Wikipedia tumwiki https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_likulu MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 955 123736 123678 2026-11-04T13:26:00Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123736 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:חורשת המייסדים - גבעת השבשבת חיפה 02 2013 (98).JPG|thumb|Vyakumera]] '''Vyakumera''' (cimoza: '''cakumera''') ni vyamoyo vya ufumu wakuchemeka ''Plantae''. Vinandi vikusanga nkhongono zawo za ntchito kufuma ku ungweru wa [[Zuŵa|zuŵa]] mu nthowa ya [[Usanisinuru (ndiyo fotosinfesisi)|usanisinuru]], mwa kugwiliskira ntchito mtundu wa ciŵisi ca mahamba (klorofilo) kupanga shuga kufuma ku kaboni dayokisayidi na [[Maji|maji]]. Mu nyengo, vyakumera vinyake vyasintha kuŵa vyakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake kuti visange nkhongono za ntchito. Vyakumera vinandi vili na tumaselo tunandi. Kale, nga mu kasandiro ka vyamoyo ka Aristotle, ufumu wa vyakumera ukasazgangapo vyamoyo vyose ivyo nvinyama yayi, kusazgapo wowa. Ng'anamulo iyi yacepa kufuma apo; ng'anamulo za sono zikusazgamo wowa yayi. Pali mitundu ya vyakumera pafupifupi 380,000 iyo yikumanyikwa, ndipo yinandi, pafupifupi 260,000, yikupanga mbuto. Vyakumera vikupambana mu ukulu kufuma ku kaselo kamoza mpaka ku makuni ghatali comene. Vyakumera viŵisi vikupeleka cigaŵa cikulu ca okisijeni wa caro cose capasi. Shuga uyo vikupanga mu usanisinuru ukupeleka nkhongono za ntchito ku vyamoyo vinandi vya caro capasi, ndipo vyamoyo vinyake, kusazgapo [[Vinyama|vinyama]], vikurya vyakumera panji vikuthemba vyakumera. Mbuto, vipambi, na masamba ni vyakulya vyakwamba vya ŵanthu, ndipo vyaŵetika kwa vyaka vinandi comene. Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera pa vinthu vinandi, nga ni vyakuzengera nga ni makuni, vyakujikongoleska, vyakulembera, na mitundu yinandi comene ya [[Mankhwala|mankhwala]]. Kusanda vyakumera mwa kasandiro kukuchemeka kasandiro ka mbuto. == Ng'anamulo == === Mbiri ya Kagaŵiro === Kale, vyamoyo vyose vikagaŵikanga mu magulu ghaŵiri, vyakumera na vinyama. Kagaŵiro aka kakafuma kwa Aristotle (384–322 pambere Khristu), uyo wakapatula mitundu ya vyamoyo mu kasandiro kake ka vyamoyo, kuyana na usange vikaŵa na "mzimu wakupulika" panji, nga ni vyakumera, "mzimu wa kukura" pera. Theophrastus, msambiri wa Aristotle, wakalutilizga ntchito yake pa kagaŵiro ka vyakumera. Pamanyuma comene, Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) wakaŵika maziko gha ndondomeko ya mazuŵa ghano ya kagaŵiro ka kasandiro, kweni wakasunga maufumu gha vinyama na vyakumera, ndipo wakachema ufumu wa vyakumera kuti ''Vegetabilia''. === Maghanoghano Ghanyake === Para zina lakuti ''Plantae'' panji cakumera ligwiliskirika ntchito pa gulu linyake la vyamoyo, kanandi likung'anamula limoza mwa maghanoghano ghanayi, kufuma ku ilo likusazgamo vicoko mpaka ku ilo likusazgamo vinandi. == Kukura kwa Mitundu == === Kupambanapambana === Pali mitundu ya vyakumera pafupifupi 382,000 iyo yazomerezgeka, ndipo yinandi comene, pafupifupi 283,000, yikupanga mbuto. Pafupifupi magaŵa 85–90 pa 100 gha mitundu yose ya vyakumera ni vyakumera vya maluŵa. Ntchito zinandi sono zikuyezga kuwunjika malemba gha mitundu yose ya vyakumera pa intaneti, mwaciyelezgero World Flora Online. Vyakumera mu ng'anamulo yikulu vikupambana mu ukulu kufuma ku vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza (vicoko kuluska mikulomita 3) mpaka ku makuni ghakulu comene, nga ni ''Sequoia sempervirens'' (mpaka mamita 120 kutali) na ''Eucalyptus regnans'' (mpaka mamita 100 kutali). Kuthya mazina gha vyakumera kukulongozgeka na Malango gha Pakati pa Vyaro gha Mazina gha vyakumera, wowa, na vinyake. === Mbiri ya Kukura === Vyakumera vya kale vya vyakumera vya pa mtunda vikakura mu maji. Ulenda wa vyakumera vicoko ukapangika pa mtunda vyaka miliyoni 1,200 ivyo vyajumpha, kweni mpaka pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 450 ivyo vyajumpha ndipo vyakumera vyakwamba vya pa mtunda vikawoneka. Kweni mafosilo mu malibwe gha kale comene ghakulongora kuti vyamoyo vya tumaselo tunandi vya mu maji ghawemi vikaŵako vyaka vyakujumpha miliyoni 1,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vyakumera vyakwamba vya pa mtunda vikamba kupambanapambana pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 420 ivyo vyajumpha. Pakumalira kwa nyengo ya Devonian, vimanyikwiro vinandi vyakwamba vya vyakumera vya mazuŵa ghano vikaŵako, kusazgapo misisi, mahamba, na makuni. Nyengo ya Carboniferous yikawona kukura kwa nkholongo mu madambo. Kumalira kukulu kwa vyamoyo kwa Permo-Triassic kukasintha comene mawupu gha vyamoyo. Ici cingaŵa kuti cikazomerezga kukura kwa vyakumera vya maluŵa mu Triassic (pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 200 ivyo vyajumpha), ndipo vikathandazgika luŵiro comene mu Cretaceous mwakuti Charles Darwin wakacichema kuti "fumbo lakofya". Makuni gha mahamba gha singano ghakapambanapambana kufuma pakumalira kwa Triassic, ndipo ghakaŵa ghanandi comene mu Jurassic. === Mbumba === Mu 2019, mbumba ya vyakumera iyo yikazengeka pa vyakuhara vya mitundu 1,153 ya vyakumera yikasacizgika. Kagaŵiro ka magulu ghanyake ka vyakumera kakukhozgeka na kusanda kwa vyakuhara. == Umo Thupi Likugwilira Ntchito == === Tumaselo twa Vyakumera === Tumaselo twa vyakumera tuli na vimanyikwiro vyapadera ivyo tumaselo tunyake (nga ni twa vinyama) tulije. Ivi vikusazgapo cigaŵa cikulu ca pakati cakuzura maji, vigaŵa vya klorofilo, na cikopa cakukhora kweni cakupindika ico cili kuwaro kwa kaselo. Vigaŵa vya klorofilo vikafuma ku kukhala pamoza kwa kaselo kambura klorofilo na mabakiteriya agho ghakupanga vyakulya na ungweru. Cikopa ca kaselo, ico cikupangika comene na selulosi, cikuzomerezga tumaselo twa vyakumera kuzura na maji kwambura kuphulika. === Kapangikiro ka Vyakumera === Vyakumera vinandi vili na tumaselo tunandi. Tumaselo twa vyakumera tukupambana mu mitundu yinandi, ndipo tukupanga vigaŵa nga ni minjololo ya kunyamulira maji na vyakulya mu mahamba na mu ntonga, na viŵaro vya ntchito zakupambana. Ivi vikusazgapo misisi ya kukwemya maji na vyakulya vya mu dongo, ntonga ya kukhazga na kunyamula maji na vyakupangika, mahamba gha [[Usanisinuru (ndiyo fotosinfesisi)|usanisinuru]], na maluŵa gha kuŵaba. === Usanisinuru === Vyakumera vikucita usanisinuru, kupanga vyakulya (shuga) mwa kugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono za ntchito za [[Ungweru|ungweru]]. Tumaselo twa vyakumera tuli na klorofilo mu vigaŵa vyake, iyo ni mtundu uŵisi uwo ukugwiliskirika ntchito kukora nkhongono za ntchito za ungweru. Malinganizgo gha usungunu gha usanisinuru ni: : 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → (ungweru) → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ Ici cikupangiska vyakumera kufumiska [[Woskejeni|okisijeni]] mu mphepo. Vyakumera viŵisi vikupeleka cigaŵa cikulu ca okisijeni wa caro cose capasi, pamoza na koyo na mabakiteriya. Vyakumera ivyo vyasintha kuŵa vyakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake vingataya vyakuhara vya usanisinuru na kupanga klorofilo. === Kukura na Kunozgeka === Kukura kukusimikizgika na kukolerana kwa vyakuhara vya cakumera na malo ghake gha kawiro na gha vyamoyo. Vinthu vya malo nga ni kufunda, maji, ungweru, kaboni dayokisayidi, na vyakulya vya mu dongo. Vinthu vya vyamoyo ivyo vikukhwaska kukura kwa vyakumera ni kuwunjikana, kuryeka na viŵeto, mabakiteriya na wowa ivyo vikovwira, na kuwukirika na vibenene panji nthenda za vyakumera. Cisanu na kukoma vingananga panji kukoma vyakumera. Vyakumera vinyake vili na vinthu mu tumaselo twawo ivyo vikuvizomerezga kukhora pa masuzgo agha. === Kuŵaba === Vyakumera vikuŵaba kuti vipange ŵana, kwali mwa kugonana panji kwambura kugonana. Vyakumera vinandi vikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zose ziŵiri. ==== Mwa Kugonana ==== Para vikuŵaba mwa kugonana, vyakumera vili na umoyo wakusuzga wa mbumba zakusintha-sintha. Vyakumera vinyake vikuŵaba so kwizira mu tumbuto tucoko. Vyakumera vya maluŵa vikuŵaba mwa kugonana mwa kugwiliskira ntchito maluŵa, agho ghali na vigaŵa vya ŵanalume na ŵanakazi: ivi vingaŵa mu ciluŵa cimoza, mu maluŵa ghakupambana pa cakumera cimoza, panji pa vyakumera vyakupambana. Vigaŵa vya ŵanalume vikupanga ufu wa maluŵa, uwo ukupanga vyakuŵabira vya ŵanalume ivyo vikunjira mu cigaŵa ca ŵanakazi. Kuŵabika kukucitika mu vigaŵa vya ŵanakazi, ivyo vikusanduka vipambi ivyo vili na mbuto. Vipambi vingathandazgika vyose, panji vingaphulika ndipo mbuto zikuthandazgika yimoza yimoza. ==== Kwambura Kugonana ==== Vyakumera vikuŵaba kwambura kugonana mwa kukuzga vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vingakura kuŵa vyakumera viphya. Mwa nthowa yipepuka, vyakumera vinyake vingaphwanyika mu vigaŵa, ndipo cigaŵa ciliconse cingakura so kuŵa cakumera cose. Kupandira vyakumera vya maluŵa na vigaŵa vyakudumulika ni ndondomeko yakuyana. Vigaŵa nga ni minjololo yakwenda pasi vikuzomerezga vyakumera kukura na kuphimba malo. Vyakumera vinandi vikupanga vigaŵa vya kusungira vyakulya, nga ni kacewere panji hanyezi, ivyo vingakura kuŵa vyakumera viphya. === Kukhora pa Nthenda === Vyakumera vikugwiliskira ntchito vyakusangira kumanya tubungulu twa nthenda nga ni mabakiteriya agho ghakwiziska nthenda za vyakumera. Kumanya uku kukwiziska kujivikilira. === Vyakuhara === Vyakumera vili na vyakuhara vikulu comene pa vyamoyo vyose. Vyakuhara vikulu comene vya cakumera (pa unandi wa vyakuhara) ni vya tirigu, ivyo vikughanaghanirika kuŵa pafupifupi 94,000, pafupifupi kankhondi kuluska vya munthu. == Vyakumera na Malo Ghakuzingilizga == === Kuthandazgika === Vyakumera vili pafupifupi pa caro cose capasi. Nangauli vikukhala mu malo ghanandi, ni vyakumera vyakukhora pera, vya mu Antarctica, ivyo vyasintha kukolerana na vyakucitika vya pa cigaŵa ici cikulu ca mtunda ca kumwera. Vyakumera kanandi ndivyo vikuwoneka comene mu malo agho vikukhala. Malo ghanandi gha vyamoyo pa caro capasi ghali na mazina gha mtundu wa vyakumera, cifukwa vyakumera ndivyo vinandi comene mu malo agho, nga ni madambo gha utheka na nkholongo za vula za ku tropiki. === Ŵakupanga Ŵakwamba === Usanisinuru uwo vyakumera vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikucita ndiwo kasupe waumaliro wa nkhongono za ntchito na vyakulya mu pafupifupi malo ghose gha vyamoyo. Usanisinuru ukasintha comene mphepo ya caro capasi ca kale, iyo yikaŵa yambura okisijeni, ndipo sono yili na magaŵa 21 pa 100 gha okisijeni. Vinyama na vyamoyo vinyake vinandi vikuthemba okisijeni. Vyakumera ndivyo ŵakupanga ŵakwamba mu malo ghanandi gha pa mtunda, ndipo ndivyo maziko gha minjololo ya vyakulya mu malo agho. Vyakumera ni pafupifupi magaŵa 80 pa 100 gha vyamoyo vyose vya caro capasi. === Ubale na Vyamoyo Vinyake === Vinyama vinandi vyakura pamoza na vyakumera; vyakumera vya maluŵa vyapanga vimanyikwiro vya maluŵa ivyo vikovwira kuŵaba kwawo. Vinandi, kusazgapo vibenene na viyuni, vikutolera ufu wa maluŵa kufuma ku maluŵa ghanyake kuya ku ghanyake, mwa kukhumba vyakulya. Vinyama vinandi vikuthandazga mbuto. Vipambi vinyake vili na vigaŵa vya kuwaro vyakulyeka ivyo vikukopa vinyama, apo mbuto zikukhora pa kujumpha mu matumbo gha cinyama; vinyake vili na tumbeŵa utu tukukolerana na sisi la cinyama. Vyakumera vinyake vyakura pamoza na nyerere. Cakumera cikupeleka nyumba, ndipo nyengo zinyake vyakulya, ku nyerere. Nazo nyerere zikuvikilira cakumera ku vinyama vyakurya vyakumera. Mitundu yinandi ya vyakumera yili na wowa yakukolerana na misisi yawo, mu kukhala pamoza kwa kovwirana. Bowa yikovwira vyakumera kusanga maji na vyakulya vya mu dongo, apo cakumera cikupeleka ku wowa shuga uwo wapanga mu usanisinuru. Vyakumera vinandi vya mtundu wa nchunga vili na mabakiteriya mu misisi yawo agho ghakukora naitirojeni kufuma mu mphepo kuti cakumera cigwiliskire ntchito; nawo vyakumera vikupeleka shuga ku mabakiteriya. Ici nchakuzirwa pa ulimi; mwaciyelezgero, ŵalimi ŵangalima nchunga, kulondezgana na tirigu, kuti ŵacepeske feteleza wa naitirojeni. Pafupifupi magaŵa 1 pa 100 gha mitundu ya vyakumera ni vyakuthemba vyakumera vinyake. Vinyake vikutora vyakulya vicoko pera kufuma ku cakumera cinyake kweni vicali na mahamba gha usanisinuru, apo vinyake vikutora vyakulya vyose kwizira mu misisi ya vyakumera vinyake, ndipo vilije klorofilo. Vyakumera ivyo vikumera pa vyakumera vinyake, kanandi makuni, kwambura kuvithemba, vikuchemeka vyakumera pa vinyake. Vinyake vingananga cakumera ico vikumerapo, mwa kukanizga ungweru. Mitundu yinandi ya maluŵa gha ''orchid'', ''bromeliad'', na vinyake vikumera pa vyakumera vinyake. Mitundu pafupifupi 630 ya vyakumera ni yakurya vinyama. Vikukora vinyama vicoko na kuvigaya kuti visange vyakulya, comene naitirojeni na fosiforasi. === Kususkana === Kususkana pa vyuma vyakugaŵana kukucepeska kukura kwa cakumera. Vyuma ivi ni ungweru wa zuŵa, maji, na vyakulya. Ungweru nchakuzirwa comene cifukwa nchakukhumbikwa pa usanisinuru. Vyakumera vikugwiliskira ntchito mahamba ghawo kubisa vyakumera vinyake ku ungweru wa zuŵa, ndipo vikukura luŵiro. Maji nagho ngakuzirwa pa usanisinuru; misisi yikususkana kukwemya maji ghanandi mu dongo. Vyakumera vinyake vili na misisi yakuzika iyo yingasanga maji ghakuzika pasi, apo vinyake vili na misisi yambura kuzika iyo yingathandazgika kutali kuwunjika maji gha vula. == Kuzirwa ku Ŵanthu == === Vyakulya === Kulima vyakumera ndiyo maziko gha [[ULimi na kuŵeta|ulimi]], uwo nawo wakugwira ntchito yikulu mu mbiri ya midawuko ya caro cose capasi. Ŵanthu ŵakuthemba vyakumera vya maluŵa pa vyakulya, mwakulunjika panji nga ni vyakulya vya viŵeto. Mitundu ya vyakumera pafupifupi 7,000 yagwiliskirika ntchito pa vyakulya, nangauli vyakulya vinandi vya mazuŵa ghano vikufuma ku mitundu 30 pera. Vyakulya vikulu ni mbuto nga ni mpunga na tirigu, misisi nga ni cinangwa na kacewere, na vya mtundu wa nchunga nga ni nchunga. Mafuta gha vyakumera nga ni gha ''olive'' na gha mgwalangwa ghakupeleka mafuta, apo vipambi na masamba vikupeleka mavitamini na vinthu vinyake. Khofi, tiyi, na sokoleti ni mbuto zikulu izo vyakupangika vyake vili na kafeni. Kusanda kagwiliskiro ka vyakumera na ŵanthu kukuchemeka kasandiro ka mbuto ka vyacuma. === Mankhwala === Vyakumera vya mankhwala ni kasupe mukulu wa vyakusazganika, pa ntchito yawo ya mankhwala, na pa kupanga vinthu vinandi vya usungunu mu mafakitale. Mankhwala ghanandi, kusazgapo mankhwala ghakuloŵezga, ghakufuma ku vyakumera, kwali mankhwala gha mdawuko panji vinthu vya usungunu ivyo vyafumyika mu vyakumera, ndipo pamanyuma vyapangika pa [[Mankhwala|kasandiro ka ucizgi]] ka mazuŵa ghano. Mankhwala gha mazuŵa ghano agho ghakufuma ku vyakumera ni aspirin, taxol, morphine, quinine, na ghanyake. Buku la mankhwala la Dioscorides, ''De materia medica'', ilo likalongosora vyakumera vya mankhwala pafupifupi 600, likalembeka pakati pa 50 na 70 mumuwilo wa Khristu, ndipo likagwiliskirikanga ntchito mu Ulaya na Vuma Lapakati mpaka pafupifupi 1600. === Vyakupangika Vyambura Kuŵa Vyakulya === Vyakumera ivyo vikulimika nga ni mbuto za mafakitale ndivyo kasupe wa vyakupangika vinandi. Vikusazgapo mafuta ghakununkhira, mitundu ya kawiro, ulimbo, rabala, na vinyake. Vyakupangika ivyo vikufuma ku vyakumera ni sopo, vyakununkhira, pende, rabala, pulasitiki, ingi, na vinyake. Vyakotcherera vya vyakumera vikusazgapo nkhuni. Makala gha pasi, mafuta gha pasi, na mpweya wa pasi vikufuma ku vyakusyala vya vyamoyo vya mu maji vya kale comene. Vyuma vya kuzengera na ulusi vyakufuma ku vyakumera vikugwiliskirika ntchito kuzenga nyumba na kupanga vyakuvwara. Makuni ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pa nyumba, ngalawa, na vyakukhalapo, na pa vinthu vicoko nga ni vilwero vya sumu. Makuni ghakupangiska mapepala. Nsalu kanandi yikupangika na thonje na vinyake. Ulusi wa kusonera nsalu nawo ukufuma comene ku thonje. === Vyakumera vya Kujikongoleska === Mitundu masauzandi ya vyakumera yikulimika cifukwa ca uwemi wawo na kupeleka mthunzi, kusintha kufunda, kucepeska mphepo, kucepeska congo, na kucepeska kukokoloka kwa dongo. Vyakumera ni maziko gha malonda gha ŵalendo gha madola mabiliyoni pa caka, ghakusazgapo maulendo ku madimba gha kale, mapaki gha caro, nkholongo za vula, na visangalalo nga ni vya maluŵa gha cherry vya Japani na Amerika. Vyakumera vingakuzgika mu nyumba, panji mu nyumba zapadera za vyakumera. Luso la kunozga vyakumera vyakudumulika panji vyamoyo likusazgapo bonsai na ikebana. Vyakumera vya kujikongoleska nyengo zinyake vyasintha mbiri, nga mu cakucitika ca ''tulipomania''. === Mu Kasandiro === Kusanda kwa kale kwa vyakumera ni kasandiro ka mbuto. Kusanda kwakwamba kwa vyamoyo kanandi kwagwiliskira ntchito vyakumera nga ni viyelezgero. Mu kasandiro ka vyakuhara, kuŵeta nchunga za ''pea'' kukazomerezga Gregor Mendel kusanga malango ghakwamba gha kuhara, ndipo kupenda vigaŵa vya vyakuhara mu cingoma kukazomerezga Barbara McClintock kulongora ubale wawo na vimanyikwiro ivyo vikuharika. Mphete za makuni zikupeleka nthowa ya kupima vyaka mu kasandiro ka vya kale, na malemba gha nyengo za kale. Kusanda mafosilo gha vyakumera kukupeleka mauthenga pa kukura kwa vyakumera na kusintha kwa nyengo kwa kale. === Mu Majandulo, Visopa, na Midawuko === Vyakumera, kusazgapo makuni, vikusangika mu majandulo, visopa, na malemba. Mu visopa vinandi, khuni la caro cose likulongoreka nga ni khuni likulu comene ilo likumera pa caro capasi, likukhazga kuthambo, ndipo misisi yake yikufika ku caro ca pasi. Maluŵa kanandi ghakugwiliskirika ntchito pa kukumbukira, nga ni vyawanangwa, na kumanyiska vyakucitika vyapadera nga ni kubabika, nyifwa, nthengwa, na mazuŵa gha cisangalalo. === Vyakufumapo Viheni === Masongole ni vyakumera ivyo vikukhumbikwa yayi mu malo ghakupwelelereka nga ni minda na madimba. Ŵanthu ŵathandazga vyakumera vinandi kuwaro kwa malo ghawo gha kawiro; vinyake vyaŵa vyakunanga, ndipo vikunanga malo gha vyamoyo mwa kupoka malo gha vyakumera vya malo agho. Vyakumera vinyake ivyo vikupanga ufu wa maluŵa wakwenda na mphepo, kusazgapo utheka, vikwiziska ulwari wa kukhwasula ku ŵanthu ŵanyake. Vyakumera vinandi vikupanga poizoni kuti vijivikilire ku vinyama vyakurya vyakumera. Poizoni uyu ungapweteka ŵanthu na viŵeto para walyeka panji, pa vyakumera vinyake, para wakhwaskika. Vyakumera vinyake vikukanizga vyakumera vinyake kukura kwizira mu vinthu vya usungunu. == Vyakumera mu Malaŵi == Mu caro ca [[Malaŵi]] muli vyakumera vya mitundu yinandi. Muli makuni, utheka, na vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu Malaŵi pera mu caro cose capasi. Makuni gha mu Malaŵi ghakupambanapambana kuyana na malo agho ghakumerako. Makuni ghanyake ghakupandika na ŵanthu, nga ni bulugamu, payini, gemelina, na sayipurasi, na ghanyake ghanandi. Makuni agho ghakiza na ŵanthu ŵanyake ni nga ni makuni gha mayembe na mitundu ya malalanje. Makuni ghanyake ni agha: mubabani, thung'unda, minyozi ya mitundu yinandi, kabeza, maqokolo, mavilo, masuku, matubeni, mjejengwani, matowo, mulolo, makama, mphangala, kavundula, mono, matwatwa, matunduluka, buyu, mbula, cifiqe, mubanga, mzobala, msipani, nthumbuzga za [[kalulu]], kazando, na masuju. Mulinso mphangwe zakupambanapambana nga ni cindere na nyungu. [[Category:Vyakumela]] [[Category:Malaŵi]] ojogtlfydy70zw6h9cyfp1hcicvzfrh 0 957 123724 123667 2026-11-04T13:12:40Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123724 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vinyama''' ni vyamoyo vya tumaselo tunandi, vya tumaselo twa mtima, mu ufumu wa vyamoyo wakuchemeka ''Animalia''. Vinyama vikurya vyakupangika na vyamoyo, vikupuma [[Woskejeni|okisijeni]], vili na tumaselo twa minofu, vingaŵana mwa kukumana kwa wanalume na wanakazi, ndipo apo vikukura mu nthumbo vikufuma ku mpira wa tumaselo uwo uli na malo ghambura kanthu mukati. Kupatula vicoko, vinyama vingenda. Vinyama vikupanga gulu limoza, ilo likung'anamula kuti vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Mitundu ya vinyama yakujumpha miliyoni 1.5 iyo yicalipo yalongosoreka, ndipo pafupifupi miliyoni 1.05 ni vibenene, yakujumpha 85,000 ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, ndipo pafupifupi 65,000 ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Kukughanaghanirika kuti pangaŵa mitundu ya vinyama yakufika miliyoni 7.77 pa caro capasi. Utali wa vinyama ukufuma pa mikulomita 8.5 mpaka mamita 33.6. Vili na ubale wakusuzga na vinyake na malo ghawo, ndipo vikupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Kusanda vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka vinyama, ndipo kusanda nkhalo ya vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka nkhalo ya vinyama. Ufumu wa vinyama ukugaŵika mu magulu ghakulu ghankhondi: Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cnidaria na Bilateria. Mitundu yinandi ya vinyama yili mu gulu la Bilateria, gulu likulu comene ilo vinyama vyake vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri na mutu wakuwoneka, ndipo vinandi comene vya Bilateria vili mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu: ''protostome'', agho ghakusazgapo vinyama nga ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nkhono, mphutsi za pasi, na zinyake; na ''deuterostome'', agho ghakusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Gulu licoko la Xenacoelomorpha lili na malo ghambura kusimikizgika mu Bilateria. Vinyama vikawoneka dankha mu mafosilo mu nyengo ya Ediacaran, ndipo magulu ghanandi gha vinyama gha mazuŵa ghano ghakawoneka nga ni vinyama vya mu mbwani pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, uko kukamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghacoko ghakawoneka pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 485.4 ivyo vyajumpha. Magulu 6,331 gha vyakuhara ivyo vinyama vyose vyamoyo vikugaŵana ghasangika, ndipo ghangaŵa kuti ghakafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale ico cikaŵako pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha. Kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama mu ivyo vili na ndopa na ivyo vilije ndopa. Carl Linnaeus wakapanga ndondomeko yakwamba ya kugaŵa vinyama mu 1758 mu buku lake la ''Systema Naturae'', ndipo Jean-Baptiste Lamarck wakayisazgira kufika magulu 14 pofika 1809. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu Metazoa ya tumaselo tunandi (sono ni zina linyake la Animalia) na Protozoa, vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza ivyo sono vikuwonekera kuŵa vinyama yayi. Mazuŵa ghano, kagaŵiro ka vinyama kakuthemba nthowa zapacanya, nga ni kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara, izo zikulongora makola ubale wa vinyama mu kusintha. Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinyama vinyake vinandi pa vyakulya (kusazgapo nyama, masumbi, na mkaka), pa vyakupangira vinthu (nga ni vikopa, ubweya), nga ni vyakusanguluska, na nga ni vinyama vya ntchito pa mayendero na pa ntchito zinyake. Nchebe, cinyama cakwamba kuŵetika, zagwiliskirika ntchito pa kusaka, pa civikiliro, na pa nkhondo, nga ni mahachi, njiwa, na viyuni vyakusaka; apo vinyama vinyake vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero, ucindami, panji candulo. Vinyama vinyake kupatula ŵanthu ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca midawuko ya ŵanthu, ndipo vawoneka mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga na mu vimanyikwiro vya mbumba kufuma kale comene, ndipo kanandi vikusangika mu majandulo, visopa, luso, malemba, vimanyikwiro vya mafumu, ndyali, na maseŵero. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''animal'' likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini ''animal'' la ng'anamulo lakuyana, ilo likufuma ku Cilatini ''animalis'', "cakuŵa na mpweya panji mzimu". Ng'anamulo la kasandiro ka vyamoyo likusazgapo vyose vya ufumu wa Animalia. Mu kayowoyero ka zuŵa na zuŵa, lizgu lakuti cinyama kanandi likung'anamula vinyama vyambura kuŵa ŵanthu pera. Lizgu lakuti ''metazoa'' likufuma ku Cigiriki ca kale μετα ''meta'' "pamanyuma" na ζῷᾰ ''zōia'' "vinyama". Lizgu la Citumbuka lakuti ''cinyama'' likukolerana na ''nyama''. == Vimanyikwiro == Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vinandi ivyo vikugaŵana na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinyama vili na tumaselo twa mtima, tumaselo tunandi, ndipo vikupuma okisijeni, nga ni vyakumera na wowa. Kupambana na vyakumera na vyakumera vicoko vya mu maji, ivyo vikupanga vyakulya vyawo, vinyama vingapanga vyakulya vyawo yayi, cimanyikwiro ico vikugaŵana na wowa. Vinyama vikumeza vyakupangika na vyamoyo na kuvigaya mukati. === Kazengero === Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vya kazengero ivyo vikuvipatula na vyamoyo vinyake vyose, nga ni tumaselo kuzingilizgika na vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo ivyo vikupangika na ''collagen'' na purotini zakutambalala, kwenda kwa thupi paŵekha mu cigaŵa cinyake ca umoyo, na nyengo ya mpira wa tumaselo apo vikukura mu nthumbo. Kanandi, pali cigaŵa ca mukati ca kugayira vyakulya ico cili na mlomo umoza (mu Ctenophora, Cnidaria, na mphutsi zinyake zapapata) panji milomo yiŵiri (mu vinandi vya Bilateria). === Kukura === Kukura mu Bilateria na Cnidaria kukulongozgeka na vyakuhara vya Hox, ivyo vikulongora nyengo na malo gha kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vigaŵa vya thupi na mawoko na malundi. Apo vikukura, vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo vya vinyama vikupanga cizengo cakupindika ico tumaselo tungendapo na kunozgeka so kuŵa vigaŵa na viŵaro vyapadera, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga kupangika kwa vigaŵa vyakusuzga na tumaselo kupambana. Vinthu ivi vingakhwima na kalisiyamu, kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vikoko, mafupa, na minga yicoko. Kweni tumaselo twa vyamoyo vinyake vya tumaselo tunandi (comene vyakumera vya mu maji, vyakumera, na wowa) tukukhazgika na vikopa vya kaselo, ntheura vikukura mwa kusazgikira pacoko pacoko. === Kuŵaba === Pafupifupi vinyama vyose vikugwiliskira ntchito kuŵaba mwa kugonana. Vikupanga tumaselo twa kuŵabira; tucoko twakwenda ni twa ŵanalume ndipo tukulu twambura kwenda ni masumbi. Ivi vikusazganika kupanga kaselo kamoza, ako kakukura mwa kugaŵika kuŵa mpira wa tumaselo wambura kanthu mukati. Mu vinyama vya mtundu wa ''sponge'', ŵana ŵakusambira kuya ku malo ghaphya, ŵakukakatira pasi pa mbwani, na kukura kuŵa ''sponge'' liphya. Mu magulu ghanyake ghanandi, mpira uwu ukunozgeka mwakusuzga comene. Pakwamba ukunjira mukati kupanga cigaŵa ca kugayira na vigaŵa viŵiri vya tumaselo, ca kuwaro na ca mukati. Kanandi, cigaŵa cacitatu cikukura pakati pawo. Vigaŵa ivi pamanyuma vikupambana kupanga vigaŵa vya thupi na viŵaro. Kutorana kanandi na ŵabali ŵapafupi kukupangiska kunangika kwa mbumba cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vimanyikwiro viheni vyakuharika. Vinyama vyapanga nthowa zinandi za kugega kutorana na ŵabali ŵapafupi. Vinyama vinyake vingaŵaba kwambura kugonana, ndipo ici kanandi cikupanga ŵana ŵakuyana ndendende na mupapi. Ici cingacitika mwa kuphwanyika; kumera kwa cigaŵa ciphya, nga ni mu Hydra na vinyake; panji kubaba kwambura kutorana, nga ni mu vibenene vinyake. == Malo gha Vyamoyo == Vinyama vikugaŵika mu magulu kuyana na umo vikuryera. Magulu agha ni vyakurya nyama (vyakugaŵika so nga ni vyakurya somba, vyakurya vibenene, vyakurya masumbi, na vinyake), vyakurya vyakumera (vyakurya mahamba, utheka, vipambi, mbuto, uchi wa maluŵa, na vinyake), vyakurya vyose, vyakurya wowa, vyakurya vyakufwa, na vyakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake. Ubale pakati pa vinyama vya malo ghaliwose ukupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Mu vinyama vyakurya nyama panji vyakurya vyose, kusaka ni ubale umo cinyama cimoza cikurya cinyake, ndipo cinyama ico cikusakika kanandi cikusintha kuti cileke kuryeka. Kukakizgana uku kukupangiska mphikizgano ya kusintha pakati pa cakusaka na cakusakika. Pafupifupi vyakusaka vyose vya tumaselo tunandi ni vinyama. Vinyama vinyake vikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zinandi; mwaciyelezgero, mu ŵasanganamu ŵanyake, ŵana ŵakurya mnofu wamoyo wa cinyama cinyake na kucikoma, kweni ŵakulu ŵakurya uchi wa maluŵa. Vinyama vinyake vili na nkhalo yapadera comene ya kurya, nga ni fulu za mbwani zinyake izo zikurya comene ''sponge''. Vinyama vinandi vikuthemba vyamoyo na nkhongono izo vyakumera na vyakumera vicoko vya mu maji (ivyo vikuchemeka ŵakupanga) vikupanga kwizira mu usanisinuru. Vyakurya vyakumera, nga ni ŵakurya ŵakwamba, vikurya vyakumera mwakulunjika, apo vyakurya nyama na vinyama vinyake vikusanga vyakulya mwambura kulunjika mwa kurya vyakurya vyakumera panji vinyama ivyo vyarya vyakurya vyakumera. Vinyama vikotcha shuga, mafuta, purotini, na vinyake mu kupuma kwa tumaselo, ndipo ici cikuvizomerezga kukura na kusunga umoyo na kwenda. Pa matani mabiliyoni 550 gha kaboni ya vyamoyo pa caro capasi, vinyama ni mabiliyoni 2. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala pasi pa mbwani pafupi na malo gha maji ghakotcha vikurya vyakupangika na mabakiteriya kwizira mu usungunu. Vinyama vikafuma mu mbwani; magulu ghose gha vinyama agho ghaliko, kupatula ghaŵiri, ghali na mitundu yinyake ya mu mbwani. Kweni magulu ghanyake gha vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo ghakamba kukhala pa mtunda pa nyengo yeneyiyo na vyakumera vya pa mtunda, pakati pa vyaka miliyoni 510 na 471 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana nga ni somba ya Tiktaalik vikamba kwenda pa mtunda pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 375 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vikukhala pafupifupi mu malo ghose gha caro capasi, mu maji gha mcere, malo gha maji ghakotcha, maji ghawemi, madambo, nkholongo, madimba gha utheka, mapopa, mu mphepo, na mukati mwa vyamoyo vinyake. Kweni vinyama vikuzizipizga comene kufunda yayi; vicoko comene ndivyo vingapona pa kufunda kwakujumpha 50 °C nyengo zose panji mu mapopa ghakuzizima comene gha Antarctica. Kukhwaska kwa vinyama pa kusintha kwa pacanya pa caro capasi kundasandike makola, ndipo kusanda kunandi kwalaŵiska mitundu yinyake pera. == Kupambanapambana == === Ukulu === Nyamumba wa buluu ndiyo cinyama cikulu comene ico cindaŵeko, ca kuzitika mpaka matani 190 na utali mpaka mamita 33.6. Cinyama cikulu comene ca pa mtunda ico cicalipo ni zgovu ya Afilika, ya kuzitika mpaka matani 12.25 na utali mpaka mamita 10.67. Vinyama vikulu comene vya pa mtunda ivyo vindaŵeko vikaŵa ma''dinosaur'' nga ni Argentinosaurus, iyo yingaŵa kuti yikazitika matani 73, na Supersaurus iyo yingaŵa kuti yikafika mamita 39. Vinyama vinyake ni vicoko comene mwakuti vingawoneka na maso yayi; vinyake vya Myxozoa vikukura kujumpha mikulomita 20 yayi, ndipo cimoza mwa vicoko comene (Myxobolus szekeli) nchambura kujumpha mikulomita 8.5 para cakura. === Unandi na Malo gha Magulu Ghakulu === Unandi wa mitundu iyo yalongosoreka ukuthemba iyo ŵasandi ŵalongosora; ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵapima manambala ghakulu comene mwa nthowa zakupambana, ndipo ghangapambana comene. Mwaciyelezgero, mitundu ya mphutsi za ''nematode'' pafupifupi 25,000–27,000 yalongosoreka, apo ŵasandi ŵapima kuti unandi wose ungaŵa 10,000–20,000; 500,000; miliyoni 10; panji miliyoni 100. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za kagaŵiro, unandi wose wa mitundu ya vinyama, kusazgapo iyo yindalongosoreke, ukapimika kuŵa pafupifupi miliyoni 7.77 mu 2011. == Kwambilira mu Kusintha == Mafosilo ghakwamba gha thupi la vinyama ghakuwoneka mu Ediacaran, nga ni Charnia na Spriggina. Kwa nyengo yitali ŵakakayikiranga usange mafosilo agha ni vinyama nadi, kweni kusangika kwa mafuta gha vinyama gha ''cholesterol'' mu mafosilo gha Dickinsonia kukulongora kuti ni vinyama. Vinyama vikughanaghanirika kuti vikamba mu malo gha okisijeni yicoko, ntheura vingaŵa kuti vikakhalanga kwambura okisijeni, kweni apo vikasintha kugwiliskira ntchito okisijeni, vikamba kuyithemba yose. Magulu ghanandi gha vinyama ghakuwoneka dankha mu mafosilo pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, kwamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, mu malibwe nga ni Burgess Shale. Magulu agho ghacalipo mu malibwe agha ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyake, pamoza na vinyama vinandi ivyo vyamalira nga ni Anomalocaris iyo yikasakanga. Kweni kuwoneka kwa luŵiro uku kungaŵa cifukwa ca umo mafosilo ghakusungikira, m'malo mwa kulongora kuti vinyama vyose ivi vikawoneka pa nyengo yimoza. Ghanoghano ili likukhozgeka na kusangika kwa Auroralumina attenboroughii, cinyama ca Cnidaria cakwamba cakumanyikwa ca Ediacaran (vyaka miliyoni 557–562 ivyo vyajumpha, pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 20 pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian) ku Charnwood Forest, mu Ungelezi. Cikughanaghanirika kuŵa cimoza mwa vinyama vyakwamba vyakusaka, cikukora vinyama vicoko na minga yake. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵa mafosilo ŵakuti vinyama vikawoneka kale comene pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, panyake vyaka biliyoni yimoza ivyo vyajumpha. Mafosilo ghakwamba agho ghangaŵa gha vinyama ghakuwoneka mwaciyelezgero mu malibwe gha vyaka miliyoni 665 mu South Australia, ndipo ghakughanaghanirika kuŵa ma''sponge'' ghakwamba. Vimanyikwiro nga ni mayendero na maboŵa ivyo vyasangika mu nyengo ya Tonian (kufuma vyaka biliyoni 1 ivyo vyajumpha) vingalongora kuŵapo kwa vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi, vya ukulu nga ni mphutsi za pasi. Kweni mayendero ghakuyana ghakupangika na cinthu cikulu ca kaselo kamoza, Gromia sphaerica, ntheura vimanyikwiro ivi vingalongora vinyama vyakwamba yayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mphasa za tuvinyama tucoko comene zikacepa, panyake cifukwa ca kuryeka na vinyama viphya. Vinthu vinyake vya usungunu ivyo kanandi vikulongora ma''sponge'' vikusangika kufuma pakumalira kwa Cryogenian, kweni vingapangika so na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinthu nga ni mathumbu ghakuzura dongo agho ghakuyana na maboŵa gha vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi ghasangika mu malibwe gha vyaka biliyoni 1.2 mu Amerika ya Kumpoto, biliyoni 1.5 mu Australia na Amerika ya Kumpoto, na biliyoni 1.7 mu Australia. Kuti ghakufuma ku vinyama nkhwambura kuzomerezgeka na wose. == Mbumba ya Vinyama == === Mbumba ya Kuwaro === Vinyama vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Vinyama ni ŵabali ŵapafupi ŵa ''choanoflagellate'', ndipo pamoza vikupanga Choanozoa. Ros-Rocher na ŵanyake (2021) ŵakulondezga kwambilira kwa vinyama ku vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza. Gulu la vinyama likaŵako pofika vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo lingaŵa kuti likamba vyaka miliyoni 800 ivyo vyajumpha, kuyana na ukaboni wa vyakuhara. === Mbumba ya Mukati === Ubale pa maziko gha mbumba ya vinyama waŵa mphindano. Kupatula Ctenophora, Bilateria na Cnidaria ndigho magulu pera agho ghali na kuyana kwa thupi, ndipo ukaboni unyake ukulongora kuti ngakukolerana comene. Pamoza na ma''sponge'', Placozoa yilije kuyana kwa thupi ndipo kanandi yikawonekanga nga ni "ulalo wakusoŵa" pakati pa vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza na vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi. Kuŵapo kwa vyakuhara vya Hox mu Placozoa kukulongora kuti kale vikaŵa vyakusuzga comene. Porifera (ma''sponge'') ghakaghanaghanirikanga kwa nyengo yitali kuŵa ŵabali ŵa vinyama vinyake vyose, kweni pali ukaboni wakuti Ctenophora yingaŵa pa malo agha. Kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara kwakhozga maghanoghano ghose ghaŵiri. Mu 2017, Roberto Feuda na ŵanyake ŵakalongora ghose ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵakakhozga ghanoghano lakuti ma''sponge'' ndigho ŵabali. Kweni kusanda kwa 2023 kwa Darrin Schultz na ŵanyake kukagwiliskira ntchito ubale wa kale wa vyakuhara kulongora kuti Ctenophora ndiyo mubali. === Porifera === Ma''sponge'' ngakupambana comene na vinyama vinyake, ndipo kwa nyengo yitali ghakaghanaghanirikanga kuti ghakapatukana dankha, kuŵa gulu la kale comene la vinyama. Nangauli ngakupambana mu mawonekero, ukaboni wa vyakuhara ukulongora kuti ma''sponge'' ngakukolerana comene na vinyama vinyake kuluska Ctenophora. Ma''sponge'' ghalije kanozgero kakusuzga ka magulu ghanyake; tumaselo twawo ntwakupambana, kweni kanandi tukupanga vigaŵa vyapadera yayi. Ma''sponge'' ghakwenda yayi para ghakura. Ghalije tumaselo twa misempha nadi. Ma''sponge'' ghalije ndondomeko ya kugaya, ya ndopa, ya kupuma, panji ya kufumiska vyakunyanyira. M'malo mwake, ghakuthemba kwenda kwa maji mu thupi lawo kuti ghacite ntchito izi. Ghanandi ghali na thupi lambura kanthu mukati kuti maji ghende makola. Kanandi ghakurya mwa kukwemya maji kwizira mu tuzenje, kusefa tuvyakulya tucoko. Ghakukora okisijeni wa mu maji, ndipo ghakufumiska kaboni dayokisayidi na vyakunyanyira mu maji. Ma''sponge'' ghangaŵaba mwa kugonana na kwambura kugonana. Kuŵaba kwambura kugonana kukucitika mu nthowa zinandi, kusazgapo kuphwanyika, apo cigaŵa ca ''sponge'' cikupatukana na kukura kunyake. Pa kuŵaba mwa kugonana, ma''sponge'' ghanandi ni wanalume na wanakazi pamoza, ndipo ghakupanga masumbi na tumaselo twa ŵanalume. === Ctenophora === Vinyama vya Ctenophora vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati, ndipo vili na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza, uwo ni mlomo na nyuma pamoza. Vili na vigaŵa vyakupambana, kweni vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera yayi. Vikwenda mwa kugwiliskira ntchito mizere ya tusisi. Pafupifupi vyose ni vyakusaka. Vili na vigaŵa vyapadera pa minkhono yawo ivyo vikuvovwira kukora vyakurya. Vili na tumaselo twa misempha, kweni vilije wongo; misempha yawo yanozgeka nga ni ukonde. Misempha yawo njakupambana comene na ya vinyama vinyake, ndipo ukaboni ukulongora kuti yikakura paŵekha. === Cnidaria === Nga ni Ctenophora, Cnidaria vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza. Vili so na vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vikupanga viŵaro yayi. Vinyama vya gulu la Anthozoa, nga ni ''sea anemone'' na korali, vikwenda yayi. Vinandi vya Medusozoa, kusazgapo ''jellyfish'', vili na nyengo ya kwambura kwenda na nyengo ya kwenda. Cnidaria vili na vigaŵa viŵiri pera vikulu vya tumaselo. === Placozoa === Placozoa vicoko comene vilije cigaŵa ca kugayira ca nyengo zose ndipo vilije kuyana kwa thupi; vikuyana na ''amoeba''. Mbumba yawo yikumanyikwa makola yayi, ndipo yicali kusandika. === Bilateria === Vinyama vyakusyala, vinandi comene, mu magulu pafupifupi 29 na mitundu yakujumpha miliyoni, vikupanga Bilateria, ivyo vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri. Bilateria vili na vigaŵa vitatu vya tumaselo, ndipo vigaŵa vyawo vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera. Cigaŵa ca kugayira cili na milomo yiŵiri, mlomo na nyuma, ndipo vinandi vili na malo ghambura kanthu mukati mwa thupi. Vinyama ivi vili na mutu (panthazi) na mcira (kumanyuma), msana na nthumbo, na mbali ya kumazere na ya kumalyero. Kuŵa na cigaŵa ca panthazi kukung'anamula kuti cigaŵa ici ndico cikukumana dankha na vinthu, nga ni vyakulya, ndipo ici cikovwira kukura kwa mutu wakuŵa na viŵaro vya kupulika na mlomo. Vinandi vya Bilateria vili na minofu ya kuzunguliya iyo yikufinya thupi, kulitalikiska, na minofu ya kutali iyo yikufupiska thupi; izi zikuzomerezga vinyama vya thupi lakupepuka kwenda mwa kufinyika. Vili so na matumbo agho ghakwenda mu thupi kufuma ku mlomo mpaka ku nyuma. Kweni mu nyengo ya kusintha, vinyama vinyake vyataya cimoza panji vinandi mwa vimanyikwiro ivi. Mwaciyelezgero, nyenyezi za mbwani zikuru zili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati (kupambana na ŵana ŵawo), apo mphutsi zinyake zakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake zili na thupi lipepuka comene. Kusanda vyakuhara kwasintha comene kupulikiska kwa ŵasandi ŵa vinyama pa ubale mu Bilateria. Vinandi vikuwoneka kuŵa mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu, ''protostome'' na ''deuterostome''. Kanandi kukuyowoyeka kuti Xenacoelomorpha ndilo gulu la pasi comene, kweni ghanoghano ili lasuskika. ==== Protostome na Deuterostome ==== ''Protostome'' na ''deuterostome'' vikupambana mu nthowa zinandi. Pakwamba pa kukura, tumaselo twa ''deuterostome'' tukugaŵika mu nthowa yinyake, apo twa ''protostome'' tunandi tukugaŵika mwakuzungunyika. Vinyama vya magulu ghose ghaŵiri vili na matumbo ghakukwana, kweni mu ''protostome'' mlomo wakwamba wa matumbo ukusanduka mlomo, ndipo nyuma yikupangika pamanyuma. Mu ''deuterostome'', nyuma yikupangika dankha ndipo mlomo pamanyuma. Magulu ghakulu gha ''deuterostome'' ni Ambulacraria na Chordata. Ambulacraria vikusangika mu mbwani pera ndipo vikusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani na vinyake. Chordata comene ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, ivyo ni somba, vyakukhala mu maji na pa mtunda, vyakukwaŵa, viyuni, na vinyama vyakonkheska. ''Protostome'' vikusazgapo Ecdysozoa, vyakuthyika zina la kuvula cikopa pa kukura. Magulu ghakulu ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo na mphutsi za ''nematode''. ''Protostome'' vinyake vili mu Spiralia, ivyo magulu ghakulu ni mphutsi za pasi na nkhono. == Mbiri ya Kagaŵiro == Mu nyengo ya kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama, kuyana na kulaŵiska kwake, mu ivyo vili na ndopa (pafupifupi vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana) na ivyo vilije. Vinyama vikanozgeka pa makwelero kufuma ku munthu (na ndopa, malundi ghaŵiri, mzimu wa vinjeru) pasi kwizira mu vinyama vya malundi ghanayi vyakubaba (na ndopa, malundi ghanayi, mzimu wakupulika) na magulu ghanyake nga ni nkhala (kwambura ndopa, malundi ghanandi, mzimu wakupulika) mpaka ku ma''sponge'' (kwambura ndopa, kwambura malundi, mzimu wa vyakumera). Aristotle wakaŵa wakukayikira usange ma''sponge'' ni vinyama panji vyakumera: wakamanyanga kuti ghangapulika kukhwaskika na kufinyika, kweni ghakaŵa na misisi nga ni vyakumera ndipo ghakwendanga yayi. Mu 1758, Carl Linnaeus wakapanga kagaŵiro kakwamba ka makwelero mu ''Systema Naturae''. Mu ndondomeko yake, vinyama vikaŵa ufumu umoza mwa vitatu, ndipo vikagaŵika mu Vermes (mphutsi), Insecta (vibenene), Pisces (somba), Amphibia, Aves (viyuni), na Mammalia (vinyama vyakonkheska). Kufuma apo, vinayi vyaumaliro vyasazgika mu gulu limoza, Chordata, apo Insecta na Vermes vyasintha mazina panji kugaŵika. Ici cikamba mu 1793 na Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, uyo wakati Vermes ni "cisokonezgo" ndipo wakagaŵa gulu ili mu magulu ghatatu ghaphya. Pofika 1809, Lamarck wakaŵa wapanga magulu 9 kupatula vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana na nkhono. Mu 1817, Georges Cuvier wakayaniska kapangikiro ka thupi kuti wagaŵe vinyama mu minthavi yinayi: vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, nkhono, vinyama vyakuŵa na mafundo (vibenene na mphutsi za pasi), na vinyama vya thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati. Kagaŵiro aka ka vinayi kakalondezgeka na Karl Ernst von Baer mu 1828, Louis Agassiz mu 1857, na Richard Owen mu 1860. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu maufumu ghacoko ghaŵiri: Metazoa (vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi, na magulu ghankhondi) na Protozoa (vinyama vya kaselo kamoza), pamoza na gulu la cinkhondi na cimoza, ma''sponge''. Protozoa pamanyuma vikasamira ku ufumu wa Protista, ndipo Metazoa yekha yikasyala nga ni zina linyake la Animalia. == Mu Midawuko ya Ŵanthu == === Kagwiliskiro ka Ntchito === Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mitundu yinandi ya vinyama pa vyakulya, vyose viŵeto vyakuŵetika na, comene mu mbwani, vinyama vya mu thengere ivyo vikusakika. Somba za mbwani za mitundu yinandi zikuloŵeka pa malonda. Mitundu yicoko yikuŵetika pa malonda. Ŵanthu na viŵeto vyawo ni magaŵa ghakujumpha 90 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa vinyama vyose vya pa mtunda vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Vinyama vyambura fupa la msana, kusazgapo ''squid'', nkhala, vibenene (comene njuci na mbozi za silika), na nkhono, vikusakika panji kuŵetika pa vyakulya na ulusi. Nkhuku, ng'ombe, mbelele, nkhumba, na vinyama vinyake vikuŵetika nga ni viŵeto vya nyama pa caro cose. Ulusi wa vinyama nga ni ubweya na silika ukugwiliskirika ntchito kupanga nsalu, apo misempha ya vinyama yagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni vyakukakira, ndipo vikopa vikugwiliskirika ntchito comene kupanga skapato na vinthu vinyake. Vinyama vyasakika na kuŵetika cifukwa ca sisi lawo kupanga vinthu nga ni malaya na vipewa. Mitundu ya vyakupaka yapangika kufuma ku vibenene. Vinyama vya ntchito nga ni ng'ombe na mahachi vyagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito na mayendero kufuma pa kwamba kwa ulimi. Vinyama nga ni nchenche ya vipambi Drosophila melanogaster vikugwira ntchito yikulu mu kasandiro nga ni viyelezgero vya kuyezgera. Vinyama vyagwiliskirika ntchito kupanga katemera kufuma apo katemera wakasangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Mankhwala ghanyake, nga ni gha kansa gha trabectedin, ghakufuma ku poizoni panji vinthu vinyake vya vinyama. Ŵanthu ŵagwiliskira ntchito nchebe za kusaka kovwira kuthamangiska na kutola vinyama, na viyuni vyakusaka kukora viyuni na vinyama, apo viyuni vya mbwani vyakukakika vyagwiliskirika ntchito kukora somba. Masele gha poizoni ghagwiliskirika ntchito kupaka poizoni ku misongo ya mivwi. Vinyama vinandi vikusungika nga ni vyakusanguluska, kufuma ku vinyama vyambura fupa la msana nga ni ŵalutatavi ŵakulu na ''octopus'', vyakukwaŵa nga ni njoka na ŵalwivi, na viyuni nga ni ma''canary'' na ŵakholwe. Kweni vyakusanguluska vinandi comene ni vinyama vyakonkheska, ndiko kuti nchebe, vyona, na akalulu. Pali kususkana pakati pa ntchito ya vinyama nga ni ŵabwezi ŵa ŵanthu na kuŵapo kwawo nga ni vyamoyo ivyo vili na wanangwa wawo. Vinyama vinandi vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero. === Kagwiliskiro ka Vimanyikwiro === Vimanyikwiro vya ndondomeko za nyenyezi za Kumanjiliro na za Ŵacayina vikuthemba vinyama. Mu China na Japani, khulukuska wakawonekanga nga ni mzimu wa munthu, ndipo mu vithuzi vya kale khulukuska ni cimanyikwiro ca mzimu. Vinyama vyaŵa nkhani ya luso kufuma kale comene, mu mbiri, nga mu Eguputo wa kale, na pambere pa mbiri, nga mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga gha Lascaux. Vithuzi vikulu vya vinyama ni ''The Rhinoceros'' ya Albrecht Dürer ya 1515, na cithuzi ca hachi ''Whistlejacket'' ca George Stubbs ca pafupifupi 1762. Vibenene, viyuni na vinyama vyakonkheska vikugwira ntchito mu malemba na mu mafilimu. Vinyama, kusazgapo vibenene na vinyama vyakonkheska, vikusangika mu majandulo na visopa. Cibenene ca ''scarab'' cikaŵa cakupatulika mu Eguputo wa kale, ndipo ng'ombe njakupatulika mu Cihindu. Mwa vinyama vinyake vyakonkheska, nswala, mahachi, nkhalamu, mileme, ŵankhalamila, na mimbulu ni nkhani za majandulo na kusopa. [[Category:Vinyama]] 50ncubguk5gyci7099psaaos0f0p35y 123731 123724 2026-11-04T13:24:57Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vinyama''' ni vyamoyo vya tumaselo tunandi, vya tumaselo twa mtima, mu ufumu wa vyamoyo wakuchemeka ''Animalia''. Vinyama vikurya vyakupangika na vyamoyo, vikupuma [[Woskejeni|okisijeni]], vili na tumaselo twa minofu, vingaŵana mwa kukumana kwa wanalume na wanakazi, ndipo apo vikukura mu nthumbo vikufuma ku mpira wa tumaselo uwo uli na malo ghambura kanthu mukati. Kupatula vicoko, vinyama vingenda. Vinyama vikupanga gulu limoza, ilo likung'anamula kuti vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Mitundu ya vinyama yakujumpha miliyoni 1.5 iyo yicalipo yalongosoreka, ndipo pafupifupi miliyoni 1.05 ni vibenene, yakujumpha 85,000 ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, ndipo pafupifupi 65,000 ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Kukughanaghanirika kuti pangaŵa mitundu ya vinyama yakufika miliyoni 7.77 pa caro capasi. Utali wa vinyama ukufuma pa mikulomita 8.5 mpaka mamita 33.6. Vili na ubale wakusuzga na vinyake na malo ghawo, ndipo vikupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Kusanda vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka vinyama, ndipo kusanda nkhalo ya vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka nkhalo ya vinyama. Ufumu wa vinyama ukugaŵika mu magulu ghakulu ghankhondi: Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cnidaria na Bilateria. Mitundu yinandi ya vinyama yili mu gulu la Bilateria, gulu likulu comene ilo vinyama vyake vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri na mutu wakuwoneka, ndipo vinandi comene vya Bilateria vili mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu: ''protostome'', agho ghakusazgapo vinyama nga ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nkhono, mphutsi za pasi, na zinyake; na ''deuterostome'', agho ghakusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Gulu licoko la Xenacoelomorpha lili na malo ghambura kusimikizgika mu Bilateria. Vinyama vikawoneka dankha mu mafosilo mu nyengo ya Ediacaran, ndipo magulu ghanandi gha vinyama gha mazuŵa ghano ghakawoneka nga ni vinyama vya mu mbwani pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, uko kukamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghacoko ghakawoneka pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 485.4 ivyo vyajumpha. Magulu 6,331 gha vyakuhara ivyo vinyama vyose vyamoyo vikugaŵana ghasangika, ndipo ghangaŵa kuti ghakafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale ico cikaŵako pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha. Kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama mu ivyo vili na ndopa na ivyo vilije ndopa. Carl Linnaeus wakapanga ndondomeko yakwamba ya kugaŵa vinyama mu 1758 mu buku lake la ''Systema Naturae'', ndipo Jean-Baptiste Lamarck wakayisazgira kufika magulu 14 pofika 1809. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu Metazoa ya tumaselo tunandi (sono ni zina linyake la Animalia) na Protozoa, vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza ivyo sono vikuwonekera kuŵa vinyama yayi. Mazuŵa ghano, kagaŵiro ka vinyama kakuthemba nthowa zapacanya, nga ni kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara, izo zikulongora makola ubale wa vinyama mu kusintha. Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinyama vinyake vinandi pa vyakulya (kusazgapo nyama, masumbi, na mkaka), pa vyakupangira vinthu (nga ni vipapa, ubweya), nga ni vyakusanguluska, na nga ni vinyama vya ntchito pa mayendero na pa ntchito zinyake. Nchebe, cinyama cakwamba kuŵetika, zagwiliskirika ntchito pa kusaka, pa civikiliro, na pa nkhondo, nga ni mahachi, njiwa, na viyuni vyakusaka; apo vinyama vinyake vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero, ucindami, panji candulo. Vinyama vinyake kupatula ŵanthu ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca midawuko ya ŵanthu, ndipo vawoneka mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga na mu vimanyikwiro vya mbumba kufuma kale comene, ndipo kanandi vikusangika mu majandulo, visopa, luso, malemba, vimanyikwiro vya mafumu, ndyali, na maseŵero. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''animal'' likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini ''animal'' la ng'anamulo lakuyana, ilo likufuma ku Cilatini ''animalis'', "cakuŵa na mpweya panji mzimu". Ng'anamulo la kasandiro ka vyamoyo likusazgapo vyose vya ufumu wa Animalia. Mu kayowoyero ka zuŵa na zuŵa, lizgu lakuti cinyama kanandi likung'anamula vinyama vyambura kuŵa ŵanthu pera. Lizgu lakuti ''metazoa'' likufuma ku Cigiriki ca kale μετα ''meta'' "pamanyuma" na ζῷᾰ ''zōia'' "vinyama". Lizgu la Citumbuka lakuti ''cinyama'' likukolerana na ''nyama''. == Vimanyikwiro == Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vinandi ivyo vikugaŵana na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinyama vili na tumaselo twa mtima, tumaselo tunandi, ndipo vikupuma okisijeni, nga ni vyakumera na wowa. Kupambana na vyakumera na vyakumera vicoko vya mu maji, ivyo vikupanga vyakulya vyawo, vinyama vingapanga vyakulya vyawo yayi, cimanyikwiro ico vikugaŵana na wowa. Vinyama vikumeza vyakupangika na vyamoyo na kuvigaya mukati. === Kazengero === Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vya kazengero ivyo vikuvipatula na vyamoyo vinyake vyose, nga ni tumaselo kuzingilizgika na vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo ivyo vikupangika na ''collagen'' na purotini zakutambalala, kwenda kwa thupi paŵekha mu cigaŵa cinyake ca umoyo, na nyengo ya mpira wa tumaselo apo vikukura mu nthumbo. Kanandi, pali cigaŵa ca mukati ca kugayira vyakulya ico cili na mlomo umoza (mu Ctenophora, Cnidaria, na mphutsi zinyake zapapata) panji milomo yiŵiri (mu vinandi vya Bilateria). === Kukura === Kukura mu Bilateria na Cnidaria kukulongozgeka na vyakuhara vya Hox, ivyo vikulongora nyengo na malo gha kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vigaŵa vya thupi na mawoko na malundi. Apo vikukura, vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo vya vinyama vikupanga cizengo cakupindika ico tumaselo tungendapo na kunozgeka so kuŵa vigaŵa na viŵaro vyapadera, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga kupangika kwa vigaŵa vyakusuzga na tumaselo kupambana. Vinthu ivi vingakhwima na kalisiyamu, kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vikoko, viwanga, na minga yicoko. Kweni tumaselo twa vyamoyo vinyake vya tumaselo tunandi (comene vyakumera vya mu maji, vyakumera, na wowa) tukukhazgika na vikopa vya kaselo, ntheura vikukura mwa kusazgikira pacoko pacoko. === Kuŵaba === Pafupifupi vinyama vyose vikugwiliskira ntchito kuŵaba mwa kugonana. Vikupanga tumaselo twa kuŵabira; tucoko twakwenda ni twa ŵanalume ndipo tukulu twambura kwenda ni masumbi. Ivi vikusazganika kupanga kaselo kamoza, ako kakukura mwa kugaŵika kuŵa mpira wa tumaselo wambura kanthu mukati. Mu vinyama vya mtundu wa ''sponge'', ŵana ŵakusambira kuya ku malo ghaphya, ŵakukakatira pasi pa mbwani, na kukura kuŵa ''sponge'' liphya. Mu magulu ghanyake ghanandi, mpira uwu ukunozgeka mwakusuzga comene. Pakwamba ukunjira mukati kupanga cigaŵa ca kugayira na vigaŵa viŵiri vya tumaselo, ca kuwaro na ca mukati. Kanandi, cigaŵa cacitatu cikukura pakati pawo. Vigaŵa ivi pamanyuma vikupambana kupanga vigaŵa vya thupi na viŵaro. Kutorana kanandi na ŵabali ŵapafupi kukupangiska kunangika kwa mbumba cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vimanyikwiro viheni vyakuharika. Vinyama vyapanga nthowa zinandi za kugega kutorana na ŵabali ŵapafupi. Vinyama vinyake vingaŵaba kwambura kugonana, ndipo ici kanandi cikupanga ŵana ŵakuyana ndendende na mupapi. Ici cingacitika mwa kuphwanyika; kumera kwa cigaŵa ciphya, nga ni mu Hydra na vinyake; panji kubaba kwambura kutorana, nga ni mu vibenene vinyake. == Malo gha Vyamoyo == Vinyama vikugaŵika mu magulu kuyana na umo vikuryera. Magulu agha ni vyakurya nyama (vyakugaŵika so nga ni vyakurya somba, vyakurya vibenene, vyakurya masumbi, na vinyake), vyakurya vyakumera (vyakurya mahamba, utheka, vipambi, mbuto, uchi wa maluŵa, na vinyake), vyakurya vyose, vyakurya wowa, vyakurya vyakufwa, na vyakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake. Ubale pakati pa vinyama vya malo ghaliwose ukupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Mu vinyama vyakurya nyama panji vyakurya vyose, kusaka ni ubale umo cinyama cimoza cikurya cinyake, ndipo cinyama ico cikusakika kanandi cikusintha kuti cileke kuryeka. Kukakizgana uku kukupangiska mphikizgano ya kusintha pakati pa cakusaka na cakusakika. Pafupifupi vyakusaka vyose vya tumaselo tunandi ni vinyama. Vinyama vinyake vikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zinandi; mwaciyelezgero, mu ŵasanganamu ŵanyake, ŵana ŵakurya mnofu wamoyo wa cinyama cinyake na kucikoma, kweni ŵakulu ŵakurya uchi wa maluŵa. Vinyama vinyake vili na nkhalo yapadera comene ya kurya, nga ni fulu za mbwani zinyake izo zikurya comene ''sponge''. Vinyama vinandi vikuthemba vyamoyo na nkhongono izo vyakumera na vyakumera vicoko vya mu maji (ivyo vikuchemeka ŵakupanga) vikupanga kwizira mu usanisinuru. Vyakurya vyakumera, nga ni ŵakurya ŵakwamba, vikurya vyakumera mwakulunjika, apo vyakurya nyama na vinyama vinyake vikusanga vyakulya mwambura kulunjika mwa kurya vyakurya vyakumera panji vinyama ivyo vyarya vyakurya vyakumera. Vinyama vikotcha shuga, mafuta, purotini, na vinyake mu kupuma kwa tumaselo, ndipo ici cikuvizomerezga kukura na kusunga umoyo na kwenda. Pa matani mabiliyoni 550 gha kaboni ya vyamoyo pa caro capasi, vinyama ni mabiliyoni 2. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala pasi pa mbwani pafupi na malo gha maji ghakotcha vikurya vyakupangika na mabakiteriya kwizira mu usungunu. Vinyama vikafuma mu mbwani; magulu ghose gha vinyama agho ghaliko, kupatula ghaŵiri, ghali na mitundu yinyake ya mu mbwani. Kweni magulu ghanyake gha vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo ghakamba kukhala pa mtunda pa nyengo yeneyiyo na vyakumera vya pa mtunda, pakati pa vyaka miliyoni 510 na 471 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana nga ni somba ya Tiktaalik vikamba kwenda pa mtunda pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 375 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vikukhala pafupifupi mu malo ghose gha caro capasi, mu maji gha mcere, malo gha maji ghakotcha, maji ghawemi, madambo, nkholongo, madimba gha utheka, mapopa, mu mphepo, na mukati mwa vyamoyo vinyake. Kweni vinyama vikuzizipizga comene kufunda yayi; vicoko comene ndivyo vingapona pa kufunda kwakujumpha 50 °C nyengo zose panji mu mapopa ghakuzizima comene gha Antarctica. Kukhwaska kwa vinyama pa kusintha kwa pacanya pa caro capasi kundasandike makola, ndipo kusanda kunandi kwalaŵiska mitundu yinyake pera. == Kupambanapambana == === Ukulu === Nyamumba wa buluu ndiyo cinyama cikulu comene ico cindaŵeko, ca kuzitika mpaka matani 190 na utali mpaka mamita 33.6. Cinyama cikulu comene ca pa mtunda ico cicalipo ni zgovu ya Afilika, ya kuzitika mpaka matani 12.25 na utali mpaka mamita 10.67. Vinyama vikulu comene vya pa mtunda ivyo vindaŵeko vikaŵa ma''dinosaur'' nga ni Argentinosaurus, iyo yingaŵa kuti yikazitika matani 73, na Supersaurus iyo yingaŵa kuti yikafika mamita 39. Vinyama vinyake ni vicoko comene mwakuti vingawoneka na maso yayi; vinyake vya Myxozoa vikukura kujumpha mikulomita 20 yayi, ndipo cimoza mwa vicoko comene (Myxobolus szekeli) nchambura kujumpha mikulomita 8.5 para cakura. === Unandi na Malo gha Magulu Ghakulu === Unandi wa mitundu iyo yalongosoreka ukuthemba iyo ŵasandi ŵalongosora; ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵapima manambala ghakulu comene mwa nthowa zakupambana, ndipo ghangapambana comene. Mwaciyelezgero, mitundu ya mphutsi za ''nematode'' pafupifupi 25,000–27,000 yalongosoreka, apo ŵasandi ŵapima kuti unandi wose ungaŵa 10,000–20,000; 500,000; miliyoni 10; panji miliyoni 100. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za kagaŵiro, unandi wose wa mitundu ya vinyama, kusazgapo iyo yindalongosoreke, ukapimika kuŵa pafupifupi miliyoni 7.77 mu 2011. == Kwambilira mu Kusintha == Mafosilo ghakwamba gha thupi la vinyama ghakuwoneka mu Ediacaran, nga ni Charnia na Spriggina. Kwa nyengo yitali ŵakakayikiranga usange mafosilo agha ni vinyama nadi, kweni kusangika kwa mafuta gha vinyama gha ''cholesterol'' mu mafosilo gha Dickinsonia kukulongora kuti ni vinyama. Vinyama vikughanaghanirika kuti vikamba mu malo gha okisijeni yicoko, ntheura vingaŵa kuti vikakhalanga kwambura okisijeni, kweni apo vikasintha kugwiliskira ntchito okisijeni, vikamba kuyithemba yose. Magulu ghanandi gha vinyama ghakuwoneka dankha mu mafosilo pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, kwamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, mu malibwe nga ni Burgess Shale. Magulu agho ghacalipo mu malibwe agha ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyake, pamoza na vinyama vinandi ivyo vyamalira nga ni Anomalocaris iyo yikasakanga. Kweni kuwoneka kwa luŵiro uku kungaŵa cifukwa ca umo mafosilo ghakusungikira, m'malo mwa kulongora kuti vinyama vyose ivi vikawoneka pa nyengo yimoza. Ghanoghano ili likukhozgeka na kusangika kwa Auroralumina attenboroughii, cinyama ca Cnidaria cakwamba cakumanyikwa ca Ediacaran (vyaka miliyoni 557–562 ivyo vyajumpha, pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 20 pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian) ku Charnwood Forest, mu Ungelezi. Cikughanaghanirika kuŵa cimoza mwa vinyama vyakwamba vyakusaka, cikukora vinyama vicoko na minga yake. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵa mafosilo ŵakuti vinyama vikawoneka kale comene pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, panyake vyaka biliyoni yimoza ivyo vyajumpha. Mafosilo ghakwamba agho ghangaŵa gha vinyama ghakuwoneka mwaciyelezgero mu malibwe gha vyaka miliyoni 665 mu South Australia, ndipo ghakughanaghanirika kuŵa ma''sponge'' ghakwamba. Vimanyikwiro nga ni mayendero na maboŵa ivyo vyasangika mu nyengo ya Tonian (kufuma vyaka biliyoni 1 ivyo vyajumpha) vingalongora kuŵapo kwa vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi, vya ukulu nga ni mphutsi za pasi. Kweni mayendero ghakuyana ghakupangika na cinthu cikulu ca kaselo kamoza, Gromia sphaerica, ntheura vimanyikwiro ivi vingalongora vinyama vyakwamba yayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mphasa za tuvinyama tucoko comene zikacepa, panyake cifukwa ca kuryeka na vinyama viphya. Vinthu vinyake vya usungunu ivyo kanandi vikulongora ma''sponge'' vikusangika kufuma pakumalira kwa Cryogenian, kweni vingapangika so na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinthu nga ni mathumbu ghakuzura dongo agho ghakuyana na maboŵa gha vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi ghasangika mu malibwe gha vyaka biliyoni 1.2 mu Amerika ya Kumpoto, biliyoni 1.5 mu Australia na Amerika ya Kumpoto, na biliyoni 1.7 mu Australia. Kuti ghakufuma ku vinyama nkhwambura kuzomerezgeka na wose. == Mbumba ya Vinyama == === Mbumba ya Kuwaro === Vinyama vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Vinyama ni ŵabali ŵapafupi ŵa ''choanoflagellate'', ndipo pamoza vikupanga Choanozoa. Ros-Rocher na ŵanyake (2021) ŵakulondezga kwambilira kwa vinyama ku vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza. Gulu la vinyama likaŵako pofika vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo lingaŵa kuti likamba vyaka miliyoni 800 ivyo vyajumpha, kuyana na ukaboni wa vyakuhara. === Mbumba ya Mukati === Ubale pa maziko gha mbumba ya vinyama waŵa mphindano. Kupatula Ctenophora, Bilateria na Cnidaria ndigho magulu pera agho ghali na kuyana kwa thupi, ndipo ukaboni unyake ukulongora kuti ngakukolerana comene. Pamoza na ma''sponge'', Placozoa yilije kuyana kwa thupi ndipo kanandi yikawonekanga nga ni "ulalo wakusoŵa" pakati pa vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza na vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi. Kuŵapo kwa vyakuhara vya Hox mu Placozoa kukulongora kuti kale vikaŵa vyakusuzga comene. Porifera (ma''sponge'') ghakaghanaghanirikanga kwa nyengo yitali kuŵa ŵabali ŵa vinyama vinyake vyose, kweni pali ukaboni wakuti Ctenophora yingaŵa pa malo agha. Kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara kwakhozga maghanoghano ghose ghaŵiri. Mu 2017, Roberto Feuda na ŵanyake ŵakalongora ghose ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵakakhozga ghanoghano lakuti ma''sponge'' ndigho ŵabali. Kweni kusanda kwa 2023 kwa Darrin Schultz na ŵanyake kukagwiliskira ntchito ubale wa kale wa vyakuhara kulongora kuti Ctenophora ndiyo mubali. === Porifera === Ma''sponge'' ngakupambana comene na vinyama vinyake, ndipo kwa nyengo yitali ghakaghanaghanirikanga kuti ghakapatukana dankha, kuŵa gulu la kale comene la vinyama. Nangauli ngakupambana mu mawonekero, ukaboni wa vyakuhara ukulongora kuti ma''sponge'' ngakukolerana comene na vinyama vinyake kuluska Ctenophora. Ma''sponge'' ghalije kanozgero kakusuzga ka magulu ghanyake; tumaselo twawo ntwakupambana, kweni kanandi tukupanga vigaŵa vyapadera yayi. Ma''sponge'' ghakwenda yayi para ghakura. Ghalije tumaselo twa misempha nadi. Ma''sponge'' ghalije ndondomeko ya kugaya, ya ndopa, ya kupuma, panji ya kufumiska vyakunyanyira. M'malo mwake, ghakuthemba kwenda kwa maji mu thupi lawo kuti ghacite ntchito izi. Ghanandi ghali na thupi lambura kanthu mukati kuti maji ghende makola. Kanandi ghakurya mwa kukwemya maji kwizira mu tuzenje, kusefa tuvyakulya tucoko. Ghakukora okisijeni wa mu maji, ndipo ghakufumiska kaboni dayokisayidi na vyakunyanyira mu maji. Ma''sponge'' ghangaŵaba mwa kugonana na kwambura kugonana. Kuŵaba kwambura kugonana kukucitika mu nthowa zinandi, kusazgapo kuphwanyika, apo cigaŵa ca ''sponge'' cikupatukana na kukura kunyake. Pa kuŵaba mwa kugonana, ma''sponge'' ghanandi ni wanalume na wanakazi pamoza, ndipo ghakupanga masumbi na tumaselo twa ŵanalume. === Ctenophora === Vinyama vya Ctenophora vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati, ndipo vili na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza, uwo ni mlomo na msundu pamoza. Vili na vigaŵa vyakupambana, kweni vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera yayi. Vikwenda mwa kugwiliskira ntchito mizere ya tusisi. Pafupifupi vyose ni vyakusaka. Vili na vigaŵa vyapadera pa minkhono yawo ivyo vikuvovwira kukora vyakurya. Vili na tumaselo twa misempha, kweni vilije wongo; misempha yawo yanozgeka nga ni ukonde. Misempha yawo njakupambana comene na ya vinyama vinyake, ndipo ukaboni ukulongora kuti yikakura paŵekha. === Cnidaria === Nga ni Ctenophora, Cnidaria vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza. Vili so na vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vikupanga viŵaro yayi. Vinyama vya gulu la Anthozoa, nga ni ''sea anemone'' na korali, vikwenda yayi. Vinandi vya Medusozoa, kusazgapo ''jellyfish'', vili na nyengo ya kwambura kwenda na nyengo ya kwenda. Cnidaria vili na vigaŵa viŵiri pera vikulu vya tumaselo. === Placozoa === Placozoa vicoko comene vilije cigaŵa ca kugayira ca nyengo zose ndipo vilije kuyana kwa thupi; vikuyana na ''amoeba''. Mbumba yawo yikumanyikwa makola yayi, ndipo yicali kusandika. === Bilateria === Vinyama vyakusyala, vinandi comene, mu magulu pafupifupi 29 na mitundu yakujumpha miliyoni, vikupanga Bilateria, ivyo vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri. Bilateria vili na vigaŵa vitatu vya tumaselo, ndipo vigaŵa vyawo vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera. Cigaŵa ca kugayira cili na milomo yiŵiri, mlomo na msundu, ndipo vinandi vili na malo ghambura kanthu mukati mwa thupi. Vinyama ivi vili na mutu (panthazi) na mcira (kumanyuma), msana na nthumbo, na mbali ya kumazere na ya kumalyero. Kuŵa na cigaŵa ca panthazi kukung'anamula kuti cigaŵa ici ndico cikukumana dankha na vinthu, nga ni vyakulya, ndipo ici cikovwira kukura kwa mutu wakuŵa na viŵaro vya kupulika na mlomo. Vinandi vya Bilateria vili na minofu ya kuzunguliya iyo yikufinya thupi, kulitalikiska, na minofu ya kutali iyo yikufupiska thupi; izi zikuzomerezga vinyama vya thupi lakupepuka kwenda mwa kufinyika. Vili so na matumbo agho ghakwenda mu thupi kufuma ku mlomo mpaka ku msundu. Kweni mu nyengo ya kusintha, vinyama vinyake vyataya cimoza panji vinandi mwa vimanyikwiro ivi. Mwaciyelezgero, nyenyezi za mbwani zikuru zili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati (kupambana na ŵana ŵawo), apo mphutsi zinyake zakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake zili na thupi lipepuka comene. Kusanda vyakuhara kwasintha comene kupulikiska kwa ŵasandi ŵa vinyama pa ubale mu Bilateria. Vinandi vikuwoneka kuŵa mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu, ''protostome'' na ''deuterostome''. Kanandi kukuyowoyeka kuti Xenacoelomorpha ndilo gulu la pasi comene, kweni ghanoghano ili lasuskika. ==== Protostome na Deuterostome ==== ''Protostome'' na ''deuterostome'' vikupambana mu nthowa zinandi. Pakwamba pa kukura, tumaselo twa ''deuterostome'' tukugaŵika mu nthowa yinyake, apo twa ''protostome'' tunandi tukugaŵika mwakuzungunyika. Vinyama vya magulu ghose ghaŵiri vili na matumbo ghakukwana, kweni mu ''protostome'' mlomo wakwamba wa matumbo ukusanduka mlomo, ndipo msundu ukupangika pamanyuma. Mu ''deuterostome'', msundu ukupangika dankha ndipo mlomo pamanyuma. Magulu ghakulu gha ''deuterostome'' ni Ambulacraria na Chordata. Ambulacraria vikusangika mu mbwani pera ndipo vikusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani na vinyake. Chordata comene ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, ivyo ni somba, vyakukhala mu maji na pa mtunda, vyakukwaŵa, viyuni, na vinyama vyakonkheska. ''Protostome'' vikusazgapo Ecdysozoa, vyakuthyika zina la kuvula cikopa pa kukura. Magulu ghakulu ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo na mphutsi za ''nematode''. ''Protostome'' vinyake vili mu Spiralia, ivyo magulu ghakulu ni mphutsi za pasi na nkhono. == Mbiri ya Kagaŵiro == Mu nyengo ya kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama, kuyana na kulaŵiska kwake, mu ivyo vili na ndopa (pafupifupi vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana) na ivyo vilije. Vinyama vikanozgeka pa makwelero kufuma ku munthu (na ndopa, malundi ghaŵiri, mzimu wa vinjeru) pasi kwizira mu vinyama vya malundi ghanayi vyakubaba (na ndopa, malundi ghanayi, mzimu wakupulika) na magulu ghanyake nga ni nkhala (kwambura ndopa, malundi ghanandi, mzimu wakupulika) mpaka ku ma''sponge'' (kwambura ndopa, kwambura malundi, mzimu wa vyakumera). Aristotle wakaŵa wakukayikira usange ma''sponge'' ni vinyama panji vyakumera: wakamanyanga kuti ghangapulika kukhwaskika na kufinyika, kweni ghakaŵa na misisi nga ni vyakumera ndipo ghakwendanga yayi. Mu 1758, Carl Linnaeus wakapanga kagaŵiro kakwamba ka makwelero mu ''Systema Naturae''. Mu ndondomeko yake, vinyama vikaŵa ufumu umoza mwa vitatu, ndipo vikagaŵika mu Vermes (mphutsi), Insecta (vibenene), Pisces (somba), Amphibia, Aves (viyuni), na Mammalia (vinyama vyakonkheska). Kufuma apo, vinayi vyaumaliro vyasazgika mu gulu limoza, Chordata, apo Insecta na Vermes vyasintha mazina panji kugaŵika. Ici cikamba mu 1793 na Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, uyo wakati Vermes ni "cisokonezgo" ndipo wakagaŵa gulu ili mu magulu ghatatu ghaphya. Pofika 1809, Lamarck wakaŵa wapanga magulu 9 kupatula vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana na nkhono. Mu 1817, Georges Cuvier wakayaniska kapangikiro ka thupi kuti wagaŵe vinyama mu minthavi yinayi: vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, nkhono, vinyama vyakuŵa na mafundo (vibenene na mphutsi za pasi), na vinyama vya thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati. Kagaŵiro aka ka vinayi kakalondezgeka na Karl Ernst von Baer mu 1828, Louis Agassiz mu 1857, na Richard Owen mu 1860. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu maufumu ghacoko ghaŵiri: Metazoa (vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi, na magulu ghankhondi) na Protozoa (vinyama vya kaselo kamoza), pamoza na gulu la cinkhondi na cimoza, ma''sponge''. Protozoa pamanyuma vikasamira ku ufumu wa Protista, ndipo Metazoa yekha yikasyala nga ni zina linyake la Animalia. == Mu Midawuko ya Ŵanthu == === Kagwiliskiro ka Ntchito === Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mitundu yinandi ya vinyama pa vyakulya, vyose viŵeto vyakuŵetika na, comene mu mbwani, vinyama vya mu thengere ivyo vikusakika. Somba za mbwani za mitundu yinandi zikuloŵeka pa malonda. Mitundu yicoko yikuŵetika pa malonda. Ŵanthu na viŵeto vyawo ni magaŵa ghakujumpha 90 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa vinyama vyose vya pa mtunda vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Vinyama vyambura fupa la msana, kusazgapo ''squid'', nkhala, vibenene (comene njuci na mbozi za silika), na nkhono, vikusakika panji kuŵetika pa vyakulya na ulusi. Nkhuku, ng'ombe, mbelele, nkhumba, na vinyama vinyake vikuŵetika nga ni viŵeto vya nyama pa caro cose. Ulusi wa vinyama nga ni ubweya na silika ukugwiliskirika ntchito kupanga nsalu, apo misempha ya vinyama yagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni vyakukakira, ndipo vipapa vikugwiliskirika ntchito comene kupanga skapato na vinthu vinyake. Vinyama vyasakika na kuŵetika cifukwa ca sisi lawo kupanga vinthu nga ni malaya na vipewa. Mitundu ya vyakupaka yapangika kufuma ku vibenene. Vinyama vya ntchito nga ni ng'ombe na mahachi vyagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito na mayendero kufuma pa kwamba kwa ulimi. Vinyama nga ni nchenche ya vipambi Drosophila melanogaster vikugwira ntchito yikulu mu kasandiro nga ni viyelezgero vya kuyezgera. Vinyama vyagwiliskirika ntchito kupanga katemera kufuma apo katemera wakasangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Mankhwala ghanyake, nga ni gha kansa gha trabectedin, ghakufuma ku poizoni panji vinthu vinyake vya vinyama. Ŵanthu ŵagwiliskira ntchito nchebe za kusaka kovwira kuthamangiska na kutola vinyama, na viyuni vyakusaka kukora viyuni na vinyama, apo viyuni vya mbwani vyakukakika vyagwiliskirika ntchito kukora somba. Masele gha poizoni ghagwiliskirika ntchito kupaka poizoni ku misongo ya mivwi. Vinyama vinandi vikusungika nga ni vyakusanguluska, kufuma ku vinyama vyambura fupa la msana nga ni ŵalutatavi ŵakulu na ''octopus'', vyakukwaŵa nga ni njoka na ŵalwivi, na viyuni nga ni ma''canary'' na ŵakholwe. Kweni vyakusanguluska vinandi comene ni vinyama vyakonkheska, ndiko kuti nchebe, vyona, na akalulu. Pali kususkana pakati pa ntchito ya vinyama nga ni ŵabwezi ŵa ŵanthu na kuŵapo kwawo nga ni vyamoyo ivyo vili na wanangwa wawo. Vinyama vinandi vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero. === Kagwiliskiro ka Vimanyikwiro === Vimanyikwiro vya ndondomeko za nyenyezi za Kumanjiliro na za Ŵacayina vikuthemba vinyama. Mu China na Japani, khulukuska wakawonekanga nga ni mzimu wa munthu, ndipo mu vithuzi vya kale khulukuska ni cimanyikwiro ca mzimu. Vinyama vyaŵa nkhani ya luso kufuma kale comene, mu mbiri, nga mu Eguputo wa kale, na pambere pa mbiri, nga mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga gha Lascaux. Vithuzi vikulu vya vinyama ni ''The Rhinoceros'' ya Albrecht Dürer ya 1515, na cithuzi ca hachi ''Whistlejacket'' ca George Stubbs ca pafupifupi 1762. Vibenene, viyuni na vinyama vyakonkheska vikugwira ntchito mu malemba na mu mafilimu. Vinyama, kusazgapo vibenene na vinyama vyakonkheska, vikusangika mu majandulo na visopa. Cibenene ca ''scarab'' cikaŵa cakupatulika mu Eguputo wa kale, ndipo ng'ombe njakupatulika mu Cihindu. Mwa vinyama vinyake vyakonkheska, nswala, mahachi, nkhalamu, mileme, ŵankhalamila, na mimbulu ni nkhani za majandulo na kusopa. [[Category:Vinyama]] lbaw6vrcvit4e18kd0mcfcp4h3bw5py 123733 123731 2026-11-04T13:25:55Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123733 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vinyama''' ni vyamoyo vya tumaselo tunandi, vya tumaselo twa mtima, mu ufumu wa vyamoyo wakuchemeka ''Animalia''. Vinyama vikurya vyakupangika na vyamoyo, vikupuma [[Woskejeni|okisijeni]], vili na tumaselo twa minofu, vingaŵana mwa kukumana kwa wanalume na wanakazi, ndipo apo vikukura mu nthumbo vikufuma ku mpira wa tumaselo uwo uli na malo ghambura kanthu mukati. Kupatula vicoko, vinyama vingenda. Vinyama vikupanga gulu limoza, ilo likung'anamula kuti vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Mitundu ya vinyama yakujumpha miliyoni 1.5 iyo yicalipo yalongosoreka, ndipo pafupifupi miliyoni 1.05 ni vibenene, yakujumpha 85,000 ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, ndipo pafupifupi 65,000 ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Kukughanaghanirika kuti pangaŵa mitundu ya vinyama yakufika miliyoni 7.77 pa caro capasi. Utali wa vinyama ukufuma pa mikulomita 8.5 mpaka mamita 33.6. Vili na ubale wakusuzga na vinyake na malo ghawo, ndipo vikupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Kusanda vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka vinyama, ndipo kusanda nkhalo ya vinyama kukuchemeka kasandiro ka nkhalo ya vinyama. Ufumu wa vinyama ukugaŵika mu magulu ghakulu ghankhondi: Porifera, Ctenophora, Placozoa, Cnidaria na Bilateria. Mitundu yinandi ya vinyama yili mu gulu la Bilateria, gulu likulu comene ilo vinyama vyake vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri na mutu wakuwoneka, ndipo vinandi comene vya Bilateria vili mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu: ''protostome'', agho ghakusazgapo vinyama nga ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nkhono, mphutsi za pasi, na zinyake; na ''deuterostome'', agho ghakusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Gulu licoko la Xenacoelomorpha lili na malo ghambura kusimikizgika mu Bilateria. Vinyama vikawoneka dankha mu mafosilo mu nyengo ya Ediacaran, ndipo magulu ghanandi gha vinyama gha mazuŵa ghano ghakawoneka nga ni vinyama vya mu mbwani pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, uko kukamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo magulu ghanandi ghacoko ghakawoneka pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 485.4 ivyo vyajumpha. Magulu 6,331 gha vyakuhara ivyo vinyama vyose vyamoyo vikugaŵana ghasangika, ndipo ghangaŵa kuti ghakafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale ico cikaŵako pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha. Kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama mu ivyo vili na ndopa na ivyo vilije ndopa. Carl Linnaeus wakapanga ndondomeko yakwamba ya kugaŵa vinyama mu 1758 mu buku lake la ''Systema Naturae'', ndipo Jean-Baptiste Lamarck wakayisazgira kufika magulu 14 pofika 1809. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu Metazoa ya tumaselo tunandi (sono ni zina linyake la Animalia) na Protozoa, vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza ivyo sono vikuwonekera kuŵa vinyama yayi. Mazuŵa ghano, kagaŵiro ka vinyama kakuthemba nthowa zapacanya, nga ni kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara, izo zikulongora makola ubale wa vinyama mu kusintha. Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinyama vinyake vinandi pa vyakulya (kusazgapo nyama, masumbi, na mkaka), pa vyakupangira vinthu (nga ni vipapa, ubweya), nga ni vyakusanguluska, na nga ni vinyama vya ntchito pa mayendero na pa ntchito zinyake. Nchebe, cinyama cakwamba kuŵetika, zagwiliskirika ntchito pa kusaka, pa civikiliro, na pa nkhondo, nga ni mahachi, njiwa, na viyuni vyakusaka; apo vinyama vinyake vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero, ucindami, panji candulo. Vinyama vinyake kupatula ŵanthu ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca midawuko ya ŵanthu, ndipo vawoneka mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga na mu vimanyikwiro vya mbumba kufuma kale comene, ndipo kanandi vikusangika mu majandulo, visopa, luso, malemba, vimanyikwiro vya mafumu, ndyali, na maseŵero. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''animal'' likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini ''animal'' la ng'anamulo lakuyana, ilo likufuma ku Cilatini ''animalis'', "cakuŵa na mpweya panji mzimu". Ng'anamulo la kasandiro ka vyamoyo likusazgapo vyose vya ufumu wa Animalia. Mu kayowoyero ka zuŵa na zuŵa, lizgu lakuti cinyama kanandi likung'anamula vinyama vyambura kuŵa ŵanthu pera. Lizgu lakuti ''metazoa'' likufuma ku Cigiriki ca kale μετα ''meta'' "pamanyuma" na ζῷᾰ ''zōia'' "vinyama". Lizgu la Citumbuka lakuti ''cinyama'' likukolerana na ''nyama''. == Vimanyikwiro == Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vinandi ivyo vikugaŵana na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinyama vili na tumaselo twa mtima, tumaselo tunandi, ndipo vikupuma okisijeni, nga ni vyakumera na wowa. Kupambana na vyakumera na koyo, ivyo vikupanga vyakulya vyawo, vinyama vingapanga vyakulya vyawo yayi, cimanyikwiro ico vikugaŵana na wowa. Vinyama vikumeza vyakupangika na vyamoyo na kuvigaya mukati. === Kazengero === Vinyama vili na vimanyikwiro vya kazengero ivyo vikuvipatula na vyamoyo vinyake vyose, nga ni tumaselo kuzingilizgika na vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo ivyo vikupangika na ''collagen'' na purotini zakutambalala, kwenda kwa thupi paŵekha mu cigaŵa cinyake ca umoyo, na nyengo ya mpira wa tumaselo apo vikukura mu nthumbo. Kanandi, pali cigaŵa ca mukati ca kugayira vyakulya ico cili na mlomo umoza (mu Ctenophora, Cnidaria, na mphutsi zinyake zapapata) panji milomo yiŵiri (mu vinandi vya Bilateria). === Kukura === Kukura mu Bilateria na Cnidaria kukulongozgeka na vyakuhara vya Hox, ivyo vikulongora nyengo na malo gha kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vigaŵa vya thupi na mawoko na malundi. Apo vikukura, vinthu vya kuwaro kwa tumaselo vya vinyama vikupanga cizengo cakupindika ico tumaselo tungendapo na kunozgeka so kuŵa vigaŵa na viŵaro vyapadera, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga kupangika kwa vigaŵa vyakusuzga na tumaselo kupambana. Vinthu ivi vingakhwima na kalisiyamu, kupanga vigaŵa nga ni vikoko, viwanga, na minga yicoko. Kweni tumaselo twa vyamoyo vinyake vya tumaselo tunandi (comene vyakumera vya mu maji, vyakumera, na wowa) tukukhazgika na vikopa vya kaselo, ntheura vikukura mwa kusazgikira pacoko pacoko. === Kuŵaba === Pafupifupi vinyama vyose vikugwiliskira ntchito kuŵaba mwa kugonana. Vikupanga tumaselo twa kuŵabira; tucoko twakwenda ni twa ŵanalume ndipo tukulu twambura kwenda ni masumbi. Ivi vikusazganika kupanga kaselo kamoza, ako kakukura mwa kugaŵika kuŵa mpira wa tumaselo wambura kanthu mukati. Mu vinyama vya mtundu wa ''sponge'', ŵana ŵakusambira kuya ku malo ghaphya, ŵakukakatira pasi pa mbwani, na kukura kuŵa ''sponge'' liphya. Mu magulu ghanyake ghanandi, mpira uwu ukunozgeka mwakusuzga comene. Pakwamba ukunjira mukati kupanga cigaŵa ca kugayira na vigaŵa viŵiri vya tumaselo, ca kuwaro na ca mukati. Kanandi, cigaŵa cacitatu cikukura pakati pawo. Vigaŵa ivi pamanyuma vikupambana kupanga vigaŵa vya thupi na viŵaro. Kutorana kanandi na ŵabali ŵapafupi kukupangiska kunangika kwa mbumba cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa vimanyikwiro viheni vyakuharika. Vinyama vyapanga nthowa zinandi za kugega kutorana na ŵabali ŵapafupi. Vinyama vinyake vingaŵaba kwambura kugonana, ndipo ici kanandi cikupanga ŵana ŵakuyana ndendende na mupapi. Ici cingacitika mwa kuphwanyika; kumera kwa cigaŵa ciphya, nga ni mu Hydra na vinyake; panji kubaba kwambura kutorana, nga ni mu vibenene vinyake. == Malo gha Vyamoyo == Vinyama vikugaŵika mu magulu kuyana na umo vikuryera. Magulu agha ni vyakurya nyama (vyakugaŵika so nga ni vyakurya somba, vyakurya vibenene, vyakurya masumbi, na vinyake), vyakurya vyakumera (vyakurya mahamba, utheka, vipambi, mbuto, uchi wa maluŵa, na vinyake), vyakurya vyose, vyakurya wowa, vyakurya vyakufwa, na vyakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake. Ubale pakati pa vinyama vya malo ghaliwose ukupanga minjololo ya vyakulya yakusuzga. Mu vinyama vyakurya nyama panji vyakurya vyose, kusaka ni ubale umo cinyama cimoza cikurya cinyake, ndipo cinyama ico cikusakika kanandi cikusintha kuti cileke kuryeka. Kukakizgana uku kukupangiska mphikizgano ya kusintha pakati pa cakusaka na cakusakika. Pafupifupi vyakusaka vyose vya tumaselo tunandi ni vinyama. Vinyama vinyake vikugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zinandi; mwaciyelezgero, mu ŵasanganamu ŵanyake, ŵana ŵakurya mnofu wamoyo wa cinyama cinyake na kucikoma, kweni ŵakulu ŵakurya uchi wa maluŵa. Vinyama vinyake vili na nkhalo yapadera comene ya kurya, nga ni fulu za mbwani zinyake izo zikurya comene ''sponge''. Vinyama vinandi vikuthemba vyamoyo na nkhongono izo vyakumera na koyo (ivyo vikuchemeka ŵakupanga) vikupanga kwizira mu usanisinuru. Vyakurya vyakumera, nga ni ŵakurya ŵakwamba, vikurya vyakumera mwakulunjika, apo vyakurya nyama na vinyama vinyake vikusanga vyakulya mwambura kulunjika mwa kurya vyakurya vyakumera panji vinyama ivyo vyarya vyakurya vyakumera. Vinyama vikotcha shuga, mafuta, purotini, na vinyake mu kupuma kwa tumaselo, ndipo ici cikuvizomerezga kukura na kusunga umoyo na kwenda. Pa matani mabiliyoni 550 gha kaboni ya vyamoyo pa caro capasi, vinyama ni mabiliyoni 2. Vinyama vinyake ivyo vikukhala pasi pa mbwani pafupi na malo gha maji ghakotcha vikurya vyakupangika na mabakiteriya kwizira mu usungunu. Vinyama vikafuma mu mbwani; magulu ghose gha vinyama agho ghaliko, kupatula ghaŵiri, ghali na mitundu yinyake ya mu mbwani. Kweni magulu ghanyake gha vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo ghakamba kukhala pa mtunda pa nyengo yeneyiyo na vyakumera vya pa mtunda, pakati pa vyaka miliyoni 510 na 471 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana nga ni somba ya Tiktaalik vikamba kwenda pa mtunda pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 375 ivyo vyajumpha. Vinyama vikukhala pafupifupi mu malo ghose gha caro capasi, mu maji gha mcere, malo gha maji ghakotcha, maji ghawemi, vithaphwi, nkholongo, madimba gha utheka, vipalamba, mu mphepo, na mukati mwa vyamoyo vinyake. Kweni vinyama vikuzizipizga comene kufunda yayi; vicoko comene ndivyo vingapona pa kufunda kwakujumpha 50 °C nyengo zose panji mu vipalamba vyakuzizima comene gha Antarctica. Kukhwaska kwa vinyama pa kusintha kwa pacanya pa caro capasi kundasandike makola, ndipo kusanda kunandi kwalaŵiska mitundu yinyake pera. == Kupambanapambana == === Ukulu === Nyamumba wa buluu ndiyo cinyama cikulu comene ico cindaŵeko, ca kuzitika mpaka matani 190 na utali mpaka mamita 33.6. Cinyama cikulu comene ca pa mtunda ico cicalipo ni zgovu ya Afilika, ya kuzitika mpaka matani 12.25 na utali mpaka mamita 10.67. Vinyama vikulu comene vya pa mtunda ivyo vindaŵeko vikaŵa ma''dinosaur'' nga ni Argentinosaurus, iyo yingaŵa kuti yikazitika matani 73, na Supersaurus iyo yingaŵa kuti yikafika mamita 39. Vinyama vinyake ni vicoko comene mwakuti vingawoneka na maso yayi; vinyake vya Myxozoa vikukura kujumpha mikulomita 20 yayi, ndipo cimoza mwa vicoko comene (Myxobolus szekeli) nchambura kujumpha mikulomita 8.5 para cakura. === Unandi na Malo gha Magulu Ghakulu === Unandi wa mitundu iyo yalongosoreka ukuthemba iyo ŵasandi ŵalongosora; ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵapima manambala ghakulu comene mwa nthowa zakupambana, ndipo ghangapambana comene. Mwaciyelezgero, mitundu ya mphutsi za ''nematode'' pafupifupi 25,000–27,000 yalongosoreka, apo ŵasandi ŵapima kuti unandi wose ungaŵa 10,000–20,000; 500,000; miliyoni 10; panji miliyoni 100. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito ndondomeko za kagaŵiro, unandi wose wa mitundu ya vinyama, kusazgapo iyo yindalongosoreke, ukapimika kuŵa pafupifupi miliyoni 7.77 mu 2011. == Kwambilira mu Kusintha == Mafosilo ghakwamba gha thupi la vinyama ghakuwoneka mu Ediacaran, nga ni Charnia na Spriggina. Kwa nyengo yitali ŵakakayikiranga usange mafosilo agha ni vinyama nadi, kweni kusangika kwa mafuta gha vinyama gha ''cholesterol'' mu mafosilo gha Dickinsonia kukulongora kuti ni vinyama. Vinyama vikughanaghanirika kuti vikamba mu malo gha okisijeni yicoko, ntheura vingaŵa kuti vikakhalanga kwambura okisijeni, kweni apo vikasintha kugwiliskira ntchito okisijeni, vikamba kuyithemba yose. Magulu ghanandi gha vinyama ghakuwoneka dankha mu mafosilo pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, kwamba pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 539 ivyo vyajumpha, mu malibwe nga ni Burgess Shale. Magulu agho ghacalipo mu malibwe agha ni nkhono na ŵabali ŵawo, vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo, nyenyezi za mbwani, na vinyake, pamoza na vinyama vinandi ivyo vyamalira nga ni Anomalocaris iyo yikasakanga. Kweni kuwoneka kwa luŵiro uku kungaŵa cifukwa ca umo mafosilo ghakusungikira, m'malo mwa kulongora kuti vinyama vyose ivi vikawoneka pa nyengo yimoza. Ghanoghano ili likukhozgeka na kusangika kwa Auroralumina attenboroughii, cinyama ca Cnidaria cakwamba cakumanyikwa ca Ediacaran (vyaka miliyoni 557–562 ivyo vyajumpha, pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 20 pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian) ku Charnwood Forest, mu Ungelezi. Cikughanaghanirika kuŵa cimoza mwa vinyama vyakwamba vyakusaka, cikukora vinyama vicoko na minga yake. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵa mafosilo ŵakuti vinyama vikawoneka kale comene pambere pa kuphulika kwa Cambrian, panyake vyaka biliyoni yimoza ivyo vyajumpha. Mafosilo ghakwamba agho ghangaŵa gha vinyama ghakuwoneka mwaciyelezgero mu malibwe gha vyaka miliyoni 665 mu South Australia, ndipo ghakughanaghanirika kuŵa ma''sponge'' ghakwamba. Vimanyikwiro nga ni mayendero na maboŵa ivyo vyasangika mu nyengo ya Tonian (kufuma vyaka biliyoni 1 ivyo vyajumpha) vingalongora kuŵapo kwa vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi, vya ukulu nga ni mphutsi za pasi. Kweni mayendero ghakuyana ghakupangika na cinthu cikulu ca kaselo kamoza, Gromia sphaerica, ntheura vimanyikwiro ivi vingalongora vinyama vyakwamba yayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, mphasa za tuvinyama tucoko comene zikacepa, panyake cifukwa ca kuryeka na vinyama viphya. Vinthu vinyake vya usungunu ivyo kanandi vikulongora ma''sponge'' vikusangika kufuma pakumalira kwa Cryogenian, kweni vingapangika so na vyamoyo vinyake. Vinthu nga ni mathumbu ghakuzura dongo agho ghakuyana na maboŵa gha vinyama vya mtundu wa mphutsi ghasangika mu malibwe gha vyaka biliyoni 1.2 mu Amerika ya Kumpoto, biliyoni 1.5 mu Australia na Amerika ya Kumpoto, na biliyoni 1.7 mu Australia. Kuti ghakufuma ku vinyama nkhwambura kuzomerezgeka na wose. == Mbumba ya Vinyama == === Mbumba ya Kuwaro === Vinyama vikafuma ku cinyama cimoza ca kale. Vinyama ni ŵabali ŵapafupi ŵa ''choanoflagellate'', ndipo pamoza vikupanga Choanozoa. Ros-Rocher na ŵanyake (2021) ŵakulondezga kwambilira kwa vinyama ku vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza. Gulu la vinyama likaŵako pofika vyaka miliyoni 650 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo lingaŵa kuti likamba vyaka miliyoni 800 ivyo vyajumpha, kuyana na ukaboni wa vyakuhara. === Mbumba ya Mukati === Ubale pa maziko gha mbumba ya vinyama waŵa mphindano. Kupatula Ctenophora, Bilateria na Cnidaria ndigho magulu pera agho ghali na kuyana kwa thupi, ndipo ukaboni unyake ukulongora kuti ngakukolerana comene. Pamoza na ma''sponge'', Placozoa yilije kuyana kwa thupi ndipo kanandi yikawonekanga nga ni "ulalo wakusoŵa" pakati pa vyamoyo vya kaselo kamoza na vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi. Kuŵapo kwa vyakuhara vya Hox mu Placozoa kukulongora kuti kale vikaŵa vyakusuzga comene. Porifera (ma''sponge'') ghakaghanaghanirikanga kwa nyengo yitali kuŵa ŵabali ŵa vinyama vinyake vyose, kweni pali ukaboni wakuti Ctenophora yingaŵa pa malo agha. Kusanda mbumba kwizira mu vyakuhara kwakhozga maghanoghano ghose ghaŵiri. Mu 2017, Roberto Feuda na ŵanyake ŵakalongora ghose ghaŵiri, ndipo ŵakakhozga ghanoghano lakuti ma''sponge'' ndigho ŵabali. Kweni kusanda kwa 2023 kwa Darrin Schultz na ŵanyake kukagwiliskira ntchito ubale wa kale wa vyakuhara kulongora kuti Ctenophora ndiyo mubali. === Porifera === Ma''sponge'' ngakupambana comene na vinyama vinyake, ndipo kwa nyengo yitali ghakaghanaghanirikanga kuti ghakapatukana dankha, kuŵa gulu la kale comene la vinyama. Nangauli ngakupambana mu mawonekero, ukaboni wa vyakuhara ukulongora kuti ma''sponge'' ngakukolerana comene na vinyama vinyake kuluska Ctenophora. Ma''sponge'' ghalije kanozgero kakusuzga ka magulu ghanyake; tumaselo twawo ntwakupambana, kweni kanandi tukupanga vigaŵa vyapadera yayi. Ma''sponge'' ghakwenda yayi para ghakura. Ghalije tumaselo twa misempha nadi. Ma''sponge'' ghalije ndondomeko ya kugaya, ya ndopa, ya kupuma, panji ya kufumiska vyakunyanyira. M'malo mwake, ghakuthemba kwenda kwa maji mu thupi lawo kuti ghacite ntchito izi. Ghanandi ghali na thupi lambura kanthu mukati kuti maji ghende makola. Kanandi ghakurya mwa kukwemya maji kwizira mu tuzenje, kusefa tuvyakulya tucoko. Ghakukora okisijeni wa mu maji, ndipo ghakufumiska kaboni dayokisayidi na vyakunyanyira mu maji. Ma''sponge'' ghangaŵaba mwa kugonana na kwambura kugonana. Kuŵaba kwambura kugonana kukucitika mu nthowa zinandi, kusazgapo kuphwanyika, apo cigaŵa ca ''sponge'' cikupatukana na kukura kunyake. Pa kuŵaba mwa kugonana, ma''sponge'' ghanandi ni wanalume na wanakazi pamoza, ndipo ghakupanga masumbi na tumaselo twa ŵanalume. === Ctenophora === Vinyama vya Ctenophora vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati, ndipo vili na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza, uwo ni mlomo na msundu pamoza. Vili na vigaŵa vyakupambana, kweni vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera yayi. Vikwenda mwa kugwiliskira ntchito mizere ya tusisi. Pafupifupi vyose ni vyakusaka. Vili na vigaŵa vyapadera pa minkhono yawo ivyo vikuvovwira kukora vyakurya. Vili na tumaselo twa misempha, kweni vilije wongo; misempha yawo yanozgeka nga ni ukonde. Misempha yawo njakupambana comene na ya vinyama vinyake, ndipo ukaboni ukulongora kuti yikakura paŵekha. === Cnidaria === Nga ni Ctenophora, Cnidaria vili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati na cigaŵa ca kugayira ca mlomo umoza. Vili so na vigaŵa vyakupambana ivyo vikupanga viŵaro yayi. Vinyama vya gulu la Anthozoa, nga ni ''sea anemone'' na korali, vikwenda yayi. Vinandi vya Medusozoa, kusazgapo ''jellyfish'', vili na nyengo ya kwambura kwenda na nyengo ya kwenda. Cnidaria vili na vigaŵa viŵiri pera vikulu vya tumaselo. === Placozoa === Placozoa vicoko comene vilije cigaŵa ca kugayira ca nyengo zose ndipo vilije kuyana kwa thupi; vikuyana na ''amoeba''. Mbumba yawo yikumanyikwa makola yayi, ndipo yicali kusandika. === Bilateria === Vinyama vyakusyala, vinandi comene, mu magulu pafupifupi 29 na mitundu yakujumpha miliyoni, vikupanga Bilateria, ivyo vili na thupi lakuyana ku mbali ziŵiri. Bilateria vili na vigaŵa vitatu vya tumaselo, ndipo vigaŵa vyawo vikupanga viŵaro vyapadera. Cigaŵa ca kugayira cili na milomo yiŵiri, mlomo na msundu, ndipo vinandi vili na malo ghambura kanthu mukati mwa thupi. Vinyama ivi vili na mutu (panthazi) na mcira (kumanyuma), msana na nthumbo, na mbali ya kumazere na ya kumalyero. Kuŵa na cigaŵa ca panthazi kukung'anamula kuti cigaŵa ici ndico cikukumana dankha na vinthu, nga ni vyakulya, ndipo ici cikovwira kukura kwa mutu wakuŵa na viŵaro vya kupulika na mlomo. Vinandi vya Bilateria vili na minofu ya kuzunguliya iyo yikufinya thupi, kulitalikiska, na minofu ya kutali iyo yikufupiska thupi; izi zikuzomerezga vinyama vya thupi lakupepuka kwenda mwa kufinyika. Vili so na matumbo agho ghakwenda mu thupi kufuma ku mlomo mpaka ku msundu. Kweni mu nyengo ya kusintha, vinyama vinyake vyataya cimoza panji vinandi mwa vimanyikwiro ivi. Mwaciyelezgero, nyenyezi za mbwani zikuru zili na thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati (kupambana na ŵana ŵawo), apo mphutsi zinyake zakuthemba vyamoyo vinyake zili na thupi lipepuka comene. Kusanda vyakuhara kwasintha comene kupulikiska kwa ŵasandi ŵa vinyama pa ubale mu Bilateria. Vinandi vikuwoneka kuŵa mu magulu ghaŵiri ghakulu, ''protostome'' na ''deuterostome''. Kanandi kukuyowoyeka kuti Xenacoelomorpha ndilo gulu la pasi comene, kweni ghanoghano ili lasuskika. ==== Protostome na Deuterostome ==== ''Protostome'' na ''deuterostome'' vikupambana mu nthowa zinandi. Pakwamba pa kukura, tumaselo twa ''deuterostome'' tukugaŵika mu nthowa yinyake, apo twa ''protostome'' tunandi tukugaŵika mwakuzungunyika. Vinyama vya magulu ghose ghaŵiri vili na matumbo ghakukwana, kweni mu ''protostome'' mlomo wakwamba wa matumbo ukusanduka mlomo, ndipo msundu ukupangika pamanyuma. Mu ''deuterostome'', msundu ukupangika dankha ndipo mlomo pamanyuma. Magulu ghakulu gha ''deuterostome'' ni Ambulacraria na Chordata. Ambulacraria vikusangika mu mbwani pera ndipo vikusazgapo nyenyezi za mbwani na vinyake. Chordata comene ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, ivyo ni somba, vyakukhala mu maji na pa mtunda, vyakukwaŵa, viyuni, na vinyama vyakonkheska. ''Protostome'' vikusazgapo Ecdysozoa, vyakuthyika zina la kuvula cikopa pa kukura. Magulu ghakulu ni vibenene na ŵabali ŵawo na mphutsi za ''nematode''. ''Protostome'' vinyake vili mu Spiralia, ivyo magulu ghakulu ni mphutsi za pasi na nkhono. == Mbiri ya Kagaŵiro == Mu nyengo ya kale, Aristotle wakagaŵa vinyama, kuyana na kulaŵiska kwake, mu ivyo vili na ndopa (pafupifupi vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana) na ivyo vilije. Vinyama vikanozgeka pa makwelero kufuma ku munthu (na ndopa, malundi ghaŵiri, mzimu wa vinjeru) pasi kwizira mu vinyama vya malundi ghanayi vyakubaba (na ndopa, malundi ghanayi, mzimu wakupulika) na magulu ghanyake nga ni nkhala (kwambura ndopa, malundi ghanandi, mzimu wakupulika) mpaka ku ma''sponge'' (kwambura ndopa, kwambura malundi, mzimu wa vyakumera). Aristotle wakaŵa wakukayikira usange ma''sponge'' ni vinyama panji vyakumera: wakamanyanga kuti ghangapulika kukhwaskika na kufinyika, kweni ghakaŵa na misisi nga ni vyakumera ndipo ghakwendanga yayi. Mu 1758, Carl Linnaeus wakapanga kagaŵiro kakwamba ka makwelero mu ''Systema Naturae''. Mu ndondomeko yake, vinyama vikaŵa ufumu umoza mwa vitatu, ndipo vikagaŵika mu Vermes (mphutsi), Insecta (vibenene), Pisces (somba), Amphibia, Aves (viyuni), na Mammalia (vinyama vyakonkheska). Kufuma apo, vinayi vyaumaliro vyasazgika mu gulu limoza, Chordata, apo Insecta na Vermes vyasintha mazina panji kugaŵika. Ici cikamba mu 1793 na Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, uyo wakati Vermes ni "cisokonezgo" ndipo wakagaŵa gulu ili mu magulu ghatatu ghaphya. Pofika 1809, Lamarck wakaŵa wapanga magulu 9 kupatula vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana na nkhono. Mu 1817, Georges Cuvier wakayaniska kapangikiro ka thupi kuti wagaŵe vinyama mu minthavi yinayi: vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, nkhono, vinyama vyakuŵa na mafundo (vibenene na mphutsi za pasi), na vinyama vya thupi lakuyana kuzunguliya pakati. Kagaŵiro aka ka vinayi kakalondezgeka na Karl Ernst von Baer mu 1828, Louis Agassiz mu 1857, na Richard Owen mu 1860. Mu 1874, Ernst Haeckel wakagaŵa ufumu wa vinyama mu maufumu ghacoko ghaŵiri: Metazoa (vinyama vya tumaselo tunandi, na magulu ghankhondi) na Protozoa (vinyama vya kaselo kamoza), pamoza na gulu la cinkhondi na cimoza, ma''sponge''. Protozoa pamanyuma vikasamira ku ufumu wa Protista, ndipo Metazoa yekha yikasyala nga ni zina linyake la Animalia. == Mu Midawuko ya Ŵanthu == === Kagwiliskiro ka Ntchito === Ŵanthu ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mitundu yinandi ya vinyama pa vyakulya, vyose viŵeto vyakuŵetika na, comene mu mbwani, vinyama vya mu thengere ivyo vikusakika. Somba za mbwani za mitundu yinandi zikuloŵeka pa malonda. Mitundu yicoko yikuŵetika pa malonda. Ŵanthu na viŵeto vyawo ni magaŵa ghakujumpha 90 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa vinyama vyose vya pa mtunda vyakuŵa na fupa la msana. Vinyama vyambura fupa la msana, kusazgapo ''squid'', nkhala, vibenene (comene njuci na mbozi za silika), na nkhono, vikusakika panji kuŵetika pa vyakulya na ulusi. Nkhuku, ng'ombe, mbelele, nkhumba, na vinyama vinyake vikuŵetika nga ni viŵeto vya nyama pa caro cose. Ulusi wa vinyama nga ni ubweya na silika ukugwiliskirika ntchito kupanga nsalu, apo misempha ya vinyama yagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni vyakukakira, ndipo vipapa vikugwiliskirika ntchito comene kupanga skapato na vinthu vinyake. Vinyama vyasakika na kuŵetika cifukwa ca weya wawo kupanga vinthu nga ni malaya na vipewa. Mitundu ya vyakupaka yapangika kufuma ku vibenene. Vinyama vya ntchito nga ni ng'ombe na mahachi vyagwiliskirika ntchito pa ntchito na mayendero kufuma pa kwamba kwa ulimi. Vinyama nga ni nchenche ya vipambi Drosophila melanogaster vikugwira ntchito yikulu mu kasandiro nga ni viyelezgero vya kuyezgera. Vinyama vyagwiliskirika ntchito kupanga katemera kufuma apo katemera wakasangika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Mankhwala ghanyake, nga ni gha kansa gha trabectedin, ghakufuma ku poizoni panji vinthu vinyake vya vinyama. Ŵanthu ŵagwiliskira ntchito nchebe za kusaka kovwira kuthamangiska na kutola vinyama, na viyuni vyakusaka kukora viyuni na vinyama, apo viyuni vya mbwani vyakukakika vyagwiliskirika ntchito kukora somba. Masele gha poizoni ghagwiliskirika ntchito kupaka poizoni ku misongo ya mivwi. Vinyama vinandi vikusungika nga ni vyakusanguluska, kufuma ku vinyama vyambura fupa la msana nga ni ŵalutatavi ŵakulu na ''octopus'', vyakukwaŵa nga ni njoka na ŵalwivi, na viyuni nga ni ma''canary'' na ŵakholwe. Kweni vyakusanguluska vinandi comene ni vinyama vyakonkheska, ndiko kuti nchebe, vyona, na akalulu. Pali kususkana pakati pa ntchito ya vinyama nga ni ŵabwezi ŵa ŵanthu na kuŵapo kwawo nga ni vyamoyo ivyo vili na wanangwa wawo. Vinyama vinandi vya pa mtunda na vya mu maji vikusakika pa maseŵero. === Kagwiliskiro ka Vimanyikwiro === Vimanyikwiro vya ndondomeko za nyenyezi za Kumanjiliro na za Ŵacayina vikuthemba vinyama. Mu China na Japani, khulukuska wakawonekanga nga ni mzimu wa munthu, ndipo mu vithuzi vya kale khulukuska ni cimanyikwiro ca mzimu. Vinyama vyaŵa nkhani ya luso kufuma kale comene, mu mbiri, nga mu Eguputo wa kale, na pambere pa mbiri, nga mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga gha Lascaux. Vithuzi vikulu vya vinyama ni ''The Rhinoceros'' ya Albrecht Dürer ya 1515, na cithuzi ca hachi ''Whistlejacket'' ca George Stubbs ca pafupifupi 1762. Vibenene, viyuni na vinyama vyakonkheska vikugwira ntchito mu malemba na mu mafilimu. Vinyama, kusazgapo vibenene na vinyama vyakonkheska, vikusangika mu majandulo na visopa. Cibenene ca ''scarab'' cikaŵa cakupatulika mu Eguputo wa kale, ndipo ng'ombe njakupatulika mu Cihindu. Mwa vinyama vinyake vyakonkheska, nswala, mahachi, nkhalamu, mileme, ŵankhalamila, na mimbulu ni nkhani za majandulo na kusopa. [[Category:Vinyama]] 86622a1pyk6bqbh8ta9fvpwnpyjlney 0 2442 123729 123672 2026-11-04T13:24:54Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123729 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] [[File:Irish Goat.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] [[File:Goats butting heads in Germany.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] '''Mbuzi''' (''Capra hircus'') ni mtundu wa [[Vinyama|cinyama]] ico kanandi cikuŵetika. Mbuzi zikaŵetika kufuma ku mbuzi za mu thengere za ku Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumanjiliro na Ulaya ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa. Mbuzi zili mu mbumba ya ng'ombe, ndipo zikukolerana comene na mbelele. Zikaŵa vinyama vyakwamba kuŵetika, mu Iran pafupifupi vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mbuzi zikuŵetika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caro capasi, ndipo zikupeleka mkaka, vipapa, nyama, na ubweya. Mu 2022, pakaŵa mbuzi zakujumpha biliyoni 1.1 pa caro cose capasi, ndipo miliyoni 150 zikaŵa mu India. Mbuzi zikusangika mu majandulo na visopa vya vigaŵa vinandi vya caro capasi, kusazgapo mu Cikhristu. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''goat'' likufuma ku Cingelezi ca kale ''gāt'' ("mbuzi, mbuzi yanakazi"), ilo likufuma ku muzu wa kale wa Ŵajeremani, ndipo pakumalira ku muzu wa Proto-Indo-European wakung'anamula "mwana wa mbuzi". Kuti ŵalongosore mbuzi yanalume, Cingelezi ca kale cikagwiliskiranga ntchito ''bucca'' mpaka pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mazina gha mbuzi yanakazi yikulu na yanalume yikulu ghakamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800. Mbuzi zanalume zakuthenulika zikuchemeka ''wethers''. Ŵana ŵa mbuzi ŵakuchemeka ''kids'', lizgu ilo likafuma ku ciyowoyero ca Scandinavia, ndipo kufuma mu ma 1590 lagwiliskirika ntchito so pa ŵana ŵa ŵanthu. == Mbiri == Mbuzi ni vimoza mwa vinyama vyakwamba ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaŵeta. Kusanda vyakuhara kukusimikizga ukaboni wa kale wakuti mbuzi ya mu thengere ya bezoar, iyo sono yikusangika mu mapiri gha Zagros, kweni kale yikaŵanga mu Anatolia yose, ndiyo yingaŵa kuti yikaŵa mbuzi ya kale ya mbuzi zose panji zinandi za panyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Ŵalimi ŵa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya ŵakamba kuŵeta mbuzi za mu thengere comene kuti ŵasange mkaka na nyama luŵiro, kweniso vyakunyela vyawo, ivyo vikagwiliskirikanga ntchito nga ni vyakotchera; ndipo viwanga, sisi, na misempha yawo vikagwiliskirikanga ntchito pa vyakuvwara, kuzenga, na vilwero. Vyakusyala vyakwamba vya mbuzi zakuŵetika, vya vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha, vyasangika ku Ganj Dareh mu Iran. Vyakusyala vya mbuzi vyasangika so ku Yeriko na malo ghanyake, ivyo vikulongora kuti mbuzi zikaŵetika mu Asiya ya Kumanjiliro pakati pa vyaka 8,000 na 9,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu mbiri, vipapa vya mbuzi vyagwiliskirika ntchito kupanga vyakusungiramo maji na vinyo, na kupanga mapepala gha vipapa. == Kasandiro ka Vyamoyo == === Malongosoro === Mtundu uliwose wa mbuzi uli na kuzitika kwapadera, kufuma ku makilogalamu ghakujumpha 140 pa mbuzi zanalume za mitundu yikulu nga ni Boer, mpaka makilogalamu 20 mpaka 27 pa mbuzi zanakazi zicoko. Pasi comene pali mitundu yicoko comene nga ni African Pygmy, iyo yikuŵa yitali masentimita 41 mpaka 58 pa mapewa. Mbuzi zinandi zili na nyanga ziŵiri, ndipo mawonekero na ukulu wake vikuthemba mtundu. Pali mbuzi zinyake izo zili na nyanga zinandi (mpaka zinkhondi na zitatu), nangauli ici nchambura kucitika kanandi. Kupambana na ng'ombe, mbuzi zingaŵetika makola yayi kuti ziŵe zambura nyanga, cifukwa vyakuhara vya kuŵa wanalume panji wanakazi na vya nyanga vikukolerana comene. Nyanga zawo zikupangika na ciwanga camoyo ico cazingilizgika na keratin, ndipo zikugwiliskirika ntchito pa kujivikilira, kuwusa, kuvikilira malo, na kulaŵilira kufunda kwa thupi. Mbuzi zanalume na zanakazi zingaŵa na ndevu, ndipo mitundu yinandi yingaŵa na tucikopa twakupachika pa singo. Mbuzi zili na mboni za maso za mawonekero gha mzere, izo zikuzizomerezga kuwona makola mu ungweru na mu mdima, na kuwona kutali kumphepete zose kuti zisange vinyama vyakusaka, kwambura kuziziskika na ungweru wa zuŵa wakufuma pacanya. Mbuzi zilije vyakufumira masozi. Mbuzi ni vinyama vyakuwerezga kulya. Zili na mithumbo yinayi. Mbuzi zanakazi zili na mabele ghaŵiri, kupambana na ng'ombe, izo zili na ghanayi. Mbuzi zili na vigaŵa viŵiri vya vigaŵa vya vyakuhara 30. === Kuyaniska na Mberere === Mberere na mbuzi vikukolerana comene: vyose viŵiri vili mu mbumba yimoza. Kweni ni mitundu yakupambana, ntheura ŵana ŵa vyose viŵiri ŵakuwoneka kanandi yayi ndipo ŵangaŵaba yayi. Kupambana kwakuwoneka pakati pa mbelele na mbuzi ni ndevu za mbuzi na mlomo wa pacanya wakugaŵika wa mbelele. Mcira wa mbelele ukupachika pasi, apo mcira mufupi wa mbuzi ukwimilira pacanya. Mitundu ya mbelele kanandi yilije nyanga mwa kawiro, apo mbuzi zambura nyanga mwa kawiro nzicoko. Mbuzi zanalume zikunkha comene pa nyengo ya kutorana, apo mbelele zanalume zikunkha yayi. == Nkhalo na Malo == Mbuzi zili na khumbo la kumanya mwa kawiro. Nzaluŵiro, ndipo zingakwera na kujikhazga pa malo ghakusuzga. Ici cikuzipangiska kuŵa vinyama vyekha vyakuwerezga kulya ivyo vikukwera makuni nyengo zose. Nkhalo izi zazipangiska kumanyikwa pa kuthaŵa mu makhola mwa kuyezga mipanda. Usange cigaŵa ciliconse ca mpanda cingajumphika, mbuzi pafupifupi nyengo zose zikuthaŵa. Kuyana na kusanda kunyake, mbuzi nza vinjeru nga ni nchebe. Para zikulongozgeka pamoza, mbuzi zikulongora nkhalo yicoko ya kuwungana kuluska mbelele. Para zikurya kwambura kusokonezgeka, zikuthandazgika mu munda, m'malo mwa kurya pafupi na pafupi nga ni mbelele. Zikuzgokera na kulaŵiska munthu wakunjira, ndipo mbuzi zanalume zingathamangira panji kutimba ŵanthu kuluska mbelele zanalume. Kusanda kwa mu 2016 kukayowoya kuti mbuzi zikuyezga kuyowoyerana na ŵanthu nga ni vinyama vyakuŵetika nga ni nchebe na mahachi. Zikulaŵiska munthu kuti ziwovwirike para zakumana na suzgo liphya. === Kuŵaba === Mbuzi zikukura kufika pa kuŵaba pakati pa myezi 3 na 15, kuyana na mtundu na vyakulya. Ŵaŵeti ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kulindilira mpaka mbuzi yanakazi yafika magaŵa 70 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa mbuzi yikulu, kweni ici cikucitika kanandi yayi mu magulu agho ghakwendakwenda. Mbuzi zanalume za mitundu ya Switzerland na ya kumpoto zikunjira mu nyengo ya kutorana mu nyengo ya kuwa kwa mahamba, nga ni mbuzi zanakazi. Mbuzi zanalume za mitundu ya pafupi na mzere wapakati zingaŵa na kucepa kwa kuŵaba mu nyengo zinyake, kweni zingatorana nyengo zose. Nyengo ya kutorana yikumanyikwa na kucepa kwa khumbo la kulya na kukhumba comene mbuzi zanakazi. Mbuzi yanalume pa nyengo iyi yikupinda mlomo na kunyela matuzi pa malundi gha panthazi na pa cisko. Tuzenje twa fungo pasi pa nyanga tukusazgirapo fungo la mbuzi yanalume, ilo nlakuzirwa kuti yikope mbuzi yanakazi. Mbuzi zinyake zanakazi zikukana kutorana na mbuzi yanalume iyo tuzenje utu twawuskikapo. Nthumbo yikutora pafupifupi mazuŵa 150. Kanandi zikubaba ŵana ŵaŵiri, ndipo kubaba yumoza panji ŵatatu nako nkhwakumanyikwa. Ŵanayi, ŵankhondi, panji ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵakuwoneka kanandi yayi. Kubaba kanandi kukucitika makola. Pambere yindababe, mbuzi yanakazi yikuŵa na malo ghakunjira pafupi na mcira, ndipo yikupuma comene. Amama kanandi ŵakurya cigaŵa ca kubabira, ico cikuŵapa vyakulya vyakuzirwa na kucepeska ngozi ya kukopa vinyama vyakusaka. Mkaka ukwamba kanandi pa kubaba. Unandi wa mkaka ukupambana kuyana na mtundu, vyaka, na vyakulya vya mbuzi; mbuzi za mkaka kanandi zikupanga mkaka pakati pa makilogalamu 680 na 1,810 pa mazuŵa 305. Pakati, mbuzi yiwemi ya mkaka yikupeleka makilogalamu 3 gha mkaka pa zuŵa. Mbuzi iyo yikupeleka mkaka kakwamba yingapeleka ucoko, panji mpaka makilogalamu 7 panji kujumpha. Pamanyuma, mbuzi yanakazi yikuleka kupeleka mkaka, kanandi pamanyuma pa kutorana so. Nyengo zinyake, mbuzi izo zindatorane ndipo zikukamika nyengo zose zikulutilira kupeleka mkaka kujumpha mazuŵa 305. Nyengo zinyake mbuzi zanalume nazo zikupeleka mkaka. === Vyakulya === Mbuzi zikumanyikwa kuti zingarya pafupifupi ciliconse. Zikurya mahamba gha tumakuni, kupambana na ng'ombe na mbelele izo zikurya utheka, ndipo (pamoza na khumbo lawo la kumanya) zikutafuna na kunowa ciliconse ico cikuwoneka nga ni cakumera kuti zimanye usange ncakulyeka, kusazgapo makatoni, vyakuvwara, na mapepala. Thupi la mwana wa mbuzi, pa kugaya, likuyana na la cinyama ca mthumbo umoza. Kugaya mkaka kukwamba mu mthumbo waumaliro. Pa kubabika, mthumbo wakwamba undakure, kweni apo mwana wakwamba kurya vyakulya vyakukhwima, ukukura luŵiro. Ukulu wa mbuzi yikulu ukuthemba mtundu wake na vyakulya apo yikukura. Nga ni viŵeto vyose, vyakulya vya purotini yinandi (magaŵa 10 mpaka 14 pa 100) na nkhongono zakukwana pambere pa kukura vikupangiska kukura luŵiro na ukulu ukulu. Mbuzi za viwanga vikulu zikufika pa kuzitika kwa ukulu pa vyaka vya pamanyuma (myezi 36 mpaka 42) kuluska mbuzi za viwanga vicoko (myezi 18 mpaka 24), ndipo zikukhumba vyakulya vinandi. === Nthenda na Utali wa Umoyo === Nangauli mbuzi nza nkhongono ndipo kanandi zikukhumba ucizgi ucoko, zingakora nthenda zinandi. Zinyake ni nthenda za kupuma nga ni chibayo, kuvunda kwa malundi, tuzirombo twa mukati, na poizoni wa vyakulya. Mbuzi zingakora nthenda za tubungulu na mabakiteriya, nga ni nthenda ya malundi na mlomo. Zingambuzga ku ŵanthu nthenda zinyake, nga ni TB na nthenda ya kuluma kwa nchebe yakuzerewuka. Utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi uli pakati pa vyaka 15 na 18. Mbuzi yinyake yikafika vyaka 24. Masuzgo pa kubaba ghangacepeska utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi yanakazi kufika 10 panji 11, ndipo nyengo za kutorana zingacepeska utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi yanalume kufika 8 mpaka 10. == Ulimi == === Kuŵeta === Kuŵeta kukupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na mdawuko. Vyakukhumbikwa vicoko vya mbuzi ni malo gha kuryera panji kupeleka vyakulya ku vinyama vya mu khola, maji ghawemi, mcere, malo gha kwendera, na kuwuskapo vyakugonapo vyakunyanyira. Mu Afilika na Vuma Lapakati, mbuzi kanandi zikuŵetika pamoza na mbelele. Ici cikusazgirapo vyakupangika pa malo, cifukwa mbuzi na mbelele zikurya vyakumera vyakupambana. Mu Ethiopia, pali nthowa zinayi zikulu za kuŵeta mbuzi, ndipo mu zose, mbuzi zikuŵetika mwambura kugula vinthu vinandi. Mu Nigeria na mu vigaŵa vya Amerika ya Ŵalatini, mbuzi zinyake zikuzomerezgeka kwendakwenda mu muzi, apo zinyake zikusungika mu khola na kupika vyakulya ivyo vyadumulika na kunyamulika. Ici cikwenelera pa mbuto nga ni cingoma izo zikunangika na kulyatika. === Unandi pa Caro Cose === Mu 2024, pakaŵa mbuzi zakujumpha biliyoni 1.18 pa caro cose capasi, ndipo vyaro vyakuŵa na zinandi comene vikaŵa India (miliyoni 211), China (miliyoni 118), na Nigeria (miliyoni 91). Pafupifupi mbuzi miliyoni 564 zikukomeka pa caka cifukwa ca nyama, ndipo zikupeleka matani miliyoni 7.74 gha nyama. Vyaro vyakupanga mkaka wa mbuzi comene mu 2022 vikaŵa India (matani miliyoni 6.25), Bangladesh (miliyoni 0.91), na South Sudan (miliyoni 0.52). Mu 2015, India yikakomanga magaŵa 41 pa 100 gha mbuzi zake miliyoni 124.4 pa caka. Nyama ya mbuzi ya matani miliyoni 0.6 ni magaŵa 8 pa 100 gha nyama yose iyo India yikupanga pa caka. === Mbuzi za mu Thengere === Mbuzi zikuwelera ku thengere luŵiro para zapika mwaŵi. Mbuzi za mu thengere zili mu malo ghanandi: Australia, New Zealand, Ufumu Ubanyi, Galapagos, na kunyake. Para zafika pa unandi ukulu mu malo umo muli maji ghanandi na vinyama vyakusaka vicoko, zingananga comene, nga ni kuwuskapo tumakuni na makuni gha malo agho. Mbuzi za mu thengere nzinandi comene mu Australia, pafupifupi miliyoni 2.6 pakati pa ma 1990. == Kagwiliskiro == Mbuzi zikugwiliskirika ntchito pa mkaka, ubweya wapadera, nyama, na vipapa. Mawupu ghanyake gha lusungu ghakupeleka mbuzi ku ŵanthu ŵakavu mu vyaro vyakavu, ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vyakovwira vikucepeska ukavu kuluska ndalama. Kweni mtengo wa kugula na kuthandazga mbuzi ungaŵa ukulu. === Nyama === Kunowa kwa nyama ya mwana wa mbuzi kukuyana na kwa nyama ya mwana wa mbelele. Ŵanyake ŵakuyaniska nyama ya mbuzi na ya ng'ombe yaŵana panji ya nyama za mu thengere. Kunowa kwake kukufuma comene ku vinthu viŵiri vya usungunu ivyo vili mu nyama. Nyama yikuphikika mu vyakulya nga ni ''curry'' ya mbuzi, ''mutton satay'', na ''capra e fagioli''. Mu virwa vya Caribbean vya Cingelezi na mu Asiya ya Kumwera, lizgu lakuti ''mutton'' likung'anamula nyama ya mbuzi na ya mbelele. === Mkaka, Batala, na Tchizi === Mbuzi zikupanga pafupifupi magaŵa 2 pa 100 gha mkaka wose wa caro cose capasi pa caka. Mbuzi za mkaka zikupanga pakati pa makilogalamu 540 na 1,180 gha mkaka mu mazuŵa 284. Mkaka ungaŵa na magaŵa 3.5 mpaka 5 pa 100 gha mafuta kuyana na mtundu. Mkaka wa mbuzi ukupangika kuŵa vyakupangika nga ni tchizi na ''Dulce de leche''. === Ubweya === Mbuzi zinandi zili na sisi lakupepuka lakufundiska pafupi na cikumba, na sisi litali pacanya. Sisi lakupepuka ndilo likuzirwa ku mafakitale gha nsalu; likuchemeka ''cashmere'' na ''pashmina''. Mbuzi ya ''cashmere'' yikupanga ubweya wakupepuka wa ''cashmere'', umoza mwa ulusi wa kawiro wakudura comene. Ukuwunjikika kamoza pa caka. Mbuzi za Angora zikupanga sisi litali lakupindikapindika la ''mohair'', ilo likumetika kaŵiri pa caka, ndipo pakati likupeleka makilogalamu pafupifupi 4.5. Sisi lakukhwima la pacanya ndakuzirwa yayi cifukwa ndakukhwima comene na lakusuzga kulusa na kupaka mtundu. === Kutozga Malo === Ŵanthu ŵagwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kuwuskapo vyakumera vyambura kukhumbikwa kwa vyaka mahandiredi. Zalongosoreka nga ni "makina gha kurya". Ici cawelera so mu Amerika ya Kumpoto kufuma mu 1990, apo magulu gha mbuzi ghakagwiliskirika ntchito kuwuskapo tumakuni twakomira pa vikweza vya California, ivyo vikaŵa pa ngozi ya moto wa mu thengere. Mawupu ghanandi gha ulongozgi na gha ŵanthu paŵekha ghakubwereka magulu gha mbuzi pa ntchito zakuyana. Ici cingadura, ndipo fungo lawo lingaŵa suzgo. Mu cigaŵa ca kumpoto-kumanjiliro kwa Pacific, mbuzi zikugwiliskirika ntchito kuwuskapo vyakumera vyakunanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵangaviwuskapo luŵiro yayi. Misumba ya Chattanooga na Spartanburg mu United States yagwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kulaŵilira ''kudzu'', cakumera cakunanga. === Kusambizga Ŵantchito ŵa Ucizgi === Ŵankhondo ŵa vyaro vinyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kusambizga ŵacizgi ŵa nkhondo. Mu United States, mbuzi zaŵa vinyama vikulu ivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa ici, pamanyuma pakuti nchebe zikaleka kugwiliskirika ntchito mu ma 1980. Nangauli vyakuyezgera vya mazuŵa ghano vikuyezga makola thupi la munthu, ŵakusambira ŵakuti "kuyezga na mbuzi kukupeleka luŵiro ilo ngozi yeneyiyo pera ndiyo yingapeleka". Kacitiro aka kasuskika na mawupu gha wanangwa wa vinyama. === Vyakusanguluska === Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusankha mbuzi nga ni vyakusanguluska cifukwa zingaŵa ŵabwezi ŵapafupi na ŵakuzipwelelera. Mbuzi zikukhumba kukhala na mbuzi zinyake, kweni zikulondezga mwenecho na kuŵa ŵabwezi ŵapafupi nayo, ndipo ici cikuzipangiska kutemweka. Pa vyakulya, mbuzi zikuyana na nyama za mu thengere za mtundu wa nswala, ndipo zikukhumba vyakulya vya mitundu yinandi, nga ni utheka wakomira, mbuto, na mcere. Mbuzi kanandi zikuhara panji kusambira vyakulya ivyo zikutemwa pamanyuma pa kubabika. == Mu Midawuko == Mu majandulo gha Ŵagiriki ŵa kale, Amalthea ni cinyama panji mzimu uwo ukalyiska ciuta mwana Jupiter mkaka wa mbuzi. Mu jandulo linyake, ciuta wakaphwanya nyanga yimoza ya mbuzi, ndipo yikaŵa nyanga ya unandi, iyo yikazuranga na ciliconse ico mwenecho wakakhumbanga. Mu majandulo gha Ŵanoyi, ciuta wa mabingu, Thor, wali na galimoto la nkhondo ilo likuguzika na mbuzi ziŵiri. Usiku Thor wakurya nyama ya mbuzi, kweni wakupwelelera kuti viwanga vyose vileke kuphwanyika, ndipo mlenji mbuzi zikuwuka so kuguza galimoto. Para mwana wa mulimi uyo wakachemeka ku cakulya waphwanya ciwanga ca lundi la mbuzi yimoza kuti wafyonte mongo, lundi la cinyama likusyala laphwanyika mlenji, ndipo mwana wakukakizgika kuteŵetera Thor nga ni mteŵeti. Mbuzi ya Khrisimasi (''Julbocken'') ni mdawuko wa Khrisimasi wa Scandinavia. Pakwamba yikang'anamulanga mbuzi iyo yikakomekanga pa Khrisimasi, kweni sono kanandi ni cithuzi ca mbuzi cakupangika na udzu. Mbuzi ya Gävle ni mbuzi yikulu comene ya mtundu uwu iyo yikuzengeka caka ciliconse mu msumba wa Gävle mu Sweden. Mu Finland, pa zuŵa la St. Knut (13 Matika), ŵanyamata ŵakuvwala nga ni mbuzi (''Nuuttipukki'') na kuzungulira nyumba, ŵakupempha vyakulya. Msumba wa kale wa Ebla mu Siriya uli na nthumbo ya munthu yakuŵa na mpando wakujikongoleska na mitu ya mbuzi ya mkuŵa, iyo sono yikuchemeka "Nthumbo ya Fumu ya Mbuzi". Mbuzi ni cimoza mwa vinyama 12 vya ndondomeko ya vyaka ya Ŵacayina. Gulu la nyenyezi la Capricorn likulongoreka nga ni mbuzi iyo yili na mcira wa somba. Vinyama vinyake vya majandulo vyakusazganika, nga ni Chimera, vili na vigaŵa vya mbuzi. Fauns na satyrs ni vinyama vya majandulo vyakuŵa na thupi la munthu na malundi gha mbuzi. Ciuta wa Ŵagiriki Pan wali na thupi la munthu pacanya na nyanga na thupi la pasi la mbuzi. Mu Cihindu, Daksha nyengo zinyake wakulongoreka na mutu wa mbuzi yanalume. Jandulo likuti Daksha wakaleka kuchema Shiva ku sembe; Shiva wakadumula mutu wa Daksha, kweni apo Vishnu wakamupempha, wakamuwezgera ku umoyo na mutu wa mbuzi. Mbuzi zikuyowoyeka kanandi mu [[Baibolo]]. Kuzirwa kwake mu Israeli wa kale kukulongoreka na mazgo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha Ciheberi na ghatatu gha Cigiriki agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu Baibolo. Mbuzi yikuwonekera nga ni cinyama "cakutowa" mu malango gha vyakulya gha Ŵayuda, ndipo mwana wa mbuzi wakakomekanga pa mulendo wakucindikika. Yikazomerezgeka so pa sembe zinyake. Makatani gha sisi la mbuzi ghakagwiliskirika ntchito mu hema ilo likaŵa na nyumba ya Ciuta (Exodus 25:4). Nyanga zake zingagwiliskirika ntchito m'malo mwa nyanga ya mbelele kupanga ''shofar''. Pa Yom Kippur, zuŵa la kusambika kwa vyakwananga, mbuzi ziŵiri zikasankhika: yimoza yikaperekeka sembe, ndipo yinyake yikazomerezgeka kuthaŵira ku mapopa, yikunyamula vyakwananga vya ŵanthu wose. Kufuma apa pakafuma lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''scapegoat''. Satana nyengo zinyake wakulongoreka nga ni mbuzi, nga ni Baphomet, ndipo ici cikupangiska cinyama ici kuŵa cimanyikwiro cakuzirwa mu Cisatana. [[Category:Vinyama]] qkyk51as40nzxbrxxpvbm172qisdnxg 123734 123729 2026-11-04T13:25:57Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123734 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Goat family.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] [[File:Irish Goat.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] [[File:Goats butting heads in Germany.jpg|thumb|250px|Mbuzi]] '''Mbuzi''' (''Capra hircus'') ni mtundu wa [[Vinyama|cinyama]] ico kanandi cikuŵetika. Mbuzi zikaŵetika kufuma ku mbuzi za mu thengere za ku Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumanjiliro na Ulaya ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa. Mbuzi zili mu mbumba ya ng'ombe, ndipo zikukolerana comene na mbelele. Zikaŵa vinyama vyakwamba kuŵetika, mu Iran pafupifupi vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mbuzi zikuŵetika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caro capasi, ndipo zikupeleka mkaka, vipapa, nyama, na ubweya. Mu 2022, pakaŵa mbuzi zakujumpha biliyoni 1.1 pa caro cose capasi, ndipo miliyoni 150 zikaŵa mu India. Mbuzi zikusangika mu majandulo na visopa vya vigaŵa vinandi vya caro capasi, kusazgapo mu Cikhristu. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''goat'' likufuma ku Cingelezi ca kale ''gāt'' ("mbuzi, mbuzi yanakazi"), ilo likufuma ku muzu wa kale wa Ŵajeremani, ndipo pakumalira ku muzu wa Proto-Indo-European wakung'anamula "mwana wa mbuzi". Kuti ŵalongosore mbuzi yanalume, Cingelezi ca kale cikagwiliskiranga ntchito ''bucca'' mpaka pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1100. Mazina gha mbuzi yanakazi yikulu na yanalume yikulu ghakamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800. Mbuzi zanalume zakuthenulika zikuchemeka ''wethers''. Ŵana ŵa mbuzi ŵakuchemeka ''kids'', lizgu ilo likafuma ku ciyowoyero ca Scandinavia, ndipo kufuma mu ma 1590 lagwiliskirika ntchito so pa ŵana ŵa ŵanthu. == Mbiri == Mbuzi ni vimoza mwa vinyama vyakwamba ivyo ŵanthu ŵakaŵeta. Kusanda vyakuhara kukusimikizga ukaboni wa kale wakuti mbuzi ya mu thengere ya bezoar, iyo sono yikusangika mu mapiri gha Zagros, kweni kale yikaŵanga mu Anatolia yose, ndiyo yingaŵa kuti yikaŵa mbuzi ya kale ya mbuzi zose panji zinandi za panyumba za mazuŵa ghano. Ŵalimi ŵa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya ŵakamba kuŵeta mbuzi za mu thengere comene kuti ŵasange mkaka na nyama luŵiro, kweniso vyakunyela vyawo, ivyo vikagwiliskirikanga ntchito nga ni vyakotchera; ndipo viwanga, sisi, na misempha yawo vikagwiliskirikanga ntchito pa vyakuvwara, kuzenga, na vilwero. Vyakusyala vyakwamba vya mbuzi zakuŵetika, vya vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha, vyasangika ku Ganj Dareh mu Iran. Vyakusyala vya mbuzi vyasangika so ku Yeriko na malo ghanyake, ivyo vikulongora kuti mbuzi zikaŵetika mu Asiya ya Kumanjiliro pakati pa vyaka 8,000 na 9,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu mbiri, vipapa vya mbuzi vyagwiliskirika ntchito kupanga vyakusungiramo maji na vinyo, na kupanga mapepala gha vipapa. == Kasandiro ka Vyamoyo == === Malongosoro === Mtundu uliwose wa mbuzi uli na kuzitika kwapadera, kufuma ku makilogalamu ghakujumpha 140 pa mbuzi zanalume za mitundu yikulu nga ni Boer, mpaka makilogalamu 20 mpaka 27 pa mbuzi zanakazi zicoko. Pasi comene pali mitundu yicoko comene nga ni African Pygmy, iyo yikuŵa yitali masentimita 41 mpaka 58 pa mapewa. Mbuzi zinandi zili na nyanga ziŵiri, ndipo mawonekero na ukulu wake vikuthemba mtundu. Pali mbuzi zinyake izo zili na nyanga zinandi (mpaka zinkhondi na zitatu), nangauli ici nchambura kucitika kanandi. Kupambana na ng'ombe, mbuzi zingaŵetika makola yayi kuti ziŵe zambura nyanga, cifukwa vyakuhara vya kuŵa wanalume panji wanakazi na vya nyanga vikukolerana comene. Nyanga zawo zikupangika na ciwanga camoyo ico cazingilizgika na keratin, ndipo zikugwiliskirika ntchito pa kujivikilira, kuwusa, kuvikilira malo, na kulaŵilira kufunda kwa thupi. Mbuzi zanalume na zanakazi zingaŵa na ndevu, ndipo mitundu yinandi yingaŵa na tucikopa twakupachika pa singo. Mbuzi zili na mboni za maso za mawonekero gha mzere, izo zikuzizomerezga kuwona makola mu ungweru na mu mdima, na kuwona kutali kumphepete zose kuti zisange vinyama vyakusaka, kwambura kuziziskika na ungweru wa zuŵa wakufuma pacanya. Mbuzi zilije vyakufumira masozi. Mbuzi ni vinyama vyakuwerezga kulya. Zili na mithumbo yinayi. Mbuzi zanakazi zili na mabele ghaŵiri, kupambana na ng'ombe, izo zili na ghanayi. Mbuzi zili na vigaŵa viŵiri vya vigaŵa vya vyakuhara 30. === Kuyaniska na Mberere === Mberere na mbuzi vikukolerana comene: vyose viŵiri vili mu mbumba yimoza. Kweni ni mitundu yakupambana, ntheura ŵana ŵa vyose viŵiri ŵakuwoneka kanandi yayi ndipo ŵangaŵaba yayi. Kupambana kwakuwoneka pakati pa mbelele na mbuzi ni ndevu za mbuzi na mlomo wa pacanya wakugaŵika wa mbelele. Mcira wa mbelele ukupachika pasi, apo mcira mufupi wa mbuzi ukwimilira pacanya. Mitundu ya mbelele kanandi yilije nyanga mwa kawiro, apo mbuzi zambura nyanga mwa kawiro nzicoko. Mbuzi zanalume zikunkha comene pa nyengo ya kutorana, apo mbelele zanalume zikunkha yayi. == Nkhalo na Malo == Mbuzi zili na khumbo la kumanya mwa kawiro. Nzaluŵiro, ndipo zingakwera na kujikhazga pa malo ghakusuzga. Ici cikuzipangiska kuŵa vinyama vyekha vyakuwerezga kulya ivyo vikukwera makuni nyengo zose. Nkhalo izi zazipangiska kumanyikwa pa kuthaŵa mu makhola mwa kuyezga mipanda. Usange cigaŵa ciliconse ca mpanda cingajumphika, mbuzi pafupifupi nyengo zose zikuthaŵa. Kuyana na kusanda kunyake, mbuzi nza vinjeru nga ni nchebe. Para zikulongozgeka pamoza, mbuzi zikulongora nkhalo yicoko ya kuwungana kuluska mbelele. Para zikurya kwambura kusokonezgeka, zikuthandazgika mu munda, m'malo mwa kurya pafupi na pafupi nga ni mbelele. Zikuzgokera na kulaŵiska munthu wakunjira, ndipo mbuzi zanalume zingathamangira panji kutimba ŵanthu kuluska mbelele zanalume. Kusanda kwa mu 2016 kukayowoya kuti mbuzi zikuyezga kuyowoyerana na ŵanthu nga ni vinyama vyakuŵetika nga ni nchebe na mahachi. Zikulaŵiska munthu kuti ziwovwirike para zakumana na suzgo liphya. === Kuŵaba === Mbuzi zikukura kufika pa kuŵaba pakati pa myezi 3 na 15, kuyana na mtundu na vyakulya. Ŵaŵeti ŵanandi ŵakukhumba kulindilira mpaka mbuzi yanakazi yafika magaŵa 70 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa mbuzi yikulu, kweni ici cikucitika kanandi yayi mu magulu agho ghakwendakwenda. Mbuzi zanalume za mitundu ya Switzerland na ya kumpoto zikunjira mu nyengo ya kutorana mu nyengo ya kuwa kwa mahamba, nga ni mbuzi zanakazi. Mbuzi zanalume za mitundu ya pafupi na mzere wapakati zingaŵa na kucepa kwa kuŵaba mu nyengo zinyake, kweni zingatorana nyengo zose. Nyengo ya kutorana yikumanyikwa na kucepa kwa khumbo la kulya na kukhumba comene mbuzi zanakazi. Mbuzi yanalume pa nyengo iyi yikupinda mlomo na kunyela matuzi pa malundi gha panthazi na pa cisko. Tuzenje twa fungo pasi pa nyanga tukusazgirapo fungo la mbuzi yanalume, ilo nlakuzirwa kuti yikope mbuzi yanakazi. Mbuzi zinyake zanakazi zikukana kutorana na mbuzi yanalume iyo tuzenje utu twawuskikapo. Nthumbo yikutora pafupifupi mazuŵa 150. Kanandi zikubaba ŵana ŵaŵiri, ndipo kubaba yumoza panji ŵatatu nako nkhwakumanyikwa. Ŵanayi, ŵankhondi, panji ŵankhondi na yumoza ŵakuwoneka kanandi yayi. Kubaba kanandi kukucitika makola. Pambere yindababe, mbuzi yanakazi yikuŵa na malo ghakunjira pafupi na mcira, ndipo yikupuma comene. Amama kanandi ŵakurya cigaŵa ca kubabira, ico cikuŵapa vyakulya vyakuzirwa na kucepeska ngozi ya kukopa vinyama vyakusaka. Mkaka ukwamba kanandi pa kubaba. Unandi wa mkaka ukupambana kuyana na mtundu, vyaka, na vyakulya vya mbuzi; mbuzi za mkaka kanandi zikupanga mkaka pakati pa makilogalamu 680 na 1,810 pa mazuŵa 305. Pakati, mbuzi yiwemi ya mkaka yikupeleka makilogalamu 3 gha mkaka pa zuŵa. Mbuzi iyo yikupeleka mkaka kakwamba yingapeleka ucoko, panji mpaka makilogalamu 7 panji kujumpha. Pamanyuma, mbuzi yanakazi yikuleka kupeleka mkaka, kanandi pamanyuma pa kutorana so. Nyengo zinyake, mbuzi izo zindatorane ndipo zikukamika nyengo zose zikulutilira kupeleka mkaka kujumpha mazuŵa 305. Nyengo zinyake mbuzi zanalume nazo zikupeleka mkaka. === Vyakulya === Mbuzi zikumanyikwa kuti zingarya pafupifupi ciliconse. Zikurya mahamba gha tumakuni, kupambana na ng'ombe na mbelele izo zikurya utheka, ndipo (pamoza na khumbo lawo la kumanya) zikutafuna na kunowa ciliconse ico cikuwoneka nga ni cakumera kuti zimanye usange ncakulyeka, kusazgapo makatoni, vyakuvwara, na mapepala. Thupi la mwana wa mbuzi, pa kugaya, likuyana na la cinyama ca mthumbo umoza. Kugaya mkaka kukwamba mu mthumbo waumaliro. Pa kubabika, mthumbo wakwamba undakure, kweni apo mwana wakwamba kurya vyakulya vyakukhwima, ukukura luŵiro. Ukulu wa mbuzi yikulu ukuthemba mtundu wake na vyakulya apo yikukura. Nga ni viŵeto vyose, vyakulya vya purotini yinandi (magaŵa 10 mpaka 14 pa 100) na nkhongono zakukwana pambere pa kukura vikupangiska kukura luŵiro na ukulu ukulu. Mbuzi za viwanga vikulu zikufika pa kuzitika kwa ukulu pa vyaka vya pamanyuma (myezi 36 mpaka 42) kuluska mbuzi za viwanga vicoko (myezi 18 mpaka 24), ndipo zikukhumba vyakulya vinandi. === Nthenda na Utali wa Umoyo === Nangauli mbuzi nza nkhongono ndipo kanandi zikukhumba ucizgi ucoko, zingakora nthenda zinandi. Zinyake ni nthenda za kupuma nga ni chibayo, kuvunda kwa malundi, tuzirombo twa mukati, na poizoni wa vyakulya. Mbuzi zingakora nthenda za tubungulu na mabakiteriya, nga ni nthenda ya malundi na mlomo. Zingambuzga ku ŵanthu nthenda zinyake, nga ni TB na nthenda ya kuluma kwa nchebe yakuzerewuka. Utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi uli pakati pa vyaka 15 na 18. Mbuzi yinyake yikafika vyaka 24. Masuzgo pa kubaba ghangacepeska utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi yanakazi kufika 10 panji 11, ndipo nyengo za kutorana zingacepeska utali wa umoyo wa mbuzi yanalume kufika 8 mpaka 10. == Ulimi == === Kuŵeta === Kuŵeta kukupambana kuyana na cigaŵa na mdawuko. Vyakukhumbikwa vicoko vya mbuzi ni malo gha kuryera panji kupeleka vyakulya ku vinyama vya mu khola, maji ghawemi, mcere, malo gha kwendera, na kuwuskapo vyakugonapo vyakunyanyira. Mu Afilika na Vuma Lapakati, mbuzi kanandi zikuŵetika pamoza na mbelele. Ici cikusazgirapo vyakupangika pa malo, cifukwa mbuzi na mbelele zikurya vyakumera vyakupambana. Mu Ethiopia, pali nthowa zinayi zikulu za kuŵeta mbuzi, ndipo mu zose, mbuzi zikuŵetika mwambura kugula vinthu vinandi. Mu Nigeria na mu vigaŵa vya Amerika ya Ŵalatini, mbuzi zinyake zikuzomerezgeka kwendakwenda mu muzi, apo zinyake zikusungika mu khola na kupika vyakulya ivyo vyadumulika na kunyamulika. Ici cikwenelera pa mbuto nga ni cingoma izo zikunangika na kulyatika. === Unandi pa Caro Cose === Mu 2024, pakaŵa mbuzi zakujumpha biliyoni 1.18 pa caro cose capasi, ndipo vyaro vyakuŵa na zinandi comene vikaŵa India (miliyoni 211), China (miliyoni 118), na Nigeria (miliyoni 91). Pafupifupi mbuzi miliyoni 564 zikukomeka pa caka cifukwa ca nyama, ndipo zikupeleka matani miliyoni 7.74 gha nyama. Vyaro vyakupanga mkaka wa mbuzi comene mu 2022 vikaŵa India (matani miliyoni 6.25), Bangladesh (miliyoni 0.91), na South Sudan (miliyoni 0.52). Mu 2015, India yikakomanga magaŵa 41 pa 100 gha mbuzi zake miliyoni 124.4 pa caka. Nyama ya mbuzi ya matani miliyoni 0.6 ni magaŵa 8 pa 100 gha nyama yose iyo India yikupanga pa caka. === Mbuzi za mu Thengere === Mbuzi zikuwelera ku thengere luŵiro para zapika mwaŵi. Mbuzi za mu thengere zili mu malo ghanandi: Australia, New Zealand, Ufumu Ubanyi, Galapagos, na kunyake. Para zafika pa unandi ukulu mu malo umo muli maji ghanandi na vinyama vyakusaka vicoko, zingananga comene, nga ni kuwuskapo tumakuni na makuni gha malo agho. Mbuzi za mu thengere nzinandi comene mu Australia, pafupifupi miliyoni 2.6 pakati pa ma 1990. == Kagwiliskiro == Mbuzi zikugwiliskirika ntchito pa mkaka, ubweya wapadera, nyama, na vipapa. Mawupu ghanyake gha lusungu ghakupeleka mbuzi ku ŵanthu ŵakavu mu vyaro vyakavu, ŵakugomezga kuti vinthu vyakovwira vikucepeska ukavu kuluska ndalama. Kweni mtengo wa kugula na kuthandazga mbuzi ungaŵa ukulu. === Nyama === Kunowa kwa nyama ya mwana wa mbuzi kukuyana na kwa nyama ya mwana wa mbelele. Ŵanyake ŵakuyaniska nyama ya mbuzi na ya ng'ombe yaŵana panji ya nyama za mu thengere. Kunowa kwake kukufuma comene ku vinthu viŵiri vya usungunu ivyo vili mu nyama. Nyama yikuphikika mu vyakulya nga ni ''curry'' ya mbuzi, ''mutton satay'', na ''capra e fagioli''. Mu virwa vya Caribbean vya Cingelezi na mu Asiya ya Kumwera, lizgu lakuti ''mutton'' likung'anamula nyama ya mbuzi na ya mbelele. === Mkaka, Batala, na Tchizi === Mbuzi zikupanga pafupifupi magaŵa 2 pa 100 gha mkaka wose wa caro cose capasi pa caka. Mbuzi za mkaka zikupanga pakati pa makilogalamu 540 na 1,180 gha mkaka mu mazuŵa 284. Mkaka ungaŵa na magaŵa 3.5 mpaka 5 pa 100 gha mafuta kuyana na mtundu. Mkaka wa mbuzi ukupangika kuŵa vyakupangika nga ni tchizi na ''Dulce de leche''. === Ubweya === Mbuzi zinandi zili na sisi lakupepuka lakufundiska pafupi na cikumba, na sisi litali pacanya. Sisi lakupepuka ndilo likuzirwa ku mafakitale gha nsalu; likuchemeka ''cashmere'' na ''pashmina''. Mbuzi ya ''cashmere'' yikupanga ubweya wakupepuka wa ''cashmere'', umoza mwa ulusi wa kawiro wakudura comene. Ukuwunjikika kamoza pa caka. Mbuzi za Angora zikupanga sisi litali lakupindikapindika la ''mohair'', ilo likumetika kaŵiri pa caka, ndipo pakati likupeleka makilogalamu pafupifupi 4.5. Sisi lakukhwima la pacanya ndakuzirwa yayi cifukwa ndakukhwima comene na lakusuzga kulusa na kupaka mtundu. === Kutozga Malo === Ŵanthu ŵagwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kuwuskapo vyakumera vyambura kukhumbikwa kwa vyaka mahandiredi. Zalongosoreka nga ni "makina gha kurya". Ici cawelera so mu Amerika ya Kumpoto kufuma mu 1990, apo magulu gha mbuzi ghakagwiliskirika ntchito kuwuskapo tumakuni twakomira pa vikweza vya California, ivyo vikaŵa pa ngozi ya moto wa mu thengere. Mawupu ghanandi gha ulongozgi na gha ŵanthu paŵekha ghakubwereka magulu gha mbuzi pa ntchito zakuyana. Ici cingadura, ndipo fungo lawo lingaŵa suzgo. Mu cigaŵa ca kumpoto-kumanjiliro kwa Pacific, mbuzi zikugwiliskirika ntchito kuwuskapo vyakumera vyakunanga ivyo ŵanthu ŵangaviwuskapo luŵiro yayi. Misumba ya Chattanooga na Spartanburg mu United States yagwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kulaŵilira ''kudzu'', cakumera cakunanga. === Kusambizga Ŵantchito ŵa Ucizgi === Ŵankhondo ŵa vyaro vinyake ŵakugwiliskira ntchito mbuzi kusambizga ŵacizgi ŵa nkhondo. Mu United States, mbuzi zaŵa vinyama vikulu ivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito pa ici, pamanyuma pakuti nchebe zikaleka kugwiliskirika ntchito mu ma 1980. Nangauli vyakuyezgera vya mazuŵa ghano vikuyezga makola thupi la munthu, ŵakusambira ŵakuti "kuyezga na mbuzi kukupeleka luŵiro ilo ngozi yeneyiyo pera ndiyo yingapeleka". Kacitiro aka kasuskika na mawupu gha wanangwa wa vinyama. === Vyakusanguluska === Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakusankha mbuzi nga ni vyakusanguluska cifukwa zingaŵa ŵabwezi ŵapafupi na ŵakuzipwelelera. Mbuzi zikukhumba kukhala na mbuzi zinyake, kweni zikulondezga mwenecho na kuŵa ŵabwezi ŵapafupi nayo, ndipo ici cikuzipangiska kutemweka. Pa vyakulya, mbuzi zikuyana na nyama za mu thengere za mtundu wa nswala, ndipo zikukhumba vyakulya vya mitundu yinandi, nga ni utheka wakomira, mbuto, na mcere. Mbuzi kanandi zikuhara panji kusambira vyakulya ivyo zikutemwa pamanyuma pa kubabika. == Mu Midawuko == Mu majandulo gha Ŵagiriki ŵa kale, Amalthea ni cinyama panji mzimu uwo ukalyiska ciuta mwana Jupiter mkaka wa mbuzi. Mu jandulo linyake, ciuta wakaphwanya nyanga yimoza ya mbuzi, ndipo yikaŵa nyanga ya unandi, iyo yikazuranga na ciliconse ico mwenecho wakakhumbanga. Mu majandulo gha Ŵanoyi, ciuta wa mabingu, Thor, wali na galimoto la nkhondo ilo likuguzika na mbuzi ziŵiri. Usiku Thor wakurya nyama ya mbuzi, kweni wakupwelelera kuti viwanga vyose vileke kuphwanyika, ndipo mlenji mbuzi zikuwuka so kuguza galimoto. Para mwana wa mulimi uyo wakachemeka ku cakulya waphwanya ciwanga ca lundi la mbuzi yimoza kuti wafyonte mongo, lundi la cinyama likusyala laphwanyika mlenji, ndipo mwana wakukakizgika kuteŵetera Thor nga ni mteŵeti. Mbuzi ya Khrisimasi (''Julbocken'') ni mdawuko wa Khrisimasi wa Scandinavia. Pakwamba yikang'anamulanga mbuzi iyo yikakomekanga pa Khrisimasi, kweni sono kanandi ni cithuzi ca mbuzi cakupangika na udzu. Mbuzi ya Gävle ni mbuzi yikulu comene ya mtundu uwu iyo yikuzengeka caka ciliconse mu msumba wa Gävle mu Sweden. Mu Finland, pa zuŵa la St. Knut (13 Matika), ŵanyamata ŵakuvwala nga ni mbuzi (''Nuuttipukki'') na kuzungulira nyumba, ŵakupempha vyakulya. Msumba wa kale wa Ebla mu Siriya uli na nthumbo ya munthu yakuŵa na mpando wakujikongoleska na mitu ya mbuzi ya mkuŵa, iyo sono yikuchemeka "Nthumbo ya Fumu ya Mbuzi". Mbuzi ni cimoza mwa vinyama 12 vya ndondomeko ya vyaka ya Ŵacayina. Gulu la nyenyezi la Capricorn likulongoreka nga ni mbuzi iyo yili na mcira wa somba. Vinyama vinyake vya majandulo vyakusazganika, nga ni Chimera, vili na vigaŵa vya mbuzi. Fauns na satyrs ni vinyama vya majandulo vyakuŵa na thupi la munthu na malundi gha mbuzi. Ciuta wa Ŵagiriki Pan wali na thupi la munthu pacanya na nyanga na thupi la pasi la mbuzi. Mu Cihindu, Daksha nyengo zinyake wakulongoreka na mutu wa mbuzi yanalume. Jandulo likuti Daksha wakaleka kuchema Shiva ku sembe; Shiva wakadumula mutu wa Daksha, kweni apo Vishnu wakamupempha, wakamuwezgera ku umoyo na mutu wa mbuzi. Mbuzi zikuyowoyeka kanandi mu [[Baibolo]]. Kuzirwa kwake mu Israeli wa kale kukulongoreka na mazgo ghankhondi na ghaŵiri gha Ciheberi na ghatatu gha Cigiriki agho ghakugwiliskirika ntchito mu Baibolo. Mbuzi yikuwonekera nga ni cinyama "cakutowa" mu malango gha vyakulya gha Ŵayuda, ndipo mwana wa mbuzi wakakomekanga pa mulendo wakucindikika. Yikazomerezgeka so pa sembe zinyake. Makatani gha sisi la mbuzi ghakagwiliskirika ntchito mu hema ilo likaŵa na nyumba ya Ciuta (Exodus 25:4). Nyanga zake zingagwiliskirika ntchito m'malo mwa nyanga ya mbelele kupanga ''shofar''. Pa Yom Kippur, zuŵa la kusambika kwa vyakwananga, mbuzi ziŵiri zikasankhika: yimoza yikaperekeka sembe, ndipo yinyake yikazomerezgeka kuthaŵira ku cipalamba, yikunyamula vyakwananga vya ŵanthu wose. Kufuma apa pakafuma lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''scapegoat''. Satana nyengo zinyake wakulongoreka nga ni mbuzi, nga ni Baphomet, ndipo ici cikupangiska cinyama ici kuŵa cimanyikwiro cakuzirwa mu Cisatana. [[Category:Vinyama]] abijmtky4pct06ewevmgn2ca5nv8s38 0 2444 123725 123623 2026-11-04T13:24:48Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123725 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Male and female chicken sitting together.jpg|thumb|250px|]] [[File:Day old chick black background.jpg|thumb|250px|]] '''Nkhuku''' (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') ni [[Viyuni|ciyuni]] cakuŵetika ico cikafuma ku nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere (''Gallus gallus''), izo pakwamba zikaŵa za ku Asiya ya Kumwera-Kuvuma. Zikaŵetika dankha pafupifupi vyaka 8,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo ni vimoza mwa vinyama vyakuŵetika vyakumanyikwa na vyakuthandazgika comene pa caro cose capasi. Nkhuku zikuŵetika comene cifukwa ca nyama na masumbi ghake, nangauli zikuŵetika so nga ni vyakusanguluska. Mu 2023, nkhuku zikaŵa zakujumpha biliyoni 26.5 pa caro cose capasi, ndipo viyuni vyakujumpha biliyoni 50 vikukuzgika caka ciliconse kuti vilyeke. Mitundu yapadera ya nkhuku za nyama na za masumbi yapangika. Nkhuku yanakazi iyo yikuŵetekera masumbi yingaikira masumbi ghakujumpha 300 pa caka. Nkhuku zikukhala pamoza, zili na vyongo na nkhalo zakusuzga, ndipo zikusangika mu majandulo, visopa, na malemba gha midawuko yinandi. Kuzirwa kwake pa vyacuma kukuzipangiska kuŵa cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca kuŵeta viŵeto pa caro cose capasi. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''chicken'' likufuma ku Cingelezi ca kale ''ċicen''. Nangauli muzu wake ngwa Ŵajeremani, kukumanyikwa makola yayi uko lizgu ili likafuma, nangauli lingaŵa kuti likafuma ku kuyezga congo ico nkhuku yikupanga. == Mazina == Mu Cingelezi, lizgu lakuti ''chicken'' kale likang'anamulanga mwana wa nkhuku, nga mu sewero la William Shakespeare la ''Macbeth''. Mu malemba gha kale, na kanandi mu malonda na kasandiro, nkhuku nga ni mtundu zikulongosoreka nga ni nkhuku za panyumba. == Malongosoro == Nkhuku ni viyuni vikulu pacoko, ivyo vikucita vinthu pa msana. Thupi lake ndakuzingilira, malundi ghalije masoya mu mitundu yinandi, ndipo mapapiko ngafupi. Nkhuku za mu thengere zingaduka, apo nkhuku za panyumba na minofu yake ya kudukira nzakuzitika comene mwakuti zingaduka kutali yayi. Ukulu na mitundu yikupambana comene pakati pa mitundu ya nkhuku. Ŵana ŵa nkhuku awo ŵasululuka sonosono ŵa mitundu ya mazuŵa ghano na ya kale ŵakuzitika mwakuyana, pafupifupi magalamu 37. Kweni mitundu ya mazuŵa ghano yikukura luŵiro comene; pa zuŵa la 35, nkhuku ya nyama ya Ross 708 yingazitika makilogalamu 1.8, kuyaniska na makilogalamu 1.05 gha nkhuku ya kale ya vyaka vyakuyana. Nkhuku zikulu za ŵanalume na ŵanakazi zili na cigaŵa ca nyama pa mutu cakuchemeka cisoti, na tucikopa twakupachika kumphepete zose pasi pa mlomo; visoti na tucikopa ivi nvyakuwoneka comene pa ŵanalume. Mitundu yinyake yili na kusintha uko kukupangiska masoya ghakusazgikira pasi pa cisko, nga ni ndevu. Nkhuku zikurya vyakumera na vinyama. Mu thengere, zikufukula dongo kupenja mbuto, vibenene, na vinyama vikulu nga ni ŵazinkhanu, tunjoka tucoko, na mbeŵa zaŵana. Nkhuku yingakhala vyaka 5–10, kuyana na mtundu wake. Nkhuku ya kale comene iyo yikumanyikwa pa caro capasi yikakhala vyaka 16. Nkhuku zikukhala pamoza mu magulu, ndipo zikulamira masumbi na kulera ŵana pamoza. Nkhuku zinyake zikuwusa zinyake, ndipo zikupanga ndondomeko ya kudyokolana; izo zikuwusa zikulya dankha na kusankha dankha malo gha kuikira. Ghanoghano la kuwusa ili likalongosoreka mu nkhuku zanakazi na Thorleif Schjelderup-Ebbe mu 1921 nga ni "ndondomeko ya kudyokolana". Tambala kanandi ŵakuduka na kugwiliskira ntchito vikhadabo vyawo pa kumenyana. Nkhuku zingawungana na kukoma cinyama cakusaka ico cikuŵa cambura nkhongono panji cambura luso, nga ni nkhandwe yaŵana. Nkhuku zikawonekeranga comene nga ni vyakupeleka vyakulya, kweni mahara, nkhalo za mtima, na kukhala pamoza kwawo vikuyana na kwa viyuni vinyake na vinyama vyakonkheska. Kulira kwa tambala ni kuchema kwakukwezga, ndipo nyengo zinyake kwakuthwa, uko kukulongora malo ghake ku tambala ŵanyake, na kuzgora ku vyakuzizwiska vya luŵiro mu malo ghake. Nkhuku zanakazi zikulira comene pamanyuma pa kuikira sumbi na pa kuchema ŵana ŵawo. Nkhuku zili na vyongo vyakupambana vya kuchenjezga kuti cinyama cakusaka cikwiza kufuma kumwamba panji pasi. == Kuŵaba na Umoyo == Kuti wambe kunyengelera, tambala ŵanyake ŵangavina mu cizungulizgo kuzingilizga panji pafupi na nkhuku yanakazi, kanandi ŵakuyiwiska papiko ilo lili pafupi na nkhuku yanakazi. Kuvina uku kukupangiska nkhuku yanakazi kuzgora, ndipo para yazgora, tambala wangayikwera na kulutilira kugonana. Kanandi tambala wakwiza ku nkhuku yanakazi na kuvina. Usange nkhuku yanakazi yikukhumba yayi, yikuthaŵa; para yikukhumba, yikugwada, ndipo tambala wakuyikwera, wakulyata na malundi ghaŵiri pa msana wake. Mbeu ya tambala yikusamira kwizira mu kukhwaskana kwa vigaŵa vya pasi vya tambala na nkhuku yanakazi. Nga ni viyuni vyose, kuŵaba kukulongozgeka na ndondomeko ya misempha na vinthu vya mu ndopa. Kuŵaba kukucepa na vyaka. Nkhuku zanakazi kanandi zikuyezga kuikira mu visumbi ivyo vili kale na masumbi, ndipo nyengo zinyake zikusamizga masumbi kufuma ku visumbi vya pafupi kuya ku vyawo. Ntheura gulu likugwiliskira ntchito malo ghacoko pera, m'malo mwa kuŵa na cisumbi capaŵekha pa ciyuni ciliconse. Mu kawiro, viyuni vinandi vikuikira mpaka masumbi ghose ghakwane, pamanyuma vikulamira masumbi ghose. Nkhuku yanakazi yikukhala pa cisumbi, ndipo yikukukumuska masoya panji kudyokola para yasokonezgeka. Kanandi yikufuma pa cisumbi yayi mpaka masumbi ghasululuke. Masumbi gha nkhuku za mu malo ghatali gha Tibet ghali na vimanyikwiro vyapadera ivyo vikupangiska kuti ghasululuke comene mu malo umo okisijeni ngucoko. Masumbi gha nkhuku ghakusululuka pakumalira kwa nyengo ya kulamira, pafupifupi mazuŵa 21; mwana wa nkhuku wakugwiliskira ntchito dino lake la pa sumbi kuphwanya cikopa. Nkhuku yanakazi yikukhala pa cisumbi kwa mazuŵa pafupifupi ghaŵiri pamanyuma pakuti mwana wakwamba wasululuka; pa nyengo iyi ŵana ŵaphya ŵakulya cimaso ca mukati mwa sumbi. Nkhuku yanakazi yikuvikilira ŵana ŵake na kuŵafundiska. Yikuŵalongozga ku vyakulya na maji, na kuŵachema ku vyakulya. Ŵana ŵakumanya nkhuku yanakazi, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakuyilondezga nyengo zose. Yikulutilira kuŵapwelelera mpaka ŵafike masabata ghanandi. Kutorana kwa nkhuku za ŵabali kukupangiska kucepa kwa masumbi na kuzerezgeka kwa kukura mu nkhuku za White Leghorn na Langshan. == Kwambilira == === Mbumba === Viyuni vya mu maji panji pa mtunda ivyo vikuyana na nkhwali za mazuŵa ghano, mu gulu la viyuni umo nkhuku zili, vikapona apo viyuni vyose vya mu makuni na madayinoso ghakamalira. Nkhuku zikufuma comene ku nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere (''Gallus gallus''), ndipo mu kasandiro zikugaŵika nga ni mtundu umoza. Nkhuku za panyumba zikutorana na nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere. Nkhuku ya panyumba pamanyuma yikasazganika na nkhuku zinyake za mu thengere; mwaciyelezgero, cakuhara ca cikopa cacikasu cikafuma ku nkhuku ya mu thengere yituŵa-cifipa. Kukughanaghanirika kuti nkhuku zikugaŵana magaŵa 71 mpaka 79 pa 100 gha vyakuhara vyawo na nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere. === Kuŵetika === Nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere zikumanya makola kugwiliskira ntchito mbuto zinandi izo nsungwi zikupanga pakumalira kwa nyengo yawo ya kupanga mbuto, kuti zisazgirepo kuŵaba kwawo. Pa kuŵeta nkhuku, ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskira ntchito nkhongono ya nkhuku izi ya kuŵaba comene para vyakulya vyasazgikira. Nyengo na malo agho nkhuku zikaŵetikira vikaŵa nkhani yakususkana. Kusanda kwa vyakuhara kukaghanaghanira kuti nkhuku zikaŵetika vyaka 8,000 ivyo vyajumpha mu Asiya ya Kumwera-Kuvuma, ndipo zikathandazgika ku China na India pamanyuma pa vyaka 2,000 mpaka 3,000. Kusanda kwa mu 2020 uko kukapenda nkhuku 863 pa caro cose capasi kukulongora kuti nkhuku zose za panyumba zikufuma ku kuŵetika kumoza kwa nkhuku zakucesama za mu thengere, izo sono zikusangika comene mu Asiya ya Kumwera-Kuvuma. Nkhuku izi zikathandazgika mu Asiya ya Kumwera-Kuvuma na ya Kumwera, apo zikasazganika na nkhuku za mu thengere za malo agho. Kupenda so viwanga kufuma ku malo ghakujumpha 600 kukasanga kuti viwanga vya nkhuku vya kale comene vikufuma ku Thailand ya pakati, ku Ban Non Wat, pafupifupi vyaka 3,250 ivyo vyajumpha. Ŵasandi Joris Peters na Greger Larson ŵakuyowoya kuti ici cikacitika pa nyengo yimoza na kulima mpunga, ndipo ŵakusacizga kuti nkhuku za mu thengere zikakopeka na mbuto za mpunga, zikazenga visumbi pafupi, ndipo zikaŵetika. == Kuthandazgika == === Austronesia === Lizgu la nkhuku ya panyumba (''*manuk'') ni cigaŵa ca ciyowoyero ca kale ca Proto-Austronesian, ico cikulongora kuti zikaŵetika na Ŵaustronesia kufuma kale. Nkhuku, pamoza na nchebe na nkhumba, zikanyamulika mu maulendo gha pa nyanja gha Ŵaustronesia kuya ku virwa vya Asiya ya Kumwera-Kuvuma, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, na Madagascar, kwamba pafupifupi 3000 pambere Khristu kufuma ku Taiwan. === Afilika === Ukaboni wakwamba wa nkhuku za panyumba mu [[Afilika]] uli ku Mezber mu Ethiopia. Nkhuku izi zikalyekanga, nga umo vipsera vya mino gha ŵanthu na vya mipeni pa viwanga vya nkhuku vikulongolera. Nkhuku izi zikaŵa kuti zikafika ku Afilika ya Kumafumiro gha Zuŵa kwizira mu malonda gha pa Nyanja Yakucesama. Nkhuku zikafika ku [[Eguputo]] kwizira mu Vuma Lapakati kuti zikamenyane, pafupifupi 1400 pambere Khristu, ndipo zikaŵetika comene mu Eguputo pafupifupi 300 pambere Khristu. Mafupa ghanyake gha kale ghakufuma ku Mali, Nubia, mphepete ya kumafumiro gha zuŵa, na South Africa. === Amerika === Usange nkhuku za panyumba zikaŵa mu Amerika pambere Ŵaulaya ŵandize kukususkika, kweni nkhuku za masumbi gha buluu, izo zikusangika mu Amerika na Asiya pera, zikulongora kuti nkhuku zakwamba za Amerika zikafuma ku Asiya. === Yurasiya === Viwanga vya nkhuku nvyakusuzga kupima vyaka vyake, cifukwa viwanga vya viyuni nvicoko na vyakuphwanyika luŵiro. Nkhuku zikaŵa kuti zathandazgika mu Asiya ya pakati ya kumwera pofika vyaka vya m'ma 300 pambere Khristu. Mafupa gha nkhuku gha mu Vuma Lapakati ghakufuma pambere pacoko pa 2000 pambere Khristu mu Siriya. Ŵafoyinike ŵakathandazga nkhuku pa mphepete za Nyanja ya Mediterranean mpaka ku Iberia. Vithuzi vyakwamba vya nkhuku mu [[Europe|Ulaya]] vikusangika pa viŵiya vya dongo vya Corinth vya vyaka vya m'ma 600 pambere Khristu. Kuŵeta kukasazgikira mu Ufumu wa Ŵaroma, ndipo kukacepa mu nyengo yapakati. == Nthenda == Nkhuku zingakora tuzirombo nga ni nthata, na nthenda izo zikwiziskika na tubungulu twa nthenda nga ni mabakiteriya na tubungulu. Kazirombo ka ''Dermanyssus gallinae'' kakurya ndopa, kakwiziska kuyabwa na kucepeska masumbi, ndipo kakwambuzga nthenda za mabakiteriya. Nthenda za tubungulu zikusazgapo cimfine ca viyuni. == Kagwiliskiro na Ŵanthu == === Kuŵeta === Nkhuku ni vinyama vyakuŵetika vyakumanyikwa comene, ndipo zikaŵa biliyoni 23.7 mu 2018. Nkhuku zakujumpha biliyoni 50 zikuŵetika caka ciliconse cifukwa ca nyama na masumbi. Viyuni vinandi vikuŵetika mu mafakitale gha kuŵeta. Kuyana na Worldwatch Institute, magaŵa 74 pa 100 gha nyama ya nkhuku ya caro cose capasi na magaŵa 68 pa 100 gha masumbi ghakupangika mu nthowa iyi. Nthowa yinyake ni kuŵeta nkhuku zakwenda kwa wanangwa. Ŵakususka kuŵeta kwa mafakitale ŵakuyowoya kuti kukunanga malo ghakuzingilizga, kukwiziska ngozi ku uchanda wa moyo wa ŵanthu, ndipo nkhwankhaza ku vinyama. Ŵakukolera ŵakuyowoya kuti nthowa yawo yikusunga malo na vyakulya, ndipo vinyama vikupwelelereka mu malo ghakulaŵilirika. Nkhuku za nyama zikutora masabata ghambura kukwana ghankhondi na ghamoza kufika pa ukulu wa kukoma. Nkhuku izo zikuŵetekera masumbi zikuchemeka nkhuku za masumbi. Ufumu Ubanyi pera ukulya masumbi ghakujumpha miliyoni 34 pa zuŵa. Nkhuku za mitundu yinyake zingaikira masumbi ghakujumpha 300 pa caka; unandi ukulu comene uwo wasimikizgika ni masumbi 371 mu mazuŵa 364. Pamanyuma pa myezi 12 ya kuikira, nkhongono ya kuikira ikucepa mwakuti gulu likupeleka candulo so yayi. === Nga ni Vyakusanguluska === Kuŵeta nkhuku nga ni vyakusanguluska kukatemweka comene mu ma 2000 mu misumba. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵeta nkhuku cifukwa ca masumbi, kweni kanandi ŵakuzithya mazina na kuziwona nga ni vinyama vinyake vya panyumba nga ni nchebe. Nkhuku zili na nkhalo zapaŵekha. Zikulya mu woko la munthu, kuduka pa malundi gha munthu, kulondezga ŵakuzipwelelera, na kulongora citemwa. === Kumenyaniska Tambala === Kumenyaniska tambala ni mphikisano mu malo ghakuzingilizgika pakati pa tambala ŵaŵiri. Kwakanizgika mu vyaro vinandi cifukwa nkhwankhaza ku vinyama. Kukawoneka kuti kukacitikanga mu Mlonga wa Indus kufuma 2500 mpaka 2100 pambere Khristu. Pa kuŵetika, nkhuku zikaŵetikanga dankha pa kumenyaniska, ndipo pamanyuma pera zikamba kulyeka. === Mu Kasandiro === Nkhuku zagwiliskirika ntchito kanandi kusanda ŵana ŵa mu masumbi apo ŵakukura. Masumbi ghanandi ghangapezeka; ghangajulika na kulaŵiska mwana uyo wakukura. Kweniso ŵasandi ŵangacita mayeso pa ŵana aŵa, kujara so sumbi, na kusanda vyakufumapo pamanyuma. Mwaciyelezgero, vyakusanga vinandi vyakuzirwa pa kukura kwa mawoko na malundi vikacitika na ŵana ŵa nkhuku. Nkhuku ndico ciyuni cakwamba ico vyakuhara vyake vyose vikaŵazgika. Vyakuhara vya nkhuku vikuyana mu ukulu na vya viyuni vinyake, kweni ni vicoko kuluska vya pafupifupi vinyama vyose vyakonkheska. Mu 2006, ŵasandi ŵakasanda kwambilira kwa viyuni ŵakayatsa cakuhara cinyake ca nkhuku, ndipo ŵakasanga kuti nsaya za mwana zikamba kupanga mino, nga ni agho ghakusangika mu mafosilo gha viyuni vya kale. === Mu Midawuko, Majandulo, na Visopa === Nkhuku zikusangika comene mu majandulo, visopa, malemba, na midawuko. Nkhuku ni cinyama cakupatulika mu midawuko yinandi. Tambala nyengo zinyake ŵakugwiliskirika ntchito pa kuŵeza, ici cikusazgapo kupeleka sembe tambala wakupatulika, kanandi pa kumenyaniska kwa cisopa, nga ni nthowa ya kuyowoyerana na ŵaciuta. Mu buku la Gabriel García Márquez la 1967, ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'', kumenyaniska tambala kukakanizgika mu msumba wa Macondo. Fumbo lakuti "Cifukwa wuli nkhuku yikajumpha msewu?" likufuma mu 1847 panji pambere. Nkhuku zikusangika mu vithuzi vya kujambula, nga ni ca Adriaen van Utrecht ca 1646 na ca Walter Osborne ca 1885. Sumu ya ŵana ya "Cock a Doodle Doo" yikafumyika mu 1765. Filimu ya 2000 ya ''Chicken Run'' yikaŵa na nkhuku izo zikucita nga ni ŵanthu. [[Category:Vinyama]] [[Category:Viyuni]] 1r1rszb7rpjtmz3vvmf0xfgdi540k5q 0 4368 123720 123675 2026-11-04T13:12:34Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{see also|Category:Miyezi{{!