ&q=dzata&pg=PT8}}</ref> * [[Blaauboschkraal stone ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="Bokoni">{{cite web |title=The Bokoni story unearthed |date=26 February 2015 |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-02-26-the-bokoni-story-unearthed/ |publisher=Mail & Guardian Online}}</ref> * [[Ingombe Ilede]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 16 C.E.)<ref name="McIntosh">{{cite journal |last1=McIntosh |first1=Susan Keech |last2=Fagan |first2=Brian M. |title=Re-dating the Ingombe Ilede burials |date=2017 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/redating-the-ingombe-ilede-burials/E15825A560157DBC4389DD416013A859 |journal=Antiquity|volume=91 |issue=358 |pages=1069–1077 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2017.74 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> * [[Danangombe]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 1650 C.E. – 1815 C.E.)<ref name="Pikirayi">{{cite book |last1=Pikirayi |first1=Innocent |title=The Zimbabwe Culture Origins and Decline of Social Complexity in Southern Zambezian States |date=2002 |publisher=AltaMira Press |isbn=978-0-585-38649-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ2aAAAAQBAJ&q=Danangombe}}</ref> * [[Burchell's Shelter]] (pamanyuma pa 1660 C.E.)<ref name="Vogel">{{cite web |last1=Vogel |first1=J.C. |display-authors=etal |title=Pretoria Radiocarbon Dates III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/469F44D9DB5C543B6285300463751FF4/S003382220002018Xa.pdf/pretoria_radiocarbon_dates_iii.pdf |publisher=Radiocarbon}}</ref> * [[Mamuno Monument]] (vyaka 200 BP)<ref name="Litherland">{{cite journal |last1=Litherland |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |title=Rock Engravings from Mamuno |year=1975 |journal=Botswana Notes and Records|volume=7 |pages=19–28 |jstor=40979420 }}</ref> * [[Kaditshwene]] (mu chaka cha 1790 C.E.)<ref name="Boeyens">{{cite web |last1=Boeyens |first1=J.C.A. |last2=Plug |first2=I. |title='A chief is like an ash-heap on which is gathered all therefuse': the faunal remains from the central court middenat Kaditshwene |url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/4190/BOEYENS-high-res.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Annals Of The Ditsong National Museum Of Natural History}}</ref> * [[Bumbusi National Monument]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 18 C.E.)<ref name="Haynes">{{cite web |last1=Haynes |first1=Gary |title=Puzzling over the Bumbusi Spoor Engravings in Zimbabwe |work=Paper presented at SAA annual meeting |date=January 2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2916049 |publisher=SAA}}</ref> * [[Tlokwe Ruins]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Mark Steven |title=The historical archaeology of Marothodi: towards an understanding of space, identity and the organisation of production at an early 19th century Tlokwa capital in the Pilansberg region of South Africa |date=2009 |url=https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/8924 |publisher=University of Cape Town}}</ref> * [[Old Palapye]] (mu vyaka vya m’ma 19 C.E.)<ref name="Reid">{{cite book |last1=Reid |first1=Andrew M. |last2=Lane |first2=Paul J. |title=African Historical Archaeologies |date=Nov 30, 2003 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-47996-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3PUSDyy4vQC&q=Old+Palapye&pg=PA1}}</ref> * [[Dundo]] (mu chaka cha 1912 C.E.)<ref name="Bednarski">{{cite web |last1=Bednarski |first1=Cezary M |title=Urbanisation in Africa –Taking Angola as an Example |url=https://www.salzburgglobal.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Documents/2010-2019/2016/Session_559/C_Bednarski_.IABSE-Geneva_09.2015.pdf |publisher=IABSE Conference –Structural Engineering: Providing Solutions to Global Challenge}}</ref> ===Mndandanda wa mitundu ya vya m'mabwinja na malo gha m'mbiri=== * [[Mapanga gha Cango]] * [[Jiso la Kuruman]] * [[Maji ghakotcha gha Gwisho]] * [[Chuma cha Western Cape]] * [[Malo gha m'mabwinja gha Kathu]] * [[ǁKhauxaǃnas]] * [[Pango la Kogelbeen]] * [[Mission ya Kolobeng]] * [[Mabwinja gha Kweneng]] * [[Magosian]] * [[Makapansgat]] * [[Malapa Fossil Site, Mlonga wa Umo Ŵanthu Ŵakafumira]] * [[Pango la Melkhoutboom]] * [[Melville Koppies]] * [[Naletale]] * [[Malo gha myala yakuzizima gha Nooitgedacht]] * [[Ulamuliro wa vya chiharo cha Northern Cape]] * [[Mafunde gha Nyambwezi]] * [[Malo gha visulo vya Paternoster]] * [[Sangoan]] * [[Schoemansdal, Limpopo]] * [[Nyumba za myala za Sedan za nga njuchi]] * [[Malo gha vithuzithuzi vya pa myala gha Wildebeest Kuil]] * [[Pango la Witsie (Lekhalong la Witsie)]] ==Wonani so== *[[Mndandanda wa maufumu mu Africa mu nyengo yakale#Kummwera kwa Africa]] ==Mabuku gha umo vyafumira== {{reflist}} {{Africa topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Kummwera kwa Africa]] [[Category:Mbiri ya Africa mwakuyana na chigaŵa]] [[Category:Africa iyo yili pasi pa Sahara]] [[Category:Mbiri ya chilengedwe ya Africa]] 69il54tztjs0l052i2iv2r9m13df4ig 0 49969 123380 2026-11-02T09:05:23Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Vimenyu]] 123380 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Vimenyu]] agyft7ss0fjiw3xq0hlhd537gx7l6dm 0 49970 123381 2026-11-02T09:05:29Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Fluorini]] 123381 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fluorini]] hw0e2iaki3sohho7df31hymcfh9mx70 0 49971 123382 2026-11-02T09:05:36Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Chipani cha Patriotic Front (Zambia)]] 123382 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Chipani cha Patriotic Front (Zambia)]] 4e0kp80g1inf1ych6d8gc3kwa69ycem 0 49972 123383 2026-11-02T09:05:42Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Amajuba District Municipality]] 123383 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amajuba District Municipality]] mib3xxn0593j7xi68uvrnid4zvz74k6 0 49973 123384 2026-11-02T09:05:48Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Beaver County, Utah]] 123384 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Beaver County, Utah]] ccsegtyrtomlfqr6b9ca9f4b01eplex 0 49974 123385 2026-11-02T09:05:55Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Broadacres, Johannesburg]] 123385 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Broadacres, Johannesburg]] k4a1m489bbrby6ipiym79u520g4m7q1 0 49975 123386 2026-11-02T09:06:01Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality]] 123386 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[EThekwini Metropolitan Municipality]] cvd6wn501f5vx9i4rb5db5hxnmu6jd0 0 49976 123387 2026-11-02T09:13:28Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Klagenfurt]] 123387 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Klagenfurt]] ks1yaedkj6rp6h3gp2d3etwa7j9urwy 0 49977 123388 2026-11-02T09:14:06Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Castro Daire]] 123388 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Castro Daire]] ptaadlp1cihgnsphgu9uumhaxv43num 0 49978 123389 2026-11-02T09:14:13Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Pinetown]] 123389 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Pinetown]] nyuo7i79g3hch29quie6kzhhhweet9k 0 49979 123390 2026-11-02T09:14:21Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal]] 123390 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Umhlanga, KwaZulu-Natal]] cd1x7mggrblkx45n2d7u00koctsa96s 0 49980 123391 2026-11-02T09:14:28Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Mansurlu, Feke]] 123391 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Mansurlu, Feke]] t42kebjmcqey3y2rnfus7l09p1gebnc 0 49981 123392 2026-11-02T09:15:49Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Barbeque Downs, Johannesburg]] 123392 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Barbeque Downs, Johannesburg]] 37j5rgestdenhlc149laeom34rcuz94 0 49982 123393 2026-11-02T09:15:56Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Carlswald, Johannesburg]] 123393 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Carlswald, Johannesburg]] qj3ut8gcfacyis25ztcnhtk6inj8992 0 49983 123394 2026-11-02T09:16:03Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Emalahleni, Mpumalanga]] 123394 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Emalahleni, Mpumalanga]] 900gf3fxm0id1c8n7jw7r82iyndevlv 0 49984 123395 2026-11-02T09:16:10Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Redirect duplicate title to [[Ga-Ramakara]] 123395 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ga-Ramakara]] tgzlbkczuqlc4n6htcmgw695198fo9k 2 49985 123396 2026-11-02T11:11:27Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 6716 + 123396 wikitext text/x-wiki <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .data-2026-10-19 td:nth-child(3) { max-width: 20em; } </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable data-2026-10-19" ! Timestamps ! IDs ! Pages ! Summaries ! Creation counts |- |2026-10-19 22:11:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73872|73872]]||[[:2026 ku Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:06<br>2026-10-19 22:56:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74671|74671]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74670|74670]]||[[:Talk:2026 ku Yemen]]<br>[[:2026 ku Yemen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:10<br>2026-10-19 22:56:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74681|74681]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74680|74680]]||[[:Talk:2026 kuwukira kwa Yemen]]<br>[[:2026 kuwukira kwa Yemen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:44<br>2026-10-19 22:53:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74377|74377]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74378|74378]]||[[:2026 mulili wa Ebola]]<br>[[:Talk:2026 mulili wa Ebola]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:17:17<br>2026-10-19 22:17:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73896|73896]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73897|73897]]||[[:2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]]<br>[[:Talk:2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74608|74608]]||[[:3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:23<br>2026-10-19 22:55:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74562|74562]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74563|74563]]||[[:AI Overviews]]<br>[[:Talk:AI Overviews]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74867|74867]]||[[:Template:ASEAN Labelled Map (blue)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74212|74212]]||[[:Abaclia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74132|74132]]||[[:Abdali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74485|74485]]||[[:Abdul Rahman Kanoo International School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:08<br>2026-10-19 22:56:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74675|74675]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74674|74674]]||[[:Talk:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]]<br>[[:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74099|74099]]||[[:Aberllynfi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74202|74202]]||[[:Abeïbara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74866|74866]]||[[:Template:Aceh labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74543|74543]]||[[:Adam Goodes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:09<br>2026-10-19 23:02:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74800|74800]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74799|74799]]||[[:Talk:Aden]]<br>[[:Aden]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74124|74124]]||[[:Aechmea cymosopaniculata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74508|74508]]||[[:Agios Symeon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74166|74166]]||[[:Ahmad Boestamam National Secondary School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:03<br>2026-10-19 22:55:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74525|74525]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74524|74524]]||[[:Talk:Ain Ben Tili]]<br>[[:Ain Ben Tili]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74886|74886]]||[[:Wikipedia:Akaunti yakunanga vinthu pera]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74493|74493]]||[[:Al Kalban]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74161|74161]]||[[:Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74594|74594]]||[[:Alexander Batliner]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74845|74845]]||[[:Template:Algeria]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:51<br>2026-10-19 22:54:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74499|74499]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74498|74498]]||[[:Talk:Algiers]]<br>[[:Algiers]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73947|73947]]||[[:Alibaba Cloud]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74101|74101]]||[[:Allanaquoich]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74876|74876]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambaixada de català]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74878|74878]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambasada Polski]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74877|74877]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambasciata italiana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73899|73899]]||[[:An Khê]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73904|73904]]||[[:Anglosphere]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:09<br>2026-10-19 22:25:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74329|74329]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74215|74215]]||[[:Talk:Annaba]]<br>[[:Annaba]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74125|74125]]||[[:Anthony Albanese]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73907|73907]]||[[:Area 51]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74858|74858]]||[[:Template:Articles with bare URLs for citations progress]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74857|74857]]||[[:Template:Articles with failed verification