}}Miyezi ya caka}} [[file:FullMoon2010.jpg|thumb|Mwezi wa [[Charu cha pasi (Tera)|caro capasi]].]] [[File:Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites.jpg|thumb|upright|Myezi ya [[Jupita]]: ''Io'', ''Europa'', ''Ganymede'', ''Callisto''.]] [[file:Moon symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|☾]] '''Mwezi''' (cimanyikwiro: [[file:moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|☾]] panji [[file:moon crescent symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|☽]]) ndiyo setilayiti ya kawiro yekha ya [[Charu cha pasi (Tera)|caro capasi]]. Ukuzunguliya caro capasi mu nthowa yakutalikilapo, pa mtunda uwo ukusintha mu caka, wapakati wa makilomita pafupifupi 378,000. Ukumalizga kuzunguliya kamoza (mwezi wa caka), kuyana na caro capasi na [[Zuŵa|zuŵa]], mu mazuŵa 29.5 ghaliwose. Mwezi na caro capasi vikukoleka na nkhongono ya kukoka, iyo njankhongono comene ku mbali izo zikulaŵiskana. Nkhongono izi ndizo zikwiziska comene kuzuzga na kucepa kwa maji gha mbwani pa caro capasi, ndipo zaguza mwezi kuti nyengo zose ulaŵiske caro capasi na cigaŵa cimoza ceneco. Kukakika uku kukupangiska nyengo ya kuzunguliya kwa mwezi pa ceneco (zuŵa la mwezi) kuyana na nyengo yake ya kuzunguliya caro capasi (mwezi wa caka). Pa kasandiro ka pasi, mwezi ni cinthu ca kuzitika kwa cibwe panji cibwe ca setilayiti. Kuzitika kwake ni magaŵa 1.2 pa 100 gha kuzitika kwa caro capasi, ndipo ukulu wake ni makilomita 3,474, pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vinayi ca ukulu wa caro capasi. Mu [[Kanozgero ka nyenyezi|Kanozgero ka Zuŵa]], ngukulu na wakuzitika kuluska cibwe cicoko ciliconse ico cikumanyikwa, ndipo ni mwezi wa cinkhondi pa ukulu na pa kuzitika, kweniso ni mwezi ukulu comene na wakuzitika comene kuyana na cibwe cake. Nkhongono ya kukoka ya pacanya pa mwezi njicoko pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vinkhondi na cimoza ca ya caro capasi, pafupifupi hafu ya ya Aresi, ndipo njaciŵiri pa ukulu pa myezi yose ya Kanozgero ka Zuŵa pamanyuma pa Io, mwezi wa Jupita. Thupi la mwezi lili na vigaŵa vyakupambana na ni la malibwe, ndipo lili na maji, mphepo, na nkhongono ya umagineti vicoko comene. Pacanya pa mwezi paphimbika na fuvu, ilo comene ni vinthu vyakupepuka ivyo vikaphulika kufuma ku cikopa ca mwezi apo vinthu vikatimbana nawo. Cikopa ca mwezi cili na mazenje gha kutimbana; ghanyake ghaphya ghali na mizere yakuŵala. Mwezi ukaŵa na mapiri gha moto mpaka vyaka biliyoni 1.2 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo mwala wakusungunuka ukafuma comene ku mbali ya pafupi ya mwezi, iyo cikopa cake ncifupi, ukazuzga mazenje gha kale, ndipo apo ukazizima ukapanga malo ghakufipa agho ghakuwoneka makola sono, ghakuchemeka ''maria'' ("nyanja"). Mwezi ukughanaghanirika kuti ukapangika kufuma ku vinthu vya caro capasi ivyo vikaphulika apo cinthu ca ukulu wa [[Aresi]] cikatimbana na caro capasi. Kusanda kwa kupima vyaka kwa vigaŵa vya mwala wakusungunuka wa mwezi kukulongora kuti mwezi ukapangika vyaka biliyoni 4.35 ivyo vyajumpha, pamanyuma mu mbiri ya Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Kufuma kutali, msana na usiku vya zuŵa la mwezi vikuwoneka nga ni kawonekero kakusintha ka mwezi, ndipo para mwezi ukujumpha mu mzgezge wa caro capasi, kubisika kwa mwezi kukuwoneka. Ukulu wa mwezi kuthambo la caro capasi ukuyana pafupifupi na wa zuŵa, ntheura mwezi ukuphimba zuŵa lose pa kubisika kose kwa zuŵa. Mwezi ndiwo cinthu cakuŵala comene kuthambo usiku cifukwa ca ukulu wake wakuwoneka, nangauli kuwezga ungweru kwa pacanya pake nkhwakuyana na kwa phula la misewu. Pafupifupi magaŵa 59 pa 100 gha pacanya pa mwezi ghakuwoneka kufuma pa caro capasi cifukwa ca makona ghakupambana agho mwezi ungawonekera kuthambo, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vya mbali ya kutali ya mwezi vikuwoneka. Mwezi waŵa kasupe wakuzirwa wa maghanoghano na vinjeru mu mbiri ya ŵanthu, ndipo wakaŵa wakuzirwa ku kasandiro ka caro cose, majandulo, visopa, luso, kupima nyengo, kasandiro ka kawiro, na maulendo gha mlengalenga. Maulendo ghakwamba gha mlengalenga ku cinthu ca kuwaro kwa caro capasi ghakaŵa ku mwezi, kwamba mu 1959 na kujumpha pafupi kwa Luna 1 (iyo yikatumika na Soviet Union), na kutimbana kwakukhumbika kwa Luna 2, kulondezgana mu 1966 na kukhala pasi makola kwakwamba (na Luna 9) na kunjira mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya (na Luna 10). Ŵanthu ŵakafika dankha mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya mwezi na Apollo 8 (iyo yikatumika na United States) pa 24 Zimya 1968, ndipo pamanyuma pacanya pa mwezi na Apollo 11 pa 20 Vuna 1969, ndipo ici cikapangiska mwezi kuŵa cinthu cekha ca kumwamba kuwaro kwa caro capasi ico ŵanthu ŵafikako. Pofika 1972, maulendo 6 gha Apollo ghakaŵa kuti ghafikiska ŵanthu 12 pa mwezi, ndipo ŵakakhalako mpaka mazuŵa ghatatu. Kupenda kuphya kwa mwezi na marobotiki, comene kusimikizga kuŵapo kwa maji pa mwezi, kwasazgirapo maghanoghano gha kuwezgera ŵanthu ku mwezi. Mwa agha muli ndondomeko ya Artemis, kusazgapo ulendo wa Artemis II wa ŵanthu kujumpha pafupi na mwezi mu 2026. == Mazina na Muzu wa Lizgu == Zina la Cingelezi la setilayiti ya kawiro ya caro capasi kanandi likulembeka kuti ''Moon'', na M yikulu. Lizgu lakuti ''moon'' likufuma ku Cingelezi ca kale ''mōna'', ilo likufuma ku ''*mēnōn'', ilo nalo likufuma ku Proto-Indo-European ''*mēnsis'' ("mwezi wa caka"), ilo lingakolerana na lizgu lakung'anamula "kupima [nyengo]". Mu Citumbuka, lizgu lakuti ''mwezi'' nalo likung'anamula cinthu ca kumwamba na nyengo ya mazuŵa pafupifupi 30. Zina la Cilatini la mwezi ni ''lūna''. Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''lunar'' likafuma ku Cilatini, panyake kwizira mu Cifulenci. Mu malemba gha kasandiro na mu nkhani zakupeka za kasandiro, mwezi nyengo zinyake ukuchemeka ''Luna'' kuti upambane na myezi yinyake. Mu ndakatulo, ''Luna'' lingang'anamula so mwezi wakulongoreka nga ni mwanakazi. Lizgu la Cigiriki ca kale ''selḗnē'' likang'anamulanga mwezi nga ni cinthu ca kumwamba, na so ciuta mwanakazi wa mwezi Selene. Lizgu la Cingelezi lambura kugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi lakuti ''selenian'' likulongosora mwezi nga ni caro. Muzu wakuti ''seleno-'' ukuwoneka mu mazgo nga ni ''selenography'' (kusanda pacanya pa mwezi). Vimanyikwiro vya astronome vya mwezi ni ☽ na ☾, mwaciyelezgero mu M☾, "kuzitika kwa mwezi". === Kagaŵiro === Wupu wa Pakati pa Vyaro wa Kasandiro ka Nyenyezi (IAU) ukuchema setilayiti ya caro capasi kuti "the Moon", na M yikulu. Setilayiti zinyake za kawiro za vibwe zikuchemeka "moons", na m yicoko. Mu mbiri, mwezi ukaŵa umoza mwa vibwe vya kale, mu ng'anamulo la kale la cinthu cakwendakwenda kuthambo. Apo Galileo wakasanga setilayiti izo zikuzunguliya Jupita, wakazichema kuti "myezi" cifukwa, nga ni mwezi, zingawonekera kuŵa vibwe ivyo vikuzunguliya cibwe cinyake. Ŵakumanya ŵanyake ŵakulondezga ng'anamulo la kasandiro ka pasi ilo likugaŵa myezi nga ni vibwe ivyo vikuzunguliya zuŵa apo vikuzunguliya so cibwe cinyake. Para tikulaŵiska kufuma ku zuŵa, mwezi ukuzunguliya zuŵa, ndipo caro capasi cikusintha pacoko nthowa yake. Ici capangiska ŵasandi ŵanyake kuyowoya kuti mwezi ungawonekera kuŵa cibwe, mu mbiri na mu kawiro kake, ndipo kuzitika kwake kungakwana kutozga nthowa yake kuzunguliya zuŵa usange ukaŵa paŵekha. Ŵanyake ŵakuti ici cikung'anamula kuti caro capasi na mwezi ni cibwe caŵiri. IAU yilije ng'anamulo la vibwe mu ndondomeko ya viŵiri, panji la ico cikupanga ndondomeko ya cibwe caŵiri, kweni ŵasandi ŵanandi ŵakuzomerezgana kuti ici cingakhumba pakati pa kuzitika kwa mwezi na caro capasi kuŵa kuwaro kwa caro capasi, ico nchambura kuŵa nthena. == Mbiri ya Kawiro == === Kapangikiro === Kupima vyaka kwa vigaŵa vya mwezi kukulongora kuti mwezi ukapangika mu vyaka miliyoni 200 vyakwamba pamanyuma pa kwamba kwa Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Kupima kwakugomezgeka comene pa mitundu yikulu ya malibwe kukulongora vyaka biliyoni 4.35. Ghanoghano ilo likuzomerezgeka comene ni lakuti caro capasi na mwezi vikapangika pamanyuma pa kutimbana kukulu kwa cinthu ca ukulu wa Aresi (cakuchemeka Theia) na caro capasi ca kale. Kutimbana kwa mphepete uku kukaponya vinthu mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya caro capasi, ndipo vinthu ivi vikawunjikana na kupanga mwezi kuwaro pacoko kwa mphaka ya Roche ya caro capasi. Kutimbana kukulu kukughanaghanirika kuti kukacitikanga kanandi mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa ka kale. Viyelezgero vya makompyuta vya kutimbana kukulu vyapeleka vyakufumapo ivyo vikukolerana na kuzitika kwa mtima wa mwezi na nkhongono ya kuzunguliya ya caro capasi na mwezi. Viyelezgero ivi vikulongora kuti cigaŵa cikulu ca mwezi cikafuma ku cinthu ico cikatimbana, m'malo mwa caro capasi ca kale. Kweni viyelezgero vya kufuma 2007 vikulongora kuti cigaŵa cikulu ca mwezi cikafuma ku caro capasi ca kale. Vinthu vinyake vya mukati mwa Kanozgero ka Zuŵa nga ni Aresi na Vesta, kuyana na malibwe gha mlengalenga agho ghakufumako, vili na kapangikiro ka okisijeni na tungsten kakupambana comene na ka caro capasi. Kweni caro capasi na mwezi vili na kapangikiro kakuyana pafupifupi. Kuyana uku kungalongosoreka na kusazganika kwa vinthu vyakuzgoka mphepo ivyo vikapanga vyose viŵiri pamanyuma pa kutimbana, nangauli pali mphindano pa ici. Kutimbana kukafumiska nkhongono zakukwana kusungunuska vinthu vyakuphulika na cikopa ca caro capasi, kupanga nyanja ya mwala wakusungunuka. Vinthu vyakusungunuka vyakuphulika vingaŵa kuti vikawunjikana so mu ndondomeko ya caro capasi na mwezi. Mwezi uwo ukapangika uphya ungaŵa kuti ukaŵa na nyanja yake ya mwala wakusungunuka; kuzika kwake kukughanaghanirika kuŵa kufuma pafupifupi makilomita 500 mpaka 1,737. Vigaŵa viŵiri vya ukulu wa vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda mu cigaŵa ca pasi ca caro capasi vyasacizgika kuŵa vyakusyala vya Theia ivyo vicali mukati mwa caro capasi. Viyelezgero vya makompyuta vyakulunjika comene vikusanga kuti kutimbana kukulu kungaŵika luŵiro setilayiti ya kuzitika na unandi wa cisulo wakuyana na wa mwezi mu nthowa yakutali mwakukwana kufuma ku caro capasi kuti yileke kunangika na nkhongono ya kukoka (kuwaro kwa mphaka ya Roche). Nanga ni setilayiti izo pakwamba zikujumpha mukati mwa mphaka ya Roche zingapona, mwa kuwuskika vigaŵa vinyake na pamanyuma kukankhika ku nthowa zisani na zakukhazikika. Nangauli ghanoghano la kutimbana kukulu likulongosora ukaboni unandi, mafumbo ghanyake ghacali ghambura kuzgoleka, ghanandi ghakukhwaskana na kapangikiro ka mwezi. Viyelezgero ivyo mwezi ukutora cigaŵa cikulu ca caro capasi ca kale nvyakusuzga kukolerana na vyakusangika vya usungunu wa pasi pa zirconium, okisijeni, silicon, na vigaŵa vinyake. === Kukura kwa Kawiro === Mwezi uwo ukapangika uphya ukazunguliyanga caro capasi pafupi comene kuluska sono. Ntheura cilichose cikawonekanga cikulu comene kuthambo la cinyake, kubisika kukacitikanga kanandi, ndipo nkhongono za kukoka zikaŵa zikulu. Cifukwa ca nkhongono za kukoka, nthowa ya mwezi kuzunguliya caro capasi yakura comene, ndipo yikutora nyengo yitali. Pamanyuma pa kupangika, mwezi wazizima ndipo mphepo yake yinandi yawuskika. Pacanya pa mwezi pakusintha kufuma apo na kutimbana kukulu na kucoko kunandi, ndipo kwapanga malo ghakuŵa na mazenje gha vyaka vyose. Mwezi ukaŵa na mapiri gha moto mpaka vyaka biliyoni 1.2 ivyo vyajumpha, ndipo agha ghakapanga ''maria'' ghakuwoneka comene. Mwala wakusungunuka unandi wa ''maria'' ukafuma mu nyengo ya Imbrian, vyaka biliyoni 3.3–3.7 ivyo vyajumpha, nangauli unyake ngwa vyaka biliyoni 1.2 pera ndipo unyake ngwa vyaka biliyoni 4.2. Kuthandazgika kwa mwala uwu nkhwambura kuyana, ndipo ukuwoneka comene ku mbali ya pafupi ya mwezi. Vifukwa vya ici vindamanyikwe, nangauli kufupi kwa cikopa ku mbali ya pafupi kukughanaghanirika kuŵa cifukwa cimoza. Vifukwa vya kuthandazgika kwa malo ghapacanya gha mwezi ku mbali ya kutali navyo vindamanyikwe makola. Kupima kukulongora kuti cikopa ca mbali ya pafupi ncifupi kuluska ca mbali ya kutali. Malongosoro ghanyake ni ghakuti kutimbana kukulu ku mbali ya pafupi kungaŵa kuti kukapepuska mwala wakusungunuka kuthiririka pacanya. === Nyengo za Kasandiro ka Pasi pa Mwezi === Nyengo za kasandiro ka pasi pa mwezi zikuthemba kutimbana kwakuwoneka comene, nga ni mazenje gha mphete zinandi nga ni Nectaris, Imbrium, na Orientale, agho ghali na ukulu wa makilomita mahandiredi mpaka masauzandi, ndipo ghali na vinthu vyakuphulika ivyo vyathandazgika kutali. Nyengo izi zikuthyika mazina gha vimanyikwiro vyake, kufuma ku mazenje ghanandi kuwaro kwa ''maria'' ghakufipa, ku ''maria'' na mazenje gha pamanyuma, na pakumalira ku mazenje ghaphya, ghacali ghakuŵala na ghakuwoneka makola, ghakuŵa na mizere nga ni Copernicus panji Tycho. Kusoŵa kwa mphepo, nyengo, na ndondomeko za pasi za sonosono kukung'anamula kuti mazenje ghanandi agha ghakusungika makola. Nangauli mazenje ghacoko pera gha mphete zinandi ghapimika vyaka mwakusimikizgika, ngakovwira pa kupeleka vyaka vyakuyaniska. Cifukwa mazenje gha kutimbana ghakuwunjikana pa luŵiro lwakuyana pafupifupi, kupenda unandi wa mazenje pa malo kungagwiliskirika ntchito kupima vyaka vya pacanya. Kweni pakwenera kupwelelera na nthowa iyi cifukwa pangaŵa mazenje ghaciŵiri. Vinthu vyakuphulika pa kutimbana vingapanga mazenje ghaciŵiri agho kanandi ghakuwoneka mu magulu panji mu mizere, kweni ghangawoneka so paŵekha kutali na apo kutimbana kukacitikira. Agha ghangayana na mazenje ghakwamba, ndipo ghangaŵa ghanandi mu mazenje ghacoko, ntheura kuŵapo kwawo kwambura kumanyikwa kungananga kupima vyaka. Vyaka vya malibwe ghakusungunuka na kutimbana agho ghakawunjikika mu maulendo gha Apollo vili pakati pa vyaka biliyoni 3.8 na 4.1: ici cagwiliskirika ntchito kusacizga nyengo ya Kutimbana Kukulu kwa Pamanyuma, ya kusazgikira kwa kutimbana. Vithuzi vyakulunjika comene vya Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter mu vyaka vya m'ma 2010 vikulongora kuti luŵiro lwa sono lwa kupangika kwa mazenje lukujumpha comene ivyo vikaghanaghanirika kale. Ndondomeko ya mazenje ghaciŵiri yikughanaghanirika kusazganya masentimita ghaŵiri gha pacanya gha fuvu mu vyaka 81,000. Luŵiro ili lukujumpha kahandiredi luŵiro ilo likapimika kufuma ku kutimbana kwa tumalibwe tucoko pera. === Ivyo Vikulindilirika Munthazi === Pamanyuma pa vyaka biliyoni 5, mwezi uzamuzunguliya kutali na caro capasi na magaŵa 40 pa 100 kuluska sono. Kweni pafupifupi vyaka biliyoni 2 mpaka 3 pamanyuma pa ici, zuŵa lizamuŵa nyenyezi yikulu yakufiira. Usange zuŵa lizamuphimba caro capasi na mwezi, kukwekana na mphepo ya zuŵa kungapangiska mtunda pakati pa caro capasi na mwezi kucepa mpaka mwezi wanjire mukati mwa mphaka ya Roche ya caro capasi, ndipo ungaphwanyika. == Vimanyikwiro vya Kawiro == === Ukulu na Kuzitika === Mwezi ni setilayiti ya kawiro ya cinkhondi pa ukulu (pa ukulu na pa kuzitika) mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Ungagaŵika nga ni mwezi wa kuzitika kwa cibwe, ntheura ni cibwe ca setilayiti kuyana na ng'anamulo la kasandiro ka pasi. Ngucoko kuluska Mekyuri kweni ngukulu comene kuluska cibwe cicoko cikulu comene ca Kanozgero ka Zuŵa, Pulutu. Mwezi ni setilayiti yaciŵiri pa kukhwima mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa, pamanyuma pa Io. Na kuzitika kwa cigaŵa cimoza pa 81 ca kwa caro capasi, na ukulu wa makilomita pafupifupi 3,500 (kujumpha cigaŵa cimoza pa vinayi ca ukulu wa caro capasi), mwezi ni setilayiti ya kawiro yikulu comene mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa kuyaniska na cibwe cake. Cisko ca mwezi cikuyana na usani wa Australia, Ulaya, panji United States. Malo ghose gha pacanya pa mwezi ni makilomita gha mbali zinayi pafupifupi miliyoni 38, ghakuyana na gha Amerika yose. === Mawonekero === Pakwamba mwezi ukaŵa na mawonekero ghakukhazikika na kukoka kwa ceneco, kweni kufuma apo wasintha. Ni mpira wakutalikilapo pacoko comene cifukwa ca kukwekeka na nkhongono za kukoka, ndipo mzere wake mutali wapendama makona 30 kufuma ku kulaŵiska caro capasi, cifukwa ca kupambana kwa nkhongono ya kukoka uko kukufuma ku mazenje ghakulu gha kutimbana. Mawonekero ghake ngatali kuluska ivyo nkhongono za kukoka za sono zingalongosora. "Cifufu ca kale" ici cikulongora kuti mwezi ukakhwima apo ukazunguliyanga pa hafu ya mtunda wake wa sono kufuma ku caro capasi, ndipo sono ngwakuzizima comene kuti mawonekero ghake ghawelere ku kukhazikika pa mtunda wake wa sono. Mazuŵa ghano, kusintha kwa cikopa na nkhongono za kukoka kukupanga waka tumapiri tucoko twa kuphwanyika kwa cikopa. === Kazengero === Mwezi uli na vigaŵa vyakupambana pa usungunu: cikopa, cigaŵa capakati, na mtima. Uli na mtima wa mukati wakukhwima wa cisulo cinandi, wa ukulu wapakati panyake wa makilomita 240 pera, na mtima wa kuwaro wa vinthu vyakuthira, comene cisulo cakusungunuka, wa ukulu wapakati wa makilomita pafupifupi 300. Kuzunguliya mtima kuli cigaŵa cakusungunuka pacoko ca ukulu wapakati wa makilomita pafupifupi 500. Kazengero aka kakughanaghanirika kuti kakapangika apo nyanja ya mwala wakusungunuka ya mwezi wose yikakhwimanga pacoko pacoko pamanyuma pa kupangika kwa mwezi vyaka biliyoni 4.5 ivyo vyajumpha. Kukhwima kwa nyanja iyi ya mwala wakusungunuka kungaŵa kuti kukapanga cigaŵa capakati ca vinthu vyakuzitika apo vinthu nga ni ''olivine'' na ''pyroxene'' vikabiranga pasi; apo pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya nyanja ya mwala wakusungunuka vikakhwima, vinthu vyakupepuka vya ''plagioclase'' vikapangika na kuyandama kuŵa cikopa pacanya. Vinthu vyaumaliro kukhwima vingaŵa kuti pakwamba vikaŵa pakati pa cikopa na cigaŵa capakati, na unandi ukulu wa vigaŵa ivyo vikupanga kufunda. Kuyana na ghanoghano ili, mapu gha usungunu agho ghakapangika kufuma mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya ghakulongora kuti cikopa cikupangika comene na ''anorthosite''. Vigaŵa vya malibwe gha mwezi vya mwala wakusungunuka uwo ukafuma pacanya kufuma ku kusungunuka kwa cigaŵa capakati vikusimikizga kapangikiro ka cigaŵa capakati, ako kali na cisulo cinandi kuluska ca caro capasi. Cikopa cili na unandi wapakati wa makilomita pafupifupi 50. Kweni mtima wa mwezi ngucoko, wa ukulu wapakati wa makilomita pafupifupi 350 panji pasi, pafupifupi magaŵa 20 pa 100 gha ukulu wapakati wa mwezi. Kapangikiro kake kakumanyikwa makola yayi kweni panyake ni cisulo cakusazganika na sulfure na nickel pacoko. Kupenda kuzunguliya kwa mwezi uko kukusintha mu nyengo kukulongora kuti mtima ngwakusungunuka pacoko. Kukanikizga pa mtima wa mwezi kukughanaghanirika kuŵa GPa 5 (kanandi kakulu nga ni mphepo ya caro capasi kanandi 49,000). === Nkhongono ya Kukoka === Pakati, nkhongono ya kukoka pacanya pa mwezi ni 1.62 m/s², pafupifupi hafu ya ya pacanya pa Aresi na pafupifupi cigaŵa cimoza pa vinkhondi na cimoza ca ya caro capasi. Pa myezi ya vibwe, mwezi uli na nkhongono ya kukoka ya pacanya yaciŵiri pa ukulu, pamanyuma pa Io. Luŵiro lwa kuthaŵa nkhongono yake ni makilomita 2.38 pa liŵiri. Nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi njambura kuyana pose. Vyakulongosora vya nkhongono iyi vyapimika mwa kulondezga kusintha kwa vyakutumika vya wayilesi vyakufuma ku vyombo vya mlengalenga ivyo vikuzunguliya mwezi. Vimanyikwiro vikulu vya nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi ni ma''mascon'', malo gha nkhongono ya kukoka yikulu comene agho ghakukolerana na mazenje ghanyake ghakulu gha kutimbana, ndipo ghakufuma pacoko ku mwala wakusungunuka wakukhwima wa ''maria'' uwo ukazuzga mazenje agha. Malo agha ghakukhwaska comene nthowa za vyombo vya mlengalenga ivyo vikuzunguliya mwezi. Pali mafumbo ghanyake: mwala wakusungunuka pera ungalongosora kupambana kose kwa nkhongono ya kukoka yayi, ndipo ma''mascon'' ghanyake ghakukolerana na mapiri gha moto gha ''maria'' yayi. Cigaŵa umo nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi yikuluska ya caro capasi cili na ukulu wapakati wa makilomita 60,000 (ndiko kuti, pasi pa cigaŵa cimoza pa vinkhondi na cimoza ca mtunda wa makilomita 378,000 pakati pa mwezi na caro capasi). Malo agha ghakuchemeka mlengalenga wa pakati pa caro capasi na mwezi. === Nkhongono ya Umagineti === Mwezi uli na nkhongono ya umagineti ya kuwaro ya pasi pa nanotesla 0.2, panji pasi pa cigaŵa cimoza pa 100,000 ca ya caro capasi. Mwezi ulije nkhongono ya umagineti ya mwezi wose; uli waka na umagineti mu cikopa. Mbiri ya nkhongono ya umagineti ya mwezi njambura kuzomerezgeka na wose, ndipo pacali kusoŵa kuzomerezgana pa nkhongono na nyengo ya nkhongono ya umagineti ya kale ya mwezi. Kupima kunandi kwacitika pa vigaŵa vya mwezi ivyo vikawunjikika mu maulendo gha Apollo. Kupima uku kukulongora kuti nkhongono ya umagineti ya kale ya mwezi yikaŵa na nyengo ziŵiri zakupambana. Mu nyengo yakwamba (vyaka biliyoni 4.5 mpaka 3.56 ivyo vyajumpha), nkhongono ya umagineti yikafika pafupifupi ma''microtesla'' 100, pafupi na ya caro capasi ya sono. Nyengo yaciŵiri yikaŵa yitali comene (vyaka biliyoni 3.58 mpaka 1 ivyo vyajumpha), kweni yambura nkhongono comene, yikufika ma''microtesla'' 5–7 pera. Nchambura kuthekera kuti ndondomeko yimoza ya kwenda kwa kufunda panji kwa vinthu yikapanga mbiri iyi kwambura kukhwaskika na vinthu vya kuwaro. Mu maghanoghano, umagineti unyake uwo wasyala ungafuma ku nkhongono za umagineti za kanyengo kacoko izo zikapangika pa kutimbana kukulu kwizira mu kukura kwa mitambo ya ''plasma''. Mitambo iyi yikupangika pa kutimbana kukulu mu nkhongono ya umagineti iyo yilipo. Ici cikukhozgeka na malo gha umagineti ukulu comene mu cikopa agho ghali pafupi na mbali yinyake ya mwezi kufuma ku mazenje ghakulu gha kutimbana. === Mphepo === Mwezi uli na mphepo iyo ni cigaŵa ca kuwaro comene pera, iyo njicoko comene mwakuti pafupifupi njambura kuŵapo, ndipo kuzitika kwake kose ndambura kufika matani 10. Kukanikizga pacanya kwa mphepo iyi yicoko ni pafupifupi 3 × 10⁻¹⁵ ya mphepo ya caro capasi; kukusintha na zuŵa la mwezi. Yikufuma ku mphepo izo zikufuma mu mwezi na ku vinthu ivyo vikuphulika apo tuvinthu twa mphepo ya zuŵa tukutimbana na dongo la mwezi. Vigaŵa ivyo vyasangika ni sodiyamu na potasiyamu, ivyo vikupangika na kutimbana uku (vikusangika so mu mphepo za Mekyuri na Io); hiliyamu-4 na neon kufuma ku mphepo ya zuŵa; na argon-40, radon-222, na polonium-210, ivyo vikufuma mu mwezi pamanyuma pa kupangika na kunangika kwa vinthu vya mtima wa vimenyu mu cikopa na cigaŵa capakati. Kusoŵa kwa vigaŵa nga ni okisijeni, naitirojeni, kaboni, haidrojeni na magnesiyamu, ivyo vilipo mu fuvu, kukumanyikwa yayi. Nthunthu ya maji yikasangika na Chandrayaan-1 ndipo yikusintha kuyana na malo kufuma ku mzere wapakati, ndipo yili yinandi comene pa makona pafupifupi 60–70; panyake yikufuma ku cisanu ca maji mu fuvu ico cikuzgoka mphepo. Mphepo izi zikuwelera mu fuvu cifukwa ca nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi panji zikutayika mu mlengalenga, kwali kwizira mu kukanikizga kwa ungweru wa zuŵa panji, usange zili na magesi, mwa kupyelekeka na nkhongono ya umagineti ya mphepo ya zuŵa. Mtambo wa fuvu wa nyengo zose ulipo kuzunguliya mwezi, uwo ukupangika na tuvinthu tucoko twakufuma ku nyenyezi za mcira. Matani 5 gha tuvinthu twa nyenyezi za mcira ghakughanaghanirika kutimbana na mwezi maora 24 ghaliwose, ndipo ici cikuphulika tuvinthu twa fuvu. Fuvu likukhala pacanya pa mwezi pafupifupi maminiti 10: maminiti 5 kukwera na maminiti 5 kuwa. Pakati, makilogalamu 120 gha fuvu ghali pacanya pa mwezi, ghakukwera mpaka makilomita 100 pacanya. Kupenda kwa fuvu kwa LADEE kukasanga kuti unandi wa tuvinthu ukaŵa ukulu comene pa kuwa kwa malibwe gha mlengalenga gha Geminid, Quadrantid, Northern Taurid, na Omicron Centaurid, apo caro capasi na mwezi vikujumpha mu vyakusyala vya nyenyezi za mcira. Mtambo wa fuvu wa mwezi ngwambura kuyana, ndipo ngwakukhwima comene pafupi na mphaka pakati pa mbali ya msana na mbali ya usiku ya mwezi. Kusanda kwa vigaŵa vya mwala wakusungunuka wa mwezi ivyo vikatoleka mu maulendo gha Apollo kukulongora kuti mwezi kale ukaŵa na mphepo yikulu pacoko kwa nyengo ya vyaka miliyoni 70 pakati pa vyaka biliyoni 3 na 4 ivyo vyajumpha. Mphepo iyi, iyo yikafuma ku mphepo izo zikafumanga mu mapiri gha moto gha mwezi, yikaŵa kaŵiri kuluska ya Aresi ya sono. Mphepo ya kale ya mwezi yikawuskika pakumalira na mphepo ya zuŵa na kuthandazgika mu mlengalenga. === Vyakucitika vya Pacanya === Nkhongono zakunanga kufuma ku nkhongono za kuthambo, tuvinthu twa nyutironi utu zikupanga, na zuŵa vikupangiska unandi wapakati wa nkhongono izi wa ma''millisievert'' 1.369 pa zuŵa pa msana wa mwezi, ico ni kaŵiri na hafu kuluska pa Malo gha Mlengalenga gha Pakati pa Vyaro, kankhondi mpaka kakhumi kuluska pa ulendo wa ndege kujumpha Mbwani ya Atlantic, na kamahandiredi ghaŵiri kuluska pacanya pa caro capasi. Kuyaniska, unandi wapakati ni ma''millisievert'' 1.84 pa zuŵa pa ulendo wa ku Aresi na pafupifupi 0.64 pa zuŵa pa Aresi yeneyiyo. Ungweru wa zuŵa ukupeleka so magesi ku fuvu la mwezi lakuphalaza comene ndipo ukulipangiska kuyandama. Ici cikovwira kuthandazgika luŵiro kwa fuvu la mwezi lakukakatira, ilo likunanga maphapo na vilwero. Pacanya pa mwezi pakuŵa na kufunda kwakupambana kufuma 120 °C mpaka −171 °C kuyana na ungweru wa zuŵa. Cifukwa ca kusoŵa kwa mphepo, kufunda kwa malo ghakupambana kukusintha comene kuyana na usange ghali mu ungweru wa zuŵa panji mu mzgezge, ntheura mawonekero gha malo ghakugwira ntchito yikulu pa kufunda kwa malo. Vigaŵa vya mazenje ghanandi, comene pasi pa mazenje ghanandi gha ku mphaka za mwezi, vili mu mzgezge nyengo zose. Mazenje agha gha mdima wa muyirayira ghali na kuzizima kukulu comene. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter yikapima kufunda kwapasi comene kwa nyengo ya kufunda mu mazenje gha ku mphaka ya kumwera pa −238 °C na −247 °C pera pafupi na nyengo ya kuzizima mu zenje la Hermite ku mphaka ya kumpoto. Uku ndiko kuzizima kukulu comene mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa uko combo ca mlengalenga cikapimapo, kuzizima kuluska nanga ni pacanya pa Pulutu. Pacanya pa cikopa ca mwezi pali cigaŵa ca pacanya ca fuvu lakuphwanyika comene na kutimbana, comene lakuzirima, ilo likupangika na kutimbana. Fuvu lakupepuka comene, dongo la mwezi la galasi la silicon dioxide, likuyana na cisanu pa kukhwaska ndipo lili na fungo nga ni la mfuti iyo yaphulika. Fuvu la malo gha kale kanandi ndakukhwima kuluska la malo ghaphya: likupambana mu unandi kufuma mamita 10–15 mu malo ghapacanya na mamita 4–5 mu ''maria''. Pasi pa fuvu ili pali cigaŵa ca malibwe ghakuphwanyika comene ca makilomita ghanandi. Vyakucitika vikulu ivi vikughanaghanirika kupangiska kuti mabakiteriya ghaleke kupona pa vyombo vya mlengalenga pa mwezi kujumpha nyengo ya kuzunguliya kamoza kwa mwezi. === Vimanyikwiro vya Pacanya === Mawonekero gha malo gha mwezi ghapimika na laser na kupenda vithuzi. Cimanyikwiro cikulu comene ni dimba likulu la South Pole–Aitken ku mbali ya kutali, la ukulu wa makilomita pafupifupi 2,240, zenje likulu comene pa mwezi na laciŵiri pa ukulu mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Na kuzika kwa makilomita 13, pasi pake ndipo pali malo ghapasi comene pacanya pa mwezi, ghakufika −9.178 km mu zenje lifupi mukati mwa zenje la Antoniadi. Malo ghapacanya comene pa mwezi, kusazgapo ghakuchemeka Selenean summit pa makilomita 10.629, ghali ku kumpoto-kumafumiro kwa dimba ili, ndipo ghangaŵa kuti ghakakhwimiska na kutimbana kwa mphepete uko kukapanga dimba la South Pole–Aitken. Madimba ghanyake ghakulu gha kutimbana nga ni Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Smythii, na Orientale ghali na malo ghapasi na mphepete zapacanya. Mbali ya kutali ya mwezi njapacanya na makilomita pafupifupi 1.9 kuluska mbali ya pafupi. Kusangika kwa tumapiri twa kuphwanyika kukulongora kuti mwezi wacepa na mamita pafupifupi 90 mu vyaka biliyoni yimoza vyaumaliro. Vimanyikwiro vyakuyana vilipo pa Mekyuri. Mare Frigoris, dimba pafupi na mphaka ya kumpoto ilo likaghanaghanirikanga kuŵa lakufwa, laphwanyika na kusamika. Cifukwa mwezi ulije vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi vyakwenda, kusintha kwa pasi kukucitika pacoko pacoko, ndipo kuphwanyika kukupangika apo ukutaya kufunda. Ŵasandi ŵasimikizga kuŵapo kwa phanga pa mwezi pafupi na Nyanja ya Mtendere, pafupi na malo agho Apollo 11 yikakhala mu 1969. Phanga ili, ilo lamanyikwa kuŵa mlomo wa thumbu la mwala wakusungunuka ilo lakhoŵa, ndisani mamita pafupifupi 45 na litali mpaka mamita 80. Kusanga uku ndiko kusimikizga kwakwamba kwa mlomo wa phanga la mwezi. Kupenda kukathemba vithuzi ivyo vikatoreka mu 2010 na Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ya NASA. Kufunda kwakukhazikika kwa phanga kwa pafupifupi 17 °C kungapeleka malo ghawemi ku ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga munthazi, ndipo kungaŵavikilira ku kufunda kukulu, ungweru wa zuŵa, na tumalibwe tucoko twa mlengalenga. Kweni pali masuzgo nga ni kunjira na ngozi ya kuwa kwa malibwe. Kusanga uku kukupeleka mwaŵi wa malo gha kukhala pa mwezi munthazi panji malo gha kubisamako pa ngozi. ==== Vimanyikwiro vya Mapiri gha Moto ==== Vimanyikwiro vikulu ivyo vikuwoneka kufuma pa caro capasi na maso ni malo ghakufipa na ghambura vimanyikwiro vinandi gha mwezi agho ghakuchemeka ''maria'' (cimoza ''mare''; kufuma ku Cilatini "nyanja", cifukwa kale ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ghakazura maji), agho ni madimba ghakulu gha mwala wakusungunuka wa kale uwo wakhwima. Nangauli ukuyana na wa pa caro capasi, mwala uwu wa mwezi uli na cisulo cinandi ndipo ulije vinthu ivyo vyasinthika na maji. Mwala unandi uwu ukafuma panji ukathiririka mu malo ghapasi agho ghakukolerana na mazenje gha kutimbana, nangauli malo ghakulu comene gha mwala uwu pa mwezi, Oceanus Procellarum, ghakukolerana na zenje lakuwoneka la kutimbana yayi. Nyengo zakupambana za kuthiririka kwa mwala mu ''maria'' kanandi zingamanyikwa na kupambana kwa kuŵala kwa pacanya na mphepete zakuwoneka za kuthiririka. Apo ''maria'' ghakapangikanga, kuzizima na kucepa kwa mwala wakusungunuka kukapanga tumapiri twakukwinyika mu malo ghanyake. Tumilonga twakuzunguliyazunguliya, utu tukusangika mu na kuzunguliya ''maria'', panyake ni minjololo ya mwala wakusungunuka iyo yikafwa panji mathumbu gha mwala wakusungunuka agho ghakhoŵa. Mapiri gha moto gha ''maria'' ghasintha mazenje gha kutimbana mu nthowa zinandi, kusazgapo kughazuzga pa unandi wakupambana, na kukwezga na kuphwanya pasi pake kufuma ku kukwera kwa vinthu vya ''maria'' pasi pake. Pafupifupi ''maria'' ghose ghali ku mbali ya pafupi ya mwezi, ndipo ghakuphimba magaŵa 31 pa 100 gha pacanya pa mbali ya pafupi kuyaniska na magaŵa 2 pa 100 gha mbali ya kutali. Panyake ici nchifukwa ca kuwunjikana kwa vigaŵa vyakupanga kufunda pasi pa cikopa ku mbali ya pafupi, ivyo vingaŵa kuti vikapangiska cigaŵa capakati ca pasi pake kufunda, kusungunuka pacoko, kukwera pacanya na kuphulika. Ukaboni wa mapiri gha moto gha sonosono pa mwezi wasangika pa malo 70 ghambura kunozgeka gha ''maria'', ghanyake gha vyaka pasi pa miliyoni 50. Vigaŵa vyakuŵala vya mwezi vikuchemeka ''terrae'', panji kanandi malo ghapacanya, cifukwa ngapacanya kuluska ''maria'' ghanandi. Vyaka vyake vyapimika kuŵa biliyoni 4.4, ndipo vingaŵa vinthu vya ''plagioclase'' ivyo vikawunjikana mu nyanja ya mwala wakusungunuka ya mwezi. Kupambana na caro capasi, palije mapiri ghakulu gha mwezi agho ghakughanaghanirika kupangika cifukwa ca kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi. ==== Mazenje gha Kutimbana ==== Ndondomeko yikulu ya pasi iyo yakhwaska pacanya pa mwezi ni kupangika kwa mazenje gha kutimbana, agho ghakupangika apo vibwe vicoko vya malibwe na nyenyezi za mcira vikutimbana na pacanya pa mwezi. Kukughanaghanirika kuti pali mazenje pafupifupi 300,000 ghakusani kujumpha kilomita 1 ku mbali ya pafupi ya mwezi. Mazenje gha mwezi ghali na mawonekero ghakupambana, kuyana na ukulu wawo. Kufuma ku ghacoko kuya ku ghakulu, mitundu yikulu ni mazenje ghapepuka gha mawonekero gha mbale na mphepete zakukwera, mazenje ghakusuzga gha pasi pakugonera, vikuta vya masitepu na mapiri gha pakati, madimba gha mphete ya mapiri, na madimba gha mphete ziŵiri panji kujumpha. Mazenje ghanandi comene gha kutimbana ngakuzunguliya, kweni ghanyake, nga ni Cantor na Janssen, ghali na mawonekero gha mbali zinandi, panyake cifukwa ca kuphwanyika kwa pasi pake. Ghanyake, nga ni Messier ziŵiri, Schiller, na Daniell, ngatali. Utali uwu ungafuma ku kutimbana kwa mphepete comene, kutimbana kwa vibwe vicoko viŵiri, kuphwanyika kwa cinthu pambere cindatimbane, panji kutimbana kwaciŵiri kwa pafupi pafupi. ==== Vizungulizgo vya Mwezi ==== Vizungulizgo vya mwezi ni vimanyikwiro vya fumbo ivyo vikusangika pacanya pose pa mwezi. Vikuwezga ungweru comene, vikuwoneka nga ni viphya (ndiko kuti vili na vimanyikwiro vya fuvu liphya), ndipo kanandi vili na mawonekero ghakuzunguliyazunguliya. Mawonekero ghawo kanandi ghakuwoneka makola cifukwa ca malo ghakufipa agho ghakwenda pakati pa vizungulizgo vyakuŵala. Vili mu malo agho nkhongono ya umagineti ya pacanya njikulu, ndipo vinandi vili ku mbali yinyake ya mwezi kufuma ku kutimbana kukulu. Vizungulizgo vyakumanyikwa ni Reiner Gamma na Mare Ingenii. Vikughanaghanirika kuŵa malo agho ghakavikilirika pacoko ku mphepo ya zuŵa, ntheura ghakusinthika pacoko pacoko na nyengo ya mlengalenga. === Kuŵapo kwa Maji === Maji ghakuthira ghangakhalilira pacanya pa mwezi yayi. Para ghakhwaskika na ungweru wa zuŵa, maji ghakugaŵika luŵiro na ungweru na kutayika mu mlengalenga. Kweni kufuma mu ma 1960, ŵasandi ŵakughanaghanira kuti cisanu ca maji cingaŵikika na nyenyezi za mcira izo zikutimbana, panji kupangika na kukolerana kwa malibwe gha mwezi gha okisijeni yinandi na haidrojeni ya mphepo ya zuŵa, ndipo kusiya maji ghacoko agho ghangakhalilira mu mazenje ghakuzizima gha mzgezge wa nyengo zose ku mphaka zose ziŵiri za mwezi. Viyelezgero vya makompyuta vikulongora kuti mpaka makilomita gha mbali zinayi 14,000 gha pacanya ghangaŵa mu mzgezge wa nyengo zose. Kuŵapo kwa maji ghakukwana pa mwezi nkhwakuzirwa comene kuti kukhala pa mwezi kuŵe kwambura kudura comene; kunyamula maji kufuma pa caro capasi kungadura comene. Mu vyaka vya pamanyuma, vimanyikwiro vya maji vyasangika pacanya pa mwezi. Mu 1994, kuyezga kwa radar pa combo ca mlengalenga ca Clementine kukalongora kuŵapo kwa tumalo tucoko twa maji ghakuzizima pafupi na pacanya. Kweni kulaŵiska kwa radar kwa pamanyuma kwa Arecibo kukulongora kuti vyakusangika ivi vingaŵa malibwe agho ghakaphulika kufuma ku mazenje ghaphya gha kutimbana. Mu 1998, cilwero ca nyutironi pa combo ca mlengalenga ca Lunar Prospector cikalongora kuti haidrojeni yinandi yilipo mu mita yakwamba ya kuzika mu fuvu pafupi na mphaka. Tumpira twa mwala wakusungunuka, utu tukatoleka ku caro capasi na Apollo 15, tukalongora maji ghacoko mukati mwawo. Combo ca mlengalenga ca Chandrayaan-1 ca 2008 casimikizga kuŵapo kwa cisanu ca maji pacanya, mwa kugwiliskira ntchito Moon Mineralogy Mapper. Cilwero ici cikawona mizere ya kukora ungweru iyo yikusangika na ''hydroxyl'', mu ungweru wa zuŵa wakuwezgeka, ndipo ici cikapeleka ukaboni wa cisanu ca maji cinandi pacanya pa mwezi. Combo ici cikalongora kuti unandi ungafika magaŵa 1,000 pa miliyoni. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito ungweru wakuwezgeka, ungweru wambura kulunjika wa malo gha mzgezge ukasimikizga cisanu ca maji mukati mwa makona 20 gha mphaka zose ziŵiri mu 2018. Mu 2009, LCROSS yikatuma cinthu ca makilogalamu 2,300 kutimbana na zenje la mzgezge wa nyengo zose ku mphaka, ndipo yikasanga maji gha makilogalamu 100 panji kujumpha mu vinthu ivyo vikaphulika. Kupenda kunyake kwa vyakusangika vya LCROSS kukalongora kuti unandi wa maji ukaŵa pafupi na makilogalamu 155 ± 12. Mu Vula 2011, maji gha magaŵa 615–1410 pa miliyoni ghakasangika mu vigaŵa vya mukati vya cigaŵa ca mwezi 74220, "dongo la galasi la mtundu wa malalanje" lakumanyikwa, la titanium yinandi, ilo likafuma ku mapiri gha moto ndipo likawunjikika mu ulendo wa Apollo 17 mu 1972. Vigaŵa ivi vikapangika pa kuphulika kwa mapiri gha moto pa mwezi pafupifupi vyaka biliyoni 3.7 ivyo vyajumpha. Unandi uwu ukuyana na wa mwala wakusungunuka mu cigaŵa capakati ca pacanya ca caro capasi. Kupenda kwa vyakusangika vya Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) kukavumbula mu Mpupulu 2018 kakwamba "ukaboni wakusimikizgika" wa cisanu ca maji pacanya pa mwezi. Vyakusangika vikalongora vimanyikwiro vyapadera vya kuwezga ungweru vya cisanu ca maji, kupambana na fuvu na vinthu vinyake vyakuwezga ungweru. Cisanu cikasangika ku mphaka ya kumpoto na ya kumwera, nangauli cili cinandi ku kumwera, uko maji ghakakika mu mazenje na mphanyiko za mzgezge wa nyengo zose, ndipo ghakukhalilira nga ni cisanu pacanya cifukwa ghakuvikilirika ku zuŵa. Mu Thukila 2020, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵakayowoya kuti ŵasanga maji pacanya pa mwezi apo pali ungweru wa zuŵa, na vyombo vinandi vya mlengalenga vyakupambana, kusazgapo SOFIA. == Ndondomeko ya Caro Capasi na Mwezi == === Nthowa ya Kuzunguliya === Mtunda wapakati wa nthowa ya mwezi kuzunguliya caro capasi, uwo ukuchemeka mtunda wa mwezi, ni makilomita pafupifupi 385,000, panji maliŵiri 1.3 gha ungweru, ukuyana na kuzunguliya caro capasi pafupifupi kankhondi na kanayi na cigaŵa. Nthowa ya mwezi njakuzunguliya makola yayi kweni njakutalikilapo pacoko. Ici cikung'anamula kuti mtunda pakati pa mwezi na caro capasi ukusintha kufuma pafupifupi makilomita 356,400 (pafupi comene) mpaka 406,700 (kutali comene), ntheura mtunda na ukulu wakuwoneka wa mwezi vikusintha mpaka magaŵa 14 pa 100. Ndondomeko ya caro capasi na mwezi yili na pakati pa kuzitika pakugaŵana, apo pali makilomita 5,000 (pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya ukulu wapakati wa caro capasi) kufuma pakati pa caro capasi. Caro capasi na mwezi vyose viŵiri vikuzunguliya pakati apa, ntheura caro capasi cikunjenjemera kuzunguliya malo agha pa nthowa yiliyose ya mwezi. Pakati apa pakusamira kuwaro pacoko pacoko apo kukwekana kwa nkhongono za kukoka kukutora nkhongono kufuma ku viŵiri ivi, ndipo pakumalira pazamuŵa kuwaro kwa caro capasi. Mwezi ukumalizga kuzunguliya caro capasi kamoza kuyaniska na nyenyezi zambura kusamika pafupifupi mazuŵa 27.3 ghaliwose. Kweni cifukwa caro capasi na mwezi vikwenda pa nyengo yeneyiyo mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya zuŵa, vikutora nyengo yitali pacoko kuwelera ku kawonekero kamoza ka mwezi, mazuŵa 29.5, kumalizga ndondomeko yose nga umo yikuwonekera kufuma pa caro capasi. Nyengo iyi kanandi yikumanyikwa nga ni mwezi wa caka ndipo njakuyana na utali wa zuŵa la zuŵa pa mwezi. Ndondomeko ya nthowa ya mwezi yikusunga kupendama kwakuyana pafupifupi, makona pafupifupi 5, kuyaniska na nthowa ya caro capasi kuzunguliya zuŵa. Nthowa ya kupendama uku yikuzunguliya kumanjiliro pacoko pacoko, ndipo yikumalizga cizungulizgo kamoza mu vyaka 18.61. Ici cikung'anamula kuti kupendama kwa nthowa ya mwezi kuyaniska na mzere wapakati wa caro capasi kukusintha kufuma makona 18 mpaka 28 mu nyengo iyi. Mawonekero gha nthowa nagho ghakuzunguliya, kumafumiro mu vyaka 8.85. Kupambana na setilayiti zinandi za vibwe vinyake, ndondomeko ya nthowa ya mwezi yili pafupi na ndondomeko ya nthowa ya caro capasi kuluska na mzere wapakati wa caro capasi. Nthowa ya mwezi yikusinthika pacoko na zuŵa na caro capasi mu nthowa zinandi zicoko na zakusuzga. Vyakufumapo ivi vikulongosoreka mwa masamu na malango gha Cassini. === Kuzunguliya pa Ceneco === Cifukwa cakakika na caro capasi, mwezi uli na kukolerana kwa 1:1 kwa kuzunguliya pa ceneco na kuzunguliya caro capasi. Ici cikung'anamula kuti nyengo ya mwezi kuzunguliya caro capasi njakuyana na nyengo yake ya kuzunguliya pa ceneco. Ntheura nyengo zose ukulaŵiska caro capasi na cisko cimoza pafupifupi apo ukuzunguliya. Mbali ya mwezi iyo yikulaŵiska caro capasi yikuchemeka mbali ya pafupi, ndipo yinyake mbali ya kutali. Cifukwa mwezi ngwambura kukakika na zuŵa, msana na usiku vya mwezi vikucitika pa mwezi wose. Mbali ya kutali kanandi yikuchemeka mwautesi kuti "mbali ya mdima", kweni nadi yikupokera ungweru kanandi nga ni mbali ya pafupi: kamoza mu mazuŵa 29.5 gha caro capasi. Apo mwezi ukuwoneka yayi, mbali ya pafupi njamdima. Usiku wa mwezi ngwa mdima comene ku mbali ya kutali na pa kubisika kwa mwezi ku mbali ya pafupi (ndipo ngwa mdima kuluska usiku wambura mwezi pa caro capasi). Usiku, mbali ya pafupi yikupokera ungweru wa caro capasi mwakuti vimanyikwiro vya pacanya pa mwezi vingawoneka kufuma pa caro capasi. Ungweru wa caro capasi ukupangiska usiku pa mbali ya pafupi kuŵala kanandi 43, ndipo nyengo zinyake kanandi 55, kuluska usiku pa caro capasi wakuŵala na mwezi wakuzura. Kupendama kwa mwezi kuyaniska na nthowa ya caro capasi ni makona 1.5427, ntheura mu caka cimoza ca mazuŵa 346.62, zuŵa likusamira kufuma makona 1.5427 kumpoto kwa mzere wapakati wa mwezi kuya makona 1.5427 kumwera kwake na kuwelera. Ici cikuyana na umo, pa caro capasi, malo gha zuŵa ghakusamira kufuma ku mzere wa Cancer kuya ku mzere wa Capricorn na kuwelera caka ciliconse. Ici cikuŵika mphaka za mwezi mu mdima (panji na cigaŵa ca zuŵa pera ico cikuwoneka) kwa hafu ya caka ici na mu ungweru wa zuŵa kwa hafu yinyake. Unandi wa ungweru wa zuŵa uwo ukuwira malo ghakugonera pafupi na mphaka ukuthemba kupendama kwa zuŵa. Nyengo izi zili na vyakufumapo vicoko mu malo gha pafupi na mzere wapakati. Pakwamba mwezi ukazunguliyanga luŵiro pa ceneco, kweni pakwamba mu mbiri yake kuzunguliya kwake kukacepa na kukakika mu kalaŵiskiro aka cifukwa ca kukwekana uko kukafuma ku kukwekeka na nkhongono za kukoka za caro capasi. Mu nyengo, nkhongono ya kuzunguliya ya mwezi pa ceneco yikazgoka kufunda, mpaka mwezi ukaleka kuzunguliya kuyaniska na caro capasi. Mu 2016, ŵasandi ŵa vibwe mwa kugwiliskira ntchito vyakusangika vya Lunar Prospector ya NASA ya 1998–99 ŵakasanga malo ghaŵiri gha haidrojeni yinandi (panyake cisanu ca maji ca kale) ku mbali zakususkana za mwezi. Kukughanaghanirika kuti malo agha ghakaŵa mphaka za mwezi vyaka mabiliyoni ivyo vyajumpha pambere undakakike na caro capasi. === Vyakufumapo vya Nkhongono za Kukoka === Nkhongono ya kukoka iyo caro capasi na mwezi (na zuŵa) vikukokerana yili yikulu pacoko ku mbali izo zili pafupi, ndipo ici cikupanga nkhongono za kukoka za kuzuzga na kucepa kwa maji. Kuzuzga na kucepa kwa maji gha mbwani ndico cakufumapo cakumanyikwa comene, kweni nkhongono izi zikukhwaska so comene vinyake vya caro capasi, mwezi, na ndondomeko yawo. Cikopa cakukhwima ca mwezi cikuzuzga na kucepa na masentimita pafupifupi 10 mu mazuŵa 27, na vigaŵa vitatu: cimoza cambura kusintha cifukwa ca caro capasi, cifukwa vikuzunguliya mwakukolerana; cinyake cakusintha cifukwa ca kutalikilapo na kupendama kwa nthowa; na cigaŵa cicoko cakusintha kufuma ku zuŵa. Kuyana na kusanda kwa sonosono, ŵasandi ŵakughanaghanira kuti kukhwaska kwa mwezi pa caro capasi kungovwira kusunga nkhongono ya umagineti ya caro capasi. Vyakufumapo vyakuwunjikana vya kukanikizga uko kukupangika na nkhongono izi vikupanga kunyenyenkhuka kwa mwezi. Kunyenyenkhuka kwa mwezi kukucitika pacoko comene na kwambura nkhongono kuluska kwa caro capasi, nangauli kungatora mpaka ora limoza, kutali comene kuluska kwa pa caro capasi, cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa kunjenjemera mu cikopa cakomira na cakuphwanyika. Kuŵapo kwa kunyenyenkhuka kwa mwezi kukaŵa kusanga kwambura kulindilirika kufuma ku vilwero ivyo ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga ŵa Apollo ŵakaŵika pa mwezi kufuma 1969 mpaka 1972. Cakufumapo cakumanyikwa comene ca nkhongono za kukoka ni kukwera kwa maji gha mbwani. Nangauli mwezi ndiwo ukupanga nkhongono zinandi za kukoka, zuŵa nalo likupanga nkhongono izi ndipo likovwira mpaka magaŵa 40 pa 100 gha nkhongono ya mwezi; vyose pamoza vikupanga kuzuzga kukulu na kucoko kwa maji. Kuzuzga kwa maji ni vifufu viŵiri mu mbwani za caro capasi, cimoza ku mbali iyo yikulaŵiska mwezi na cinyake ku mbali yinyake. Apo caro capasi cikuzunguliya pa ceneco, cifufu cimoza (maji ghakuzura) cikusungika "pasi" pa mwezi, apo cinyake cili ku mbali yinyake. Kuzuzga pasi pa mwezi kukulongosoreka na nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi kuŵa yikulu pa maji agho ghali pafupi nawo. Kuzuzga ku mbali yinyake kungalongosoreka na nkhongono ya kuthaŵa pakati apo caro capasi cikuzunguliya pakati pa kuzitika, panji na kukhalilira kwa maji apo nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi njikulu pa caro capasi cakukhwima ico cili pafupi nawo, ndipo cikukokeka kutali na maji gha kutali. Ntheura, pali kuzuzga kuŵiri na kucepa kuŵiri mu maora pafupifupi 24. Cifukwa mwezi ukuzunguliya caro capasi mu nthowa yeneyiyo iyo caro capasi cikuzunguliyira, kuzuzga kukucitika maora 12 na maminiti 25 ghaliwose; maminiti 25 ni cifukwa ca nyengo iyo mwezi ukutora kuzunguliya caro capasi. Usange caro capasi cikaŵa caro ca maji pera (cambura vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda), cingapanga kuzuzga kwa mita yimoza pera, ndipo kuzuzga uku kungamanyikwa makola, kweni kuzuzga kwa maji gha mbwani kukusinthika comene na vinthu vinyake: * kukwekana kwa maji na kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi kwizira pasi pa mbwani * kukhalilira kwa kwenda kwa maji * madimba gha mbwani agho ghakuŵa ghambura kuzika pafupi na mtunda * kusambasamba kwa maji pakati pa madimba ghakupambana gha mbwani === Kusintha kwa Ndondomeko === Kucedwa kwa kuzuzga kwa maji na kwa cikopa cakukhwima kukupanga nkhongono yakususkana na kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi. Ici "cikufumiska" nkhongono ya kuzunguliya kufuma ku kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi, ndipo cikucepeska kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi. Vyaka biliyoni 3.2 ivyo vyajumpha, zuŵa likaŵa la maora pafupifupi 13 pera. Nkhongono ya kuzunguliya iyo yikutayika kufuma ku kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi yikuya ku mwezi, ndipo yikukwezga mwezi ku nthowa ya pacanya apo ikucepeska luŵiro lwake lwa kuzunguliya caro capasi. Ntheura mtunda pakati pa caro capasi na mwezi ukusazgikira, ndipo kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi kukucepa. Kupima kufuma ku vyakuwezga ungweru vya laser ivyo vikasiyika mu maulendo gha Apollo kwasanga kuti mtunda wa mwezi ukusazgikira na milimita 38 pa caka (pafupifupi luŵiro ilo nyara za ŵanthu zikukulira). Mawotchi gha atomu ghakulongora kuti zuŵa la caro capasi likutalikilira na ma''microsecond'' pafupifupi 17 caka ciliconse. Mu nyengo, kukwekana uku kukupangiska kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi na nyengo ya mwezi kuzunguliya kuyana, ndipo cinthu cakupepuka cikukakika (nga umo mwezi uliri sono). Mu maghanoghano, mu vyaka biliyoni 50, kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi kuzamucepa kuyana na nyengo ya mwezi kuzunguliya, ndipo caro capasi cizamulaŵiska mwezi na mbali yimoza nyengo zose. Kweni pambere ici cindacitike, zuŵa lizamuŵa nyenyezi yikulu yakufiira, ndipo lingaphimba caro capasi na mwezi. Usange caro capasi na mwezi vyapona kuphimbika uku, nga umo kusanda kwa 2026 kukulongolera, kukwekana na mphepo ya zuŵa kungapangiska nthowa ya mwezi kucepa. Apo nthowa ya mwezi yazamufika pa mtunda wa makilomita 18,470, uzamujumpha mphaka ya Roche ya caro capasi ndipo nkhongono za kukoka za caro capasi zingaphwanya mwezi. Ungazgoka ndondomeko ya mphete, ndipo mphete zinandi zingacepa na kuwira pa caro capasi. == Kulaŵiska == === Ukulu na Malo Ghakuwoneka === Mwezi ukuwoneka kuthambo la caro capasi mwakupambana kuyana na malo agho munthu wakulaŵiskira pa caro capasi na nyengo ya caka, ya mwezi, na ya zuŵa. Mu caka, mwezi ukufika pacanya comene pa zuŵa pa malo ghakupambana. Mwezi wakuzura ukuwoneka pacanya comene kuthambo mu nyengo ya kuzizima na pasi comene mu nyengo ya kufunda, kupambana na zuŵa, ndipo ici nchaunenesko ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto na vya kumwera vya caro capasi. Ku Mphaka ya Kumpoto na ya Kumwera, mwezi ukuŵa pacanya pa mphepete ya kuthambo maora 24 kwa masabata ghaŵiri mu mwezi uliwose (pafupifupi mazuŵa 27.3). Tuvinyama tucoko twa mu maji twa ku Arctic tukugwiliskira ntchito ungweru wa mwezi apo zuŵa likuŵa pasi pa mphepete ya kuthambo kwa myezi yinandi. Pakati, ukulu wakuwoneka wa mwezi ni makona pafupifupi 0.52, pafupifupi wakuyana na wa zuŵa. Ukulu wakuwoneka na kuŵala kwake vikusintha cifukwa ca nthowa yake yakutalikilapo, ndipo ukuwoneka wakuŵala mpaka magaŵa 30 pa 100 na ukulu mpaka magaŵa 14 pa 100 para uli pafupi comene kuluska para uli kutali comene. Kweniso, cakucitika ca maghanoghano pera, ico cikuchemeka cinyengo ca mwezi, cikupangiska mwezi kuwoneka ukulu para uli pafupi na mphepete ya kuthambo. === Kalaŵiskiro na Kawonekero === Kalaŵiskiro kakuwoneka ka mwezi kakuthemba malo ghake kuthambo na cigaŵa ca caro capasi uko ukulaŵiskika. Mu cigaŵa ca kumpoto ukuwoneka wakuzgokera pasi kuyaniska na kawonekero ka cigaŵa ca kumwera. Nyengo zinyake "nyanga" za mwezi wa cikweru zikuwoneka nga ni zikulaŵiska pacanya kuluska kumphepete. Ici cikuchemeka mwezi wa maji, ndipo cikucitika kanandi ku tropiki. Kuzunguliya kwakukakika kwa mwezi apo ukuzunguliya caro capasi kukupangiska kuti mbali yimoza pera ya mwezi, iyo yikuchemeka mbali ya pafupi, yiwoneke kufuma pa caro capasi. Kweni nangauli kwenda kwa mwezi nkhwakukolerana, nkhwambura kusintha pacoko yayi, ndipo kusintha kucoko kwa kalaŵiskiro kukupangiska kuti mu nyengo na malo pa caro capasi, pafupifupi magaŵa 59 pa 100 gha pacanya pa mwezi ghawoneke. Cifukwa ca kusintha uku, nyengo zinyake ncakuthekera kuwona pacoko kuluska mwezi wakuzura (mpaka magaŵa pafupifupi 101 pa 100) panji cigaŵa cicoko ca mbali yake ya kutali (mpaka magaŵa 5 pa 100). ==== Vyakucitika Vyakulaŵiskika ==== Pakaŵa mphindano mu mbiri usange vimanyikwiro vyakuwoneka pacanya pa mwezi vikusintha mu nyengo. Mazuŵa ghano, mazgo ghanandi agha ghakughanaghanirika kuŵa vyautesi, ivyo vikafuma ku kulaŵiska mu ungweru wakupambana, kuwoneka kuheni kwa kuthambo, panji vithuzi vyambura kunozgeka makola. Kweni kufuma kwa mphepo kukucitika nyengo zinyake ndipo kungaŵa cifukwa ca vigaŵa vicoko vya vyakucitika vya kanyengo ivyo vyayowoyeka. Sonosono, kwasacizgika kuti malo gha makilomita pafupifupi 3 pacanya pa mwezi ghakasintha na kufuma kwa mphepo pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni yimoza ivyo vyajumpha. === Kawonekero ka Mwezi === Mwezi ukuzunguliya pa ceneco, apo ukuzunguliya caro capasi, ndipo ukusintha kalaŵiskiro kake ku zuŵa, ntheura ukuŵa na zuŵa la mwezi. Zuŵa la mwezi likuyana na mwezi umoza wa caka (kuzunguliya kamoza caro capasi). Kusintha kwa malo gha ungweru wa zuŵa pa mwezi mu zuŵa la mwezi kukuwoneka kufuma pa caro capasi nga ni kusintha kwa kawonekero ka mwezi. Kawonekero ka mwezi kakulondezga ndondomeko yakuwerezgeka, iyo yikwamba pa mwezi uphya. Mu hafu yakwamba ya ndondomeko, kalondezgero ni mwezi uphya, cikweru, cigaŵa cimoza pa vinayi, mwezi wakukura, na mwezi wakuzura. Mu hafu yaciŵiri, kalondezgero kakuzgokera, ndipo ndondomeko yikuwerezgeka. Kuŵala na ukulu wakuwoneka wa mwezi vikusintha so cifukwa ca nthowa yake yakutalikilapo kuzunguliya caro capasi. Ntheura, pa kawonekero kamoza, kuŵala kwa mwezi kukusintha so mpaka magaŵa 30 pa 100 pakati pa kuŵa kutali comene na pafupi comene. Para uli pafupi comene, cifukwa mwezi uli pafupi na caro capasi mpaka magaŵa 14 pa 100 kuluska para uli kutali comene, ukuwoneka ukulu mpaka magaŵa 30 pa 100. Mwezi wakuzura (panji uphya) pa malo agha ukuchemeka mwezi ukulu comene. Kawonekero kaliko kose ka vinayi vyapakati kakutora, pakati, pafupifupi mazuŵa 7 (pafupifupi mazuŵa 7.38), kweni nyengo iyi yingasintha na magaŵa pafupifupi 11 pa 100 cifukwa ca kusintha kwa mtunda pakati pa mwezi na caro capasi. Unandi wa mazuŵa kufuma pa mwezi uphya waumaliro ukuchemeka vyaka vya mwezi. Ndondomeko yose ya kawonekero ka mwezi yikuchemeka mwezi umoza wa caka. Vyaka na kawonekero ka mwezi pa zuŵa liliwose vingapimika mwa kupenda unandi wa mazuŵa kufuma pa mwezi uphya wakumanyikwa (mwaciyelezgero, 1 Matika 1900, panji 11 Mpupulu 1999) na kugaŵa nambala iyi na utali wapakati wa mwezi wa caka (mazuŵa 29.53059). Ivyo vyasyala pa kugaŵa ndivyo vyaka vya mwezi. Nthowa iyi yikughanaghanira kuti nthowa njakuzunguliya makola ndipo yikulaŵiska nyengo yeneyiyo ya mwezi uphya yayi, ntheura vyakufumapo vingapambana na maora ghacoko. Kulunjika kukucepa apo zuŵa likutalikirana na zuŵa la kwambira. Kupima kupepuka uku nkhwakukwana pa vinthu vinandi, kweni vyakukhumbikwa vyakulunjika comene vikukhumba kupima kwakusuzga. === Kuwezga Ungweru na Mtundu wa Pacanya === Kawonekero ka mwezi kakupangika na umo ukuwezgera ungweru na kapangikiro ka pacanya pake. Kuwezga ungweru kwake ni pafupifupi 0.12, ndiko kuti ukuwezga magaŵa 12 pa 100 gha ungweru uwo ukuwufika. Ici cikuyana na kuwezga ungweru kwa cibwe cicoko ca malibwe. Vigaŵa vya cisulo na titanium pacanya pa mwezi vikukora ungweru, ndipo vikupangiska malo nga ni ''maria'' kuŵa ghakufipa (kuwezga ungweru kucoko) kuluska malo ghapacanya. Mtundu weneco wa mwezi, kwambura kukhwaskika na mphepo, ni wakuzirima wakufipa pacoko. Kufuma pa caro capasi, mtundu wa mwezi ungasinthika na mphepo, nyengo zinyake ukuwoneka wakufiira panji wa buluu. Ungawoneka wakufiira pa kubisika kwa mwezi, cifukwa ungweru wakufiira wa zuŵa ukupindika na mphepo ya caro capasi na kufika pa mwezi. Cifukwa ca mtundu uwu wakufiira, kubisika kwa mwezi nyengo zinyake kukuchemeka mwezi wa ndopa. Mwezi ungawoneka so wakufiira para uli pasi kuthambo na kujumpha mu mphepo yinandi. Mwezi ungawoneka so wa buluu kuyana na tuvinthu tunyake mu mphepo, nga ni twa mapiri gha moto. Cifukwa mazgo ghakuti "mwezi wa ndopa" na "mwezi wa buluu" ghangagwiliskirika ntchito so pa myezi yakuzura yinyake ya caka, nyengo zose ghakung'anamula ungweru wa mwezi wakufiira panji wa buluu yayi. === Kubisika === Kubisika kukucitika pera apo zuŵa, caro capasi, na mwezi vili mu mzere umoza. Kubisika kwa zuŵa kukucitika pa mwezi uphya, apo mwezi uli pakati pa zuŵa na caro capasi. Kweni kubisika kwa mwezi kukucitika pa mwezi wakuzura, apo caro capasi cili pakati pa zuŵa na mwezi. Ukulu wakuwoneka wa mwezi ukuyana pafupifupi na wa zuŵa, ndipo vyose viŵiri vikuwoneka nga ni hafu ya kona limoza. Zuŵa ndikulu comene kuluska mwezi, kweni mtunda wake ukulu comene ndiwo ukulipangiska kuwoneka ukulu wakuyana na mwezi, uwo uli pafupi comene na ngucoko comene, kufuma pa caro capasi. Kusintha kwa ukulu wakuwoneka, cifukwa ca nthowa zambura kuzunguliya makola, nako kukuyana pafupifupi, nangauli kukucitika mu ndondomeko zakupambana. Ici cikupangiska kuthekera kwa kubisika kose kwa zuŵa (apo mwezi ukuwoneka ukulu kuluska zuŵa) na kubisika kwa mphete (apo mwezi ukuwoneka ucoko kuluska zuŵa). Pa kubisika kose, mwezi ukuphimba cimbale cose ca zuŵa, ndipo cigaŵa ca kuwaro ca zuŵa cikuwoneka na maso. Cifukwa mtunda pakati pa mwezi na caro capasi ukusazgikira pacoko pacoko mu nyengo, ukulu wakuwoneka wa mwezi ukucepa. Apo zuŵa likusintha kuya ku kuŵa nyenyezi yikulu yakufiira, ukulu wake na ukulu wakuwoneka kuthambo vikusazgikira pacoko pacoko. Kusintha kuŵiri uku pamoza kukung'anamula kuti vyaka miliyoni mahandiredi ivyo vyajumpha, mwezi ukaphimbanga zuŵa lose nyengo zose pa kubisika kwa zuŵa, ndipo kubisika kwa mphete kukaŵavya. Nga ni nthena, vyaka miliyoni mahandiredi munthazi, mwezi uzamuphimba so zuŵa lose yayi, ndipo kubisika kose kwa zuŵa kuzamucitika yayi. Cifukwa nthowa ya mwezi kuzunguliya caro capasi yapendama na makona pafupifupi 5.145 kuyaniska na nthowa ya caro capasi kuzunguliya zuŵa, kubisika kukucitika pa mwezi uliwose wakuzura na uphya yayi. Kuti kubisika kucitike, mwezi ukwenera kuŵa pafupi na apo ndondomeko ziŵiri za nthowa zikukumana. Nyengo na kuwerezgeka kwa kubisika kwa zuŵa na mwezi, na kwa mwezi na caro capasi, kukulongosoreka na ''saros'', iyo yili na nyengo ya vyaka pafupifupi 18. Cifukwa mwezi nyengo zose ukubisa malo gha hafu ya kona kuthambo, cakucitika cakukolerana ca kubisa nyenyezi cikucitika apo nyenyezi yakuŵala panji cibwe cikujumpha kumanyuma kwa mwezi ndipo cikubisika. Mu nthowa iyi, kubisika kwa zuŵa ni kubisa zuŵa. Cifukwa mwezi uli pafupi pacoko na caro capasi, kubisika kwa nyenyezi zinyake kukuwoneka kose pa caro capasi yayi, panji pa nyengo yimoza yayi. Cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nthowa ya mwezi, caka ciliconse nyenyezi zakupambana zikubisika. == Kupenda Mwezi == === Kulaŵiska Pambere pa Vilaŵiskiro vya Kutali (pambere pa 1609) === Ncakuthekera kuti kukura na kucepa kwa kawonekero ka mwezi kukalondezgeka pa kupima nyengo mu vithuzi vya kale comene vya mu mapanga vya ng'ombe zanalume na mawonekero gha masamu, vya vyaka mpaka 40,000 ivyo vyajumpha, panji na kugwiliskira ntchito tumakuni twa kupendera twa vyaka 20,000–30,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Vimanyikwiro vya mwezi vikamanyikwa na kuwunjikika mu ŵaciuta ŵa mwezi kufuma mu nyengo za kale, ndipo pamanyuma vikalembeka na kuŵikika mu vimanyikwiro kufuma pa kwamba kwa kulemba mu vyaka masauzandi ghanayi pambere Khristu. Cimoza mwa vithuzi vyakwamba ivyo vingaŵa vya mwezi ni cithuzi ca pa libwe ca vyaka 3,000 pambere Khristu ku Knowth, mu Ireland. Cikweru ico cikulongora mwezi pamoza na ciuta wa mwezi Nanna/Sin casangika kufuma mu vyaka masauzandi ghatatu pambere Khristu. Msandi wa nyenyezi na mulembi wa ndakatulo wakale comene uyo zina lake likumanyikwa, Enheduanna, wasembe mukulu wa Ŵakkadi wa ciuta wa mwezi Nanna/Sin na mwana wa fumu, mwana wa Sargon Mukulu, wakalondezganga mwezi mu vipinda vyake. Cithuzi ca kale comene ca mwezi ico cikulongora ubale wake na vinthu vinyake vya kumwamba ni cimbale ca kuthambo ca Nebra ca pafupifupi 1800–1600 pambere Khristu, ico cikulongora vinthu nga ni gulu la nyenyezi la Pleiades pafupi na mwezi. Mupenda vinjeru wa Ŵagiriki ŵa kale Anaxagoras (wakafwa 428 pambere Khristu) wakaghanaghana kuti zuŵa na mwezi vyose viŵiri ni malibwe ghakulu gha mawonekero gha mpira, na kuti mwezi ukuwezga ungweru wa zuŵa. Kunyake, mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 mpaka 400 pambere Khristu, ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵa Ŵababuloni ŵakalemba ndondomeko ya ''Saros'' ya vyaka 18 ya kubisika kwa mwezi, ndipo ŵasandi ŵa nyenyezi ŵa Ŵaindiya ŵakalongosora kutalikirana kwa mwezi mwezi uliwose. Msandi wa nyenyezi wa Ŵacayina Shi Shen (mu vyaka vya m'ma 300 pambere Khristu) wakapeleka malangulo gha kulongolera kubisika kwa zuŵa na mwezi. Mu malongosoro gha Aristotle (384–322 pambere Khristu) gha caro cose ca mlengalenga, mwezi ukaŵa mphaka pakati pa vigaŵa vya vinthu vyakusintha (dongo, maji, mphepo na moto) na nyenyezi zambura kunangika, ghanoghano ilo likalongozga kwa vyaka mahandiredi. Archimedes (287–212 pambere Khristu) wakapanga cilwero ico cingapima kwenda kwa mwezi na vinthu vinyake mu Kanozgero ka Zuŵa. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 pambere Khristu, Seleucus wa ku Seleucia wakaghanaghana makola kuti kuzuzga na kucepa kwa maji kukufuma ku kukoka kwa mwezi, na kuti kukwera kwake kukuthemba malo gha mwezi kuyaniska na zuŵa. Mu vyaka vyenevivyo, Aristarchus wakapima ukulu na mtunda wa mwezi kufuma pa caro capasi, ndipo wakasanga kuti mtunda ni pafupifupi kanandi 20 ukulu wapakati wa caro capasi. Ŵacayina ŵa ufumu wa Han ŵakagomezganga kuti mwezi ni nkhongono yakuyana na ''qi'', ndipo ghanoghano lawo likamanya kuti ungweru wa mwezi ni kuwezgeka kwa ungweru wa zuŵa pera; Jing Fang (78–37 pambere Khristu) wakawona kuti mwezi uli na mawonekero gha mpira. Ptolemy (90–168 mumuwilo wa Khristu) wakanozga comene manambala gha Aristarchus, ndipo wakapima mtunda wapakati wa kanandi 59 ukulu wapakati wa caro capasi na ukulu wa 0.292 wa caro capasi, pafupi na manambala ghakwenelera gha pafupifupi 60 na 0.273. Mu 510 mumuwilo wa Khristu, msandi wa nyenyezi wa ku India Aryabhata wakayowoya mu buku lake kuti ungweru wa zuŵa wakuwezgeka ndiwo ukupangiska mwezi kuŵala. Msandi wa nyenyezi na wa mendero Ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) wakasanga kuti ungweru wa zuŵa ukuwezgeka na mwezi nga ni galasi yayi, kweni ungweru ukufuma ku cigaŵa ciliconse ca pacanya pa mwezi pakuŵala, ku nthowa zose. Shen Kuo (1031–1095) wa ufumu wa Song wakapanga ciyelezgero cakuyaniska kukura na kucepa kwa mwezi na mpira wa siliva wakuwezga ungweru uwo, para wapakika ufu wakutuŵa na kulaŵiskika kufuma kumphepete, ungawoneka nga ni cikweru. Mu nyengo yapakati, pambere cilaŵiskiro ca kutali cindapangike, mwezi ukamanyikwanga comene kuŵa mpira, nangauli ŵanandi ŵakagomezganga kuti ngwakuterera makola. === Kupenda na Vilaŵiskiro vya Kutali (1609–1959) === Cilaŵiskiro ca kutali cikapangika na kuyowoyeka mu 1608. Kalembero kakwamba ka astronome ya cilaŵiskiro ca kutali na mapu ghacoko gha vimanyikwiro vya mwezi kakafuma kwa Thomas Harriot pakwamba pa nyengo ya kufunda ya 1609, kweni wakakapharazga yayi. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo Galileo Galilei nayo wakamba kugwiliskira ntchito vilaŵiskiro vya kutali kulaŵiska kuthambo na mwezi, ndipo mu caka cenecico wakalemba kulaŵiska kwakulongosora comene na vyakumalizgira vyakuzirwa, nga ni kuti mwezi ngwakuterera yayi, kweni uli na mapiri na mazenje, ivyo wakapharazga mu 1610 mu buku lake liphya ilo likayowoyeka comene, ''Sidereus Nuncius''. Pamanyuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ntchito ya Giovanni Battista Riccioli na Francesco Maria Grimaldi yikapangiska ndondomeko ya kuthya mazina vimanyikwiro vya mwezi iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito mazuŵa ghano. Mapu ghakulunjika comene gha 1834–1836 gha Wilhelm Beer na Johann Heinrich von Mädler, na buku lawo la 1837 ''Der Mond'', kusanda kwakwamba kwakulunjika kwa masamu kwa vimanyikwiro vya mwezi, vikasazgapo kutalika kwa mapiri ghakujumpha 1,000, ndipo vikanjizga kusanda mwezi mwakulunjika nga ni pa malo gha caro capasi. Mazenje gha mwezi, agho Galileo wakawona kakwamba, ghakaghanaghanirikanga kuŵa gha mapiri gha moto mpaka mu ma 1870 apo Richard Proctor wakasacizga kuti ghakapangika na kutimbana. Ghanoghano ili likakhozgeka mu 1892 na viyezgo vya msandi wa pasi Grove Karl Gilbert, na kusanda kwakuyaniska kufuma 1920 mpaka ma 1940, ndipo ici cikapangiska kukura kwa kasandiro ka vigaŵa vya pasi pa mwezi, ako pofika ma 1950 kakaŵa cigaŵa ciphya ca kasandiro ka pasi ka mlengalenga. === Maulendo Ghakwamba ku Mwezi (1959–1976) === Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caro Cose, ndondomeko zakwamba za kutuma vyombo zikapangika, ndipo pakumalira kwa ma 1950 zikaŵa na nkhongono izo zikazomerezga Soviet Union na United States kutuma vyombo mu mlengalenga. Nkhondo ya Mtima yikapangiska vyaro viŵiri ivi kupanga luŵiro ndondomeko za kutuma vyombo, ndipo ici cikapangiska Mphikizgano wa Mlengalenga na pamanyuma Mphikizgano wa Mwezi, uko kukasazgirapo luŵiro na khumbo la kupenda mwezi. Pamanyuma pa ulendo wakwamba wa mlengalenga wa Sputnik 1 mu 1957, vyombo vya mlengalenga vya ndondomeko ya Luna ya Soviet Union vikaŵa vyakwamba kufiska vilato vinandi. Pamanyuma pa maulendo ghatatu ghambura kuthyika mazina agho ghakatondeka mu 1958, cinthu cakwamba cakupangika na ŵanthu, Luna 1, cikathaŵa nkhongono ya kukoka ya caro capasi na kujumpha mwezi pa 4 Matika 1959. Pamanyuma mu caka cenecico, cinthu cakwamba cakupangika na ŵanthu, Luna 2, cikafika pacanya pa mwezi mwa kutimbana mwakukhumba. Pakumalira kwa caka, Luna 3 yikaŵa cinthu cakwamba cakupangika na ŵanthu kufika ku mbali ya kutali ya mwezi, iyo kanandi yikuwoneka yayi, ndipo yikatora vithuzi vyakwamba vya mbali iyi. Combo cakwamba ca mlengalenga kukhala pasi makola pa mwezi cikaŵa Luna 9, ndipo combo cakwamba kuzunguliya mwezi cikaŵa Luna 10, vyose mu 1966. Pamanyuma pa pangano la Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy la 1961 la kufikiska ŵanthu pa mwezi pambere vyaka khumi vindamale, United States, pasi pa ulongozgi wa NASA, yikatuma vyombo vinandi vyambura ŵanthu kuti vipende pacanya pa mwezi pa kunozgekera maulendo gha ŵanthu: ndondomeko ya Ranger, ndondomeko ya Lunar Orbiter na ndondomeko ya Surveyor. Ndondomeko ya Apollo ya ŵanthu yikapangika pa nyengo yeneyiyo; pamanyuma pa viyezgo vinandi vya combo ca Apollo mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya caro capasi, na cifukwa ca kopa kuti Soviet Union yingafikiska ŵanthu pa mwezi, mu 1968 Apollo 8 yikaŵa ulendo wakwamba wa ŵanthu kuzunguliya mwezi. Vyamoyo vyakwamba vya pa caro capasi, fulu ziŵiri, zikazunguliya mwezi myezi yitatu pambere pa Zond 5 ya Soviet Union, ndipo fulu zinyake zikalondezga pa Zond 6. Kakwamba apo munthu wakafika pa mwezi na pa cinthu ciliconse ca kuwaro kwa caro capasi kukaŵa apo Neil Armstrong, mulongozgi wa ulendo wa Amerika wa Apollo 11, wakaŵika lundi pa mwezi pa 02:56 UTC pa 21 Vuna 1969. Ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 500 pa caro cose ŵakawonera pa wayilesi ya kanema, unandi ukulu comene wa ŵakuwonera pa nyengo iyo. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, ulendo unyake, Luna 15 ya Soviet Union, ukaŵa mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya mwezi, ndipo pamoza na Apollo 11 yikaŵa ciyelezgero cakwamba ca maulendo ghaŵiri gha kuwaro kwa caro capasi pa nyengo yimoza. Maulendo gha Apollo 11 mpaka 17 (kupatula Apollo 13, iyo yikaleka kufika pa mwezi) ghakatora makilogalamu 380.05 gha malibwe na dongo la mwezi mu vigaŵa 2,196. Vilwero vya kasandiro vikaŵikika pacanya pa mwezi pa maulendo ghose gha Apollo. Malo gha vilwero gha nyengo yitali, kusazgapo vilwero vya kupima kufunda, kunyenyenkhuka, na umagineti, ghakaŵikika pa malo agho Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, na 17 yikakhala. Kutuma mauthenga ku caro capasi kukaleka pakumalira kwa 1977 cifukwa ca ndalama, kweni cifukwa vyakuwezga ungweru vya laser nvilwero vyambura kukhumba nkhongono, vicali kugwiliskirika ntchito. Apollo 17 mu 1972 yikaŵa ulendo waumaliro wa ŵanthu ku mwezi, ndipo waumaliro wa ŵanthu kufika pafupi na mwezi mpaka Artemis II mu 2026. Explorer 49 mu 1973 yikaŵa combo caumaliro ca U.S. ca mwezi mpaka 1994. Soviet Union yikalutilira kutuma maulendo gha marobotiki ku mwezi mpaka 1976, ndipo mu 1970 na Luna 17 yikaŵika galimoto lakwamba lakwendeskeka kufuma kutali, Lunokhod 1, pa cinthu ca kuwaro kwa caro capasi, ndipo yikawunjika na kuwezga makilogalamu 0.3 gha malibwe na dongo na maulendo ghatatu gha Luna (Luna 16 mu 1970, Luna 20 mu 1972, na Luna 24 mu 1976). === Phangano la Mwezi na Kuleka Kupenda (1976–1990) === Pamanyuma pa ulendo waumaliro wa Soviet Union ku mwezi mu 1976, pakaŵa kupenda kucoko kwa mwezi kwa vyaka 14. Maulendo gha mlengalenga ghakasintha kulaŵiska kupenda vibwe vya mukati (mwaciyelezgero ndondomeko ya Venera) na vya kuwaro (mwaciyelezgero Pioneer 10, 1972) vya Kanozgero ka Zuŵa, na so nthowa ya kuzunguliya caro capasi, kupanga na kwendeska, kupatula ma''satellite'' gha mauthenga, ma''satellite'' gha kulaŵiska caro capasi, vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vya mlengalenga na comene malo gha kukhala mu mlengalenga. Kudumba kwa Phangano la Mwezi mu 1979, na kuzomerezgeka kwake mu 1984, ndiyo ntchito yekha yikulu ya mwezi mpaka 1990. === Kupenda Kuphya (1990 mpaka sono) === Mu 1990, Hiten–Hagoromo, ulendo wakwamba wa mwezi kufuma 1976, ukafika mu nthowa ya kuzunguliya mwezi. Ukatumika na Japani, ndipo ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba wa mwezi uwo ukaŵa wa Soviet Union panji U.S. yayi. Mu 1994, U.S. yikatuma so combo ca mlengalenga (Clementine) ku mwezi kakwamba kufuma 1973. Ulendo uwu ukapanga mapu ghakwamba gha mawonekero gha mwezi pafupifupi wose, na vithuzi vyakwamba vya ungweru wa mitundu yinandi vya pacanya pose pa mwezi. Mu 1998, Lunar Prospector yikalondezga, ndipo vilwero vyake vikalongora kuŵapo kwa haidrojeni yinandi ku mphaka za mwezi, iyo panyake yikufuma ku cisanu ca maji mu mamita ghacoko gha pacanya gha fuvu mu mazenje gha mzgezge wa nyengo zose. Vyaka vyakulondezga vikawona maulendo ghakwamba ghanandi ku mwezi gha vyaro viphya ivyo vikupenda mwezi. Pakati pa 2004 na 2006, combo cakwamba ca Wupu wa Mlengalenga wa Ulaya (ESA), SMART-1, cikazunguliya mwezi ndipo cikalemba kupenda kwakwamba kwakulongosora kwa vigaŵa vya usungunu pacanya pa mwezi. Ndondomeko ya Ŵacayina ya Kupenda Mwezi yikafika pa mwezi kakwamba na Chang'e 1 (2007–2009), ndipo yikapanga mapu gha vithuzi gha mwezi wose. India yikafika, kuzunguliya, na kutimbana na mwezi mu 2008 kakwamba na Chandrayaan-1 na Moon Impact Probe, ndipo yikaŵa caro ca cinkhondi na ca cinkhondi na cimoza kucita nthena, ndipo yikapanga mapu ghakulunjika gha usungunu na malibwe gha pacanya pa mwezi, na kusimikizga kuŵapo kwa maji mu dongo la mwezi. U.S. yikatuma Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) na LCROSS pa 18 Zizima 2009. LCROSS yikamalizga ntchito yake mwa kutimbana mwakunozgeka mu zenje la Cabeus pa 9 Thukila 2009, apo LRO yicali kugwira ntchito, yikupima kutalika kwa malo na kujambura vithuzi vyakulunjika. China yikalutilira ndondomeko yake mu 2010 na Chang'e 2, iyo yikapanga mapu ghakulunjika comene mu myezi 8, na mu 2013 na Chang'e 3, combo ca kukhala pa mwezi pamoza na galimoto la mwezi la zina lakuti Yutu ("Kalulu wa Jade"). Ulendo uwu ukaŵa wakwamba wa galimoto la mwezi kufuma Lunokhod 2 mu 1973 na kukhala makola kwakwamba pa mwezi kufuma Luna 24 mu 1976, ndipo ukapangiska China kuŵa caro ca citatu kufiska ici. Mu 2014, combo cakwamba ca ndalama za ŵanthu paŵekha, Manfred Memorial Moon Mission, cikajumpha pafupi na mwezi. Ulendo unyake wa China, Chang'e 4, ukafika kakwamba ku mbali ya kutali ya mwezi pakwamba pa 2019. Mu 2019 so, India yikatuma combo cake caciŵiri, Chandrayaan-2, ku mwezi. Mu 2020, China yikacita ulendo wake wakwamba wa marobotiki wa kuwezga vigaŵa (Chang'e 5), ndipo yikawezga magalamu 1,731 gha vinthu vya mwezi ku caro capasi. U.S. yikapanga ndondomeko za kuwezgera ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga ku mwezi kwamba mu 2004, ndipo na kusayinika kwa Mapangano gha Artemis mu 2020, ghakulongozgeka na U.S., ndondomeko ya Artemis yikukhumba kuwezgera ŵanthu ku mwezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 2020. Vyaro vinandi vyanjira mu Mapangano agha. Kwiza kwa Mapangano gha Artemis kwawuska so mphindano pa ndondomeko ya pakati pa vyaro na kovwirana pa ntchito za mwezi, kuthemba Phangano la Mwezi na ghanoghano la Muzi wa Mwezi ilo likulongozgeka na ESA. Mu 2022, Korea ya Kumwera yikatuma Danuri, combo cake cakwamba ca mwezi, kufuma ku U.S. Mu 2023 na 2024, India na Japani vikaŵa vyaro vya cinayi na ca cinkhondi kufikiska makola combo pa mwezi, pamanyuma pa Soviet Union na United States mu ma 1960, na China mu 2013. Combo ca Japani, SLIM, cikapona mausiku ghatatu gha mwezi. Mu Mpupulu 2024, IM-1 yikaŵa combo cakwamba cakupangika na kampani kufika pa mwezi. China yikatuma Chang'e 6 mu Vula 2024, iyo yikawezga kakwamba vigaŵa kufuma ku mbali ya kutali ya mwezi. Yikanyamula so galimoto la China la kupenda pacanya pa mwezi na ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi. Pakistan yikatuma combo ca kuzunguliya mwezi ca ICUBE-Q pamoza na Chang'e 6. Nova-C 2, combo ca iSpace na Blue Ghost vyose vikatumika ku mwezi mu 2024. Ulendo wa NASA wa Artemis II wa ŵanthu kujumpha pafupi na mwezi ukatumika mu Masika 2026. Ukaŵa ulendo wakwamba wa ŵanthu kuzunguliya mwezi kufuma nyengo ya Apollo. Christina Koch wakaŵa mwanakazi wakwamba, Victor Glover munthu wakwamba wa khungu lakufipa, Jeremy Hansen wa ku Canada munthu wakwamba wambura kuŵa wa ku Amerika, na mulongozgi Reid Wiseman munthu mulara comene, kufuma pafupi na caro capasi na kuzunguliya mwezi. == Ŵanthu na Mwezi == Kuŵapo kwa ŵanthu pa mwezi kukamba na vyakusyala vya vyombo ivyo vikatimbana, ivyo vikakhala pasi, na ivyo vikuzunguliya mwezi. Vyombo vya kuzunguliya nga ni Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter iyo yikatumika mu 2009 vikulutilira kupenda mwezi pa maulendo gha munthazi, apo vyombo vya kukhala pasi nga ni Chang'e 3 iyo yikatumika mu 2013, pamoza na cilaŵiskiro cake ca kutali ca ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi, vikaŵa kuti vicali kugwira ntchito mu 2020. Vyakuwezga ungweru vinkhondi vyaŵikika pa mwezi kufuma mu ma 1970, ndipo vyagwiliskirika ntchito pa kupima kwakulunjika kwa kusintha kwa mwezi mwa laser. === Vyakufumapo vya Ŵanthu === Nangauli mwezi uli pa cigaŵa capasi comene ca kuvikilira vibwe, kunangika kwake nga ni malo ghambura kukhwaskika na gha kasandiro kwayowoyeka. Usange astronome yingacitika kufuma pa mwezi, yikwenera kuŵa yambura kunangika na vinthu na wayilesi. Nangauli mwezi ulije mphepo yikulu, kwendakwenda na kutimbana pa mwezi kukupanga mitambo ya fuvu iyo yingathandazgika kutali na kunanga mawonekero gha kale gha mwezi na vyapadera vyake vya kasandiro. Msambiri Alice Gorman wakuti, nangauli mwezi ngwambura kukhalika, kuyowoya kuti mwezi ngwakufwa kukuleka kulaŵiska kusintha kwake, ntheura ntchito za ŵanthu zikwenera kuwona malo gha mwezi nga ni cigaŵa ca ntchito iyi. Cakucitika ca "tardigrade" ca combo ca Beresheet ico cikawa mu 2019 cikunyamula tuvinyama tucoko twa ''tardigrade'' cayowoyeka nga ni ciyelezgero ca kusoŵa kwa ndondomeko na malango gha pakati pa vyaro gha kuvikilira vibwe. Vyakusyala vya mu mlengalenga kuzunguliya mwezi vyawonekera nga ni suzgo la munthazi apo maulendo ghakusazgikira, comene nga ni ngozi ku maulendo agha. Ntheura kulongozga vyakutaya pa mwezi kwayowoyeka nga ni nkhani iyo maulendo gha munthazi ghakwenera kumazga, comene pacanya pa mwezi. Vyakusyala vya ŵanthu ŵakufwa vyatoleka ku mwezi, kusazgapo na makampani gha ŵanthu paŵekha. Cifukwa mwezi ngwakupatulika panji ngwakuzirwa ku midawuko yinandi, kuŵika vyakusyala vya ŵakufwa mu mlengalenga kwasuskika na ŵalongozgi ŵa ŵanthu ŵa malo agho. Mwaciyelezgero, mulongozgi wa Ŵanavajo wa nyengo iyo Albert Hale wakasuska NASA pa kutuma milota ya msandi Eugene Shoemaker ku mwezi mu 1998. Kupatula vyakusyala vya ntchito za ŵanthu pa mwezi, pali vinthu vinyake ivyo vikaŵikika mwakukhumba kuti vikhalilire, nga ni cithuzi ca Moon Museum, mauthenga gha uwemi gha Apollo 11, vimbale 6 vya mwezi, cikumbusko ca Ŵakwenda mu Mlengalenga Ŵakufwa, na vinthu vinyake. === Astronome Kufuma pa Mwezi === Mwezi wagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni malo gha kulaŵiskira kuthambo na caro capasi. Caro capasi cikuwoneka kuthambo la mwezi na ukulu wakuwoneka wa makona pafupifupi 2, katatu mpaka kanayi ukulu wa mwezi panji zuŵa kuthambo la caro capasi. Kulaŵiska kufuma pa mwezi kukamba mu 1966 na vithuzi vyakwamba vya caro capasi kufuma pa mwezi, ivyo vikatoreka na Lunar Orbiter 1. Cakuzirwa comene ku midawuko ni cithuzi ca 1968 ico cikuchemeka "Kufuma kwa Caro Capasi", ico Bill Anders wa Apollo 8 wakatora. Mu Masika 1972 ulendo wa Apollo 16 ukaŵika cilaŵiskiro ca kutali cakwamba ca pa mwezi, ico cikajambura vithuzi na ungweru wakugaŵika vya kuthambo. Mwezi ukumanyikwa kuŵa malo ghawemi comene gha vilaŵiskiro vya kutali. Uli pafupi pacoko; mazenje ghanyake pafupi na mphaka ngamdima na ghakuzizima nyengo zose ndipo ngawemi comene ku vilaŵiskiro vya ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi; ndipo vilaŵiskiro vya wayilesi ku mbali ya kutali vingavikilirika ku congo ca wayilesi ca caro capasi. Dongo la mwezi, nangauli likuŵa suzgo ku vigaŵa vyakwenda vya vilaŵiskiro, lingasazganika na vinthu vinyake na kugwiliskirika ntchito kuzenga magalasi gha ukulu mpaka mamita 50. Cilaŵiskiro ca kutali ca kulaŵiska pacanya pera cingapangika mwa mtengo ucoko na vinthu vyakuthira vyapadera. Apo ntchito za ŵanthu pacanya pa mwezi zikusazgikira, kwenda kwa fuvu la mwezi kuzamusazgikira, ndipo vyakucitika viwemi vya astronome kufuma pacanya vizamucepa, kuyana na ndondomeko za kucepeska kuthandazgika kwa fuvu. === Maulendo Ghakupangika === Ndondomeko za mwezi za U.S. na China zili na cilato ca kuzenga malo gha kukhala pa mwezi mu vyaka vya m'ma 2030 pamoza na ŵabwezi ŵawo ŵa vyaro vinyake, ndipo vingaŵa kukhala pa mwezi kwakwamba kwa ŵanthu kufuma Apollo 17 mu 1972. Pamanyuma pa ulendo wa kuyezga wa Artemis III pafupi na caro capasi uwo ukunozgekera 2027, NASA yikukhumba kuwezgera ŵanthu pacanya pa mwezi mu 2028, na ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga ŵaŵiri ŵa Artemis IV kukhala ku mphaka ya kumwera ya mwezi. Apo maulendo gha Apollo ghakaŵa gha kupenda, ndondomeko ya Artemis yikukhumba kuŵapo kwa nyengo yitali. Pa ici, U.S. yikugwira ntchito pamoza na makampani pa mauthenga gha mwezi, kunyamula katundu, na kugwiliskira ntchito vyuma vya pa mwezi. Ndondomeko ya Chang'e ya China yikapharazga maulendo gha pamoza na ndondomeko ya Luna-Glob ya Russia. Maulendo ghaŵiri gha kupenda mwezi ghakunozgekera, Chang'e 7 mu 2026 na Chang'e 8 mu 2028, pambere ŵanthu ŵandafike mu 2029 panji 2030. === Kukhala pa Mwezi === Ŵanthu ŵakhala pa mwezi mu magulu gha ŵaŵiri na mpaka mazuŵa ghatatu. Pose pamoza ŵanthu 12 ŵakhala pa mwezi pa maulendo 6. Wose ŵakakhala mu mtundu umoza wa nyumba ya pacanya, Apollo Lunar Module. Mu kukhala uku ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakajumpha pose pamoza mpaka zuŵa limoza ŵakwendakwenda pacanya. Masuzgo pa kwendakwenda pacanya ghakufuma ku fuvu la mwezi ilo likukakatira ku vyakuvwara na vilwero, ndipo likanyamulikanga mukati mwa nyumba. Ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga ŵakanowanga na kununkhizga fuvu, ilo likununkha nga ni mfuti, ndipo likachemeka "fungo la Apollo". Fuvu ili lakupepuka lingiziska masuzgo gha umoyo. Mu 2019, mbuto yimoza panji kujumpha yikamera mu kuyezga pa combo ca Chang'e 4. Yikanyamulika kufuma pa caro capasi pamoza na vyamoyo vinyake vicoko. Cifukwa mwezi ngwakukakika, ndipo ukulongora cisko cimoza pera ku caro capasi, kuŵapo kwa nyengo zose pa mwezi kuzamukhumba gulu la ma''satellite'' kuti ghatumizge mauthenga kufuma ku mbali ya kutali ya mwezi, na kufuma ku mphaka ya kumwera iyo yili na mawonekero ghakusuzga. Ma''satellite'' gha China gha Queqiao-1 na -2 ghali kale, ndipo NASA yikunozgekera ndondomeko ya mauthenga na kulongozgera mu Thukila 2026. === Ucindami pa Dango === Nangauli vyombo vya Luna vikathandazga vimanyikwiro vya Soviet Union pa mwezi, ndipo mbendera za U.S. zikaŵikika na ŵakwenda mu mlengalenga ŵa Apollo pa malo agho ŵakakhala, palije caro ico cikuti cigaŵa ciliconse ca mwezi nca ici. Nga ni nthena, kuŵa mwenecho wa vigaŵa vya mwezi, panji wose, kwa munthu paŵekha kukuzomerezgeka yayi. Phangano la Mlengalenga la 1967 likuti mwezi na mlengalenga wose ni "cigaŵa ca ŵanthu wose". Likucepeska kagwiliskiro ka mwezi ku vilato vya mtendere pera, ndipo likukanizga mwakulunjika malo gha ŵankhondo na vilwero vya kunanga ŵanthu ŵanandi. Vyaro vinandi vili mu phangano ili. Phangano la Mwezi la 1979 likapangika kulongosora, na kukanizga kugwiliskira ntchito vyuma vya mwezi na caro cimoza pera, kuvisiya ku ndondomeko ya pakati pa vyaro iyo yindalongosoreke. Mu Matika 2020, likaŵa kuti lasayinika na kuzomerezgeka na vyaro 18. Kufuma 2020, vyaro vyanjira mu Mapangano gha Artemis na U.S., agho ghakususka phangano ili. U.S. yayowoya so mu lamulo la pulezidenti kuti "United States yikuwona mlengalenga nga ni 'cuma ca caro cose' yayi" ndipo yikuti Phangano la Mwezi ni "kuyezga kwakutondeka kukanizga malonda gha wanangwa". Apo Australia yikasayina na kuzomerezga Phangano la Mwezi mu 1986 na Mapangano gha Artemis mu 2020, pakaŵa mphindano usange ghangakolerana. Pa ici, Phangano la Kufiska Phangano la Mwezi lasacizgika, nga ni nthowa ya kumazga masuzgo gha Phangano la Mwezi na kulikoleranya na malango na mapangano ghanyake nga ni Mapangano gha Artemis, kuti lizomerezgeke na ŵanandi. Cifukwa ca kusazgikira kwa khumbo la makampani na vyaro, comene kupenja malo, ŵapangi ŵa malango ŵa U.S. ŵakanjizga pakumalira kwa 2020 malango ghapadera gha kuvikilira malo gha mbiri agho vyombo vikakhala, ndipo magulu ghanyake ghakuti malo agha ghaŵe Malo gha Ucindami wa Caro Cose na malo gha kasandiro ghakuvikilirika. Mu 2021, Kalata ya Wanangwa wa Mwezi yikapangika na gulu la "ŵakumanya dango, ŵasandi ŵa vya kale vya mlengalenga na ŵanthu ŵakupwelelera", kuthemba ŵanthu ŵakukhozga wanangwa wa kawiro na ghanoghano la kuŵa munthu pa dango ku vinthu vyambura kuŵa ŵanthu mu mlengalenga. ==== Kukolerana na Kulongozga ==== Kusazgikira kwa ntchito za ŵanthu pa mwezi kwawuska khumbo la kukolerana kuti ntchito za pakati pa vyaro na za makampani pa mwezi zivikilirike. Nkhani kufuma pa kovwirana mpaka pa kukolerana pera, mwaciyelezgero kupanga nyengo yakugaŵana ya mwezi, zayowoyeka. Comene, kuŵika ndondomeko ya pakati pa vyaro panji ya Wupu wa Vyaro Vyose ya kulongozga ntchito za ŵanthu pa mwezi kwapemphika na Phangano la Mwezi na kusacizgika kwizira mu Phangano la Kufiska, kweni kucali mphindano. Ndondomeko za mwezi za sono nza vyaro vinandi, ya Artemis iyo yikulongozgeka na U.S. na ya Malo gha Kusanda Mwezi gha Pakati pa Vyaro agho ghakulongozgeka na China. Pa kovwirana na kukolerana kwa pakati pa vyaro kukulu, mawupu nga ni ILEWG, Moon Village Association, na ISECG ghapangika. == Mu Midawuko na Umoyo == === Majandulo === Ŵaciuta ŵa mwezi ŵali mu midawuko yose ya ŵanthu. Midawuko yinandi yakoleranya ndondomeko ya mwezi ya mazuŵa 29.5 na ndondomeko ya kuwona mwezi kwa ŵanakazi, nga umo kukuwonekera mu mizu yakugaŵana ya mazgo gha "kuwona mwezi" na "mwezi" mu viyowoyero vinandi. Mu Citumbuka nako, kuwona mwezi kukukolerana na lizgu lakuti mwezi. Kweni ici cikaŵa mu midawuko yose yayi, cifukwa ŵaciuta wose ŵa mwezi ŵakaŵa ŵanakazi yayi. Kweni majandulo ghanandi ghakumanyikwa ghali na ŵaciuta ŵanakazi ŵa mwezi, kusazgapo Selene wa Ŵagiriki, Luna wa Ŵaroma, Chang'e wa Ŵacayina, na Coyolxāuhqui wa Ŵaaztec, uyo kudumulika mutu kwake kungaŵa kulongora kubisika kwa mwezi. Ŵaciuta ŵanyake ŵanalume nga ni Nanna-Sin ŵakakolerananga so na kubaba na nthumbo. Ŵaciuta ŵanakazi ŵanyake, kusazgapo Artemis, Hecate, Phoebe, Theia na Isis, pakwamba ŵakaŵavya ubale na mwezi, kweni ŵakawusanga pamanyuma mu nyengo ya kale cifukwa ca kusazganika na Selene/Luna. Kugaŵika kwa mwezi mu vigaŵa viŵiri kuthambo ni cizukuso ico cikuyowoyeka kuti cikacitika na ncimi Muhammad. === Kupima Nyengo === Kufuma mu nyengo za kale ŵanthu ŵalaŵiska kawonekero ka mwezi na ndondomeko yake ya kukura na kucepa, ndipo ŵakuyigwiliskira ntchito kupima nyengo. Mazgo gha mwezi wa caka mu viyowoyero vinandi ghakulongora ubale uwu pakati pa nyengo ya mwezi wa caka na mwezi wa kuthambo. Mu Citumbuka, lizgu limoza lakuti mwezi likung'anamula vyose viŵiri. Kupima nyengo uku kukapangiska makalendala gha mwezi na zuŵa agho ghakaŵa ghanandi mu mbiri, kweni ghakupambana. Kalendala ya Cisilamu ya mu vyaka vya m'ma 600 ni ciyelezgero ca kalendala ya mwezi pera, umo myezi kanandi yikwamba na kuwoneka kwa ''hilal'', panji cikweru cakwamba ca mwezi, pa mphepete ya kuthambo. Cakuzirwa comene caŵa mwezi wakuzura, uwo ukusekelerika mu makalendala na midawuko yinandi, nga ni Vesak ya Ŵabuda. Mwezi wakuzura pafupi na nyengo ya kuvuna ukuchemeka mwezi wa vuna, ndipo ukusekelerika na visangalalo nga ni Cisangalalo ca Mwezi wa Vuna ca kalendala ya mwezi ya Ŵacayina, cisangalalo caciŵiri pa kuzirwa pamanyuma pa Caka Ciphya ca Ŵacayina. === Kulongoreka mu Midawuko === Ŵanthu ŵajambula mwezi kufuma mu nyengo za kale, nga umo vithuzi vya vyaka 40,000 ivyo vyajumpha na malemba gha vyaka masauzandi ghanayi pambere Khristu vikulongolera. Msandi wa nyenyezi na mulembi wa ndakatulo wakale comene uyo zina lake likumanyikwa, Enheduanna, wasembe mukulu wa Ŵakkadi wa ciuta wa mwezi Nanna/Sin na mwana wa Sargon Mukulu, wakalondezganga mwezi na kulemba ndakatulo za mwezi. ==== Cikweru ==== Pa kulongora mwezi, comene kawonekero kake, cikweru (🌙) caŵa cimanyikwiro cakuwerezgeka mu midawuko yinandi kufuma vyaka 3,000 pambere Khristu, panyake kale comene na nyanga za ng'ombe zanalume mu vithuzi vya mu mapanga vya vyaka 40,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Mu malembo nga ni gha Ŵacayina, cikweru casintha kuŵa cimanyikwiro 月, lizgu la mwezi, ndipo mu Eguputo wa kale cikaŵa cimanyikwiro 𓇹, cakung'anamula mwezi, ndipo cikalembeka nga ni zina la ciuta wa mwezi Iah. Mu vithuzi, cikweru cikagwiliskirikanga ntchito mu Mesopotamiya nga ni cimanyikwiro cikulu ca Nanna/Sîn, ciuta wa mwezi wa Ŵasumeri ŵa kale, uyo wakaŵa awiske wa Inanna/Ishtar, ciuta mwanakazi wa cibwe ca Venasi (wakulongoreka na nyenyezi ya Ishtar ya minyanga 8), na Utu/Shamash, ciuta wa zuŵa (wakulongoreka nga ni cimbale), ndipo ŵatatu wose kanandi ŵakulongoreka pafupi na pafupi. Nanna/Sîn, nga ni ŵaciuta ŵanyake ŵa mwezi, wakulongoreka nga ni ciuta wa nyanga, na vyakuvwara vya mutu panji vingoma vya mawonekero gha cikweru. Kanozgero kapadera ka cikweru na nyenyezi (☪️) kakufuma ku Nyengo ya Mkuŵa, ndipo kakulongora zuŵa na mwezi, panji mwezi na cibwe ca Venasi, pamoza. Kufuma apo kagwiliskiro ka nyenyezi na cikweru kakathandazgika, ndipo kakaŵa cimanyikwiro cakumanyikwa ca Cisilamu (nga ni ''hilal'' ya kalendala ya Cisilamu) na ca vyaro vinandi. ==== Ubale Unyake ==== Vimanyikwiro vya mwezi, malo ghapacanya ghakuŵala na ''maria'' ghakufipa, vyawoneka na midawuko yakupambana nga ni mawonekero ghakupambana. Mawonekero agha ni pakati pa ghanyake Munthu wa mu Mwezi panji Kalulu wa Mwezi (mwaciyelezgero mu majandulo gha Ŵacayina na gha Ŵaamerika ŵa malo agho). Mu nyengo yapakati pa caro cose, mwezi ukaŵa wakuzirwa mu midawuko pa nkhani nga ni ndakatulo za citemwa, uchimi, na maghanoghano gha ucizgi. Mu ''alchemy'' ya Kumanjiliro, mwezi ukakolerananga na siliva, apo golide likakolerananga na zuŵa. === Kulongoreka mu Midawuko ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Kawonero ka mwezi mu nyengo ya mazuŵa ghano kakhwaskika na astronome ya vilaŵiskiro vya kutali. Maghanoghano ghaphya agha ghakapangiska vinthu vya midawuko, kukoleranya maghanoghano gha citemwa pa mwezi na nkhani zakupeka nga ni nkhani zakupeka za kasandiro izo zikuyowoya za mwezi. Pamanyuma, maulendo gha mlengalenga ghakiziska nyengo ya mlengalenga, iyo yikapanga, comene na kufika kwakwamba pa mwezi, vyakufiska vya mbiri ku ŵanthu wose, ivyo vikulongoreka mu vithuzi vya caro capasi kufuma kutali na kuzizwa uko kukuchemeka "overview effect". Ici capelekezgeka na maghanoghano gha ŵanthu na ghakususka pa ubale wa midawuko na wa dango wa ŵanthu na mwezi, comene nga ni cinthu ca ufumu wakuthandazga mazaza, nga mu Mphikizgano wa Mlengalenga, na nga ni cinthu ca ukoloni kwizira mu kuguliska vyuma vya mwezi. Ndakatulo ya 1970 "Whitey on the Moon" yikamanyikwa comene cifukwa ca kulongora maghanoghano ghakususka agha. Maghanoghano ghanyake ghayowoya za kawiro ka mwezi, kuwuska nkhani nga ni kuvikilira mwezi na kuwugwiliskira ntchito mwakuti ukhalilire, kuwona mwezi nga ni cuma cakugaŵana. Mu 2021, 20 Vuna likaŵa Zuŵa la Mwezi la Pakati pa Vyaro, zuŵa la kufika kwakwamba kwa ŵanthu pa mwezi. === Vyakufumapo vya Mwezi pa Ŵanthu === Vyakufumapo vya mwezi ni ubale uwo ukughanaghanirika pakati pa nyengo zinyake za ndondomeko ya mwezi ya mazuŵa pafupifupi 29.5, na nkhalo na kusintha kwa thupi la ŵanthu pa caro capasi. Ndondomeko za mwezi zili na vyakufumapo vikulu pa midawuko ya ŵanthu, kweni palije ukaboni wakukhora wakuti ndondomeko izi zikukhwaska thupi la ŵanthu. Mwezi wakolerana kwa nyengo yitali na uchindere na kusoŵa vinjeru; mazgo gha Cingelezi ''lunacy'' na ''lunatic'' ghakufuma ku zina la Cilatini la mwezi, ''Luna''. Ŵapenda vinjeru Aristotle na Pliny Mulara ŵakayowoyanga kuti mwezi wakuzura ukwiziska uchindere ku ŵanthu ŵanyake, ŵakugomezga kuti wongo, uwo ni maji comene, ukwenera kukhwaskika na mwezi na nkhongono yake pa kuzuzga kwa maji, kweni nkhongono ya kukoka ya mwezi njicoko comene kukhwaska munthu yumoza. Mu ŵanthu ŵa mazuŵa ghano, vyakufumapo vya mwezi vyayowoyeka kuti vikupangiska kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu vipatala vya ŵalwari ŵa wongo, ngozi za pa misewu, kukomana, panji kujikoma pa mwezi wakuzura, kweni mazgo agha ghalongoreka kuŵa ghautesi na kusanda kwakujumpha 37. [[Category:Chibwe|*]] f6mcj5765euqt4zw5fx9v0dj3lztf8f 0 4431 123732 123585 2026-11-04T13:24:58Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123732 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Superb fairy wrens mark 2.jpg|thumb|250px|Viyuni]] [[File:Eastern Phoebe-nest-Brown-headed-Cowbird-egg.jpg|thumb|250px]] '''Viyuni''' (cimoza: '''ciyuni'''; mu Cilatini '''Aves''') ni vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, ivyo vili na masoya, milomo yambura mino, vikuikira masumbi ghakuŵa na makoko ghakukhora, mtima wa vigaŵa vinayi, na viwanga vyakukhora kweni vyakupepuka. Ndopa zawo nzakotcha, vikukhala pa caro cose capasi, ndipo vikupambana mu ukulu kufuma ku kayuni kacoko ka masentimita 5.5 mpaka ku nthiwatiwa ya mamita 2.8. Pali mitundu ya viyuni yakujumpha 11,000 iyo yicalipo. Pafupifupi viyuni vyose vili na mapapiko, agho ghakuvizomerezga kuduka, nangauli viyuni vinyake vikuduka yayi, nga ni nthiwatiwa na ma pengwini. Kusanda viyuni kukuchemeka kasandiro ka viyuni. Viyuni vikafuma ku vinyama vya kale vyakuchemeka madayinoso, ndipo ndivyo madayinoso ghekha agho ghacalipo. == Viyuni mu Malaŵi == Viyuni navyo mu [[Malaŵi]] ni vinandi. Viyuni ivyo vikusangika comene ni nga ni ivi: [[phululu]], [[kabelu-belu|kaŵeluŵelu]], [[njiba|njiŵa]], [[chaholi|caholi]], [[chababi|cabaŵi]], [[nkhanga]], na [[nkhwali]]. == Mazina gha Viyuni == * [[Mazina gha Viyuni mu chiTumbuka]] [[Category:Viyuni]] etwskmdfnjw6cvx6jsmdrybpfbujrny 0 4461 123723 123668 2026-11-04T13:12:38Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123723 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|250px|Nyimbu]] '''Nyimbu''' (''Culicidae'') ni mbumba ya membe zicoko ya mitundu 3,600. Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''mosquito'' (kufuma ku ''mosca'' na ''-ito'' ya kucepeska) ni la Cisipanya na Cipwitikizi, ndipo likung'anamula "membe yicoko". Nyimbu zili na thupi licoko la vigaŵa, mapapiko ghaŵiri, malundi ghatali gha nga ni sisi ghankhondi na ghamoza, na mlomo utali wapadera wa kuluma na kufyonta. Nyimbu zose zikumwa uchi wa maluŵa; nyimbu zanakazi za mitundu yinandi zikumwa so ndopa. Gulu ili likapambanapambana mu nyengo ya Cretaceous. Ŵasandi ŵa kusintha kwa vyamoyo ŵakuwona nyimbu nga ni vyakusaka vicoko, vinyama vicoko ivyo vikuthemba vikulu mwa kumwa ndopa zawo kwambura kuvikoma luŵiro. Ŵasandi ŵa tuzirombo twa nthenda ŵakuwona nyimbu nga ni vyakunyamula nthenda, cifukwa zikunyamula tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza, mabakiteriya, panji tubungulu kufuma ku cinyama cimoza kuya ku cinyake. Umoyo wa nyimbu uli na nyengo zinayi: sumbi, mphutsi, cikumbi, na nyimbu yikulu. Masumbi ghakuikika pacanya pa maji; ghakusululuka kuŵa mphutsi izo zikwenda na kurya vyakumera vicoko vya mu maji na vinthu vinyake. Mphutsi izi ni vyakulya vyakuzirwa ku vinyama vinandi vya mu maji ghawemi, nga ni ŵana ŵa ŵakhulukuska, somba zinandi, na viyuni vinyake. Nyimbu zanakazi zikulu za mitundu yinandi zili na mlomo wakukolerana na kuboola cikumba ca cinyama na kumwa ndopa za vinyama vinandi vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, na vinyama vinyake vyambura fupa la msana. Mitundu yinyake yikuikira masumbi pera pamanyuma pa kumwa ndopa. Mate gha nyimbu ghakunjira mu cinyama apo yikuluma, ndipo ghangiziska vyakuyabwa. Kweniso, mitundu iyo yikumwa ndopa yingamwa tuzirombo twa nthenda apo yikuluma na kutuyambuzga ku vinyama vinyake. Mitundu iyi yikusazgapo iyo yikunyamula [[Malungo|malungo]] na nthenda ya ''filariasis'', na nthenda za tubungulu nga ni cikasu na dengue. Mwa kuyambuzga nthenda, nyimbu zikukoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza caka ciliconse. == Malongosoro na Umoyo == Nga ni membe zose, nyimbu zikujumpha mu nyengo zinayi za umoyo: sumbi, mphutsi, cikumbi, na nyimbu yikulu. Nyengo zitatu zakwamba zikucitika mu maji, ndipo masumbi kanandi ghakuikika mu maji ghakwimilira. Ghakusululuka kuŵa mphutsi, izo zikurya, kukura, na kuvula cikopa mpaka zikusanduka vikumbi. Nyimbu yikulu yikufuma mu cikumbi apo cikuyandama pacanya pa maji. Nyimbu zikulu zikukhala kufuma sabata limoza mpaka mwezi umoza. Mitundu yinyake yikujumpha nyengo ya kuzizima nga ni nyimbu zikulu, zikugona. === Nyimbu Yikulu === Nyimbu zili na mapapiko ghaŵiri, agho ghali na mamba pacanya. Mapapiko ghake ngatali na ghafupi, ndipo malundi ngatali na ghacoko. Thupi, kanandi lakuzirima panji lakufipa, ndicoko, ndipo kanandi nditali milimita 3–6. Para zikupumula, nyimbu zikusunga malundi ghakwamba kuwaro, apo tumembe tunyake twakuyana tukusunga malundi agha panthazi. Nyimbu za Anopheles zingaduka mpaka maora ghanayi kwambura kuleka pa makilomita 1 mpaka 2 pa ora, ndipo zingenda mpaka makilomita 12 usiku umoza. Ŵanalume ŵakutimba mapapiko pakati pa kanandi 450 na 600 pa liŵiri. Nyimbu kanandi ni membe zicoko; zikulu comene ni za mtundu wa Toxorhynchites, za utali mpaka milimita 18 na mapapiko gha milimita 24. Za Aedes nzicoko comene, za mapapiko gha milimita 2.8 mpaka 4.4. Nyimbu zingakura kufuma ku sumbi mpaka nyimbu yikulu mu mazuŵa ghankhondi pera para kukufunda, kweni kungatora mpaka mwezi umoza. Mlenji panji kuzirimila, mu mazuŵa ghacoko pamanyuma pa kufuma mu cikumbi, ŵanalume ŵakuwungana mu magulu, ndipo ŵakutorana para ŵanakazi ŵaduka mukati. Nyimbu yanakazi yikutorana kamoza pera mu umoyo wake, yikukopeka na fungo ilo wanalume wakufumiska. Mu mitundu iyo yikukhumba ndopa kuti masumbi ghakure, yanakazi yikusanga cinyama na kumwa ndopa zakukwana. Pamanyuma yikupumula mazuŵa ghaŵiri panji ghatatu kuti yigaye ndopa na masumbi ghakure. Pamanyuma yikunozgeka kuikira masumbi na kuwerezga ndondomeko ya kurya na kuikira. Ŵanakazi ŵangakhala mpaka masabata ghatatu mu thengere, kuyana na kufunda, unyowevu, kusanga ndopa, na kuleka kukomeka na vinyama ivyo zikuluma. === Masumbi === Masumbi gha nyimbu zinandi ghakuikika mu maji ghakwimilira, agho ghangaŵa kadambo, dambo, kadzenje ka maji ka kanyengo, maji mu khuni lakuboŵa, panji maji agho ghakusungika pa mahamba gha vyakumera vinyake. Zinyake zikuikira pafupi na mphepete ya maji apo zinyake zikukakatiska masumbi ku vyakumera vya mu maji. Zicoko, nga ni Opifex fuscus, zingaŵaba mu madambo gha mcere. Wyeomyia smithii yikuŵaba mu vyakumera vyakuŵa na maji mukati, ndipo mphutsi zake zikurya vibenene vyakuvunda ivyo vyabira umo. Kaikiliro ka masumbi kakupambana pa mitundu. Ŵanakazi ŵa Anopheles ŵakuduka pacanya pa maji, ŵakukhwaska maji kuti ŵaŵike masumbi pacanya limoza limoza; masumbi ghawo ghali na vyakuyandamira ku mbali. Yanakazi yingaikira masumbi 100–200 mu umoyo wake. Ŵanakazi ŵa Aedes ŵakuwiska masumbi limoza limoza pa dongo lakunyowa pafupi na maji; masumbi ghawo ghakusululuka pera para maji ghazuzga. Ŵanakazi ŵa Culex na zinyake ŵakuikira masumbi mu tumphasa twakuyandama. Ŵanakazi ŵa Mansonia ŵakuikira masumbi pasi pa mahamba gha vyakumera vya mu maji. Masumbi gha nyimbu zinandi ghakusululuka pa nyengo yimoza, kweni masumbi gha Aedes agho ghakugona ghakusululuka pacoko pacoko mu nyengo yitali. === Mphutsi === Mutu wa mphutsi ya nyimbu uli na tuburashi twa mlomo utu tukugwiliskirika ntchito pa kurya, cifuwa cikulu cambura malundi, na nthumbo ya vigaŵa. Yikupuma mphepo kwizira mu kathumbu pa nthumbo yake, ntheura yikwenera kwiza pacanya kanandi. Yikujumpha nyengo yinandi yikurya vyakumera vicoko, mabakiteriya, na tuvinyama tucoko twa pacanya pa maji. Yikubira pasi para yasokonezgeka. Yikusambira mwa kujikankha na tuburashi twa mlomo, panji mwa kunyunganyunga thupi. Yikukura mu nyengo zinandi, yikuvula cikopa nyengo yiliyose, ndipo pamanyuma yikusanduka cikumbi. Mphutsi za Aedes, kupatula para nziphya comene, zingazizipizga kukoma; zikugona kwa myezi yinandi usange kadambo kawo kakoma. === Cikumbi === Mutu na cifuwa vya cikumbi vyasazganika, ndipo nthumbo yikupindikira pasi pake. Cikumbi cingasambira mwa kupinda nthumbo yake. Nga ni mphutsi, cikumbi ca mitundu yinandi cikwenera kwiza pacanya kanandi kupuma, kwizira mu tumalipenga tuŵiri twa kupumira. Vikurya yayi; vikujumpha nyengo yinandi vikupachika pacanya pa maji. Para vyafipa mtima, vikusambira pasi mwa kupinda nthumbo nga ni mphutsi. Para vindasokonezgeke, vikuyandama so luŵiro. Nyimbu yikulu yikufuma mu cikumbi pacanya pa maji ndipo yikuduka. == Kurya kwa Nyimbu Zikulu == === Vyakulya === Nyimbu zanalume na zanakazi zikurya uchi wa maluŵa na maji gha vyakumera, kweni mu mitundu yinandi ŵanakazi ŵakumwa so ndopa. Mu mitundu yinyake, ndopa nzakukhumbikwa pa kupanga masumbi; mu yinyake, zikuzomerezga waka yanakazi kuikira masumbi ghanandi. Vyakumera na ndopa vyose ni makasupe ghawemi gha nkhongono mu shuga. Ndopa zikupeleka vyakulya vinandi, kweni ntchito yikulu ya ndopa ni kusanga purotini ya kupangira masumbi. Nyimbu zakunyamula nthenda nga ni Anopheles na Aedes zikukhumba ndopa kuti ziikire masumbi. Mitundu yicoko ya Malaya, Topomyia na Toxorhynchites yikuŵaba kwambura kumwa ndopa nanga ni kamoza. === Vinyama Ivyo Zikuluma === Nyimbu zakumwa ndopa zikutemwa vinyama vinyake, nangauli zikusankha comene yayi para vyakulya vyasoŵa. Mitundu yakupambana yikutemwa ŵacule, vyakukwaŵa kusazgapo njoka, viyuni, na vinyama vyakonkheska. Mwaciyelezgero, Culiseta melanura yikumwa ndopa za viyuni vicoko, kweni apo unandi wa nyimbu wasazgikira zikuluma vinyama vyakonkheska kusazgapo mahachi na ŵanthu, ndipo zikuthandazga nthenda ya kabungulu mu Amerika ya Kumpoto. Kutaya ndopa ku maluma ghanandi kungakula, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukukoma viŵeto vikulu nga ni ng'ombe na mahachi. Nyimbu za malungo zikupenja mbozi na kumwa maji gha mu thupi lawo, zikukanizga kukura kwawo. === Kusanga Vinyama === Nyimbu zinandi zikurya mlenji panji kuzirimila, ndipo zikupumula mu malo ghakuzizima msana. Mitundu yinyake, nga ni nyimbu ya Asiya ya mawanga, yikuduka na kurya msana. Nyimbu zanakazi zikupenja vinyama mwa kununkhizga vinthu nga ni kaboni dayokisayidi na vinyake ivyo vikufuma mu mpweya wa cinyama, na mwa kuwona. Cigaŵa cikulu ca kununkhizga kwa nyimbu cikugwira ntchito ya kupenja ndopa. Mwa mitundu 72 ya vyakununkhizgira pa minyanga yake, yakujumpha 27 yikusanga vinthu vya mu thukuta. Mu Aedes, kupenja kukucitika mu nyengo ziŵiri: pakwamba nyimbu yikuduka mpaka yasanga fungo la cinyama; pamanyuma yikuduka kuliya, yikulongozgeka na unandi wa fungo. Nyimbu zikutemwa kuluma ŵanthu ŵa ndopa za mtundu wa O, ŵa mabakiteriya ghanandi pa cikumba, na ŵa kufunda kukulu kwa thupi; zikutemwa so ŵanakazi ŵa nthumbo. Kukopa nyimbu kwa munthu kuli na cigaŵa cakuharika. Vimanyikwiro vinandi vya cinyama ivyo nyimbu yikuwona vikuyizomerezga kusankha cinyama ca kuluma. Para pali kaboni dayokisayidi, yikwamba kupenja na fungo na maso. Kusanda kwalongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukopa comene nyimbu ŵakupanga ma''carboxylic acid'' ghanandi. Fungo la thupi la munthu likulongora kuti ni munthu, kwambura kuŵa cinyama cinyake cakufunda. Fungo la thupi, ilo likufuma pa cikumba, ndilo cimanyikwiro cakuzirwa comene ku nyimbu. Fungo linandi ili likupangika apo mabakiteriya gha pa cikumba ghakugaya thukuta na mafuta gha cikopa. Kupambana kwa fungo kukufuma ku kuzitika kwa thupi, mahomoni, vyakuhara, na nthenda zinyake. Nthenda nga ni malungo zingasintha fungo la thupi. Ŵanthu ŵa malungo ŵakupanga vinthu vinyake vinandi pa cikumba ivyo vikukopa comene nyimbu. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵa malungo ŵakulumika comene na nyimbu. Kupenja na maso kwa nyimbu kukusazgapo kupulika mitundu yakupambana. Nyimbu zikukopeka na ungweru wa majigha ghatali, mitundu yakufiira na ya malalanje nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera, ndiko kuti mitundu ya cikumba ca ŵanthu. Kweniso zikukopeka comene na vinthu vyakufipa ivyo vikuwoneka makola pa malo ghakuŵala. Mitundu yakupambana ya nyimbu yasintha nthowa zakupambana za kusanga vinyama. Kusanda mitundu yiŵiri ya Aedes aegypti, yinyake ya ku nyumba na yinyake yakuluma vinyama, kukalongora kuti kutemwa fungo la ŵanthu kukukolerana na cakusangira fungo cinyake ico cikusanga ''sulcatone'', cinthu cinandi mu fungo la ŵanthu. Nyimbu ya malungo Anopheles gambiae nayo yili na vyakusangira fungo ivi, kweni vyakupambana, ntheura mitundu yiŵiri iyi yikasintha paŵekha kuluma ŵanthu. === Mlomo === Mlomo wa nyimbu yanakazi wakolerana comene na kuboola cikumba na kufyonta ndopa. Ŵanalume ŵakumwa maji gha shuga pera, ndipo mlomo wawo ngwapadera yayi. Kuwaro, cigaŵa cikulu ca kurya ni mlomo mutali, uwo uli na cikopa ca mawonekero nga ni ngalande, ico cikuphimba vigaŵa 6 vya kuboola. Cikopa ici cikupinda nga ni uta apo nyimbu yikwamba kuluma, cikukhwaska cikumba na kulongozgera vigaŵa vya kuboola pasi. Vigaŵa vyakuthwa comene vikwenda kumanyuma na panthazi kudumula cikumba, na nkhongono yicoko comene, cigaŵa cimoza pa 1,000 ca nkhongono iyo yingakhumbikwa na singano, ntheura kuluma kukupweteka yayi. === Mate === Mate gha nyimbu ghali na vinthu ivyo vikovwira kugaya shuga, na vinthu ivyo vikulaŵilira kukura kwa mabakiteriya mu shuga. Kuti nyimbu yisange ndopa, yikwenera kujumpha nthowa izo thupi la cinyama likujivikilira nazo. Mate gha nyimbu ghakukanizga ndopa kukoleka, mwa purotini izo zikucepeska kufinyika kwa mitsempha na kukoleka kwa ndopa, kuti ndopa zilutilire kwenda. Ghakusintha so umo thupi likulimbana na nthenda kwizira mu purotini zinandi, ndipo ici cingapangiska nthenda za tubungulu kuŵa zikulu comene. === Kukura kwa Masumbi na Kugaya Ndopa === Ŵanakazi ŵa mitundu yinandi yakumwa ndopa ŵakukhumba ndopa kuti ŵambe kupanga masumbi. Ndopa zakukwana zikwamba ndondomeko ya mahomoni iyo yikupangiska masumbi kukura. Para yamalizga kumwa, nyimbu yikuwuska mlomo, ndipo apo matumbo ghakuzura, mthumbo ukupanga cikopa ico cikuzingilizga ndopa. Ici cikupatula ndopa na vinyake mu mthumbo. Nyimbu zinandi zikulu zikufumiska maji ghakunyanyira nanga ni apo zikurya, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga ŵanakazi kuwunjika vyakulya vinandi. Ndopa zikugayika mu mazuŵa ghanandi. Mthumbo ukupanga vinthu ivyo vikugaŵa purotini za ndopa, ndipo izi zikugwiliskirika ntchito kupanga purotini ya masumbi. == Kuthandazgika == === Pa Caro Cose === Nyimbu zili pa caro cose, mu cigaŵa ciliconse ca mtunda kupatula Antarctica na virwa vicoko. Nyengo ya vigaŵa ivi njambura kumanyikwa, yakuzizima kweni kanandi yikufunda luŵiro pakati pa nyengo ya kuzizima, ndipo ici cikupangiska nyimbu kufuma mu vikumbi na pamanyuma kuzizima so pambere zindamalizge umoyo wawo. Masumbi gha nyimbu za malo gha nyengo yapakati ghakuzizipizga kuzizima kuluska gha mitundu ya malo ghakufunda. Ghanandi ghangazizipizga kuzizima kwa pasi pa zero, ndipo nyimbu zikulu za mitundu yinyake zingajumpha nyengo ya kuzizima mwa kubisama mu nyumba panji mu makuni ghakuboŵa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku tropiki vyakufunda na vyakunyowa, mitundu yinyake ya nyimbu yikugwira ntchito caka cose, kweni mu vigaŵa vyakuzizima zikugona. Nyimbu za ku Arctic zingaŵa zamoyo kwa masabata ghacoko pera pa caka apo maji gha cisanu cakusungunuka ghakupanga tudambo. Kweni pa nyengo iyo zikufuma zinandi comene; gulu lingamwa mpaka mililita 300 za ndopa pa zuŵa kufuma ku cinyama ciliconse mu gulu la nswala za ku Arctic. === Vyakufumapo vya Kusintha kwa Nyengo === Kuti nyimbu yiyambuzge nthenda, pakwenera kuŵa vyakucitika viwemi vya nyengo, comene unyowevu, kufunda, na vula. El Niño yikukhwaska malo na unandi wa kuthandazgika kwa nthenda mu Afilika ya Kumafumiro, Amerika ya Ŵalatini, Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumafumiro na India. Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska vyakucitika ivi na kuthandazgika kwa nyimbu. Viyelezgero vya nyengo vingagwiliskira ntchito vyakusangika vya kale kulongolera ngozi ya nthenda kuyana na nyengo iyo yikulindilirika. Nthenda za nyimbu zaŵa zinandi comene mu Afilika ya Kumafumiro, Amerika ya Ŵalatini, Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumafumiro, na India. Kuwoneka mu Ulaya kukawonekeka pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Kukulongolereka kuti pofika 2030, nyengo ya kumwera kwa Britain yizamuŵa yiwemi ku nyimbu za Anopheles kuyambuzga malungo kwa myezi yiŵiri pa caka, ndipo pofika 2080 ndimo kuzamuŵira ku kumwera kwa Scotland. Nthenda ya dengue nayo yikuthandazgika kumpoto cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nyengo. Nyimbu iyo yikuyinyamula, nyimbu ya Asiya ya mawanga, pofika 2023 yikaŵa kuti yathandazgika mu Ulaya ya kumwera mpaka ku kumpoto kwa France, Belgium, Holland, na vigaŵa vya Ungelezi. Mu 2025, nyimbu zinyake zikasangika mu Iceland, caro ico cikaŵavya nyimbu, nangauli palije iyo yikawoneka mu nyengo ya kufunda ya 2026. == Malo gha Vyamoyo == === Vyakusaka na Vyakuthemba === Mphutsi za nyimbu ni vinyama vinandi comene mu tudambo, ndipo ni vyakulya vyakuzirwa ku vyakusaka vya mu maji ghawemi. Vibenene vinandi vya mu maji ivyo vikukora mphutsi izi ni ŵana ŵa ŵakhulukuska na vinyake. Vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana ivyo vikuzirya ni somba nga ni mlamba na somba ya nyimbu, ŵacule, fulu za maji ghawemi, na viyuni nga ni ŵabaka. Nyimbu zikulu zikufuma zikuryeka pacanya pa maji na membe zakusaka na ŵalutatavi. Nyimbu zakuduka zikukoreka na ŵakhulukuska, na viyuni nga ni byambyali, na vinyama vyakonkheska kusazgapo mileme. Nyimbu zikuthembeka na nthata, tuvinyama tucoko twa kaselo kamoza, na wowa. === Kutolera Ufu wa Maluŵa === Maluŵa ghanyake ghakutolereka ufu na nyimbu, izo zikuza kusanga uchi wa shuga. Vyakumera vicoko vyapadera vikutolereka ufu na nyimbu pera, nga ni maluŵa ghanyake gha ''orchid'' agho ghakutolereka na Aedes. Zikukopeka ku maluŵa na fungo linandi, na mitundu nga ni ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi. Nyimbu zaluta ku maluŵa kufuma nyengo ya Cretaceous. Ncakuthekera kuti kufyonta maji gha vyakumera kukanozga nyimbu kufyonta ndopa. === Kuthemba Vyamoyo Vinyake === Mu malo gha vyamoyo, nyimbu zakumwa ndopa ni vyakusaka vicoko, vinyama vicoko ivyo vikurya vinyama vikulu kwambura kuvikoma luŵiro. Ŵasandi ŵa kusintha kwa vyamoyo ŵakuwona ici nga ni mtundu wa kuthemba vyamoyo vinyake; Edward O. Wilson wakati vyakuthemba "ni vyakusaka ivyo vikurya cakusakika pasi pa cimoza". Kusaka kucoko kukupambana cifukwa cinyama cikulutilira kuŵaba, ndipo nyimbu yikuluma vinyama vinandi. Pa kalaŵiskiro aka, nyimbu ni vyakuthemba vya kuwaro, vikumwa ndopa kufuma kuwaro kwa cinyama, kwambura kunjira mu thupi lake. Kupambana na vyakuthemba vinyake vya kuwaro nga ni nthata na nyinda, nyimbu zikukhala pa thupi la cinyama nyengo zose yayi, kweni zikuza pera kurya. == Kusintha mu Nyengo == === Mafosilo === Kusanda kwa mu 2023 kukati Libanoculex intermedius, iyo yikasangika mu ulimbo wakukhwima wa Lebanon wa vyaka miliyoni 125 ivyo vyajumpha, ndiyo nyimbu ya kale comene yakumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti ni nyimbu, ŵakuti ni membe yinyake. Mitundu yinyake 7 ya nyimbu za Cretaceous yambura mphindano yikumanyikwa. Burmaculex, ya mitundu yinkhondi, na Cretosabethes primaevus, iyo yikumanyikwa kufuma ku mphutsi, zasangika mu ulimbo wakukhwima wa Myanmar wa vyaka pafupifupi miliyoni 99 ivyo vyajumpha. Paleoculicis minutus yikumanyikwa kufuma ku ulimbo wa Canada wa vyaka pafupifupi miliyoni 79. Cretosabethes yikughanaghanirika kuŵa ya gulu la mazuŵa ghano, ico cikulongora kuti nyimbu zikaŵa kuti zapambanapambana comene pambere pa pakati pa Cretaceous, nangauli mafosilo nghacoko. Kusanda kwa vyakuhara kukulongora kuti nyimbu zikamba mu Jurassic, kweni kupambanapambana kukulu kukacitika mu Cretaceous. === Kagaŵiro === Pali mitundu ya nyimbu yakujumpha 3,700; magulu 112 ghalongosoreka. Kanandi zikugaŵika mu magulu ghaŵiri, Anophelinae na Culicinae, agho ghakunyamula nthenda zakupambana. Mwa pose, nthenda za tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza nga ni malungo zikuyambuzgika na Anophelinae, apo nthenda za tubungulu nga ni cikasu na dengue zikuyambuzgika na Culicinae. Zina lakuti Culicidae likanjizgika na msandi wa vibenene wa Ŵajeremani Johann Wilhelm Meigen mu kagaŵiro kake ka vigaŵa 7 ako kakapharazgika mu 1818–1838. Kagaŵiro ka nyimbu kakaluta panthazi mu 1901 apo msandi wa vibenene wa Ungelezi Frederick Vincent Theobald wakapharazga buku la vigaŵa vinkhondi pa Culicidae. Wakapika nyimbu izo zikatumika ku British Museum kufuma pa caro cose, kuyana na malangulo gha 1898 gha Nduna ya Vyaro vya Ŵakoloni, Joseph Chamberlain, uyo wakalemba kuti "pakuti malungo ghangakolerana na nyimbu, nchiwemi kumanya makola mitundu yakupambana ya nyimbu na vibenene vyakukolerana nazo mu vyaro vya ku tropiki vya ŵakoloni." === Mbumba === ==== Ya Kuwaro ==== Nyimbu ni mbumba ya membe zenecho (gulu la Diptera): Culicidae (kufuma ku Cilatini ''culex'', "kamembe kacoko"). Zili mu gulu likulu la Culicomorpha. ==== Ya Mukati ==== Magulu ghaŵiri ghacoko gha nyimbu ni Anophelinae, iyo yili na magulu ghatatu na mitundu pafupifupi 430, na Culicinae, iyo yili na magulu 108 na mitundu 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ŵanyake ŵakasanda mbumba ya nyimbu mu 2009, mwa kugwiliskira ntchito vyakuhara na mawonekero gha mitundu 26. Ŵakasanga kuti Anophelinae njya pasi pa mbumba, kweni vigaŵa vyakuzika vya mbumba vindamanyikwe makola. == Ubale na Ŵanthu == === Vyakunyamula Nthenda === Nyimbu zikunyamula tuzirombo tunandi twa nthenda kusazgapo mabakiteriya, tubungulu, na tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza. Ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 700 ŵakukora nthenda ya nyimbu caka ciliconse, ndipo ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza ŵakufwa. Nthenda za tubungulu za nyimbu zakumanyikwa ni cikasu, chikungunya na dengue, ivyo vyose vikuyambuzgika comene na Aedes aegypti. Nthenda za tuzirombo izo nyimbu zikuyambuzga ni malungo na ''filariasis''. Tuzirombo twa ''Plasmodium'' utu tukwiziska malungo tukunyamulika na nyimbu zanakazi za Anopheles. Purotini yinyake mu mate gha Anopheles yikuzomerezga tuzirombo twa malungo kukhala mu nyimbu. ''Filariasis'', cifukwa cikulu ca matenda gha kufufuma kwa malundi, yikuthandazgika na nyimbu za mitundu yinandi. Nthenda ya mabakiteriya iyo nyimbu za Culex zikuthandazga ni ''tularemia''. === Kulaŵilira === Nthowa zinandi zayezgeka pa kulaŵilira nyimbu, kusazgapo kuwuskapo malo gha kuŵabira, kukanizga na masefa gha mawindo na masefa gha nyimbu, kugwiliskira ntchito vyamoyo nga ni wowa na mphutsi, panji vyakusaka nga ni somba na ŵakhulukuska. Nthowa yinyake ni kuthandazga ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵambura kuŵaba. Nthowa za kusintha vyakuhara, izo zikuwonekera kuŵa zambura kudura, zasandika. Kulaŵilira nyimbu zakunyamula nthenda mwa kuthandazga vyakuhara vyakusinthika kwasacizgika. === Vyakucimbizga === Vyakucimbizga vibenene vikupakika pa cikopa ndipo vikuvikilira ku kuluma kwa nyimbu kwa kanyengo kacoko. DEET yikucimbizga nyimbu zinyake na vibenene vinyake. Vinyake ni mafuta gha bulugamu na vinyake. Pyrethrum, iyo yikufuma ku maluŵa ghanyake, ni cakucimbizga ciwemi ca vyakumera. Vilwero vya magesi ivyo vikupanga congo ca pacanya kuti vicimbizge nyimbu vikuguliskika, kweni palije kusanda uko kwalongora kuti vikuvikilira ŵanthu ku kuluma kwa nyimbu. === Kuluma === Kuluma kwa nyimbu kukwiziska vyakucitika vinandi pa cikumba, ndipo nyengo zinyake ulwari wa kukhwaskika comene na kuluma. Ulwari uwu ni kulimbana kukulu kwa thupi na purotini za mate gha nyimbu. Mitundu yinandi ya nyimbu yingiziska ici. Cifukwa purotini za mate gha nyimbu zakupambana zikuyana, ulwari ungafuma ku nyimbu za mtundu uliwose. Ucizgi ungaŵa wa mankhwala gha kuyabwa, gha kumwa panji gha kupaka pa cikumba. Amoniya wa maji nayo yikovwira. Kufunda na kuzizima nako kungovwira. == Mu Midawuko ya Ŵanthu == === Majandulo gha Ŵagiriki === Nthanthi za vinyama za Ŵagiriki ŵa kale, nga ni "Njovu na Nyimbu" na "Ng'ombe Yanalume na Nyimbu", izo zili na sambiro lakuti cinyama cikulu cikuwona nanga ni cicoko yayi, zikafuma ku Mesopotamiya. === Majandulo gha Kwambilira === Ŵanthu ŵa Siberia ŵali na majandulo gha kwambilira kwa nyimbu. Jandulo limoza likuyowoya za cimuntu cikulu cakurya ŵanthu, Punegusse, ico cikakomeka na mpalu kweni cikawukanga so. Mpalu wakacocha, kweni milota ya moto yikazgoka nyimbu, izo zicali kusuzga ŵanthu. Majandulo ghanyake gha Siberia ghakuti nyimbu zikafuma ku milota panji vigaŵa vya cinyama cikulu panji ciŵanda. Majandulo ghakuyana gha Ŵaamerika ŵa malo agho, umo nyimbu zikufuma ku milota ya cakurya ŵanthu, ghakulongora kuti ghakafuma pamoza. Lafcadio Hearn wakulemba kuti mu Japani, nyimbu zikuwonekera nga ni ŵakufwa awo ŵawuka so, ŵakulangika cifukwa ca vyakwananga vyawo kuŵa "mizimu yakumwa ndopa". === Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Filimu ya Winsor McCay ya 1912 ''How a Mosquito Operates'' yikaŵa yimoza mwa mafilimu ghakwamba gha vithuzi vyakwenda vyakujambulika. Yikulongora nyimbu yikulu yikusuzga munthu wakugona. Ngalawa 12 za nkhondo za Ŵabritoni zathyika zina la HMS Mosquito panji HMS Musquito. De Havilland Mosquito yikaŵa ndege ya luŵiro iyo yikapangika pakati pa 1940 na 1950, ndipo yikagwira ntchito zinandi. Msumba wa Berezniki mu Russia ukusekelera nyimbu zake na mphikizgano wa "msungwana wakunowa comene" caka ciliconse kufuma 17 mpaka 20 Vuna. Ŵanakazi ŵakwimilira maminiti 20 na vyakuvwara vifupi; uyo walumika comene ndiyo wakupunda. Singano izo zikuyana na mlomo wa nyimbu zikupangika pa ucizgi. [[Category:Vinyama]] 5bgwj7u3056y3dwzrx3td0qoufp9zq4 123735 123723 2026-11-04T13:25:58Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123735 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mosquito 2007-2.jpg|thumb|250px|Nyimbu]] '''Nyimbu''' (''Culicidae'') ni mbumba ya membe zicoko ya mitundu 3,600. Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''mosquito'' (kufuma ku ''mosca'' na ''-ito'' ya kucepeska) ni la Cisipanya na Cipwitikizi, ndipo likung'anamula "membe yicoko". Nyimbu zili na thupi licoko la vigaŵa, mapapiko ghaŵiri, malundi ghatali gha nga ni sisi ghankhondi na ghamoza, na mlomo utali wapadera wa kuluma na kufyonta. Nyimbu zose zikumwa uchi wa maluŵa; nyimbu zanakazi za mitundu yinandi zikumwa so ndopa. Gulu ili likapambanapambana mu nyengo ya Cretaceous. Ŵasandi ŵa kusintha kwa vyamoyo ŵakuwona nyimbu nga ni vyakusaka vicoko, vinyama vicoko ivyo vikuthemba vikulu mwa kumwa ndopa zawo kwambura kuvikoma luŵiro. Ŵasandi ŵa tuzirombo twa nthenda ŵakuwona nyimbu nga ni vyakunyamula nthenda, cifukwa zikunyamula tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza, mabakiteriya, panji tubungulu kufuma ku cinyama cimoza kuya ku cinyake. Umoyo wa nyimbu uli na nyengo zinayi: sumbi, mphutsi, cikumbi, na nyimbu yikulu. Masumbi ghakuikika pacanya pa maji; ghakusululuka kuŵa mphutsi izo zikwenda na kurya koyo na vinthu vinyake. Mphutsi izi ni vyakulya vyakuzirwa ku vinyama vinandi vya mu maji ghawemi, nga ni ŵana ŵa ŵakhulukuska, somba zinandi, na viyuni vinyake. Nyimbu zanakazi zikulu za mitundu yinandi zili na mlomo wakukolerana na kuboola cikumba ca cinyama na kumwa ndopa za vinyama vinandi vyakuŵa na fupa la msana, na vinyama vinyake vyambura fupa la msana. Mitundu yinyake yikuikira masumbi pera pamanyuma pa kumwa ndopa. Mate gha nyimbu ghakunjira mu cinyama apo yikuluma, ndipo ghangiziska vyakuyabwa. Kweniso, mitundu iyo yikumwa ndopa yingamwa tuzirombo twa nthenda apo yikuluma na kutuyambuzga ku vinyama vinyake. Mitundu iyi yikusazgapo iyo yikunyamula [[Malungo|malungo]] na nthenda ya ''filariasis'', na nthenda za tubungulu nga ni cikasu na dengue. Mwa kuyambuzga nthenda, nyimbu zikukoma ŵanthu ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza caka ciliconse. == Malongosoro na Umoyo == Nga ni membe zose, nyimbu zikujumpha mu nyengo zinayi za umoyo: sumbi, mphutsi, cikumbi, na nyimbu yikulu. Nyengo zitatu zakwamba zikucitika mu maji, ndipo masumbi kanandi ghakuikika mu maji ghakwimilira. Ghakusululuka kuŵa mphutsi, izo zikurya, kukura, na kuvula cikopa mpaka zikusanduka vikumbi. Nyimbu yikulu yikufuma mu cikumbi apo cikuyandama pacanya pa maji. Nyimbu zikulu zikukhala kufuma sabata limoza mpaka mwezi umoza. Mitundu yinyake yikujumpha nyengo ya kuzizima nga ni nyimbu zikulu, zikugona. === Nyimbu Yikulu === Nyimbu zili na mapapiko ghaŵiri, agho ghali na mamba pacanya. Mapapiko ghake ngatali na ghafupi, ndipo malundi ngatali na ghacoko. Thupi, kanandi lakuzirima panji lakufipa, ndicoko, ndipo kanandi nditali milimita 3–6. Para zikupumula, nyimbu zikusunga malundi ghakwamba kuwaro, apo tumembe tunyake twakuyana tukusunga malundi agha panthazi. Nyimbu za Anopheles zingaduka mpaka maora ghanayi kwambura kuleka pa makilomita 1 mpaka 2 pa ora, ndipo zingenda mpaka makilomita 12 usiku umoza. Ŵanalume ŵakutimba mapapiko pakati pa kanandi 450 na 600 pa liŵiri. Nyimbu kanandi ni membe zicoko; zikulu comene ni za mtundu wa Toxorhynchites, za utali mpaka milimita 18 na mapapiko gha milimita 24. Za Aedes nzicoko comene, za mapapiko gha milimita 2.8 mpaka 4.4. Nyimbu zingakura kufuma ku sumbi mpaka nyimbu yikulu mu mazuŵa ghankhondi pera para kukufunda, kweni kungatora mpaka mwezi umoza. Mlenji panji kuzirimila, mu mazuŵa ghacoko pamanyuma pa kufuma mu cikumbi, ŵanalume ŵakuwungana mu magulu, ndipo ŵakutorana para ŵanakazi ŵaduka mukati. Nyimbu yanakazi yikutorana kamoza pera mu umoyo wake, yikukopeka na fungo ilo wanalume wakufumiska. Mu mitundu iyo yikukhumba ndopa kuti masumbi ghakure, yanakazi yikusanga cinyama na kumwa ndopa zakukwana. Pamanyuma yikupumula mazuŵa ghaŵiri panji ghatatu kuti yigaye ndopa na masumbi ghakure. Pamanyuma yikunozgeka kuikira masumbi na kuwerezga ndondomeko ya kurya na kuikira. Ŵanakazi ŵangakhala mpaka masabata ghatatu mu thengere, kuyana na kufunda, unyowevu, kusanga ndopa, na kuleka kukomeka na vinyama ivyo zikuluma. === Masumbi === Masumbi gha nyimbu zinandi ghakuikika mu maji ghakwimilira, agho ghangaŵa kadambo, dambo, kadzenje ka maji ka kanyengo, maji mu khuni lakuboŵa, panji maji agho ghakusungika pa mahamba gha vyakumera vinyake. Zinyake zikuikira pafupi na mphepete ya maji apo zinyake zikukakatiska masumbi ku vyakumera vya mu maji. Zicoko, nga ni Opifex fuscus, zingaŵaba mu madambo gha mcere. Wyeomyia smithii yikuŵaba mu vyakumera vyakuŵa na maji mukati, ndipo mphutsi zake zikurya vibenene vyakuvunda ivyo vyabira umo. Kaikiliro ka masumbi kakupambana pa mitundu. Ŵanakazi ŵa Anopheles ŵakuduka pacanya pa maji, ŵakukhwaska maji kuti ŵaŵike masumbi pacanya limoza limoza; masumbi ghawo ghali na vyakuyandamira ku mbali. Yanakazi yingaikira masumbi 100–200 mu umoyo wake. Ŵanakazi ŵa Aedes ŵakuwiska masumbi limoza limoza pa dongo lakunyowa pafupi na maji; masumbi ghawo ghakusululuka pera para maji ghazuzga. Ŵanakazi ŵa Culex na zinyake ŵakuikira masumbi mu tumphasa twakuyandama. Ŵanakazi ŵa Mansonia ŵakuikira masumbi pasi pa mahamba gha vyakumera vya mu maji. Masumbi gha nyimbu zinandi ghakusululuka pa nyengo yimoza, kweni masumbi gha Aedes agho ghakugona ghakusululuka pacoko pacoko mu nyengo yitali. === Mphutsi === Mutu wa mphutsi ya nyimbu uli na tuburashi twa mlomo utu tukugwiliskirika ntchito pa kurya, cifuwa cikulu cambura malundi, na nthumbo ya vigaŵa. Yikupuma mphepo kwizira mu kathumbu pa nthumbo yake, ntheura yikwenera kwiza pacanya kanandi. Yikujumpha nyengo yinandi yikurya vyakumera vicoko, mabakiteriya, na tuvinyama tucoko twa pacanya pa maji. Yikubira pasi para yasokonezgeka. Yikusambira mwa kujikankha na tuburashi twa mlomo, panji mwa kunyunganyunga thupi. Yikukura mu nyengo zinandi, yikuvula cikopa nyengo yiliyose, ndipo pamanyuma yikusanduka cikumbi. Mphutsi za Aedes, kupatula para nziphya comene, zingazizipizga kukoma; zikugona kwa myezi yinandi usange kadambo kawo kakoma. === Cikumbi === Mutu na cifuwa vya cikumbi vyasazganika, ndipo nthumbo yikupindikira pasi pake. Cikumbi cingasambira mwa kupinda nthumbo yake. Nga ni mphutsi, cikumbi ca mitundu yinandi cikwenera kwiza pacanya kanandi kupuma, kwizira mu tumalipenga tuŵiri twa kupumira. Vikurya yayi; vikujumpha nyengo yinandi vikupachika pacanya pa maji. Para vyafipa mtima, vikusambira pasi mwa kupinda nthumbo nga ni mphutsi. Para vindasokonezgeke, vikuyandama so luŵiro. Nyimbu yikulu yikufuma mu cikumbi pacanya pa maji ndipo yikuduka. == Kurya kwa Nyimbu Zikulu == === Vyakulya === Nyimbu zanalume na zanakazi zikurya uchi wa maluŵa na maji gha vyakumera, kweni mu mitundu yinandi ŵanakazi ŵakumwa so ndopa. Mu mitundu yinyake, ndopa nzakukhumbikwa pa kupanga masumbi; mu yinyake, zikuzomerezga waka yanakazi kuikira masumbi ghanandi. Vyakumera na ndopa vyose ni makasupe ghawemi gha nkhongono mu shuga. Ndopa zikupeleka vyakulya vinandi, kweni ntchito yikulu ya ndopa ni kusanga purotini ya kupangira masumbi. Nyimbu zakunyamula nthenda nga ni Anopheles na Aedes zikukhumba ndopa kuti ziikire masumbi. Mitundu yicoko ya Malaya, Topomyia na Toxorhynchites yikuŵaba kwambura kumwa ndopa nanga ni kamoza. === Vinyama Ivyo Zikuluma === Nyimbu zakumwa ndopa zikutemwa vinyama vinyake, nangauli zikusankha comene yayi para vyakulya vyasoŵa. Mitundu yakupambana yikutemwa ŵacule, vyakukwaŵa kusazgapo njoka, viyuni, na vinyama vyakonkheska. Mwaciyelezgero, Culiseta melanura yikumwa ndopa za viyuni vicoko, kweni apo unandi wa nyimbu wasazgikira zikuluma vinyama vyakonkheska kusazgapo mahachi na ŵanthu, ndipo zikuthandazga nthenda ya kabungulu mu Amerika ya Kumpoto. Kutaya ndopa ku maluma ghanandi kungakula, ndipo nyengo zinyake kukukoma viŵeto vikulu nga ni ng'ombe na mahachi. Nyimbu za malungo zikupenja mbozi na kumwa maji gha mu thupi lawo, zikukanizga kukura kwawo. === Kusanga Vinyama === Nyimbu zinandi zikurya mlenji panji kuzirimila, ndipo zikupumula mu malo ghakuzizima msana. Mitundu yinyake, nga ni nyimbu ya Asiya ya mawanga, yikuduka na kurya msana. Nyimbu zanakazi zikupenja vinyama mwa kununkhizga vinthu nga ni kaboni dayokisayidi na vinyake ivyo vikufuma mu mpweya wa cinyama, na mwa kuwona. Cigaŵa cikulu ca kununkhizga kwa nyimbu cikugwira ntchito ya kupenja ndopa. Mwa mitundu 72 ya vyakununkhizgira pa minyanga yake, yakujumpha 27 yikusanga vinthu vya mu thukuta. Mu Aedes, kupenja kukucitika mu nyengo ziŵiri: pakwamba nyimbu yikuduka mpaka yasanga fungo la cinyama; pamanyuma yikuduka kuliya, yikulongozgeka na unandi wa fungo. Nyimbu zikutemwa kuluma ŵanthu ŵa ndopa za mtundu wa O, ŵa mabakiteriya ghanandi pa cikumba, na ŵa kufunda kukulu kwa thupi; zikutemwa so ŵanakazi ŵa nthumbo. Kukopa nyimbu kwa munthu kuli na cigaŵa cakuharika. Vimanyikwiro vinandi vya cinyama ivyo nyimbu yikuwona vikuyizomerezga kusankha cinyama ca kuluma. Para pali kaboni dayokisayidi, yikwamba kupenja na fungo na maso. Kusanda kwalongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakukopa comene nyimbu ŵakupanga ma''carboxylic acid'' ghanandi. Fungo la thupi la munthu likulongora kuti ni munthu, kwambura kuŵa cinyama cinyake cakufunda. Fungo la thupi, ilo likufuma pa cikumba, ndilo cimanyikwiro cakuzirwa comene ku nyimbu. Fungo linandi ili likupangika apo mabakiteriya gha pa cikumba ghakugaya thukuta na mafuta gha cikopa. Kupambana kwa fungo kukufuma ku kuzitika kwa thupi, mahomoni, vyakuhara, na nthenda zinyake. Nthenda nga ni malungo zingasintha fungo la thupi. Ŵanthu ŵa malungo ŵakupanga vinthu vinyake vinandi pa cikumba ivyo vikukopa comene nyimbu. Ntheura ŵanthu ŵa malungo ŵakulumika comene na nyimbu. Kupenja na maso kwa nyimbu kukusazgapo kupulika mitundu yakupambana. Nyimbu zikukopeka na ungweru wa majigha ghatali, mitundu yakufiira na ya malalanje nga umo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera, ndiko kuti mitundu ya cikumba ca ŵanthu. Kweniso zikukopeka comene na vinthu vyakufipa ivyo vikuwoneka makola pa malo ghakuŵala. Mitundu yakupambana ya nyimbu yasintha nthowa zakupambana za kusanga vinyama. Kusanda mitundu yiŵiri ya Aedes aegypti, yinyake ya ku nyumba na yinyake yakuluma vinyama, kukalongora kuti kutemwa fungo la ŵanthu kukukolerana na cakusangira fungo cinyake ico cikusanga ''sulcatone'', cinthu cinandi mu fungo la ŵanthu. Nyimbu ya malungo Anopheles gambiae nayo yili na vyakusangira fungo ivi, kweni vyakupambana, ntheura mitundu yiŵiri iyi yikasintha paŵekha kuluma ŵanthu. === Mlomo === Mlomo wa nyimbu yanakazi wakolerana comene na kuboola cikumba na kufyonta ndopa. Ŵanalume ŵakumwa maji gha shuga pera, ndipo mlomo wawo ngwapadera yayi. Kuwaro, cigaŵa cikulu ca kurya ni mlomo mutali, uwo uli na cikopa ca mawonekero nga ni ngalande, ico cikuphimba vigaŵa 6 vya kuboola. Cikopa ici cikupinda nga ni uta apo nyimbu yikwamba kuluma, cikukhwaska cikumba na kulongozgera vigaŵa vya kuboola pasi. Vigaŵa vyakuthwa comene vikwenda kumanyuma na panthazi kudumula cikumba, na nkhongono yicoko comene, cigaŵa cimoza pa 1,000 ca nkhongono iyo yingakhumbikwa na singano, ntheura kuluma kukupweteka yayi. === Mate === Mate gha nyimbu ghali na vinthu ivyo vikovwira kugaya shuga, na vinthu ivyo vikulaŵilira kukura kwa mabakiteriya mu shuga. Kuti nyimbu yisange ndopa, yikwenera kujumpha nthowa izo thupi la cinyama likujivikilira nazo. Mate gha nyimbu ghakukanizga ndopa kukoleka, mwa purotini izo zikucepeska kufinyika kwa mitsempha na kukoleka kwa ndopa, kuti ndopa zilutilire kwenda. Ghakusintha so umo thupi likulimbana na nthenda kwizira mu purotini zinandi, ndipo ici cingapangiska nthenda za tubungulu kuŵa zikulu comene. === Kukura kwa Masumbi na Kugaya Ndopa === Ŵanakazi ŵa mitundu yinandi yakumwa ndopa ŵakukhumba ndopa kuti ŵambe kupanga masumbi. Ndopa zakukwana zikwamba ndondomeko ya mahomoni iyo yikupangiska masumbi kukura. Para yamalizga kumwa, nyimbu yikuwuska mlomo, ndipo apo matumbo ghakuzura, mthumbo ukupanga cikopa ico cikuzingilizga ndopa. Ici cikupatula ndopa na vinyake mu mthumbo. Nyimbu zinandi zikulu zikufumiska maji ghakunyanyira nanga ni apo zikurya, ndipo ici cikuzomerezga ŵanakazi kuwunjika vyakulya vinandi. Ndopa zikugayika mu mazuŵa ghanandi. Mthumbo ukupanga vinthu ivyo vikugaŵa purotini za ndopa, ndipo izi zikugwiliskirika ntchito kupanga purotini ya masumbi. == Kuthandazgika == === Pa Caro Cose === Nyimbu zili pa caro cose, mu cigaŵa ciliconse ca mtunda kupatula Antarctica na virwa vicoko. Nyengo ya vigaŵa ivi njambura kumanyikwa, yakuzizima kweni kanandi yikufunda luŵiro pakati pa nyengo ya kuzizima, ndipo ici cikupangiska nyimbu kufuma mu vikumbi na pamanyuma kuzizima so pambere zindamalizge umoyo wawo. Masumbi gha nyimbu za malo gha nyengo yapakati ghakuzizipizga kuzizima kuluska gha mitundu ya malo ghakufunda. Ghanandi ghangazizipizga kuzizima kwa pasi pa zero, ndipo nyimbu zikulu za mitundu yinyake zingajumpha nyengo ya kuzizima mwa kubisama mu nyumba panji mu makuni ghakuboŵa. Mu vigaŵa vya ku tropiki vyakufunda na vyakunyowa, mitundu yinyake ya nyimbu yikugwira ntchito caka cose, kweni mu vigaŵa vyakuzizima zikugona. Nyimbu za ku Arctic zingaŵa zamoyo kwa masabata ghacoko pera pa caka apo maji gha cisanu cakusungunuka ghakupanga tudambo. Kweni pa nyengo iyo zikufuma zinandi comene; gulu lingamwa mpaka mililita 300 za ndopa pa zuŵa kufuma ku cinyama ciliconse mu gulu la nswala za ku Arctic. === Vyakufumapo vya Kusintha kwa Nyengo === Kuti nyimbu yiyambuzge nthenda, pakwenera kuŵa vyakucitika viwemi vya nyengo, comene unyowevu, kufunda, na vula. El Niño yikukhwaska malo na unandi wa kuthandazgika kwa nthenda mu Afilika ya Kumafumiro, Amerika ya Ŵalatini, Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumafumiro na India. Kusintha kwa nyengo kukukhwaska vyakucitika ivi na kuthandazgika kwa nyimbu. Viyelezgero vya nyengo vingagwiliskira ntchito vyakusangika vya kale kulongolera ngozi ya nthenda kuyana na nyengo iyo yikulindilirika. Nthenda za nyimbu zaŵa zinandi comene mu Afilika ya Kumafumiro, Amerika ya Ŵalatini, Asiya ya Kumwera-Kumafumiro, na India. Kuwoneka mu Ulaya kukawonekeka pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Kukulongolereka kuti pofika 2030, nyengo ya kumwera kwa Britain yizamuŵa yiwemi ku nyimbu za Anopheles kuyambuzga malungo kwa myezi yiŵiri pa caka, ndipo pofika 2080 ndimo kuzamuŵira ku kumwera kwa Scotland. Nthenda ya dengue nayo yikuthandazgika kumpoto cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nyengo. Nyimbu iyo yikuyinyamula, nyimbu ya Asiya ya mawanga, pofika 2023 yikaŵa kuti yathandazgika mu Ulaya ya kumwera mpaka ku kumpoto kwa France, Belgium, Holland, na vigaŵa vya Ungelezi. Mu 2025, nyimbu zinyake zikasangika mu Iceland, caro ico cikaŵavya nyimbu, nangauli palije iyo yikawoneka mu nyengo ya kufunda ya 2026. == Malo gha Vyamoyo == === Vyakusaka na Vyakuthemba === Mphutsi za nyimbu ni vinyama vinandi comene mu tudambo, ndipo ni vyakulya vyakuzirwa ku vyakusaka vya mu maji ghawemi. Vibenene vinandi vya mu maji ivyo vikukora mphutsi izi ni ŵana ŵa ŵakhulukuska na vinyake. Vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana ivyo vikuzirya ni somba nga ni mlamba na somba ya nyimbu, ŵacule, fulu za maji ghawemi, na viyuni nga ni ŵabaka. Nyimbu zikulu zikufuma zikuryeka pacanya pa maji na membe zakusaka na ŵalutatavi. Nyimbu zakuduka zikukoreka na ŵakhulukuska, na viyuni nga ni byambyali, na vinyama vyakonkheska kusazgapo mileme. Nyimbu zikuthembeka na nthata, tuvinyama tucoko twa kaselo kamoza, na wowa. === Kutolera Ufu wa Maluŵa === Maluŵa ghanyake ghakutolereka ufu na nyimbu, izo zikuza kusanga uchi wa shuga. Vyakumera vicoko vyapadera vikutolereka ufu na nyimbu pera, nga ni maluŵa ghanyake gha ''orchid'' agho ghakutolereka na Aedes. Zikukopeka ku maluŵa na fungo linandi, na mitundu nga ni ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi. Nyimbu zaluta ku maluŵa kufuma nyengo ya Cretaceous. Ncakuthekera kuti kufyonta maji gha vyakumera kukanozga nyimbu kufyonta ndopa. === Kuthemba Vyamoyo Vinyake === Mu malo gha vyamoyo, nyimbu zakumwa ndopa ni vyakusaka vicoko, vinyama vicoko ivyo vikurya vinyama vikulu kwambura kuvikoma luŵiro. Ŵasandi ŵa kusintha kwa vyamoyo ŵakuwona ici nga ni mtundu wa kuthemba vyamoyo vinyake; Edward O. Wilson wakati vyakuthemba "ni vyakusaka ivyo vikurya cakusakika pasi pa cimoza". Kusaka kucoko kukupambana cifukwa cinyama cikulutilira kuŵaba, ndipo nyimbu yikuluma vinyama vinandi. Pa kalaŵiskiro aka, nyimbu ni vyakuthemba vya kuwaro, vikumwa ndopa kufuma kuwaro kwa cinyama, kwambura kunjira mu thupi lake. Kupambana na vyakuthemba vinyake vya kuwaro nga ni nthata na nyinda, nyimbu zikukhala pa thupi la cinyama nyengo zose yayi, kweni zikuza pera kurya. == Kusintha mu Nyengo == === Mafosilo === Kusanda kwa mu 2023 kukati Libanoculex intermedius, iyo yikasangika mu ulimbo wakukhwima wa Lebanon wa vyaka miliyoni 125 ivyo vyajumpha, ndiyo nyimbu ya kale comene yakumanyikwa. Kweni ŵanyake ŵakususka kuti ni nyimbu, ŵakuti ni membe yinyake. Mitundu yinyake 7 ya nyimbu za Cretaceous yambura mphindano yikumanyikwa. Burmaculex, ya mitundu yinkhondi, na Cretosabethes primaevus, iyo yikumanyikwa kufuma ku mphutsi, zasangika mu ulimbo wakukhwima wa Myanmar wa vyaka pafupifupi miliyoni 99 ivyo vyajumpha. Paleoculicis minutus yikumanyikwa kufuma ku ulimbo wa Canada wa vyaka pafupifupi miliyoni 79. Cretosabethes yikughanaghanirika kuŵa ya gulu la mazuŵa ghano, ico cikulongora kuti nyimbu zikaŵa kuti zapambanapambana comene pambere pa pakati pa Cretaceous, nangauli mafosilo nghacoko. Kusanda kwa vyakuhara kukulongora kuti nyimbu zikamba mu Jurassic, kweni kupambanapambana kukulu kukacitika mu Cretaceous. === Kagaŵiro === Pali mitundu ya nyimbu yakujumpha 3,700; magulu 112 ghalongosoreka. Kanandi zikugaŵika mu magulu ghaŵiri, Anophelinae na Culicinae, agho ghakunyamula nthenda zakupambana. Mwa pose, nthenda za tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza nga ni malungo zikuyambuzgika na Anophelinae, apo nthenda za tubungulu nga ni cikasu na dengue zikuyambuzgika na Culicinae. Zina lakuti Culicidae likanjizgika na msandi wa vibenene wa Ŵajeremani Johann Wilhelm Meigen mu kagaŵiro kake ka vigaŵa 7 ako kakapharazgika mu 1818–1838. Kagaŵiro ka nyimbu kakaluta panthazi mu 1901 apo msandi wa vibenene wa Ungelezi Frederick Vincent Theobald wakapharazga buku la vigaŵa vinkhondi pa Culicidae. Wakapika nyimbu izo zikatumika ku British Museum kufuma pa caro cose, kuyana na malangulo gha 1898 gha Nduna ya Vyaro vya Ŵakoloni, Joseph Chamberlain, uyo wakalemba kuti "pakuti malungo ghangakolerana na nyimbu, nchiwemi kumanya makola mitundu yakupambana ya nyimbu na vibenene vyakukolerana nazo mu vyaro vya ku tropiki vya ŵakoloni." === Mbumba === ==== Ya Kuwaro ==== Nyimbu ni mbumba ya membe zenecho (gulu la Diptera): Culicidae (kufuma ku Cilatini ''culex'', "kamembe kacoko"). Zili mu gulu likulu la Culicomorpha. ==== Ya Mukati ==== Magulu ghaŵiri ghacoko gha nyimbu ni Anophelinae, iyo yili na magulu ghatatu na mitundu pafupifupi 430, na Culicinae, iyo yili na magulu 108 na mitundu 3,046. Kyanne Reidenbach na ŵanyake ŵakasanda mbumba ya nyimbu mu 2009, mwa kugwiliskira ntchito vyakuhara na mawonekero gha mitundu 26. Ŵakasanga kuti Anophelinae njya pasi pa mbumba, kweni vigaŵa vyakuzika vya mbumba vindamanyikwe makola. == Ubale na Ŵanthu == === Vyakunyamula Nthenda === Nyimbu zikunyamula tuzirombo tunandi twa nthenda kusazgapo mabakiteriya, tubungulu, na tuzirombo twa kaselo kamoza. Ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 700 ŵakukora nthenda ya nyimbu caka ciliconse, ndipo ŵakujumpha miliyoni yimoza ŵakufwa. Nthenda za tubungulu za nyimbu zakumanyikwa ni cikasu, chikungunya na dengue, ivyo vyose vikuyambuzgika comene na Aedes aegypti. Nthenda za tuzirombo izo nyimbu zikuyambuzga ni malungo na ''filariasis''. Tuzirombo twa ''Plasmodium'' utu tukwiziska malungo tukunyamulika na nyimbu zanakazi za Anopheles. Purotini yinyake mu mate gha Anopheles yikuzomerezga tuzirombo twa malungo kukhala mu nyimbu. ''Filariasis'', cifukwa cikulu ca matenda gha kufufuma kwa malundi, yikuthandazgika na nyimbu za mitundu yinandi. Nthenda ya mabakiteriya iyo nyimbu za Culex zikuthandazga ni ''tularemia''. === Kulaŵilira === Nthowa zinandi zayezgeka pa kulaŵilira nyimbu, kusazgapo kuwuskapo malo gha kuŵabira, kukanizga na masefa gha mawindo na masefa gha nyimbu, kugwiliskira ntchito vyamoyo nga ni wowa na mphutsi, panji vyakusaka nga ni somba na ŵakhulukuska. Nthowa yinyake ni kuthandazga ŵanalume ŵanandi ŵambura kuŵaba. Nthowa za kusintha vyakuhara, izo zikuwonekera kuŵa zambura kudura, zasandika. Kulaŵilira nyimbu zakunyamula nthenda mwa kuthandazga vyakuhara vyakusinthika kwasacizgika. === Vyakucimbizga === Vyakucimbizga vibenene vikupakika pa cikopa ndipo vikuvikilira ku kuluma kwa nyimbu kwa kanyengo kacoko. DEET yikucimbizga nyimbu zinyake na vibenene vinyake. Vinyake ni mafuta gha bulugamu na vinyake. Pyrethrum, iyo yikufuma ku maluŵa ghanyake, ni cakucimbizga ciwemi ca vyakumera. Vilwero vya magesi ivyo vikupanga congo ca pacanya kuti vicimbizge nyimbu vikuguliskika, kweni palije kusanda uko kwalongora kuti vikuvikilira ŵanthu ku kuluma kwa nyimbu. === Kuluma === Kuluma kwa nyimbu kukwiziska vyakucitika vinandi pa cikumba, ndipo nyengo zinyake ulwari wa kukhwaskika comene na kuluma. Ulwari uwu ni kulimbana kukulu kwa thupi na purotini za mate gha nyimbu. Mitundu yinandi ya nyimbu yingiziska ici. Cifukwa purotini za mate gha nyimbu zakupambana zikuyana, ulwari ungafuma ku nyimbu za mtundu uliwose. Ucizgi ungaŵa wa mankhwala gha kuyabwa, gha kumwa panji gha kupaka pa cikumba. Amoniya wa maji nayo yikovwira. Kufunda na kuzizima nako kungovwira. == Mu Midawuko ya Ŵanthu == === Majandulo gha Ŵagiriki === Nthanthi za vinyama za Ŵagiriki ŵa kale, nga ni "Njovu na Nyimbu" na "Ng'ombe Yanalume na Nyimbu", izo zili na sambiro lakuti cinyama cikulu cikuwona nanga ni cicoko yayi, zikafuma ku Mesopotamiya. === Majandulo gha Kwambilira === Ŵanthu ŵa Siberia ŵali na majandulo gha kwambilira kwa nyimbu. Jandulo limoza likuyowoya za cimuntu cikulu cakurya ŵanthu, Punegusse, ico cikakomeka na mpalu kweni cikawukanga so. Mpalu wakacocha, kweni milota ya moto yikazgoka nyimbu, izo zicali kusuzga ŵanthu. Majandulo ghanyake gha Siberia ghakuti nyimbu zikafuma ku milota panji vigaŵa vya cinyama cikulu panji ciŵanda. Majandulo ghakuyana gha Ŵaamerika ŵa malo agho, umo nyimbu zikufuma ku milota ya cakurya ŵanthu, ghakulongora kuti ghakafuma pamoza. Lafcadio Hearn wakulemba kuti mu Japani, nyimbu zikuwonekera nga ni ŵakufwa awo ŵawuka so, ŵakulangika cifukwa ca vyakwananga vyawo kuŵa "mizimu yakumwa ndopa". === Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Filimu ya Winsor McCay ya 1912 ''How a Mosquito Operates'' yikaŵa yimoza mwa mafilimu ghakwamba gha vithuzi vyakwenda vyakujambulika. Yikulongora nyimbu yikulu yikusuzga munthu wakugona. Ngalawa 12 za nkhondo za Ŵabritoni zathyika zina la HMS Mosquito panji HMS Musquito. De Havilland Mosquito yikaŵa ndege ya luŵiro iyo yikapangika pakati pa 1940 na 1950, ndipo yikagwira ntchito zinandi. Msumba wa Berezniki mu Russia ukusekelera nyimbu zake na mphikizgano wa "msungwana wakunowa comene" caka ciliconse kufuma 17 mpaka 20 Vuna. Ŵanakazi ŵakwimilira maminiti 20 na vyakuvwara vifupi; uyo walumika comene ndiyo wakupunda. Singano izo zikuyana na mlomo wa nyimbu zikupangika pa ucizgi. [[Category:Vinyama]] q7ukixakrl57317yesewq7a9cfwl8ll 0 6203 123721 123660 2026-11-04T13:12:35Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ungweru''' (panji ungweru wakuwoneka) ni nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi izo maso gha munthu ghangawona. Ungweru wakuwoneka uli na majigha gha utali wa nanomita 400 mpaka 700, ghakukolerana na unandi wa kunjenjemera wa ma''terahertz'' 750 mpaka 420. Kufupi na ungweru wakuwoneka pali ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi (wa majigha ghatali na unandi wa kunjenjemera ucoko) na ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi (wa majigha ghafupi na unandi wa kunjenjemera ukulu), ndipo vyose pamoza vikuchemeka nkhongono za ungweru. Mu [[Kusanda mendero|kusanda mendero]], lizgu lakuti "ungweru" lingang'anamula nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi za utali uliwose wa jigha, zakuwoneka panji zambura kuwoneka. Mwa ng'anamulo iyi, nkhongono za ''gamma'', X-ray, ''microwave'', na majigha gha wayilesi nazo ni ungweru. Ndico cifukwa nkhongono zakuwoneka kanandi zikuchemeka ungweru wakuwoneka. Vimanyikwiro vikulu vya ungweru ni nkhongono yake, nthowa iyo ukwendera, unandi wa kunjenjemera panji utali wa jigha, na umo ukujikhazgira. Luŵiro lake mu malo ghambura kanthu, mamita 299,792,458 pa liŵiri, ni cimoza mwa vipimo vyakwamba vya kawiro. Nkhongono zose za umagineti-magesi zili na vimanyikwiro vya tuvinthu tucoko na vya majigha. Tuvinthu tucoko twa ungweru twambura kuzitika, tuchemeka mafotoni, tungasangika na vilwero vyapadera; vyakucitika nga ni kukolerana kwa majigha vikulongosoreka na majigha. Kanandi vyakucitika vya zuŵa na zuŵa vya ungweru vingapulikiskika na kasandiro ka ungweru ka mizere. Kasandiro ka ungweru ka tuvinthu tucoko comene ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca kusanda mu kusanda mendero kwa mazuŵa ghano. Kasupe mukulu wa ungweru wa kawiro pa [[Charu cha pasi (Tera)|caro capasi]] ni [[Zuŵa|zuŵa]]. Mu mbiri, kasupe munyake wakuzirwa wa ungweru ku ŵanthu wakaŵa moto, kufuma ku moto wa kale mpaka ku nyali za palafini. Pa kukura kwa nyali za [[Magesi|magesi]] na ndondomeko za nkhongono ya magesi, ungweru wa magesi wapoka malo gha ungweru wa moto. == Nkhongono za Ntchito za Umagineti-Magesi na Ungweru Wakuwoneka == Kanandi, nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi zikugaŵika kuyana na utali wa jigha mu majigha gha wayilesi, ''microwave'', ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi, ungweru wakuwoneka uwo tikupulika nga ni ungweru, ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi, X-ray, na nkhongono za ''gamma''. Nkhalo ya nkhongono izi yikuthemba utali wa jigha lake. Unandi ukulu wa kunjenjemera uli na majigha ghafupi, ndipo unandi ucoko uli na majigha ghatali. Para nkhongono izi zikukwekana na vimenyu na mamolekyu, nkhalo yawo yikuthemba unandi wa nkhongono izo cigaŵa cimoza cikunyamula. Nkhongono mu cigaŵa ca ungweru wakuwoneka zili na mafotoni agho ghali pasi pa nkhongono izo zingasintha ma''electron'' mu mamolekyu, ndipo ici cikusintha kukolerana kwa molekyu. Pasi pa ungweru wakuwoneka, nkhongono zikuwoneka yayi ku ŵanthu (ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi) cifukwa mafotoni ghake ghalije so nkhongono zakukwana kusintha molekyu ya kuwonera mu jiso la munthu, kusintha uko kukwiziska kuwona. Pali vinyama ivyo vikupulika ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi, kweni mu nthowa yinyake. Njoka zikupulika ungweru uwu mwa kupulika kufunda, apo maji ghacoko mu tumaselo ghakufunda na ungweru uwu. Pacanya pa ungweru wakuwoneka, ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi ukuwoneka yayi ku ŵanthu, comene cifukwa ukukorekeka na cigaŵa ca panthazi ca jiso na galasi la mukati la jiso. Kweniso, tumaselo twa kuwonera mu jiso tungasanga ungweru uwu wafupi comene yayi, ndipo nadi tukunangika nawo. Vinyama vinandi ivyo maso ghake ghalije galasi (nga ni vibenene na shirimpi) vingawona ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi, mu nthowa ya usungunu yakuyana na iyo ŵanthu ŵakuwonera ungweru wakuwoneka. Malo ghakupambana ghakulongosora ungweru wakuwoneka kuŵa wa nanomita 420–680 panji 380–800. Mu malo ghawemi gha kuyezgera, ŵanthu ŵangawona ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi mpaka nanomita 1,050; ŵana na ŵanyamata ŵangawona ungweru wa pacanya pa uswesi mpaka nanomita pafupifupi 310. Kukura kwa vyakumera nako kukukhwaskika na mitundu ya ungweru. == Luŵiro lwa Ungweru == Luŵiro lwa ungweru mu malo ghambura kanthu lukulongosoreka kuŵa mamita 299,792,458 pa liŵiri ndendende. Nambala iyi njakukhazikika cifukwa mita sono yikulongosoreka kuyana na luŵiro lwa ungweru. Nkhongono zose za umagineti-magesi zikwenda pa luŵiro lwenelulo mu malo ghambura kanthu. Ŵasandi ŵakupambana ŵayezga kupima luŵiro lwa ungweru mu mbiri. Galileo wakayezga mu vyaka vya m'ma 1600. Kuyezga kwakwamba kukacitika na Ole Rømer, wa ku Denmark, mu 1676. Mwa kugwiliskira ntchito cilaŵiskiro ca kutali, Rømer wakalaŵiska kwenda kwa Jupita na mwezi wake Io. Pakuwona kupambana kwa nyengo ya kuzunguliya kwa Io, wakapima kuti ungweru ukutora maminiti pafupifupi 22 kujumpha ukulu wa nthowa ya caro capasi. Kweni ukulu uwu ukamanyikwanga yayi pa nyengo iyo. Usange Rømer wakamanyanga ukulu wa nthowa ya caro capasi, wakatenge wasanga luŵiro lwa mamita 227,000,000 pa liŵiri. Kupima kunyake kwakulunjika comene kukacitika mu Ulaya na Hippolyte Fizeau mu 1849. Fizeau wakalunjika ungweru ku galasi ilo likaŵa makilomita ghanandi kutali. Gudumu la mino lakuzunguliya likaŵikika mu nthowa ya ungweru apo ukafumanga ku kasupe, kuya ku galasi na kuwelera. Fizeau wakasanga kuti pa luŵiro lunyake lwa kuzunguliya, ungweru ukajumphanga mu zenje limoza pa kuluta na zenje linyake pa kuwelera. Mwa kumanya mtunda wa galasi, unandi wa mino, na luŵiro lwa kuzunguliya, Fizeau wakapima luŵiro lwa ungweru kuŵa mamita 313,000,000 pa liŵiri. Léon Foucault wakacita kuyezga uko kukagwiliskira ntchito magalasi ghakuzunguliya kusanga mamita 298,000,000 pa liŵiri mu 1862. Albert A. Michelson wakacita kuyezga kwa luŵiro lwa ungweru kufuma 1877 mpaka nyifwa yake mu 1931. Wakanozga nthowa za Foucault mu 1926 kupima nyengo iyo ungweru ukutora kuluta na kuwelera pakati pa mapiri ghaŵiri mu California. Kupima kwakulunjika kukapeleka mamita 299,796,000 pa liŵiri. Luŵiro lwa ungweru mu vinthu vyakuwonekera mukati ivyo vili na vyamvimba ngucoko kuluska mu malo ghambura kanthu. Mwaciyelezgero, luŵiro lwa ungweru mu maji ni pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vinayi vya luŵiro mu malo ghambura kanthu. Magulu ghaŵiri gha ŵasandi ŵakayowoyeka kuti ŵakimiska ungweru "ndendende" mwa kuujumpha mu cinthu capadera ca rubidiyamu. Kweni kuyowoya kuti ungweru "ukimika" kukung'anamula waka kuti ungweru ukasungika mu vimenyu, ndipo pamanyuma ukafumiska so. Pa nyengo iyo "ukimika", ukaleka kuŵa ungweru. == Kasandiro ka Ungweru == Kusanda ungweru na kukwekana kwa ungweru na vyamvimba kukuchemeka kasandiro ka ungweru. Kali na mitundu yakupambana ya vyakucitika vyakupambana. Kasandiro ka ungweru ka mizere, ako kakwenelera kupulikiska vinthu nga ni maso, magalasi, makamera, ulusi wa ungweru, na magalasi gha kujiwona, kakugwira ntchito makola para utali wa jigha la ungweru ngucoko kuyaniska na vinthu ivyo ukukwekana navyo. Kasandiro ka ungweru ka majigha kakulaŵiska vimanyikwiro vya majigha ndipo nkhakukhumbikwa kupulikiska kupindika kwa ungweru kuzunguliya vinthu na kukolerana kwa majigha. Kasandiro ka ungweru ka tuvinthu tucoko comene kakugwira ntchito pa kusanda mafotoni ghamoza ghamoza ghakukwekana na vyamvimba. === Kuthandazgika pa Pacanya === Cinthu cakuwonekera mukati cikuzomerezga ungweru kujumphamo. Kweni cinthu cambura kuwonekera mukati cikuzomerezga ungweru kujumphamo yayi, ndipo cikuwezga panji kukora ungweru uwo cikupokera. Vinthu vinandi vikuwezga panji kujumpha ungweru makola yayi ndipo vikuthandazga ungweru pacoko. Kuthandazgika pacanya kukufuma ku kusoŵa kuterera kwa pacanya, ndipo kuthandazgika kwa mukati kukufuma ku kupambana kwa kupindiska ungweru pakati pa tuvinthu na vyamvimba mukati mwa cinthu. Nga ni vinthu vyakuwonekera mukati, vinthu vyakuwonekera pacoko vikuzomerezga ungweru kujumphamo, kweni vikuthandazga so ungweru unyake mukati. === Kupindika === Kupindika kwa ungweru ni kupindika kwa mizere ya ungweru apo yikujumpha pacanya pakati pa cinthu cimoza cakuwonekera mukati na cinyake. Kukulongosoreka na lamulo la Snell: : <math>n_1 \sin\theta_1 = n_2 \sin\theta_2</math> apo θ₁ ni kona pakati pa mzere wa ungweru na mzere wakwimilira mu cinthu cakwamba, θ₂ ni kona mu cinthu caciŵiri, ndipo n₁ na n₂ ni vipimo vya kupindika; n = 1 mu malo ghambura kanthu ndipo n > 1 mu cinthu cakuwonekera mukati. Para ungweru ukujumpha mphaka pakati pa malo ghambura kanthu na cinthu cinyake, panji pakati pa vinthu viŵiri vyakupambana, utali wa jigha la ungweru ukusintha, kweni unandi wa kunjenjemera ukusintha yayi. Usange ungweru ngwambura kwimilira ndendende pa mphaka, kusintha kwa utali wa jigha kukusintha nthowa ya ungweru. Kusintha uku kwa nthowa ndiko kupindika. Kupindika kwa ungweru mu magalasi kukugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi kusintha ukulu wakuwoneka wa vithuzi. Magalasi gha kukuzga, magalasi gha maso, magalasi gha mu maso, ma''microscope'', na vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vya kupindika vyose ni viyelezgero vya ici. == Makasupe gha Ungweru == Pali makasupe ghanandi gha ungweru. Cinthu ca kufunda kunyake cikufumiska ungweru wapadera kuyana na kufunda kwake. Kasupe mupepuka wa kufunda ni ungweru wa zuŵa, nkhongono izo zikufuma ku cigaŵa ca zuŵa pa kufunda kwa pafupifupi 5,730 °C. Ungweru wa zuŵa ngunandi comene mu cigaŵa ca ungweru wakuwoneka, ndipo pafupifupi magaŵa 44 pa 100 gha ungweru uwo ukufika pasi ngwakuwoneka. Ciyelezgero cinyake ni mababu gha magesi gha kale, agho ghakufumiska magaŵa pafupifupi 10 pa 100 pera gha nkhongono zawo nga ni ungweru wakuwoneka ndipo zinyake nga ni ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi. Kasupe wa kufunda wakumanyikwa mu mbiri ni tuvinthu tukukhwima twakuŵala mu moto, kweni ivi nabyo vikufumiska ungweru unandi wa pasi pa uswesi na ucoko pera wakuwoneka. Ungweru unandi wa vinthu vyakuzizima nga ni ŵanthu uli mu ungweru wa pasi pa uswesi, pa utali wa jigha wa ma''micrometer'' pafupifupi 10. Apo kufunda kukusazgikira, ungweru ukusamira ku majigha ghafupi, kupeleka dankha ungweru wakufiira, pamanyuma wakutuŵa na pakumalira wa buluu wakutuŵa. Mitundu iyi yingawoneka para cisulo cafundiskika kuŵa "cakufiira" panji "cakutuŵa". Ungweru wa buluu wakutuŵa wa kufunda ukuwoneka kanandi yayi, kupatula mu nyenyezi. Vimenyu vikufumiska na kukora ungweru pa nkhongono zapadera. Ici cikupanga "mizere ya ungweru" mu ungweru wa cimenyu ciliconse. Kufumiska kungaŵa kwa ceneco, nga mu nyali za LED, nyali za mphepo (nga ni nyali za neon), na moto (mwaciyelezgero, sodiyamu mu moto ikufumiska ungweru wa cikasu). Kufumiska kungapangiska so, nga mu ''laser''. Kucepa kwa luŵiro lwa cinthu cicoko ca magesi, nga ni ''electron'', kungapanga ungweru wakuwoneka. Tuvinthu utu tukwenda mu cinthu luŵiro kuluska luŵiro lwa ungweru mu cinthu ico tungapanga ungweru wa Cherenkov. Vinthu vinyake vya usungunu vikupanga ungweru mwa kusazganika. Mu vyamoyo, ici cikuchemeka ungweru wa vyamoyo. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵakamulimuli ŵakupanga ungweru mu nthowa iyi, ndipo ngalawa izo zikwenda mu maji zingasokonezga tuvyamoyo tucoko utu tukupanga ungweru. Vinthu vinyake vikupanga ungweru para vyamulikika na nkhongono zikulu, ndipo ici cikuchemeka ''fluorescence''. Vinthu vinyake vikufumiska ungweru pacoko pacoko pamanyuma pa kupokera nkhongono zikulu; ici cikuchemeka ''phosphorescence''. Ici cikugwiliskirika ntchito mu wayilesi za kanema na makompyuta gha kale. Nthowa zinyake zingapanga so ungweru, nga ni ungweru wa magesi, ungweru wa kutimbana, ungweru wa congo, na ungweru wa kukwekana. Para ungweru ukusazgapo nkhongono za ''gamma'', nthowa zinyake zikusazgapo kumalirana kwa tuvinthu na tuvinthu twakususkana nato, na kunangika kwa vinthu vya mtima wa vimenyu. == Kupima == Ungweru ukupimika na magulu ghaŵiri gha vipimo: gulu limoza likupima nkhongono za ungweru pa majigha ghose, apo linyake likupima ungweru kuyana na umo jiso la munthu likupulikira kuŵala. Gulu laciŵiri ili ndakovwira, mwaciyelezgero, kupima ungweru wa kumulikira ŵanthu. Vipimo vya gulu laciŵiri vikupambana na vipimo vinyake vya kawiro cifukwa vikulaŵiska umo jiso la munthu likuzgolera ungweru. Tumaselo twa mtundu mu jiso la munthu nta mitundu yitatu, ndipo pamoza tukupulika comene ungweru wa utali wa jigha wa nanomita pafupifupi 555. Ntheura, ungweru uŵiri wa nkhongono yakuyana ungawoneka wakuŵala mwakuyana yayi. Vipimo ivi vikulaŵiska ici, ntheura vikulongora makola umo ungweru ukuwonekera "kuŵala". Vikugwiliskirika ntchito kumanya umo tingasangira ungweru wakukwana pa ntchito zakupambana mu nyumba na kuwaro. Ungweru uwo ukupimika na vilwero vya magesi ungaŵa wakuyana na uwo jiso la munthu likupulika yayi, ndipo kwambura vyakusefa ivyo vingadura, vilwero ivi vikupulika so ungweru unyake wa pasi pa uswesi panji wa pacanya pa uswesi. == Kukanikizga kwa Ungweru == Ungweru ukukanikizga vinthu ivyo vili mu nthowa yake, cakucitika ico cingalongosoreka na malango gha Maxwell, kweni cingalongosoreka mwakupepuka comene na kawiro ka tuvinthu tucoko ka ungweru: mafotoni ghakutimba na kupeleka nkhongono yawo ya kwenda. Kukanikizga kwa ungweru nkhwakuyana na nkhongono ya ungweru kugaŵa na luŵiro lwa ungweru. Cifukwa luŵiro lwa ungweru ndukulu comene, kukanikizga kwa ungweru nkhucoko comene pa vinthu vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Mwaciyelezgero, ''laser'' yicoko ya ''milliwatt'' yimoza yikukanikizga na nkhongono ya ma''piconewton'' pafupifupi 3.3; ntheura munthu wangakwezga ndalama yicoko ya U.S. na ma''laser'', kweni wangakhumba ma''laser'' pafupifupi biliyoni 30. Kweni mu vilwero vicoko comene, kukanikizga kwa ungweru nkhukulu, ndipo kugwiliskira ntchito kukanikizga uku kwendeska vilwero vicoko comene ni cigaŵa ca kusanda. Pa ukulu ukulu, kukanikizga kwa ungweru kungapangiska vibwe vicoko vya malibwe kuzunguliya luŵiro. Kuthekera kwa kupanga ngalanyo za zuŵa izo zingakankha vyombo vya mlengalenga nako kukusandika. Nangauli kwenda kwa cilwero ca Crookes kukaghanaghanirikanga kufuma ku kukanikizga kwa ungweru, ici nchautesi; kuzunguliya kwake kukufuma ku malo ghambura mphepo yinandi. Ici cikupambana na cilwero ca Nichols, umo kwenda kucoko kukufuma mwakulunjika ku kukanikizga kwa ungweru. Cifukwa ca kukanikizga kwa ungweru, Einstein mu 1909 wakalongolera kuŵapo kwa "kukwekana kwa ungweru" uko kungasuska kwenda kwa vyamvimba. Wakalemba kuti ungweru ukukanikizga mbali zose ziŵiri za cimbale; para cimbale cikwenda, ungweru unandi ukuwezgeka pa mbali ya panthazi kuluska ya kumanyuma, ntheura pali nkhongono iyo yikususka kwenda kwa cimbale ndipo yikusazgikira na luŵiro lwake. Kanandi nkhongono ya kwenda ya ungweru yili mu nthowa yeneyiyo iyo ungweru ukwendera. Kweni mu majigha ghanyake, nkhongono iyi yikuŵa ku mbali. == Maghanoghano gha Kale pa Ungweru == === Girisi wa Kale === Mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 pambere Khristu, Empedocles wakati vinthu vyose vikupangika na vigaŵa vinayi: moto, mphepo, dongo na maji. Wakagomezganga kuti ciuta mwanakazi Aphrodite wakapanga jiso la munthu kufuma ku vigaŵa vinayi ivi, ndipo wakayatiska moto mu jiso uwo ukaŵalanga kufuma mu jiso na kuzomerezga kuwona. Usange ici cikaŵa caunenesko, munthu wangawona usiku nga ni msana, ntheura Empedocles wakaghanaghana kuti pali kukwekana pakati pa ungweru wakufuma mu maso na ungweru wakufuma ku kasupe nga ni zuŵa. Pafupifupi 300 pambere Khristu, Euclid wakalemba ''Optica'', umo wakasanda vimanyikwiro vya ungweru. Euclid wakati ungweru ukwenda mu mizere yakunyoloka ndipo wakalongosora malango gha kuwezga ungweru na kughasanda mwa masamu. Wakakayikira kuti kuwona kukufuma ku ungweru wakufuma mu jiso, cifukwa wakafumba umo munthu wakuwonera nyenyezi luŵiro usange wajalira maso na kughajula usiku. Usange ungweru wakufuma mu jiso ukwenda luŵiro lwambura mphaka, ici ncambura suzgo. Mu 55 pambere Khristu, Lucretius, Muroma uyo wakalutilizga maghanoghano gha Ŵagiriki ŵa vimenyu, wakalemba kuti ungweru na kufunda kwa zuŵa vikupangika na vimenyu vicoko comene ivyo, para vyakankhika, vikwenda luŵiro kujumpha mphepo. Nangauli vikuyana na maghanoghano gha tuvinthu tucoko gha pamanyuma, maghanoghano gha Lucretius ghakazomerezgeka yayi. Ptolemy (vyaka vya m'ma 100) wakalemba za kupindika kwa ungweru mu buku lake. === India wa Kale === Mu India wa kale, sukulu za Cihindu za Samkhya na Vaisheshika, kufuma pakwamba pa vyaka vya mumuwilo wa Khristu, zikapanga maghanoghano pa ungweru. Kuyana na Samkhya, ungweru ni cimoza mwa vigaŵa vinkhondi vyakwamba "vyacoko comene" ivyo vigaŵa vikulu vikufumira. ''Vishnu Purana'' likuyowoya za ungweru wa zuŵa nga ni "mizere 7 ya zuŵa". Ŵabuda ŵa ku India, nga ni Dignāga mu vyaka vya m'ma 400 na Dharmakirti mu vyaka vya m'ma 600, ŵakapanga ghanoghano lakuti vinthu vyose vikupangika na tuvinthu tucoko utu ni kumweka kwa kanyengo kacoko kwa ungweru panji nkhongono. Ŵakawonanga ungweru nga ni cinthu cicoko cakuyana na nkhongono. === Descartes === René Descartes (1596–1650) wakati ungweru ni cimanyikwiro ca makina ca cinthu cakuŵala. Mu 1637 wakapharazga ghanoghano la kupindika kwa ungweru ilo likaghanaghana, mwautesi, kuti ungweru ukwenda luŵiro mu cinthu cakukhwima kuluska mu cinthu cambura kukhwima. Descartes wakafika pa ici mwa kuyaniska na majigha gha congo. Nangauli wakaŵa wautesi pa luŵiro, wakaŵa wakwenelera pa kughanaghana kuti ungweru ukwenda nga ni jigha na kuti kupindika kungalongosoreka na luŵiro lwa ungweru mu vinthu vyakupambana. Descartes ni wakwamba yayi kugwiliskira ntchito viyelezgero vya makina, kweni cifukwa wakayowoya mwakuwonekera kuti ungweru ni cimanyikwiro ca makina pera ca cinthu cakuŵala na cinthu ico ukujumphamo, ghanoghano lake likuwonekera nga ni kwamba kwa kasandiro ka ungweru ka mazuŵa ghano. === Ghanoghano la Tuvinthu Tucoko === Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655) wakasacizga ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko twa ungweru ilo likapharazgika pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake mu ma 1660. Isaac Newton wakasanda ntchito ya Gassendi ndipo wakatemwa ghanoghano lake. Mu 1675 wakati ungweru ukupangika na tuvinthu tucoko utu tukufuma ku kasupe mu nthowa zose. Cimoza mwa vifukwa vya Newton vya kususka kuti ungweru ni jigha cikaŵa kuti majigha ghakupindika kuzunguliya vikanizgo, apo ungweru ukwenda mu mizere yakunyoloka pera. Kweni wakalongosora kupindika kwa ungweru kuzunguliya vinthu (uko Francesco Grimaldi wakawona) mwa kughanaghana kuti kanthu kacoko ka ungweru kangapanga jigha. Ghanoghano la Newton lingagwiliskirika ntchito kulongolera kuwezgeka kwa ungweru, kweni likalongosoranga kupindika mwa kughanaghana mwautesi kuti ungweru ukwenda luŵiro para wanjira mu cinthu cakukhwima. Newton wakapharazga ghanoghano lake laumaliro mu ''Opticks'' mu 1704. Ucindami wake ukovwira ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko kuwusa mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700. Ghanoghano ili likapangiska Pierre-Simon Laplace kuyowoya kuti cinthu cingaŵa cakuzitika comene mwakuti ungweru ungathaŵa yayi, ndiko kuti cingaŵa ico sono tikuchema bowo lakufipa. Laplace pamanyuma wakaleka ghanoghano ili, apo ghanoghano la majigha likakhozgeka. Newton ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kulongosora kujikhazgira kwa ungweru mwa ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko. Étienne-Louis Malus mu 1810 wakapanga ghanoghano la masamu la ici, ndipo Jean-Baptiste Biot mu 1812 wakalongora kuti likulongosora vyakucitika vyose. Pa nyengo iyo ici cikawonekanga nga ni ukaboni wa ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko. === Ghanoghano la Majigha === Kuti walongosore kwambilira kwa mitundu, Robert Hooke (1635–1703) wakapanga "ghanoghano la kumweka" ndipo wakayaniska kuthandazgika kwa ungweru na kwa majigha mu maji mu buku lake la 1665. Mu 1672 Hooke wakati kunjenjemera kwa ungweru kungaŵa kwakwimilira ku nthowa iyo ukwendera. Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) wakapanga ghanoghano la masamu la majigha gha ungweru mu 1678 ndipo wakalipharazga mu 1690. Wakati ungweru ukufuma mu nthowa zose nga ni majigha mu cinthu cakuchemeka ''aether''. Pakuti majigha ghakukhwaskika na nkhongono ya kukoka yayi, kukaghanaghanirika kuti ghakucepa luŵiro para ghanjira mu cinthu cakukhwima. Leonhard Euler nayo wakakhozga ghanoghano ili, ndipo mu 1746 wakati kupindika kuzunguliya vinthu kungalongosoreka makola na majigha. Ghanoghano la majigha likalongolera kuti majigha gha ungweru ghangakolerana nga ni majigha gha congo (nga umo Thomas Young wakawonera pafupifupi 1800). Young wakalongora mwa viyezgo vinandi kuti ungweru ukwenda nga ni majigha. Wakapharazga "lamulo lake la pose" la kukolerana mu Matika 1802: kuti vyakucitika vyose ivi vingalongosoreka na kukolerana kwa majigha ghaŵiri, agho ghakovwirana panji kunangana, nga umo mazgu ghaŵiri gha sumu ghakucitira. Wakati so mitundu yakupambana yikufuma ku utali wakupambana wa majigha gha ungweru, ndipo wakalongosora kuwona mitundu mwa vyakupulikira vya mitundu yitatu mu jiso. Mu 1816, André-Marie Ampère wakapeleka ku Augustin-Jean Fresnel ghanoghano lakuti kujikhazgira kwa ungweru kungalongosoreka na ghanoghano la majigha usange ungweru ni jigha la kumphepete. Pamanyuma, Fresnel wakapanga ghanoghano lake la majigha na kulipeleka ku Académie des Sciences mu 1817. Siméon Denis Poisson wakasuska ciyelezgero ca Fresnel, ŵakuti cikulongolera kadontho kakuŵala mu mzgezge kumanyuma kwa cinthu cakuzunguliya, ico cikuwoneka nga ni cautesi. Dominique-François-Jean Arago wakacita kuyezga uko kukalongora kadontho kakuŵala aka: kususka kwa Poisson kukaŵa ukaboni uphya wa ghanoghano la majigha. Mu 1818, Young wakalembera Arago kuti ungweru ukwenera kuŵa majigha gha kumphepete, kwambura kuŵa gha kukanikizgana nga ni gha congo. Fresnel wakatora ghanoghano ili ndipo wakalongora mwa masamu kuti kujikhazgira kungalongosoreka na ghanoghano ili. Suzgo la ghanoghano la majigha likaŵa kuti majigha gha ungweru, nga ni gha congo, ghangakhumba cinthu ca kujumphamo. Kuŵapo kwa ''aether'' uyo Huygens wakasacizga kukakayikirika comene pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800 na kuyezga kwa Michelson na Morley. Ghanoghano la Newton likalongoleranga kuti ungweru ukwenda luŵiro mu cinthu cakukhwima, apo ghanoghano la majigha likalongoleranga cakususkana. Pa nyengo iyo, luŵiro lwa ungweru lingapimika makola yayi kuti ŵamanye ghanoghano lakwenelera. Wakwamba kupima makola wakaŵa Léon Foucault, mu 1850. Vyakusangika vyake vikakhozga ghanoghano la majigha, ndipo ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko likalekeka (kweni likawelera pacoko mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900 nga ni mafotoni mu kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene). === Ghanoghano la Umagineti-Magesi === Mu 1845, Michael Faraday wakasanga kuti kujikhazgira kwa ungweru kukuzunguliya apo ungweru ukwenda mu nthowa ya nkhongono ya umagineti mu cinthu cakuwonekera mukati. Uwu ukaŵa ukaboni wakwamba wakuti ungweru ukukolerana na umagineti na magesi. Mu 1846 wakaghanaghana kuti ungweru ungaŵa kusokonezgeka kunyake uko kukwenda mu mizere ya nkhongono ya umagineti. Mu 1847 Faraday wakati ungweru ni kunjenjemera kwa umagineti-magesi kwa unandi ukulu, uko kungenda nanga ni kwambura cinthu nga ni ''aether''. Ntchito ya Faraday yikapangiska James Clerk Maxwell kusanda nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi na ungweru. Maxwell wakasanga kuti majigha gha umagineti-magesi ghangenda mu mlengalenga pa luŵiro lwakukhazikika, ilo likaŵa lakuyana na luŵiro lwa ungweru ilo likapimika kale. Kufuma apa, Maxwell wakamalizga kuti ungweru ni mtundu wa nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi: wakayowoya ici kakwamba mu 1862. Mu 1873, wakapharazga buku la magesi na umagineti ilo likaŵa na malongosoro ghose gha masamu gha nkhalo ya nkhongono za magesi na umagineti, agho ghacali kumanyikwa nga ni malango gha Maxwell. Pamanyuma, Heinrich Hertz wakasimikizga ghanoghano la Maxwell mwa kupanga na kusanga majigha gha wayilesi mu malo gha kuyezgera, na kulongora kuti majigha agha ghakwenda nga ni ungweru wakuwoneka, ghakuwezgeka, kupindika, na kukolerana. Ghanoghano la Maxwell na viyezgo vya Hertz vikapangiska mwakulunjika wayilesi ya mazuŵa ghano, ''radar'', wayilesi ya kanema, na kuyowoyerana kwambura waya. Mu kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene, mafotoni ghakuwonekera nga ni vigaŵa vya majigha gha Maxwell. Kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene kakakhumbikwanga kulongosora vyakucitika ivyo ghanoghano la Maxwell likatondeka (nga ni mizere ya ungweru). === Kasandiro ka Tuvinthu Tucoko Comene === Mu 1900 Max Planck, apo wakayezganga kulongosora ungweru wa vinthu vyakufundiska, wakati nangauli ungweru ni jigha, majigha agha ghangasanga panji kutaya nkhongono mu vigaŵa vyapadera pera ivyo vikukolerana na unandi wa kunjenjemera kwake. Planck wakachema vigaŵa ivi kuti ''quanta'' (kufuma ku Cilatini "unandi wuli"). Mu 1905, Albert Einstein wakagwiliskira ntchito ghanoghano ili kulongosora umo ungweru ukufumiskira ma''electron'' mu visulo, ndipo wakati vigaŵa ivi vya ungweru viliko nadi. Mu 1923 Arthur Holly Compton wakalongora kuti kusintha kwa utali wa jigha la X-ray apo zikuthandazgika na ma''electron'' kungalongosoreka na ghanoghano la tuvinthu tucoko, kweni na ghanoghano la majigha yayi. Mu 1926 Gilbert N. Lewis wakathya tuvinthu utu zina lakuti mafotoni. Pakumalira, kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene kakamba kuwona ungweru (mu ng'anamulo linyake) nga ni kanthu kacoko na jigha, ndipo (mu ng'anamulo linyake) nga ni cakucitika ico ni kanthu kacoko panji jigha yayi. M'malo mwake, ungweru ungalongosoreka nyengo zinyake na masamu gha ciyelezgero cimoza (tuvinthu tucoko) na nyengo zinyake na ciyelezgero cinyake (majigha). Nga umo viliri pa majigha gha wayilesi na X-ray, ŵasandi ŵawona kuti nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi zikwenda comene nga ni jigha pa unandi ucoko wa kunjenjemera, kweni nga ni kanthu kacoko pa unandi ukulu, kweni zikutaya yayi vimanyikwiro vyose vya cimoza panji cinyake. Ungweru wakuwoneka, uwo uli pakati, ungalongoreka luŵiro mu viyezgo kuti ungalongosoreka na ciyelezgero ca majigha panji ca tuvinthu tucoko, panji vyose viŵiri. Mu 1924–1925, Satyendra Nath Bose wakalongora kuti ungweru ukulondezga viŵerengero vyakupambana na vya tuvinthu tucoko twa kale. Pamoza na Einstein, ŵakasazgira ici ku gulu lose la tuvinthu utu tukuchemeka ma''boson'' (kuyana na Bose). Fotoni ni ''boson'' yambura kuzitika. Mu 1927, Paul Dirac wakagaŵa nkhongono ya umagineti-magesi mu vigaŵa vya ''quanta''. Pamanyuma, ghanoghano lose la kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene ka magesi na ungweru likapangika pakumalira kwa ma 1940 kuthemba ntchito za Julian Schwinger, Richard Feynman, Freeman Dyson, na Shinichiro Tomonaga. === Kasandiro ka Ungweru ka Tuvinthu Tucoko Comene === John R. Klauder, George Sudarshan, Roy J. Glauber, na Leonard Mandel ŵakagwiliskira ntchito kasandiro ka tuvinthu tucoko comene pa nkhongono ya umagineti-magesi mu ma 1950 na 1960 kuti ŵamanye makola kusanga ungweru na viŵerengero vya ungweru. Ici cikapangiska kumanya kupambana pakati pa ungweru wa ''laser'', ungweru wa kufunda, na mitundu yinyake, apo kukamanyikwa kuti ungweru ungalongosoreka makola na nkhongono za ntchito za umagineti-magesi za kale pera yayi. Mu 1977, H. Jeff Kimble na ŵanyake ŵakalongora cimenyu cimoza cikufumiska fotoni yimoza pa nyengo yimoza, ukaboni unyake wakuti ungweru ukupangika na mafotoni. Mitundu yiphya ya ungweru iyo yikupambana na ya kale yikasangika pamanyuma. Kupanga ''laser'' za kanyengo kafupi comene kukajula nthowa ya kusanda vyakucitika vya luŵiro comene. Kagwiliskiro kake pa kusanda vinthu vyakukhwima kakasangika, ndipo nkhongono za ungweru pa vyamvimba zikasandika. Ici cikapangiska kuyandamiska na kuŵika mitambo ya vimenyu panji nanga ni tuvyamoyo tucoko mu cakukora ca ungweru na ''laser''. Ici, pamoza na nthowa za kuzizimiska vimenyu, cikaŵa luso lakukhumbikwa kuti ŵafiske kusazganika kwa Bose–Einstein. Vyakusangika vinyake vyakuzizwiska ni kulongora kukolerana kwa tuvinthu tucoko comene, kutuma uthenga wa tuvinthu tucoko comene, na ndondomeko za kughanaghana za tuvinthu tucoko comene. Vyaumaliro ivi ni vyakuzirwa comene mu kasandiro ka uthenga wa tuvinthu tucoko comene. == Kagwiliskiro ka Ungweru pa Caro Capasi == Ungweru wa zuŵa ukupeleka nkhongono izo vyakumera viŵisi vikugwiliskira ntchito kupanga shuga, comene nga ni sitachi, uwo ukupeleka nkhongono ku vyamoyo ivyo vikuurya. Ndondomeko iyi ya [[Usanisinuru (ndiyo fotosinfesisi)|usanisinuru]] yikupeleka pafupifupi nkhongono zose izo vyamoyo vikugwiliskira ntchito. Vinyama vinyake vikupanga ungweru wawo, ndondomeko iyo yikuchemeka ungweru wa vyamoyo. Mwaciyelezgero, ŵakamulimuli ŵakugwiliskira ntchito ungweru kusanga ŵabwezi ŵa kutorana, ndipo ''squid'' ya ''vampire'' yikugwiliskira ntchito ungweru kujibisa ku vyakuyisaka. dh3cb2k90952lf8wzquqycwh5d9bjh5 0 6204 123717 123670 2026-11-04T13:12:29Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Congo''' (panji '''Chongo''') ni cakucitika ico kusintha kwa kukanikizga kukwenda mu cinthu ico cingajikoka na kuwelera. Mu [[Kusanda mendero|kusanda mendero]], congo ni jigha la kukanikizga (panji vinthu vinyake vyakukolerana, nga ni kusunthira) ilo likwenda mu cinthu, apo pa umoyo wa thupi na mahara, congo cikung'anamula kupulika. Nangauli vyamoyo vikupulika vyongo mwakupambana, khutu la munthu likupulika vyongo vya unandi wa kunjenjemera wa 20 mpaka 20,000 pa liŵiri. Mu ng'anamulo yikulu, majigha gha congo ni majigha ghose gha kunjenjemera agho ghakwenda mu nthowa ya kwenda kwawo. Viyelezgero vya kuzirwa na kagwiliskiro ka congo ni sumu, nthowa za kuwona mukati mwa thupi pa [[Mankhwala|kasandiro ka ucizgi]], [[Chiyowoyelo|ciyowoyero]] ca pa mlomo, na vigaŵa vya [[Kasandiro|kasandiro]]. == Ng'anamulo == Kuyana na vyakwenelera vya luso ivyo vyaŵikika na ANSI/ASA S1.1‑2013, Vyakwenelera vya Amerika vya Mazgo gha Kasandiro ka Vyongo, congo cikulongosoreka kuŵa: : "(a) Kusintha-sintha kwa kukanikizga, kukhwesa, kusunthira kwa tunthu, luŵiro la tunthu, na vinyake, uko kukwenda mu cinthu cakuŵa na nkhongono za mukati, panji kusazganika kwa kusintha-sintha kwa mtundu uwu. : (b) Kupulika uko kukwiziskika na kusintha-sintha uko kwalongosoreka mu (a)." Ng'anamulo iyi ya vigaŵa viŵiri yikuyowoya kuti congo cingawonekera nga ni kwenda kwa jigha mu cinthu cakujikoka na kuwelera, ndipo ici cikucipangiska kuŵa cakusisimuska, panji nga ni kusisimuka kwa ciŵaro ca kupulikira, ndipo ici cikucipangiska kuŵa kupulika. Nangauli ANSI/ASA S1.1‑2013 yikupeleka ng'anamulo yakwenelera ya congo iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito mu kasandiro ka vyongo mu United States, ndipo ni umoza mwa mawupu ghacoko ghakulu agho ghalongosora makola ghanoghano ili, malemba gha kusanda mendero na kazengero ka vilwero kanandi ghakulongosora congo nga ni kusokonezgeka kwa kunjenjemera uko kukwenda, ndiko kuti jigha, m'malo mwa kunjenjemera. Malemba agha kanandi ghakulongosora congo nga ni kusokonezgeka kwa vimanyikwiro vya kunjenjemera (nga ni kukanikizga panji kwenda kwa tunthu) uko kukwenda mu cinthu, na kusintha kwa cinthu ico (kukanikizgika na kutambasulika), kuti ghanoghano lipulikikiske makola na kuti kasandiro kaŵe kakupimika makola. == Kasandiro ka Vyongo == Kasandiro ka vyongo ni kasandiro ka vigaŵa vinandi ka majigha gha kunjenjemera, kunjenjemera, congo, congo ca pacanya, na congo ca pasi mu mpweya, mu vyamaji, panji mu vyakukhwima. Musandi uyo wakugwira ntchito mu kasandiro ka vyongo wakuchemeka musandi wa vyongo, apo munthu uyo wali waluso pa kazengero ka vilwero vya vyongo wakuchemeka muzengi wa vyongo. Muzengi wa congo, kweni, wakukhwaskana na kujambula, kusintha, kusazganya, na kupanga so congo. Kagwiliskiro ka kasandiro ka vyongo kakusangika mu vigaŵa vinandi vya wupu wa ŵanthu wa mazuŵa ghano. Vigaŵa vyake vicoko ni vyongo vya mphepo, kupenda vimanyikwiro vya congo, vyongo vya nyumba, vyongo vya vyamoyo, vyongo vya magesi, congo ca malo ghakuzingilizga, vyongo vya sumu, kulaŵilira congo, kasandiro ka mahara pa vyongo, kuyowoya, congo ca pacanya, vyongo vya pasi pa maji, na kunjenjemera. == Kusanda Mendero kwa Congo == Congo cikwenda nga ni jigha la kunjenjemera mu cinthu (mwaciyelezgero, maji, makristalo, mphepo). Majigha gha congo ghakupangika na kasupe wa congo, nga ni cigaŵa ca sipika ico cikunjenjemera. Apo kasupe wa congo wakunjenjemeska cinthu ico camuzunguliya, kusokonezgeka kukwenda kufuma pa kasupe pa luŵiro la congo, ndipo ici cikupanga jigha la congo. Pa mtunda wakuyana kufuma pa kasupe, kukanikizga, luŵiro, na kusunthira kwa tunthu twa cinthu vikusintha mu nyengo. Pa nyengo yimoza, kukanikizga, luŵiro, na kusunthira vikusintha mu malo. Tunthu twa cinthu tukwenda yayi na jigha la congo; m'malo mwake, kusokonezgeka na nkhongono zake za ntchito ndivyo vikwenda mu cinthu. Nangauli ici cikuwonekera pa vyakukhwima, cikucitika so mu vyamaji na mipweya. Cinthu ico cikunyamula congo cikuchemeka cinthu ca kutumizgira. Cingaŵa mtundu uliwose wa vyamvimba, kwali vyakukhwima, vyamaji, mipweya, panji plasima. Kweni congo cingenda yayi mu malo ghambura kanthu, cifukwa palije cinthu cakunyamula kusokonezgeka kwa kunjenjemera. Kwenda kwa congo mu cinthu kukukhwaskika comene na: * Ubale wakusuzga pakati pa kukhwima na kukanikizga kwa cinthu. Ubale uwu, uwo ukukhwaskika so na kufunda, ukusimikizga luŵiro la congo mu cinthu. * Kwenda kwa cinthu ceneco. Usange cinthu cikwenda, kwenda uku kungasazgirapo panji kucepeska luŵiro la jigha la congo kuyana na nthowa iyo cikwendera. Mwaciyelezgero, congo ico cikwenda mu mphepo cizamusazgirapo luŵiro lake na luŵiro la mphepo usange congo na mphepo vikwenda mu nthowa yimoza. Usange vikwenda mu nthowa zakupambana, luŵiro la jigha la congo lizamucepa na luŵiro la mphepo. * Kukhora kwa cinthu kukwenda. Ici cikusimikizga luŵiro ilo congo cikucepera. Pa vinthu vinandi, nga ni mphepo panji maji, kucepa uku nkhucoko comene. Ntchito ya fundo zakusacizga yikulongora kuti majigha gha congo ghakunyamula kuzitika kucoko comene kwa nkhongono yakuguza. Kuzitika uku kukufuma ku vyakusazgikira vya nkhongono za ntchito za jigha, ndipo kukung'anamula kuti majigha gha congo ghakukhwaskika na nkhongono yakuguza na kupanga cigaŵa ca nkhongono yakuguza cicoko comene. Pa vinthu vya nyengo zose, kuzitika uku nkhwakucepeska, ndiko kuti majigha gha congo ghakucita nga kuti ghakunyamula kuzitika kucoko kwakucepeska. Ici nchicoko comene. === Majigha === Majigha gha congo ghakulongora vimanyikwiro nga ni kuwelera, kutumizgika, kupindika, kuthandazgika, kumilika, na kucepa. Para congo cikwenda mu cinthu cambura kuyana, cingapindika (kuthandazgika panji kuwunjikana). Congo cikutumizgika mu vyamaji na mipweya nga ni majigha gha kukanikizga, agho ghakwenda mu nthowa ya kwenda kwawo. Mu vyakukhwima, kweni, congo cingatumizgika nga ni majigha gha kukanikizga na nga ni majigha gha kumphepete. Majigha gha kukanikizga ni majigha gha kusintha-sintha kwa kukanikizga, agho ghakupanga malo gha kukanikizgika na gha kutambasulika, apo majigha gha kumphepete (mu vyakukhwima) ni majigha gha kukhwesa kwa kumphepete ku nthowa ya kwenda. Kupambana na majigha gha kukanikizga, majigha gha kumphepete ghali na cimanyikwiro ca kujikhazgira mu nthowa yimoza. Majigha gha congo ghangawonekera kwizira mu magalasi gha kujiwonera ghakupindika na vinthu ivyo vikupanga congo. Nkhongono za ntchito izo jigha la congo likunyamula zikusintha-sintha pakati pa nkhongono zakusungika za kukanikizgika kwa vyamvimba na nkhongono za kwenda kwa tunthu mu cinthu. Nangauli kutumizgika kwa congo kukusazgapo ndondomeko zinandi za kawiro, cimanyikwiro ico cikupokereka pa malo ghamoza (nga ni pa maikolofoni panji khutu) cingalongosoreka cose nga ni kukanikizga uko kukusintha mu nyengo. Mawonekero agha gha kukanikizga na nyengo ghakulongosora cose congo ciliconse ico capokereka pa malo agho. Majigha gha congo kanandi ghakupepuskika nga ni majigha ghakusalala, agho ghali na vimanyikwiro ivi: * Unandi wa kunjenjemera, panji nyengo ya kunjenjemera kamoza. * Utali wa jigha. * Ukulu wa jigha, kukanikizga kwa congo, panji nkhongono. * Luŵiro la congo. * Nthowa. Nyengo zinyake luŵiro na nthowa vikusazganika pamoza. Kuti congo cipendeke, jigha lakusuzga lingalongoreka nga ni kusazganika kwa majigha ghakusalala gha unandi wa kunjenjemera, ukulu, na malo ghakupambana. === Luŵiro === Luŵiro la congo likuthemba cinthu ico majigha ghakwenda mwake, ndipo ni cimanyikwiro cakwamba ca cinthu ico. Kuyezga kwakwamba kukulu kwa kupima luŵiro la congo kukacitika na Isaac Newton. Wakagomezganga kuti luŵiro la congo mu cinthu cinyake likuyana na muzu wa kukanikizga uko kukucikhwaska kugaŵika na kukhwima kwake. Ici pamanyuma cikasangika kuŵa caunenesko yayi, ndipo musandi wa masamu wa Cifurenci, Laplace, wakanozga malinganizgo mwa kusanga kuti kwenda kwa congo nkhwa kufunda kwakuyana yayi, nga umo Newton wakagomezgera, kweni nkhwambura kusinthana kufunda. Wakasazgamo cinthu cinyake ku malinganizgo, ndipo ghakuchemeka malinganizgo gha Newton–Laplace. Ntheura luŵiro la congo likukolerana na muzu wa kukhora kwa cinthu kugaŵika na kukhwima kwake. Vimanyikwiro ivi na luŵiro la congo vikusintha kuyana na vyakucitika vya malo. Mwaciyelezgero, luŵiro la congo mu mipweya likuthemba kufunda. Mu mphepo ya 20 °C pa mphepete ya nyanja, luŵiro la congo ni pafupifupi mamita 343 pa liŵiri. Luŵiro la congo likukhwaskika so pacoko na ukulu wa congo. Mu maji ghawemi, luŵiro la congo ni pafupifupi mamita 1,482 pa liŵiri. Mu sitilo, luŵiro la congo ni pafupifupi mamita 5,960 pa liŵiri. Congo cikwenda luŵiro comene mu haidirojeni yakukhwima, pafupifupi mamita 36,000 pa liŵiri. === Kukanikizga kwa Congo === Kukanikizga kwa congo ni kupambana, mu cinthu cinyake, pakati pa kukanikizga kwapakati kwa malo na kukanikizga mu jigha la congo. Cifukwa cakuti khutu la munthu lingapulika vyongo vya ukulu wakupambana comene, kukanikizga kwa congo kanandi kukupimika pa mbondolo ya madesibelo. Vipimo vya kukanikizga kwa congo ivyo vikugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi ni 20 μPa mu mphepo na 1 μPa mu maji. Cifukwa cakuti khutu la munthu likupulika unandi wose wa kunjenjemera mwakuyana yayi, kukanikizga kwa congo kanandi kukupimika mwakuyana na umo khutu likupulikira. Wupu wa Pakati pa Vyaro wa Luso la Magesi (IEC) walongosora nthowa zinandi za kupimira izi. == Kupulika == Mu kasandiro ka umoyo wa thupi na ka mahara, lizgu lakuti congo likung'anamula ivyo munthu wakupulika apo ciŵaro ca kupulikira casisimuskika, kupambana na ng'anamulo ya kusanda mendero iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito mu kasandiro ka vyongo. Kasandiro ka mahara pa vyongo na kasandiro kakulu ka mahara pa vyakupulika vikusanda umo vyamoyo vikusangira na kung'anamulira vyakusisimuska ivi. Dikishonale ya Webster yikulongora kagwiliskiro aka ka ng'anamulo ziŵiri mwa kulongosora congo nga ni "kupulika" kweniso nga ni "nkhongono za kunjenjemera izo zikwiziska kupulika uku." Kupambana uku kukulongosora cifukwa ico fumbo lakuti "para khuni lawa mu nkholongo ndipo palije munthu kufupi kuti wapulike, kasi likupanga congo?" lingaŵa na mazgoro ghakupambana kuyana na ng'anamulo iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito. Kupulika congo kwa vyamoyo ivyo vili na viŵaro vya kupulikira kuli na malire gha unandi wa kunjenjemera. Mu ŵanthu, kupulika kukufuma pa 20 mpaka 20,000 pa liŵiri, ndipo malire gha pacanya ghakucepa na vyaka. Pasi pa 20 pa liŵiri, vyongo vingapulikika nga ni kuphulika kumoza kumoza panji kusintha kwa pacoko pacoko. Lizgu lakuti congo nyengo zinyake likung'anamula kunjenjemera kwa mu malire gha kupulika kwa ŵanthu pera, nangauli vyamoyo vinyake vili na malire ghakupambana comene. Mwaciyelezgero, [[Nchebe|nchebe]] zingapulika unandi wa kunjenjemera wakujumpha 20,000 pa liŵiri. Nga ni cimanyikwiro ico cikupulikika na cimoza mwa viŵaro vikulu vya kupulikira, congo cikugwiliskirika ntchito na vyamoyo vinandi pa kusanga ngozi, kwenda, kusaka, na kuyowoyerana. Mphepo ya caro capasi, maji, na pafupifupi cakucitika ciliconse ca kawiro, nga ni moto, [[Vula|vula]], mphepo, majigha gha nyanja, panji kusunkhana kwa pasi, vikupanga vyongo vyapadera. Vyamoyo vinandi, nga ni ŵacule, [[Viyuni|viyuni]], na vinyama vyakonkheska vya mu nyanja na pa mtunda, vyapanga viŵaro vyapadera vya kupangira congo. Mu vyamoyo vinyake, viŵaro ivi vikupanga sumu na kuyowoya. Kweniso, ŵanthu ŵapanga mdawuko na luso la vilwero (nga ni sumu, lamya, na wayilesi) ivyo vikuŵazomerezga kupanga, kujambula, kutumizga, na kuthandazga congo. Mu Cingelezi, congo cambura kukhumbikwa kanandi cikuchemeka ''noise''. Mu kasandiro na kazengero ka vilwero, congo cambura kukhumbikwa ni cigaŵa cambura kukhumbikwa ico cikubisa cimanyikwiro cakukhumbikwa. Kweni mu kupulika congo, kanandi cingagwiliskirika ntchito kumanya uko congo cikufumira, ndipo ni cigaŵa cakuzirwa ca kupulika mtundu wa congo. Malo gha vyongo ni cigaŵa ca malo gha vyongo ico ŵanthu ŵangapulika. Malo gha vyongo ni vyongo vyose (kwali vikupulikika na ŵanthu panji yayi) mu malo ghanyake nga umo vyasinthikira na malo na kupulikiskika na ŵanthu. Mu mbiri, pali nthowa zinkhondi na yimoza zakuyezgeka izo majigha gha congo ghakupendekera: kuzika kwa congo, utali wake, kukwezga kwake, mtundu wake, kusazganika kwake, na malo ghake. Mazgo ghanyake agha ghali na ng'anamulo yakwenelera. === Kuzika kwa Congo === Kuzika kwa congo kukupulikika nga ni umo congo ciliri "capasi" panji "capacanya", ndipo kukulongora kawiro ka kuwerezgawerezga ka kunjenjemera uko kukupanga congo. Pa vyongo vyakupepuka, kuzika kukukolerana na unandi wa kunjenjemera wa kunjenjemera kwakuzerezga comene mu congo. Pa vyongo vyakusuzga, kupulika kuzika kungapambana. Nyengo zinyake ŵanthu ŵakupulika kuzika kwakupambana pa congo cimoza, kuyana na umo ŵakazgowera kupulika vyongo vinyake. Congo ciliconse cikuŵikika pa mzere wa kuzika kufuma pasi mpaka pacanya. === Utali wa Congo === Utali wa congo ukupulikika nga ni umo congo ciliri "citali" panji "cifupi", ndipo ukukolerana na vimanyikwiro vya kwamba na kumalira ivyo misempha yikupanga pa vyongo. Utali wa congo kanandi ukufuma pa nyengo iyo congo capulikika dankha mpaka apo capulikika kuti casintha panji caleka. Nyengo zinyake ici cikukolerana mwakulunjika na utali wa congo ceneco yayi. Mwaciyelezgero, mu malo gha congo cambura kukhumbikwa, vyongo ivyo vikuleka na kwamba so vingapulikika nga kuti vikulutilira, cifukwa vimanyikwiro vya kuleka vikupulikika yayi cifukwa ca congo cambura kukhumbikwa. Ici cingovwira comene pa kupulikiska mauthenga ghakunangika, nga ni vimanyikwiro vya wayilesi, cifukwa uthenga ukupulikika nga kuti ukulutilira. === Kukwezga kwa Congo === Kukwezga kwa congo kukupulikika nga ni umo congo ciliri "cakukwezga" panji "cakukhweŵa", ndipo kukulongora kagwiliro ka ntchito kose ka misempha ya kupulikira uko congo cikwiziska. Kanandi, vyongo vyakukwezga vikusunthira comene cigaŵa ca mukati mwa khutu, ndipo ici cikusisimuska misempha yinandi na kupanga kupulika kwakukwezga. Kukwezga uko kukupulikika kukuthemba so umo nkhongono za congo zagaŵikira mu nyengo. Para congo nchifupi comene, ciŵaro ca kupulikira cikuwunjika yayi nkhongono zake zose, ntheura cikupulikika kuŵa cakukhweŵa kuluska congo citali ca nkhongono yakuyana. Ndondomeko iyi yikugwira ntchito mu nyengo ya pafupifupi magaŵa 200 pa 1,000 gha liŵiri. Kujumpha nyengo iyi, kutalikiska congo kukusazgirapo so kukwezga kwake yayi. Kusuzga kwa congo kungakhwaska so kupulika kukwezga. Vyongo vyakusuzga, ivyo vikusisimuska misempha yinandi, kanandi vikupulikika kuŵa vyakukwezga kuluska vyongo vyakupepuka, nanga para ukulu wawo ngwakuyana. === Mtundu wa Congo === Mtundu wa congo ukupulikika nga ni kawiro ka vyongo vyakupambana (mwaciyelezgero, kuwa kwa libwe, kulira kwa cilwero ca kuboolera, congo ca cilwero ca sumu, panji mtundu wa mazgo gha munthu), ndipo ukulongora kumanya kwa congo ico cikucitika pambere munthu wandaghanaghane (mwaciyelezgero, "ici ni cilizgo!"). Kumanya uku kukuzengeka pa mauthenga gha kusintha kwa unandi wa kunjenjemera, congo cambura kukhumbikwa, kusintha-sintha, kuzika uko kukupulikika, na kuthandazgika na nkhongono za vyongo vyakusazgikira mu nyengo yitali. Umo congo cikusinthira mu nyengo ndimo kukupeleka mauthenga ghanandi gha kumanya mtundu wa congo. Nangauli cigaŵa cicoko ca jigha la cilwero ciliconse ca sumu cikuwoneka kuyana, kupambana kwa umo vikusinthira mu nyengo pakati pa kalineti na piyano kukuwoneka mu kukwezga na mu vyongo vyakusazgikira. Vyakuwoneka comene yayi ni vyongo vyakupambana, nga ni kufuta kwa mphepo pa kalineti na kutimba kwa nyundo pa piyano. === Kusazganika kwa Vyongo === Kusazganika kwa vyongo kukukolerana na unandi wa makasupe gha congo na kukolerana kwawo. Mu sumu, ici kanandi cikung'anamula kupambana pakati pa kuyimba congo cimoza na kuyimba vyongo vinandi pamoza, kweni cingakolerana so (mwaciyelezgero) na nyumba ya vyakulya yakuzura ŵanthu, congo ico cingachemeka cisokonezgo. === Malo gha Congo === Malo gha congo ni umo mahara ghakuŵikira congo mu malo, kusazgapo malo gha congo mu nthowa ya pa mzere na ya pacanya, mtunda kufuma ku kasupe wa congo, na vimanyikwiro vya malo gha vyongo. Mu malo umo muli vyongo vinandi, kungacitika kumanya makasupe ghanandi gha congo mwa kugwiliskira ntchito malo gha congo na mtundu wa congo pamoza. == Unandi wa Kunjenjemera == === Congo ca Pacanya === Congo ca pacanya ni majigha gha congo agho ghali na unandi wa kunjenjemera wakujumpha 20,000 pa liŵiri. Congo ca pacanya nchakupambana yayi na congo ico cikupulikika mu vimanyikwiro vyake, kweni ŵanthu ŵangacipulika yayi. Vilwero vya congo ca pacanya vikugwira ntchito pa unandi wa kunjenjemera kufuma 20,000 pa liŵiri mpaka mabiliyoni ghanandi pa liŵiri. Congo ca pacanya ca ucizgi cikugwiliskirika ntchito comene pa kusanga nthenda na kucizga. === Congo ca Pasi === Congo ca pasi ni majigha gha congo agho ghali na unandi wa kunjenjemera wambura kufika 20 pa liŵiri. Nangauli vyongo ivi nvyapasi comene kuti ŵanthu ŵavipulike nga ni kuzika, vikupulikika nga ni kuphulika kumoza kumoza (nga ni congo ca njinga ya moto iyo yikugwira ntchito kweni yikwenda yayi). Vinyama nga ni nyamumba, zgovu, na vinyake vingapulika congo ca pasi ndipo vikucigwiliskira ntchito pa kuyowoyerana. Cingagwiliskirika ntchito kusanga kuphulika kwa mapiri gha moto, ndipo cikugwiliskirika ntchito mu mitundu yinyake ya sumu. 8tn4wrt58f85xj7zpva6xzzr0obqz0p 0 6230 123716 123673 2026-11-04T13:12:28Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123716 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg|alt=Ŵakupanga ŵakugwira ntchito pa turbine ya mvuchi|thumb|Turbine ya mvuchi iyo yili na cakuvikilira cakujulika, ciyelezgero ca luso la vilwero la nkhongono.]] '''Luso la vilwero''' ni kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru vya maghanoghano kuti vilato vya pa umoyo vifiskike, comene mu nthowa iyo yingacitika so kanandi. Lizgu lakuti luso la vilwero lingang'anamula so vinthu ivyo vikufuma mu ntchito iyi, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskika nga ni vilwero panji makina, na vyambura kukhwaskika nga ni [[Vilwerovipepu|vilwerovipepu]]. Luso la vilwero likugwira ntchito yikulu comene mu [[Kasandiro|kasandiro]], kazengero ka vilwero, na umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero kwiziska kusintha kukulu mu wupu wa ŵanthu. Luso la vilwero lakwamba ilo likumanyikwa ni cilwero ca malibwe, ico cikagwiliskirikanga ntchito pambere mbiri yindalembeke, kulondezgana na kumanya kulaŵilira moto, uko nako kukovwira kukura kwa wongo wa munthu na kupangika kwa ciyowoyero mu Nyengo ya Cisanu, kuyana na ghanoghano la kuphika. Kupangika kwa gudumu mu Nyengo ya Mkuŵa kukazomerezga maulendo ghanandi na kupanga makina ghakusuzga comene. Vyakupangika vya sonosono vya luso la vilwero, kusazgapo makina gha kudindira, [[Lamya|lamya]], na [[Intaneti|intaneti]], vyacepeska vikanizgo vya kuyowoyerana na kwiziska vyacuma vya vinjeru. Nangauli luso la vilwero likovwira kukura kwa vyacuma na kukhozga usambazi wa ŵanthu, lingaŵa so na vyakufumapo viheni nga ni kunanga malo ghakuzingilizga na kumalizga vyuma, ndipo lingiziska masuzgo mu wupu wa ŵanthu nga ni kusoŵa ntchito cifukwa ca makina agho ghakucita ntchito ghekha. Ntheura, mphindano za filosofi na za ndyali pa ntchito na kagwiliskiro ka luso la vilwero, makhalidwe ghake, na nthowa za kucepeska viheni vyake zikulutilira. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''technology'' likwamba pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo likang'anamulanga "kunozga mwandondomeko" (kufuma ku Cigiriki τέχνη, ''tékhnē'', "luso, mahara gha mawoko" na -λογία, "kusanda, vinjeru"). Pambere pa ici, lizgu la Cigiriki ca kale ''tékhnē'' likagwiliskirikanga ntchito kung'anamula "kumanya kupanga vinthu", ilo likasazgapo ntchito nga ni kazengero ka nyumba. Kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵaulaya ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito mazgo ghakuti ''Technik'' (Cijeremani) panji ''technique'' (Cifulenci) kung'anamula "nthowa ya kucitira", iyo yikasazgapo maluso ghose, nga ni kuvina, kwendeska ngalawa, panji kudinda, kwali ghakukhumba vilwero panji yayi. Pa nyengo iyo, ''Technologie'' likang'anamulanga cigaŵa ca kasambiro ico cikusanda "nthowa za maluso", panji cigaŵa ca ndyali "ca kupanga malango gha maluso". Kupambana pakati pa ''Technik'' na ''Technologie'' kulije mu Cingelezi, ntheura ghose ghakang'anamulika kuti ''technology''. Lizgu ili likaŵa lambura kugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi mu Cingelezi, ndipo comene likang'anamulanga cigaŵa ca kasambiro, nga mu Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, cifukwa ca kuluta panthazi kwa kasandiro na Kusintha Kwaciŵiri kwa Mafakitale, luso la vilwero likaleka kuwonekera nga ni cigaŵa ca kasambiro capadera, ndipo likamba kung'anamula: kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru mwandondomeko pa vilato vya umoyo. == Mbiri == === Pambere pa Mbiri Yakulembeka === Vilwero vikapangika dankha na ŵambuye ŵa ŵanthu kwizira mu kulaŵiska na kuyezgayezga. Pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 2 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵakasambira kupanga vilwero vyakwamba vya malibwe mwa kutimba libwe kuti vigaŵa vifume, kupanga mbavi yakuthwa ya woko. Nthowa iyi yikanozgeka vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha kuŵa nthowa ya kukanikizga, iyo yikazomerezga ntchito yakunozgeka comene. Kusanga moto kukalongosoreka na Charles Darwin nga ni "panyake kusanga kukulu comene ako munthu wandacitepo". Ukaboni wa vya kale, wa vyakulya, na wa ŵanthu ukulongora "kugwiliskira ntchito moto kwakulutilira" pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 1.5 ivyo vyajumpha. Moto, wa nkhuni na makala, ukazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa kale kuphika vyakulya vyawo kuti vigayike makola, kusazgira vyakukhozga thupi na kusazgira unandi wa vyakulya ivyo vingarika. Ghanoghano la kuphika likuti kumanya kuphika kukasazgira ukulu wa wongo wa ŵambuye ŵa ŵanthu, nangauli ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵakuti ukaboni ndambura kukwana. Ukaboni wa vya kale wa malo gha moto ngwa vyaka 790,000 ivyo vyajumpha; ŵasandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikasazgira kukolerana kwa ŵanthu na cingaŵa kuti cikovwira kupangika kwa ciyowoyero. Kuluta panthazi kunyake mu nyengo ya Malibwe gha Kale kukusazgapo vyakuvwara na nyumba. Palije kuzomerezgana pa nyengo iyo vikamba, kweni ŵasandi ŵa vya kale ŵasanga ukaboni wa vyakuvwara vya vyaka 90,000–120,000 ivyo vyajumpha na wa nyumba wa vyaka 450,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Apo nyengo iyi yikalutilira, nyumba zikaŵa zakunozgeka comene; kufuma vyaka 380,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakazenganga vigoŵa vya makuni. Vyakuvwara, ivyo vikapangika na sisi na vikopa vya vinyama vyakusakika, vikovwira ŵanthu kuthandazgika ku malo ghakuzizima; ŵanthu ŵakamba kufuma mu Afilika pafupifupi vyaka 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha, pakwamba kuya ku Yurasiya. === Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya === Kusintha kwa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya (panji Kusintha Kwakwamba kwa Ulimi) kukasazgira luŵiro lwa kupanga vinthu viphya, ndipo kukasazgira kusuzga kwa wupu wa ŵanthu. Kupangika kwa mbavi ya libwe lakunozgeka kukaŵa kuluta panthazi kukulu uko kukazomerezga kudumula nkholongo zikulu na kulima. Ulimi ukalyiska ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo kuleka kwendakwenda kukazomerezga kulera ŵana ŵanandi pa nyengo yimoza, cifukwa ŵana ŵakanyamulikanga so yayi. Kweniso, ŵana ŵangovwira ntchito ya kulima kuluska kusaka na kutola. Na kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu na ŵantchito, ntchito zikamba kugaŵika kuyana na luso. Ico cikapangiska kusintha kufuma ku mizi ya Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya kuya ku misumba yakwamba, nga ni Uruk, na midawuko yakwamba, nga ni Sumer, cindamanyikwe makola; kweni kukura kwa wupu wa ŵanthu wa makwelero, ntchito zapadera, malonda na nkhondo pakati pa midawuko ya pafupi, na khumbo la kugwira ntchito pamoza kumazga masuzgo gha malo nga ni kuthilira, vyose vikughanaghanirika kuti vikovwira. Kupangika kwa kulemba kukapangiska kuthandazgika kwa vinjeru vya midawuko ndipo kukaŵa maziko gha mbiri, malo gha mabuku, sukulu, na kusanda kwa kasandiro. Kunozga kwakulutilira kukapangiska ng'anjo na vyakupuzgira moto, ndipo kakwamba ŵanthu ŵakamanya kusungunuska na kufula golide, mkuŵa, siliva, na mtovu, visulo ivyo vikusangika pafupifupi vyakutowa mu kawiro. Uwemi wa vilwero vya mkuŵa kuluska vya malibwe, mafupa, na makuni ukawoneka luŵiro ku ŵanthu ŵa kale, ndipo mkuŵa ungaŵa kuti ukagwiliskirikanga ntchito kufuma pafupi na kwamba kwa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya (pafupifupi vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha). Pakumalira, kufula visulo kukapangiska kusanga visulo vyakusazganika nga ni mkuŵa wa bulonzi (pafupifupi 4,000 pambere Khristu). Kugwiliskira ntchito kwakwamba kwa cisulo cakusazganika nga ni ''steel'' kukwamba pafupifupi 1,800 pambere Khristu. === Nyengo ya Kale === Pamanyuma pa kulongozga moto, ŵanthu ŵakasanga nkhongono zinyake. Kagwiliskiro kakwamba kakumanyikwa ka nkhongono ya mphepo ni ngalawa ya ngalanyo; kalembero kakwamba ka ngalawa ya ngalanyo ni ka ngalawa ya mlonga wa Nilo pafupifupi 7,000 pambere Khristu. Kufuma kale, Ŵaeguputo ŵangaŵa kuti ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya cigumula ca caka ciliconse ca Nilo kuthilira minda yawo, ndipo pacoko pacoko ŵakasambira kucilaŵilira kwizira mu ngalande na madimba ghakuzengeka. Ŵasumeri ŵa kale mu Mesopotamiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalande na malinga ghakusuzga kupatula maji kufuma ku milonga ya Tigris na Euphrates pa kuthilira. Ŵasandi ŵa vya kale ŵakughanaghanira kuti gudumu likapangika paŵekha na pa nyengo yimoza mu Mesopotamiya (Iraq ya sono), Caucasus ya Kumpoto, na Ulaya Yapakati. Nyengo yikughanaghanirika kuŵa pakati pa 5,500 na 3,000 pambere Khristu, ndipo ŵakumanya ŵanandi ŵakuyiŵika pafupi na 4,000 pambere Khristu. Vinthu vya kale comene ivyo vili na vithuzi vya magaleta gha magudumu nvya pafupifupi 3,500 pambere Khristu. Sonosono, gudumu la makuni la kale comene lakumanyikwa mu 2024 likasangika mu dambo la Ljubljana mu Slovenia, ndipo ŵakumanya ŵa Austria ŵakasanga kuti lili na vyaka pakati pa 5,100 na 5,350. Kupangika kwa gudumu kukasintha comene malonda na nkhondo. Luŵiro ŵanthu ŵakasanga kuti magaleta gha magudumu ghangagwiliskirika ntchito kunyamula katundu wakuzitika. Ŵasumeri ŵa kale ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito gudumu la ŵaumbi ŵa viŵiya, ndipo ŵangaŵa kuti ndiwo ŵakalipanga. Gudumu la libwe la ŵaumbi ilo likasangika mu msumba wa Uri ndi la pafupifupi 3,429 pambere Khristu. Magudumu gha luŵiro gha ŵaumbi ghakazomerezga kupanga viŵiya vinandi, kweni kagwiliskiro ka gudumu nga ni cakusintha nkhongono (kwizira mu magudumu gha maji, gha mphepo, na gha kuponda) ndiko kukasintha comene kagwiliskiro ka nkhongono zambura kuŵa za ŵanthu. Magaleta ghakwamba gha magudumu ghaŵiri ghakagwiliskirika ntchito dankha mu Mesopotamiya na Iran pafupifupi 3,000 pambere Khristu. Misewu ya kale comene yakuzengeka ni misewu ya malibwe ya msumba wa Uri, ya pafupifupi 4,000 pambere Khristu, na misewu ya makuni iyo yikajumphanga mu madambo gha Glastonbury, mu Ungelezi, ya nyengo yakuyana. Msewu wakwamba utali, uwo ukamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pafupifupi 3,500 pambere Khristu, ukaŵa utali makilomita 2,400 kufuma ku Persian Gulf mpaka ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kweni ukazengeka na malibwe yayi. Pafupifupi 2,000 pambere Khristu, Ŵaminoa pa cirwa ca Ŵagiriki ca Krete ŵakazenga msewu wa makilomita 50 kufuma ku nyumba ya fumu ya Gortyn kumwera kwa cirwa, kujumpha mapiri, mpaka ku nyumba ya fumu ya Knossos kumpoto. Kupambana na msewu wa kale, msewu wa Ŵaminoa ukazengeka wose na malibwe. Nyumba za ŵanthu paŵekha za Ŵaminoa ŵa kale zikaŵa na maji ghakwenda. Cakugezeramo cakuyana ndendende na ca mazuŵa ghano cikasangika pa nyumba ya fumu ya Knossos. Nyumba zinyake zikaŵa so na vimbuzi, ivyo vikatozgekanga mwa kuthira maji. Ŵaroma ŵa kale ŵakaŵa na vimbuzi vinandi vya ŵanthu wose, ivyo vikathiranga mu ndondomeko yikulu ya ngalande za vyakunyanyira. Ngalande yikulu mu Roma yikaŵa Cloaca Maxima; kuzengeka kwake kukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 pambere Khristu, ndipo yicali kugwiliskirika ntchito mazuŵa ghano. Ŵaroma ŵa kale ŵakaŵa so na ndondomeko yakusuzga ya ngalande za maji, izo zikanyamulanga maji mtunda utali. Ngalande yakwamba ya Ŵaroma yikazengeka mu 312 pambere Khristu. Ya khumi na yimoza, yaumaliro, yikazengeka mu 226 mumuwilo wa Khristu. Pamoza, ngalande za Ŵaroma zikaŵa zitali kujumpha makilomita 450, kweni pasi pa makilomita 70 ndipo zikaŵa pacanya pa mtunda na kukhazgika na malinga gha mawonekero gha uta. === Pambere pa Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Kupanga vinthu viphya kukalutilira mu nyengo yapakati, na kupanga silika (mu Asiya ndipo pamanyuma Ulaya), cakukoleka ca hachi pa singo, na nsapato za cisulo za mahachi. Makina ghapepuka (nga ni ''lever'', ''screw'', na ''pulley'') ghakasazganika kupanga vilwero vyakusuzga, nga ni wilibala, magudumu gha mphepo, na mawotchi. Ndondomeko ya mayunivesite yikakura ndipo yikathandazga maghanoghano na kacitiro ka kasandiro, kusazgapo Oxford na Cambridge. Nyengo ya Kuwuka Kwaciŵiri yikapanga vinthu viphya vinandi, kusazgapo kwiza kwa makina gha kudindira gha malembo ghakusamika mu Ulaya, agho ghakapepuska kuthandazgika kwa vinjeru. Luso la vilwero likamba kukhwaskika comene na kasandiro, ndipo ici cikamba ndondomeko ya kovwirana kuluta panthazi. === Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Kwamba mu Ufumu Ubanyi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, kusanga nkhongono ya mvuci kukamba Kusintha kwa Mafakitale, uko kukawona kusanga kunandi kwa luso la vilwero, comene mu ulimi, kupanga vinthu, migodi, kufula visulo, na mayendero, na kuthandazgika kwa ndondomeko ya mafakitale. Ici cikalondezgeka vyaka 100 pamanyuma na Kusintha Kwaciŵiri kwa Mafakitale, uko kukapangiska kusanga luŵiro kwa kasandiro, kupanga vinthu mwakuyana, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Luso liphya likapangika, kusazgapo ndondomeko za ngalande za vyakunyanyira, magesi, mababu gha magesi, injini za magesi, njanji za sitima, magalimoto, na ndege. Kuluta panthazi uku kukapangiska kukura kukulu mu kasandiro ka ucizgi, usungunu, kusanda mendero, na kazengero ka vilwero. Kukapelekezgeka na kusintha kukulu mu wupu wa ŵanthu, na kwiza kwa nyumba zitali comene pamoza na kukura luŵiro kwa misumba. Kuyowoyerana kukanozgeka na kupangika kwa telegilafu, lamya, wayilesi, na wayilesi ya kanema. Vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikiziska vinthu viphya vinandi. Mu kusanda mendero, kusanga kugaŵika kwa mtima wa vimenyu mu Nyengo ya Vimenyu kukapangiska vilwero vya nkhondo vya nyukiliya na nkhongono ya nyukiliya. Makompyuta gha ''analog'' ghakapangika ndipo ghakawusa pa kupenda mauthenga ghakusuzga. Nangauli kupangika kwa ma''vacuum tube'' kukazomerezga makompyuta gha digito nga ni ENIAC, ukulu wawo ukakanizga kagwiliskiro kanandi mpaka ''transistor'' yikapangika mu 1947, iyo yikacepeska comene makompyuta na kwiziska kusintha kwa digito. Luso la vilwero vya uthenga, comene ulusi wa ungweru, likazomerezga kuyowoyerana kupepuka na kwa luŵiro kutali, ndipo likiziska Nyengo ya Uthenga na kubabika kwa intaneti. Nyengo ya Mlengalenga yikamba na kutumika kwa Sputnik 1 mu 1957, ndipo pamanyuma maulendo gha ŵanthu ku mwezi mu ma 1960. Ntchito zakunozgeka za kupenja vinjeru vya kuwaro kwa caro capasi zagwiliskira ntchito vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vya wayilesi kupenja vimanyikwiro vya luso la vilwero ivyo vikufuma ku midawuko ya kunyake. Mu ucizgi, luso liphya likapangika pa kupima nthenda (kujambura thupi na CT, PET, na MRI), kucizga (nga ni makina gha kutozga ndopa, gha kuwuska mtima, na mankhwala ghaphya ghanandi), na kusanda. Nthowa zakusuzga za kupanga na kuzenga, na mawupu, ni vyakukhumbikwa kupanga na kusunga luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mafakitale ghose ghapangika kupanga vilwero vyakusuzga comene. Luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano likuthemba comene kusambizga; ŵakulinozga, ŵakulizenga, ŵakulisunga, na ŵakuligwiliskira ntchito kanandi ŵakukhumba kusambira kukulu. Kweniso, luso ili laŵa lakusuzga comene mwakuti vigaŵa vyose vya kasambiro vyapangika kulikhozga, kusazgapo kazengero ka vilwero, kasandiro ka ucizgi, na kasandiro ka makompyuta; ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vyaŵa vyakusuzga comene, nga ni kuzenga, mayendero, na kazengero ka nyumba. == Vyakufumapo == Kusintha kwa luso la vilwero ndico cifukwa cikulu comene ca kukura kwa vyacuma kwa nyengo yitali. Mu mbiri yose ya ŵanthu, kupanga nkhongono ndiko kukaŵa cikanizgo cikulu ca kukura kwa vyacuma, ndipo luso liphya likazomerezga ŵanthu kusazgira comene nkhongono iyo yikaŵako. Pakwamba pakiza moto, uwo ukapangiska vyakulya vinandi kurika, na kugaya kwambura kusuzga. Moto ukazomerezga so kusungunuska visulo na kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya ''tin'', mkuŵa, na cisulo, pa kusaka panji pa ntchito za luso. Pamanyuma pakiza kusintha kwa ulimi: ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga so kusaka panji kutola kuti ŵapone yayi, ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu mizi na misumba, kupanga mawupu gha ŵanthu ghakusuzga, na ŵankhondo na visopa vyakunozgeka. Luso la vilwero lovwira umoyo wa ŵanthu kwizira mu usambazi, kupepuka kwa umoyo, na kuluta panthazi kwa ucizgi, kweni lingasokonezga so makwelero gha wupu wa ŵanthu, kunanga malo ghakuzingilizga, na kupweteka ŵanthu panji magulu. Mu vyaka vya sonosono, nthowa za kuyowoyerana pa intaneti zaŵa zakuzirwa comene mu midawuko, ndipo zingakhwaska ulongozgi wa ŵanthu, vyacuma, na umoyo wa wupu wa ŵanthu. Pakwamba, intaneti yikawonekanga nga ni "luso la wanangwa" ilo lingathandazga vinjeru ku wose, kupepuska kufikira kasambiro, na kukhozga ulongozgi wa ŵanthu. Kusanda kwa mazuŵa ghano kwazgokera ku kusanda viheni vya intaneti, kusazgapo mauthenga ghautesi, kugaŵana kwa ŵanthu, mazgo gha cidani, na kuthandazga maghanoghano gha ndyali. Kufuma mu ma 1970, vyakufumapo vya luso la vilwero pa malo ghakuzingilizga vyasuskika, ndipo ici capangiska kusazgikira kwa ndalama mu nkhongono za zuŵa, mphepo, na nkhongono zinyake zakutowa. === Pa Wupu wa Ŵanthu === ==== Ntchito ==== Kufuma pa kupangika kwa gudumu, luso la vilwero lovwira kusazgira vyakupangika vya ŵanthu. Makina gha kale ghakatora malo gha ŵantchito na kuŵovwira; makina ghakatora malo gha ŵanthu pa ntchito zinyake za malipiro ghacoko (mwaciyelezgero, mu ulimi), kweni ntchito ziphya za malipiro ghakulu zikapangika. Kusanda kwasanga kuti makompyuta ghandapangiske kusoŵa ntchito kukulu. Cifukwa [[Vinjeru vyakupangika|vinjeru vyakupangika]] vili na nkhongono zikulu comene kuluska makompyuta, ndipo vicali viphya, palije kumanya usange vizamulondezga nthowa yakuyana; nkhani iyi yayowoyeka comene na ŵasandi ŵa vyacuma na ŵapangi ŵa ndondomeko. Kufumba kwa mu 2017 kukasanga kuti ŵasandi ŵa vyacuma ŵakazomerezgana yayi usange vinjeru vyakupangika vizamusazgira kusoŵa ntchito kwa nyengo yitali. Kuyana na lipoti la World Economic Forum la 2020, vinjeru vyakupangika vikulongolereka kutora malo gha ntchito miliyoni 85 pa caro cose na kupanga ntchito ziphya miliyoni 97 pofika 2025. Kufuma 1990 mpaka 2007, kusanda kwa Daron Acemoglu wa MIT mu U.S. kukalongora kuti kusazga roboti limoza pa ŵantchito 1,000 kukacepeska unandi wa ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito na magaŵa 0.2 pa 100, panji ŵantchito pafupifupi 3.3, na kucepeska malipiro na magaŵa 0.42 pa 100. Kweni kofya kuti luso la vilwero lingatora malo gha ŵantchito kwaŵa kwa nyengo yitali. Nga umo Pulezidenti wa U.S. Lyndon Johnson wakayowoyera mu 1964, "Luso la vilwero likutipa mwaŵi uphya na udindo uphya, mwaŵi wa kupanga vinandi na kuluta panthazi; udindo wa kusimikizga kuti palije muntchito panji mbumba iyo yikulipira mtengo wambura urunji pa kuluta panthazi." ==== Civikiliro ==== Apo ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene luso la vilwero, pali kofya pa civikiliro na pa kusunga mauthenga gha munthu mwakubisika. Ŵanthu mabiliyoni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakupambana za kulipira pa intaneti kutumizga ndalama. Nangauli pali ndondomeko za civikiliro, ŵapokwa ŵanyake ŵangazijumpha. Mu Masika 2022, Korea ya Kumpoto yikagwiliskira ntchito nthowa yinyake ya kubisa kusinthana kwa ndalama za pa intaneti kuti yibise ndalama zakujumpha madola miliyoni 20.5 na kwiba ndalama zakujumpha madola miliyoni 600 kufuma ku mwenecho wa sewero linyake. Cifukwa ca ici, Unduna wa Ndalama wa U.S. ukalanga nthowa iyi. Kubisika kwa ndalama za pa intaneti kuli mphindano: ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kubisika uku, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuti pakwenera kuŵa kuŵa pakweru na kukhazikika. === Pa Malo Ghakuzingilizga === Luso la vilwero lingaŵa na vyakufumapo viwemi na viheni pa malo ghakuzingilizga. Luso la malo ghakuzingilizga likulongosora luso lakupambana ilo likuyezga kuwezgera, kucepeska, panji kuleka kunangika kwa malo ghakuzingilizga. Ici cingasazgapo ndondomeko za kuleka kunanga malo kwizira mu malango, kukora na kusunga vyakunanga, panji kugwiliskira ntchito vyakusyala vyakunanga mu mafakitale ghanyake. Luso liphya mu cigaŵa ca kusintha nyengo lingaleka panji kuwezgera kufunda kwa caro cose, nangauli ici cicali mphindano yikulu. Apo luso la vilwero lakura, ndimo vyakufumapo viheni pa malo ghakuzingilizga vyasazgikira, na kufumiska kunandi kwa mphepo zakusunga kufunda, kusazgapo metheni na kaboni dayokisayidi, mu mphepo. Ici cikulutilira kufundiska caro capasi pacoko pacoko, kwiziska kufunda kwa caro cose na kusintha kwa nyengo. ==== Kunanga Malo ==== Kunanga malo, kuŵapo kwa vinthu viheni mu malo ivyo vikwiziska vyakufumapo viheni, kungaŵa kuti kukaŵako kale mu Ufumu wa Inca. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mtovu pa kusungunuska visulo, pamoza na ng'anjo za dongo izo zikapuzgikanga na mphepo, ndipo ici cikafumiskanga mtovu mu mphepo na mu dongo la milonga. == Filosofi == Filosofi ya luso la vilwero ni cigaŵa ca filosofi ico cikusanda "kacitiro ka kunozga na kupanga vinthu", na "kawiro ka vinthu ivyo vyapangika". Yikamba nga ni cigaŵa ca kasambiro mu vyaka 200 vyaumaliro, ndipo yakura comene kufuma mu ma 1970. Pakwamba, luso la vilwero likawonekanga nga ni kusazgira kwa thupi la munthu ilo likuwerezga panji kukhozga nkhongono za thupi na za mahara. Marx wakaliwona nga ni cilwero ico ŵakapitalisti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kusuzga ŵantchito, kweni wakagomezganga kuti luso la vilwero lizamuŵa nkhongono ya wanangwa para "lawuskika ku kunangika kwa wupu wa ŵanthu". Ŵapenda vinjeru ŵa nyengo yaciŵiri nga ni Ortega ŵakasintha kulaŵiska umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ŵakuti luso la vilwero lingasuzga "nanga ni ŵasambazi awo ŵakawonekanga kuŵa ŵaneco". Ŵapenda vinjeru ŵa nyengo yacitatu nga ni Don Ihde na Albert Borgmann ŵakulaŵiska umo ŵanthu ŵangasambira kukhala na luso la vilwero. Kusanda kwakwamba kwa luso la vilwero kukagaŵika pakati pa maghanoghano ghaŵiri: lakuti luso la vilwero likusimikizga wupu wa ŵanthu, na lakuti wupu wa ŵanthu ndiwo ukupanga luso la vilwero. Ghakwamba ghakuti luso la vilwero likwiziska kusintha kwa wupu wa ŵanthu uko kungagegeka yayi, ndipo kuluta panthazi kwake kukulondezga nthowa ya kawiro iyo yingakanizgika yayi. Ghaciŵiri ghakuti luso la vilwero lilije nthowa ya kawiro, ndipo likupangika na midawuko, malango, ndyali, na vyacuma. Kusanda kwa mazuŵa ghano kwasintha kulaŵiska ndondomeko za ŵanthu na luso pamoza, "kawunjikiro ka vinthu, ŵanthu, kacitiro, na ng'anamulo". Mususki wa midawuko Neil Postman wakapatula mawupu gha ŵanthu agho ghakugwiliskira ntchito vilwero, mawupu gha luso la vilwero, na ivyo wakachema "technopolies", mawupu agho ghakulongozgeka na maghanoghano gha kuluta panthazi kwa luso na kasandiro kwambura kulaŵiska midawuko yinyake na makhalidwe. Herbert Marcuse na John Zerzan ŵakuti wupu wa luso la vilwero uzamutora wanangwa na uchanda wa mahara wa ŵanthu. == Makhalidwe == Makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero ni cigaŵa ca kasandiro ka makhalidwe ico cikupenda vyakufumapo vya makhalidwe vya luso la vilwero na kupenja nthowa za kucepeska viheni vya luso liphya. Pali nkhani zinandi za makhalidwe pa luso la vilwero, kufuma ku nkhani izo zikukhwaska ŵantchito ŵa luso mpaka ku nkhani zikulu za wupu wa ŵanthu, makhalidwe, na dango. Mphindano zikulu zaŵa pa vyamoyo vyakusintha vyakuhara, kagwiliskiro ka maroboti gha nkhondo, kupendelera kwa ndondomeko za makompyuta, na kukoleranya nkhalo ya vinjeru vyakupangika na makhalidwe gha ŵanthu. Makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero ghali na vigaŵa vinandi: makhalidwe gha vyamoyo ghakulaŵiska nkhani za luso la vyamoyo na ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano; makhalidwe gha makompyuta; makhalidwe gha intaneti, nga ni wanangwa wa maghanoghano, kubisika kwa mauthenga, na kukanizga mauthenga; makhalidwe gha luso la vinthu vicoko comene; na makhalidwe gha ŵazengi ŵa vilwero, kusazgapo ŵapangi ŵa vilwerovipepu na udindo wawo ku ŵanthu. Cigaŵa cikulu ca makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero cikukhwaskana na makhalidwe gha vinjeru vyakupangika: makhalidwe gha maroboti, na kusimikizga nkhalo yiwemi ya vinjeru vyakupangika. Masuzgo ghakulu ghambura kumazgika ni kusimikizga kuti vinjeru vyakupangika vikucita ivyo ŵapangi ŵawo ŵakukhumba, na kucepeska kupendelera. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵacenjezga za ngozi ya vinjeru vyakupangika kuwusa ŵanthu. == Kusanda Vyamunthazi == Kusanda vyamunthazi ni kusanda kuluta panthazi kwa wupu wa ŵanthu na kwa luso la vilwero. Kukukhumba kupenda vyamunthazi ivyo vingacitika na kusazgamo makhalidwe gha ŵanthu pa kupanga luso liphya. Kukuthemba kupenda kwa manambala na kwa kulongosora kwa nthowa za luso la vilwero za kale na za sono, na kuyezga kulongolera ivyo vizamucitika. Nkhani zakupeka za kasandiro kanandi zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni kasupe wa maghanoghano. === Ngozi ya Kumalira kwa Ŵanthu === Ŵasandi ŵa ngozi iyi ŵakupenda ngozi izo zingamaliska ŵanthu panji kunanga midawuko, ndipo ŵakupenja nthowa za kuzizipizga. Luso la munthazi lingasazgira ngozi ya vinjeru vyakupangika vikulu, nkhondo za vyamoyo, nkhondo ya nyukiliya, na kusintha kwa nyengo, nangauli lingovwira so kuvikilira kutimbana kwa malibwe gha mlengalenga. Mu 2019, mupenda vinjeru Nick Bostrom wakanjizga ghanoghano la caro ca ngozi, "umo pali kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero uko midawuko yizamunangika", ndipo wakapempha ŵapangi ŵa ndondomeko kukayikira ghanoghano lakuti kuluta panthazi kwa luso nkhwiwemi nyengo zose. == Luso Liphya == Luso liphya ni luso ilo kupangika panji kagwiliskiro kake kakuwoneka kandafiskike. Likusazgapo luso la vinthu vicoko comene, luso la vyamoyo, maroboti, kudinda vinthu vya mbali zitatu, na ''blockchain''. Mu 2005, Ray Kurzweil wakati kusintha kwakulondezga kwa luso la vilwero kuzamuthemba vyakuhara, luso la vinthu vicoko comene, na maroboti, ndipo maroboti ndigho ghazamukhwaska comene. Kusintha vyakuhara kuzamuzomerezga kulongozga comene kawiro ka thupi la munthu. Ŵanyake ŵakofya kuti ici cingiziska kupambanyizga ŵanthu kukulu. Luso la vinthu vicoko comene lizamuzomerezga kusintha vinthu pa ukulu wa vimenyu, ndipo maroboti ghacoko comene ghangagwiliskirika ntchito mu thupi la munthu kunanga tumaselo twa kansa. Maroboti agho ghakugwira ntchito ghekha ghaluta panthazi luŵiro, ndipo ghakulindilirika kutora malo gha ŵanthu pa ntchito zinandi za ngozi, kusazgapo kupenja na kuponoska ŵanthu, kuzimiska moto, na nkhondo. Maghanoghano pa kwiza kwa vinjeru vyakupangika vya pose ghakupambana, kweni hafu ya ŵakumanya awo ŵakafumbika mu 2018 ŵakugomezga kuti vinjeru vyakupangika "vizamucita ntchito yiliyose makola na mwambura kudura" kuluska ŵanthu pofika 2063. Kusoŵa ntchito uku kwapangiska ŵanthu kupempha kusambizga kunandi kwa makompyuta na mphindano pa ndalama ya pasi ya ŵanthu wose. == Magulu gha Maghanoghano == === Luso Lakwenelera === Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu ma 1960 ghakaleka kutemwa umoyo wa mu misumba ndipo ghakatemwa luso la vilwero la malo agho, ilo lingakhalilira, lakuchemeka luso lakwenelera. === Kugomezga Luso la Vilwero === Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero ni ciwemi ndipo kungiziska wupu wa ŵanthu uwemi comene umo malango na ulongozgi vikuteŵetera ŵanthu wose. Vilato vyawo vikusazgapo vyacuma vyambura kusoŵa, kutalikiska umoyo, na kupanga vinjeru vyakupangika vikulu comene. Magulu ghakulu ni ''transhumanism'' na ''singularitarianism''. Gulu la ''transhumanism'' likuthemba "kusintha kwakulutilira kwa umoyo wa munthu kujumpha mawonekero ghake gha sono" kwizira mu kasandiro na luso la vilwero. Likamanyikwa comene pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Ŵa ''singularitarianism'' ŵakugomezga kuti vinjeru vikulu vya makina vizamusazgira comene luŵiro lwa kuluta panthazi kwa luso, ndipo vingiziska kusintha kwa luŵiro uko ŵanthu ŵangapulikiska yayi. Ici cikuchemeka ''singularity'' ya luso la vilwero. === Kususka Luso la Vilwero === Kuzirwa kwa luso la vilwero mu umoyo wa ŵanthu kwawuska kofya na kususka. Kususka uku nkhwa gulu limoza yayi. Kususka kwakwamba kwakumanyikwa kukaŵa kwa ŵa Luddite, awo ŵakasuskanga makina ghakwamba gha kupanga nsalu. Makina ghakapangiska kuti ŵantchito ŵacoko ŵakhumbikwe. Pakati pa ma 1970 na ma 1990, Ted Kaczynski wakacita kuphulika kunandi mu Amerika ndipo wakapharazga kalata yakususka vyakufumapo viheni vya luso la vilwero pa kawiro na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Magulu ghanyake ghakupempha kuleka luso la vilwero na kuwelera ku kawiro. Gulu la mizi ya malo ghakuzingilizga likukhumba kukoleranya luso la vilwero na kawiro. == Ubale na Kasandiro na Kazengero ka Vilwero == Kazengero ka vilwero ni nthowa iyo luso la vilwero likupangikira. Kanandi kakukhumba kumazga masuzgo mu vikanizgo vikulu. Kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero nkhwa "kucita", apo vinjeru vya kasandiro nvya kulongosora. Mupenda vinjeru wa Poland Henryk Skolimowski wakati: "kasandiro kakukhwaskana na ivyo viliko, luso la vilwero na ivyo vizamuŵako." Usange kasandiro ndiko kakwiziska luso la vilwero panji yayi kwaŵa mphindano. Luso linandi likufuma ku kazengero ka vilwero, kuyezgayezga na mwaŵi, kwambura kuthemba vinjeru vya kasandiro. Mwaciyelezgero, mu ma 1940 na 1950, ma''jet engine'' ghakapangika mwa "kwendeska cilwero mpaka cikunangika, kupenda ico canangika, na kuwerezga". Malongosoro gha kasandiro kanandi ghakuza pamanyuma pa luso la vilwero. Kusanga kunandi kukafuma ku mwaŵi pera, nga ni kusanga ''penicillin''. Kweni luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano likuthemba comene vinjeru vya kasandiro. Kusanda kwa 2021 kukulongora kuti mapangano gha vyakupangika agho ghakuthemba kasandiro ngakuzirwa na magaŵa 26 pa 100 kuluska ghanyake. == Vinyama Vinyake == Kugwiliskira ntchito luso la vilwero lipepuka nako kukuwoneka mu vinyama vinyake. Kale kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero kukawonekanga nga ni cimanyikwiro ca ŵanthu pera. Ghanoghano ili likasintha pamanyuma pa kusanga ukaboni wa kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero mwa ŵankhwele ŵa mtundu wa ''chimpanzee'' na vinyake, ma''dolphin'', na ŵacihoŵe. Mwaciyelezgero, ''chimpanzee'' za mu thengere zikugwiliskira ntchito tumakuni kusodzera nyerere, na malibwe kuphwanya mtedza. Kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ndiyo nthowa yekha yayi; mwaciyelezgero, malinga gha maji agho ma''beaver'' ghakuzenga na makuni panji malibwe ni luso la vilwero ilo likukhwaska comene milonga na malo gha vyamoyo. aakrnr6en9q8hwvp7aqc5t8xhidp219 123728 123716 2026-11-04T13:24:52Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123728 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dampfturbine_Montage01.jpg|alt=Ŵakupanga ŵakugwira ntchito pa turbine ya mvuchi|thumb|Turbine ya mvuchi iyo yili na cakuvikilira cakujulika, ciyelezgero ca luso la vilwero la nkhongono.]] '''Luso la vilwero''' ni kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru vya maghanoghano kuti vilato vya pa umoyo vifiskike, comene mu nthowa iyo yingacitika so kanandi. Lizgu lakuti luso la vilwero lingang'anamula so vinthu ivyo vikufuma mu ntchito iyi, kusazgapo vinthu vyakukhwaskika nga ni vilwero panji makina, na vyambura kukhwaskika nga ni [[Vilwerovipepu|vilwerovipepu]]. Luso la vilwero likugwira ntchito yikulu comene mu [[Kasandiro|kasandiro]], kazengero ka vilwero, na umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero kwiziska kusintha kukulu mu wupu wa ŵanthu. Luso la vilwero lakwamba ilo likumanyikwa ni cilwero ca malibwe, ico cikagwiliskirikanga ntchito pambere mbiri yindalembeke, kulondezgana na kumanya kulaŵilira moto, uko nako kukovwira kukura kwa wongo wa munthu na kupangika kwa ciyowoyero mu Nyengo ya Cisanu, kuyana na ghanoghano la kuphika. Kupangika kwa gudumu mu Nyengo ya Mkuŵa kukazomerezga maulendo ghanandi na kupanga makina ghakusuzga comene. Vyakupangika vya sonosono vya luso la vilwero, kusazgapo makina gha kudindira, [[Lamya|lamya]], na [[Intaneti|intaneti]], vyacepeska vikanizgo vya kuyowoyerana na kwiziska vyacuma vya vinjeru. Nangauli luso la vilwero likovwira kukura kwa vyacuma na kukhozga usambazi wa ŵanthu, lingaŵa so na vyakufumapo viheni nga ni kunanga malo ghakuzingilizga na kumalizga vyuma, ndipo lingiziska masuzgo mu wupu wa ŵanthu nga ni kusoŵa ntchito cifukwa ca makina agho ghakucita ntchito ghekha. Ntheura, mphindano za filosofi na za ndyali pa ntchito na kagwiliskiro ka luso la vilwero, makhalidwe ghake, na nthowa za kucepeska viheni vyake zikulutilira. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''technology'' likwamba pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 1600, ndipo likang'anamulanga "kunozga mwandondomeko" (kufuma ku Cigiriki τέχνη, ''tékhnē'', "luso, mahara gha mawoko" na -λογία, "kusanda, vinjeru"). Pambere pa ici, lizgu la Cigiriki ca kale ''tékhnē'' likagwiliskirikanga ntchito kung'anamula "kumanya kupanga vinthu", ilo likasazgapo ntchito nga ni kazengero ka nyumba. Kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1800, Ŵaulaya ŵakamba kugwiliskira ntchito mazgo ghakuti ''Technik'' (Cijeremani) panji ''technique'' (Cifulenci) kung'anamula "nthowa ya kucitira", iyo yikasazgapo maluso ghose, nga ni kuvina, kwendeska ngalawa, panji kudinda, kwali ghakukhumba vilwero panji yayi. Pa nyengo iyo, ''Technologie'' likang'anamulanga cigaŵa ca kasambiro ico cikusanda "nthowa za maluso", panji cigaŵa ca ndyali "ca kupanga malango gha maluso". Kupambana pakati pa ''Technik'' na ''Technologie'' kulije mu Cingelezi, ntheura ghose ghakang'anamulika kuti ''technology''. Lizgu ili likaŵa lambura kugwiliskirika ntchito kanandi mu Cingelezi, ndipo comene likang'anamulanga cigaŵa ca kasambiro, nga mu Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, cifukwa ca kuluta panthazi kwa kasandiro na Kusintha Kwaciŵiri kwa Mafakitale, luso la vilwero likaleka kuwonekera nga ni cigaŵa ca kasambiro capadera, ndipo likamba kung'anamula: kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru mwandondomeko pa vilato vya umoyo. == Mbiri == === Pambere pa Mbiri Yakulembeka === Vilwero vikapangika dankha na ŵambuye ŵa ŵanthu kwizira mu kulaŵiska na kuyezgayezga. Pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 2 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵakasambira kupanga vilwero vyakwamba vya malibwe mwa kutimba libwe kuti vigaŵa vifume, kupanga mbavi yakuthwa ya woko. Nthowa iyi yikanozgeka vyaka 75,000 ivyo vyajumpha kuŵa nthowa ya kukanikizga, iyo yikazomerezga ntchito yakunozgeka comene. Kusanga moto kukalongosoreka na Charles Darwin nga ni "panyake kusanga kukulu comene ako munthu wandacitepo". Ukaboni wa vya kale, wa vyakulya, na wa ŵanthu ukulongora "kugwiliskira ntchito moto kwakulutilira" pafupifupi vyaka miliyoni 1.5 ivyo vyajumpha. Moto, wa nkhuni na makala, ukazomerezga ŵanthu ŵa kale kuphika vyakulya vyawo kuti vigayike makola, kusazgira vyakukhozga thupi na kusazgira unandi wa vyakulya ivyo vingarika. Ghanoghano la kuphika likuti kumanya kuphika kukasazgira ukulu wa wongo wa ŵambuye ŵa ŵanthu, nangauli ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵakuti ukaboni ndambura kukwana. Ukaboni wa vya kale wa malo gha moto ngwa vyaka 790,000 ivyo vyajumpha; ŵasandi ŵakugomezga kuti ici cikasazgira kukolerana kwa ŵanthu na cingaŵa kuti cikovwira kupangika kwa ciyowoyero. Kuluta panthazi kunyake mu nyengo ya Malibwe gha Kale kukusazgapo vyakuvwara na nyumba. Palije kuzomerezgana pa nyengo iyo vikamba, kweni ŵasandi ŵa vya kale ŵasanga ukaboni wa vyakuvwara vya vyaka 90,000–120,000 ivyo vyajumpha na wa nyumba wa vyaka 450,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Apo nyengo iyi yikalutilira, nyumba zikaŵa zakunozgeka comene; kufuma vyaka 380,000 ivyo vyajumpha, ŵanthu ŵakazenganga vigoŵa vya makuni. Vyakuvwara, ivyo vikapangika na sisi na vipapa vya vinyama vyakusakika, vikovwira ŵanthu kuthandazgika ku malo ghakuzizima; ŵanthu ŵakamba kufuma mu Afilika pafupifupi vyaka 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha, pakwamba kuya ku Yurasiya. === Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya === Kusintha kwa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya (panji Kusintha Kwakwamba kwa Ulimi) kukasazgira luŵiro lwa kupanga vinthu viphya, ndipo kukasazgira kusuzga kwa wupu wa ŵanthu. Kupangika kwa mbavi ya libwe lakunozgeka kukaŵa kuluta panthazi kukulu uko kukazomerezga kudumula nkholongo zikulu na kulima. Ulimi ukalyiska ŵanthu ŵanandi, ndipo kuleka kwendakwenda kukazomerezga kulera ŵana ŵanandi pa nyengo yimoza, cifukwa ŵana ŵakanyamulikanga so yayi. Kweniso, ŵana ŵangovwira ntchito ya kulima kuluska kusaka na kutola. Na kusazgikira kwa ŵanthu na ŵantchito, ntchito zikamba kugaŵika kuyana na luso. Ico cikapangiska kusintha kufuma ku mizi ya Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya kuya ku misumba yakwamba, nga ni Uruk, na midawuko yakwamba, nga ni Sumer, cindamanyikwe makola; kweni kukura kwa wupu wa ŵanthu wa makwelero, ntchito zapadera, malonda na nkhondo pakati pa midawuko ya pafupi, na khumbo la kugwira ntchito pamoza kumazga masuzgo gha malo nga ni kuthilira, vyose vikughanaghanirika kuti vikovwira. Kupangika kwa kulemba kukapangiska kuthandazgika kwa vinjeru vya midawuko ndipo kukaŵa maziko gha mbiri, malo gha mabuku, sukulu, na kusanda kwa kasandiro. Kunozga kwakulutilira kukapangiska ng'anjo na vyakupuzgira moto, ndipo kakwamba ŵanthu ŵakamanya kusungunuska na kufula golide, mkuŵa, siliva, na mtovu, visulo ivyo vikusangika pafupifupi vyakutowa mu kawiro. Uwemi wa vilwero vya mkuŵa kuluska vya malibwe, viwanga, na makuni ukawoneka luŵiro ku ŵanthu ŵa kale, ndipo mkuŵa ungaŵa kuti ukagwiliskirikanga ntchito kufuma pafupi na kwamba kwa Nyengo ya Malibwe Ghaphya (pafupifupi vyaka 10,000 ivyo vyajumpha). Pakumalira, kufula visulo kukapangiska kusanga visulo vyakusazganika nga ni mkuŵa wa bulonzi (pafupifupi 4,000 pambere Khristu). Kugwiliskira ntchito kwakwamba kwa cisulo cakusazganika nga ni ''steel'' kukwamba pafupifupi 1,800 pambere Khristu. === Nyengo ya Kale === Pamanyuma pa kulongozga moto, ŵanthu ŵakasanga nkhongono zinyake. Kagwiliskiro kakwamba kakumanyikwa ka nkhongono ya mphepo ni ngalawa ya ngalanyo; kalembero kakwamba ka ngalawa ya ngalanyo ni ka ngalawa ya mlonga wa Nilo pafupifupi 7,000 pambere Khristu. Kufuma kale, Ŵaeguputo ŵangaŵa kuti ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito nkhongono ya cigumula ca caka ciliconse ca Nilo kuthilira minda yawo, ndipo pacoko pacoko ŵakasambira kucilaŵilira kwizira mu ngalande na madimba ghakuzengeka. Ŵasumeri ŵa kale mu Mesopotamiya ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito ngalande na malinga ghakusuzga kupatula maji kufuma ku milonga ya Tigris na Euphrates pa kuthilira. Ŵasandi ŵa vya kale ŵakughanaghanira kuti gudumu likapangika paŵekha na pa nyengo yimoza mu Mesopotamiya (Iraq ya sono), Caucasus ya Kumpoto, na Ulaya Yapakati. Nyengo yikughanaghanirika kuŵa pakati pa 5,500 na 3,000 pambere Khristu, ndipo ŵakumanya ŵanandi ŵakuyiŵika pafupi na 4,000 pambere Khristu. Vinthu vya kale comene ivyo vili na vithuzi vya magaleta gha magudumu nvya pafupifupi 3,500 pambere Khristu. Sonosono, gudumu la makuni la kale comene lakumanyikwa mu 2024 likasangika mu dambo la Ljubljana mu Slovenia, ndipo ŵakumanya ŵa Austria ŵakasanga kuti lili na vyaka pakati pa 5,100 na 5,350. Kupangika kwa gudumu kukasintha comene malonda na nkhondo. Luŵiro ŵanthu ŵakasanga kuti magaleta gha magudumu ghangagwiliskirika ntchito kunyamula katundu wakuzitika. Ŵasumeri ŵa kale ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito gudumu la ŵaumbi ŵa viŵiya, ndipo ŵangaŵa kuti ndiwo ŵakalipanga. Gudumu la libwe la ŵaumbi ilo likasangika mu msumba wa Uri ndi la pafupifupi 3,429 pambere Khristu. Magudumu gha luŵiro gha ŵaumbi ghakazomerezga kupanga viŵiya vinandi, kweni kagwiliskiro ka gudumu nga ni cakusintha nkhongono (kwizira mu magudumu gha maji, gha mphepo, na gha kuponda) ndiko kukasintha comene kagwiliskiro ka nkhongono zambura kuŵa za ŵanthu. Magaleta ghakwamba gha magudumu ghaŵiri ghakagwiliskirika ntchito dankha mu Mesopotamiya na Iran pafupifupi 3,000 pambere Khristu. Misewu ya kale comene yakuzengeka ni misewu ya malibwe ya msumba wa Uri, ya pafupifupi 4,000 pambere Khristu, na misewu ya makuni iyo yikajumphanga mu madambo gha Glastonbury, mu Ungelezi, ya nyengo yakuyana. Msewu wakwamba utali, uwo ukamba kugwiliskirika ntchito pafupifupi 3,500 pambere Khristu, ukaŵa utali makilomita 2,400 kufuma ku Persian Gulf mpaka ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean, kweni ukazengeka na malibwe yayi. Pafupifupi 2,000 pambere Khristu, Ŵaminoa pa cirwa ca Ŵagiriki ca Krete ŵakazenga msewu wa makilomita 50 kufuma ku nyumba ya fumu ya Gortyn kumwera kwa cirwa, kujumpha mapiri, mpaka ku nyumba ya fumu ya Knossos kumpoto. Kupambana na msewu wa kale, msewu wa Ŵaminoa ukazengeka wose na malibwe. Nyumba za ŵanthu paŵekha za Ŵaminoa ŵa kale zikaŵa na maji ghakwenda. Cakugezeramo cakuyana ndendende na ca mazuŵa ghano cikasangika pa nyumba ya fumu ya Knossos. Nyumba zinyake zikaŵa so na vimbuzi, ivyo vikatozgekanga mwa kuthira maji. Ŵaroma ŵa kale ŵakaŵa na vimbuzi vinandi vya ŵanthu wose, ivyo vikathiranga mu ndondomeko yikulu ya ngalande za vyakunyanyira. Ngalande yikulu mu Roma yikaŵa Cloaca Maxima; kuzengeka kwake kukamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 pambere Khristu, ndipo yicali kugwiliskirika ntchito mazuŵa ghano. Ŵaroma ŵa kale ŵakaŵa so na ndondomeko yakusuzga ya ngalande za maji, izo zikanyamulanga maji mtunda utali. Ngalande yakwamba ya Ŵaroma yikazengeka mu 312 pambere Khristu. Ya khumi na yimoza, yaumaliro, yikazengeka mu 226 mumuwilo wa Khristu. Pamoza, ngalande za Ŵaroma zikaŵa zitali kujumpha makilomita 450, kweni pasi pa makilomita 70 ndipo zikaŵa pacanya pa mtunda na kukhazgika na malinga gha mawonekero gha uta. === Pambere pa Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Kupanga vinthu viphya kukalutilira mu nyengo yapakati, na kupanga silika (mu Asiya ndipo pamanyuma Ulaya), cakukoleka ca hachi pa singo, na nsapato za cisulo za mahachi. Makina ghapepuka (nga ni ''lever'', ''screw'', na ''pulley'') ghakasazganika kupanga vilwero vyakusuzga, nga ni wilibala, magudumu gha mphepo, na mawotchi. Ndondomeko ya mayunivesite yikakura ndipo yikathandazga maghanoghano na kacitiro ka kasandiro, kusazgapo Oxford na Cambridge. Nyengo ya Kuwuka Kwaciŵiri yikapanga vinthu viphya vinandi, kusazgapo kwiza kwa makina gha kudindira gha malembo ghakusamika mu Ulaya, agho ghakapepuska kuthandazgika kwa vinjeru. Luso la vilwero likamba kukhwaskika comene na kasandiro, ndipo ici cikamba ndondomeko ya kovwirana kuluta panthazi. === Nyengo ya Mazuŵa Ghano === Kwamba mu Ufumu Ubanyi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700, kusanga nkhongono ya mvuci kukamba Kusintha kwa Mafakitale, uko kukawona kusanga kunandi kwa luso la vilwero, comene mu ulimi, kupanga vinthu, migodi, kufula visulo, na mayendero, na kuthandazgika kwa ndondomeko ya mafakitale. Ici cikalondezgeka vyaka 100 pamanyuma na Kusintha Kwaciŵiri kwa Mafakitale, uko kukapangiska kusanga luŵiro kwa kasandiro, kupanga vinthu mwakuyana, na kupanga vinthu vinandi. Luso liphya likapangika, kusazgapo ndondomeko za ngalande za vyakunyanyira, magesi, mababu gha magesi, injini za magesi, njanji za sitima, magalimoto, na ndege. Kuluta panthazi uku kukapangiska kukura kukulu mu kasandiro ka ucizgi, usungunu, kusanda mendero, na kazengero ka vilwero. Kukapelekezgeka na kusintha kukulu mu wupu wa ŵanthu, na kwiza kwa nyumba zitali comene pamoza na kukura luŵiro kwa misumba. Kuyowoyerana kukanozgeka na kupangika kwa telegilafu, lamya, wayilesi, na wayilesi ya kanema. Vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikiziska vinthu viphya vinandi. Mu kusanda mendero, kusanga kugaŵika kwa mtima wa vimenyu mu Nyengo ya Vimenyu kukapangiska vilwero vya nkhondo vya nyukiliya na nkhongono ya nyukiliya. Makompyuta gha ''analog'' ghakapangika ndipo ghakawusa pa kupenda mauthenga ghakusuzga. Nangauli kupangika kwa ma''vacuum tube'' kukazomerezga makompyuta gha digito nga ni ENIAC, ukulu wawo ukakanizga kagwiliskiro kanandi mpaka ''transistor'' yikapangika mu 1947, iyo yikacepeska comene makompyuta na kwiziska kusintha kwa digito. Luso la vilwero vya uthenga, comene ulusi wa ungweru, likazomerezga kuyowoyerana kupepuka na kwa luŵiro kutali, ndipo likiziska Nyengo ya Uthenga na kubabika kwa intaneti. Nyengo ya Mlengalenga yikamba na kutumika kwa Sputnik 1 mu 1957, ndipo pamanyuma maulendo gha ŵanthu ku mwezi mu ma 1960. Ntchito zakunozgeka za kupenja vinjeru vya kuwaro kwa caro capasi zagwiliskira ntchito vilaŵiskiro vya kutali vya wayilesi kupenja vimanyikwiro vya luso la vilwero ivyo vikufuma ku midawuko ya kunyake. Mu ucizgi, luso liphya likapangika pa kupima nthenda (kujambura thupi na CT, PET, na MRI), kucizga (nga ni makina gha kutozga ndopa, gha kuwuska mtima, na mankhwala ghaphya ghanandi), na kusanda. Nthowa zakusuzga za kupanga na kuzenga, na mawupu, ni vyakukhumbikwa kupanga na kusunga luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano, ndipo mafakitale ghose ghapangika kupanga vilwero vyakusuzga comene. Luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano likuthemba comene kusambizga; ŵakulinozga, ŵakulizenga, ŵakulisunga, na ŵakuligwiliskira ntchito kanandi ŵakukhumba kusambira kukulu. Kweniso, luso ili laŵa lakusuzga comene mwakuti vigaŵa vyose vya kasambiro vyapangika kulikhozga, kusazgapo kazengero ka vilwero, kasandiro ka ucizgi, na kasandiro ka makompyuta; ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vyaŵa vyakusuzga comene, nga ni kuzenga, mayendero, na kazengero ka nyumba. == Vyakufumapo == Kusintha kwa luso la vilwero ndico cifukwa cikulu comene ca kukura kwa vyacuma kwa nyengo yitali. Mu mbiri yose ya ŵanthu, kupanga nkhongono ndiko kukaŵa cikanizgo cikulu ca kukura kwa vyacuma, ndipo luso liphya likazomerezga ŵanthu kusazgira comene nkhongono iyo yikaŵako. Pakwamba pakiza moto, uwo ukapangiska vyakulya vinandi kurika, na kugaya kwambura kusuzga. Moto ukazomerezga so kusungunuska visulo na kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero vya ''tin'', mkuŵa, na cisulo, pa kusaka panji pa ntchito za luso. Pamanyuma pakiza kusintha kwa ulimi: ŵanthu ŵakakhumbanga so kusaka panji kutola kuti ŵapone yayi, ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu mizi na misumba, kupanga mawupu gha ŵanthu ghakusuzga, na ŵankhondo na visopa vyakunozgeka. Luso la vilwero lovwira umoyo wa ŵanthu kwizira mu usambazi, kupepuka kwa umoyo, na kuluta panthazi kwa ucizgi, kweni lingasokonezga so makwelero gha wupu wa ŵanthu, kunanga malo ghakuzingilizga, na kupweteka ŵanthu panji magulu. Mu vyaka vya sonosono, nthowa za kuyowoyerana pa intaneti zaŵa zakuzirwa comene mu midawuko, ndipo zingakhwaska ulongozgi wa ŵanthu, vyacuma, na umoyo wa wupu wa ŵanthu. Pakwamba, intaneti yikawonekanga nga ni "luso la wanangwa" ilo lingathandazga vinjeru ku wose, kupepuska kufikira kasambiro, na kukhozga ulongozgi wa ŵanthu. Kusanda kwa mazuŵa ghano kwazgokera ku kusanda viheni vya intaneti, kusazgapo mauthenga ghautesi, kugaŵana kwa ŵanthu, mazgo gha cidani, na kuthandazga maghanoghano gha ndyali. Kufuma mu ma 1970, vyakufumapo vya luso la vilwero pa malo ghakuzingilizga vyasuskika, ndipo ici capangiska kusazgikira kwa ndalama mu nkhongono za zuŵa, mphepo, na nkhongono zinyake zakutowa. === Pa Wupu wa Ŵanthu === ==== Ntchito ==== Kufuma pa kupangika kwa gudumu, luso la vilwero lovwira kusazgira vyakupangika vya ŵanthu. Makina gha kale ghakatora malo gha ŵantchito na kuŵovwira; makina ghakatora malo gha ŵanthu pa ntchito zinyake za malipiro ghacoko (mwaciyelezgero, mu ulimi), kweni ntchito ziphya za malipiro ghakulu zikapangika. Kusanda kwasanga kuti makompyuta ghandapangiske kusoŵa ntchito kukulu. Cifukwa [[Vinjeru vyakupangika|vinjeru vyakupangika]] vili na nkhongono zikulu comene kuluska makompyuta, ndipo vicali viphya, palije kumanya usange vizamulondezga nthowa yakuyana; nkhani iyi yayowoyeka comene na ŵasandi ŵa vyacuma na ŵapangi ŵa ndondomeko. Kufumba kwa mu 2017 kukasanga kuti ŵasandi ŵa vyacuma ŵakazomerezgana yayi usange vinjeru vyakupangika vizamusazgira kusoŵa ntchito kwa nyengo yitali. Kuyana na lipoti la World Economic Forum la 2020, vinjeru vyakupangika vikulongolereka kutora malo gha ntchito miliyoni 85 pa caro cose na kupanga ntchito ziphya miliyoni 97 pofika 2025. Kufuma 1990 mpaka 2007, kusanda kwa Daron Acemoglu wa MIT mu U.S. kukalongora kuti kusazga roboti limoza pa ŵantchito 1,000 kukacepeska unandi wa ŵanthu ŵakugwira ntchito na magaŵa 0.2 pa 100, panji ŵantchito pafupifupi 3.3, na kucepeska malipiro na magaŵa 0.42 pa 100. Kweni kofya kuti luso la vilwero lingatora malo gha ŵantchito kwaŵa kwa nyengo yitali. Nga umo Pulezidenti wa U.S. Lyndon Johnson wakayowoyera mu 1964, "Luso la vilwero likutipa mwaŵi uphya na udindo uphya, mwaŵi wa kupanga vinandi na kuluta panthazi; udindo wa kusimikizga kuti palije muntchito panji mbumba iyo yikulipira mtengo wambura urunji pa kuluta panthazi." ==== Civikiliro ==== Apo ŵanthu ŵakuthemba comene luso la vilwero, pali kofya pa civikiliro na pa kusunga mauthenga gha munthu mwakubisika. Ŵanthu mabiliyoni ŵakugwiliskira ntchito nthowa zakupambana za kulipira pa intaneti kutumizga ndalama. Nangauli pali ndondomeko za civikiliro, ŵapokwa ŵanyake ŵangazijumpha. Mu Masika 2022, Korea ya Kumpoto yikagwiliskira ntchito nthowa yinyake ya kubisa kusinthana kwa ndalama za pa intaneti kuti yibise ndalama zakujumpha madola miliyoni 20.5 na kwiba ndalama zakujumpha madola miliyoni 600 kufuma ku mwenecho wa sewero linyake. Cifukwa ca ici, Unduna wa Ndalama wa U.S. ukalanga nthowa iyi. Kubisika kwa ndalama za pa intaneti kuli mphindano: ŵanandi ŵakutemwa kubisika uku, kweni ŵanandi ŵakuti pakwenera kuŵa kuŵa pakweru na kukhazikika. === Pa Malo Ghakuzingilizga === Luso la vilwero lingaŵa na vyakufumapo viwemi na viheni pa malo ghakuzingilizga. Luso la malo ghakuzingilizga likulongosora luso lakupambana ilo likuyezga kuwezgera, kucepeska, panji kuleka kunangika kwa malo ghakuzingilizga. Ici cingasazgapo ndondomeko za kuleka kunanga malo kwizira mu malango, kukora na kusunga vyakunanga, panji kugwiliskira ntchito vyakusyala vyakunanga mu mafakitale ghanyake. Luso liphya mu cigaŵa ca kusintha nyengo lingaleka panji kuwezgera kufunda kwa caro cose, nangauli ici cicali mphindano yikulu. Apo luso la vilwero lakura, ndimo vyakufumapo viheni pa malo ghakuzingilizga vyasazgikira, na kufumiska kunandi kwa mphepo zakusunga kufunda, kusazgapo metheni na kaboni dayokisayidi, mu mphepo. Ici cikulutilira kufundiska caro capasi pacoko pacoko, kwiziska kufunda kwa caro cose na kusintha kwa nyengo. ==== Kunanga Malo ==== Kunanga malo, kuŵapo kwa vinthu viheni mu malo ivyo vikwiziska vyakufumapo viheni, kungaŵa kuti kukaŵako kale mu Ufumu wa Inca. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mtovu pa kusungunuska visulo, pamoza na ng'anjo za dongo izo zikapuzgikanga na mphepo, ndipo ici cikafumiskanga mtovu mu mphepo na mu dongo la milonga. == Filosofi == Filosofi ya luso la vilwero ni cigaŵa ca filosofi ico cikusanda "kacitiro ka kunozga na kupanga vinthu", na "kawiro ka vinthu ivyo vyapangika". Yikamba nga ni cigaŵa ca kasambiro mu vyaka 200 vyaumaliro, ndipo yakura comene kufuma mu ma 1970. Pakwamba, luso la vilwero likawonekanga nga ni kusazgira kwa thupi la munthu ilo likuwerezga panji kukhozga nkhongono za thupi na za mahara. Marx wakaliwona nga ni cilwero ico ŵakapitalisti ŵakugwiliskira ntchito kusuzga ŵantchito, kweni wakagomezganga kuti luso la vilwero lizamuŵa nkhongono ya wanangwa para "lawuskika ku kunangika kwa wupu wa ŵanthu". Ŵapenda vinjeru ŵa nyengo yaciŵiri nga ni Ortega ŵakasintha kulaŵiska umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, ŵakuti luso la vilwero lingasuzga "nanga ni ŵasambazi awo ŵakawonekanga kuŵa ŵaneco". Ŵapenda vinjeru ŵa nyengo yacitatu nga ni Don Ihde na Albert Borgmann ŵakulaŵiska umo ŵanthu ŵangasambira kukhala na luso la vilwero. Kusanda kwakwamba kwa luso la vilwero kukagaŵika pakati pa maghanoghano ghaŵiri: lakuti luso la vilwero likusimikizga wupu wa ŵanthu, na lakuti wupu wa ŵanthu ndiwo ukupanga luso la vilwero. Ghakwamba ghakuti luso la vilwero likwiziska kusintha kwa wupu wa ŵanthu uko kungagegeka yayi, ndipo kuluta panthazi kwake kukulondezga nthowa ya kawiro iyo yingakanizgika yayi. Ghaciŵiri ghakuti luso la vilwero lilije nthowa ya kawiro, ndipo likupangika na midawuko, malango, ndyali, na vyacuma. Kusanda kwa mazuŵa ghano kwasintha kulaŵiska ndondomeko za ŵanthu na luso pamoza, "kawunjikiro ka vinthu, ŵanthu, kacitiro, na ng'anamulo". Mususki wa midawuko Neil Postman wakapatula mawupu gha ŵanthu agho ghakugwiliskira ntchito vilwero, mawupu gha luso la vilwero, na ivyo wakachema "technopolies", mawupu agho ghakulongozgeka na maghanoghano gha kuluta panthazi kwa luso na kasandiro kwambura kulaŵiska midawuko yinyake na makhalidwe. Herbert Marcuse na John Zerzan ŵakuti wupu wa luso la vilwero uzamutora wanangwa na uchanda wa mahara wa ŵanthu. == Makhalidwe == Makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero ni cigaŵa ca kasandiro ka makhalidwe ico cikupenda vyakufumapo vya makhalidwe vya luso la vilwero na kupenja nthowa za kucepeska viheni vya luso liphya. Pali nkhani zinandi za makhalidwe pa luso la vilwero, kufuma ku nkhani izo zikukhwaska ŵantchito ŵa luso mpaka ku nkhani zikulu za wupu wa ŵanthu, makhalidwe, na dango. Mphindano zikulu zaŵa pa vyamoyo vyakusintha vyakuhara, kagwiliskiro ka maroboti gha nkhondo, kupendelera kwa ndondomeko za makompyuta, na kukoleranya nkhalo ya vinjeru vyakupangika na makhalidwe gha ŵanthu. Makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero ghali na vigaŵa vinandi: makhalidwe gha vyamoyo ghakulaŵiska nkhani za luso la vyamoyo na ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano; makhalidwe gha makompyuta; makhalidwe gha intaneti, nga ni wanangwa wa maghanoghano, kubisika kwa mauthenga, na kukanizga mauthenga; makhalidwe gha luso la vinthu vicoko comene; na makhalidwe gha ŵazengi ŵa vilwero, kusazgapo ŵapangi ŵa vilwerovipepu na udindo wawo ku ŵanthu. Cigaŵa cikulu ca makhalidwe gha luso la vilwero cikukhwaskana na makhalidwe gha vinjeru vyakupangika: makhalidwe gha maroboti, na kusimikizga nkhalo yiwemi ya vinjeru vyakupangika. Masuzgo ghakulu ghambura kumazgika ni kusimikizga kuti vinjeru vyakupangika vikucita ivyo ŵapangi ŵawo ŵakukhumba, na kucepeska kupendelera. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵacenjezga za ngozi ya vinjeru vyakupangika kuwusa ŵanthu. == Kusanda Vyamunthazi == Kusanda vyamunthazi ni kusanda kuluta panthazi kwa wupu wa ŵanthu na kwa luso la vilwero. Kukukhumba kupenda vyamunthazi ivyo vingacitika na kusazgamo makhalidwe gha ŵanthu pa kupanga luso liphya. Kukuthemba kupenda kwa manambala na kwa kulongosora kwa nthowa za luso la vilwero za kale na za sono, na kuyezga kulongolera ivyo vizamucitika. Nkhani zakupeka za kasandiro kanandi zikugwiliskirika ntchito nga ni kasupe wa maghanoghano. === Ngozi ya Kumalira kwa Ŵanthu === Ŵasandi ŵa ngozi iyi ŵakupenda ngozi izo zingamaliska ŵanthu panji kunanga midawuko, ndipo ŵakupenja nthowa za kuzizipizga. Luso la munthazi lingasazgira ngozi ya vinjeru vyakupangika vikulu, nkhondo za vyamoyo, nkhondo ya nyukiliya, na kusintha kwa nyengo, nangauli lingovwira so kuvikilira kutimbana kwa malibwe gha mlengalenga. Mu 2019, mupenda vinjeru Nick Bostrom wakanjizga ghanoghano la caro ca ngozi, "umo pali kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero uko midawuko yizamunangika", ndipo wakapempha ŵapangi ŵa ndondomeko kukayikira ghanoghano lakuti kuluta panthazi kwa luso nkhwiwemi nyengo zose. == Luso Liphya == Luso liphya ni luso ilo kupangika panji kagwiliskiro kake kakuwoneka kandafiskike. Likusazgapo luso la vinthu vicoko comene, luso la vyamoyo, maroboti, kudinda vinthu vya mbali zitatu, na ''blockchain''. Mu 2005, Ray Kurzweil wakati kusintha kwakulondezga kwa luso la vilwero kuzamuthemba vyakuhara, luso la vinthu vicoko comene, na maroboti, ndipo maroboti ndigho ghazamukhwaska comene. Kusintha vyakuhara kuzamuzomerezga kulongozga comene kawiro ka thupi la munthu. Ŵanyake ŵakofya kuti ici cingiziska kupambanyizga ŵanthu kukulu. Luso la vinthu vicoko comene lizamuzomerezga kusintha vinthu pa ukulu wa vimenyu, ndipo maroboti ghacoko comene ghangagwiliskirika ntchito mu thupi la munthu kunanga tumaselo twa kansa. Maroboti agho ghakugwira ntchito ghekha ghaluta panthazi luŵiro, ndipo ghakulindilirika kutora malo gha ŵanthu pa ntchito zinandi za ngozi, kusazgapo kupenja na kuponoska ŵanthu, kuzimiska moto, na nkhondo. Maghanoghano pa kwiza kwa vinjeru vyakupangika vya pose ghakupambana, kweni hafu ya ŵakumanya awo ŵakafumbika mu 2018 ŵakugomezga kuti vinjeru vyakupangika "vizamucita ntchito yiliyose makola na mwambura kudura" kuluska ŵanthu pofika 2063. Kusoŵa ntchito uku kwapangiska ŵanthu kupempha kusambizga kunandi kwa makompyuta na mphindano pa ndalama ya pasi ya ŵanthu wose. == Magulu gha Maghanoghano == === Luso Lakwenelera === Magulu ghanyake gha ŵanthu ŵa mu ma 1960 ghakaleka kutemwa umoyo wa mu misumba ndipo ghakatemwa luso la vilwero la malo agho, ilo lingakhalilira, lakuchemeka luso lakwenelera. === Kugomezga Luso la Vilwero === Ŵanyake ŵakugomezga kuti kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero ni ciwemi ndipo kungiziska wupu wa ŵanthu uwemi comene umo malango na ulongozgi vikuteŵetera ŵanthu wose. Vilato vyawo vikusazgapo vyacuma vyambura kusoŵa, kutalikiska umoyo, na kupanga vinjeru vyakupangika vikulu comene. Magulu ghakulu ni ''transhumanism'' na ''singularitarianism''. Gulu la ''transhumanism'' likuthemba "kusintha kwakulutilira kwa umoyo wa munthu kujumpha mawonekero ghake gha sono" kwizira mu kasandiro na luso la vilwero. Likamanyikwa comene pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000. Ŵa ''singularitarianism'' ŵakugomezga kuti vinjeru vikulu vya makina vizamusazgira comene luŵiro lwa kuluta panthazi kwa luso, ndipo vingiziska kusintha kwa luŵiro uko ŵanthu ŵangapulikiska yayi. Ici cikuchemeka ''singularity'' ya luso la vilwero. === Kususka Luso la Vilwero === Kuzirwa kwa luso la vilwero mu umoyo wa ŵanthu kwawuska kofya na kususka. Kususka uku nkhwa gulu limoza yayi. Kususka kwakwamba kwakumanyikwa kukaŵa kwa ŵa Luddite, awo ŵakasuskanga makina ghakwamba gha kupanga nsalu. Makina ghakapangiska kuti ŵantchito ŵacoko ŵakhumbikwe. Pakati pa ma 1970 na ma 1990, Ted Kaczynski wakacita kuphulika kunandi mu Amerika ndipo wakapharazga kalata yakususka vyakufumapo viheni vya luso la vilwero pa kawiro na wanangwa wa ŵanthu. Magulu ghanyake ghakupempha kuleka luso la vilwero na kuwelera ku kawiro. Gulu la mizi ya malo ghakuzingilizga likukhumba kukoleranya luso la vilwero na kawiro. == Ubale na Kasandiro na Kazengero ka Vilwero == Kazengero ka vilwero ni nthowa iyo luso la vilwero likupangikira. Kanandi kakukhumba kumazga masuzgo mu vikanizgo vikulu. Kuluta panthazi kwa luso la vilwero nkhwa "kucita", apo vinjeru vya kasandiro nvya kulongosora. Mupenda vinjeru wa Poland Henryk Skolimowski wakati: "kasandiro kakukhwaskana na ivyo viliko, luso la vilwero na ivyo vizamuŵako." Usange kasandiro ndiko kakwiziska luso la vilwero panji yayi kwaŵa mphindano. Luso linandi likufuma ku kazengero ka vilwero, kuyezgayezga na mwaŵi, kwambura kuthemba vinjeru vya kasandiro. Mwaciyelezgero, mu ma 1940 na 1950, ma''jet engine'' ghakapangika mwa "kwendeska cilwero mpaka cikunangika, kupenda ico canangika, na kuwerezga". Malongosoro gha kasandiro kanandi ghakuza pamanyuma pa luso la vilwero. Kusanga kunandi kukafuma ku mwaŵi pera, nga ni kusanga ''penicillin''. Kweni luso la vilwero la mazuŵa ghano likuthemba comene vinjeru vya kasandiro. Kusanda kwa 2021 kukulongora kuti mapangano gha vyakupangika agho ghakuthemba kasandiro ngakuzirwa na magaŵa 26 pa 100 kuluska ghanyake. == Vinyama Vinyake == Kugwiliskira ntchito luso la vilwero lipepuka nako kukuwoneka mu vinyama vinyake. Kale kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero kukawonekanga nga ni cimanyikwiro ca ŵanthu pera. Ghanoghano ili likasintha pamanyuma pa kusanga ukaboni wa kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero mwa ŵankhwele ŵa mtundu wa ''chimpanzee'' na vinyake, ma''dolphin'', na ŵacihoŵe. Mwaciyelezgero, ''chimpanzee'' za mu thengere zikugwiliskira ntchito tumakuni kusodzera nyerere, na malibwe kuphwanya mtedza. Kugwiliskira ntchito vilwero ndiyo nthowa yekha yayi; mwaciyelezgero, malinga gha maji agho ma''beaver'' ghakuzenga na makuni panji malibwe ni luso la vilwero ilo likukhwaska comene milonga na malo gha vyamoyo. 4ks3hpfsgjlb6k7gxvscqud3kbjpci6 0 6875 123980 122470 2026-11-04T23:14:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Boma | zina = Boma la Ntchisi | mapu (mndozgi) = MW-Ntchisi.png | chalo = [[Malaŵi]] | chigaŵa = [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] | msumba ukulu = [[Ntchisi]] | ukulu wa malo = 1 655 | ŵanthu = 167 880 | year = }} '''Ntchisi''' ni boma ilo likusangika mu [[Chigaŵa cha Pakati]] mu charu cha [[Malaŵi]]. == Malo ghakupambanapambana == Chigaŵa cha Ntchisi chili na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 128. Chigaŵa chose ichi chili pa mtunda wa mamita 1,300 na 1,700 pachanya pa nyanja. Pafupifupi hafu ya chigaŵa ichi (ku mpoto na kumanjiliro gha dazi) yili na mapiri, ndipo hafu yinyake (kumwera na kumafumiro gha dazi) njakukhora. Kutentha kwapakati ndi pafupifupi madigiri 20 Celsius.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ittransport.co.uk/documents/Rural%20Accessibilityand%20Mobility%20in%20Malawi.pdf|title=Rural Accessibility and Mobility in Malawi.pdf|last=|first=|date=30 November 2005|website=iTransport|publisher=|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814032628/http://ittransport.co.uk/documents/Rural%20Accessibilityand%20Mobility%20in%20Malawi.pdf|archive-date=14 August 2006}}</ref> == Chuma == Vyamuminda na vyakurya vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora. Makuni, kununkhira, na kuliska viŵeto ni vigaŵa vinyake, cifukwa mu vyaru ivi muli viŵeto vicoko comene ndipo boma likulemba nchito ŵanthu ŵanandi. Paumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵanthu 75 pa 100 ŵakaŵa ŵakavu. Chigaŵa ichi (na chalo) chapokelera wovwiri wa mitundu yinandi kufuma ku mawupu ghanandi, kusazgapo [[European Union]], DFID, African Development Bank, UNICEF na World Health Organization.<ref name=":0" /> == Vinthu ivyo vikukhwaska umoyo == Kafukufuku munyake uyo wakacitika mu 1989, wakalongora kuti pa ŵana 1,000, 28 ŵakafwanga, ndipo awo ŵakapona ŵakaŵavya vyakutozgera. Wupu wa UNICEF wachita milimo yinandi mu chigaŵa ichi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UIN08E/UIN08E15.HTM|title=Characteristics of the areas to be studied: Malawi's rural areas and needs|website=archive.unu.edu|access-date=2016-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116231345/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UIN08E/UIN08E15.HTM|archive-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Ŵanthu == Pa nyengo ya kalembera wa chalo cha Malawi wa 2018, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu mu chigaŵa cha Ntchisi kuyana na mafuko chikaŵa nga ni:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf 2018 Malawi Population and Housing Census Main Report]</ref> * 97.9% ŴaChewa * 0.9% ŴaNgoni * 0.4% ŴaTumbuka * 0.3% ŴaLomwe * 0.3% ŴaYao * 0.1% ŴaTonga == Maofesi gha boma == Mu chigaŵa cha Ntchisi muli vigaŵa vinayi vya National Assembly: * Ntchisi ️East * Ntchisi ️Kumpoto * Ntchisi ️North East * Ntchisi ️Kumwera Kwambira pa mavoti gha 2009 vyalo vinandi (kupatula Ntchisi North East, uko kuli mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party) vyaŵa vya mamembala gha Malawi Congress Party.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160602235954/http://www.parliament.gov.mw/mps.php?mode=wd&dis=Ntchisi Parliament of Malawi – Members of Parliament – Ntchisi District]</ref> == Ulendo == Cinthu cikuru ico cikukopa ŵanthu ni nkhorongo ya Ntchisi Mountain Forest Reserve iyo yili pa mapiri gha Ntchisi. Paliso malo ghakusungirako ŵalendo agho ghali kupangikira ŵalendo ŵa ku vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malawitourism.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=15|title=Ntchisi Forest Reserve {{!}} Malawi Tourism {{!}} Malawi Safari {{!}} Malawi Attractions|website=www.malawitourism.com|access-date=2016-11-16}}</ref> == Maukaboni == <references/> {{Vigaŵa na maboma ghamu Malaŵi}} [[Category:Maboma ghamu Malaŵi]] dyofoyqvgef74flb78l8w9n83c1n2e4 3 6887 123985 123641 2026-11-05T02:56:41Z ~2026-58644-66 12472 /* tumbuka concerns */ new section 123985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> [[File:Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi.svg|none|thumb]] '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == tumbuka concerns == Hello, I am reaching to you because I am here to say i have concerns about the future of this project, along with the Norman wikipedia and wolof wikipedia. you are basically the only active user here. I will write a closure request if this stays for about a month [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58644-66|~2026-58644-66]] ([[User talk:~2026-58644-66|pakuchezgela]]) 02:56, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) 7ysf3dn3di2b1op7jbn2p0hxxwbv1d6 123986 123985 2026-11-05T08:55:33Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* tumbuka concerns */ Zgolo 123986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> [[File:Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi.svg|none|thumb]] '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] == tumbuka concerns == Hello, I am reaching to you because I am here to say i have concerns about the future of this project, along with the Norman wikipedia and wolof wikipedia. you are basically the only active user here. I will write a closure request if this stays for about a month [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58644-66|~2026-58644-66]] ([[User talk:~2026-58644-66|pakuchezgela]]) 02:56, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :Hi, I hope you are okay Viyowoyero vya Malawi. The wiki is having 25 active editors. I don't know what you are talking about. To see if the wiki has active members, you should be checking at: https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers . Currently as you are writing this, User:Anthonymunthali44 who is a native, has 295 edits in the last 30 days, I have 896 edits in the last 30 days, and other many users. :Why are you worried about this wiki, instead of encouraging/urging users to contribute? :The reason why I am calling and think you are user "Viyowoyero vya Malawi" because of your intimidating behavior. Your other accounts on this wiki that looked like somebody else and even delivered remarks on your page are actually your accouns and were blocked on enwiki after a Checkuser. All accounts and IPs come from Australia. :Prove me wrong. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:55, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) 0utax0gj0gty16l3kupq9zvfknivwik 123987 123986 2026-11-05T08:56:32Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 123987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |maxarchivesize = 10 |counter = 1 |algo = old(48h) |archive = User talk:Tumbuka Arch/Archive %(counter)d |minthreadstoarchive = 1 |minthreadsleft = 4 }} {{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=LightCyan|start1=0%|color2=Aqua|start2=20%|color3=DodgerBlue|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=DodgerBlue|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Dofyani pano kuti munitumile uthenga uliwose!}}{{User new message large|textcolor=White|color1=#008000|start1=0%|color2=#007500|start2=50%|color3=#007000|start3=75%|bordersize=1px|bordercolor=#007000|radius=10px|textsize=200%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=[[File:Face-smile.svg|32px|link=|alt=]]|text=Just click here to add a new message!|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch?action=edit&section=new}} <!-- Do not use another URL in this documentation, especially not Special:MyTalk! Someone might copy it from here and think that it works on their talk page... while it only works for THEMSELVES. -->{{User new message large|textcolor=Black|color1=Wheat|start1=0%|color2=Wheat|start2=20%|color3=Wheat|start3=90%|bordersize=2px|bordercolor=Wheat|radius=10px|textsize=150%|rotation=135deg|icon-left=|icon-right=|text={{big|♕}}{{spaces|2}}<u>PLEASE CLICK HERE TO ADD A NEW MESSAGE</u>{{spaces|2}}{{big|♕}}}} {{Tumbuka Arch Talk 2}} {{Archives}} <!--- New sections go at the BOTTOM of the page ---> [[File:Wikimedia Community User Group Malawi.svg|none|thumb]] '''ALL TUMBUKA HISTORY BOOKS''' [https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1XgLgzF3vyXF9NMdLiymx5weR5twXJ4pB?usp=sharing Here] n8e8msb7sdnlobi15sy1zrjio7d468u 0 7134 123722 123648 2026-11-04T13:12:37Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123722 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Arctic Ocean - en.png|thumb|330x330px]] '''Mbwani ya Arctic''' ni yicoko comene na yambura kuzika comene mwa vigaŵa vinkhondi vya [[Mbwani|mbwani]] ya caro cose capasi. Yikuphimba makilomita gha mbali zinayi pafupifupi 14,060,000, ndipo njakuzizima comene kuluska mbwani zose. Wupu wa Pakati pa Vyaro wa Kupima Maji (IHO) ukuyiwona nga ni mbwani, nangauli ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵa mbwani ŵakuyichema Nyanja ya Pakati ya Arctic panji Nyanja ya Mphaka ya Kumpoto. Yalongosoreka so nga ni pafupifupi mlomo wa mlonga wa Mbwani ya Atlantic. Yikuwoneka so nga ni cigaŵa ca kumpoto comene ca mbwani ya caro cose. Mbwani ya Arctic yikusazgapo cigaŵa ca Mphaka ya Kumpoto pakati pa cigaŵa ca kumpoto ca caro capasi, ndipo yikufika kumwera pafupifupi makona 60 kumpoto. Yikuzingilizgika na Yurasiya na Amerika ya Kumpoto, ndipo mphaka zake zikulondezga mawonekero gha malo: Bering Strait ku mbali ya Pacific na mphiri ya pasi pa maji ya Greenland na Scotland ku mbali ya Atlantic. Yikuphimbika pacoko na cisanu ca mbwani caka cose, ndipo pafupifupi yose mu nyengo ya kuzizima. Kufunda na mcere wa pacanya pa Mbwani ya Arctic vikusintha mu nyengo apo cisanu cikusungunuka na kukhwima; mcere wake ngucoko comene pakati pa mbwani zinkhondi zikulu, cifukwa ca kufumbuka kucoko, maji ghawemi ghanandi agho ghakufuma ku milonga, na kukolerana kucoko na mbwani zinyake za mcere unandi. Kucepa kwa cisanu mu nyengo ya kufunda kwayowoyeka kuŵa magaŵa 50 pa 100. Wupu wa U.S. wa Cisanu (NSIDC) ukugwiliskira ntchito ma''satellite'' kupeleka malemba gha zuŵa na zuŵa gha cisanu ca mbwani ya Arctic na luŵiro lwa kusungunuka kwake, ndipo ghakulongora kucepa kwakulutilira kwa cisanu. Mu Lupya 2012, cisanu ca Arctic cikafika pa ucoko uphya wa mbiri. Kuyaniska na unandi wapakati (1979–2000), cisanu ca mbwani cikaŵa kuti cacepa na magaŵa 49 pa 100. == Mbiri == === Amerika ya Kumpoto === Ŵanthu ŵakukhala mu cigaŵa ca mphaka ca Amerika ya Kumpoto kwa vyaka 17,000–50,000 panji kujumpha, mu nyengo ya cisanu cikulu. Kucepa kwa maji gha mbwani kukazomerezga ŵanthu kujumpha ulalo wa mtunda wa Bering uwo ukakoleranya Siberia na kumpoto-kumanjiliro kwa Amerika ya Kumpoto (Alaska), ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanthu kukhala mu Amerika. Magulu ghakwamba gha ŵanthu ŵa kale ŵa Arctic ghakusazgapo Pre-Dorset (pafupifupi 3200–850 pambere Khristu); mdawuko wa Saqqaq wa Greenland (2500–800 pambere Khristu); midawuko ya Independence I na II ya kumpoto-kumafumiro kwa Canada na Greenland; na Groswater ya Labrador na Nunavik. Mdawuko wa Dorset ukathandazgika mu Arctic ya Amerika ya Kumpoto pakati pa 500 pambere Khristu na 1500 mumuwilo wa Khristu. Ŵanthu ŵa Dorset ŵakaŵa mdawuko ukulu waumaliro wa kale mu Arctic pambere ŵanthu ŵa Thule, ŵambuye ŵa Ŵainuit ŵa mazuŵa ghano, ŵandasamire kumafumiro kufuma ku Alaska. Mdawuko wa Thule ukaŵako kufuma pafupifupi 200 pambere Khristu mpaka 1600 mumuwilo wa Khristu, ukwamba kuzunguliya Bering Strait ndipo pamanyuma ukathandazgika pafupifupi mu cigaŵa cose ca Arctic ca Amerika ya Kumpoto. Ŵanthu ŵa Thule ŵakaŵa ŵambuye ŵa Ŵainuit, awo sono ŵakukhala mu Alaska, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, Labrador na Greenland. === Ulaya === Kwa nyengo yitali mu mbiri ya Ulaya, vigaŵa vya mphaka ya kumpoto vikaŵa vyambura kupendeka ndipo malo ghake ghakaghanaghanirikanga waka. Pytheas wa ku Massilia wakalemba ulendo wakuya kumpoto mu 325 pambere Khristu, ku caro ico wakacichema "Eschate Thule", uko zuŵa likanjiliranga maora ghatatu pera pa zuŵa ndipo maji ghakaŵa cinthu cakukhwima "ico munthu wangendapo yayi panji kwendeskapo ngalawa yayi". Panyake wakalongosoranga cisanu ca mbwani cakupatukana; "Thule" yake panyake yikaŵa Norway, nangauli Virwa vya Faroe panji Shetland navyo vyasacizgika. Cifukwa ca mauthenga ghacoko agho ghakaŵako pa nyengo iyo, ŵapangi ŵa mapu ŵakwamba ŵakamanyanga yayi umo ŵangalongolera vigaŵa vya kuzunguliya Mphaka ya Kumpoto: ŵanyake ŵakaŵikanga mtunda (nga mu mapu gha Johannes Ruysch gha 1507, panji gha Gerardus Mercator gha 1595) panji kulongora cigaŵa cose nga ni maji (nga mu mapu gha Martin Waldseemüller gha 1507). Maulendo ghacoko agho ghakajumpha comene Mzere wa Arctic pa nyengo iyo ghakasanga virwa vicoko pera, nga ni Novaya Zemlya (vyaka vya m'ma 1000) na Spitzbergen (1596). Kufuma pakumalira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 mpaka pakwamba pa vyaka vya m'ma 1900, maulendo ku Mbwani ya Arctic ghakaŵa ghanandi, kanandi kupenja nthowa za malonda kufuma ku Ulaya kuya ku Mbwani ya Pacific, ndipo ntheura kumanya malo gha cigaŵa ici kukakura pacoko pacoko. === Vyaka vya m'ma 1800 === Kusoŵa kumanya ico cikaŵa kumpoto kwa cikanizgo ca cisanu cakusintha kukapangiska maghanoghano ghanandi. Mu Ungelezi na mu vyaro vinyake vya Ulaya, jandulo la "Nyanja ya Mphaka Yakujulika" likalutilira. John Barrow, mulembi waciŵiri wa nyengo yitali wa ŵankhondo ŵa pa maji ŵa Britain, wakakhozga kupenda cigaŵa ici kufuma 1818 mpaka 1845 kupenja nyanja iyi. Mu United States mu ma 1850 na 1860, ŵakupenja Elisha Kane na Isaac Israel Hayes wose ŵakati ŵakawona cigaŵa ca maji agha. Nanga ni pakumalira kwa vyaka ivyo, mukumanya mukulu Matthew Fontaine Maury wakasazgapo malongosoro gha Nyanja ya Mphaka Yakujulika mu buku lake la kusambizgira (1883). Kweni nga umo ŵakupenja wose awo ŵakafika pafupi na mphaka ŵakayowoyera, cisanu ca mphaka ncakukhwima comene ndipo cikukhalilira caka cose, ndipo ghanoghano la nyanja yakujulika likawonekera kuŵa lautesi pakwamba pa ma 1900. Fridtjof Nansen ndiyo wakaŵa wakwamba kujumpha Mbwani ya Arctic na ngalawa, mu ulendo wa Fram kufuma 1893 mpaka 1896. === Vyaka vya m'ma 1900 === Kujumpha kwakwamba kwa mbwani pacanya kukalongozgeka na Wally Herbert mu 1969, mu ulendo wa vigaleta vya nchebe kufuma ku Alaska mpaka ku Svalbard, na wovwiri wa ndege. Kujumpha kwakwamba kwa mphaka ya kumpoto na ngalawa kukacitika mu 1958 na ngalawa ya pasi pa maji USS Nautilus, ndipo kujumpha kwakwamba pacanya na ngalawa kukacitika mu 1977 na ngalawa yakuphwanya cisanu NS Arktika. Kufuma 1937, malo gha ŵanthu gha Soviet na Russia agho ghakuyandama pa cisanu ghakulaŵiska comene Mbwani ya Arctic. Malo gha kasandiro ghakazengeka pa cisanu cakuyandama ndipo ghakanyamulika makilomita masauzandi. Mu Nkhondo Yaciŵiri ya Caro Cose, cigaŵa ca Ulaya ca Mbwani ya Arctic cikaŵa malo gha nkhondo yikulu: pangano la ŵabwezi ŵa Allies la kupeleka vinthu ku Soviet Union kwizira mu madoko ghake gha kumpoto likasuskika na ŵankhondo ŵa pa maji na ŵa ndege ŵa Germany. Mu 1954, Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) yikamba maulendo ghakwamba gha malonda gha ndege pacanya pa Mbwani ya Arctic, pakati pa Los Angeles na Copenhagen. === Vyaka vya m'ma 2000 === Mu Mpupulu 2019, Pulezidenti wa U.S. Donald Trump wakasacizga pakweru kugula Greenland. Wakawuska so ghanoghano ili mu Zimya 2024, wakuti kuŵa na Greenland nkhwakukhumbikwa pa civikiliro na vyacuma vya United States. Wakati kugwiliskira ntchito nkhongono kwakanizgika yayi. Pa 10 Zimya 2024, Trump wakachema nduna yikulu ya Canada kuti ni mulongozgi wa cigaŵa ca 51 ca U.S. Kale wakayowoyanga kuti kutora Canada kungaŵa kwiwemi pa malonda. Pa 1 Mpupulu 2025, wakamba nkhondo ya malonda. Pa foni na nduna yikulu yiphya ya Canada Mark Carney pa 28 Masika 2025, Trump wakawuska ghanoghano la Canada kuŵa cigaŵa ca 51 ca U.S. ndipo wakalongosora uwemi uwo wakuwona. Mu mazgo ghanyake, wakalongora khumbo la kulongozga vyuma vya Canada na maji gha mukati gha Canada gha Arctic, agho ghakumanyikwa nga ni Northwest Passage. == Malo == === Ukulu === Mbwani ya Arctic yili mu dimba la mawonekero gha cizungulizgo pafupifupi ndipo yikuphimba makilomita gha mbali zinayi pafupifupi 14,056,000, pafupifupi ukulu wa Antarctica. Mphepete yake njitali makilomita 45,390. Ndiyo mbwani yekha iyo njicoko kuluska Russia, iyo yili na mtunda wa makilomita gha mbali zinayi 17,098,246. === Mtunda Wakuzingilizga === Mbwani ya Arctic yikuzingilizgika na mitunda ya Yurasiya (Russia na Norway), Amerika ya Kumpoto (Canada na cigaŵa ca U.S. ca Alaska), Greenland, na Iceland. === Vigaŵa na Kukolerana === Mbwani ya Arctic yikukolerana na Mbwani ya Pacific kwizira mu Bering Strait na Mbwani ya Atlantic kwizira mu Nyanja ya Greenland na Nyanja ya Labrador. (Nyanja ya Iceland nyengo zinyake yikuwonekera kuŵa cigaŵa ca Nyanja ya Greenland, ndipo nyengo zinyake paŵekha.) Ŵakumanya ŵakupambana ŵakuŵika nyanja zinyake za mphepete mu Mbwani ya Arctic panji ya Atlantic, kusazgapo Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, Nyanja ya Norway, na Hudson Strait. === Virwa === Virwa vikulu na magulu gha virwa mu Mbwani ya Arctic, kufuma ku mzere wakwamba kuya kumanjiliro, ni: * Jan Mayen (Norway) * Iceland * Greenland (Denmark) * Virwa vya Arctic vya Canada (kusazgapo Virwa vya Queen Elizabeth na Cirwa ca Baffin) * Cirwa ca Wrangel (Russia) * Virwa vya New Siberian (Russia) * Severnaya Zemlya (Russia) * Novaya Zemlya (Russia) * Franz Josef Land (Russia) * Svalbard (Norway) === Madoko === Pali madoko ghanandi pa Mbwani ya Arctic, mu Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Iceland, na Russia, nga ni Utqiaġvik, Churchill, Nuuk, Longyearbyen, Akureyri, Murmansk, na Arkhangelsk. === Mphepete za Pasi pa Maji === Mphepete za pasi pa maji za Arctic zili na vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo ca Canada na ca Russia, ico nyengo zinyake cikuchemeka "Mphepete ya Arctic" cifukwa ndicikulu. Mphepete ya Russia yili na vigaŵa vitatu vicoko: Barents, Nyanja ya Chukchi, na Siberia. Mwa ivi, ya Siberia ndiyo mphepete yikulu comene ya mtundu uwu pa caro cose; yili na mafuta na mphepo za pasi zinandi. Mphepete ya cigaŵa ca Chukchi yikupanga mphaka pakati pa Russia na United States nga umo yikalongosoreka mu phangano la 1990. Cigaŵa cose cili na mphindano za pakati pa vyaro pa malo. === Vimanyikwiro vya Pasi pa Maji === Phiri la pasi pa maji, Lomonosov Ridge, likugaŵa dimba lakuzika la Mphaka ya Kumpoto mu madimba ghaŵiri: dimba la Yurasiya, lakuzika mamita 4,000–4,500, na dimba la Amerasia, lakuzika mamita pafupifupi 4,000. Pasi pa mbwani pali mapiri, malo ghakugonera ghakuzika, na madimba. Kuzika kwapakati kwa Mbwani ya Arctic ni mamita 1,038. Malo ghakuzika comene ni Molloy Hole mu Fram Strait, pa mamita pafupifupi 5,550. Madimba ghaŵiri ghakulu ghakugaŵika so na mapiri kuŵa dimba la Canada, dimba la Makarov, dimba la Amundsen, na dimba la Nansen. == Kasandiro ka Pasi == Malibwe gha pasi gha mapiri gha kuzunguliya Mbwani ya Arctic ghakapangika panji kusintha mu nyengo ya kupangika kwa mapiri ya Ellesmerian mu nyengo ya Paleozoic. Kubira kwa pasi mu nyengo za Triassic na Jurassic kukapangiska kuwunjika kwa dongo kunandi, ndipo kukapanga malo ghanandi agho mafuta na mphepo za pasi zili sono. Mu nyengo ya Cretaceous, dimba la Canada likajulika, ndipo kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi kukapangiska mafuta kusamira ku malo agho sono ni Prudhoe Bay. Pa nyengo yeneyiyo, dongo kufuma ku mapiri gha Canadian Rockies agho ghakakweranga likapanga mlomo ukulu wa mlonga wa Mackenzie. Kupatukana kwa cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda ca Pangea, kwamba mu nyengo ya Triassic, kukajula Mbwani ya Atlantic yakwamba. Kupatukana kukalutilira kumpoto, kujula Mbwani ya Arctic apo cikopa ca pasi pa mbwani cikafumanga. Dimba la Amerasia lingaŵa kuti likajulika dankha. Kuthandazgika kunyake kukovwira kupanga phiri la Alpha-Mendeleev mu nyengo ya Cretaceous ya pamanyuma. Mu nyengo ya Cenozoic, kunjira pasi kwa cigaŵa ca pasi ca Pacific, kutimbana kwa India na Yurasiya, na kujulika kwakulutilira kwa Atlantic ya Kumpoto vikapanga malo ghaphya agho mafuta ghakusungikira. Pasi pa mbwani pakamba kuthandazgika kufuma ku phiri la Gakkel, ndipo ici cikapangiska Lomonosov Ridge kusamira kutali na mtunda na kubira. Cifukwa ca cisanu ca mbwani na kutali kwake, kasandiro ka pasi ka Mbwani ya Arctic kandapendeke makola. Kuboola kwa Arctic Coring Expedition kukavumbula pacoko Lomonosov Ridge, ilo likuwoneka kuŵa cikopa ca mtunda ico cikapatukana na mphepete ya Barents-Kara. Lingaŵa na mbiya za mafuta mpaka biliyoni 10. Phiri la Gakkel nalo likumanyikwa makola yayi. == Kasandiro ka Mbwani == === Kwenda kwa Maji === Mu vigaŵa vikulu vya Mbwani ya Arctic, cigaŵa ca pacanya (pafupifupi mamita 50) cili na mcere ucoko na kuzizima kuluska maji ghanyake. Cikukhalilira cifukwa vyakufumapo vya mcere pa kukhwima kwa maji ni vikulu kuluska vya kufunda. Cikupokera maji ghawemi gha milonga yikulu ya Siberia na Canada (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), agho ghakuyandama pa maji gha mcere unandi, ghakukhwima, na ghakuzika. Pakati pa cigaŵa ici na maji ghanyake pali cigaŵa umo mcere na kufunda vikusazgikira apo kuzika kukusazgikira. Cifukwa yili paŵekha kuluska mbwani zinyake, Mbwani ya Arctic yili na ndondomeko yapadera na yakusuzga ya kwenda kwa maji. Yikuyana na Nyanja ya Mediterranean, cifukwa maji ghake ghakuzika ghakukolerana pacoko pera na dimba la Atlantic kwizira mu Fram Strait. Mbwani ya Arctic yili na maji gha makilomita gha mbali zitatu 18.07 × 10⁶, pafupifupi magaŵa 1.3 pa 100 gha mbwani yose ya caro capasi. Maji ghakunjira kufuma ku Mbwani ya Pacific na ya Atlantic, ndipo ghangagaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu vyapadera. Cigaŵa cakuzika comene cikuchemeka Maji gha Pasi gha Arctic ndipo cikwamba pafupifupi mamita 900. Ni maji ghakukhwima comene mu mbwani ya caro cose, ndipo ghakufuma ku malo ghaŵiri: maji gha mphepete za Arctic na maji ghakuzika gha Nyanja ya Greenland. Maji agho ghakufuma ku Pacific ghakujumpha mu Bering Strait yifupi na kufika mu Nyanja ya Chukchi. Mu nyengo ya kuzizima, mphepo zakuzizima za Alaska zikuputa pa Nyanja ya Chukchi, kukhwimiska maji gha pacanya na kukankha cisanu ciphya ici ku Pacific. Ici cikusiya maji ghakukhwima gha mcere mu nyanja agho ghakubira mu Mbwani ya Arctic ya kumanjiliro. Maji agha ghakukumana na maji ghakuzika gha Nyanja ya Greenland, agho ghakupangika apo mphepo zikulu za nyengo ya kuzizima zikujumpha. Apo kuzizima kukusazgikira comene, cisanu cikupangika, ndipo maji ghakukhwima mwakukwana kubira pasi pa maji ghakufunda gha mcere. Maji gha Pasi gha Arctic ngakuzirwa comene cifukwa agho ghakufumamo ghakovwira kupanga Maji ghakuzika gha Atlantic. Kuzgokerana kwa maji agha kukugwira ntchito yikulu pa kwenda kwa maji kwa caro cose na kukhazikiska nyengo. Pakati pa mamita 150–900 pali maji agho ghakuchemeka Maji gha Atlantic. Maji agho ghakufuma ku Atlantic ya Kumpoto ghakunjira kwizira mu Fram Strait, ghakuzizima na kubira, ndipo ghakuzunguliya dimba la Arctic. Ndigho maji ghanandi comene agho ghakunjira mu Mbwani ya Arctic, pafupifupi kakhumi kuluska agho ghakufuma ku Pacific. Ghakwenda pacoko pacoko. Maji gha Atlantic ghali na mcere wakuyana na Maji gha Pasi gha Arctic kweni ngakufunda comene (mpaka 3 °C). Nadi, maji agha ngakufunda kuluska maji gha pacanya, ndipo ghakusyala pasi cifukwa ca mcere pera. Para maji ghafika mu dimba, ghakukankhika na mphepo zankhongono mu kwenda kukulu kwa cizungulizgo ako kakuchemeka Beaufort Gyre. Maji mu Beaufort Gyre ghali na mcere ucoko comene kuluska gha Nyanja ya Chukchi cifukwa ca maji gha milonga yikulu ya Canada na Siberia. Cigaŵa caumaliro ca maji mu Mbwani ya Arctic cikuchemeka Maji gha Pacanya gha Arctic ndipo cili pakati pa mamita 150–200. Cigaŵa cakuzirwa comene ca maji agha ni cigaŵa ca pasi pa pacanya. Cikufuma ku maji gha Atlantic agho ghakunjira kwizira mu migodi ya pasi pa maji ndipo ghakusazganika comene pa mphepete ya Siberia. Apo ghakusazganika, ghakuzizima ndipo ghakuvikilira cigaŵa ca pacanya ku kufunda. Kweni mu vyaka makhumi ghaŵiri ghaumaliro, kufunda na kukwera kwa maji gha Atlantic kukupangiska kufunda kwa maji gha Atlantic kusungunuska comene cisanu ca mbwani ku kumafumiro kwa Arctic. Kupima kwa sonosono, kwa 2016–2018, kukulongora kuti kufunda kwa mbwani ku pacanya sono kwajumpha kwa mphepo mu dimba la Yurasiya la kumafumiro. Kweni kupima kwakulunjika ku kumanjiliro kwa Arctic kukulongora kuti kufunda kwa maji gha Atlantic kukusyala pakati nanga ni pa mphepo yikulu ya Arctic ya 2012. Maji agho ghakufuma ku Pacific na ku Atlantic ghose ghakufuma kwizira mu Fram Strait pakati pa Greenland na Svalbard, iyo njakuzika mamita pafupifupi 2,700 na yisani makilomita 350. Usani wa Fram Strait ndiwo ukuzomerezga maji kunjira na kufuma ku mbali ya Atlantic. Cifukwa ca kuzunguliya kwa caro capasi, maji ghakufuma kumanjiliro mu East Greenland Current na kunjira kumafumiro mu Norwegian Current. Maji gha Pacific ghakufuma so mu mphepete ya kumanjiliro kwa Greenland na Hudson Strait, ndipo ghakupeleka vyakulya ku virwa vya Canada. Nga umo tawonera, kupangika na kwenda kwa cisanu ni cifukwa cikulu ca kwenda kwa maji mu Mbwani ya Arctic na kupangika kwa vigaŵa vya maji. Ntheura Mbwani ya Arctic yikusintha cifukwa ca kusintha kwa cisanu mu nyengo. Kwenda kwa cisanu kukufuma ku mphepo, izo zikukolerana na vyakucitika vya nyengo vinandi vya Arctic mu caka. Mwaciyelezgero, kukanikizga kukulu kwa mphepo kwa Beaufort kukwendeska Beaufort Gyre. Mu nyengo ya kufunda, kukanikizga uku kukusamira pafupi na Siberia na Canada. Kweniso, kukanikizga kukulu pacanya pa Greenland kukwiziska mphepo zankhongono zakufuma kumpoto kwizira mu Fram Strait, kovwira kufumiska cisanu. Mu nyengo ya kufunda, mphepo izi nzicoko. Kukanikizga kucoko pacanya pa nyanja za Nordic na Barents kukupanga kwenda kwa maji kwa cizungulizgo mu cigaŵa ici. Kusintha kose uku kukupangiska kwenda kwa cisanu kuŵa kucoko comene mu myezi ya nyengo ya kufunda. === Cisanu ca Mbwani === Cigaŵa cikulu ca Mbwani ya Arctic caphimbika na cisanu ca mbwani ico cikusintha mu unandi na kukhwima mu nyengo. Unandi wapakati wa cisanu ca mbwani ya Arctic ukulutilira kucepa mu vyaka makhumi vyaumaliro, pa luŵiro lwa magaŵa 12.85 pa 100 pa vyaka khumi kufuma 1980. Kusintha kwa nyengo kuli pafupifupi makilomita gha mbali zinayi 7,000,000, ndipo cisanu cinandi comene ni mu Masika na cicoko comene mu Lupya. Cisanu ca mbwani cikukhwaskika na mphepo na kwenda kwa maji, ivyo vingasamiska na kuzunguliya vigaŵa vikulu comene vya cisanu. Malo gha kukanikizgana nagho ghakupangika, umo cisanu cikuwunjikana. Mapiri gha cisanu nyengo zinyake ghakuphwanyika kufuma ku Cirwa ca Ellesmere, ndipo ghakupangika so kufuma ku cisanu cikulu cakwenda ca kumanjiliro kwa Greenland na kumpoto-kumafumiro kwa Canada. Mapiri gha cisanu ni cisanu ca mbwani yayi kweni ghangakakika mu cisanu ca mbwani. Ghali pa ngozi ku ngalawa, ndipo Titanic ni yimoza mwa izo zikumanyikwa comene. Mbwani yikujalika na cisanu pafupifupi kufuma Thukila mpaka Zizima, ndipo vigaŵa vya pacanya vya ngalawa vikuphimbika na cisanu kufuma Thukila mpaka Vula. Pambere ngalawa zakuphwanya cisanu za mazuŵa ghano zindize, ngalawa izo zikenda pa Mbwani ya Arctic zikaŵa pa ngozi ya kukakika panji kuphwanyika na cisanu (nangauli ngalawa ya Baychimo yikayandama mu Mbwani ya Arctic kwambura ŵanthu kwa vyaka makhumi). == Nyengo == Mbwani ya Arctic yili mu nyengo ya mphaka, iyo yili na kuzizima kwakulutilira na kusintha kucoko kwa kufunda mu caka. Nyengo ya kuzizima yili na usiku wa mphaka, kuzizima kukulu comene, na nyengo yakukhazikika. Mphepo zikulu zikuzunguliya zikucitika kanandi ku mbali ya Atlantic pera. Nyengo ya kufunda yili na ungweru wa zuŵa nyengo zose (zuŵa la pakati pa usiku), ndipo kufunda kwa mphepo kungakwera pacoko pacanya pa 0 °C. Mphepo zikulu zikuzunguliya zikucitika kanandi mu nyengo ya kufunda ndipo zingiziska vula panji cisanu. Kuli mitambo caka cose, kufuma magaŵa 60 pa 100 mu nyengo ya kuzizima mpaka kujumpha 80 pa 100 mu nyengo ya kufunda. Kufunda kwa maji gha pacanya gha Mbwani ya Arctic kukuyana pafupifupi nyengo zose pa −1.8 °C, pafupi na apo maji gha mbwani ghakukhwimira. Kukhwima kwa maji gha mbwani, kupambana na maji ghawemi, kukusazgikira apo ghakuza pafupi na kukhwima, ntheura ghakubira. Kanandi nchakukhumbikwa kuti mamita 100–150 gha pacanya gha mbwani ghazizime mpaka kukhwima kuti cisanu ca mbwani cipangike. Mu nyengo ya kuzizima, maji gha mbwani agho ghakufunda pacoko ghakucepeska kuzizima, nanga ni apo ghaphimbika na cisanu. Ici ni cifukwa cimoza ico Arctic yilije kuzizima kukulu comene uko kukuwoneka pa cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda ca Antarctica. Pali kusintha kukulu mu nyengo pa unandi wa cisanu ico cikuphimba Mbwani ya Arctic. Cigaŵa cikulu ca cisanu ici caphimbika so na cisanu ca kuthambo kwa myezi pafupifupi 10 pa caka. Cisanu ca kuthambo cinandi comene cikuŵa mu Mpupulu panji Masika, pafupifupi masentimita 20–50 pacanya pa mbwani yakukhwima. Nyengo ya cigaŵa ca Arctic yasintha comene mu mbiri ya caro capasi. Mu nyengo ya kufunda kukulu vyaka miliyoni 55 ivyo vyajumpha, apo nyengo ya caro cose yikafunda na pafupifupi 5–8 °C, cigaŵa ici cikafika pa kufunda kwapakati kwa caka kwa 10–20 °C. Maji gha pacanya gha kumpoto comene gha Mbwani ya Arctic ghakafunda, pacoko mu nyengo zinyake, mwakukwana kusunga vyamoyo vya ku tropiki ivyo vikukhumba kufunda kwa pacanya kwakujumpha 22 °C. Sono, cigaŵa ca Arctic cikufunda kaŵiri luŵiro kuluska caro capasi cose. == Vyamoyo == Cifukwa ca kusintha kukulu kwa nyengo kwa myezi 2–6 ya zuŵa la pakati pa usiku na usiku wa mphaka mu Mbwani ya Arctic, kupanga kwakwamba kwa vyamoyo vya usanisinuru nga ni vyakumera vicoko vya pa cisanu na vya mu maji kukucitika mu myezi ya Masika mpaka Lupya pera. Ŵakurya ŵakuzirwa ŵa ŵakupanga ŵakwamba mu Mbwani ya Arctic ya pakati na nyanja za mphepete ni tuvinyama tucoko twa mu maji, comene twa mitundu yinyake, pamoza na vinyama vya pa cisanu. Ŵakurya ŵakwamba aŵa ni ulalo wakuzirwa pakati pa ŵakupanga ŵakwamba na vinyama vya pacanya. Kapangikiro ka vinyama vya pacanya mu Mbwani ya Arctic kakupambana kuyana na cigaŵa (mbali ya Atlantic panji ya Pacific) na cisanu. Ŵakurya ŵaciŵiri mu Nyanja ya Barents, nyanja ya mphepete ya Arctic iyo yikukhwaskika na Atlantic, comene ni somba za pafupi na Arctic nga ni ''herring'', ''cod'' yiphya, na ''capelin''. Mu vigaŵa vya cisanu vya Mbwani ya Arctic ya pakati, ''cod'' ya mphaka ndiyo cakusaka cikulu ca ŵakurya ŵakwamba. Vyakusaka vya pacanya comene mu Mbwani ya Arctic, vinyama vyakonkheska vya mu mbwani nga ni ''seal'', nyamumba, na ŵankhalamila ŵatuŵa, vikusaka somba. Vinyama vya mu mbwani ivyo vili pa ngozi mu Mbwani ya Arctic ni ''walrus'' na nyamumba. Cigaŵa ici cili na malo gha vyamoyo ghakunangika luŵiro, ndipo ghali pa ngozi comene ya kusintha kwa nyengo, cifukwa cikufunda luŵiro kuluska caro cose. ''Jellyfish'' yikulu ya mtundu wa ''lion's mane'' njinandi mu maji gha Arctic. == Vyuma vya Kawiro == Mafuta na mphepo za pasi, vyuma vya mu mcenga, vyuma vya visulo vinandi, mcenga na tumalibwe, somba, ''seal'' na nyamumba vyose vingasangika vinandi mu cigaŵa ici. Malo ghambura mwenecho pa ndyali pafupi na pakati pa nyanja ni nkhani ya mphindano yikulu pakati pa United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, na Denmark. Ngakuzirwa ku msika wa nkhongono wa caro cose cifukwa ghangaŵa na magaŵa 25 pa 100 panji kujumpha gha mafuta na mphepo za pasi agho ghandasangike pa caro cose. == Masuzgo gha Malo Ghakuzingilizga == === Kusungunuka kwa Cisanu ca Arctic === Cisanu ca Arctic cikucepa, ndipo bowo la nyengo zinyake mu cigaŵa ca ozone likucitika kanandi. Kucepa kwa cisanu ca mbwani ya Arctic kukucepeska kuwezga ungweru kwa caro capasi, ndipo kungapangiska kufunda kwa caro cose kusazgikira. Kusanda kukulongora kuti Arctic yingaŵa yambura cisanu mu nyengo ya kufunda kakwamba mu mbiri ya ŵanthu pofika 2040. Maghanoghano pa nyengo yaumaliro iyo Arctic yikaŵa yambura cisanu ghakupambana: vyaka miliyoni 65 ivyo vyajumpha apo mafosilo ghakulongora kuti vyakumera vikaŵako, mpaka vyaka 5,500 pera ivyo vyajumpha. Kufunda mu Arctic kungapangiska maji ghanandi ghawemi gha cisanu cakusungunuka kunjira mu Atlantic ya kumpoto, ndipo kungasokonezga kwenda kwa maji gha mbwani ya caro cose. Kusintha kukulu kwa nyengo ya caro capasi kungalondezga. Apo cisanu ca mbwani cikucepa na maji gha mbwani ghakukwera, vyakufumapo vya mphepo zikulu nga ni ya 2012 pa maji ghakujulika vikusazgikira, nga umo kunangika kwa vyakumera vya mphepete na maji gha mcere kukusazgikira mu malo nga ni mlomo wa mlonga wa Mackenzie. Kufunda kwa caro cose kwasazgira kukumana pakati pa ŵankhalamila ŵatuŵa na ŵanthu. Kucepa kwa cisanu ca mbwani kukupangiska ŵankhalamila ŵatuŵa kupenja vyakulya kunyake. Kwamba mu Zimya 2018 mpaka Mpupulu 2019, ŵankhalamila ŵanandi ŵatuŵa ŵakanjira mu virwa vya Novaya Zemlya, ndipo ŵalongozgi ŵa malo agho ŵakapharazga ngozi. Ŵankhalamila ŵanandi ŵatuŵa ŵakawoneka ŵakunjira mu nyumba, nyumba za ulongozgi, na malo gha ŵanthu. === Kunangika kwa Metheni wa pa Cisanu === Cisanu ca mbwani, na kuzizima uko cikusunga, vikusunga metheni uwo uli pafupi na mphepete, ndipo vikukanizga kuti uleke kufuma mu mphepo na kusazgira kufunda. Kusungunuka kwa cisanu ici kungafumiska metheni munandi, mphepo yankhongono yakusunga kufunda, mu mphepo, ndipo kungasazgira kufunda na kupangiska mitundu ya vyamoyo vya mu mbwani kumalira. === Masuzgo Ghanyake === Masuzgo ghanyake gha malo ghakuzingilizga ni kunangika kwa Mbwani ya Arctic na vinthu vya nyukiliya, mwaciyelezgero kufuma ku malo gha Russia gha kutaya vyakusyala vya nyukiliya mu Nyanja ya Kara, malo gha kuyezga vilwero vya nyukiliya vya nyengo ya Nkhondo ya Mtima nga ni Novaya Zemlya, vyakunanga vya Camp Century mu Greenland, na vyakunanga vya ngozi ya nyukiliya ya Fukushima Daiichi. Pa 16 Vuna 2015, vyaro vinkhondi (United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) vikasayina kalata ya pangano la kusunga ngalawa zawo za kuloŵa somba kuwaro kwa malo gha makilomita gha mbali zinayi pafupifupi miliyoni 2.8 mu Mbwani ya Arctic ya pakati pafupi na Mphaka ya Kumpoto. Phangano ili likupempha vyaro ivi kuleka kuloŵa kuko mpaka pazamuŵa vinjeru viwemi vya kasandiro pa vyuma vya mu mbwani na ndondomeko ya kuvivikilira. [[Category:Arctic Ocean]] 4dl3cwyrr3ys7wgv8dnh282se39mctl 3 8372 123737 25057 2026-11-04T18:15:41Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ new section 123737 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful tremplates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) 237oersjp7oxc82hqqdcg86uoxb3tbk 123738 123737 2026-11-04T18:16:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ 123738 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful templates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) kubomghkz21sqyxo3mkeohxput7r095 123856 123738 2026-11-04T21:45:17Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 6716 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ Zgolo 123856 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful templates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Tumbuka Arch}} Sorry I didn't get to it sooner. I undeleted the rest (331 in total). [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:45, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) i5s3i69h4z7c7204f33yhwqoqg3tyei 123866 123856 2026-11-04T21:57:37Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ Zgolo 123866 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful templates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Tumbuka Arch}} Sorry I didn't get to it sooner. I undeleted the rest (331 in total). [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:45, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::No worries, thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:57, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) nhgd1ery9z9ubxffiaij0a78ykkc9o0 123872 123866 2026-11-04T21:58:26Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 6716 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ Zgolo 123872 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful templates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Tumbuka Arch}} Sorry I didn't get to it sooner. I undeleted the rest (331 in total). [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:45, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::No worries, thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:57, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::585 Wikidata edits out of 750 rollbacked as well. I'll be checking the other 165 now. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:58, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) fplblpe7u4uvpn82fpt96zistkt4v6f 123919 123872 2026-11-04T22:16:52Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 6716 /* MASS DELETING OF PAGES */ Zgolo 123919 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[User talk:Victor Trevor]] == Hello, looking more closely, this does not appear to be vandalism, so I restored the page. Why do you think the page should be deleted? [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:48, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]]: Normally user requests in their own space should be respected. Also, Main focus talk is probably Tumbuka Arch, given that they asked the same question at [[User talk:Tmv]], which was answered. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC) ::This is a user talk page, not a page in userspace. Such deletion requests are usually invalid since they host comments by other users and deletion would be an easy way to avoid scrutiny. Not sure which wikis have a policy as described by you. As for the user being Tumbuka Arch, I fail to understand how that would justify deletion. [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4|1234qwer1234qwer4]] ([[User talk:1234qwer1234qwer4|talk]]) 00:59, 5 June 2022 (UTC) :::I just thought it would be fine to delete. I'll be aware next time. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 01:04, 5 June 2022 (UTC) == MASS DELETING OF PAGES == Hi, may you please restore the pages as we talked on Meta that you deleted here? Some are useful templates, good reviewed pages, etc. Thanks. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 18:15, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Tumbuka Arch}} Sorry I didn't get to it sooner. I undeleted the rest (331 in total). [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:45, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::No worries, thank you. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 21:57, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::585 Wikidata edits out of 750 rollbacked as well. I'll be checking the other 165 now. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 21:58, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :::All done. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|pakuchezgela]]) 22:16, 4 Thukila 2026 (UTC) 1nkly9giom5gjfhy0zl7g2du1vo0pfn 0 9670 123718 123669 2026-11-04T13:12:31Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cirwa''' (vinandi: '''virwa''') ni malo gha mtunda, ghakupambana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, ghakuzingilizgika na [[Maji|maji]] mu mphepete zose. Pali virwa vya vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda, ivyo vikapatukana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda cifukwa ca kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi, na virwa vya mbwani, ivyo vindaŵepo cigaŵa ca mtunda ukulu. Virwa vya mbwani vingapangika na mapiri gha moto, kukura kuŵa ma''atoll'' kufuma ku malibwe gha korali, na kupangika kufuma ku mcenga na dongo mu mphepete mwa nyanja, kupanga virwa vya kuvikilira mphepete. Virwa vya mu milonga vingapangika so na mcenga, dongo na vinyake mu milonga. Virwa vyakupangika ni ivyo ŵanthu ŵapanga, kusazgapo tumalibwe tucoko utu tukazengeka mu tunyanja na ntchito zikulu za kupanga mtunda pa maji pa cifukwa ca kuzenga. Pa virwa pali vyakumera na vinyama vya mitundu yinandi. Virwa vya mbwani vili na nyanja nga ni cikanizgo ca kawiro ca kufika kwa mitundu yiphya, ntheura mitundu iyo yikufika pa cirwa yikusintha paŵekha. Virwa vya vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda vikugaŵana vinyama na vyakumera na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda ico vikapatukanako. Kuyana na kutalika kwa nyengo kufuma apo cirwa ici cikapangikira, vyamoyo pa cirwa ici vingaŵa kuti vyapambana comene na vya cigaŵa cikulu cifukwa ca kusankha kwa kawiro. Ŵanthu ŵakhala pa virwa na kwenda pakati pa virwa kwa vyaka masauzandi. Virwa vinyake vikaŵa na ŵanthu cifukwa ca ulalo wa mtunda panji cifukwa cirwa cikapatukana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, panji kwizira mu maulendo gha ngalawa. Ku kumpoto comene panji kumwera comene, virwa vinyake vikukolerana na cisanu ca nyengo zinyake panji ca nyengo zose. Mazuŵa ghano, mpaka magaŵa 10 pa 100 gha ŵanthu ŵa caro cose capasi ŵakukhala pa virwa. Virwa vikukopa ŵalendo ŵanandi cifukwa ca uwemi wawo wa kawiro, kuŵa paŵekha, na midawuko yawo yapadera. Virwa vikaŵa malo gha ukoloni wa Ŵaulaya, ndipo ici cikapangiska virwa vinandi vya mu Pacific kuŵa pasi pa mazaza gha Ŵaulaya. Kuwuskapo ukoloni kwapangiska vyaro vinyake vya virwa, kweni vyose yayi, kujilongozga ŵekha, ndipo pali vyakufumapo vya nyengo yitali vya mafakitale, mitundu yakunanga, kuyezga vilwero vya nkhondo vya nyukiliya, na ŵalendo. Virwa na vyaro vya virwa vili pa ngozi cifukwa ca kusintha kwa nyengo. Kukwera kwa maji gha mbwani kukuopska kubizga vyose vyaro nga ni Maldives, Marshall Islands, na Tuvalu. Kusazgikira kwa unandi na nkhongono za mphepo zikulu za ku tropiki kungananga comene vyakuzengeka na malo gha vinyama. Mitundu iyo yikukhala pa virwa pera ni yimoza mwa iyo yili pa ngozi yikulu comene ya kumalira. == Ng'anamulo == Cirwa ni malo gha mtunda ghakuzingilizgika na maji mu mphepete zose, agho ghakupambana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda. Palije cipimo ca ukulu ico cikupatula virwa na vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda. Vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda vili na ng'anamulo lakuzomerezgeka la kasandiro ka pasi: ni mtunda ukulu comene wa cigaŵa cikulu ca pasi cimoza. Virwa vingaŵa mu maji ghaliwose, kusazgapo nyanja, milonga, na mbwani. Malo gha mtunda agho ghakuwoneka pera apo maji ghacepa, kweni ghakubira apo maji ghakwera, kanandi ghakuwonekera kuŵa virwa yayi. Virwa ivyo vyakolerana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda na ulalo panji na kupanga mtunda nyengo zinyake vikuwonekera kuti "vyaleka kuŵa virwa", kweni nyengo zose yayi. == Muzu wa Lizgu == Lizgu la Cingelezi lakuti ''island'' likufuma ku Cingelezi ca nyengo yapakati ''iland'', kufuma ku Cingelezi ca kale ''igland'', ilo likufuma ku ''ig'' panji ''ieg'', ilo nalo likang'anamulanga "cirwa" para likugwiliskirika ntchito paŵekha, pamoza na ''-land'' ilo likung'anamula "mtunda". ''Ieg'' ya Cingelezi ca kale likukolerana na Cisweden ''ö'' na Cijeremani ''Aue'', ndipo kutali, na Cilatini ''aqua'' (maji). Kalembero ka lizgu ili na ⟨s⟩ kakasintha mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 cifukwa ca kughanaghana kwautesi kuti likukolerana na lizgu la Cifulenci ca kale ''isle'', ilo nalo likufuma ku lizgu la Cilatini ''insula''. == Kasandiro ka Pasi == === Kapangikiro mu Mbwani === Virwa kanandi vikusangika mu magulu gha virwa panji minjololo ya virwa. Minjololo iyi yikughanaghanirika kupangika kufuma ku malo gha moto gha pasi, malo agho cigaŵa ca mukati ca pasi ncakotcha comene kuluska malo ghakuzingilizga. Malo agha ghakwiziska mapiri gha moto agho mwala wake wakusungunuka ukupanga malibwe agho virwa vikupangikira. Pa virwa vinyake, kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi pacanya pa malo gha moto ghambura kusamika kukupanga virwa mu mzere, ndipo virwa ivyo vili kutali na malo gha moto nvya kale comene na vyakukokoloka comene, pambere vindabire vyose mu mbwani. Ciyelezgero ni Virwa vya Hawaii: cirwa ca kale comene nca vyaka miliyoni 25, ndipo ciphya comene, Hawaii, cicali phiri la moto lamoyo. Kweni minjololo yose ya virwa yikupangika nthena yayi. Yinyake yingapangika pa nyengo yimoza cifukwa ca kuphwanyika kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi, kupanga virwa vinandi pamoza. Ukaboni unyake ni wa Virwa vya Line, ivyo vyose vikughanaghanirika kuŵa vya vyaka miliyoni 8, m'malo mwa kuŵa vya vyaka vyakupambana. Minjololo yinyake ya virwa yikupangika cifukwa ca kupatukana na vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda. Virwa vya Japani vingaŵa kuti vikapatukana na Eurasia cifukwa ca kuthandazgika kwa pasi pa mbwani, ico cikucitika apo cikopa ciphya ca pasi pa mbwani cikupangika, cikukankha cikopa ca kale. Virwa ivyo vili pa mphepete ya pasi pa maji ya cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda vingachemeka virwa vya cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda. Virwa vinyake, nga ni ivyo vikupanga New Zealand, ni ivyo vyasyala vya vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda ivyo vikacepa na kubira mu mbwani. Kukaghanaghanirika kuti Zealandia, cigaŵa ca pasi ico New Zealand yili pacanya pake, yabira magaŵa 93 pa 100 gha malo ghake gha kwamba. Virwa vinyake vikupangika apo malibwe gha korali ghakukura pa virwa vya mapiri gha moto ivyo vyabira pasi pa maji. Para virwa ivi vya korali vyazingilizga kanyanja ka pakati, cirwa ici cikuchemeka ''atoll''. Kupangika kwa malibwe gha korali na virwa vyake kukovwirika na kuwunjikana kwa mcenga na dongo mu maji ghambura kuzika. Nyengo zinyake, kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi uko kukukwezga malibwe gha korali kufuma mu maji nanga ni mita 1 pera kungapangiska dongo kuwunjikana na cirwa kupangika. Virwa vya kuvikilira mphepete ni mizere mitali ya mcenga iyo yikupangika mu mphepete mwa nyanja cifukwa ca kuwunjika kwa mcenga na mayigha. Virwa ivi vikukokoloka na kukura apo mphepo na mayigha vikusintha. Virwa ivi vikuvikilira malo gha mphepete ku nyengo yiheni cifukwa vikukora nkhongono zinyake za mayigha ghakulu pambere ghandafike ku mphepete. Virwa vya ku Antarctica nyengo zinyake vikukolerana nyengo zose na mtunda unyake kwizira mu cisanu ca mbwani panji ca pa mtunda. Ciyelezgero ni Cirwa ca Ross mu Antarctica. === Kapangikiro mu Maji Ghawemi === Cirwa ca mu mlonga ni cirwa ico cikupangika kufuma ku kukokoloka na kuwunjika kwa dongo na vinyake mu milonga; pafupifupi milonga yose yili na virwa vya mtundu uwu. Virwa ivi vingaŵa vyatali mamita ghacoko pera, ndipo kanandi nvya kanyengo. Kusintha kwa luŵiro lwa maji, unandi wa maji, na unandi wa dongo mu mlonga kungakhwaska kupangika na kumalira kwa virwa vya mu milonga. Virwa vya mu milonga vya nyengo zose navyo vilipo, ndipo cikulu comene (ico cili mukati mwa mtunda pera) ni Cirwa ca Bananal mu mlonga wa Tocantins mu Brazil, ico cili na usani wa makilomita 55. Nyanja zikupangika pa vifukwa vinandi, kusazgapo cisanu cikulu cakwenda, kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi, na mapiri gha moto. Virwa vya mu nyanja vingapangika nga ni cigaŵa ca ndondomeko izi. == Umoyo pa Virwa == Kasandiro ka malo gha vyamoyo pa virwa kakusanda ndondomeko za vyamoyo izo zikucitika pa virwa, kulaŵiska comene vinthu ivyo vikukhwaska kusintha, kumalira, na unandi wa mitundu. Ŵasandi kanandi ŵakusanda virwa nga ni ciyelezgero cakupatukana ca umo kusankha kwa kawiro kukucitikira. Kasandiro ka vyamoyo vya pa virwa kakusanda vyamoyo pa virwa na malo ghawo. Kapeleka maghanoghano ghakuzirwa ku kasandiro ka malo gha vyamoyo kufuma mu nyengo ya Charles Darwin. === Kusangika Malo Ghamoza Pera === Mu kasandiro ka vyamoyo, kusangika malo ghamoza pera ni apo mtundu panji gulu la mitundu likusangika mu cigaŵa cinyake pera. Virwa vikupatula vyamoyo vya pa mtunda ku vinyake na maji, ndipo vikupatula vyamoyo vya mu maji na mtunda. Malo gha vyamoyo gha pa virwa ghali na unandi ukulu comene wa mitundu iyo yikusangika kwekha pera pa caro cose capasi. Ici cikung'anamula kuti virwa vikovwira comene ku kupambanapambana kwa vyamoyo kwa caro cose. Malo agho ghali na kupambanapambana kukulu kwa vyamoyo ghakulaŵiskika comene pa ntchito za kuvikilira, kuti mitundu iyi yileke kumalira. Nangauli pali mitundu yinandi iyo yikusangika kwekha, unandi wose wa mitundu mu cigaŵa ngucoko pa virwa kuluska pa vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda. Unandi wa mitundu pa virwa ukolerana na ukulu wa cirwa ico, ndipo ici cikuchemeka ubale wa mitundu na malo. Ici nchifukwa malo ghakulu ghali na vyuma vinandi, ntheura ghangasunga vyamoyo vinandi. Magulu agho ghangasungika ghanandi ghali so na kupambana kukulu kwa vyakuhara, ico cikovwira kupangika kwa mitundu yiphya. === Kuthandazgika === Virwa vya mbwani, ivyo vindakolerane na mtunda, vikuŵa na vyamoyo ivyo vingajumpha mbwani pera. Ici cikung'anamula kuti vinyama vyose ivyo vili pa cirwa vikwenera kuti vikaduka kufika kuko, pa viyuni panji mleme, vikanyamulika na vinyama ivi, panji vikanyamulika na maji ghakwenda mu mbwani pa ico cikuchemeka "kuyandama pa vinthu". Ici cikuchemeka kuthandazgika kwa mu mbwani. Mphepo zikulu za ku tropiki zingatora mitundu kutali comene. Vinyama nga ni fulu vingakhala masabata kwambura cakulya panji maji, ndipo vingapona kuyandama pa vinthu mu mbwani. Kusanda kunyake kukalongora kuti mu 1995, ''iguana'' 15 zikapona pa ulendo wa makilomita 300 kufika ku Anguilla mu Caribbean, cirwa ico pakaŵavya ''iguana'' kale. Zikapona mwa kuyandama pa makuni agho ghakazuka na mphepo yikulu. Mitundu ya vyakumera yikughanaghanirika kuti yingajumpha mtunda utali comene wa mbwani. New Zealand na Australia vikugaŵana mitundu 200 ya vyakumera vya malo agho, nangauli vyapatukana na makilomita 1,500. Virwa vya vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda, ivyo kale vikakolerana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, vikughanaghanirika kugaŵana mbiri ya vyakumera na vinyama mpaka apo cirwa cikapatukana na cigaŵa cikulu. Mwaciyelezgero, kuŵapo kwa somba za maji ghawemi pa cirwa ico cazingilizgika na mbwani kungalongora kuti kale cikakolerana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, cifukwa somba izi zingajumpha mbwani paŵekha yayi. Mu nyengo, kusintha na kumalira kukusintha vinyama pa cirwa ca cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, kweni pamanyuma pa kupatukana pera. Ciyelezgero ni khuni la ''southern beech'', ilo lili mu Australia, New Zealand, vigaŵa vya Amerika ya Kumwera, na New Guinea, malo agho mazuŵa ghano ghali kutali. Malongosoro ghanyake ni ghakuti malo agha kale ghakaŵa cigaŵa ca cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda ca Gondwana, ndipo ghakapatukana cifukwa ca kwenda kwa vigaŵa vikulu vya pasi. Kweni pali maghanoghano ghanyake ghakuti mtundu uwu ungaŵa kuti ukafika ku malo ghakutali kwizira mu kuthandazgika kwa mu mbwani. === Kusintha pa Magulu gha Virwa === Mitundu iyo yikukhala pa magulu gha virwa yikulongora cimanyikwiro capadera ico cikuchemeka kuthandazgika kwa kukolerana na malo. Mu ndondomeko iyi, mtundu uwo ukufika pa gulu la virwa ukupambanapambana luŵiro, kugaŵika kuŵa mitundu yiphya panji mitundu yicoko. Mtundu uwo ukufika pa malo gha vyamoyo gha cirwa ungakumana na kususkana kucoko pa vyuma, panji ungasanga kuti vyuma ivyo ukasanganga kale kulije. Vinthu ivi pamoza vikupangiska minthavi ya kusintha yakupambana na nthowa zakupambana za kupona. Ciyelezgero ca kale ni viyuni vya Darwin, gulu la mitundu mpaka 15 ya viyuni vicoko ivyo vikusangika pa Virwa vya Galápagos pera. Viyuni ivi vikasintha milomo yakupambana kuti virye vyakulya vyakupambana ivyo vili pa virwa. Ciyuni cikulu ca pasi cili na mlomo ukulu uwo cikugwiliskira ntchito kuphwanya mbuto na kurya vipambi. Ciyuni ca Genovesa cikutemwa kurya vyakumera vya minga, ndipo cili na mlomo wakukolerana na kuwuskapo vigaŵa vya mukati na maluŵa gha vyakumera ivi. Ciyuni cinyake cuŵisi cikurya ŵalutatavi na vibenene ivyo vikukhala pa vyakumera. Viyelezgero vinyake vya ici vilipo pa caro cose, kusazgapo mu Hawaii na Madagascar, ndipo vili pa malo gha vyamoyo gha virwa pera yayi. ==== Lamulo la Cirwa ==== Mitundu iyo yikusangika pa virwa pera yikulongora nthowa yakuyana ya kusintha. Lamulo la Foster (ilo likuchemeka so lamulo la cirwa) likuti vinyama vicoko vyakonkheska nga ni mbeŵa vikusintha kuŵa vikulu, ico cikuchemeka ukulu wa pa cirwa. Ciyelezgero ni fulu likulu la Seychelles, nangauli palije uyo wakumanya usange likakura pambere panji pamanyuma pa kufika pa cirwa. Vinyama vikulu nga ni cigwere vikucepa, nga ni cigwere cicoko. Ici cikuchemeka ucoko wa pa cirwa. Pa vinyama vicoko, kukughanaghanirika kuti vinyama pa virwa vingaŵa na vinyama vicoko vyakuvisaka na vyakususkana navyo, ndipo ici cikupangiska kusankhika kwa vinyama vikulu. Vinyama vikulu vingamalizga vyakulya luŵiro cifukwa ca ukulu wawo, kupangiska njara ku ŵana ŵawo, ndipo ici cikupangiska kusankhika kwa vinyama vicoko ivyo vikukhumba vyakulya vicoko. Kuŵa na vinyama vicoko vyakuvisaka kukung'anamula kuti vinyama ivi vikakhumbikwanga kuŵa vikulu yayi kuti vipone. === Darwin, Galápagos, na Kusankha kwa Kawiro === Charles Darwin wakapanga ghanoghano la kusankha kwa kawiro kwizira mu kusanda vyamoyo vya pa virwa. Mitundu iyo wakawona pa Virwa vya Galápagos, kusazgapo viyuni, yikamovwira kumanya umo kusintha kukugwilira ntchito. Wakaluta dankha ku virwa nga ni msandi wa vya kawiro pa ngalawa ya HMS Beagle mu 1835, nga ni cigaŵa ca ulendo wa vyaka vinkhondi kuzunguliya caro capasi. Wakalemba kuti "virwa vyakupambana, mwakukulu, vikukhalika na magulu ghakupambana gha vyamoyo". Kwizira mu kusanda viyuni na vinyama vinyake, wakamanya kuti vyamoyo vikupona mwa kusintha kuti vikolerane na malo ghawo. Vikajumpha vyaka vyakujumpha 20 pambere wandapharazge maghanoghano ghake mu ''On the Origin of Species''. == Ŵanthu na Virwa == === Mbiri ya Kupenja === Ukaboni wakwamba wa ŵanthu kukhala pa virwa ungaŵa wa nyengo ya Malibwe gha Kale, vyaka 100,000 mpaka 200,000 ivyo vyajumpha. Kufika ku virwa vya Indonesia vya Flores na Timor kukakhumbanga kujumpha maji gha makilomita 29 panji kujumpha. Virwa vinyake, nga ni Honshu, vingaŵa kuti vikakolerana na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda na ulalo wa mtunda uwo ukazomerezga ŵanthu kukhalako pambere vindaŵe virwa. Ŵanthu ŵakwamba kukhala pa virwa vyakutali vya mbwani ŵakaŵa Ŵapolinesiya. Ŵanthu ŵa kale ŵakajumphanga mtunda wa pasi pa makilomita 100, apo Ŵapolinesiya ŵangaŵa kuti ŵakenda makilomita 2,000–3,200 kuti ŵakhale pa virwa nga ni Tahiti. Ŵakatumanga ŵalongozgi ŵa ngalawa kwenda pa mbwani kwambura vilwero vya kulongozgera kuti ŵasange virwa viphya vya kukhalapo. Pakati pa 1100 na 800 pambere Khristu, Ŵapolinesiya ŵakenda kumafumiro kufuma ku New Guinea na Virwa vya Solomon ndipo ŵakafika ku virwa ivyo sono vikupanga Fiji na Samoa. Kutali comene uko ŵakafika ni Cirwa ca Easter ku kumafumiro, na New Zealand ku kumwera, uko ŵakamba kukhala pakati pa 1250 na 1300. Ŵasandi ŵa mbiri ŵayezga kumanya cifukwa ico virwa vinyake vyakutali vyaŵa vyambura ŵanthu nyengo zose, apo vinyake, comene mu Mbwani ya Pacific, vyaŵa na ŵanthu kwa nyengo yitali. Kanandi, virwa vikulu vingasunga ŵanthu makola ntheura vingaŵa kuti vikakhalika. Virwa vicoko ivyo vingasunga ŵanthu paŵekha yayi vingakhalika usange vili pafupi na cirwa ico cili na vyuma vyakukwana. Kuŵapo kwa cirwa kukumanyikwa na viyuni vya mbwani, kupambana kwa mitambo na nyengo, na kusintha kwa nthowa ya mayigha. Ncakuthekera so kuti ŵanthu ŵakamalira pa virwa, nga umo ŵakupenja ŵasangira virwa ivyo vikulongora ukaboni wa kukhalika kweni palije ŵanthu. Virwa vyose vikaŵa yayi panji vili yayi na ŵanthu ŵa midawuko ya pa mbwani. Kale, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakasangika kuti ŵakataya luso lawo la kwenda pa mbwani, nga ni pa Virwa vya Canary, ivyo vikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵa malo agho kufuma apo virwa vikasangika kakwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 100 mpaka apo vikapokeka na Ufumu wa Spain mu 1496. Kukughanaghanirika kuti cifukwa ŵanthu ŵakaŵa na cifukwa cicoko ca malonda na ŵakakumananga pacoko comene na cigaŵa cikulu ca mtunda, ŵakakhumbanga ngalawa yayi. Cifukwa ca kupenja virwa caŵa nkhani ya kusanda na mphindano. Ŵasandi ŵanyake ŵa mbiri ŵa kale ŵakayowoyanga kuti kukhala pa virwa kwa kale kukaŵa kwambura kukhumba, panyake mwa ngalawa yakupangika na makuni iyo yikatoleka na maji kuya mu mbwani. Ŵanyake ŵakuyaniska vifukwa vya Ŵapolinesiya na ŵakupenja ŵanyake na vya Christopher Columbus, mukupenja uyo wakenda kumanjiliro pa Mbwani ya Atlantic kupenja nthowa yinyake ya kufika ku East Indies. Ŵasandi aŵa ŵakughanaghanira kuti ŵakupenja awo ŵakasanga virwa ŵakapikanga ucindami na usambazi, ndipo ici cikapangiska ŵanyake kuyezga maulendo gha ngozi kupenja virwa vinyake, kanandi mwambura kuwona vinandi. === Umoyo === Pafupifupi magaŵa 10 pa 100 gha ŵanthu ŵa caro cose capasi ŵakukhala pa virwa. Kusanda midawuko ya virwa kukuchemeka kasambiro ka virwa. Ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kusanda virwa cifukwa ca midawuko yawo yapadera na malo ghawo gha kawiro agho ghakupambana na gha vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda. Ici nchifukwa ca vifukwa vinandi: Cakwamba, kupatukana kwakuwoneka kwa ndyali na malo kufuma ku midawuko ya vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda. Caciŵiri, vikanizgo vyapadera pa vyuma na malo gha vyamoyo ivyo vikupangiska midawuko ya pa mbwani iyo yikulaŵiska comene kuloŵa somba na kwenda pa ngalawa. Cacitatu, kuzirwa kwa virwa mu mbiri na mu ndyali kwa nyengo yitali. ==== Vyakulya ==== Vyakulya vya Ŵapolinesiya vikasanganga purotini yinandi kufuma ku kuloŵa somba. Ŵapolinesiya ŵakaloŵanga pafupi na mphepete, na mu maji ghakuzika. Kukayowoyeka kuti ŵanthu ŵa Rapa Nui ŵakaloŵanga mpaka makilomita 500 kufuma ku mphepete pa malibwe gha korali. Ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mikondo, mbeza, na maukonde kuloŵa ''tuna'', shaki, na somba zinyake. Midawuko ya virwa yikulima so mbuto za malo agho na zakufuma kunyake. Ŵapolinesiya ŵakalimanga vikhawo, ''taro'', ''breadfruit'', ntochi, makokonati na vipambi na masamba vinyake. Nyengo zakupambana za virwa zikapangiska vyuma vyakupambana kuŵa vyakuzirwa, nga ni Virwa vya Hawaii kuŵa na minda ya ''taro'' yakuthiliririka, apo pa virwa vinyake, nga ni Tahiti, ''breadfruit'' yikalimikanga comene na kunowetseka kuti yisungike. Pali ukaboni wa vya kale wakuti ŵanthu ŵa Virwa vya Canary ŵakatafunanga misisi ya vyakumera vinyake pa vyakulya, ico cikanangisanga comene mino ghawo gha kumanyuma. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakalimanga so balale na kuŵeta viŵeto nga ni mbuzi. === Vyaro na Vigaŵa vya Virwa === Vyaro vinandi vya virwa vili na mtunda ucoko na vyuma vya kawiro vicoko. Kweni vyaro ivi vikulongozga malo ghanyake ghakulu comene gha kuloŵa somba pa caro cose, vyuma vya mkuŵa, golide, na nickel, na mafuta. Uwemi wa kawiro wa vyaro vya virwa ukupangiska so kuti vikope ŵalendo. Virwa vili so na kuzirwa kwa ndyali pa malo gha ŵankhondo ŵa pa maji, kuyezga vilwero vya nkhondo, na kulongozga malo. Ciyelezgero ni French Polynesia, cigaŵa ico cikupokera ndalama zinandi za ŵankhondo na wovwiri kufuma ku France. Vinyake vitatu, Palau, Federated States of Micronesia, na Marshall Islands, ni vyaro vya virwa vya mu Pacific ivyo vili na phangano la kuvikilira, wovwiri, na kunjira mu caro na United States ilo likuchemeka ''Compact of Free Association''. ==== Ukoloni ==== Kufuma apo Ŵakumanjiliro ŵakasanga dankha virwa vya Polynesia, Micronesia, na vinyake, vyaro ivi vyaŵa malo gha ukoloni. Virwa vikaŵa malo gha ŵamishonale ŵa Cikhristu. Ŵamishonale aŵa ŵakasuskika, kweni ŵakawona uwemi apo mafumu ghanyake gha malo agho ghakagwiliskira ntchito wovwiri wa Ŵaulaya kuwunjika mazaza. Kwamba mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500, vyaro vya Ulaya vikaŵika cigaŵa cikulu ca Oceania pasi pa ulongozgi wa ukoloni. Pohnpei yikapokeka na Spain kufuma mu 1526. Yikasintha mazaza kufuma ku Germany, Japani, na United States pambere yindanjire mu Federated States of Micronesia mu 1982, ndipo yikusunga ubale wa "kukolerana kwa wanangwa" na U.S. Guam yikaŵa cigaŵa ca Spain mpaka 1898, ndipo sono ni cigaŵa ca U.S. cambura kunjizgika mu caro. Nyengo ya kuwuskapo ukoloni yikawona vyaro vinandi vya virwa kusanga wanangwa panji kujilongozga mwanjira yinyake. Kuyezga vilwero vya nkhondo vya nyukiliya pa Marshall Islands kukananga ma''atoll'' ghanandi panji kughapangiska kuŵa ghambura kukhalika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakakakizgika kufuma pa virwa vyawo, na kusazgikira kwa nthenda ya kansa cifukwa ca nkhongono za nyukiliya. Ukoloni wapangiska kucepa kwa kulondezga midawuko ya kale mu malo nga ni Hawaii, uko ŵanthu ŵa malo agho sono mbacoko. Maghanoghano gha midawuko pa kuŵa na mtunda pamoza na kusoŵa kwa kusankha kwa munthu yumoza ghangapangiska midawuko yinyake ya virwa kukolerana yayi na vyacuma vya ukapitalisti vya caro cose, ndipo ici cikupangiska vyaro ivi kukura pacoko mu vyacuma. === Ŵalendo === Virwa vyakopa ŵalendo ŵanandi kwa nyengo yitali, cifukwa ca nyengo zawo zapadera, midawuko, na uwemi wa kawiro. Kweni virwa vingaŵa na suzgo la mayendero ghaheni gha ndege na ngalawa, na kunangika kwa vyakuzengeka cifukwa ca ŵalendo. Virwa vya mu nyengo yakuzizima kanandi vikuthemba ŵalendo ŵa nyengo zinyake awo ŵakukhumba kusangwa na kawiro panji midawuko ya malo agho, ndipo ŵalendo ŵangaŵa cigaŵa cimoza pera ca vyacuma vya cirwa. Kweni pa virwa vya ku tropiki, ŵalendo kanandi ndiwo vyacuma vinandi vya malo agho na vyakuzengeka. Virwa ivi nyengo zinyake vikukhumba so wovwiri wa vyaro vinyake nyengo zose kuti vyacuma vikure. Kuthemba uku kungapangiska kupambana kwa ŵanthu na kunangika kwa malo ghakuzingilizga. Apo ŵalendo ŵacepa, vyacuma ivi vikusuzgika kusanga ndalama izo zataika kufuma ku malonda ghanyake. == Ngozi ku Virwa == Kusintha kwa nyengo kukuopska umoyo wa ŵanthu pa virwa cifukwa ca kukwera kwa maji gha mbwani, mphepo zikulu za ku tropiki zakofya comene, kutuŵa kwa malibwe gha korali, na kusazgikira kwa mitundu yakunanga. Mwaciyelezgero, mu 2017 mphepo yikulu ya Maria yikananga pafupifupi vyakuzengeka vyose mu Dominica. Kukwera kwa maji gha mbwani na kusintha kunyake kwa nyengo kungacepeska maji ghawemi, ndipo kukwiziska cilala. Ngozi izi zikughanaghanirika kucepeska kukhalika kwa virwa, comene vicoko. Kupatula ngozi ku umoyo wa ŵanthu, vyakumera na vinyama nayo vili pa ngozi. Kukughanaghanirika kuti pafupifupi hafu ya mitundu ya pa mtunda iyo yili pa ngozi ya kumalira yikukhala pa virwa. Mu 2017, kusanda kwa virwa 1,288 kukasanga kuti pakaŵa mitundu 1,189 ya vinyama vyakuŵa na fupa la msana iyo yili pa ngozi yikulu, magaŵa 41 pa 100 gha caro cose. Kutuŵa kwa malibwe gha korali kukughanaghanirika kucitika kanandi, kuopska malo gha vyamoyo gha mu mbwani, agho vyacuma vinyake vya virwa vikughathemba. Virwa vinyake vya pasi vingaleka kuŵapo usange maji gha mbwani ghakwera comene. Tuvalu yikalaŵiskika comene na nyuzipepara cifukwa ca msonkhano wa ŵalembi wa nkhani uwo ukapharazga kubira kwa caro ici ca virwa. Tuvalu yikasayina phangano na Australia lakuti caka ciliconse ŵanthu ŵake 280 ŵazomerezgeke kuŵa ŵakukhala nyengo zose mu Australia. Marshall Islands, caro ca virwa 1,156, nacho camanyikwa kuŵa pa ngozi ya kumalira cifukwa ca kukwera kwa mbwani. Kusazgikira kwa nkhongono za mphepo zikulu za ku tropiki kukusazgirapo mtunda na unandi wa kunyamulika kwa mitundu yakunanga ku virwa. Maji gha cigumula gha mphepo izi ghangatora vyakumera kutali mukati mwa mtunda kuluska umo vingafikira paŵekha, kuvinjizga mu malo ghaphya. Ulimi na malonda navyo vyanjizga vyamoyo vyakufuma kunyake pa virwa. Ndondomeko izi zikunjizga mitundu yakunanga mu malo gha vyamoyo agho ngacoko na ghakunangika luŵiro. Ciyelezgero ni nkhono ya ''apple snail'', iyo yikanjizgika dankha ku U.S. na ŵakusunga somba mu magalasi. Kufuma apo yanyamulika na mphepo zikulu mu mphepete ya Gulf na virwa vya pafupi. Mitundu iyi yikususkana pa vyuma na vinyama vya malo agho, ndipo yinyake yingakura comene mwakuti yingafumiska vyamoyo vinyake. == Virwa Vyakupangika == Kwa vyaka mahandiredi, virwa vyapangika kwizira mu kupanga mtunda pa maji. Cimoza mwa viyelezgero vyakwamba vyakulembeka ni apo ŵanthu ŵa Virwa vya Solomon ŵakapanga virwa 80 mwa kuwunjika malibwe gha korali na malibwe mu Kanyanja ka Lau. Kweni cirwa cakwamba cakupangika ca nyengo zose ni Cirwa ca Al-Sayah, mu Bahrain, ico cikapangika vyaka 1,200 ivyo vyajumpha panji kujumpha. Nthowa yimoza ya kale ya kupanga virwa ni kugwiliskira ntchito linga la malibwe. Matumba gha mcenga panji malibwe ghakuponyeka na ngalawa yikulu mu mbwani kuti ghakwezge mtunda pacoko kufuma mu maji. Pamanyuma malo gha cirwa ghakuzuzgika na mcenga panji tumalibwe, ndipo linga likuzengeka kuti likhazge malo agha. Virwa vyazengeka so na cizengo ca nyengo zose ca cisulo panji simenti ico cikuzengeka mu cizungulizgo ndipo pamanyuma cikuzuzgika na mcenga. Virwa vinyake vya mazuŵa ghano vyazengeka mwa kuthira matani miliyoni gha mcenga mu mbwani, nga ni Cirwa ca Pearl mu Qatar panji Virwa vya Palm mu Dubai. Virwa ivi kanandi vikupangika pa cifukwa ca kuzenga nyumba za kuguliska, ndipo vikuguliskika ku ŵanthu paŵekha panji pa kuzenga nyumba. Vyakuzengeka vya kufumiska mafuta mu mbwani navyo vyalongosoreka nga ni mtundu wa cirwa. Ma''atoll'' ghanyake ghaphimbika na simenti kupanga virwa vyakupangika pa vifukwa vya ŵankhondo, nga ni ivyo China yikapanga mu Mbwani ya China ya Kumwera. Ma''atoll'' agha kale ghakaŵa malo agho ghakuwoneka pera apo maji ghacepa. Phangano la Wupu wa Vyaro Vyose pa Dango la Mbwani likulongora kuti virwa ivi vingaŵa na ucindami wa dango wakuyana na wa cirwa ca kawiro yayi, ntheura vingapeleka wanangwa wa dango wakuyana yayi. [[Category:Nkhoska]] mje4bt8t8qjdk8wo72boelrm1qxy71o 0 20167 123984 120270 2026-11-05T00:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=[[The Honorable]]|birth_name=Felix Lafiel Mlusu|image=Felix Mlusu.jpg|image_size=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1951|3|23|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Lilongwe]], Malawi|death_date=|death_place=|alma_mater=[[Polytechnic College]], [[University of Malawi]] ([[diploma]] in [[business studies]])|profession=[[corporate]] [[Senior management|executive]]|office=[[Minister of Finance (Malawi)|Minister of Finance]]|term_start=29 June 2020|term_end=24 January 2022|president=[[Lazarus Chakwera]]|predecessor=[[Joseph Mwanamvekha]]|successor=[[Sosten Gwengwe]]|party=[[Malawi Congress Party]]|spouse={{marriage|Sabbina Mlusu|1978}}|children=4}}'''Felix Mlusu''' (wakababika pa 23 March 1951) ni munthu waku [[Malawi]] uyo wakugwira nchito nga nduna ya vya ndalama mu boma la Malawi kufuma pa 2020 mpaka 2022. Pambere wandambe uteŵeti wake ku Treasury wakaŵa Managing Director na Group Chief Executive Officer wa NICO Holdings kufuma mu 1994 mpaka apo wakafumira pa nchito pa 31 December 2016. == Umoyo wa munthu == Mlusu wakababika pa 23 March 1951 ku Lilongwe, Nyasaland (uno Malawi). Mlusu wali kutengwa kwa Sabbina Mlusu, ndipo ŵali na ŵana ŵanayi na ŵazukuru. Banja ili lili na nyumba ku Blantyre ndipo ndimo ŵaliri mu mpingo wa St Michael and All Angels Church of the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian - Blantyre Synod. Mlusu wakutemwa chomene gofu ndipo wakutemwa chomene kuchita maseŵero agha. == Masambiro == Mlusu wakaluta ku Chitukula Primary School na Likuni Boys Secondary School uko wakamalizga masambiro ghake ndipo wakasankhika kuti wakanjire University of Malawi Polytechnic College ku Blantyre uko wakamalizga masambiro ghake na Diploma mu Business Studies mu 1975. Mlusu wakalutizga masambiro ghake ku Chartered Insurance Institute of London ndipo wakapokera Associate Diploma mu 1985. Mu 1995, wakapokera digirii ya Chartered Insurer (UK) ndipo wakacemeka kuti waŵe yumoza wa ŵanthu ŵa Chartered Insurance Institute of London mu 2000. Mlusu ni muteŵeti wa Institute of Directors mu Southern Africa. Mlusu wakasambira masukulu gha vya umanyi na masukulu gha Malawi Polytechnic, Wits Business School ([[Johannesburg]], South Africa), Guardian Royal Exchange (London, United Kingdom), Munich Reinsurance Company (Munich, Germany), General Insurance Organisation (Sydney, Australia), College Of Insurance (Bombay, [[India]]) na Harvard Business School (Boston, United States). == NICO Holdings Plc == Mlusu wakanjira kampani ya National Insurance Company Limited mu 1975 nga ni msambizgi ndipo wakafika pa udindo wa Chief Executive Officer mu 1994. Mlusu wakazgoka Managing Director na Group Chief Executive Officer wa kampani ya NICO Holdings iyo yikasinthika. Pa nyengo iyo Mlusu wakalamuliranga, kampani ya NICO Holdings Limited (iyo yikachemekanga National Insurance Company Limited) yikaŵa yakwamba kulembeka pa Malawi Stock Exchange. Wakalongozga kampani ya NICO Holdings kuti yambe kupanga ndalama zakwendakwenda za kampani ya ku Malawi. Mlusu wakhalapo mu mabungwe ghanandi mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana vya chuma mu maudindo agha: Mulara wa NICO Holdings * Wapampando wa NBS Bank Public Limited Company * Wapampando wa Blantyre Hotels Public Limited Company- Ryalls Hotel by Marriott * Wapampando wa British American Tobacco * Wapampando wa Chibuku Products Limited Malawi (SABMiller Subsidiary) * Mlusu wali na maudindo ghakupambanapambana mu mabungwe ghanyake nga ni: * Mubali wa Komiti ya Malawi Stock Exchange - Wakaŵa na mulimo wa kuzenga Malawi Stock Exchange. * Mubali wa komiti yikuru ya African Insurance Organization (malo ghakulongozgera ku Cameroon) * Wapampando wa Insurance Association of Malawi * Wapampando wa COMESA Yellow Card Scheme, Council of Bureaux (Likulu lake lili ku [[Zambia]]) * Wapampando wa IMPACT - Private Sector Think-Tank wakupeleka ulongozgi ku boma la Malawi * Mlusu wakacitaso milimo yinyake padera pa iyo tazunura. == Nduna ya vya Ndalama == * Mlusu wakasankhika kuŵa Minister of Finance of the Republic of Malawi na President Lazarus Chakwera pa 29 June 2020. * Pakuŵa Nduna ya vya Ndalama, Hon. Mlusu wakaŵa mu wupu uwu: Mubali wa Kabineti Mlembi wakale wa National Assembly AfDB, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors, Wupu wa Banki ya Caru Cose, Mubali wa mu Wupu wa Ŵalaraŵalara Wupu wa vya Ndalama wa pa Charu Chose (International Monetary Fund), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors Wapampando wa Intergovernmental Committee of Senior Officials and Experts (ICSOE), 27th Session (2021) * == Kuzomerezgeka == * Mlusu wakapokera chiphalizgo cha Chewa Champions Award pa kusungilira mitheto, uteŵeti wa chalo na kutemwa chalo, kulongora nkharo yiweme na kukhozga mtende na Chewa Heritage Foundation. * Mlusu wakachemeka Customer Focused Executive of the Year 2015 ndipo wakapika Award of Service Excellence na Chartered Institution of Customer Management (Malawi). * Mlusu wakachindikika na University ya Mzuzu (a Malawi Government University) pakumupa Honorary Doctorate Degree in Business Leadership (Honors Causa) mu March 2017. * Mlusu wakalongozga na kufiska pulani yakulondezga muwuso wa NICO Holdings Plc pakati pa 2015 na 2016. == Ukaboni == * https://web.archive.org/web/20230312202718/https://mwnation.com/mlusu-retires-from-nico-after-41-years-of-service/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20230312175636/http://times.mw/felix-mlusu-bids-farewell-to-nico-holdings/ * https://web.archive.org/web/20170414163530/http://nicomw.com/index.php/recent-news-events/161-mlusu-bids-farewell-to-nico * https://web.archive.org/web/20230312174137/https://www.uneca.org/stories/the-27th-icsoe-meeting-of-southern-africa-elects-a-new-bureau-to-propel-industrialization-in 7ja6lhukxycehsmvicc8q77btuvlwv5 0 29197 123726 123612 2026-11-04T13:24:49Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Malawian public referral hospital}} {{Infobox hospital|name=Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu|org/group=|logo=|logo_size=|image=|image_size=225|alt=|caption=|coordinates={{coord|13|58|37|S|33|47|11|E|display=inline, title}}|location=[[Lilongwe]], [[Malawi]]|region=|state=|country=|pushpin_map=Malawi|map_caption=Malo agho kuli Lilongwe|healthcare=<!