progress]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74294|74294]]||[[:As Sulaymi Susaym Bin Hamad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74763|74763]]||[[:Asosa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74297|74297]]||[[:Astwood Bank]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74607|74607]]||[[:Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74119|74119]]||[[:Atupele Muluzi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74843|74843]]||[[:Template:Australia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74018|74018]]||[[:Awach Kibuon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74019|74019]]||[[:Awach Tende]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74219|74219]]||[[:Aš]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:23<br>2026-10-19 22:54:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74444|74444]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74443|74443]]||[[:Talk:Babeldaob]]<br>[[:Babeldaob]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:07<br>2026-10-19 22:44:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73938|73938]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74374|74374]]||[[:Backrooms (filimu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Backrooms (filimu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74474|74474]]||[[:Bahía Negra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73920|73920]]||[[:Bailiwick of Guernsey]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:41<br>2026-10-19 22:44:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73996|73996]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74314|74314]]||[[:Baldivis]]<br>[[:Talk:Baldivis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:09<br>2026-10-19 22:56:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74678|74678]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74679|74679]]||[[:Bali (Bally-Jagachha)]]<br>[[:Talk:Bali (Bally-Jagachha)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74038|74038]]||[[:Balzers]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74211|74211]]||[[:Bandžov]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74428|74428]]||[[:Banglabandha]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74429|74429]]||[[:Banglabandha (positi ya pa mphaka)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73929|73929]]||[[:Basi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73956|73956]]||[[:Basil Zempilas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:02<br>2026-10-19 22:55:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74519|74519]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74518|74518]]||[[:Talk:Bassikounou]]<br>[[:Bassikounou]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74208|74208]]||[[:Batna]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74577|74577]]||[[:Bec (Kosovo)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74181|74181]]||[[:Belushya Guba]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74176|74176]]||[[:Bendern]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74788|74788]]||[[:Berocca]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74603|74603]]||[[:Berti Finno]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74553|74553]]||[[:Beth Mooney]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74213|74213]]||[[:Bile (Ukraine)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74455|74455]]||[[:Bilene]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74256|74256]]||[[:Bkulangriil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74257|74257]]||[[:Bkurrengel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74209|74209]]||[[:Blida]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73871|73871]]||[[:Bodie, California]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74112|74112]]||[[:Bogʻiston]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74424|74424]]||[[:Boma la Ancuabe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74391|74391]]||[[:Boma la Angónia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74404|74404]]||[[:Boma la Armadale]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74396|74396]]||[[:Boma la Bilene Macia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:48<br>2026-10-19 22:54:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74490|74490]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74491|74491]]||[[:Boma la Brčko]]<br>[[:Talk:Boma la Brčko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74381|74381]]||[[:Boma la Cahora-Bassa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74386|74386]]||[[:Boma la Changara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74387|74387]]||[[:Boma la Chicualacuala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74382|74382]]||[[:Boma la Chifunde]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74388|74388]]||[[:Boma la Chinde]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74383|74383]]||[[:Boma la Chiuta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74293|74293]]||[[:Boma la Doa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74384|74384]]||[[:Boma la Dôa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:06<br>2026-10-19 22:56:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74669|74669]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74668|74668]]||[[:Talk:Boma la Gamboma]]<br>[[:Boma la Gamboma]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74399|74399]]||[[:Boma la Guijá]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74433|74433]]||[[:Boma la Ilha de Moçambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74434|74434]]||[[:Boma la Inharrime]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74403|74403]]||[[:Boma la Joondalup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74392|74392]]||[[:Boma la Macanga]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74436|74436]]||[[:Boma la Maganja da Costa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74393|74393]]||[[:Boma la Magoé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74423|74423]]||[[:Boma la Marara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74435|74435]]||[[:Boma la Marracuene]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74394|74394]]||[[:Boma la Marávia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74395|74395]]||[[:Boma la Moatize]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74389|74389]]||[[:Boma la Mocímboa da Praia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74390|74390]]||[[:Boma la Montepuez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74379|74379]]||[[:Boma la Mutarara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74397|74397]]||[[:Boma la Nacala-a-Velha]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74426|74426]]||[[:Boma la Nangade]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74425|74425]]||[[:Boma la Pemba-Metuge]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74299|74299]]||[[:Boma la Qambar Shahdadkot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74400|74400]]||[[:Boma la Quissanga]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74401|74401]]||[[:Boma la Stirling]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74478|74478]]||[[:Boma la Subiaco]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74300|74300]]||[[:Boma la Swan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74298|74298]]||[[:Boma la Tando Muhammad Khan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74380|74380]]||[[:Boma la Tsangano]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74511|74511]]||[[:Boma la Utsjoki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74402|74402]]||[[:Boma la Wanneroo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74398|74398]]||[[:Boma la Xai-Xai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74385|74385]]||[[:Boma la Zumbo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74750|74750]]||[[:Boris Perchatkin]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74237|74237]]||[[:Borj el-Khadra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74846|74846]]||[[:Template:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74104|74104]]||[[:Bower (Scotland)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:56<br>2026-10-19 22:54:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74507|74507]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74506|74506]]||[[:Talk:Boû Gâdoûm]]<br>[[:Boû Gâdoûm]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:03<br>2026-10-19 22:55:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74522|74522]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74523|74523]]||[[:Boû Steïlé]]<br>[[:Talk:Boû Steïlé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74870|74870]]||[[:Template:Brazil Labelled Map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:13:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74817|74817]]||[[:Bruce Reynolds]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73867|73867]]||[[:Bungwe la Arctic]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74021|74021]]||[[:Bur Mayo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74173|74173]]||[[:Bykovsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74130|74130]]||[[:Bárður á Reynatrøð]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74207|74207]]||[[:Béchar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74728|74728]]||[[:CC BY-SA]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73941|73941]]||[[:CC BY-SA 4.0]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:22<br>2026-10-19 22:55:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74560|74560]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74559|74559]]||[[:Talk:Cab pachanya]]<br>[[:Cab pachanya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73919|73919]]||[[:Calamarata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74115|74115]]||[[:Camila Sodi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74131|74131]]||[[:Camino a los Yungas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74751|74751]]||[[:Campanelle]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:01<br>2026-10-19 22:55:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74516|74516]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74517|74517]]||[[:Cansado]]<br>[[:Talk:Cansado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74235|74235]]||[[:Capitán Bado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74095|74095]]||[[:Carsphairn]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74865|74865]]||[[:Template:Catalan Countries]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74612|74612]]||[[:Center (Makhuduthamaga)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73869|73869]]||[[:Central Coast]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74860|74860]]||[[:Template:Certification Cite Ref]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74430|74430]]||[[:Chalan Pago-Ordot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:16:50<br>2026-10-19 22:16:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73892|73892]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73893|73893]]||[[:User:Chanda Vavilaya]]<br>[[:User talk:Chanda Vavilaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74097|74097]]||[[:Chapel of Garioch]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74759|74759]]||[[:Charu cha ChiCatalan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73903|73903]]||[[:Charu cha ChiChayinizi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73905|73905]]||[[:Charu cha ChiFurenchi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74760|74760]]||[[:Charu cha ChiJeremani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74757|74757]]||[[:Charu cha ChiNgelezi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73902|73902]]||[[:Charu cha ChiRussia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74758|74758]]||[[:Charu cha ChiSpanish]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74550|74550]]||[[:Che Wikise]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:55<br>2026-10-19 22:54:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74505|74505]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74504|74504]]||[[:Talk:Chegga]]<br>[[:Chegga]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74461|74461]]||[[:Chernyshovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74599|74599]]||[[:Chewa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74023|74023]]||[[:Cheŵa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:11<br>2026-10-19 23:02:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74805|74805]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74806|74806]]||[[:ChiAbkhazia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiAbkhazia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:36<br>2026-10-19 22:44:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73988|73988]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74344|74344]]||[[:ChiAfrikaans]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiAfrikaans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74615|74615]]||[[:ChiBetawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:39<br>2026-10-19 22:44:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73993|73993]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74324|74324]]||[[:ChiBole]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiBole]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73858|73858]]||[[:ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74567|74567]]||[[:ChiEsperanto ku Japan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74584|74584]]||[[:ChiEsperanto ku Romania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73936|73936]]||[[:ChiFrisiyan cha Kumpoto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73934|73934]]||[[:ChiFrisiyan cha Kumpoto kwa Amrum]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74616|74616]]||[[:ChiIban]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73914|73914]]||[[:ChiInupiat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:17<br>2026-10-19 22:56:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74703|74703]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74702|74702]]||[[:Talk:ChiItaliya]]<br>[[:ChiItaliya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:22<br>2026-10-19 22:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74713|74713]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74712|74712]]||[[:Talk:ChiKabyle]]<br>[[:ChiKabyle]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:28<br>2026-10-19 22:56:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74729|74729]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74730|74730]]||[[:ChiKashmir]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiKashmir]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:33<br>2026-10-19 22:23:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74367|74367]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73962|73962]]||[[:Talk:ChiLadin]]<br>[[:ChiLadin]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74746|74746]]||[[:ChiLadin Dolomitan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73926|73926]]||[[:ChiLadin kwa Gherdëina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:10<br>2026-10-19 23:02:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74804|74804]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74803|74803]]||[[:Talk:ChiLombard]]<br>[[:ChiLombard]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73915|73915]]||[[:ChiMadura]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:12<br>2026-10-19 23:02:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74807|74807]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74808|74808]]||[[:ChiMingrelia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiMingrelia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:22<br>2026-10-19 22:56:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74714|74714]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74715|74715]]||[[:ChiOssetia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiOssetia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73910|73910]]||[[:ChiPali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:15<br>2026-10-19 22:56:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74696|74696]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74697|74697]]||[[:ChiPiedmont]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiPiedmont]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74273|74273]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Aimeliik]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74285|74285]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Airai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74406|74406]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Al Khor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74232|74232]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Alto Paraguay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74269|74269]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Angaur]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74409|74409]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:24<br>2026-10-19 22:44:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74062|74062]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74337|74337]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ferizaj]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Ferizaj]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74410|74410]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Gaza]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:16<br>2026-10-19 22:24:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74339|74339]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74056|74056]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Gjakova]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Gjakova]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:23<br>2026-10-19 22:44:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74060|74060]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74333|74333]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Gjilan]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Gjilan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74452|74452]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Hatohobei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74412|74412]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Inhambane]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74268|74268]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Kayangel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74286|74286]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Koror]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74417|74417]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Manica]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74415|74415]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Maputo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74446|74446]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Melekeok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:13<br>2026-10-19 22:24:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74334|74334]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74061|74061]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Mitrovica]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Mitrovica]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74411|74411]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Nampula]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74450|74450]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngaraard]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:21<br>2026-10-19 22:54:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74439|74439]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74440|74440]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngarchelong]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Ngarchelong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74271|74271]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngardmau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74277|74277]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngatpang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74274|74274]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngchesar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74272|74272]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngeremlengui]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74445|74445]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngiwal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74413|74413]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Niassa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:14<br>2026-10-19 22:24:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74335|74335]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74055|74055]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Peja]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Peja]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74270|74270]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Peleliu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:15<br>2026-10-19 22:24:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74338|74338]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74054|74054]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Pristina]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Pristina]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:21<br>2026-10-19 22:44:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74057|74057]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74336|74336]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Prizren]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Prizren]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74557|74557]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Saare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74416|74416]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Sofala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74284|74284]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Sonsorol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:02<br>2026-10-19 22:54:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74407|74407]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74408|74408]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Tete]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Tete]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74414|74414]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Zambezia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:42<br>2026-10-19 22:43:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73998|73998]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74313|74313]]||[[:Chikaya]]<br>[[:Talk:Chikaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74432|74432]]||[[:Chilumba cha Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73992|73992]]||[[:Chindebele]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:11<br>2026-10-19 22:25:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74331|74331]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74196|74196]]||[[:Talk:Chinguetti]]<br>[[:Chinguetti]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74647|74647]]||[[:Chipedi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:37<br>2026-10-19 22:44:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73989|73989]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74343|74343]]||[[:Chipeli]]<br>[[:Talk:Chipeli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:38<br>2026-10-19 22:44:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73991|73991]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74341|74341]]||[[:Chitswana]]<br>[[:Talk:Chitswana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74029|74029]]||[[:Chittaway Bay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:38<br>2026-10-19 22:44:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73990|73990]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74342|74342]]||[[:Chivenda]]<br>[[:Talk:Chivenda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73977|73977]]||[[:Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73933|73933]]||[[:ChiÖömrang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74253|74253]]||[[:Chkhalta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74144|74144]]||[[:Cho Kyu-hyun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74541|74541]]||[[:Chris Dawson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73930|73930]]||[[:Citation needed]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74623|74623]]||[[:Clavelina moluccensis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74146|74146]]||[[:Cliff Obrecht]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:46<br>2026-10-19 22:44:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74004|74004]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74315|74315]]||[[:Cockburn Central]]<br>[[:Talk:Cockburn Central]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:14<br>2026-10-19 22:44:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73950|73950]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74372|74372]]||[[:Community Notes]]<br>[[:Talk:Community Notes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74617|74617]]||[[:Confine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74500|74500]]||[[:Constantine (Algeria)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74624|74624]]||[[:Costasiella kuroshimae]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74105|74105]]||[[:Cottonshopeburnfoot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74221|74221]]||[[:Cowell]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74486|74486]]||[[:Cowell Area School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:35<br>2026-10-19 22:23:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74371|74371]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73958|73958]]||[[:Talk:Crossy Road]]<br>[[:Crossy Road]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73986|73986]]||[[:DJT]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73957|73957]]||[[:Damon Gameau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:23<br>2026-10-19 22:23:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74351|74351]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73985|73985]]||[[:Talk:Daniele Alves Lopes]]<br>[[:Daniele Alves Lopes]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:54<br>2026-10-19 23:01:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74768|74768]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74767|74767]]||[[:Talk:Daugavpils]]<br>[[:Daugavpils]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73954|73954]]||[[:David Baszucki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73943|73943]]||[[:Dedza (msumba)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:23<br>2026-10-19 22:44:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73965|73965]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74364|74364]]||[[:DeepL]]<br>[[:Talk:DeepL]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74737|74737]]||[[:Deji Olatunji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:57<br>2026-10-19 22:26:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74310|74310]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74240|74240]]||[[:Talk:Delap-Uliga-Djarrit]]<br>[[:Delap-Uliga-Djarrit]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:58<br>2026-10-19 23:01:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74777|74777]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74778|74778]]||[[:Depop]]<br>[[:Talk:Depop]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:36<br>2026-10-19 22:23:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74373|74373]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73942|73942]]||[[:Talk:Descartes Highlands]]<br>[[:Descartes Highlands]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74882|74882]]||[[:Wikipedia:Deutsche Botschaft]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74576|74576]]||[[:Dharmendra Pradhan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73940|73940]]||[[:Dharminder Mann]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74296|74296]]||[[:Diab]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74600|74600]]||[[:Dif]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74836|74836]]||[[:Template:Districts of Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74006|74006]]||[[:Diyosisi ya Northern Malawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:09<br>2026-10-19 22:25:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74328|74328]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74206|74206]]||[[:Talk:Djanet]]<br>[[:Djanet]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74483|74483]]||[[:Djerba Ajim]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74224|74224]]||[[:Djerba Midoun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74283|74283]]||[[:Dongosaru]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:04<br>2026-10-19 22:23:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74322|74322]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73995|73995]]||[[:Talk:Drive-by shooting]]<br>[[:Drive-by shooting]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73864|73864]]||[[:Duck Hunt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:24<br>2026-10-19 22:55:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74565|74565]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74566|74566]]||[[:EBay]]<br>[[:Talk:EBay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74609|74609]]||[[:ESO 3.6 m Telesikopu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74046|74046]]||[[:Ebenholz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74448|74448]]||[[:Echang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74107|74107]]||[[:Egleton]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73928|73928]]||[[:Elfyn Evans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74158|74158]]||[[:Elizovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:53<br>2026-10-19 22:55:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74630|74630]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74629|74629]]||[[:Talk:Ellenbrook]]<br>[[:Ellenbrook]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74884|74884]]||[[:Wikipedia:Embaixada de português]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74881|74881]]||[[:Wikipedia:Embajada de español]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74015|74015]]||[[:Emiliyan-Romagnol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74152|74152]]||[[:Engilchek]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74275|74275]]||[[:Ertong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74589|74589]]||[[:Eschen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73922|73922]]||[[:Esperanto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74052|74052]]||[[:Esperanto ku Japan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74554|74554]]||[[:Estelí Gomez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:58<br>2026-10-19 22:13:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74839|74839]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73884|73884]]||[[:Template:Estonia]]<br>[[:Category:Estonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74741|74741]]||[[:Ethan Payne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:29<br>2026-10-19 22:56:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74733|74733]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74734|74734]]||[[:Ethnologue]]<br>[[:Talk:Ethnologue]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:30<br>2026-10-19 22:55:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74580|74580]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74581|74581]]||[[:Europe (nyimbo ya charu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Europe (nyimbo ya charu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74873|74873]]||[[:Template:European Union Labelled Map (blue)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74872|74872]]||[[:Template:Eurozone labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:33<br>2026-10-19 22:55:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74588|74588]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74587|74587]]||[[:Talk:Evenwood]]<br>[[:Evenwood]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74468|74468]]||[[:Fa&#39;ato&#39;ialemanu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74245|74245]]||[[:Fanla]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:02<br>2026-10-19 22:55:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74520|74520]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74521|74521]]||[[:Fassala]]<br>[[:Talk:Fassala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74706|74706]]||[[:Fatima Payman]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74241|74241]]||[[:Federated States of Micronesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74164|74164]]||[[:Felda Air Tawar 3]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74102|74102]]||[[:Fetterangus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74813|74813]]||[[:Figuig]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73931|73931]]||[[:Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs Deji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:55<br>2026-10-19 22:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74307|74307]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74128|74128]]||[[:Talk:Fortnite]]<br>[[:Fortnite]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74127|74127]]||[[:Fortnite Festival]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74711|74711]]||[[:Foster Awintiti Akugri]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:12<br>2026-10-19 23:02:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74809|74809]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74810|74810]]||[[:Fremantle Dockers]]<br>[[:Talk:Fremantle Dockers]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:55<br>2026-10-19 22:55:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74636|74636]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74635|74635]]||[[:Talk:Gacha Gacha]]<br>[[:Gacha Gacha]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74050|74050]]||[[:Gaflei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:50<br>2026-10-19 22:55:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74622|74622]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74621|74621]]||[[:Talk:Gallipoli (maseŵero gha pa vidiyo)]]<br>[[:Gallipoli (maseŵero gha pa vidiyo)]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:05<br>2026-10-19 22:56:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74667|74667]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74666|74666]]||[[:Talk:Gamboma]]<br>[[:Gamboma]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74515|74515]]||[[:Gamprin]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74783|74783]]||[[:Gapuwiyak]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:08<br>2026-10-19 23:02:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74797|74797]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74798|74798]]||[[:Garam masala]]<br>[[:Talk:Garam masala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74614|74614]]||[[:GeoGuessr]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74067|74067]]||[[:Glloboçica]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74210|74210]]||[[:Gnjili Potok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74017|74017]]||[[:Google Maps]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:14<br>2026-10-19 22:56:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74694|74694]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74695|74695]]||[[:Google Translate]]<br>[[:Talk:Google Translate]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:59<br>2026-10-19 23:01:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74781|74781]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74780|74780]]||[[:Talk:Goolarabooloo Millibinyarri]]<br>[[:Goolarabooloo Millibinyarri]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:41<br>2026-10-19 22:44:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73997|73997]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74318|74318]]||[[:Gosnells]]<br>[[:Talk:Gosnells]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74814|74814]]||[[:Great Australian Bight]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:58<br>2026-10-19 22:55:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74644|74644]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74643|74643]]||[[:Talk:Great Eastern Highway]]<br>[[:Great Eastern Highway]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:28<br>2026-10-19 22:55:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74575|74575]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74574|74574]]||[[:Talk:Gulgagulganeng]]<br>[[:Gulgagulganeng]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73860|73860]]||[[:Gulu la Wikipediya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74092|74092]]||[[:Haast]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74601|74601]]||[[:Habaswein]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74103|74103]]||[[:Halkirk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74255|74255]]||[[:Hamile]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74194|74194]]||[[:Hammam Bou Hadjar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74197|74197]]||[[:Hamptoncourtpolder]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74022|74022]]||[[:Hara Hurile]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74738|74738]]||[[:Harry Lewis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74129|74129]]||[[:Hasan Adıgüzel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:52<br>2026-10-19 22:55:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74628|74628]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74627|74627]]||[[:Talk:Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X]]<br>[[:Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73999|73999]]||[[:Hatsune Miku: Project Diva X]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74147|74147]]||[[:Hilda Heine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74059|74059]]||[[:Himni i Republikës së Kosovës]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:32<br>2026-10-19 22:55:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74585|74585]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74586|74586]]||[[:Hinterschellenberg]]<br>[[:Talk:Hinterschellenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73966|73966]]||[[:Holopedia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74020|74020]]||[[:Homa Lime Kowuor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:26<br>2026-10-19 22:55:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74568|74568]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74569|74569]]||[[:Hong Wang]]<br>[[:Talk:Hong Wang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74793|74793]]||[[:Horton Point Light]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74223|74223]]||[[:Houmt El Souk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74484|74484]]||[[:Houmt Souk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74218|74218]]||[[:Hrčava]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74163|74163]]||[[:Imeni Poliny Osipenko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74280|74280]]||[[:Imetang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74203|74203]]||[[:In Khalil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:04<br>2026-10-19 22:55:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74527|74527]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74526|74526]]||[[:Talk:Inal (Mauritania)]]<br>[[:Inal (Mauritania)]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74170|74170]]||[[:Inchoun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74868|74868]]||[[:Template:India States and Territories Labelled Map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74842|74842]]||[[:Template:Indonesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74869|74869]]||[[:Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73863|73863]]||[[:Inki ya bolopointi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73980|73980]]||[[:Intercrosse]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74376|74376]]||[[:Intraproboscis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74263|74263]]||[[:Isallavi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74076|74076]]||[[:Iwantja]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74133|74133]]||[[:Jabiru]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:57<br>2026-10-19 22:26:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74311|74311]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74238|74238]]||[[:Talk:Jabor]]<br>[[:Jabor]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74494|74494]]||[[:Jalan Bani Buali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74120|74120]]||[[:Jana Abdelsalam]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74190|74190]]||[[:Janjar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74503|74503]]||[[:Japan (Montenegro)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:04<br>2026-10-19 22:24:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74321|74321]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74080|74080]]||[[:Talk:Jarlmadangah Burru]]<br>[[:Jarlmadangah Burru]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73935|73935]]||[[:Jasmine (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74532|74532]]||[[:Jefferson (South Dakota, USA)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:06<br>2026-10-19 22:26:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74325|74325]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74231|74231]]||[[:Talk:Jelgava]]<br>[[:Jelgava]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74544|74544]]||[[:Joanna Agacka-Indecka]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74540|74540]]||[[:John Madden]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:01<br>2026-10-19 22:24:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74316|74316]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74028|74028]]||[[:Talk:Joondalup]]<br>[[:Joondalup]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74539|74539]]||[[:Jordan Staal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73955|73955]]||[[:Josh Willie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74742|74742]]||[[:Joshua Bradley]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74084|74084]]||[[:June Huh]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74081|74081]]||[[:Junjuwa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74149|74149]]||[[:Jyluu-Bulak]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74226|74226]]||[[:Jūrmala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74024|74024]]||[[:Kadidia Nikiema]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:50<br>2026-10-19 22:44:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74010|74010]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74317|74317]]||[[:Kalamunda]]<br>[[:Talk:Kalamunda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74077|74077]]||[[:Kalka (South Australia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74199|74199]]||[[:Kaltukatjara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74572|74572]]||[[:Kalumburu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74233|74233]]||[[:Karcha Balut]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74512|74512]]||[[:Karesuando]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74183|74183]]||[[:Karesuvanto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74185|74185]]||[[:Karroq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74453|74453]]||[[:Katima Mulilo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74198|74198]]||[[:Kaung Tat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74841|74841]]||[[:Template:Kazakhstan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74875|74875]]||[[:Wikipedia:Kedutaan Bahasa Indonesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74707|74707]]||[[:Kellie Sloane]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74150|74150]]||[[:Keng-Suu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:05<br>2026-10-19 22:55:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74531|74531]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74530|74530]]||[[:Talk:Keurmacen]]<br>[[:Keurmacen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74536|74536]]||[[:Khasan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74251|74251]]||[[:Khorog]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:30<br>2026-10-19 22:44:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73978|73978]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74353|74353]]||[[:Kikongo (utatavu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Kikongo (utatavu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74126|74126]]||[[:Kiloblaster]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74093|74093]]||[[:Kishódos]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74289|74289]]||[[:Kizimkazi Dimbani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74438|74438]]||[[:Kizimkazi Mkunguni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74220|74220]]||[[:Kojonup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:57<br>2026-10-19 22:54:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74510|74510]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74509|74509]]||[[:Talk:Konsko]]<br>[[:Konsko]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74755|74755]]||[[:Koo Wee Rup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:30<br>2026-10-19 22:55:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74578|74578]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74579|74579]]||[[:Kosovo]]<br>[[:Talk:Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74180|74180]]||[[:Krasino (Arkhangelsk, Russia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73923|73923]]||[[:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73924|73924]]||[[:Krungthepmahanakhonamonrattanakosinmahintharayuthayamahadilokphopnoppharatratchathaniburirouudomratchaniwetmahasathanamonpimanawatansathitsakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:03<br>2026-10-19 22:44:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73932|73932]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74375|74375]]||[[:Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia]]<br>[[:Talk:Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73870|73870]]||[[:Kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74079|74079]]||[[:Kupartiya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74068|74068]]||[[:Kuqishtë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74228|74228]]||[[:Kuressaare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74782|74782]]||[[:Kurnangki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:33<br>2026-10-19 22:54:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74464|74464]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74463|74463]]||[[:Talk:Kurzeme]]<br>[[:Kurzeme]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:09<br>2026-10-19 22:56:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74677|74677]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74676|74676]]||[[:Talk:Kurów]]<br>[[:Kurów]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:03<br>2026-10-19 22:56:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74659|74659]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74658|74658]]||[[:Talk:Kutanthauzira kwa nthowa ya metric]]<br>[[:Kutanthauzira kwa nthowa ya metric]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:55<br>2026-10-19 22:55:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74634|74634]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74633|74633]]||[[:Talk:Kuwombera kwa galimoto]]<br>[[:Kuwombera kwa galimoto]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73886|73886]]||[[:Category:Kuwombera kwa sukulu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73868|73868]]||[[:Kuwombera kwa sukulu ya Debsirin Nonthaburi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74756|74756]]||[[:Kuyezgelera (munkhwala)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74154|74154]]||[[:Kyzyldzhar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74153|74153]]||[[:Kök-Art]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74148|74148]]||[[:Kööchü]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74880|74880]]||[[:Wikipedia:L&#39;ambassade de France]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:11<br>2026-10-19 22:25:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74332|74332]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74175|74175]]||[[:Talk:La Batterie]]<br>[[:La Batterie]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74549|74549]]||[[:La Toya Jackson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74495|74495]]||[[:Laascaanood]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74113|74113]]||[[:Labytnangi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:07<br>2026-10-19 22:56:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74672|74672]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74673|74673]]||[[:Lahej]]<br>[[:Talk:Lahej]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74766|74766]]||[[:Langstrand]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74743|74743]]||[[:Lannan Eacott]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:43<br>2026-10-19 22:54:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74481|74481]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74482|74482]]||[[:Latgalia]]<br>[[:Talk:Latgalia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74838|74838]]||[[:Template:Latvia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74047|74047]]||[[:Lawena]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:27<br>2026-10-19 22:56:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74727|74727]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74726|74726]]||[[:Talk:Layisensi ya Creative Commons]]<br>[[:Layisensi ya Creative Commons]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74761|74761]]||[[:Leah (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74070|74070]]||[[:Lego Jurassic World]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74295|74295]]||[[:Lehnaizeeba]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:53<br>2026-10-19 22:23:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74304|74304]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74009|74009]]||[[:Talk:Lesmurdie]]<br>[[:Lesmurdie]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74850|74850]]||[[:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74602|74602]]||[[:Liboi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:42<br>2026-10-19 22:54:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74479|74479]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74480|74480]]||[[:Liepāja]]<br>[[:Talk:Liepāja]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:04<br>2026-10-19 22:56:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74664|74664]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74665|74665]]||[[:Likouala-aux-Herbes]]<br>[[:Talk:Likouala-aux-Herbes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74779|74779]]||[[:Literatura Mondo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74840|74840]]||[[:Template:Lithuania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74822|74822]]||[[:Lkes (Melekeok, Palau)]]||Redirect to a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74442|74442]]||[[:Lkes (Ngarchelong, Palau)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74278|74278]]||[[:Lkes (Ngiwal, Palau)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74744|74744]]||[[:Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74100|74100]]||[[:Llyswen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74096|74096]]||[[:Lochgilphead]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:42<br>2026-10-19 22:55:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74605|74605]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74606|74606]]||[[:Lodwar]]<br>[[:Talk:Lodwar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73918|73918]]||[[:Lorighittas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74111|74111]]||[[:Los Gallardos]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74236|74236]]||[[:Lyebyedzyeva]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:26<br>2026-10-19 22:55:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74571|74571]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74570|74570]]||[[:Talk:Lyft]]<br>[[:Lyft]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:10<br>2026-10-19 22:56:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74682|74682]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74683|74683]]||[[:MV June Aster moto wa boti]]<br>[[:Talk:MV June Aster moto wa boti]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74815|74815]]||[[:Ma tramu ku Melbourne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74454|74454]]||[[:Macuse]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74142|74142]]||[[:Maggie Brookes-Butt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74564|74564]]||[[:Mahamba gha Lutatavi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74752|74752]]||[[:Makaroni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:25<br>2026-10-19 22:44:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74064|74064]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74327|74327]]||[[:Mala Crcorija]]<br>[[:Talk:Mala Crcorija]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:22<br>2026-10-19 22:24:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74349|74349]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74037|74037]]||[[:Talk:Malbun]]<br>[[:Malbun]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73952|73952]]||[[:Malcolm Todd]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:25<br>2026-10-19 22:23:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74355|74355]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73970|73970]]||[[:Talk:Mali (Guinea)]]<br>[[:Mali (Guinea)]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73908|73908]]||[[:Malo 51]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:16<br>2026-10-19 22:56:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74701|74701]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74700|74700]]||[[:Talk:Malo gha Google Street View]]<br>[[:Malo gha Google Street View]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73861|73861]]||[[:Malo gha Switzerland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74472|74472]]||[[:Mandal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:10<br>2026-10-19 23:02:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74802|74802]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74801|74801]]||[[:Talk:Mapopa]]<br>[[:Mapopa]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73949|73949]]||[[:Marat Kambolov]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74555|74555]]||[[:Marcia Bjornerud]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74141|74141]]||[[:Maria Byrne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74013|74013]]||[[:Marichi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74135|74135]]||[[:Mario Kart World]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74418|74418]]||[[:Marka (Malaŵi)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74288|74288]]||[[:Marpi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:22<br>2026-10-19 22:25:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74350|74350]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74201|74201]]||[[:Talk:Masescha]]<br>[[:Masescha]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74546|74546]]||[[:Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74177|74177]]||[[:Mauren]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74847|74847]]||[[:Template:Mauritania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74234|74234]]||[[:Mayor Pablo Lagerenza]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73984|73984]]||[[:Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74862|74862]]||[[:Template:Megachile-stub]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74012|74012]]||[[:Mei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74825|74825]]||[[:Melanie Perkins]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:16:40<br>2026-10-19 22:16:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73890|73890]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73891|73891]]||[[:Melbourne]]<br>[[:Talk:Melbourne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74716|74716]]||[[:Meme]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74441|74441]]||[[:Mengellang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74618|74618]]||[[:Merops lafresnayii]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74139|74139]]||[[:Merops oreobates]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74545|74545]]||[[:Merops ornatus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:03<br>2026-10-19 22:56:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74660|74660]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74661|74661]]||[[:Metrication]]<br>[[:Talk:Metrication]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73983|73983]]||[[:Metrification]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74287|74287]]||[[:Meyuns]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:52<br>2026-10-19 22:26:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74302|74302]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74217|74217]]||[[:Talk:Međurečje]]<br>[[:Međurečje]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74488|74488]]||[[:Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:11<br>2026-10-19 22:56:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74685|74685]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74684|74684]]||[[:Talk:Mi&#39;kmaq]]<br>[[:Mi&#39;kmaq]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73901|73901]]||[[:Mia (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74471|74471]]||[[:Micronesia (chalo)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:45<br>2026-10-19 22:55:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74610|74610]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74611|74611]]||[[:Microsoft Teams]]<br>[[:Talk:Microsoft Teams]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:52<br>2026-10-19 22:55:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74625|74625]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74626|74626]]||[[:Midland (Australia)]]<br>[[:Talk:Midland (Australia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74122|74122]]||[[:Mikail Akar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74561|74561]]||[[:Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:53<br>2026-10-19 22:44:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73887|73887]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74347|74347]]||[[:Mizi mu Liechtenstein]]<br>[[:Talk:Mizi mu Liechtenstein]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73911|73911]]||[[:Mndandanda wa pasita]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73975|73975]]||[[:Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:54<br>2026-10-19 22:11:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74305|74305]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73859|73859]]||[[:Talk:Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵali kujalirika mu jele chifukwa cha kusintha Wikipediya]]<br>[[:Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵali kujalirika mu jele chifukwa cha kusintha Wikipediya]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74143|74143]]||[[:Mohammad Zahir Aghbar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74456|74456]]||[[:Mongami]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73883|73883]]||[[:Category:Montenegro]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74431|74431]]||[[:Montignies-sur-Roc]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:51<br>2026-10-19 22:23:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74301|74301]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74005|74005]]||[[:Talk:Morwell]]<br>[[:Morwell]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74837|74837]]||[[:Template:Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:19<br>2026-10-19 22:56:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74708|74708]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74709|74709]]||[[:Mpeni]]<br>[[:Talk:Mpeni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:14:05<br>2026-10-19 23:14:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74820|74820]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74819|74819]]||[[:Talk:Msewu wa Mabaobab]]<br>[[:Msewu wa Mabaobab]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74477|74477]]||[[:Msumba wa Karakalpakia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:52<br>2026-10-19 23:01:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74764|74764]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74765|74765]]||[[:Msumba wa Koror]]<br>[[:Talk:Msumba wa Koror]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74422|74422]]||[[:Msumba wa Tete]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74558|74558]]||[[:Mtumbo uchoko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:04<br>2026-10-19 22:44:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74030|74030]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74345|74345]]||[[:Mullaquana]]<br>[[:Talk:Mullaquana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74447|74447]]||[[:Muzi wa Melekeok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74449|74449]]||[[:Muzi wa Southwest Islanders]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74762|74762]]||[[:MySims]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74513|74513]]||[[:Mys Stolbovoy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74094|74094]]||[[:Mysłownia Nowa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74033|74033]]||[[:Mäls]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74045|74045]]||[[:Mühleholz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73909|73909]]||[[:Nar Nar Goon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74502|74502]]||[[:Nara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74871|74871]]||[[:Template:National Parks in the Republic of Ireland labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:05<br>2026-10-19 22:55:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74529|74529]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74528|74528]]||[[:Talk:Ndiago]]<br>[[:Ndiago]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73981|73981]]||[[:Ndondomeko ya imperial]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73982|73982]]||[[:Ndondomeko ya metric]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74191|74191]]||[[:Negovanovtsi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74026|74026]]||[[:Nela Riehl]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74179|74179]]||[[:Nendeln]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74136|74136]]||[[:New Super Mario Bros. 2]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74279|74279]]||[[:Ngerbau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74259|74259]]||[[:Ngermid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74276|74276]]||[[:Ngerubesang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74265|74265]]||[[:Ngerutoi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74266|74266]]||[[:Ngetbong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74281|74281]]||[[:Ngriil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73953|73953]]||[[:Nicole LaPointe Jameson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74162|74162]]||[[:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74405|74405]]||[[:Nintambada]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74791|74791]]||[[:Nioumamilima]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:37<br>2026-10-19 22:56:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74747|74747]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74748|74748]]||[[:Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel]]<br>[[:Talk:Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:57<br>2026-10-19 23:01:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74776|74776]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74775|74775]]||[[:Talk:Nkhondo ya Kitos]]<br>[[:Nkhondo ya Kitos]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74292|74292]]||[[:Nkhoska cha Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74861|74861]]||[[:Template:Non-album singles]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73885|73885]]||[[:Category:North Macedonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:10<br>2026-10-19 22:25:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74330|74330]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74195|74195]]||[[:Talk:Nouadhibou]]<br>[[:Nouadhibou]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:58<br>2026-10-19 22:55:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74645|74645]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74646|74646]]||[[:Nouakchott]]<br>[[:Talk:Nouakchott]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74156|74156]]||[[:Novoye Chaplino]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:04<br>2026-10-19 22:56:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74663|74663]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74662|74662]]||[[:Talk:Nthowa ya imperial]]<br>[[:Nthowa ya imperial]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:02<br>2026-10-19 22:56:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74657|74657]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74656|74656]]||[[:Talk:Nthowa ya metric]]<br>[[:Nthowa ya metric]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74789|74789]]||[[:Ntsaouéni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:56<br>2026-10-19 23:01:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74774|74774]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74773|74773]]||[[:Talk:Nupediya]]<br>[[:Nupediya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74229|74229]]||[[:Nur-Sultan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:00<br>2026-10-19 22:56:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74649|74649]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74648|74648]]||[[:Talk:Nusantara]]<br>[[:Nusantara]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74138|74138]]||[[:Nyctyornis amictus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74117|74117]]||[[:Nyctyornis athertoni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:00<br>2026-10-19 22:56:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74650|74650]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74651|74651]]||[[:Nyifwa ya Arina Glazunova]]<br>[[:Talk:Nyifwa ya Arina Glazunova]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:01<br>2026-10-19 22:56:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74653|74653]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74652|74652]]||[[:Talk:Nyifwa ya Daniele Alves Lopes]]<br>[[:Nyifwa ya Daniele Alves Lopes]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:01<br>2026-10-19 23:02:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74785|74785]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74784|74784]]||[[:Talk:Nyirripi]]<br>[[:Nyirripi]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74291|74291]]||[[:Nzacko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74889|74889]]||[[:Wikipedia:OFFER]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74883|74883]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ofishin jakadancin Hausa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74121|74121]]||[[:Oghenetejiri Adejenughure]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74736|74736]]||[[:Olajide Olatunji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74282|74282]]||[[:Ollei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74613|74613]]||[[:One Nation]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74214|74214]]||[[:Oran]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73912|73912]]||[[:Orecchiette]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74437|74437]]||[[:Ouanda Djallé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74254|74254]]||[[:Ouessa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:14:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74821|74821]]||[[:Ounkazi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74157|74157]]||[[:Ozyorny]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:15<br>2026-10-19 23:16:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74823|74823]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74824|74824]]||[[:Palau]]<br>[[:Talk:Palau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74710|74710]]||[[:Paola Nogales-Ascarrunz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:02<br>2026-10-19 22:44:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74027|74027]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74319|74319]]||[[:Parramatta]]<br>[[:Talk:Parramatta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:40<br>2026-10-19 23:25:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74754|74754]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74864|74864]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74753|74753]]||[[:Talk:Pasita]]<br>[[:Template:Pasita]]<br>[[:Pasita]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74597|74597]]||[[:Pauline Hanson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74854|74854]]||[[:Template:Periodic table (electron configuration)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74855|74855]]||[[:Template:Periodic table legend]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74856|74856]]||[[:Template:Periodic table legend/Block]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74088|74088]]||[[:Peroneus brevis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74089|74089]]||[[:Peroneus longus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74087|74087]]||[[:Peroneus tertius]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:14:25<br>2026-10-19 22:16:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73888|73888]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73889|73889]]||[[:Perth]]<br>[[:Talk:Perth]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74159|74159]]||[[:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:25<br>2026-10-19 22:56:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74721|74721]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74720|74720]]||[[:Talk:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]<br>[[:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:33<br>2026-10-19 22:44:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74078|74078]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74320|74320]]||[[:Pipalyatjara]]<br>[[:Talk:Pipalyatjara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73917|73917]]||[[:Pizzoccheri]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74035|74035]]||[[:Planken]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:29<br>2026-10-19 22:43:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74071|74071]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74309|74309]]||[[:Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville]]<br>[[:Talk:Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74016|74016]]||[[:Poggio Chiesanuova]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73866|73866]]||[[:Pong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74074|74074]]||[[:Pormpuraaw]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74109|74109]]||[[:Puerto Barrios]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74262|74262]]||[[:Puno]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74110|74110]]||[[:Putinovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:52<br>2026-10-19 22:24:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74303|74303]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74058|74058]]||[[:Talk:Pátria Amada]]<br>[[:Pátria Amada]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74457|74457]]||[[:Pô]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74182|74182]]||[[:Pörhölä]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:21<br>2026-10-19 22:44:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74252|74252]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74340|74340]]||[[:Qala-e Mafushad]]<br>[[:Talk:Qala-e Mafushad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:31<br>2026-10-19 22:54:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74458|74458]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74459|74459]]||[[:Qarabolaq]]<br>[[:Talk:Qarabolaq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74118|74118]]||[[:Rachael Zulu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:13<br>2026-10-19 22:43:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74239|74239]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74312|74312]]||[[:Rairok]]<br>[[:Talk:Rairok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:05<br>2026-10-19 22:24:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74323|74323]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74042|74042]]||[[:Talk:Ramshaw (England)]]<br>[[:Ramshaw (England)]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:01<br>2026-10-19 22:56:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74654|74654]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74655|74655]]||[[:Reddit]]<br>[[:Talk:Reddit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74848|74848]]||[[:Template:Reflist2]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74849|74849]]||[[:Template:Reflist2/doc]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74290|74290]]||[[:Renk (South Sudan)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74489|74489]]||[[:Republika Srpska]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74069|74069]]||[[:Restelicë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74123|74123]]||[[:Rhian Teasdale]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74065|74065]]||[[:Rich (North Macedonia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74051|74051]]||[[:Riezlern]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:49<br>2026-10-19 22:55:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74620|74620]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74619|74619]]||[[:Talk:Roblox]]<br>[[:Roblox]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:55<br>2026-10-19 22:23:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74306|74306]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74001|74001]]||[[:Talk:Robox]]<br>[[:Robox]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74000|74000]]||[[:Robux]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74771|74771]]||[[:Rogachevo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74470|74470]]||[[:Roosevelt Roads]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74043|74043]]||[[:Rotenboden]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:24<br>2026-10-19 22:56:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74718|74718]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74719|74719]]||[[:Rottnest Channel Swim]]<br>[[:Talk:Rottnest Channel Swim]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74462|74462]]||[[:Rucava]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74041|74041]]||[[:Ruggell]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74890|74890]]||[[:Wikipedia:SO]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74888|74888]]||[[:Wikipedia:STANDARD]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74090|74090]]||[[:Saare County]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74593|74593]]||[[:Sabine Monauni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74469|74469]]||[[:Salelologa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74222|74222]]||[[:Salmabad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:31<br>2026-10-19 22:55:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74582|74582]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74583|74583]]||[[:Samo ku waar]]<br>[[:Talk:Samo ku waar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:29<br>2026-10-19 22:44:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73976|73976]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74354|74354]]||[[:SamoaNIC]]<br>[[:Talk:SamoaNIC]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74501|74501]]||[[:Samogitia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73857|73857]]||[[:Samsung Galaxy S5]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74098|74098]]||[[:San Juan de Manapiare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74551|74551]]||[[:Sarfayt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74749|74749]]||[[:Sarnia Chérie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74151|74151]]||[[:Sary-Tologoy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74533|74533]]||[[:Saskylakh]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74476|74476]]||[[:Savai&#39;i]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73951|73951]]||[[:Scalpel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:20<br>2026-10-19 22:24:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74346|74346]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74040|74040]]||[[:Talk:Schaan]]<br>[[:Schaan]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74178|74178]]||[[:Schaanwald]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74514|74514]]||[[:Schellenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74167|74167]]||[[:School of Art + Art History + Design]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74169|74169]]||[[:School of International and Public Affairs]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74168|74168]]||[[:School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74790|74790]]||[[:Seabird]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74193|74193]]||[[:Sedrata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74772|74772]]||[[:Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ahmad Boestamam]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74535|74535]]||[[:Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74014|74014]]||[[:Seputembala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74083|74083]]||[[:Serekunda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74725|74725]]||[[:Shai Bolton]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:24<br>2026-10-19 22:23:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74352|74352]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73979|73979]]||[[:Talk:Shaya al-Zindani]]<br>[[:Shaya al-Zindani]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74186|74186]]||[[:Shkallë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74187|74187]]||[[:Shëndëlli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:36<br>2026-10-19 23:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74745|74745]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74859|74859]]||[[:Sidemen]]<br>[[:Template:Sidemen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74216|74216]]||[[:Sidi bel Abbès]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74049|74049]]||[[:Silum]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74740|74740]]||[[:Simon Minter]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74165|74165]]||[[:Sitiawan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74467|74467]]||[[:Siusega]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74249|74249]]||[[:Smalininkai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:13:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74818|74818]]||[[:Smit Machchhar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74460|74460]]||[[:Sokol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74844|74844]]||[[:Template:Somalia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74421|74421]]||[[:Songo (Mozambique)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74794|74794]]||[[:Sossusvlei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74171|74171]]||[[:Srednekolymsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:07<br>2026-10-19 23:02:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74796|74796]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74795|74795]]||[[:Talk:Ssabagabo]]<br>[[:Ssabagabo]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74887|74887]]||[[:Wikipedia:Standard offer]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74034|74034]]||[[:Steg (Liechtenstein)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74025|74025]]||[[:Stella Lefkofsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74086|74086]]||[[:Sternocleidomastoid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74556|74556]]||[[:Stun&#39;Sail Boom]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74091|74091]]||[[:Stun&#39;sail Boom]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74427|74427]]||[[:Stërbeq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73913|73913]]||[[:Su Filindeu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74137|74137]]||[[:Super Mario Bros.]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74261|74261]]||[[:Swakopmund]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73882|73882]]||[[:Category:Switzerland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74039|74039]]||[[:Sücka]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74011|74011]]||[[:Sōji Yoshikawa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74247|74247]]||[[:Ta Veaeng]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74072|74072]]||[[:Tadej Pogačar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74244|74244]]||[[:Talas (Kyrgyzstan)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:51<br>2026-10-19 22:54:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74497|74497]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74496|74496]]||[[:Talk:Tamanrasset]]<br>[[:Tamanrasset]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74246|74246]]||[[:Tanjung Selor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74192|74192]]||[[:Taşlıca]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74552|74552]]||[[:Tha Thong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74007|74007]]||[[:Thaliacea]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74002|74002]]||[[:The Entrance]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74003|74003]]||[[:The Entrance North]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74008|74008]]||[[:The Hamptons]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:14<br>2026-10-19 22:55:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74547|74547]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74548|74548]]||[[:The Matrix Awakens]]<br>[[:Talk:The Matrix Awakens]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:37<br>2026-10-19 22:55:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74595|74595]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74596|74596]]||[[:The Nation (Malaŵi)]]<br>[[:Talk:The Nation (Malaŵi)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73900|73900]]||[[:The Sims]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:54<br>2026-10-19 22:55:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74632|74632]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74631|74631]]||[[:Talk:The Vines]]<br>[[:The Vines]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74225|74225]]||[[:Tieret]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74534|74534]]||[[:Tiksi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74204|74204]]||[[:Tin Zaouatine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74205|74205]]||[[:Tindouf]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74200|74200]]||[[:Titjikala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74230|74230]]||[[:Tiņģere]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73921|73921]]||[[:Tobi Brown]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74739|74739]]||[[:Tobit John Brown]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74542|74542]]||[[:Tom Roger Aadland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74116|74116]]||[[:Tommy Mottola]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74787|74787]]||[[:Triangle (Zimbabwe)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74036|74036]]||[[:Triesen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74786|74786]]||[[:Triesenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74487|74487]]||[[:Trn (Velika Kladuša)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74114|74114]]||[[:Troitsko-Pechorsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73987|73987]]||[[:Trump]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74242|74242]]||[[:Tuvalu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74160|74160]]||[[:Tymovskoye]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74108|74108]]||[[:Uaxactún]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74155|74155]]||[[:Uelen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74258|74258]]||[[:Ulimang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74420|74420]]||[[:Ulongué]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:56<br>2026-10-19 22:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74308|74308]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74134|74134]]||[[:Talk:Untitled Goose Game]]<br>[[:Untitled Goose Game]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74475|74475]]||[[:Upolu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74267|74267]]||[[:Urdmang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:06<br>2026-10-19 23:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74852|74852]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74851|74851]]||[[:Template talk:User Greenland independence]]<br>[[:Template:User Greenland independence]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74863|74863]]||[[:Template:User info]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74538|74538]]||[[:Ust-Bolsheretsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74172|74172]]||[[:Ust-Olenyok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74184|74184]]||[[:Utsjoki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74466|74466]]||[[:Vaitele]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74227|74227]]||[[:Valmiera]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:21<br>2026-10-19 22:24:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74348|74348]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74048|74048]]||[[:Talk:Valüna]]<br>[[:Valüna]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74885|74885]]||[[:Wikipedia:Vandalism-only account]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74243|74243]]||[[:Vanuatu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:54<br>2026-10-19 23:01:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74770|74770]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74769|74769]]||[[:Talk:Ventspils]]<br>[[:Ventspils]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74722|74722]]||[[:Verity]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:26<br>2026-10-19 22:56:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74723|74723]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74724|74724]]||[[:Verity (Minecraft)]]<br>[[:Talk:Verity (Minecraft)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73916|73916]]||[[:Vermicelli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74250|74250]]||[[:Vestre Jakobselv]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74260|74260]]||[[:Victoria Falls]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74063|74063]]||[[:Vigaŵa vya Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74451|74451]]||[[:Vigaŵa vya ku Palau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74145|74145]]||[[:Vikebygd]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73927|73927]]||[[:Vikkstar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:13<br>2026-10-19 23:02:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74812|74812]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74811|74811]]||[[:Talk:Vikram Barn]]<br>[[:Vikram Barn]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74419|74419]]||[[:Vila Nova de Fronteira]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74248|74248]]||[[:Visby]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74140|74140]]||[[:Vitalij Aab]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74735|74735]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Estonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:29<br>2026-10-19 22:56:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74732|74732]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74731|74731]]||[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu India]]<br>[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu India]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:16<br>2026-10-19 22:56:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74699|74699]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74698|74698]]||[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]]<br>[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:17:03<br>2026-10-19 22:17:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73894|73894]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73895|73895]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Malaŵi]]<br>[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73937|73937]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Tajikistan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 17:56:21<br>2026-10-19 17:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73856|73856]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73855|73855]]||[[:User:Viyowoyelo-vya-Malawi]]<br>[[:User talk:Viyowoyelo-vya-Malawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74053|74053]]||[[:Viyowoyero vya ku Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73939|73939]]||[[:Viyowoyero vyakumanyikwa vya ku India]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74833|74833]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Animal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74827|74827]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Creating articles using Ethnologue]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74829|74829]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/EditCounterOptIn.js]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74835|74835]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Human]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74826|74826]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Pasta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74828|74828]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74832|74832]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Video game]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74834|74834]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74831|74831]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village/Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74830|74830]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village/UK]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74264|74264]]||[[:Volda (Norway)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74188|74188]]||[[:Vrinë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74853|74853]]||[[:Template:VvM Talk 1]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74082|74082]]||[[:W3m]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74492|74492]]||[[:Wafra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74106|74106]]||[[:Waltham-on-the-Wolds]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74044|74044]]||[[:Wangerberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74604|74604]]||[[:War Dirsame]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74032|74032]]||[[:Whyalla Barson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74592|74592]]||[[:Whyalla Jenkins]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74590|74590]]||[[:Whyalla Norrie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74591|74591]]||[[:Whyalla Playford]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74031|74031]]||[[:Whyalla Stuart]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:27<br>2026-10-19 22:44:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73973|73973]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74356|74356]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiBask]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiBask]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:29<br>2026-10-19 22:23:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74360|74360]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73974|73974]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:20<br>2026-10-19 22:44:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73960|73960]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74369|74369]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:56<br>2026-10-19 22:55:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74639|74639]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74640|74640]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74688|74688]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74689|74689]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiFula]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiFula]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:24<br>2026-10-19 22:44:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73967|73967]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74358|74358]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:27<br>2026-10-19 22:44:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73972|73972]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74361|74361]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:12<br>2026-10-19 22:56:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74687|74687]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74686|74686]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:22<br>2026-10-19 22:44:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73963|73963]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74366|74366]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:35<br>2026-10-19 22:23:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74370|74370]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73959|73959]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:25<br>2026-10-19 22:44:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73968|73968]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74357|74357]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74690|74690]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74691|74691]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:33<br>2026-10-19 22:23:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74368|74368]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73961|73961]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:30<br>2026-10-19 22:23:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74362|74362]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73969|73969]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:14<br>2026-10-19 22:56:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74692|74692]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74693|74693]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:56<br>2026-10-19 22:55:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74637|74637]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74638|74638]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:32<br>2026-10-19 22:23:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74365|74365]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73964|73964]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:17<br>2026-10-19 22:56:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74704|74704]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74705|74705]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:31<br>2026-10-19 22:23:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74363|74363]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73994|73994]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiShona]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiShona]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:28<br>2026-10-19 22:23:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74359|74359]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73971|73971]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:57<br>2026-10-19 22:55:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74642|74642]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74641|74641]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74792|74792]]||[[:Wombat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74073|74073]]||[[:Wujal Wujal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74189|74189]]||[[:Xarrë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73906|73906]]||[[:Yarra Trams]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74473|74473]]||[[:Yby Yaú]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74573|74573]]||[[:Yirrkala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73925|73925]]||[[:YouTube user (identifier)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74085|74085]]||[[:Yu Deng]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74075|74075]]||[[:Yungngora]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74174|74174]]||[[:Yuryung-Khaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74598|74598]]||[[:Yusuf Abdulazeez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74537|74537]]||[[:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:07<br>2026-10-19 22:24:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74326|74326]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74066|74066]]||[[:Talk:Zrze]]<br>[[:Zrze]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74465|74465]]||[[:Ķāķišķe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73948|73948]]||[[:Ŵakhazi (vyamoyo vya ŵanthu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73946|73946]]||[[:Ж]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74874|74874]]||[[:Wikipedia:Посольство України]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74879|74879]]||[[:Wikipedia:Русский посольство]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73945|73945]]||[[:Ц]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74717|74717]]||[[:Ҷ]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73944|73944]]||[[:ى]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |} jyoepf4q94n5bb38j9skbwrc58xqbvx