-- UK: NHS; AU/CA: Medicare; ELSE free-form text, e.g. Private -->|funding=|type=|affiliation=[[University of North Carolina]]|patron=|network=|standards=|emergency=Yes|beds=780|speciality= |image = Kamuzu Central Hospital.jpg |helipad=No|h1-number=|h1-length-f=|h1-length-m=|h1-surface=<!-- up to h12 -->|founded={{start date and years ago|1977}}|closed=|demolished=|website=<!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} -->|other_links=[[List of hospitals in Malawi]]|module=}}'''Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu''' (mu Cingelezi ''Kamuzu Central Hospital'') ni cipatala cikulu cakupokera ŵalwari ŵakutumika kufuma ku vipatala vinyake mu msumba wa [[Lilongwe]], likulu la [[Malaŵi]]. Cili na mabedi pafupifupi 780, kweni ŵalwari ŵakujumpha unandi wa mabedi. Cikuteŵetera ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 5, ŵakutumika kufuma ku vipatala vinkhondi vya maboma na vigaŵa vinyake vya Malaŵi, na vigaŵa vinyake vya Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique, na Zimbabwe.<ref name="1R">{{cite web |author=World Health Organization |date=May 2020 |title=About Kamuzu Central Hospital |url=https://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/apps/first_wave/malawi_middlesbrough/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222005533/http://www.who.int/patientsafety/implementation/apps/first_wave/malawi_middlesbrough/en/ |archive-date=February 22, 2015 |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva Switzerland}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{cite web |author=The Electives Network |date=12 May 2020 |title=Profile of Kamuzu Central Hospital |url=https://www.electives.net/hospital/4879/preview |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=Electives.net |location=Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918112347/https://www.electives.net/hospital/4879/preview |archive-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> == Malo == Cipatala ici cili mu cigaŵa ca msumba wa Lilongwe ico cikuchemeka Area 33 (panji Nangwagwa), kumwera kwa Nkholongo ya Lingazi Namilomba na Lilongwe Wildlife Centre, pafupi na Kamuzu College of Nursing. Malo gha cipatala ni: 13°58'37.0"S, 33°47'11.0"E.<ref name="3R">{{google maps|title=Location of Kamuzu Central Hospital|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/13%C2%B058'37.0%22S+33%C2%B047'11.0%22E/@-13.9769444,33.7863889,381m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-13.9769444!4d33.7863889|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> == Mwakufupikiska == Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu ni cipatala cikulu cakupokera ŵalwari ŵakutumika, ndipo ndico cipatala cakupokera ŵalwari ŵakutumika ca Cigaŵa ca Pakati ca Malaŵi. Ni cipatala cakupokera ŵalwari ŵakutumika ca ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 5. Mu Vuna 2020, cikaŵa na ŵadokotala pafupifupi 60 na ŵanesi pafupifupi 300. Mu 2019, cipatala ici cikapokeranga ŵana ŵakufika 25,000 pa caka, ndiko kuti ŵana pafupifupi 70 pa zuŵa limoza pakati. Mu Masika 2012, ŵacipondi Bingu wa Mutharika (24 Muswela 1934 – 5 Masika 2012), Mulongozgi wa Caro wacitatu wa Malaŵi, wakapokereka ku Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu, ndipo ŵakamusanga na kuleka kugwira ntchito kwa mtima.<ref name="5R">{{cite web |author=Agencies |date=6 April 2012 |title=Malawi president 'in critical condition' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2012/04/201245175737562122.html |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=[[Aljazeera.com]] |location=Doha}}</ref> == Mbiri == Cipatala ici cikazengeka mu 1977 na wupu wa Denmark wa kovwira cikuliro (DANIDA), na ndalama izo ulongozgi wa Denmark ukapeleka. Masuzgo gha ndyali ghakawoneka pambere cipatala cindamale. Cigaŵa cakwamba pera ndico cikamala. Vigaŵa ivyo vikaleka kuzengeka vikaŵa (a) ca nthumbo na nthenda za ŵanakazi, kusazgapo kupwelelera ŵanakazi ŵa nthumbo, (b) ca viwanga, (c) ca nthenda za mahara, na (d) ca TB. Kufuma mu 1977 mpaka 2004, cipatala ici cikachemekanga Lilongwe Central Hospital. Mu 2004, cikathyika zina lake la sono.<ref name="6R">{{cite web |author=Tarek Meguid and Elled Mwenyekonde |date=January 2005 |title=The Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Kamuzu Central Hospital and Bottom Hospital, Malawi: A Situation Analysis |url=https://www.who.int/management/country/mwi/kamuzu_hospital.pdf |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Lilongwe |accessdate=12 May 2020}}</ref> == Kugwilira Ntchito Pamoza == Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu cikugwilira ntchito pamoza na Kwamasambiro Ghakulu gha North Carolina. Cilato ca kugwilira ntchito pamoza uku ni "kusanga nthowa ziphya, zakuzomerezgeka mu mdawuko, na zakuguliskika makola za kuwemeska uchanda wa moyo wa ŵanthu ŵa Malaŵi, kwizira mu kusanda, kukhozga nkhongono, na kupwelelera ŵalwari". Cipatala ici cikapokera wovwiri kufuma ku Baylor Pediatric AIDS Initiative (BIPAI). Wovwiri unyake ukafuma ku German Hospital Partnership MAGNET, uwo ukalongozgekanga na German Corporation for International Cooperation GmbH (GIZ). Ndalama izi zikamba mu 2008 na kulutilira mpaka 2015.<ref name="9R">{{cite web |author=Esther–Magnet Organisation |date=4 July 2011 |title=Esther–Magnet: Malawi German Networking for Capacity Building in Treatment, Training and Research at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi |url=http://esther-magnet.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801102326/http://esther-magnet.org/ |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=12 May 2020 |publisher=Esther–Magnet Organisation © Institute of Public Health, University Hospital Heidelberg |format=Archived from the original on 1 August 2015}}</ref> Wupu wa lusungu wa Olivia Giles wakuchemeka 500 Miles ukamba kugwilira ntchito pamoza na cipatala mu 2009, na ŵantchito ŵaŵiri awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu makontena gha kunyamulira katundu, kuti ŵapeleke uteŵeti wa malundi na mawoko ghakupangika na wa viwanga pa cipatala. Pamanyuma pa vyaka 16, uteŵeti uwu ukaŵa cigaŵa ca Lilongwe Institute of Orthopaedics and Neurosurgery mu 2024, apo ukapelekeka ku Unduna wa Vya Umoyo na layizgo la kulutilira kovwira. Cipatala Cikulu ca Kamuzu cikugwilira ntchito pamoza na SIGN Fracture Care International kuti kupwelelera viwanga kufikike makola kwa ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici. == Wonaniso == * [[:en:List_of_hospitals_in_Malawi|List of hospitals in Malawi]] == Ukaboni == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Milumikizgi yakuwaro == * [https://www.malawiproject.org/the-halls-of-kamuzu-central-hospital/ The Halls of Kamuzu Central Hospital] As of 4 August 2007. * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272165912_Self-directed_e-learning_at_a_tertiary_hospital_in_Malawi_-_A_qualitative_Evaluation_and_Lessons_learnt Self-directed e-learning at a tertiary hospital in Malawi – A qualitative Evaluation and Lessons learnt] Article (PDF Available) in German medical science : GMS e-journal 32(1) · February 2015 with 635 Reads.  * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273832159_Hospital_Partnership_MAGNET_Malawi_German_Networking_for_Capacity_Building_in_Treatment_Training_and_Research_at_Kamuzu_Central_Hospital_KCH_Lilongwe_Malawi Hospital Partnership MAGNET: Malawi German Networking for Capacity Building in Treatment, Training and Research at Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi] Conference Paper (PDF Available) · November 2014 with 444 Reads.  {{Authority control}} 1tj2x1pjqfb1nesdod51nfej0g5fmh8 0 38949 123727 123464 2026-11-04T13:24:51Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123727 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:NumberSetinC.svg|thumb|Vigaŵa vya vipendero]] '''Cipendero''' (vinandi: '''vipendero''') ni cinthu ca [[Samuzi|masamu]] ico cikugwiliskirika ntchito pa kupenda, kupima, kulondezgeska, na kuthya mazina. Viyelezgero vyakwamba ni vipendero vya kawiro: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, na vinyake. Vipendero vingayimilirika mu ciyowoyero ca pa mlomo panji cakulemba na mazgo gha vipendero, panji na vimanyikwiro vyapadera vyakuchemeka nambala; mwaciyelezgero, "khumi na cimoza" ni lizgu la cipendero, ndipo "11" ni nambala iyo yikwimilira cipendero ici. Pakuti vimanyikwiro ivyo vingasungika mu mahara ni vicoko, ndondomeko ya nambala yikugwiliskirika ntchito kuti cipendero ciliconse cilembeke. Ndondomeko iyo yikugwiliskirika ntchito comene ni ya nambala za Cihindu na Ciarabu, iyo yikuzomerezga kuti cipendero ciliconse cilembeke na vimanyikwiro khumi. Mu masamu, ghanoghano la cipendero lakura mu vyaka vinandi kusazgapo zero (0), vipendero vyakucepeska nga ni −1, vipendero vya vigaŵa nga ni hafu (1/2), vipendero vyakuwoneka nga ni cipendero ca π, na vipendero vyakusazganika. == Mbiri == Vipendero vikamba kugwiliskirika ntchito kale comene. Vimanyikwiro vya vipendero vyakwamba vikalembeka pa viwanga na pa malibwe. == Mitundu ya Vipendero == Vipendero vingagaŵika mu magulu, nga ni vipendero vya kawiro, vipendero vyambura kugaŵika, vipendero vya vigaŵa, na vipendero vyaunenesko. 94bogbqgc1zl9r8agiv3jo42hlx157z 0 44987 123983 122508 2026-11-04T23:54:44Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Dominican-American actress (b. 1982)}} {{Use mdy dates|date = February 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Dascha Polanco | image = File:Dascha Polanco HD full.jpg | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = Polanco mu [[Orange is the New Black]] | birth_name = Dascha Yolaine Polanco | birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|12|3}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic]] | alma_mater = [[Hunter College]] | occupation = Actress | years_active = 2011–pano | children = 2 }} '''Dascha Yolaine Polanco''' (kubabika pa Disembala 3, 1982)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Polanco|first1=Dascha|title=I'm just grateful for another year of life. May I be blessed with health and staying true to who I am. #ismellgood #itsmybirthday|url=https://instagram.com/p/-0aoJEzRK4/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/-0aoJEzRK4 |archive-date=2021-12-24 |url-access=limited|work=Instagram|date=December 3, 2015|access-date=August 4, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ni mwanakazi wakupanga ma filimu wa ku [[Dominican Republic|Dominican]]-[[United States of America|American]]. Wakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mulimo wa Dayanara "Daya" Diaz pa Netflix mndandanda [[Orange Is the New Black]], na mulimo wa Cuca mu 2021 filimu In the Heights.<ref name="thr">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905|title='Orange Is the New Black's' Latinas – The Hollywood Reporter|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=November 22, 2013|access-date=December 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202084051/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905|archive-date=February 2, 2015}}</ref> == Umoyo wake == Polanco wakababika mu [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Republic]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ultimahora.com.do/dascha-polanco-talento-dominicano-en-holywood/|title=Dascha Polanco. Talento dominicano en Hollywood|access-date=July 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026023650/http://ultimahora.com.do/dascha-polanco-talento-dominicano-en-holywood/|archive-date=October 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecartelera.com/personas/dascha-polanco/|title=Dascha Polanco|website=Ecartelera}}</ref> ndipo wakasamira ku United States apo wakaŵa muwukirano.<ref name=miami>{{cite web|url=http://miamiherald.typepad.com/gaysouthflorida/2014/05/orange-is-the-new-black-co-star-dascha-polanco-to-be-special-guest-friday-at-aqua-girl-vip-dance-events.html|title='Orange Is the New Black' co-star Dascha Polanco to be guest Friday at Aqua Girl VIP, dance events|first=Steve|last=Rothaus|work=[[Miami Herald]]|date=May 2014|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Wakakulira mu [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Brooklyn]], na [[Miami]] uko adada ŵake ŵakaŵa makhanikhi, ndipo amama ŵake ŵakaŵa ŵasayansi ŵakuwona vya kutozga thupi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diariolibre.com/revista/2013/08/18/i398155_cinco-dominicanas-serie-del-momento-orange-the-new-black.html|title=Cinco dominicanas en la serie del momento: Orange Is The New Black|language=es|first=Orlando|last=Santos|date=August 18, 2013|work=Diario Libre|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name=nydn>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/dascha-polanco-returns-orange-new-black-season-article-1.1452628|title=Dascha Polanco returns to 'Orange Is the New Black' for second season|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=September 11, 2013|first=Erik|last=Ortiz|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Polanco ni mwana wakwamba pa ŵana ŵatatu; wali na munung'una na mudumbu wake.<ref name="DPLM">{{cite web|url=http://www.latina.com/entertainment/celebrity/dascha-polanco-june-july-2015-cover-star |title=Dascha Polanco is Latina Magazine's June/July 2015 Cover Star!|last=Trivino|first=Jesus|work=Latina Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=April 28, 2015 }}</ref> ==Ntchito== Polanco wakakhumbanga kuŵa wamaseŵero kufuma waka pa wanici wake kweni "wakakayikiranga nyengo zose para wakuluta ku ma audition cifukwa ca kunenepa", ntheura wakamalizga masambiro gha psychology ku Hunter College.<ref name=nydn/> Wati wamalizga masambiro gha ku koleji wakamba kugwira nchito ya vyaumoyo na cilato cakuti wazakaŵe nesi.<ref name=nbc>{{cite web|url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/08/15/dominican-actress-dascha-polanco-talks-netflix-series-orange-is-the-new-black/|title=Dominican actress Dascha Polanco talks Netflix series "Orange is the New Black"|work=NBC Latino|publisher=[[NBC]]|date=August 15, 2013|first=Nina|last=Terrero|access-date=June 13, 2014|archive-date=April 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406121607/http://nbclatino.com/2013/08/15/dominican-actress-dascha-polanco-talks-netflix-series-orange-is-the-new-black/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=atg>{{cite web |url=http://allthingsgirl.com/2013/07/meet-actress-dascha-polanco/ |title=Meet Actress Dascha Polanco |work=All Things Girl |first=Deborah |last=Smouse |date=July 11, 2013 |access-date=June 13, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029021825/http://allthingsgirl.com/2013/07/meet-actress-dascha-polanco/ |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |df=mdy }}</ref> Wakagwiranga nchito ku chipatala cha Montefiore Medical Center mu Bronx apo wakasambiranga vya unesi, ndipo wakakhwima mtima na kwamba kucita maseŵero.<ref name=nydn/><ref name=atg/> Wakasambira pa sukulu ya BIH Studios ku New York, ndipo apo wakaŵa ku sukulu iyi, wakalembeskeka na wupu wa Shirley Grant Management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oitnb.com/exclusive-interview-oitnbs-dascha-polanco-daya-diaz/|title=Exclusive Interview: OITNB's Dascha Polanco (Daya Diaz)|work=OITNB.com|date=March 23, 2014|publisher=[[Netflix]]|access-date=June 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109072121/http://oitnb.com/exclusive-interview-oitnbs-dascha-polanco-daya-diaz/|archive-date=November 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ntchito yake yakwamba yikaŵa ya vigaŵa vichoko waka mu ma TV gha Unforgettable na NYC 22.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/07/orange-is-the-new-black-daya-dascha-polanco-interview.html|title= OITNB's Dascha Polanco on Daya and Bennett, Doodling Penises, and Her Johnny Depp Crush|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|first=Patti|last=Greco|date=August 3, 2013|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Mu chaka cha 2012, Polanco wakaloleka kuti wagwire ntchito ya Dayanara "Daya" Diaz mu filimu ya Netflix ya Orange Is the New Black.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ilana-rapp/actress-dascha-polanco-te_b_3596577.html|title= Actress Dascha Polanco Tells Us About Life Before and After Netflix's Orange Is the New Black |work=[[Huffington Post]]|first=Ilana|last=Rapp|date=July 15, 2014|access-date=June 13, 2014}}</ref> Mu 2013, Polanco adawonekera mu filimu yodziyimira payokha ya Gimme Shelter asanabwerere ku Orange Is the New Black nyengo yachiwiri.<ref name=nydn/> Mu Juni 2014, adalengezedwa kuti adakwezedwa kuchokera ku ntchito yobwereza ku mndandanda wokhazikika wa chiwonetsero cha nyengo yachitatu, yomwe idatulutsidwa mu June 2015. Wakawoneskeka mu mafilimu gha The Cobbler na Joy, ndipo wakawonekaso mu filimu ya The Perfect Match. Mu 2018, Polanco adachita nawo gawo lina mu The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story, ndipo mu 2019, adachita nawo gawo lina mu mndandanda wa Netflix, Russian Doll ndi When They See Us. Mu 2021, Polanco adachita gawo la Cuca, m'modzi mwa azimayi omwe akutsogolera salon, mu kanema In the Heights . Kufuma mu 2021 kufika mu 2022, Polaco wakalongosora mazgu gha Ms. Camilla Torres, mama wa Winston uyo wali na sitoro yakuguliskiramo sumu, mu sinema ya Karma's World.<ref name="milligan2021">{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/trailer-karmas-world-brings-a-positive-beat-to-netflix/|title=Trailer: 'Karma's World' Brings a Positive Beat to Netflix|website=[[Animation Magazine]]|date=September 23, 2021|access-date=April 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005210447/https://www.animationmagazine.net/streaming/trailer-karmas-world-brings-a-positive-beat-to-netflix/|archive-date=5 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Umoyo wamunthu== Polanco wali na ŵana ŵaŵiri, mwana msungwana na msepuka.<ref name="DPLM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a42135/dascha-polanco-orange-is-the-new-black-season-3-profile/ |title="Orange Is the New Black" Star Dascha Polanco Wishes She Could Tell Off Haters|last=Greco |first=Patti|work=Cosmopolitan Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date=June 18, 2015}}</ref> Mwana wake msungwana wakachita nga ni Polanco mu nyengo ya 5 ya Orange Is the New Black.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a10201350/dascha-polanco-daughter-orange-is-the-new-black/|title=Young Daya Looks So Much Like Dascha Polanco Because She's Dascha Polanco's Daughter |last=Thompson |first=Eliza|work=Cosmopolitan Magazine|date=July 21, 2017|access-date= June 21, 2017}}</ref> Mu 2015, Polanco wakapika mulandu wa kusuzga muwukirano, chifukwa "wakaponyapo kanandi waka na kukasweka.”<ref>{{Cite web |author=Variety Staff |date=2015-12-05 |title='Orange is the New Black's' Dascha Polanco Charged With Assault |url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/orange-new-black-dascha-polanco-assault-1201654907/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Orange Is the New Black' Star Dascha Polanco Charged With Assaulting Teen Girl |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/orange-black-star-dascha-polanco-charged-assaulting-teen/story?id=35576743 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-03 |title='Orange Is The New Black' Star Accused Of Beating Up A Teenage Girl |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dascha-polanco-arrested-orange-is-the-new-black_n_56609847e4b08e945fee85eb |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> Kweni pamanyuma ŵakamulekeska mulandu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charges against "Orange is the New Black" actress dismissed |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/charges-against-orange-is-the-new-black-actress-dascha-polanco-dismissed/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Mafilimu== ===Filimu=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Ntchito ! Vyakulemba |- | 2013 | ''[[Gimme Shelter (2013 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' | Carmel | |- | 2014 | ''[[The Cobbler (2014 film)|The Cobbler]]'' | Macy | |- | 2015 | ''[[Joy (2015 film)|Joy]]'' | Jackie | |- | 2018 | ''[[Mutafukaz|MFKZ]]'' | Luna <small>(voice)</small> | English dub |- | 2019 | ''[[The Irishman]]'' | Nurse | |- | 2021 | ''[[In the Heights (film)|In the Heights]]'' | Cuca | |- | 2022 | ''[[DC League of Super-Pets]]'' | Jessica Cruz / Green Lantern (voice) | |- | 2022 | ''[[Samaritan (film)|Samaritan]]'' | Isabelle | |- | 2023 | ''[[A Little Prayer]]'' | | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chaka ! Mutu ! Ntchito ! Vyakulemba |- | 2011 | ''[[Unforgettable (2011 TV series)|Unforgettable]]'' | Estella | Episode: "Trajectories" |- | 2012 | ''[[NYC 22]]'' | Fan #2 | Episode: "Firebomb" |- | 2013–2019 | ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'' | [[List of Orange Is the New Black characters#Dayanara Diaz|Dayanara "Daya" Diaz]] | 81 episodes<br>[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] <small>(2014, 2015)</small> |- | 2018 | ''[[The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story]]'' | Det. Lori Wieder | 3 episodes |- | 2019 | ''[[Russian Doll (TV series)|Russian Doll]]'' | Beatrice | 4 episodes |- |2019 | ''[[When They See Us]]'' | Elena | Episode: "Part Three" |- |2019 | ''[[Evil (TV series)|Evil]]'' | Patti Hitchens | Episode: "3 Stars" |- |2023 | ''[[Poker Face (TV series)|Poker Face]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2022-06-03 |title=Dascha Polanco & Lil Rel Howery Join Natasha Lyonne In Rian Johnson's Peacock Series 'Poker Face' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/06/dascha-polanco-lil-rel-howery-natasha-lyonne-rian-johnsons-peacock-series-1235037972/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Deadline}}</ref> | Natalie | Episode: "Dead Man's Hand" |} ==Ukaboni== {{reflist|30em}} == Vigaŵa vya kuwalo == {{Commons category}} *{{IMDb name|4745601}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polanco, Dascha}} [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Actresses from Miami]] [[Category:Actresses from New York City]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American television actresses]] [[Category:American voice actresses]] [[Category:American people of Dominican Republic descent]] [[Category:Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States]] [[Category:Dominican Republic film actresses]] [[Category:Dominican Republic television actresses]] [[Category:Entertainers from the Bronx]] [[Category:Hispanic and Latino American actresses]] [[Category:Hunter College alumni]] [[Category:Mixed-race Dominicans]] [[Category:People from Santo Domingo]] [[Category:People from Sunset Park, Brooklyn]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] 0puyzpokr0q7xlm1iuw80isaka1rkpm 0 46824 123719 123676 2026-11-04T13:12:32Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123719 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uchanda wa moyo''' uli na ng'anamulo zinandi izo zagwiliskirika ntchito pa vilato vyakupambana mu nyengo zakupambana, ndipo ni ghanoghano ilo lili na vigaŵa vinandi. Kanandi ukung'anamula umoyo uwemi wa thupi na wa mtima. Uchanda uwemi ukukolerana na kugwira ntchito makola kwa thupi la munthu pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura nthenda, kupweteka (kusazgapo kupweteka kwa mahara), panji vilonda. Uchanda ungakhozgeka mwa kukhumbiska vyakucita viwemi, nga ni kucita maseŵero gha thupi nyengo zose na kugona kwakukwana, na mwa kucepeska panji kuleka vyakucita viheni, nga ni kukweŵa fodya panji kuŵa na njuŵi comene. Uchanda ukukhwaskika na vyakusankha vya munthu, nga ni nkhalo ya ngozi, kweniso na umo wupu wa ŵanthu ukunozgekera, nga ni kupambanyizga ŵanthu pa mtundu mu ucizgi. Ici cikung'anamula kuti wupu wa ŵanthu wanozgeka mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufikira ucizgi panji kucita vyakukhozga uchanda mwakupepuka, ndipo ŵanyake mwakusuzga. Uchanda ungakhwaskika so na vinthu vya mu thupi nga ni nthenda zakuharika. == Kagwiliskiro ka Lizgu == Vyakucita vyandondomeko vya kuvikilira panji kucizga masuzgo gha umoyo na kukhozga uchanda uwemi mwa ŵanthu vikucitika na ŵantchito ŵa ucizgi, nga ni pa kupima nthenda panji kulemba mankhwala, apo uchanda wa vinyama ukupwelelereka na kasandiro ka ucizgi wa vinyama. Lizgu lakuti "wa uchanda uwemi" likugwiliskirika ntchito so comene pa mawupu ghambura umoyo na pa ivyo ghakucitira ŵanthu, nga ni mu ng'anamulo la mizi ya uchanda uwemi, misumba ya uchanda uwemi, panji malo ghakuzingilizga gha uchanda uwemi. Kupatula ucizgi na malo agho munthu wakukhala, vinthu vinyake vinandi vikumanyikwa kukhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikuchemeka "vyakusimikizga uchanda", ndipo vikusazgapo kuŵa wanalume panji wanakazi, mtundu, nkhalo, na vyacuma vya munthu. Kusanda kwalongora kuti kufipa mtima kukulu kungakhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. == Mbiri == Ng'anamulo la uchanda lasintha mu nyengo. Kuyana na kalaŵiskiro ka kasandiro ka thupi, ng'anamulo zakwamba za uchanda zikalaŵiskanga nkhongono ya thupi kugwira ntchito; uchanda ukawonekanga nga ni kugwira ntchito makola uko kungasokonezgeka nyengo zinyake na nthenda. Ciyelezgero ca ng'anamulo lantheura ni: "kuŵa makola kwa thupi, umo likugwilira ntchito, na mahara; nkhongono ya kucita ntchito zakuzirwa mu mbumba, pa ntchito, na mu muzi; nkhongono ya kuzizipizga kufipa mtima kwa thupi, kwa mahara, na kwa ubale na ŵanthu". Pamanyuma, mu 1948, mwakupambana comene na ng'anamulo za kale, Wupu wa Uchanda wa Caro Cose (WHO) ukasacizga ng'anamulo lapacanya, ilo likakoleranya uchanda na umoyo uwemi, nga ni "umoyo uwemi wa thupi, wa mahara, na wa ubale na ŵanthu, kwambura kuŵa waka kusoŵa kwa nthenda na kutomboroka". Nangauli ng'anamulo ili likapokereka makola na ŵanyake nga ni liphya, likasuskika so kuti ndambura kulunjika, ndikulu comene, ndipo ndambura kupimika. Kwa nyengo yitali likasiyika nga ni ghanoghano lambura kufiskika, ndipo mphindano zinandi za uchanda zikawelera ku ciyelezgero ca kasandiro ka thupi. Nga umo ŵanthu ŵakasinthira kuwona nthenda kufuma ku kuŵa cakucitika cimoza kuya ku kuŵa ndondomeko, ndimo zikasinthira ng'anamulo za uchanda. WHO yikalongozga so apo yikakhozga kukura kwa ndondomeko ya kukhozga uchanda mu ma 1980. Ici cikiziska ghanoghano liphya la uchanda, kwambura kuŵa cakucitika cimoza, kweni nkhongono ya kuzizipizga na kuwelera, mu mazgo ghanyake, "cuma ca kukhalira umoyo". Mu 1984, WHO yikasintha ng'anamulo la uchanda kuŵa "umo munthu panji gulu lingafiskira ivyo likukhumba, kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vyake, na kusintha panji kuzizipizga malo ghake. Uchanda ni cuma ca umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura kuŵa cilato ca umoyo; ni ghanoghano liwemi, ilo likulaŵiska vyuma vya ŵanthu na vya munthu, na nkhongono za thupi." Ntheura, uchanda ukang'anamulanga nkhongono ya kusunga thupi kuŵa makola na kuwelera pamanyuma pa vyakucitika viheni. Uchanda wa mahara, wa vinjeru, wa mtima, na wa ubale ukang'anamulanga nkhongono ya munthu kuzizipizga kufipa mtima, kusambira luso, na kusunga ubale, ivyo vyose ni vyuma vya kuzizipizga na kujikhalira. Ici cikujula nthowa zinandi za kusambizga, kukhozga, na kusambira uchanda. Kufuma pakumalira kwa ma 1970, ndondomeko ya Healthy People ya ulongozgi wa United States yaŵa cigaŵa cikulu ca umo United States yikukhozgera uchanda wa ŵanthu. Vyaka khumi vyaliwose, ndondomeko yiphya ya Healthy People yikufumiskika, na vilato viphya na vyakufiska vyakupimika pa kukhozga uchanda mu vyaka khumi vyakulondezga, ndipo pakumalira pakupendeka usange pali kuluta panthazi panji yayi. Kuluta panthazi kwaŵa kucoko pa vilato vinandi, ndipo ici capangiska ŵanthu kukayikira usange Healthy People yikugwira ntchito makola mu ndondomeko ya uchanda ya U.S. yambura kukolerana. Healthy People 2020 yikulaŵiska comene kukhozga uchanda na kuvikilira, ndipo yikusazgapo kuzirwa kwa kumazga vyakusimikizga uchanda vya mu wupu wa ŵanthu. Nthowa yiphya ya pa intaneti yikupepuska kagwiliskiro na kuthandazgika m'malo mwa mabuku ghakulu ghakudindika gha kale. Vyakufumapo vya kusintha uku vizamumanyikwa mu vyaka vyakwiza. Kufuma pa kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, uchanda wawonekera comene nga ni udindo wa munthu yumoza, apo luso la kukhozga uchanda lakura. Uchanda ungang'anamulika nga ni nkhongono, ndipo kujipenda kwa munthu kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca kupima umo ntchito za kukhozga uchanda zikwendera. Ici cikapeleka so mwaŵi ku munthu waliyose kujipulika wa uchanda uwemi, nanga ni apo wali na nthenda zinandi za nyengo yitali panji nthenda yambura kucizgika, na kupenda so vyakusimikizga uchanda (kufuma ku nthowa ya kale iyo yikulaŵiska kucepeska nthenda pera). == Vyakusimikizga Uchanda == Malo agho munthu wakukhalira ghangakhwaska uchanda wake na umo umoyo wake uliri. Ŵanandi ŵakuti uchanda ukusungika na kukhozgeka kwizira mu kuluta panthazi na kugwiliskira ntchito kasandiro ka uchanda pera yayi, kweni so kwizira mu ntchito na vyakusankha vya nkhalo vya munthu na wupu wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na WHO, vyakusimikizga uchanda vikulu ni malo gha ŵanthu na gha vyacuma, malo gha thupi, na vimanyikwiro na nkhalo za munthu. Kufumba maghanoghano gha ŵanthu kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwona kufikira ucizgi, kusambizga za uchanda, na malo gha muzi nga ni vyakusimikizga vikulu comene vya uchanda uwemi. Kusanda kunandi na malipoti kufuma ku mawupu ghakupambana ghakupenda ubale pakati pa uchanda na vinthu vyakupambana, kusazgapo nkhalo, malo, kanozgero ka ucizgi, na ndondomeko za uchanda. Ndondomeko yimoza ya uchanda iyo yanjizgika mu vyaro vinandi mu vyaka vya sonosono ni msonkho wa shuga. Msonkho wa vyakumwa ukaŵako apo ŵanthu ŵakafipa mtima comene na kututuŵa, comene mwa ŵacoko. Vyakumwa vya shuga vyaŵa cilato ca ntchito za kucepeska kututuŵa, cifukwa ukaboni ukusazgikira wa ubale wawo na kututuŵa. Viyelezgero vinyake ni lipoti la Lalonde la 1974 la ku Canada; kusanda kwa Alameda County ku California; na malipoti gha WHO gha uchanda wa caro cose, agho ghakulaŵiska nkhani za uchanda wa caro cose kusazgapo kufikira ucizgi na kukhozga uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, comene mu vyaro vyakukura. Ghanoghano la "cigaŵa ca uchanda", lakupambana na ucizgi, likafuma ku lipoti la Lalonde la ku Canada. Lipoti ili likalongora vigaŵa vitatu vyakukolerana nga ni vyakusimikizga vikulu vya uchanda wa munthu. Ni ivi: * Vya thupi: vigaŵa vyose vya uchanda, vya thupi na vya mahara, ivyo vikukura mu thupi la munthu kuyana na vyakuhara. * Vya malo: nkhani zose za uchanda za kuwaro kwa thupi la munthu, izo munthu wakuzilaŵilira pacoko panji yayi; * Vya nkhalo: vyakusankha vyose vya munthu (ivyo munthu wakuvilaŵilira) ivyo vingovwira panji kwiziska ulwari panji nyifwa; Kusunga na kukhozga uchanda kukufiskika kwizira mu kusazga kwakupambana kwa umoyo uwemi wa thupi, wa mahara, na wa ubale, kusazga uko nyengo zinyake kukuchemeka "makona ghatatu gha uchanda". Kalata ya Ottawa ya WHO ya 1986 ya Kukhozga Uchanda yikayowoya so kuti uchanda ni cakucitika pera yayi, kweni so "cuma ca umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura kuŵa cilato ca umoyo. Uchanda ni ghanoghano liwemi ilo likulaŵiska vyuma vya ŵanthu na vya munthu, na nkhongono za thupi." Kulaŵiska comene nkhalo na ubale wake na uchanda, vyakusangika vya kusanda kwa Alameda County vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵangakhozga uchanda wawo kwizira mu maseŵero gha thupi, kugona kwakukwana, kukhala nyengo mu malo gha kawiro, kusunga kuzitika kwiwemi kwa thupi, kucepeska kumwa moŵa, na kuleka kukweŵa fodya. Uchanda na ulwari vingaŵako pamoza, cifukwa nanga ni ŵanthu ŵa nthenda zinandi za nyengo yitali panji nthenda zambura kucizgika ŵangajiwona kuŵa ŵa uchanda uwemi. Malo ghakuzingilizga kanandi ghakuyowoyeka nga ni cinthu cakuzirwa ico cikukhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ici cikusazgapo vimanyikwiro vya malo gha kawiro, malo ghakuzengeka, na malo gha ubale na ŵanthu. Vinthu nga ni maji na mphepo zakutowa, nyumba zakukwana, na mizi na misewu yakuvikilirika vyasangika kuti vikovwira uchanda uwemi, comene uchanda wa ŵana ŵacoko na ŵana. Kusanda kunyake kwalongora kuti kusoŵa kwa malo gha kupumulira mu muzi, kusazgapo malo gha kawiro, kukupangiska kusoŵa kukondwa na kututuŵa kukulu, ivyo vikukolerana na uchanda uheni. Kwalongoreka kuti kukhala nyengo yinandi mu malo gha kawiro kukukolerana na uchanda uwemi uwo ŵanthu ŵakujiyowoyera, ntheura uwemi wa malo gha kawiro mu misumba ukwenera kulaŵiskika mu ndondomeko za ulongozgi na kagwiliskiro ka malo. Vyakuhara, panji vimanyikwiro vyakuharika kufuma ku ŵapapi, navyo vikugwira ntchito pa kusimikizga uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ici cingasazgapo kuŵa pa ngozi ya nthenda zinyake, kweniso nkhalo izo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu mbumba zawo. Mwaciyelezgero, vyakuhara vingakhwaska umo ŵanthu ŵakuzizipizgira kufipa mtima, kwa mahara, kwa mtima, panji kwa thupi. Kututuŵa ni suzgo likulu mu United States ilo likovwira uchanda uheni wa mahara na kufipa mtima kwa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Suzgo limoza ni mphindano pa nkhongono ya vyakuhara kuyaniska na vinthu vinyake; kukolerana pakati pa vyakuhara na malo kungaŵa kwakuzirwa comene. === Masuzgo Agho Ghangaŵako === Masuzgo ghanandi gha uchanda ghali pa caro cose. Nthenda ni limoza mwa masuzgo ghanandi comene. Kuyana na GlobalIssues.org, ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 36 ŵakufwa caka ciliconse na nthenda zambura kuyambukira, kusazgapo nthenda za mtima, kansa, shuga, na nthenda za maphapo za nyengo yitali. Mwa nthenda zakuyambukira, za tubungulu na za mabakiteriya, [[Edesi (AIDS)|Edesi/HIV]], TB, na [[Malungo|malungo]] ndizo zinandi comene, ndipo zikukoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni caka ciliconse. Suzgo linyake la uchanda ilo likukoma panji kovwira masuzgo ghanyake ni kusoŵa vyakulya vyakukwana, comene mwa ŵana. Ŵana ŵacoko ndiwo ŵakukhwaskika comene. Ŵana pafupifupi miliyoni 7.5 ŵa pasi pa vyaka 5 ŵakufwa na kusoŵa vyakulya vyakukwana, kanandi cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za kusanga panji kupanga vyakulya. Vilonda vya thupi navyo ni suzgo la uchanda pa caro cose. Vilonda ivi, kusazgapo kuphwanyika kwa mafupa na kupsa, vingacepeska uwemi wa umoyo wa munthu panji kumukoma, kusazgapo nthenda izo zikufuma ku cilonda. Vyakusankha vya nkhalo vikovwira uchanda uheni kanandi. Ivi vikusazgapo kukweŵa fodya, na so vyakulya viheni, kwali kurya comene panji kurya pacoko comene. Kuleka kucita maseŵero gha thupi nako kungovwira masuzgo gha uchanda, pamoza na kusoŵa tulo, kumwa moŵa comene, na kuleka kupwelelera mino. Pali so nthenda zakuharika izo munthu wakuhara, ndipo zingapambana pa umo zikukhwaskira munthu (na apo zikuwonekera). Nangauli masuzgo ghanandi agha ghangavikilirika, cifukwa cikulu ca uchanda uheni pa caro cose ni kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi biliyoni yimoza ŵalije nthowa ya kufikira ucizgi. Suzgo likulu comene na liheni comene lingaŵa kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵalije nthowa ya kusanga ucizgi uwemi. === Uchanda wa Mahara === WHO yikulongosora uchanda wa mahara kuŵa "umoyo uwemi umo munthu wakumanya nkhongono zake, wangazizipizga kufipa mtima kwa umoyo kwa nyengo zose, wangagwira ntchito makola na mwakupindura, ndipo wangovwira muzi wake". Uchanda wa mahara ni kusoŵa ulwari wa mahara pera yayi. Ulwari wa mahara ukulongosoreka kuŵa "vyakucitika vya maghanoghano, vya mtima, na vya nkhalo ivyo vikusokonezga umoyo uwemi wa ubale na wa mtima na umoyo na ntchito za ŵanthu". Kuŵa na ulwari wa mahara kungananga comene, kwa kanyengo panji kwa muyirayira, umo mahara gha munthu ghakugwilira ntchito. Pafupifupi magaŵa 20 pa 100 gha ŵalara wose mu U.S. ŵangasangika na ulwari wa mahara. Ulwari wa mahara ndiwo cifukwa cikulu ca kutomboroka mu United States na Canada. Viyelezgero vya ulwari uwu ni ''schizophrenia'', ADHD, kufipa mtima kukulu, ''bipolar disorder'', ulwari wa wofi, ulwari wa pamanyuma pa cakucitika ciheni, na ''autism''. Vinthu vinandi vikovwira masuzgo gha uchanda wa mahara, kusazgapo: * Vinthu vya thupi, nga ni vyakuhara panji usungunu wa wongo * Mbiri ya mbumba ya masuzgo gha uchanda wa mahara * Vyakucitika vya umoyo, nga ni vyakucitika viheni panji kuvukika == Kusunga Uchanda == Kufiska na kusunga uchanda ni ndondomeko yakulutilira, iyo yikupangika na kukura kwa vinjeru na kacitiro ka ucizgi, na nthowa za munthu na ntchito zakunozgeka za kukhala na uchanda uwemi. === Vyakulya === Nthowa yakuzirwa ya kusunga uchanda wa munthu ni kurya vyakulya viwemi. Vyakulya viwemi vikusazgapo vyakulya vyakupambana vya vyakumera na vya vinyama ivyo vikupeleka vyakukhozga thupi. Vyakukhozga ivi vikupeleka nkhongono ku thupi na kulisunga kugwira ntchito. Vikovwira kuzenga na kukhozga mafupa, minofu, na misempha ndipo vikulongozga so ntchito za thupi (mwaciyelezgero, kukanikizga kwa ndopa). Maji ngakukhumbikwa pa kukura, kuŵaba, na uchanda uwemi. Vyakukhozga vikulu vikurika vinandi, ndipo vikusazgapo purotini, shuga na vyakulya vya nkhongono, na mafuta. Vyakukhozga vicoko, mavitamini na vinthu vinyake, vikurika vicoko, kweni nvyakukhumbikwa pa ntchito za thupi. Ciyelezgero ca vyakulya ca mawonekero gha pyramid ni cakulongozgera ca vyakulya viwemi cakugaŵika mu vigaŵa. Cigaŵa ciliconse cikulongora unandi wakwenelera wa gulu la vyakulya ilo (mwaciyelezgero purotini, mafuta, vyakulya vya nkhongono na shuga). Kusankha vyakulya viwemi kungacepeska ngozi ya nthenda za mtima na ya mitundu yinyake ya kansa, ndipo kungovwira munthu kusunga kuzitika kwake kwiwemi. Vyakulya vya Ŵanthu ŵa mu mphepete mwa Mediterranean kanandi vikukolerana na kukhozga uchanda. Ici nyengo zinyake cikufuma ku vinthu vinyake vya vyakumera ivyo vili mu vyakulya ivi. === Maseŵero gha Thupi === Maseŵero gha thupi ghakukhozga panji kusunga nkhongono za thupi na uchanda wose. Ghakukhozga mafupa na minofu na kunozga mtima na mitsempha. Kuyana na National Institutes of Health, pali mitundu yinayi ya maseŵero: gha kuzizipizga, gha nkhongono, gha kupindika, na gha kujikhazga. CDC yikuti maseŵero gha thupi ghangacepeska ngozi ya nthenda za mtima, kansa, shuga, kukanikizga kukulu kwa ndopa, kututuŵa, kufipa mtima, na wofi. Kuti munthu waleke kujipweteka, kanandi kukuyowoyeka kuti wambe maseŵero pacoko pacoko. Kucita maseŵero ghaliwose, kwali ntchito za pa nyumba, za pa luŵazi, kwenda, panji kwimilira apo ukuyowoya pa foni, kukuwonekera kuŵa kwiwemi kuluska kuleka kose. === Tulo === Tulo ni cigaŵa cakukhumbikwa pa kusunga uchanda. Ku ŵana, tulo ntwakuzirwa so pa kukura. Kusoŵa tulo kwa nyengo yitali kukukolerana na kusazgikira kwa ngozi ya masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda gha nyengo yitali. Kweniso, kusoŵa tulo kwalongoreka kukolerana na kukora nthenda luŵiro na kucira pacoko pacoko. Mu kusanda kunyake, ŵanthu awo ŵakagonanga maora 6 panji pasi usiku ŵakaŵa pa ngozi kanayi ya kukora cimfine kuluska awo ŵakagonanga maora 7 panji kujumpha. Cifukwa tulo tukulongozga kagayiro ka vyakulya mu thupi, kusoŵa tulo kungovwira kusazgikira kwa kuzitika panji kukanizga kucepa kwa kuzitika. Kweniso, mu 2007, wupu wa kusanda kansa wa WHO ukati "ntchito ya usiku iyo yikusokonezga ndondomeko ya tulo panyake yikwiziska kansa", kulongora ngozi ya ntchito ya usiku ya nyengo yitali. Mu 2015, National Sleep Foundation yikapharazga malangulo ghaphya gha unandi wa tulo kuyana na vyaka, ndipo yikati "ŵanthu awo ŵakugona nyengo zose kuwaro kwa unandi wakwenelera ŵangaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya masuzgo ghakulu gha uchanda, panji, usange ŵakucita mwakukhumba, ŵakunanga uchanda wawo." === Ntchito ya Kasandiro === Kasandiro ka uchanda ni cigaŵa ca kasandiro ico cikulaŵiska uchanda. Pali nthowa ziŵiri zikulu: kusanda thupi na nkhani za uchanda kuti ŵamanye umo ŵanthu (na vinyama) ŵakugwilira ntchito, na kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru ivi kukhozga uchanda na kuvikilira na kucizga nthenda na masuzgo ghanyake gha thupi na gha mahara. Kasandiro aka kakuthemba vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo kasandiro ka vyamoyo, usungunu wa vyamoyo, kusanda mendero, kasandiro ka kuthandazgika kwa nthenda, kasandiro ka mankhwala, na kasandiro ka ŵanthu mu ucizgi. Kasandiro ka uchanda ka kugwiliskira ntchito kakuyezga kumanya na kukhozga uchanda wa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa nga ni kusambizga za uchanda, luso la vilwero vya ucizgi, na uchanda wa ŵanthu wose. Ntchito zakunozgeka za kukhozga uchanda kuyana na fundo za kasandiro ka uchanda zikucitika na ŵantchito ŵakusambira [[Mankhwala|kasandiro ka ucizgi]], unesi, vyakulya, mankhwala, ntchito ya kovwira ŵanthu, kasandiro ka mahara, na ntchito zinyake za ucizgi. Ŵacizgi ŵakulaŵiska comene uchanda wa munthu yumoza, apo ŵantchito ŵa uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ŵakulaŵiska uchanda wa mizi na ŵanthu wose. Makampani ghakuzomerezga comene ndondomeko za uchanda pa malo gha ntchito cifukwa zikukhozga uchanda wa ŵantchito ŵawo, nga ni ntchito za uchanda za sukulu izo zikukhozga uchanda wa ŵana. === Ucizgi === Ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano kanandi ukucitika mu ndondomeko za ucizgi. Malango, kupeleka ziphaso, na ndondomeko za ndalama vikuŵikika na maulongozgi, nyengo zinyake pamoza na mawupu gha pakati pa vyaro, nga ni mipingo. Vimanyikwiro vya ndondomeko yiliyose ya ucizgi vikukhwaska comene umo ucizgi ukupelekekera. Kufuma kale, Ŵakhristu kulaŵiska lusungu lwakucitika kukapangiska kukura kwa unesi wakunozgeka na vipatala, ndipo Mpingo wa Katolika mazuŵa ghano ukucali wupu ukulu comene wambura kuŵa wa ulongozgi wakupeleka ucizgi pa caro cose. Vyaro vya mafakitale (kupatula United States) na vyaro vinandi vyakukura vikupeleka ucizgi kwizira mu ndondomeko ya ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose, iyo yikukhumba kusimikizga ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose kwizira mu ndondomeko ya mulipiri yumoza, panji inshuwalansi yakukakizga. Ici cikusimikizga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵakufikira ucizgi kuyana na ivyo ŵakukhumba, kwambura kuthemba nkhongono ya kulipira. Ucizgi ungapelekeka na ŵacizgi ŵa paŵekha, vipatala vya ulongozgi, panji mawupu gha lusungu, kanandi na vyose vitatu pamoza. Mawupu ghanandi gha mafuko ghakusimikizga ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose yayi. Mu ŵanthu ŵantheura, ucizgi ukupelekeka ku awo ŵangalipira panji awo ŵali na inshuwalansi, panji awo ucizgi wawo ukulipirika na ulongozgi panji fuko. Kuŵa pakweru kwa mauthenga ni cinthu cinyake ico cikupambanyizga ndondomeko ya kupeleka ucizgi. Kufikira mauthenga pa nthenda, ucizgi, uwemi, na mitengo kukukhwaska comene kusankha kwa ŵalwari, ndipo ntheura vifukwa vya ŵacizgi. Nangauli ndondomeko ya ucizgi ya U.S. yasuskika cifukwa ca kusoŵa kuŵa pakweru, malango ghaphya ghangakhozga kuŵa pakweru. Pali kususkana pakati pa khumbo la kuŵa pakweru na nkhani nga ni kusunga vya ŵalwari mwakubisika na kugwiliskira ntchito mauthenga pa malonda. ==== Kapelekero ==== Kapelekero ka ucizgi kakugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu: ucizgi wakwamba, waciŵiri, na wacitatu. Ucizgi wakwamba ukupelekeka na ŵacizgi, ŵakovwira ŵacizgi, manesi, panji ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa ucizgi awo ŵakukumana dankha na mulwari uyo wakupenja ucizgi. Ici cikucitika mu vipinda vya ŵacizgi, makiliniki, nyumba za ŵalara, sukulu, kuyendera pa nyumba, na malo ghanyake ghapafupi na ŵalwari. Pafupifupi magaŵa 90 pa 100 gha kuyendera ucizgi ghangacizgika na ŵacizgi ŵakwamba. Ici cikusazgapo kucizga nthenda zaluŵiro na za nyengo yitali, kuvikilira, na kusambizga za uchanda ku vyaka vyose na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ucizgi waciŵiri ukupelekeka na ŵacizgi ŵapadera mu vipinda vyawo panji mu vipatala vya muzi ku mulwari uyo watumika na mucizgi wakwamba. Ŵalwari ŵakutumika para ŵakukhumba luso panji ntchito za ŵacizgi ŵapadera. Ici cikusazgapo ucizgi wa kuwelera ku nyumba na wa kugona mu cipatala, vigaŵa vya ngozi, ucizgi wapadera wa ŵalwari ŵakulu, vya kupanda, kucizga minofu, kubaba, kupima nthenda, kujambura thupi, na malo gha kupwelelera ŵalwari ŵakufwa. Ucizgi wacitatu ukupelekeka na vipatala vyapadera panji malo ghakulu gha vigaŵa agho ghali na vilwero vya kupima na kucizga ivyo vikusangika kanandi yayi mu vipatala vya muzi. Ici cikusazgapo malo gha ngozi zikulu, malo gha kucizga kupsa, ucizgi wapadera wa ŵana ŵakubabika, kuŵika viŵaro, nthumbo za ngozi, na kucizga kansa na nkhongono. Ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano ukuthemba so mauthenga, agho mu malo ghanandi ghacali kulembeka pa mapepala, kweni comene sono mwa nthowa za magesi. Mu vyaro vyakavu, ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano kanandi ngwakudura comene ku munthu wapakati. Ŵasandi ŵa ndondomeko za ucizgi ŵakuti malipiro gha ŵalwari ghawuskike mu vigaŵa ivi, nangauli nanga pamanyuma pa kughawuskapo, mitengo na vikanizgo vikulu vikucalipo. Kupatula kulemba mankhwala na kupeleka mankhwala ni kacitiro mu ucizgi umo mucizgi uyo wakulemba mankhwala ngwakupambana na uyo wakupeleka mankhwala. Ku Kumanjiliro kuli mdawuko wa vyaka mahandiredi wa kupatula ŵakupeleka mankhwala na ŵacizgi. Mu vyaro vya Asiya, ŵacizgi kanandi ŵakupeleka so mankhwala. === Ntchito ya Uchanda wa Ŵanthu Wose === Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose walongosoreka kuŵa "kasandiro na luso la kuvikilira nthenda, kutalikiska umoyo na kukhozga uchanda kwizira mu ntchito zakunozgeka na vyakusankha vyavinjeru vya wupu wa ŵanthu, mawupu gha ulongozgi na gha paŵekha, mizi na ŵanthu." Ukukhwaskana na ngozi ku uchanda wa muzi wose kuyana na kupenda uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵangaŵa ŵacoko pera panji ŵanandi nga ni ŵanthu wose ŵa vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda vinandi (mwaciyelezgero, pa nthenda yakuthandazgika pa caro cose). Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose uli na vigaŵa vinandi, kweni kanandi vikusazgapo kasandiro ka kuthandazgika kwa nthenda, viŵerengero vya uchanda, na ntchito za uchanda. Uchanda wa malo ghakuzingilizga, wa muzi, wa nkhalo, na wa pa ntchito nawo ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa. Cilato ca ntchito za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ni kuvikilira na kulongozga nthenda, vilonda na masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda kwizira mu kulondezga ŵalwari na kukhozga nkhalo, mizi, na malo ghawemi. Ukukhumba kuvikilira masuzgo gha uchanda kuti ghaleke kucitika panji kuwerezgeka mwa kupanga ndondomeko za kusambizga, kupanga ndondomeko za ulongozgi, kwendeska ntchito na kusanda. Kanandi, kucizga nthenda panji kulaŵilira tuzirombo kungaŵa kwakuzirwa pa kuvikilira ŵanyake, nga ni pa kuthandazgika kwa nthenda. Ndondomeko za katemera na kupeleka makondomu kuvikilira kuthandazgika kwa nthenda zakuyambukira ni viyelezgero vya ntchito za kuvikilira za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, nga umo ziliri ntchito za kusambizga za kukhozga katemera na kagwiliskiro ka makondomu. Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ukucita so ntchito zakupambana kucepeska kupambana kwa uchanda pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambana vya caro, ndipo nyengo zinyake vya caro cose. Nkhani yimoza ni kufikira ucizgi kwa ŵanthu na mizi pa ndalama, malo, panji midawuko. Kagwiliskiro ka ndondomeko ya uchanda wa ŵanthu wose kakusazgapo uchanda wa ŵamama na ŵana, kwendeska ntchito za uchanda, kuzgora ngozi, na kuvikilira na kulaŵilira nthenda zakuyambukira na za nyengo yitali. Uwemi ukulu wa ndondomeko za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ukumanyikwa comene. Cigaŵa cifukwa ca ndondomeko na ntchito izo zikapangika kwizira mu uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikawona kucepa kwa nyifwa za ŵana ŵacoko na ŵana na kusazgikira kwa utali wa umoyo mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caro cose. Mwaciyelezgero, kukughanaghanirika kuti utali wa umoyo wa Ŵaamerika wasazgikira na vyaka 30 kufuma 1900, ndipo pa caro cose na vyaka 6 kufuma 1990. === Nthowa za Kujipwelelera === Uchanda wa munthu ukuthemba pacoko vimanyikwiro ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona na kulondezga pa uchanda wawo. Ivi vikusazgapo ntchito za munthu za kuvikilira panji kucepeska vyakufumapo vya nthenda, kanandi nthenda ya nyengo yitali. Vikusazgapo so ukhondo wa munthu pa kuvikilira nthenda, nga ni kugeza na kusamba mawoko na sopo; kutozga mino; kusunga, kuphika na kugwira vyakulya makola; na vinyake vinandi. Mauthenga agho munthu wakusanga pa kujilaŵiska pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, nga ni pa tulo, maseŵero, vyakulya na malo, ghangagwiliskirika ntchito pa vyakusankha na vyakucita vya munthu (mwaciyelezgero, "Nkhupulika kuvuka mlenji ntheura nizamuyezga kugona pa mtsamiro unyake"), na so pa vyakusankha vya ucizgi (mwaciyelezgero, mulwari uyo wakuwona kuti skapato zake zikumufinya kuluska kale wangaŵa na suzgo la mtima, ndipo wangakhumba mankhwala gha kucepeska maji mu thupi). Uchanda wa munthu ukuthemba so pacoko ubale wa munthu na ŵanthu. Kusunga ubale wankhongono, kugwira ntchito zakwambura malipiro, na ntchito zinyake za pamoza na ŵanthu vikukolerana na uchanda uwemi wa mahara na umoyo utali. Kusanda kunyake kwa ku Amerika kwa ŵalara ŵa vyaka kujumpha 70 kukasanga kuti kugwira ntchito zambura malipiro kanandi kukakolerana na kucepa kwa ngozi ya nyifwa, kwambura kulaŵiska uchanda wa thupi. Kusanda kunyake kwa ku Singapore kukasanga kuti ŵalara ŵakupumula ŵakugwira ntchito zambura malipiro ŵakaŵa na vinjeru viwemi, kufipa mtima kucoko, na umoyo uwemi wa mahara kuluska awo ŵakagwiranga yayi. Kufipa mtima kwa nyengo yitali kungananga uchanda, ndipo kwayowoyeka nga ni cifukwa ca kunangika kwa vinjeru apo munthu wakukota, kufipa mtima kukulu, na nthenda. Kulongozga kufipa mtima ni kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za kucepeska kufipa mtima panji kusazgira nkhongono ya kukuzizipizga. Nthowa za kupumuzga thupi ni nthowa za thupi za kucepeska kufipa mtima. Nthowa za mahara zikusazgapo ucizgi wa maghanoghano, kughanaghana mwakupumula, na kughanaghana viwemi, izo zikucepeska umo munthu wakuzgorera kufipa mtima. Kukhozga luso nga ni kumazga masuzgo na kulongozga nyengo kukucepeska kusoŵa kusimikizga na kukhozga kujigomezga, ndipo ici cikucepeska so kufipa mtima. == Uchanda pa Ntchito == Kupatula ngozi, ntchito zinandi zili so na ngozi ya nthenda, ulwari, na masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda gha nyengo yitali. Nthenda zinandi za pa ntchito ni mitundu yakupambana ya nthenda za maphapo za fuvu, kusazgapo ya fuvu la malibwe na ya ŵantchito ŵa makala gha pasi (nthenda ya maphapo ghakufipa). Asima ni nthenda yinyake ya kupuma iyo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵali pa ngozi yake. Ŵantchito ŵangaŵa so pa ngozi ya nthenda za cikumba, kusazgapo kuyabwa, kupsa na zuŵa, na kansa ya cikumba. Nthenda zinyake za pa ntchito ni nthenda ya kupweteka kwa woko na poizoni wa mtovu. Apo ntchito za kuteŵetera ŵanthu zasazgikira mu vyaro vyakukura, ntchito zinandi zaŵa za kukhala pasi, ndipo zikwiziska masuzgo gha uchanda ghakupambana na gha ntchito za mafakitale na za ulimi. Masuzgo gha mazuŵa ghano, nga ni kusazgikira kwa kututuŵa na masuzgo gha kufipa mtima na kugwira ntchito comene mu vyaro vinandi, ghasuzgiska so ubale pakati pa ntchito na uchanda. Maulongozgi ghanandi ghakuwona uchanda wa pa ntchito nga ni suzgo la wupu wa ŵanthu, ndipo ghapanga mawupu gha ulongozgi kuti ghasimikizge uchanda na civikiliro ca ŵantchito. Viyelezgero ni Health and Safety Executive ya Britain, na mu United States, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, iyo yikusanda uchanda na civikiliro pa ntchito, na Occupational Safety and Health Administration, iyo yikulongozga malango na ndondomeko za civikiliro na uchanda wa ŵantchito. 2n7gokizy1tig59enhhkdp5i77urxi6 123730 123719 2026-11-04T13:24:55Z Anthonymunthali44 5642 Kuyana na nkhani ya Cingelezi; mazgo gha Wikidata (tum labels) 123730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uchanda wa moyo''' uli na ng'anamulo zinandi izo zagwiliskirika ntchito pa vilato vyakupambana mu nyengo zakupambana, ndipo ni ghanoghano ilo lili na vigaŵa vinandi. Kanandi ukung'anamula umoyo uwemi wa thupi na wa mtima. Uchanda uwemi ukukolerana na kugwira ntchito makola kwa thupi la munthu pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura nthenda, kupweteka (kusazgapo kupweteka kwa mahara), panji vilonda. Uchanda ungakhozgeka mwa kukhumbiska vyakucita viwemi, nga ni kucita maseŵero gha thupi nyengo zose na kugona kwakukwana, na mwa kucepeska panji kuleka vyakucita viheni, nga ni kukweŵa fodya panji kuŵa na njuŵi comene. Uchanda ukukhwaskika na vyakusankha vya munthu, nga ni nkhalo ya ngozi, kweniso na umo wupu wa ŵanthu ukunozgekera, nga ni kupambanyizga ŵanthu pa mtundu mu ucizgi. Ici cikung'anamula kuti wupu wa ŵanthu wanozgeka mwakuti ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakufikira ucizgi panji kucita vyakukhozga uchanda mwakupepuka, ndipo ŵanyake mwakusuzga. Uchanda ungakhwaskika so na vinthu vya mu thupi nga ni nthenda zakuharika. == Kagwiliskiro ka Lizgu == Vyakucita vyandondomeko vya kuvikilira panji kucizga masuzgo gha umoyo na kukhozga uchanda uwemi mwa ŵanthu vikucitika na ŵantchito ŵa ucizgi, nga ni pa kupima nthenda panji kulemba mankhwala, apo uchanda wa vinyama ukupwelelereka na kasandiro ka ucizgi wa vinyama. Lizgu lakuti "wa uchanda uwemi" likugwiliskirika ntchito so comene pa mawupu ghambura umoyo na pa ivyo ghakucitira ŵanthu, nga ni mu ng'anamulo la mizi ya uchanda uwemi, misumba ya uchanda uwemi, panji malo ghakuzingilizga gha uchanda uwemi. Kupatula ucizgi na malo agho munthu wakukhala, vinthu vinyake vinandi vikumanyikwa kukhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ivi vikuchemeka "vyakusimikizga uchanda", ndipo vikusazgapo kuŵa wanalume panji wanakazi, mtundu, nkhalo, na vyacuma vya munthu. Kusanda kwalongora kuti kufipa mtima kukulu kungakhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. == Mbiri == Ng'anamulo la uchanda lasintha mu nyengo. Kuyana na kalaŵiskiro ka kasandiro ka thupi, ng'anamulo zakwamba za uchanda zikalaŵiskanga nkhongono ya thupi kugwira ntchito; uchanda ukawonekanga nga ni kugwira ntchito makola uko kungasokonezgeka nyengo zinyake na nthenda. Ciyelezgero ca ng'anamulo lantheura ni: "kuŵa makola kwa thupi, umo likugwilira ntchito, na mahara; nkhongono ya kucita ntchito zakuzirwa mu mbumba, pa ntchito, na mu muzi; nkhongono ya kuzizipizga kufipa mtima kwa thupi, kwa mahara, na kwa ubale na ŵanthu". Pamanyuma, mu 1948, mwakupambana comene na ng'anamulo za kale, Wupu wa Uchanda wa Caro Cose (WHO) ukasacizga ng'anamulo lapacanya, ilo likakoleranya uchanda na umoyo uwemi, nga ni "umoyo uwemi wa thupi, wa mahara, na wa ubale na ŵanthu, kwambura kuŵa waka kusoŵa kwa nthenda na kutomboroka". Nangauli ng'anamulo ili likapokereka makola na ŵanyake nga ni liphya, likasuskika so kuti ndambura kulunjika, ndikulu comene, ndipo ndambura kupimika. Kwa nyengo yitali likasiyika nga ni ghanoghano lambura kufiskika, ndipo mphindano zinandi za uchanda zikawelera ku ciyelezgero ca kasandiro ka thupi. Nga umo ŵanthu ŵakasinthira kuwona nthenda kufuma ku kuŵa cakucitika cimoza kuya ku kuŵa ndondomeko, ndimo zikasinthira ng'anamulo za uchanda. WHO yikalongozga so apo yikakhozga kukura kwa ndondomeko ya kukhozga uchanda mu ma 1980. Ici cikiziska ghanoghano liphya la uchanda, kwambura kuŵa cakucitika cimoza, kweni nkhongono ya kuzizipizga na kuwelera, mu mazgo ghanyake, "cuma ca kukhalira umoyo". Mu 1984, WHO yikasintha ng'anamulo la uchanda kuŵa "umo munthu panji gulu lingafiskira ivyo likukhumba, kukwaniska vyakukhumbikwa vyake, na kusintha panji kuzizipizga malo ghake. Uchanda ni cuma ca umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura kuŵa cilato ca umoyo; ni ghanoghano liwemi, ilo likulaŵiska vyuma vya ŵanthu na vya munthu, na nkhongono za thupi." Ntheura, uchanda ukang'anamulanga nkhongono ya kusunga thupi kuŵa makola na kuwelera pamanyuma pa vyakucitika viheni. Uchanda wa mahara, wa vinjeru, wa mtima, na wa ubale ukang'anamulanga nkhongono ya munthu kuzizipizga kufipa mtima, kusambira luso, na kusunga ubale, ivyo vyose ni vyuma vya kuzizipizga na kujikhalira. Ici cikujula nthowa zinandi za kusambizga, kukhozga, na kusambira uchanda. Kufuma pakumalira kwa ma 1970, ndondomeko ya Healthy People ya ulongozgi wa United States yaŵa cigaŵa cikulu ca umo United States yikukhozgera uchanda wa ŵanthu. Vyaka khumi vyaliwose, ndondomeko yiphya ya Healthy People yikufumiskika, na vilato viphya na vyakufiska vyakupimika pa kukhozga uchanda mu vyaka khumi vyakulondezga, ndipo pakumalira pakupendeka usange pali kuluta panthazi panji yayi. Kuluta panthazi kwaŵa kucoko pa vilato vinandi, ndipo ici capangiska ŵanthu kukayikira usange Healthy People yikugwira ntchito makola mu ndondomeko ya uchanda ya U.S. yambura kukolerana. Healthy People 2020 yikulaŵiska comene kukhozga uchanda na kuvikilira, ndipo yikusazgapo kuzirwa kwa kumazga vyakusimikizga uchanda vya mu wupu wa ŵanthu. Nthowa yiphya ya pa intaneti yikupepuska kagwiliskiro na kuthandazgika m'malo mwa mabuku ghakulu ghakudindika gha kale. Vyakufumapo vya kusintha uku vizamumanyikwa mu vyaka vyakwiza. Kufuma pa kwamba kwa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, uchanda wawonekera comene nga ni udindo wa munthu yumoza, apo luso la kukhozga uchanda lakura. Uchanda ungang'anamulika nga ni nkhongono, ndipo kujipenda kwa munthu kungaŵa cimanyikwiro ca kupima umo ntchito za kukhozga uchanda zikwendera. Ici cikapeleka so mwaŵi ku munthu waliyose kujipulika wa uchanda uwemi, nanga ni apo wali na nthenda zinandi za nyengo yitali panji nthenda yambura kucizgika, na kupenda so vyakusimikizga uchanda (kufuma ku nthowa ya kale iyo yikulaŵiska kucepeska nthenda pera). == Vyakusimikizga Uchanda == Malo agho munthu wakukhalira ghangakhwaska uchanda wake na umo umoyo wake uliri. Ŵanandi ŵakuti uchanda ukusungika na kukhozgeka kwizira mu kuluta panthazi na kugwiliskira ntchito kasandiro ka uchanda pera yayi, kweni so kwizira mu ntchito na vyakusankha vya nkhalo vya munthu na wupu wa ŵanthu. Kuyana na WHO, vyakusimikizga uchanda vikulu ni malo gha ŵanthu na gha vyacuma, malo gha thupi, na vimanyikwiro na nkhalo za munthu. Kufumba maghanoghano gha ŵanthu kukulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakuwona kufikira ucizgi, kusambizga za uchanda, na malo gha muzi nga ni vyakusimikizga vikulu comene vya uchanda uwemi. Kusanda kunandi na malipoti kufuma ku mawupu ghakupambana ghakupenda ubale pakati pa uchanda na vinthu vyakupambana, kusazgapo nkhalo, malo, kanozgero ka ucizgi, na ndondomeko za uchanda. Ndondomeko yimoza ya uchanda iyo yanjizgika mu vyaro vinandi mu vyaka vya sonosono ni msonkho wa shuga. Msonkho wa vyakumwa ukaŵako apo ŵanthu ŵakafipa mtima comene na kututuŵa, comene mwa ŵacoko. Vyakumwa vya shuga vyaŵa cilato ca ntchito za kucepeska kututuŵa, cifukwa ukaboni ukusazgikira wa ubale wawo na kututuŵa. Viyelezgero vinyake ni lipoti la Lalonde la 1974 la ku Canada; kusanda kwa Alameda County ku California; na malipoti gha WHO gha uchanda wa caro cose, agho ghakulaŵiska nkhani za uchanda wa caro cose kusazgapo kufikira ucizgi na kukhozga uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, comene mu vyaro vyakukura. Ghanoghano la "cigaŵa ca uchanda", lakupambana na ucizgi, likafuma ku lipoti la Lalonde la ku Canada. Lipoti ili likalongora vigaŵa vitatu vyakukolerana nga ni vyakusimikizga vikulu vya uchanda wa munthu. Ni ivi: * Vya thupi: vigaŵa vyose vya uchanda, vya thupi na vya mahara, ivyo vikukura mu thupi la munthu kuyana na vyakuhara. * Vya malo: nkhani zose za uchanda za kuwaro kwa thupi la munthu, izo munthu wakuzilaŵilira pacoko panji yayi; * Vya nkhalo: vyakusankha vyose vya munthu (ivyo munthu wakuvilaŵilira) ivyo vingovwira panji kwiziska ulwari panji nyifwa; Kusunga na kukhozga uchanda kukufiskika kwizira mu kusazga kwakupambana kwa umoyo uwemi wa thupi, wa mahara, na wa ubale, kusazga uko nyengo zinyake kukuchemeka "makona ghatatu gha uchanda". Kalata ya Ottawa ya WHO ya 1986 ya Kukhozga Uchanda yikayowoya so kuti uchanda ni cakucitika pera yayi, kweni so "cuma ca umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, kwambura kuŵa cilato ca umoyo. Uchanda ni ghanoghano liwemi ilo likulaŵiska vyuma vya ŵanthu na vya munthu, na nkhongono za thupi." Kulaŵiska comene nkhalo na ubale wake na uchanda, vyakusangika vya kusanda kwa Alameda County vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵangakhozga uchanda wawo kwizira mu maseŵero gha thupi, kugona kwakukwana, kukhala nyengo mu malo gha kawiro, kusunga kuzitika kwiwemi kwa thupi, kucepeska kumwa moŵa, na kuleka kukweŵa fodya. Uchanda na ulwari vingaŵako pamoza, cifukwa nanga ni ŵanthu ŵa nthenda zinandi za nyengo yitali panji nthenda zambura kucizgika ŵangajiwona kuŵa ŵa uchanda uwemi. Malo ghakuzingilizga kanandi ghakuyowoyeka nga ni cinthu cakuzirwa ico cikukhwaska uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ici cikusazgapo vimanyikwiro vya malo gha kawiro, malo ghakuzengeka, na malo gha ubale na ŵanthu. Vinthu nga ni maji na mphepo zakutowa, nyumba zakukwana, na mizi na misewu yakuvikilirika vyasangika kuti vikovwira uchanda uwemi, comene uchanda wa ŵana ŵacoko na ŵana. Kusanda kunyake kwalongora kuti kusoŵa kwa malo gha kupumulira mu muzi, kusazgapo malo gha kawiro, kukupangiska kusoŵa kukondwa na kututuŵa kukulu, ivyo vikukolerana na uchanda uheni. Kwalongoreka kuti kukhala nyengo yinandi mu malo gha kawiro kukukolerana na uchanda uwemi uwo ŵanthu ŵakujiyowoyera, ntheura uwemi wa malo gha kawiro mu misumba ukwenera kulaŵiskika mu ndondomeko za ulongozgi na kagwiliskiro ka malo. Vyakuhara, panji vimanyikwiro vyakuharika kufuma ku ŵapapi, navyo vikugwira ntchito pa kusimikizga uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ici cingasazgapo kuŵa pa ngozi ya nthenda zinyake, kweniso nkhalo izo ŵanthu ŵakusambira mu mbumba zawo. Mwaciyelezgero, vyakuhara vingakhwaska umo ŵanthu ŵakuzizipizgira kufipa mtima, kwa mahara, kwa mtima, panji kwa thupi. Kututuŵa ni suzgo likulu mu United States ilo likovwira uchanda uheni wa mahara na kufipa mtima kwa ŵanthu ŵanandi. Suzgo limoza ni mphindano pa nkhongono ya vyakuhara kuyaniska na vinthu vinyake; kukolerana pakati pa vyakuhara na malo kungaŵa kwakuzirwa comene. === Masuzgo Agho Ghangaŵako === Masuzgo ghanandi gha uchanda ghali pa caro cose. Nthenda ni limoza mwa masuzgo ghanandi comene. Kuyana na GlobalIssues.org, ŵanthu pafupifupi miliyoni 36 ŵakufwa caka ciliconse na nthenda zambura kuyambukira, kusazgapo nthenda za mtima, kansa, shuga, na nthenda za maphapo za nyengo yitali. Mwa nthenda zakuyambukira, za tubungulu na za mabakiteriya, [[Edesi (AIDS)|Edesi/HIV]], TB, na [[Malungo|malungo]] ndizo zinandi comene, ndipo zikukoma ŵanthu mamiliyoni caka ciliconse. Suzgo linyake la uchanda ilo likukoma panji kovwira masuzgo ghanyake ni kusoŵa vyakulya vyakukwana, comene mwa ŵana. Ŵana ŵacoko ndiwo ŵakukhwaskika comene. Ŵana pafupifupi miliyoni 7.5 ŵa pasi pa vyaka 5 ŵakufwa na kusoŵa vyakulya vyakukwana, kanandi cifukwa ca kusoŵa ndalama za kusanga panji kupanga vyakulya. Vilonda vya thupi navyo ni suzgo la uchanda pa caro cose. Vilonda ivi, kusazgapo kuphwanyika kwa viwanga na kupsa, vingacepeska uwemi wa umoyo wa munthu panji kumukoma, kusazgapo nthenda izo zikufuma ku cilonda. Vyakusankha vya nkhalo vikovwira uchanda uheni kanandi. Ivi vikusazgapo kukweŵa fodya, na so vyakulya viheni, kwali kurya comene panji kurya pacoko comene. Kuleka kucita maseŵero gha thupi nako kungovwira masuzgo gha uchanda, pamoza na kusoŵa tulo, kumwa moŵa comene, na kuleka kupwelelera mino. Pali so nthenda zakuharika izo munthu wakuhara, ndipo zingapambana pa umo zikukhwaskira munthu (na apo zikuwonekera). Nangauli masuzgo ghanandi agha ghangavikilirika, cifukwa cikulu ca uchanda uheni pa caro cose ni kuti ŵanthu pafupifupi biliyoni yimoza ŵalije nthowa ya kufikira ucizgi. Suzgo likulu comene na liheni comene lingaŵa kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi comene ŵalije nthowa ya kusanga ucizgi uwemi. === Uchanda wa Mahara === WHO yikulongosora uchanda wa mahara kuŵa "umoyo uwemi umo munthu wakumanya nkhongono zake, wangazizipizga kufipa mtima kwa umoyo kwa nyengo zose, wangagwira ntchito makola na mwakupindura, ndipo wangovwira muzi wake". Uchanda wa mahara ni kusoŵa ulwari wa mahara pera yayi. Ulwari wa mahara ukulongosoreka kuŵa "vyakucitika vya maghanoghano, vya mtima, na vya nkhalo ivyo vikusokonezga umoyo uwemi wa ubale na wa mtima na umoyo na ntchito za ŵanthu". Kuŵa na ulwari wa mahara kungananga comene, kwa kanyengo panji kwa muyirayira, umo mahara gha munthu ghakugwilira ntchito. Pafupifupi magaŵa 20 pa 100 gha ŵalara wose mu U.S. ŵangasangika na ulwari wa mahara. Ulwari wa mahara ndiwo cifukwa cikulu ca kutomboroka mu United States na Canada. Viyelezgero vya ulwari uwu ni ''schizophrenia'', ADHD, kufipa mtima kukulu, ''bipolar disorder'', ulwari wa wofi, ulwari wa pamanyuma pa cakucitika ciheni, na ''autism''. Vinthu vinandi vikovwira masuzgo gha uchanda wa mahara, kusazgapo: * Vinthu vya thupi, nga ni vyakuhara panji usungunu wa wongo * Mbiri ya mbumba ya masuzgo gha uchanda wa mahara * Vyakucitika vya umoyo, nga ni vyakucitika viheni panji kuvukika == Kusunga Uchanda == Kufiska na kusunga uchanda ni ndondomeko yakulutilira, iyo yikupangika na kukura kwa vinjeru na kacitiro ka ucizgi, na nthowa za munthu na ntchito zakunozgeka za kukhala na uchanda uwemi. === Vyakulya === Nthowa yakuzirwa ya kusunga uchanda wa munthu ni kurya vyakulya viwemi. Vyakulya viwemi vikusazgapo vyakulya vyakupambana vya vyakumera na vya vinyama ivyo vikupeleka vyakukhozga thupi. Vyakukhozga ivi vikupeleka nkhongono ku thupi na kulisunga kugwira ntchito. Vikovwira kuzenga na kukhozga viwanga, minofu, na misempha ndipo vikulongozga so ntchito za thupi (mwaciyelezgero, kukanikizga kwa ndopa). Maji ngakukhumbikwa pa kukura, kuŵaba, na uchanda uwemi. Vyakukhozga vikulu vikurika vinandi, ndipo vikusazgapo purotini, shuga na vyakulya vya nkhongono, na mafuta. Vyakukhozga vicoko, mavitamini na vinthu vinyake, vikurika vicoko, kweni nvyakukhumbikwa pa ntchito za thupi. Ciyelezgero ca vyakulya ca mawonekero gha pyramid ni cakulongozgera ca vyakulya viwemi cakugaŵika mu vigaŵa. Cigaŵa ciliconse cikulongora unandi wakwenelera wa gulu la vyakulya ilo (mwaciyelezgero purotini, mafuta, vyakulya vya nkhongono na shuga). Kusankha vyakulya viwemi kungacepeska ngozi ya nthenda za mtima na ya mitundu yinyake ya kansa, ndipo kungovwira munthu kusunga kuzitika kwake kwiwemi. Vyakulya vya Ŵanthu ŵa mu mphepete mwa Mediterranean kanandi vikukolerana na kukhozga uchanda. Ici nyengo zinyake cikufuma ku vinthu vinyake vya vyakumera ivyo vili mu vyakulya ivi. === Maseŵero gha Thupi === Maseŵero gha thupi ghakukhozga panji kusunga nkhongono za thupi na uchanda wose. Ghakukhozga viwanga na minofu na kunozga mtima na mitsempha. Kuyana na National Institutes of Health, pali mitundu yinayi ya maseŵero: gha kuzizipizga, gha nkhongono, gha kupindika, na gha kujikhazga. CDC yikuti maseŵero gha thupi ghangacepeska ngozi ya nthenda za mtima, kansa, shuga, kukanikizga kukulu kwa ndopa, kututuŵa, kufipa mtima, na wofi. Kuti munthu waleke kujipweteka, kanandi kukuyowoyeka kuti wambe maseŵero pacoko pacoko. Kucita maseŵero ghaliwose, kwali ntchito za pa nyumba, za pa luŵazi, kwenda, panji kwimilira apo ukuyowoya pa foni, kukuwonekera kuŵa kwiwemi kuluska kuleka kose. === Tulo === Tulo ni cigaŵa cakukhumbikwa pa kusunga uchanda. Ku ŵana, tulo ntwakuzirwa so pa kukura. Kusoŵa tulo kwa nyengo yitali kukukolerana na kusazgikira kwa ngozi ya masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda gha nyengo yitali. Kweniso, kusoŵa tulo kwalongoreka kukolerana na kukora nthenda luŵiro na kucira pacoko pacoko. Mu kusanda kunyake, ŵanthu awo ŵakagonanga maora 6 panji pasi usiku ŵakaŵa pa ngozi kanayi ya kukora cimfine kuluska awo ŵakagonanga maora 7 panji kujumpha. Cifukwa tulo tukulongozga kagayiro ka vyakulya mu thupi, kusoŵa tulo kungovwira kusazgikira kwa kuzitika panji kukanizga kucepa kwa kuzitika. Kweniso, mu 2007, wupu wa kusanda kansa wa WHO ukati "ntchito ya usiku iyo yikusokonezga ndondomeko ya tulo panyake yikwiziska kansa", kulongora ngozi ya ntchito ya usiku ya nyengo yitali. Mu 2015, National Sleep Foundation yikapharazga malangulo ghaphya gha unandi wa tulo kuyana na vyaka, ndipo yikati "ŵanthu awo ŵakugona nyengo zose kuwaro kwa unandi wakwenelera ŵangaŵa na vimanyikwiro vya masuzgo ghakulu gha uchanda, panji, usange ŵakucita mwakukhumba, ŵakunanga uchanda wawo." === Ntchito ya Kasandiro === Kasandiro ka uchanda ni cigaŵa ca kasandiro ico cikulaŵiska uchanda. Pali nthowa ziŵiri zikulu: kusanda thupi na nkhani za uchanda kuti ŵamanye umo ŵanthu (na vinyama) ŵakugwilira ntchito, na kugwiliskira ntchito vinjeru ivi kukhozga uchanda na kuvikilira na kucizga nthenda na masuzgo ghanyake gha thupi na gha mahara. Kasandiro aka kakuthemba vigaŵa vinandi, kusazgapo kasandiro ka vyamoyo, usungunu wa vyamoyo, kusanda mendero, kasandiro ka kuthandazgika kwa nthenda, kasandiro ka mankhwala, na kasandiro ka ŵanthu mu ucizgi. Kasandiro ka uchanda ka kugwiliskira ntchito kakuyezga kumanya na kukhozga uchanda wa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa nga ni kusambizga za uchanda, luso la vilwero vya ucizgi, na uchanda wa ŵanthu wose. Ntchito zakunozgeka za kukhozga uchanda kuyana na fundo za kasandiro ka uchanda zikucitika na ŵantchito ŵakusambira [[Mankhwala|kasandiro ka ucizgi]], unesi, vyakulya, mankhwala, ntchito ya kovwira ŵanthu, kasandiro ka mahara, na ntchito zinyake za ucizgi. Ŵacizgi ŵakulaŵiska comene uchanda wa munthu yumoza, apo ŵantchito ŵa uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ŵakulaŵiska uchanda wa mizi na ŵanthu wose. Makampani ghakuzomerezga comene ndondomeko za uchanda pa malo gha ntchito cifukwa zikukhozga uchanda wa ŵantchito ŵawo, nga ni ntchito za uchanda za sukulu izo zikukhozga uchanda wa ŵana. === Ucizgi === Ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano kanandi ukucitika mu ndondomeko za ucizgi. Malango, kupeleka ziphaso, na ndondomeko za ndalama vikuŵikika na maulongozgi, nyengo zinyake pamoza na mawupu gha pakati pa vyaro, nga ni mipingo. Vimanyikwiro vya ndondomeko yiliyose ya ucizgi vikukhwaska comene umo ucizgi ukupelekekera. Kufuma kale, Ŵakhristu kulaŵiska lusungu lwakucitika kukapangiska kukura kwa unesi wakunozgeka na vipatala, ndipo Mpingo wa Katolika mazuŵa ghano ukucali wupu ukulu comene wambura kuŵa wa ulongozgi wakupeleka ucizgi pa caro cose. Vyaro vya mafakitale (kupatula United States) na vyaro vinandi vyakukura vikupeleka ucizgi kwizira mu ndondomeko ya ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose, iyo yikukhumba kusimikizga ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose kwizira mu ndondomeko ya mulipiri yumoza, panji inshuwalansi yakukakizga. Ici cikusimikizga kuti ŵanthu wose ŵakufikira ucizgi kuyana na ivyo ŵakukhumba, kwambura kuthemba nkhongono ya kulipira. Ucizgi ungapelekeka na ŵacizgi ŵa paŵekha, vipatala vya ulongozgi, panji mawupu gha lusungu, kanandi na vyose vitatu pamoza. Mawupu ghanandi gha mafuko ghakusimikizga ucizgi wa ŵanthu wose yayi. Mu ŵanthu ŵantheura, ucizgi ukupelekeka ku awo ŵangalipira panji awo ŵali na inshuwalansi, panji awo ucizgi wawo ukulipirika na ulongozgi panji fuko. Kuŵa pakweru kwa mauthenga ni cinthu cinyake ico cikupambanyizga ndondomeko ya kupeleka ucizgi. Kufikira mauthenga pa nthenda, ucizgi, uwemi, na mitengo kukukhwaska comene kusankha kwa ŵalwari, ndipo ntheura vifukwa vya ŵacizgi. Nangauli ndondomeko ya ucizgi ya U.S. yasuskika cifukwa ca kusoŵa kuŵa pakweru, malango ghaphya ghangakhozga kuŵa pakweru. Pali kususkana pakati pa khumbo la kuŵa pakweru na nkhani nga ni kusunga vya ŵalwari mwakubisika na kugwiliskira ntchito mauthenga pa malonda. ==== Kapelekero ==== Kapelekero ka ucizgi kakugaŵika mu vigaŵa vitatu: ucizgi wakwamba, waciŵiri, na wacitatu. Ucizgi wakwamba ukupelekeka na ŵacizgi, ŵakovwira ŵacizgi, manesi, panji ŵantchito ŵanyake ŵa ucizgi awo ŵakukumana dankha na mulwari uyo wakupenja ucizgi. Ici cikucitika mu vipinda vya ŵacizgi, makiliniki, nyumba za ŵalara, sukulu, kuyendera pa nyumba, na malo ghanyake ghapafupi na ŵalwari. Pafupifupi magaŵa 90 pa 100 gha kuyendera ucizgi ghangacizgika na ŵacizgi ŵakwamba. Ici cikusazgapo kucizga nthenda zaluŵiro na za nyengo yitali, kuvikilira, na kusambizga za uchanda ku vyaka vyose na ŵanalume na ŵanakazi. Ucizgi waciŵiri ukupelekeka na ŵacizgi ŵapadera mu vipinda vyawo panji mu vipatala vya muzi ku mulwari uyo watumika na mucizgi wakwamba. Ŵalwari ŵakutumika para ŵakukhumba luso panji ntchito za ŵacizgi ŵapadera. Ici cikusazgapo ucizgi wa kuwelera ku nyumba na wa kugona mu cipatala, vigaŵa vya ngozi, ucizgi wapadera wa ŵalwari ŵakulu, vya kupanda, kucizga minofu, kubaba, kupima nthenda, kujambura thupi, na malo gha kupwelelera ŵalwari ŵakufwa. Ucizgi wacitatu ukupelekeka na vipatala vyapadera panji malo ghakulu gha vigaŵa agho ghali na vilwero vya kupima na kucizga ivyo vikusangika kanandi yayi mu vipatala vya muzi. Ici cikusazgapo malo gha ngozi zikulu, malo gha kucizga kupsa, ucizgi wapadera wa ŵana ŵakubabika, kuŵika viŵaro, nthumbo za ngozi, na kucizga kansa na nkhongono. Ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano ukuthemba so mauthenga, agho mu malo ghanandi ghacali kulembeka pa mapepala, kweni comene sono mwa nthowa za magesi. Mu vyaro vyakavu, ucizgi wa mazuŵa ghano kanandi ngwakudura comene ku munthu wapakati. Ŵasandi ŵa ndondomeko za ucizgi ŵakuti malipiro gha ŵalwari ghawuskike mu vigaŵa ivi, nangauli nanga pamanyuma pa kughawuskapo, mitengo na vikanizgo vikulu vikucalipo. Kupatula kulemba mankhwala na kupeleka mankhwala ni kacitiro mu ucizgi umo mucizgi uyo wakulemba mankhwala ngwakupambana na uyo wakupeleka mankhwala. Ku Kumanjiliro kuli mdawuko wa vyaka mahandiredi wa kupatula ŵakupeleka mankhwala na ŵacizgi. Mu vyaro vya Asiya, ŵacizgi kanandi ŵakupeleka so mankhwala. === Ntchito ya Uchanda wa Ŵanthu Wose === Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose walongosoreka kuŵa "kasandiro na luso la kuvikilira nthenda, kutalikiska umoyo na kukhozga uchanda kwizira mu ntchito zakunozgeka na vyakusankha vyavinjeru vya wupu wa ŵanthu, mawupu gha ulongozgi na gha paŵekha, mizi na ŵanthu." Ukukhwaskana na ngozi ku uchanda wa muzi wose kuyana na kupenda uchanda wa ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵangaŵa ŵacoko pera panji ŵanandi nga ni ŵanthu wose ŵa vigaŵa vikulu vya mtunda vinandi (mwaciyelezgero, pa nthenda yakuthandazgika pa caro cose). Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose uli na vigaŵa vinandi, kweni kanandi vikusazgapo kasandiro ka kuthandazgika kwa nthenda, viŵerengero vya uchanda, na ntchito za uchanda. Uchanda wa malo ghakuzingilizga, wa muzi, wa nkhalo, na wa pa ntchito nawo ni vigaŵa vyakuzirwa. Cilato ca ntchito za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ni kuvikilira na kulongozga nthenda, vilonda na masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda kwizira mu kulondezga ŵalwari na kukhozga nkhalo, mizi, na malo ghawemi. Ukukhumba kuvikilira masuzgo gha uchanda kuti ghaleke kucitika panji kuwerezgeka mwa kupanga ndondomeko za kusambizga, kupanga ndondomeko za ulongozgi, kwendeska ntchito na kusanda. Kanandi, kucizga nthenda panji kulaŵilira tuzirombo kungaŵa kwakuzirwa pa kuvikilira ŵanyake, nga ni pa kuthandazgika kwa nthenda. Ndondomeko za katemera na kupeleka makondomu kuvikilira kuthandazgika kwa nthenda zakuyambukira ni viyelezgero vya ntchito za kuvikilira za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, nga umo ziliri ntchito za kusambizga za kukhozga katemera na kagwiliskiro ka makondomu. Uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ukucita so ntchito zakupambana kucepeska kupambana kwa uchanda pakati pa vigaŵa vyakupambana vya caro, ndipo nyengo zinyake vya caro cose. Nkhani yimoza ni kufikira ucizgi kwa ŵanthu na mizi pa ndalama, malo, panji midawuko. Kagwiliskiro ka ndondomeko ya uchanda wa ŵanthu wose kakusazgapo uchanda wa ŵamama na ŵana, kwendeska ntchito za uchanda, kuzgora ngozi, na kuvikilira na kulaŵilira nthenda zakuyambukira na za nyengo yitali. Uwemi ukulu wa ndondomeko za uchanda wa ŵanthu wose ukumanyikwa comene. Cigaŵa cifukwa ca ndondomeko na ntchito izo zikapangika kwizira mu uchanda wa ŵanthu wose, vyaka vya m'ma 1900 vikawona kucepa kwa nyifwa za ŵana ŵacoko na ŵana na kusazgikira kwa utali wa umoyo mu vigaŵa vinandi vya caro cose. Mwaciyelezgero, kukughanaghanirika kuti utali wa umoyo wa Ŵaamerika wasazgikira na vyaka 30 kufuma 1900, ndipo pa caro cose na vyaka 6 kufuma 1990. === Nthowa za Kujipwelelera === Uchanda wa munthu ukuthemba pacoko vimanyikwiro ivyo ŵanthu ŵakuwona na kulondezga pa uchanda wawo. Ivi vikusazgapo ntchito za munthu za kuvikilira panji kucepeska vyakufumapo vya nthenda, kanandi nthenda ya nyengo yitali. Vikusazgapo so ukhondo wa munthu pa kuvikilira nthenda, nga ni kugeza na kusamba mawoko na sopo; kutozga mino; kusunga, kuphika na kugwira vyakulya makola; na vinyake vinandi. Mauthenga agho munthu wakusanga pa kujilaŵiska pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa, nga ni pa tulo, maseŵero, vyakulya na malo, ghangagwiliskirika ntchito pa vyakusankha na vyakucita vya munthu (mwaciyelezgero, "Nkhupulika kuvuka mlenji ntheura nizamuyezga kugona pa mtsamiro unyake"), na so pa vyakusankha vya ucizgi (mwaciyelezgero, mulwari uyo wakuwona kuti skapato zake zikumufinya kuluska kale wangaŵa na suzgo la mtima, ndipo wangakhumba mankhwala gha kucepeska maji mu thupi). Uchanda wa munthu ukuthemba so pacoko ubale wa munthu na ŵanthu. Kusunga ubale wankhongono, kugwira ntchito zakwambura malipiro, na ntchito zinyake za pamoza na ŵanthu vikukolerana na uchanda uwemi wa mahara na umoyo utali. Kusanda kunyake kwa ku Amerika kwa ŵalara ŵa vyaka kujumpha 70 kukasanga kuti kugwira ntchito zambura malipiro kanandi kukakolerana na kucepa kwa ngozi ya nyifwa, kwambura kulaŵiska uchanda wa thupi. Kusanda kunyake kwa ku Singapore kukasanga kuti ŵalara ŵakupumula ŵakugwira ntchito zambura malipiro ŵakaŵa na vinjeru viwemi, kufipa mtima kucoko, na umoyo uwemi wa mahara kuluska awo ŵakagwiranga yayi. Kufipa mtima kwa nyengo yitali kungananga uchanda, ndipo kwayowoyeka nga ni cifukwa ca kunangika kwa vinjeru apo munthu wakukota, kufipa mtima kukulu, na nthenda. Kulongozga kufipa mtima ni kugwiliskira ntchito nthowa za kucepeska kufipa mtima panji kusazgira nkhongono ya kukuzizipizga. Nthowa za kupumuzga thupi ni nthowa za thupi za kucepeska kufipa mtima. Nthowa za mahara zikusazgapo ucizgi wa maghanoghano, kughanaghana mwakupumula, na kughanaghana viwemi, izo zikucepeska umo munthu wakuzgorera kufipa mtima. Kukhozga luso nga ni kumazga masuzgo na kulongozga nyengo kukucepeska kusoŵa kusimikizga na kukhozga kujigomezga, ndipo ici cikucepeska so kufipa mtima. == Uchanda pa Ntchito == Kupatula ngozi, ntchito zinandi zili so na ngozi ya nthenda, ulwari, na masuzgo ghanyake gha uchanda gha nyengo yitali. Nthenda zinandi za pa ntchito ni mitundu yakupambana ya nthenda za maphapo za fuvu, kusazgapo ya fuvu la malibwe na ya ŵantchito ŵa makala gha pasi (nthenda ya maphapo ghakufipa). Asima ni nthenda yinyake ya kupuma iyo ŵantchito ŵanandi ŵali pa ngozi yake. Ŵantchito ŵangaŵa so pa ngozi ya nthenda za cikumba, kusazgapo kuyabwa, kupsa na zuŵa, na kansa ya cikumba. Nthenda zinyake za pa ntchito ni nthenda ya kupweteka kwa woko na poizoni wa mtovu. Apo ntchito za kuteŵetera ŵanthu zasazgikira mu vyaro vyakukura, ntchito zinandi zaŵa za kukhala pasi, ndipo zikwiziska masuzgo gha uchanda ghakupambana na gha ntchito za mafakitale na za ulimi. Masuzgo gha mazuŵa ghano, nga ni kusazgikira kwa kututuŵa na masuzgo gha kufipa mtima na kugwira ntchito comene mu vyaro vinandi, ghasuzgiska so ubale pakati pa ntchito na uchanda. Maulongozgi ghanandi ghakuwona uchanda wa pa ntchito nga ni suzgo la wupu wa ŵanthu, ndipo ghapanga mawupu gha ulongozgi kuti ghasimikizge uchanda na civikiliro ca ŵantchito. Viyelezgero ni Health and Safety Executive ya Britain, na mu United States, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, iyo yikusanda uchanda na civikiliro pa ntchito, na Occupational Safety and Health Administration, iyo yikulongozga malango na ndondomeko za civikiliro na uchanda wa ŵantchito. 5y4fvciq0hcyqpql2hg1vv2wucmk743 0 47969 123982 117503 2026-11-04T23:33:55Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Saare_County_in_Estonia.svg|right|245px]] '''Chigaŵa cha Saare''' (''Saaremaa'') ni chigaŵa kwa [[Estonia]]. Lili na malo ghakukwana 2,922.19 km² ndipo lili na ŵanthu 31,292 (2022).<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180126235839/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=PO0222&path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&lang=1</ref> ==Vilembo vifupi== {{reflist}} {{Estonia}} [[Category:Estonia]] iq19wbmmeumhbvkpom5zu3q1q6fbur5 4 48968 123739 120468 2026-11-04T21:22:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120468 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:MSH80 eruption mount st helens 05-18-80-dramatic-edit.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kuphulika kwa Phiri la St. Helens mu 1980]]''' kukachitika pa 18 Meyi 1980 mu [[Washington]], [[United States]], apo kutuntuma kwa charu kukapangiska mphepete ya kumpoto ya [[Phiri la St. Helens]] kugwa. Kugwa uku kukaŵa [[dongo lakutelemuka]] likuru chomene ilo likalembeka pa charu, ndipo kikasuzga phiri na kupangiska kuphulika kukuru kwa [[phiri la moto]]. Phulusa likakwera mu mlengalenga, apo [[mphepo yakotcha ya phulusa na malibwe]] yikaparanya nkhalango pa malo ghakuru. Ŵanthu 57 ŵakafwa, ndipo nyama masauzandi zikakomeka. Maji gha chisanu na ŵalwinji vikapangiska [[matoroka gha volcanic]] agho ghakathira mu milonga na kuparanya milatho na misewu. Kuphulika uku kukasintha kapangidwe ka phiri, ndipo pachanya pakagwa na kupanga dzenje likuru. Ŵasayansi ŵakasambira chomene za kutentheka kwa mapiri na chenjezgo la vyakuphulika pamanyuma pa soka ili. Chigaŵa ichi chazgoka malo ghakusungirako chilengedwe. ([[Kuphulika kwa Phiri la St. Helens mu 1980|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> e2fo1nhb65rujnu1ux9opac83k5nn0t 4 48969 123751 120469 2026-11-04T21:24:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/7]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120469 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:VajontDiga.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Damu la Vajont]]''' likachitika pa 9 Okutobala 1963 ku [[Italy]], apo chigaŵa chikuru cha phiri la [[Monte Toc]] chikagwa mu nyanja ya Vajont. Dongo lakutelemuka linali likuru chomene mwakuti likasukuma maji gha dambo muŵaro yikuru wakujumpha khoma la [[Damu la Vajont]]. Maji ghakathira mu chigwa mwaluŵiro ndipo ghakaparanya msumba wa [[Longarone]] na vijiji vinyake. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 2,000 ŵakafwa. Chinthu chakuzizwiska ntchakuti [[damu]] leneko likalutilira kuŵa pafupi kwambura kuparanyika, kweni maji agho ghakapitilira pachanya pake ndigho ghakaparanya malo gha ŵanthu. Ŵakufufuza ŵakasanga kuti ŵeneko ŵakamanyanga kale kuti phiri likusunkhika ndipo pakaŵa zizindikiro za suzgo, kweni chenjezgo likaŵikika makora yayi. Soka ili likakhala chakusambizga pa uinjiniya, kusamalira madamu na kuwunika mapiri agho ghangatelemuka. Chochitika ichi chikulongora kuti chenjezgo la ŵakufufuza likukhumbikwira kupulikikwa nyengo yake. ([[Soka la Damu la Vajont|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1tdzfrv8hw1xiczkuwjdjjtssmny6oq 4 48970 123747 120470 2026-11-04T21:23:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120470 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:RMS Lusitania while sinking .jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kuzimira kwa Lusitania]]''' kukachitika pa 7 Meyi 1915 apo sitima ya ŵanthu [[RMS Lusitania]] yikawomberedwa na [[sitima yapasi pa maji]] ya Germany mu [[Nyanja ya Atlantic]]. Sitima iyi yikafuma ku [[New York City]] kuya ku [[Liverpool]], kweni [[chida chakuwombera panyanja]] chikagunda pambere yindafike ku Ireland. Lusitania yikamira mu maji mu mphindi 18 pera. Pa ŵanthu 1,960 awo ŵakaŵa pa sitima, 1,197 ŵakafwa, kusazgapo ŵanthu 128 ŵa ku [[America]]. Ŵalongozgi ŵa America ŵakakwiyira chomene chochitika ichi, ndipo nkhani yake yikawovwira kusintha maghanoghano gha ŵanthu pa nkhondo ya ku Europe. Chikaŵa chimanyikwiro cha suzgo la [[nkhondo za panyanja|nkhondo za panyanja]] na malango gha kuwukira sitima za ŵanthu. Pamanyuma, nkhondo iyi yikawovwira America kuŵa pafupi na kunjilirapo mu [[Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Charu]]. Ŵanthu ŵakawona kuzimira uku nga ni chimanyikwiro cha nkhondo. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakawona kuzimira uku nga ni chimanyikwiro cha nkhondo panyanja. ([[Kuzimira kwa Lusitania|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> r4n06wr5sd5keoriwh7eryy2jt2jpal 4 48971 123745 120471 2026-11-04T21:23:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120471 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Union Carbide pesticide factory, Bhopal, India, 1985.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Bhopal]]''' likachitika usiku wa 2–3 Disembala 1984 ku [[Bhopal]], [[India]], apo gasi wakofya wakumanyikwa kuti [[methyl isocyanate]] wakafuma mufakitale ya [[Kampani ya Union Carbide ku India]]. Gasi wakathandazgika mu malo ghakukhala ŵanthu apo ŵanthu ŵakagona, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakazuka na kutsokomola, kuŵa na suzgo la kupuma panji kukomoka. Ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 500,000 ŵakakhwaskika, ndipo boma likayowoya kuti ŵanthu 3,787 ŵakafwa mwakudunjika, apo chiŵelengero cha nyifwa za nyengo yitali chikukambikana. Ngozi iyi yikumanyikwa nga ni soka likuru chomene la mafakitale mu mbiri. Kafukufuku wakawonanga suzgo la kusamalira katundu wakofya, kusowa kwa chitetezo na malango ghambura kukwana. Ŵanthu ŵa Bhopal ŵakalutilira kukumana na suzgo la umoyo na malo ghakuvunda kwa vyaka vinandi. Nkhani iyi yikapangiska kuti charu chose chiganizire so za chitetezo cha mafakitale na udindo wa makampani. Chifukwa cha soka ili, malango gha chitetezo cha mafakitale ghakamba kuŵikika mwakukhora mu vyaru vinandi. ([[Soka la Bhopal|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6uq4fnqtn4lgxod7yf5fdnfj61gdc37 4 48972 123765 120472 2026-11-04T21:26:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120472 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Aberfan disaster.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Aberfan]]''' likachitika pa 21 Okutobala 1966 ku [[Aberfan]], [[Wales]], apo chinthu chakufuma mu migodi chikaswa na kutelemuka pachanya pa msumba. [[Vula]] yikuru yikazuziska madzi mu mulu wa vyakuya vya migodi, ndipo mulu uwo ukayamba kwenda pasi nga ni [[dongo lakutelemuka]]. Ukaŵa mwaluŵiro chomene mwakuti ukafika pa [[sukulu]] ya ŵana apo masambiro ghakamba. Ŵana 116 na ŵalara 28 ŵakafwa, ndipo sukulu yikazulika mu vinthu vya migodi. Kafukufuku wa boma wakasanga kuti [[Bungwe la Makampani gha Makala|National Coal Board]] ndiyo yikaŵa na udindo pa soka, chomenechomene chifukwa ŵakazenga mulu pa malo agho pakaŵa kasupe ka maji. Chochitika ichi chikasazgirako malango gha chitetezo mu migodi na kuwoneska kuŵa na udindo pa malo ghakusungirapo vyakuya. Lero chikumbusko cha Aberfan chikukumbukira ŵakufwa. Ŵapona ŵanandi ŵakalutilira kukumbuka ŵana awo ŵakafwa mu soka ili. ([[Soka la Aberfan|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> i3kqlwfgect0qz7ibaugyv82yph0k7n 4 48973 123741 120473 2026-11-04T21:22:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120473 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Txcitydisasterparkinglot.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Msumba wa Texas]]''' likachitika pa 16 Epulero 1947 ku [[Texas City]], Texas, apo sitima ya France [[SS Grandcamp]] yikanyamula katundu wa [[ammonium nitrate]] ndipo yikayaka moto pa doko. Moto ukazgoka kuphulika kukuru apo feteleza wakaphulika mu sitima, ndipo ukapangiska moto na mapuluko ghanyake mu sitima na malo gha mafuta. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 581 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵazimaji ŵanandi ŵa ku Texas City ŵakaŵa ŵakuzimya moto pa Grandcamp, ndipo pafupifupi wose ŵakafwa pa kuphulika. Vinthu vyakuthika na chitsulo vikaponya kutali, ndipo mazenera ghakaswa mu malo ghakutali. Soka ili ndilo ngozi yikuru chomene ya mafakitale mu mbiri ya America. Pamanyuma, malango gha kunyamula na kusunga ammonium nitrate ghakasinthika. Nkhani iyi yikulongora ngozi ya vinthu vyakuphulika mu madoko. Soka ili likasintha malango gha chitetezo pa madoko. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jg1aq4z9dajw8fn57utdor3c0l02x74 4 48974 123749 120474 2026-11-04T21:24:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/6]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120474 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:St. Francis Dam after the 1928 failure.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Damu la St. Francis]]''' likachitika pa 12 Malichi 1928 ku [[California]], apo [[St. Francis Dam|Damu la St. Francis]] likabomoka usiku pafupi na Santa Clarita. Maji pafupifupi 47 miliyoni cubic metres ghakathira mu chigwa nga ni mafunde ghakuru, ghakaparanya nyumba, mafakitale na misewu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 431 ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito na mabanja ghawo awo ŵakakhalanga pafupi na dambo. [[William Mulholland]] na ŵainjiniya ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti dambo likaŵa na suzgo pambere ligwe, kweni suzgo ilo likawoneka likachiriŵa yayi. Soka ili likapangiska mphindano pa uinjiniya wa madamu na udindo wa ŵalongozgi. Mulholland wakapoka udindo pa soka ndipo ntchito yake yikaŵa pafupi kumara. Damu ili likazengekaso yayi. Lero mabwinja ghake ghali malo gha mbiri na chikumbusko. Ŵakufwa ŵanyake ŵakasangikanga vyaka vinandi pamanyuma chifukwa ŵanandi ŵakakomeka mu maji. Mabwinja ghake ghachali kukumbuska ŵanthu za suzgo la madamu mu America. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> rs7k2tpl1i5xqgiwyazgo255e0vwyuk 4 48975 123743 120475 2026-11-04T21:23:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120475 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:St. Francis Dam after the 1928 failure.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Damu la St. Francis]]''' likachitika pa 12 Malichi 1928 ku [[California]], apo [[St. Francis Dam|Damu la St. Francis]] likabomoka usiku pafupi na Santa Clarita. Maji pafupifupi 47 miliyoni cubic metres ghakathira mu chigwa nga ni mafunde ghakuru, ghakaparanya nyumba, mafakitale na misewu. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 431 ŵakafwa, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵantchito na mabanja ghawo awo ŵakakhalanga pafupi na dambo. [[William Mulholland]] na ŵainjiniya ŵanyake ŵakasanga kuti dambo likaŵa na suzgo pambere ligwe, kweni suzgo ilo likawoneka likachiriŵa yayi. Soka ili likapangiska mphindano pa uinjiniya wa madamu na udindo wa ŵalongozgi. Mulholland wakapoka udindo pa soka ndipo ntchito yake yikaŵa pafupi kumara. Damu ili likazengekaso yayi. Lero mabwinja ghake ghali malo gha mbiri na chikumbusko. Ŵakufwa ŵanyake ŵakasangikanga vyaka vinandi pamanyuma chifukwa ŵanandi ŵakakomeka mu maji. Mabwinja ghake ghachali kukumbuska ŵanthu za suzgo la madamu mu America. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> rs7k2tpl1i5xqgiwyazgo255e0vwyuk 4 48976 123761 120476 2026-11-04T21:26:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120476 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Battle of the Golden Spurs.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhondo ya Vikhakha vya Golide]]''' yikachitika pa 11 Julayi 1302 pafupi na [[Kortrijk]] mu [[Flanders]], apo ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakakumana na gulu la Ŵaflemish. Ŵasilikari ŵa France ŵakaŵa na ŵakavalo na ŵankhondo ŵakusambira, kweni Ŵaflemish ŵakaŵa chomene ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pasi. Pafupifupi ŵasilikari 8,000 mpaka 10,000 ŵa Flanders ŵakathereska gulu la France ilo likaŵa lakukwana pafupifupi chiŵelengero chakuyana. Ŵasilikari ŵa Flanders ŵakasanga vikhakha vya golide vya ŵakavalo awo ŵakafwa, ndipo ichi chikapangiska zina la nkhondo. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa chimoza mwa viyelezgero vyakale vya gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakwenda pasi kuthereska ŵakavalo. Ŵanthu ŵa Flanders ŵakayiwona nga chimanyikwiro cha kujiyimira pa ŵalongozgi ŵakunjilira. Lero, zuŵa la nkhondo iyi likukumbukika mu Belgium. Nyifwa ya ŵakavalo ŵa France yikaŵa yikuru chomene. Nkhondo iyi yikazgoka chimanyikwiro cha kukhwima kwa Flanders mu mbiri ya Europe. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> d4i8oo673rovc0xhh3bw9oys5ukjamf 4 48977 123755 120477 2026-11-04T21:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120477 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Thomas Edison c1882.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhondo ya Magetsi gha Direct na Alternating Current]]''' yikaŵa mphindano ya malonda na sayansi pakati pa [[Thomas Edison]], [[Nikola Tesla]] na [[George Westinghouse]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 1880 na 1890. Edison wakakhozga [[direct current|magetsi gha DC]], apo Tesla na Westinghouse ŵakakhozga [[alternating current|magetsi gha AC]]. Chinthu chikuru mu mphindano chikaŵa umo magetsi ghangatumizgikira mtunda utali kwambura kutaya mphamvu zinandi. AC yikaŵa yakwenelera pa kutumiza magetsi kutali, ndipo yikawoneska nkhongono yake pa [[Chiwonesko cha Charu cha Chicago]] mu 1893 na ntchito ya magetsi ku [[Niagara Falls]]. Edison wakagwiliskiranga ntchito viyelezgero vya ŵanthu na nyama kuti walongore ngozi ya AC, kweni AC yikazgoka nthowa iyo yikagwiritsidwa ntchito chomene. Nkhondo iyi yikasintha umo charu chikaŵikira maukonde gha magetsi na umoyo wa mazuŵa ghano. AC yikathereska mphindano ndipo yikazgoka nthowa yakumanyikwa chomene mu charu chose lero. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hdqd57l41in5g05ue3csnx550uhiekx 4 48978 123763 120478 2026-11-04T21:26:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120478 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Charles Vance Millar.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mpikisano Mukuru wa Ŵana wa Toronto]]''' ukaŵa mpikisano wachilendo uwo ukachitika ku [[Toronto]] pakati pa 1926 na 1936. Munthu wakulemba malango [[Charles Vance Millar]] wakalemba mu wilo wake kuti ndalama zose izo walisida ziperekeke kwa mwanakazi wa ku Toronto uyo wazababika ŵana ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka khumi pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake. Wilo uwu ukaŵa na makonzedwe ghanyake ghakusekeska, kusazgapo kupereka nyumba ku ŵanalume awo ŵakazomeranga yayi kukhala pamoza na kupereka katundu wa ma brewery kwa ŵanthu awo ŵakakananga mowa. Mpikisano wa ŵanakazi ukapangiska mabanja ghanandi kuŵa mu mphindano pa chiŵelengero cha ŵana. Ŵanakazi ŵanayi ŵakamanyikwa nga ndiwo ŵakapokera ndalama, ndipo wilo uwu ukazgoka nkhani yakumanyikwa mu Canada. Nkhani iyi yikulongora umo munthu yumoza wangagwiliskira ntchito wilo wake kupanga chochitika chambura kuzolowereka mu mbiri ya msumba. mu Canada. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ttnqycw7gev1u65u44kxx14fhz852wb 4 48979 123777 120479 2026-11-04T21:28:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/20]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120479 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Maple syrup taps.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kuba kwa Mowa wa Mphendwa ku Canada]]''' kukaŵa kuba kukuru kwa [[maple syrup|mowa wa mphendwa]] ku [[Quebec]], Canada, pakati pa 2011 na 2012. Ŵakuba ŵakachimbiska pafupifupi matani 3,000 gha mowa wa mphendwa kufuma mu [[International Strategic Reserve|malo ghakusungiramo mowa gha boma]], uyo ukaŵa wakuzura mu migolo masauzandi. Ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu nthowa yakuzizwiska: ŵakakwezanga migolo, ŵakafumiskanga mowa, ŵakazuzganga so maji mu migolo ghanyake, ndipo pamanyuma ŵakabwezeranga migolo. Pamanyuma ŵakatumanga mowa ku vyaru vinyake kuti ŵaguliske mwakubisa. Mtengo wa mowa wakuba ukayezgekanga pa madola gha Canada 18.7 miliyoni. Ŵapolisia ŵakagwira ŵanthu 17, ndipo mulongozgi uyo wakalangika wakapokera jele na multa ukuru chomene. Nkhani iyi yikazgoka yimoza mwa makuba ghakuru chomene gha vinthu vyakurya mu mbiri ya Canada. Mowa wa mphendwa ukazgoka katundu wakukhumba. Kuba uku kukazgoka nkhani yikulu. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 85zz18bustg806s0i6jdj4qnkrup05f 4 48980 123781 120480 2026-11-04T21:29:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/22]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120480 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Everybody Comes to Beat Sparrows.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Ntchito ya Kukoma Mpheta mu China]]''' yikaŵa chigaŵa cha [[Ntchito ya Vinthu Vinayi|Ntchito ya Vinthu Vinayi]] iyo boma la [[China]] likamba mu 1958. [[Mpheta]] zikaŵikika pa mndandanda wa vinthu ivyo vikawoneka nga vinaparanya mbeu, ntheura ŵanthu ŵakaphalizgika kukoma mpheta zinandi. Ŵanthu ŵakakoma mphenyu, ŵakafumba viŵangwi na kupanga phokoso kuti mpheta zileke kupumula. Ŵanthu ŵakakoma mpheta masauzandi ghanandi. Kweni mpheta zikalyanga ŵadudu awo nawo ŵakaparanyanga mbeu. Apo mpheta zikapereŵa, ŵadudu ŵakachuluka ndipo mbewu zikakhwaskika. Ŵakufufuza ŵakuti kusintha uku kukawovwira kuŵa na suzgo la vyakurya mu nyengo ya [[Njara Yikuru ya China]]. Ntchito iyi ni chiyelezgero chakuti kusintha kwa chilengedwe kwambura kughanaghanira vinthu vyose kungapangiska masoka ghakuru. Nkhani iyi yikulongora suzgo la malango gha chilengedwe. Mpheta zikati zapereŵa, ŵadudu ŵakachuluka chomene, ndipo mbewu zikaparanyika. Ichi chikawovwira kuŵa na njara yikuru mu China. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> tijm07u4llck6c85ojkug1rtoqlmrzm 4 48982 123767 120482 2026-11-04T21:27:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120482 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:L. Kretzschmar - How Belisarius and Theodora rescued Justinian (Nika riots).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kuwukira kwa Nika]]''' kukachitika mu [[Constantinople]] mu 532 apo magulu gha ŵanthu awo ŵakazomeranga ŵakathamangiska [[Justinian I|Mfumukazi Justinian]] pa nyengo ya maseŵero gha [[Hippodrome ya Constantinople|Hippodrome]]. Ŵalongozgi ŵa magulu gha [[Blue]] na [[Green]] ŵakamba kuŵa umoza na kusandukira boma. Vivulupi vikathandazgika kwa mazuŵa pafupifupi 6, nyumba zikawotcha, ndipo matchalitchi na vigaŵa vikuru vya msumba vikaparanyika. Ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakafwa apo ŵasilikari ŵa [[Belisarius]] na [[Mfumukazi Theodora]] ŵakawukira ŵanthu awo ŵakaŵa mu Hippodrome. Pamanyuma, Justinian wakazenga so [[Hagia Sophia]], iyo yikazgoka yimoza mwa nyumba zakumanyikwa chomene mu Constantinople. Nkhani iyi yikulongora umo maseŵero gha maseŵera ghangasanduka chipulikano cha ndale na nkhondo ya ŵanthu. Ŵanthu ŵanandi mu msumba. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hkbzcc5fxakwvzo7am8h0x1hkqtumgf 4 48983 123769 120483 2026-11-04T21:27:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/16]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120483 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Fukushima I reactor units 3 and 4 by Digital Globe.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Nyukiliya la Fukushima Daiichi]]''' likamba pa 11 Malichi 2011 ku [[Japan]] pamanyuma pa [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|chituntulu na tsunami ya Tōhoku]]. Mafunde ghakuru ghakapwera pa [[Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant]] ndipo ghakawononga magetsi na makina gha kusungira ma reactor ghakuzizima. Pamanyuma, ma reactor ghanyake ghakaphya chomene, ndipo [[hydrogen explosion|maphulikiro gha hydrogen]] ghakaparanya nyumba za ma reactor 1, 3 na 4. Radioactive material yikafuma ku malo gha fakitale ndipo ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 160,000 ŵakasamuskika mu nyengo yakulondezgapo. Chochitika ichi chikaŵikika pa [[International Nuclear Event Scale|level 7]], chiŵelengero cha pachanya chomene. Soka ili likapangiska Japan kusintha malango gha nyukiliya na kuwonaso vyakukhumbikwa pa kuvikilira ma reactor ku tsunami. Kafukufuku wakulutilira pa malo agha. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga vyaka vinandi kuti ŵambeso kuwelera mu madera ghanyake, ndipo ntchito ya kuchotsa vinthu vya radiation yikupitilira. Ŵakufufuza ŵakalutilira kuwona malo agha. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> kjijl0a3t49kkonzuzshmfdlku76stp 4 48984 123771 120484 2026-11-04T21:27:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/17]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120484 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Allghoikhorkhoi.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Chiweto cha Mphungu cha ku Gobi]]''' ni chinyama icho ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti chikuŵa mu [[Gobi Desert]]. Mu malipoti gha ku Mongolia, chikumanyikwa nga [[olgoi-khorkhoi]], zina ilo likung’anamura “mmbumbo mukuru”. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya kuti chinyama ichi chingakhala pasi pa mchenga. Nkhani zinyake zikuti chingakoma nyama panji munthu na sumu panji magetsi. [[Roy Chapman Andrews]] wakalemba za nkhani iyi mu 1926 pamanyuma pakupulika ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Mongolia ŵakayowoya kuti chinyama ichi chiriko. Kweni palije ukaboni wakukhoreka wakuti chinyama ichi chiliko. Ŵafukufuku ŵanyake ŵakayezga kuchipenja mu chipalamba cha Gobi, kweni ŵakasanga chinyama yayi. Ŵanyake ŵakuti nthano iyi yingakhale yakwendera pa nyama nga ni [[Tartar sand boa|njoka ya mchenga]]. Chiweto ichi chichali chakumanyikwa mu nkhani za cryptozoology. Nkhani iyi yikulongora umo nthano yingakhala na umoyo kwa vyaka vinandi nangauli ŵakufufuza ŵakuleka kusanga ukaboni wa chinyama cheneko. Nkhani zili na mafumbo. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> mrtigjw4332kdzwa98ntv855w6w3rel 4 48985 123779 120485 2026-11-04T21:29:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/21]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120485 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Smyrna Fire Sept 1922 from HMS Ajax.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kuwotcha kwa Smyrna mu 1922]]''' kukaŵa chochitika cha nkhaza mu [[Smyrna]], Turkey, mu Sepitembala 1922 apo msumba ukawotcha kwa mazuŵa ghanandi. Moto ukamba pa 13 Sepitembala, mazuŵa ghanayi pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵa Turkey ŵaluta mu msumba. [[Greek people|Ŵagiriki]] na [[Armenians|ŴaArmenia]] ndiwo ŵakakhalanga chomene mu vigaŵa ivyo vikawotcha, ndipo ŵanthu masauzandi ghanandi ŵakathawira ku doko. Malo ghakuru gha msumba ghakawotcha, nyumba na matchalitchi zikaparanyika, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakafwa panji ŵakasamuskika. Chochitika ichi chikaŵa cimoza mwa vinthu vyakusuzga chomene vya [[Greco-Turkish War|Nkhondo ya Greek na Turkey]] ya 1919–1922. Mbiri yake yichali na mphindano pa awo ŵakaŵa na udindo pa moto na nkhaza izo zikachitika mu msumba. Mafoto gha moto uwu ghakusungika mu Wikimedia Commons. Ŵanthu ŵakukumbuka chochitika ichi chifukwa cha moto, kusamuskika kwa ŵanthu na suzgo la ŵakuthawira awo ŵakazara mu doko. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 3ykkcmuvqvfyiyncookm4es69n7g9xc 4 48987 123773 120487 2026-11-04T21:28:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/18]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120487 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Ruins of the English Settlement at Roanoke.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Koloni la Roanoke ilo likazimirika]]''' likaŵa malo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku [[England]] awo ŵakakhazikiska koloni pa [[Roanoke Island]] mu North Carolina mu vyaka vya m'ma 1580. Gulu lachiŵiri la ŵanthu likafika mu 1587 pasi pa [[John White]], kweni White wakawelera ku England kupenja vyakukhumbikwa. Nkhondo ya Britain na Spain yikachedweskanga ulendo wake, ndipo apo wakawelera mu 1590, wakasanga koloni liliwiro na kwambura ŵanthu. Pa khoma pakaŵa zina lakuti [[CROATOAN]], kweni ŵanthu ŵa koloni ŵakasangikaso yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana kuti ŵakasanganika na ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Croatoan Island]]. Zina la CROATOAN ndilo likapangiska mafumbo ghanandi, chifukwa likawoneka nga ni uthenga wakulongora uko ŵanthu ŵa koloni ŵangakhala kweni palije umboni wakukwana. Roanoke yikazgoka [[Lost Colony|Koloni Lakuzimika]], limoza mwa mafumbo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu mbiri ya America. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> pqyir0a6cfmbe6x54ap97pcuwezpdfc 4 48988 123753 120488 2026-11-04T21:24:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/8]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120488 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:The lighthouse on Eilean Mor of the Flannan Isles - geograph.org.uk - 100454.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kusowa kwa ŵalindizgi ŵa nyali ku Flannan Isles]]''' kukachitika mu Disembala 1900 ku [[Flannan Isles]] ku Scotland. Ŵalindizgi ŵatatu ŵa [[Flannan Isles Lighthouse|nyali ya Eilean Mòr]], [[James Ducat]], [[Thomas Marshall]] na [[Donald McArthur]], ŵakazimiririka kwambura kusiya munthu. Pamanyuma pa kusazgika kwa nyengo, sitima ya chinyumba cha nyali yikafika ndipo yikasanga malo ghakuŵikapo ŵalindizgi ghambura munthu. Chinyumba chikaŵa na chakurya, vyakuvwara na vinthu vinyake, kweni ŵanthu wose ŵatatu ŵakaŵapo yayi. [[Northern Lighthouse Board|Bungwe la Nyali za Kumpoto]] likafufuza ndipo likati ŵanalume ŵakwenera kuti ŵakatengedwa na mafunde ghakuru apo ŵakawoneseskanga vinthu ku mphepete mwa thanthwe. Palije thupi ilo likasangika. Kusowa uku kukazgoka nthano ya panyanja ndipo kukalimbikiska mabuku, sumu na mafilimu. Mazgu ghakale gha ŵalindizgi ghakulongora kuti nyengo yikaŵa yakofya, kweni palije ukaboni wakukwana uwo ukusimikizga nthowa yeneko iyo ŵakazimiramo. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> edmi7n60a6btckbq9ovegheocuhd9xf 4 48991 123759 120491 2026-11-04T21:25:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120491 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Txcitydisasterparkinglot.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Soka la Msumba wa Texas]]''' likachitika pa 16 Epulero 1947 ku Texas City, Texas, apo sitima ya France SS Grandcamp yikanyamula katundu wa ammonium nitrate ndipo yikayaka moto pa doko. Moto ukazgoka kuphulika kukuru apo feteleza wakaphulika mu sitima, ndipo ukapangiska moto na mapuluko ghanyake mu sitima na malo gha mafuta. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 581 ŵakafwa ndipo ŵakujumpha 5,000 ŵakapwetekeka. Ŵazimaji ŵanandi ŵa ku Texas City ŵakaŵa ŵakuzimya moto pa Grandcamp, ndipo pafupifupi wose ŵakafwa pa kuphulika. Vinthu vyakuthika na chitsulo vikaponya kutali, ndipo mazenera ghakaswa mu malo ghakutali. Soka ili ndilo ngozi yikuru chomene ya mafakitale mu mbiri ya America ndipo likapangiska kusintha kwa malango gha kusunga vinthu vyakuphulika. Kuphulika uku kukasambizga kuti katundu wa feteleza wakwenera kusungika na kusamuskika mwakukhwima chomene. Nkhani iyi yikakumbukika kwa vyaka vinandi. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> cgr0o3xu6ld1r6hvf9z8jnyjzfll21m 4 48992 123757 120492 2026-11-04T21:25:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120492 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Charles Vance Millar.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mpikisano Mukuru wa Ŵana wa Toronto]]''' ukamba chifukwa cha wilo wachilendo wa Charles Vance Millar, mwanalume wa ku Canada uyo wakafwa mu 1926 kwambura ŵana. Mu wilo wake, wakasankha kuti ndalama zinandi izo walisida ziperekeke kwa mwanakazi wa ku Toronto uyo wazababika ŵana ŵanandi chomene mu vyaka khumi pamanyuma pa nyifwa yake. Ichi chikapangiska mpikisano wambura kuzolowereka pakati pa mabanja mu Toronto, ndipo mbumba zinandi zikamba kulemba ŵana awo ŵakababika mu nyengo iyo. Pamanyuma, ŵanakazi ŵanayi ŵakagaŵana ndalama zinandi za wilo. Nkhani iyi yikazgoka nyuzipepala yikuru ndipo yikawovwira ŵanthu kukambirana vya ŵana, ndalama na malango gha wilo. Chochitika ichi chikulongora umo munthu yumoza wangapanga nkhani yapadera na wilo wake. Nkhani iyi yikupereka chiyelezgero chakuti wilo umoza ungapangiska mpikisano wakumanyikwa mu msumba wose. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> aeb873dmstcz2sw88soknh60e1k574h 4 48994 123775 120494 2026-11-04T21:28:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/19]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120494 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Morro do Pico - Niteroi - RJ.JPG|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhani ya Masks gha Lead]]''' yikakhwaska ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Brazil, Manoel Pereira da Cruz na Miguel José Viana, awo ŵakasangika pa Morro do Vintém ku Niterói mu Ogasiti 1966. Matupi ghawo ghakaŵa pafupi na virimiri, ndipo waliyose wakaŵa wavwara sutu, raincoat na mask ya lead pa maso. Polisi yikasanga botolo la maji, matawulo ghakunyowa na buku lidoko ilo likaŵa na malango ghakuyowoya za makapsule na mask. Kafukufuku wa mtembo ukachedwa, ndipo vinthu vya mkati vikaŵa vyavunda chomene mwakuti kuyezga mankhwala kukatondeka. Chifukwa cha ichi, nyifwa zawo zikamanyikwa yayi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakaghanaghana za mankhwala, chipulikano cha mizimu panji UFO, kweni palije chimoza icho chikusimikizgika. Buku lawo likulongora kuti ŵanalume aŵa ŵakapangana pa zuŵa na nyengo, kweni icho ŵakakhumbanga kuchita sichikumanyikwa makora. Nkhani iyi yichali fumbo lakuzizwiska mu Brazil mpaka lero. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> piu8mw4r6ih8ccmak7hgrrcq5cjav83 4 48996 123785 120496 2026-11-04T21:30:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/25]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120496 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:SomertonManBurial.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mwanalume wa Somerton]]''' wakasangika wafwa pa 1 Disembala 1948 pa Somerton Beach pafupi na Adelaide ku Australia. Wakaŵa wambura chikalata, ndipo ŵapolisia ŵakasanga kuti palije ndalama panji vinthu vinyake ivyo vingamumanya. Mu pocket yake mukaŵa pepala lidoko lakudulika mu buku la ndakatulo, lolembeka mazgu ghakuti Tamám Shud, agho ghakung’anamura kuti “wamara”. Ŵakafufuza buku ilo mazgu agha ghakafumamo ndipo ŵakasanga manambala na chilembo chakusuzga kumanya. Kwa vyaka vinandi ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghana kuti wakaŵa musilikari, kazembe panji munthu wa pa ntchito yakubisa. Mu 2022, thupi lake likafumbulika na kuyezgeka DNA, ndipo ŵakufufuza ŵakayezga kumumanya. Kweni nkhani iyi yikakhala fumbo lakumanyikwa chomene la Australia. Buku, manambala na vinthu vya mu suit vikusangika mu kafukufuku, ndipo zina leneko likupitira kuŵa fumbo mpaka lero. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nen5x0s99fug8i91cwop3ola1tse7z6 4 49002 123787 120502 2026-11-04T21:30:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120502 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:William of Orange III and his Dutch army land in Brixham, 1688.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mantha gha ŴaIrishi gha 1688]]''' chikaŵa mantha ghakuru mu [[England]] mu Disembala 1688 apo nkhani zautesi zikati ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ireland ŵakukhumba kuwotcha misumba na kukoma ŵanthu. Nkhani izi zikathandazgika kufuma ku [[London]] kuya ku counties 19. Ŵanthu ŵakanyamura vyakurwa na kupanga magulu ghakujiŵika. Mu [[Wales]] na England, nkhani zautesi zikapangiska ŵanthu kuthawa. Palije gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa ku Ireland ilo likachita nkhaza izo zikayowoyeka. Mantha ghakamara mu mazuŵa. Ŵakufufuza ŵakughanaghana kuti nkhani izi zingaŵa zikaŵa zakupangika na ŵakukhozga [[William III|William wa Orange]]. Chochitika ichi chikulongora nkhani zautesi zingapangiska mantha. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kujivikilira ku mulwani uyo wakaŵavya. Nkhani iyi yikulongora nkhongono ya mphekesera mu nyengo ya mphindano za ndale. ([[Mantha gha ŴaIrishi gha 1688|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4kfwdrvtneg4phwul8f5kemcrpn3yzp 4 49013 123783 120513 2026-11-04T21:29:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/24]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120513 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Pope Joan.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhani ya Papa Mwanakazi Joan]]''' yikuyowoya za mwanakazi uyo malipoti gha nyengo yakale ghakati wakajivwalika nga mwanalume na kuŵa Papa mu vyaka vya m'ma 800. Malinga na nthano iyi, wakajifuma mu sukulu na kukwera mu mpingo mpaka kusankhika kuŵa Papa. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoya kuti kugonana kwake kukamanyikwa apo wakababa mwana pa ulendo wa ŵapapa, ndipo nyifwa yake yikachitika nyengo yeneyiyo. Nkhani iyi yikamba kulembeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1200 ndipo yikagomezgeka na ŵanthu ŵanandi kwa vyaka vinandi. Kweni ŵakusanda mbiri ŵa mazuŵa ghano ŵakuti Joan wakaŵavya ndipo nkhani iyi yikaŵa nthano. Ŵanthu ŵakawona nkhani iyi mu mabuku, zithuzithuzi na ulongozgi wa chipembedzo. Chochitika ichi chikulongora umo nthano za nyengo yakale zingakhwaska chipulikano cha ŵanthu. Nkhani iyi yikhalabe yakumanyikwa mu mbiri ya upapa. Ŵalembi ŵakamba kuyikambapo kwa vyaka vinandi. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> l737ha0sjoqnuneeqa6jza7akvetbrk 4 49014 123792 120514 2026-11-04T21:31:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/28]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120514 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Former headquarters site of Unit 731.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Gulu la 731]]''' likaŵa gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa Japan ilo likachita kafukufuku wa [[nkhondo ya majeremusi]] na kuyezga pa ŵanthu ku Manchukuo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu. Likalongozgekanga na [[Shirō Ishii]] ndipo likakhala ku Pingfang pafupi na Harbin. Ŵanthu awo ŵakakoleka ŵakagwiliskirika ntchito pa kuyezga nthenda, kutemeka kwa thupi, kusintha kwa kutentha na vinthu vyakofya. Ŵanthu ŵa China, Korea, Russia na vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa pakati pa awo ŵakakhwaskika. Ŵakufufuza ŵakuti ŵanthu masauzandi ŵakafwa mukati mwa malo agha ndipo ŵanyake ŵakafwa chifukwa cha nkhondo ya majeremusi mu China. Pamanyuma pa nkhondo, ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa Unit 731 ŵakeruzgika mu [[Soviet Union]], kweni ŵalongozgi ŵanyake ŵakapokera immunity ku America chifukwa cha data ya kafukufuku. Nkhani iyi yikulongora chigaŵa chiheni cha sayansi para yikulongozgeka na nkhondo na kusoŵa kwa ulemu wa umoyo wa munthu. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> q1d3d32qrxbkpmjkr2bc0q9hp7oyr6m 4 49015 123794 120515 2026-11-04T21:31:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/29]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120515 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Narona hirta 01.JPG|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhondo ya Bakiti ya Muti]]''' yikaŵa nkhondo ya 1325 pakati pa Bologna na Modena ku Italy. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa chigaŵa cha mphindano yitali pakati pa magulu gha Guelph na Ghibelline. Nthano yakumanyikwa yikati ŴaModena ŵakaba bakiti ya muti kufuma ku chisimi cha Bologna, ndipo ichi chikapangiska ŵaBologna kuluta kukalimbana. Kweni mbiri yikulongora kuti nkhondo yeneko yikamba chifukwa cha mphindano pa malo na kuwukira kwa vigaŵa vya ŵalwani. Pa [[Nkhondo ya Zappolino|Nkhondo ya Zappolino]], gulu lichoko la Modena likathereska gulu likuru la Bologna. Ŵasilikari ŵa Modena ŵakatora bakiti nga chinthu chakukumbukira. Bakiti iyo yikakhala chimanyikwiro cha nkhondo ndipo yikazgoka nkhani ya ndakatulo ya La secchia rapita ya Alessandro Tassoni. Nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti nthano yakusekeska yingabisama chifukwa cheneko cha nkhondo yikulu ya ndale. Bakiti yikhalabe yakumanyikwa mpaka lero. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> qxx7pw0uz20v6qv754dpuhtx45tcc18 4 49016 123789 120516 2026-11-04T21:30:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120516 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Battle of Herrings.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Nkhondo ya Herring]]''' yikaŵa nkhondo ya 1429 mu [[Nkhondo ya Vyaka 100|Nkhondo ya Vyaka 100]] pafupi na Rouvray ku France. Ŵasilikari ŵa France na Scotland ŵakayezga kujumphira gulu la Britain ilo likanyamura katundu kuluta ku Orléans. Katundu uyu wakaŵa na mivi, mizinga na vinthu vyakukhumbikwa pa nkhondo, kweniso migolo ya [[nsomba za herring|herring]] zakuti ŵasilikari ŵarye pa nyengo ya Lent. Chifukwa cha nsomba izi, nkhondo yikapokera zina lake lakuzizwiska. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ŵakanozga magaleta ghawo nga ni linga ndipo ŵakathereska gulu la France na Scotland. Ŵanthu pafupifupi 500 mpaka 600 ŵa France ŵakafwa. Nkhondo iyi yikawovwira kuti France itondeke kuŵa na chiwemi mu kusingirira kwa Orléans. Nkhani iyi yikulongora kuti chinthu chakurya chingaŵa chinthu icho chikupereka zina ku nkhondo yakumanyikwa mu mbiri. Ŵanthu ŵakakumbuka nkhondo iyi. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Ogasiti]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 5vh3ronrdhs71f5ogitk4m3oczm6rgo 4 49045 123804 120552 2026-11-04T21:32:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120552 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Red-Fort,Delhi.JPG|400px|Chinyumba Chikuru cha Delhi]] <br> <br> |[[Chinyumba Chikuru cha Delhi]] ni chinyumba cha [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] icho chili mu Old Delhi, [[India]]. [[Shah Jahan]] wakalangura kuti chinyumba ichi chizengeke mu 1639 apo wakasamuska likulu la ufumu kufuma [[Agra]] kuya ku Delhi. Ntchito yikamalizika pafupifupi mu 1648. Chinyumba ichi chikuzingilizgika na makhoma ghakuru gha [[red sandstone|miyala yakuŵa ya mtundu wakuŵa]], ndipo chili na malo nga [[Lahore Gate]], [[Diwan-i-Aam]], [[Diwan-i-Khas]] na [[Moti Masjid]]. Mu nyengo ya Mughal, chikaŵa nyumba ya mafumu na malo gha ulongozgi wa ufumu. Pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa ufumu, [[Britain]] yikagwiliskira ntchito chinyumba ichi mu nyengo ya ukoloni. Mu 1947, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wakakwezga mbendera ya India pa Red Fort pamanyuma pa ufulu. Lero chinyumba ichi ni chimanyikwiro cha mbiri ya India ndipo chikasankhika kuŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site mu 2007. Makhoma ghake gha mtundu wakuwuka ghakupereka chithuzithuzi chakuzirwa cha Delhi yakale. Lero ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuchelezga malo agha. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/16|Mauritius]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/15|Eswatini]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Sekutembala/14|Zambia]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Sekutembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 2xjkf401tugbo0pn6fd3pmmdfpzoj5u 4 49094 123846 120603 2026-11-04T21:35:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120603 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:AitBenHaddou.jpg|400px|Aït Benhaddou]] <br> <br> |[[Aït Benhaddou]] ni malo ghakale gha nyumba za dongo ku chigaŵa cha [[Drâa-Tafilalet]] mu [[Morocco]]. Ni [[ksar]], panji msumba uwo uli na nyumba zinandi zakuzingilira na khoma limoza. Nyumba zake zikupangika chomene na dongo, ndipo minara na makhoma ghake ghakuwoneka mwakupambanapambana para dzuŵa likuwala. Malo agha ghakaŵa pa nthowa yakale ya malonda pakati pa [[Sahara]] na misumba ya kumpoto kwa Morocco. [[UNESCO]] yikaŵika Aït Benhaddou pa World Heritage List mu 1987 chifukwa cha luso lwa kuzenga na mbiri yake. Malo agha ghakawonekapo mu [[Gladiator]] na [[Game of Thrones]]. Ŵalendo ŵakwendamo pakati pa nyumba, mabwalo na nthowa zakuthambalala pa phiri. Chithuzithuzi chake chikulongora dongo, mapiri na mitengo ya palm mumphepete. Maonekedwe agha ghapangiska malo agha kuŵa chimoza mwa vithuzithuzi vyakumanyikwa chomene vya Morocco na nthowa yakale ya malonda. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/14|Reynisfjara]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/13|Meteora]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/12|Phiri la Rinjani]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nyc836uimycotti5dkps3wyudxmgnbh 4 49095 123854 120605 2026-11-04T21:36:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/30]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/30]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120605 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:METEORA.jpg|400px|Meteora]] <br> <br> |[[Meteora]] ni malo gha mapiri gha malibwe mu [[Greece]] agho ghakupalamura pachanya pa chigwa cha Thessaly. Pachanya pa mizati iyi pali nyumba za ŵamonke ŵa [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Chikhristu cha Orthodox]], izo zikwimilira nga zikuzunguliridwa na mlengalenga. Ma monastery ghanandi ghakazengeka kufuma mu vyaka vya m'ma 1300 kuya m'ma 1500, ndipo malo ghake ghakujuma ghakawovwira ŵamonke kuŵa kutali na ŵanthu. Mu nyengo yakale, ŵanthu ŵakagwiriskiranga ntchito makwerero na nthambo kuti ŵafike pachanya. Lero ma monastery ghakufikika na makwerero na misewu, ndipo ghakwendelerwa na ŵalendo na ŵalambiri. [[UNESCO]] yikaŵika Meteora pa World Heritage List mu 1988 chifukwa cha kukongola kwake, mbiri, luso lwa kuzenga na udindo wake pa chipulikano. Malo agha ghakuwoneka mwakuzizwiska chomene para dzuŵa likupaka pa malibwe. Mapiri agha ghali pafupi na msumba wa Kalabaka, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakufika kwenekura kuzakawona malo. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/12|Phiri la Rinjani]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/11|Trolltunga]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/10|Phiri la Etna]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> h3wkkfkdb6gxytvyiz7bm2lp06zzczt 4 49096 123842 120606 2026-11-04T21:35:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/24]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120606 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:KAGAGAHAN RIJANI.jpg|400px|Phiri la Rinjani]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Rinjani]] ni phiri la moto lakugwira ntchito pa chilwa cha [[Lombok]] ku [[Indonesia]]. Likukwera mamita 3,726 ndipo ndilo pachanya chomene mu chigaŵa cha West Nusa Tenggara. Pafupi na pachanya pali caldera yikuru iyo yili na [[Nyanja ya Segara Anak|Nyanja ya Sagara Anak]], nyanja ya crater ya mtundu wa buluu. Mukati mwa caldera muli [[Mount Barujari]], volcano yichoko iyo yili kuphulika mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. [[Rinjani National Park]] yikuteteza mapiri, nkhalango na vyamoyo vya chigaŵa ichi. Ŵanthu ŵakwera Rinjani kwizira mu nthowa za [[Senaru]] na [[Sembalun]], ndipo ulendo wakuya pachanya ukusuzga chifukwa cha mtunda na nyengo. Ŵalendo ŵakuwona nyanja, mapiri na chigaŵa chikuru cha Lombok kufuma muchanya. Rinjani njimoza mwa mapiri ghakukondweska chomene gha Indonesia. Para kucha, Nyanja ya Sagara Anak na mapiri ghake ghakuwoneka ghakupambana chomene mu kuŵala. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/11|Trolltunga]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/10|Phiri la Etna]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/9|Sossusvlei]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> n910zm1naouo15omk43gcp4bv6bx5ad 4 49097 123814 120607 2026-11-04T21:32:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120607 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Trolltunga 2017.jpg|400px|Trolltunga]] <br> <br> |[[Trolltunga]] ni thanthwe lakujumpha muchanya ku Vestland mu [[Norway]]. Likukwera mamita 1,126 pachanya pa nyanja ndipo likujumpha pafupifupi mamita 700 pachanya pa [[Ringedalsvatnet]]. Thanthwe ili likapangika apo glacier yikasweka na kukhwasura malibwe mu nyengo ya Ice Age, ndipo likakhala nga lulimi lwa thanthwe lwakujumpha mu mlengalenga. [[Trolltunga]] yikazgoka chizindikiro cha chigaŵa cha Hardanger ndipo ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakwiza kuzakawona mawonekedwe agha. Ulendo wakwenda kuya ku thanthwe ukuŵa wa makilomita pafupifupi 27 kwizira mu nthowa zakusuzga, ndipo nyengo yingasinthira mwaluŵiro. Kufuma mu 2010, unandi wa ŵalendo wakakwera chomene. Kuchanya kwa thanthwe kukupereka mawonekedwe ghakuzizwiska gha nyanja, mapiri, vinyumba vya glacier na zigwada zakutali. Ŵanthu ŵakwiza kuno chomene kuti ŵajambule vithuzithuzi vya malo agha. Para nyengo yili makora, nyanja ya Ringedalsvatnet yikuwoneka yitalitali pasi pa thanthwe. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/10|Phiri la Etna]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/9|Sossusvlei]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/8|Chigwa cha Maluŵa]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nh30kaiarumb8obl1mulmi5zmwu7iik 4 49098 123836 120608 2026-11-04T21:34:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/21]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120608 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Sigiriya .jpg|400px|Sigiriya]] <br> <br> |[[Sigiriya]] ni thanthwe likuru la granite ku [[Sri Lanka]] ilo likazgoka nyumba ya ufumu na fortress mu nyengo ya King [[Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura|Kashyapa]]. Thanthwe ili likukwera mamita 180 ndipo lili pafupi na [[Dambulla]]. Pa pachanya pake pakazengeka nyumba ya ufumu, ndipo mumphepete mwa thanthwe muli [[fresco|zithuzi]], nthowa na [[Mirror Wall|khoma la galasi]]. Pa khomo pakaŵa mphata wa nkhalamu. Pasi pali minda ya maji, mathanga na malo gha ndondomeko ya kuzenga agho ghakulongora luso lwa ŵanthu ŵa nyengo yakale. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Kashyapa, malo agha ghakazgoka monasteri ya [[Buddhism|Buddha]]. Sigiriya yikaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site mu 1982 ndipo yikumanyikwa nga chimoza mwa viyelezgero viwemi vya kuzenga kwa msumba wakale ku Asia. Lero ŵalendo ŵakwira makwerero kuya pachanya. Malo agha ghakukondweska chifukwa cha mbiri na luso na mbiri yake yikulu. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2|Serengeti]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1|Chipalamba cha Sahara]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/31|Phiri la Bromo]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> pbg92q4wm9zkouaz4srje5fyfzcijc4 4 49099 123852 120609 2026-11-04T21:36:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/29]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120609 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Sigiriya .jpg|400px|Sigiriya]] <br> <br> |[[Sigiriya]] ni thanthwe likuru la granite ku [[Sri Lanka]] ilo likazgoka nyumba ya ufumu na fortress mu nyengo ya King [[Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura|Kashyapa]]. Thanthwe ili likukwera mamita 180 ndipo lili pafupi na [[Dambulla]]. Pa pachanya pake pakazengeka nyumba ya ufumu, ndipo mumphepete mwa thanthwe muli [[fresco|zithuzi]], nthowa na [[Mirror Wall|khoma la galasi]]. Pa khomo pakaŵa mphata wa nkhalamu. Pasi pali minda ya maji, mathanga na malo gha ndondomeko ya kuzenga agho ghakulongora luso lwa ŵanthu ŵa nyengo yakale. Pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya Kashyapa, malo agha ghakazgoka monasteri ya [[Buddhism|Buddha]]. Sigiriya yikaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site mu 1982 ndipo yikumanyikwa nga chimoza mwa viyelezgero viwemi vya kuzenga kwa msumba wakale ku Asia. Lero ŵalendo ŵakwira makwerero kuya pachanya. Malo agha ghakukondweska chifukwa cha mbiri na luso na mbiri yake yikulu. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2|Serengeti]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1|Chipalamba cha Sahara]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/31|Phiri la Bromo]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> pbg92q4wm9zkouaz4srje5fyfzcijc4 4 49100 123838 120610 2026-11-04T21:34:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/22]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120610 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Sahara desert.jpg|400px|Chipalamba cha Sahara]] <br> <br> |[[Chipalamba cha Sahara]] ni chipalamba chikuru chomene chakutentha pa charu ndipo chafalikira mu vigaŵa vya [[North Africa]]. Chikupharazgika mu vyaru nga [[Egypt]], [[Libya]], [[Algeria]], [[Niger]], [[Mali]], [[Mauritania]], [[Chad]] na [[Sudan]]. Sahara yili na mapiri gha mchenga, mapiri gha malibwe, madambo gha mchere na vigaŵa vinyake ivyo vili na vyakumera. Nangauli chikuŵa choma chomene, ŵanthu na nyama ŵasambira kukhala mu nyengo yake yakusuzga. Maji ghakuzirwa chomene, ndipo malo gha [[oasis]] ghakupereka maji ku ŵanthu, nyama na vyakumera. Sahara njakale ndipo nyengo zake zikusintha kwa nyengo yitali; mu nyengo zinyake zikaŵa na nyanja na malo ghawemi gha vyakumera. Lero [[climate change]] yikupangiska kusintha kwa chipalamba. Chithuzithuzi cha Sahara chikulongora mapiri gha mchenga agho ghakupangika na mphepo, dzuŵa na erosion. Ni chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha Africa ndipo chili na mbiri yitali ya malonda na ŵanthu. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/31|Phiri la Bromo]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/30|Nyanja ya Retba]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/29|Phiri la Kenya]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> tn55r2y6whss5ysbyfekv652el29d3s 4 49101 123818 120611 2026-11-04T21:33:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120611 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Mount Bromo.jpg|400px|Phiri la Bromo]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Bromo]] ni volcano yakugwira ntchito ku [[East Java]], [[Indonesia]], ndipo lili mu [[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park]]. Likukwera mamita 2,329 ndipo lili pakati pa chigaŵa cha [[Tengger Caldera]]. Bromo njakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha crater yake iyo nyengo zinyake yikufuma utsi na mpweya. Pasi pa phiri pali malo ghakuzungulika na mchenga wakupwasa agho ghakuchemeka [[Sea of Sand]]. Pa crater pali chithuzi cha [[Ganesha]], icho Ŵahindu ŵa [[Tenggerese]] ŵakuchisopa. Zina lakuti Bromo likufuma ku zina la [[Brahma]], mulungu wa chilengedwe mu Chihindu. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakwiza kuzakawona dzuŵa likufuma pachanya pa malo ghakuwonerapo pafupi. Ŵanyake ŵakwera ku crater kwizira mu nthowa za mapazi panji pa mahachi. Phiri ili likuphandaphanda nyengo na nyengo ndipo ŵalara ŵa volcano ŵakuchenjezga ŵanthu para ntchito yake yakula. Bromo njakumanyikwa chomene ku Indonesia. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/30|Nyanja ya Retba]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/29|Phiri la Kenya]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/28|Nyanja ya Nakuru]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1teq0zpt8r0sbub5uy8hs6oin4mgd9r 4 49102 123848 120618 2026-11-04T21:35:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120618 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Neuschwanstein.jpg|400px|Chinyumba cha Neuschwanstein]] <br> <br> |[[Chinyumba cha Neuschwanstein]] ni chinyumba cha m'ma 1800 ku [[Bavaria]], [[Germany]], icho chikazengeka kwa King [[Ludwig II of Bavaria|Ludwig II]]. Chinyumba ichi chili pachanya pa phiri pafupi na [[Hohenschwangau]] ndipo chili na minara, makhoma ghapachanya na mawonekedwe agho ghakukumbuskana na vinyumba vya mu nthano. Ludwig II wakayamba kuzenga chinyumba ichi mu 1869 kuti chikaŵe malo ghake ghakuŵikiramo na kulemekeza luso lwa ŵanyimbo. [[Richard Wagner]] wakamupangiska chomene Ludwig, ndipo mapangidwe ghanyake gha mkati ghakafuma mu nkhani za zisudzo zake. Chinyumba chikaŵa chindamalizgike apo Ludwig wakafwa mu 1886, kweni pamanyuma chikazgoka malo gha ŵalendo. Lero Neuschwanstein ni chimoza mwa vinyumba vyakwendelera chomene ku Europe. Mawonekero gha mapiri na nkhalango ghakupangiska chigaŵa ichi kuŵa gha mu nthano. Chinyumba ichi chikawovwira kupanga chithuzithuzi cha vinyumba vya Disney ndipo chikumanyikwa pa charu chose. Lero ni chizindikiro chakumanyikwa cha Bavaria. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14|Mont Saint-Michel]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13|Khoma Likuru la China]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12|Machu Picchu]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 0graancckbxd8vaqfjsi5ijti2u2buf 4 49103 123822 120613 2026-11-04T21:33:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120613 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Mount Kenya.jpg|400px|Phiri la Kenya]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Kenya]] ndilo phiri lachiŵiri pakukwera chomene mu [[Africa]], pamanyuma pa [[Kilimanjaro]], ndipo lili ku [[Kenya]] pafupi na equator. Pachanya pake pali mapiri ghatatu ghakumanyikwa nga [[Batian]], [[Nelion]] na [[Point Lenana]]. Batian likukwera mamita 5,199, ndipo ni pachanya chomene pa massif iyi. Phiri ili ni volcano yakale. Pachanya pali ma glacier ghakupambanapambana, nangauli ghakuchepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo. [[Mount Kenya National Park]] na Forest Reserve yikuvikilira chigaŵa cha phiri na vyamoyo vyake. Vyakumera vikusintha kufuma ku nkhalango kuya ku giant heather na malo gha alpine. Ŵanthu ŵakwiza kukwera phiri, ndipo nthowa zinandi zikupereka mawonekero gha mapiri, zigwada na chigaŵa cha equator. Phiri ili njakuzirwa chomene mu nthano na chikhalidwe cha ŵanthu ŵa [[Kikuyu]]. Pachanya pake pali chiswii. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa pa chilengedwe cha East Africa. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/28|Nyanja ya Nakuru]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/27|Kamba Mukuru wa Galápagos]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/26|Phiri la Everest]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> isxyvcpf5px8xg0tycpk3mwdrk8e6mc 4 49104 123828 120614 2026-11-04T21:34:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/17]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120614 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Mount Everest (2384212043).jpg|400px|Phiri la Everest]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Everest]] ni phiri litali chomene pa charu ndipo lili mu [[Himalayas]] pa mphaka ya [[Nepal]] na [[China]]. Likukwera pafupifupi mamita 8,849 ndipo zina lake mu chiyowoyero cha Ŵatibet ndakuti [[Qomolangma]], apo mu Nepal likumanyikwa nga [[Sagarmatha]]. Pachanya pa phiri pali chiswii na [[Khumbu Glacier]] ku kumwera. [[Edmund Hillary]] na [[Tenzing Norgay]] ndiwo ŵakwamba kukwaniska kufika pachanya pa 29 May 1953. Kufika pachanya pa Everest nkhwakusuzga chifukwa cha chimango cha mphepo, kuzizira, avalanche na kuchepa kwa oxygen. Ŵakwera mapiri ŵakusangana na [[death zone]], uko oxygen njichoko. Everest yili mu [[Sagarmatha National Park]] ku Nepal. Phiri ili lili na nkhani zinandi za ŵakwera mapiri na ngozi. Chithuzithuzi cha Everest chikulongora nkhongono na kutalika kwake kwakuzizwiska. Mapiri ghakupoterana ghakupanga mawonekedwe ghakukondweska chomene. Para mtambo uli makora, pachanya pake pakuwoneka kutali chomene. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/25|Phiri la Table]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/24|Uluru]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/23|Grand Canyon]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 55q928y0p3sjmjw8w0p8gm21wr5dirg 4 49105 123808 120615 2026-11-04T21:32:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/7]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120615 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Table Mountain, Cape Town, South africa.jpg|400px|Phiri la Table]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Table]] ni phiri lakupika pachanya pa [[Cape Town]] mu [[South Africa]] ndipo ndimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vya charu ichi. Likukwera mamita 1,085 ndipo pachanya pake pali tambarare iyo yikuwoneka nga tebulo. Phiri ili lili na sandstone na granite, ndipo erosion yapanga makhoma ghakupambana chomene. [[Table Mountain National Park]] yikovwira kuvikilira vyakumera na nyama za chigaŵa ichi. Pachanya pa phiri pali mitundu yakujumpha 2,000 ya vyakumera, ndipo yinandi ni ya [[fynbos]] iyo yikusangika chomene ku Cape. Ŵalendo ŵangafika pachanya kwizira mu [[Table Mountain Aerial Cableway]] panji nthowa zakwenda pa mapazi. Para mitambo yikukhala pachanya pa phiri, yikupanga chinthu chakumanyikwa nga [[tablecloth|chinthu chakuphimba tebulo]]. Table Mountain yikupereka mawonekero gha Cape Town, [[Atlantic Ocean]] na mapiri ghakupoterana. Ŵalendo ŵakukondwa na mawonekedwe gha cape. Ni malo ghakukondweska chomene gha chilengedwe na ulendo. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/24|Uluru]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/23|Grand Canyon]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/22|Khululu la Ijen]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jurkepybga3u5euldr2pba1nty7s2uk 4 49106 123806 120616 2026-11-04T21:32:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/6]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120616 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:ULURU.jpg|400px|Uluru]] <br> <br> |[[Uluru]] ni thanthwe likuru la sandstone pakati pa [[Australia]], pafupi na Alice Springs mu [[Northern Territory]]. Likukwera pafupifupi mamita 348 pachanya pa malo ghakuzingilira ndipo lili na utali wa makilomita pafupifupi 3.6. Uluru njakuzirwa chomene kwa ŵanthu ŵa [[Aṉangu]], awo ŵali na ubwezi wakale wa chikhalidwe na malo agha. Mumphepete mwa thanthwe muli makhulu, mabowo gha maji, mapanga na malo gha [[rock art|vithuzithuzi vya kale]]. Uluru na [[Kata Tjuta]] vili mu [[Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park]], uwo uli pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List. Thanthwe likusintha mtundu para dzuŵa likutuluka panji kunjira, ndipo nyengo zinyake likuwoneka red yakuwala. Mu 2019, kukwera Uluru kukakanizgika mwalamulo chifukwa cha kufiswa kwa Aṉangu na chitetezo cha ŵalendo. Lero ŵalendo ŵakukondwa kuwona mawonekedwe ghake na kupulikira mbiri ya malo agha. Chigaŵa ichi chili na vyamoyo vinandi. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/23|Grand Canyon]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/22|Khululu la Ijen]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/21|Oia]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ovbbjxqnxl5pz6tcz64njk7y4npxz54 4 49107 123810 120617 2026-11-04T21:32:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/8]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120617 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Grand canyon.jpg|400px|Grand Canyon]] <br> <br> |[[Grand Canyon]] ni chigwa chikulu cha malibwe ku [[Arizona]] mu [[United States]], ilo likapangika na [[Colorado River]] kwa nyengo yitali chomene. Khululu ili likuphipha makilomita pafupifupi 446 ndipo pa malo ghanyake likufika kutali chomene pakati pa mphepete zake. Mlonga wakatelemura mwapachokopachoko mu malibwe agho ghali na vyaka mabiliyoni. Makoma gha canyon ghali na mizere ya mitundu yakupambana, kusazgapo red, orange, brown na purple. [[Grand Canyon National Park]] yikakhazikiskika mu 1919 ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene gha chilengedwe ku America. Malo agha ghali na nyama na vyakumera vinandi, ndipo ŵalendo ŵakwenda, kukwera, kwenda pa maboti na kuwona canyon kufuma ku malo ghakuwonerapo. Mu nyengo ya kucha, dzuŵa likupanga vivinjo vya mitundu yakupambana pa makoma gha malibwe. Mu nyengo ya vula, milonga yikukura ndipo mitundu ya malibwe yikuwoneka mwakukhozga. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/22|Khululu la Ijen]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/21|Oia]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/20|Mammoth Hot Springs]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> e4ylqzto0j6g1w6vhbx0l10rqv9akv3 4 49108 123830 120629 2026-11-04T21:34:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/18]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120629 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Wadi rum.jpg|400px|Wadi Rum]] <br> <br> |[[Wadi Rum]] ni chigaŵa cha chipalamba ku kumwera kwa [[Jordan]], pafupi na mphaka ya [[Saudi Arabia]]. Malo agha ghali na malibwe gha sandstone na granite agho ghapangika nga mapiri, mphantha na mapanga. Chigaŵa ichi chili na [[petroglyph|vithuzithuzi vya pa malibwe]] na malembo gha kale agho ghakulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakakhalapo kwa vyaka vinandi. Wadi Rum Protected Area yili pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List kufuma mu 2011. Ŵanthu ŵa Zalabieh Bedouin ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa ichi ndipo ŵakovwira ŵalendo na maulendo, malo ghakugonera na vinthu vinyake. Ŵalendo ŵakukwera malibwe, kwenda pa ngamila na kuyenda mu chipalamba. Mitundu ya mchenga na malibwe yikupanga mawonekedwe ghakuzizwiska, ndipo Wadi Rum yikumanyikwaso nga Valley of the Moon. Para dzuŵa likuloŵa, malibwe ghakusintha mtundu. Lero ni malo ghakwendelera chomene ŵalendo. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3|Sigiriya]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2|Serengeti]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1|Chipalamba cha Sahara]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nd5ro7pa6sz8vkunseuc565oqus1n28 4 49109 123812 120620 2026-11-04T21:32:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120620 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Great wall in China.jpg|400px|Khoma Likuru la China]] <br> <br> |[[Khoma Likuru la China]] ni dongosolo la makhoma na malibwe ghakuvikilira ilo likujumpha mu vigaŵa vinandi vya [[China]]. Vigaŵa vyakwambilira vikazengeka mu nyengo za ufumu wakale, apo vigaŵa vinandi ivyo tikuwona lero vikakhazikiskika mu nyengo ya [[Ming dynasty]]. Khoma likukwera pa mapiri, zigwa na malo gha chipalamba, ndipo lili na watchtowers zinandi. Likazengeka kuti livikilire mphaka za kumpoto ku ŵankhondo ŵakufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya Asia. Makhoma gha malibwe, njerwa na dongo ghakagwiliskirika ntchito mu vigaŵa vyakupambanapambana. Mu 1987, Great Wall yikaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Nangauli likumanyikwa nga khoma limoza, kweni ni maukonde gha makhoma ghakazengeka mu nyengo zakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakwiza ku [[Mutianyu]] na [[Badaling]] chifukwa cha nthowa zake na mawonekero. Para dzuŵa likuloŵa, khoma likulondezga mapiri nga njoka yitali. Ni chimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vikuru vya China. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12|Machu Picchu]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11|Mapiri gha Huangshan]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10|Angkor Wat]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> dj2t9mixthmkl7o2hrmm7xuj5uic8h3 4 49110 123816 120621 2026-11-04T21:33:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120621 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:MachuPicchu.jpg|400px|Machu Picchu]] <br> <br> |[[Machu Picchu]] ni malo gha ufumu wakale wa [[Inca Empire|ŴaInka]] ku mapiri gha [[Peru]], pachanya pa chigwa cha [[Urubamba]]. Malo agha ghakazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1400 ndipo ghakukhala pa ridge ya mapiri pa mtunda wa mamita 2,430. Msumba uli na nyumba za malibwe, masitepe gha ulimi, mabwalo na malo ghakusopa. Ŵakufufuza ŵakughanaghana kuti ukazengeka mu nyengo ya Inca emperor [[Pachacuti]], kweni ntchito yake yeneyiyo yikumanyikwa mwakukwana yayi. [[Hiram Bingham]] wakaluta ku Machu Picchu mu 1911, nangauli ŵanthu ŵa chigaŵa ichi ŵakamanyanga kale malo agha. Mu 1983, malo agha ghakaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Mapiri ghakuzungulira na mlonga wa Urubamba vikupanga mawonekedwe ghakukondweska chomene. Lero malo gha Machu Picchu ni chimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vikuru vya Andes na mbiri ya ŴaInka. Para mitambo yaphwa makora, nyumba zake zikuwoneka makora chomene. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11|Mapiri gha Huangshan]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10|Angkor Wat]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9|Petra]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hcdisecl3lcpzg293wi53ponfcdzpxg 4 49111 123820 120623 2026-11-04T21:33:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120623 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Angkor Wat .jpg|400px|Angkor Wat]] <br> <br> |[[Angkor Wat]] ni nyumba yikuru ya tempile mu [[Cambodia]] ndipo ni chigaŵa cha msumba wakale wa [[Angkor]]. Yikazengeka mu vyaka vya m'ma 1100 mu nyengo ya [[Khmer Empire]] pasi pa King [[Suryavarman II]]. Pakwamba yikaŵa tempile la [[Vishnu]], kweni pamanyuma yikasanduka malo gha kusopa gha [[Buddhism|Buddha]]. Angkor Wat yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha towers zake zikuru, mabwalo, madamu na [[bas-relief|vithuzithuzi vya pa malibwe]] ivyo vikulongora nkhani za visopa na ufumu. Malo agha ghali pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List kufuma mu 1992. Mapangidwe ghake ghakuyimira [[Mount Meru]] mu chisopa cha ku India. Angkor Wat ni chizindikiro cha Cambodia ndipo chikuwoneka pa mbendera ya charu. Ŵalendo ŵakwiza kuwona tempile para dzuŵa likutuluka panji kulowa. Maji gha moat ghakuwoneka makora pamaso pa nyumba. Ni malo ghakuzirwa chomene gha mbiri na luso. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9|Petra]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/8|Nyanja ya Louise]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/7|Bryce Canyon]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> k6v1dhj7g6fe1ewwoy0m223ngjhuwtg 4 49112 123826 120630 2026-11-04T21:33:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/16]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120630 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Table Mountain, Cape Town, South africa.jpg|400px|Phiri la Table]] <br> <br> |[[Phiri la Table]] ni phiri lakupika pachanya pa [[Cape Town]] mu [[South Africa]] ndipo ndimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vya charu ichi. Likukwera mamita 1,085 ndipo pachanya pake pali tambarare iyo yikuwoneka nga tebulo. Phiri ili lili na sandstone na granite, ndipo erosion yapanga makhoma ghakupambana chomene. [[Table Mountain National Park]] yikovwira kuvikilira vyakumera na nyama za chigaŵa ichi. Pachanya pa phiri pali mitundu yakujumpha 2,000 ya vyakumera, ndipo yinandi ni ya [[fynbos]] iyo yikusangika chomene ku Cape. Ŵalendo ŵangafika pachanya kwizira mu [[Table Mountain Aerial Cableway]] panji nthowa zakwenda pa mapazi. Para mitambo yikukhala pachanya pa phiri, yikupanga chinthu chakumanyikwa nga [[tablecloth|chinthu chakuphimba tebulo]]. Table Mountain yikupereka mawonekero gha Cape Town, [[Atlantic Ocean]] na mapiri ghakupoterana. Ŵalendo ŵakukondwa na mawonekedwe gha cape. Ni malo ghakukondweska chomene gha chilengedwe na ulendo. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/24|Uluru]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/23|Grand Canyon]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Okutobala/22|Khululu la Ijen]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jurkepybga3u5euldr2pba1nty7s2uk 4 49114 123824 120626 2026-11-04T21:33:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120626 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Bryce-canyon.jpg|400px|Bryce Canyon]] <br> <br> |[[Bryce Canyon]] yili mu [[Utah]] ku [[United States]] ndipo yikumanyikwa na mizati yitali ya malibwe iyo yikuchemeka [[hoodoos]]. Malo agha ngacanyon yayi nga zina likuyowoyera, kweni ni gulu la natural amphitheatres mu Paunsaugunt Plateau. Hoo­doos zili kupanga chifukwa cha frost weathering na erosion ya maji mu malibwe gha sedimentary. Mitundu ya orange, red, pink, yellow na white yikupanga mawonekedwe ghakuwala pa mapiri. [[Bryce Canyon National Park]] yikazgoka national park mu 1928. Malo agha ghali pachanya chomene ndipo nyengo yake yingasinthanga mwaluŵiro. Ŵalendo ŵakwenda mu nthowa kuti ŵawone hoodoos kufupi. Para dzuŵa likutuluka, mizati ya malibwe yikupanga vivinjo vya mithunzi na mitundu yakupambana. Chigaŵa ichi ni chimoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa gha geology ku America, ndipo chikulongora umo maji, ice na nyengo vingasinthira malibwe kwa vyaka vinandi. Mawonekedwe ghake ghakukondweska chomene. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/6|Nyanja ya Hạ Long]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5|Nyanja za Plitvice]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4|Wadi Rum]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 0dilk7spzcvgosd1h53a35m46ah50kq 4 49115 123798 120627 2026-11-04T21:31:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120627 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:HALONG BAY .jpg|400px|Nyanja ya Hạ Long]] <br> <br> |[[Nyanja ya Hạ Long]] yili ku [[Vietnam]] ndipo yikumanyikwa na vilwa na mizati yikuru ya limestone iyo yikukwera mu [[South China Sea]]. Pali ma islets masauzandi agho ghali na mapanga, nkhalango na malibwe ghakupambana. Malo agha ghakaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site mu 1994 chifukwa cha kukongola na geology yake. Vinyama vya mu maji na vya mumphepete vikusangika mu chigaŵa ichi, kusazgapo nsomba na vyamoyo vya mu coral. Limestone karsts izi zikapangika mu nyengo yitali chifukwa cha erosion na kusweka kwa malibwe. Hạ Long Bay ni chigaŵa cha [[Quảng Ninh]] ndipo ni chimoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene gha Vietnam. Mitambo para yili pasi, vilwa vikuwoneka nga vikufumira mu maji. Ŵalendo ŵakukwera maboti kuti ŵawone mapanga na vilwa kufupi na nyanja. Mu nyengo iyi, maji ghakulongora mawonekedwe ghakupambana pa malibwe. Malo agha ghakukondweska chomene ŵalendo. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5|Nyanja za Plitvice]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4|Wadi Rum]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3|Sigiriya]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> of46kknmua5w7alh8mdkzdprm968mr1 4 49117 123796 120631 2026-11-04T21:31:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120631 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:The Forbidden City.JPG|100px]] </div> '''[[Msumba Wakukanizgika]]''' ni chigaŵa chikuru cha nyumba za ufumu ku [[Beijing]], [[China]], icho chikaŵa nyumba ya mafumu gha [[Ming dynasty]] na [[Qing dynasty]] kwa vyaka pafupifupi 500. Kaciuma yikaŵa na nyumba zakujumpha 980, ndipo zikapangika na ndondomeko yakuŵikika makora ya mabwalo, makhoma, minara na zipata. [[Hall of Supreme Harmony]] ndiyo ni nyumba yikuru ya miyambo, apo [[Palace Museum]] lero yikusunga vinthu vinandi vya luso na mbiri ya China. Msumba uwu ukazengeka mu 1406 mpaka 1420 pasi pa [[Yongle Emperor]]. Makhoma ghake ghamara pafupifupi makilomita 3.4, ndipo panji pali moat yakuzingilira. Zina lakuti Forbidden City likufuma ku fundo yakuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakanizgikanga kunjila mwambura chilolezo. Mu 1987 malo agha ghakaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Lero ni malo ghakwendelerwa chomene gha ŵalendo mu Beijing. Ŵalendo ŵanandi ŵakufika kuwona nyumba izi. <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Makani gha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> l2eil4k1vwq78p30ivzhaa6tfi43j8o 4 49118 123800 120635 2026-11-04T21:31:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120635 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Ellora Caves.jpg|400px|Mphanga za Ellora]] <br> <br> |[[Mphanga za Ellora]] ni malo gha ma tempile na nyumba za chisopa izo zikajemeka mu malibwe gha Charanandri ku [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Pali mphanga 34 zakumanyikwa chomene, izo zikulongora Chibuddha, Chihindu na Jain. Ŵanthu ŵakazenga malo agha pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 5 na 10. Chinthu chakumanyikwa chomene ni [[Kailasa Temple]], icho chikajemeka kufuma pa thanthwe limoza. Tempile ili lili na vikozgo vya ŵaŵiŵi, nthano na vinthu vya mwambo. Ellora yikulongora umo visopa vyakupambanapambana vikakhalira pafupi mu chigaŵa chimoza. Ŵakufufuza ŵasanga vinthu vinandi vya luso na malembo gha kale. Mu 1983 malo agha ghakaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Lero Ellora ni malo ghakuzirwa gha mbiri, chisopa na luso lwa kuzenga ku India. Malibwe agha ghakupereka chithuzithuzi chakuzizwiska chomene. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/16|Abu Simbel]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15|Chinyumba cha Neuschwanstein]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14|Mont Saint-Michel]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> i18ekaa4ournmvtlhcradfqlmivynub 4 49119 123802 120634 2026-11-04T21:31:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120634 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Abu Simbel.jpg|400px|Abu Simbel]] <br> <br> |[[Abu Simbel]] ni magulu gha ma tempile ghakale gha ku [[Nubia]] kumwera kwa [[Egypt]], pafupi na mphaka ya [[Sudan]]. Ghakazengeka mu nyengo ya Pharaoh [[Ramesses II]] ndipo ghajemeka mwakudunjika mu malibwe. Tempile likuru lili na vikozgo vinayi vikuru vya Ramesses II, ndipo vinandi vikukwera pafupifupi mamita 20. Mukati muli zithuzi vya nkhondo, ŵafumu na ŵaŵiŵi. Tempile lachiŵiri likuzirwika na zina la [[Nefertari]], muwoli wa Ramesses. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1960, madzi gha [[Lake Nasser]] ghakaŵa chiwopsezo chakubika malo agha. Ntchito yikuru ya kuwasamuskira yikachitika pakati pa 1964 na 1968 pasi pa ulongozgi wa [[UNESCO]]. Lero Abu Simbel ni [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site ndipo ni chimoza mwa viyelezgero vikuru vya luso lwa [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt yakale]]. Malo agha ghakulongora nkhongono ya ufumu wa Ramesses II. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15|Chinyumba cha Neuschwanstein]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14|Mont Saint-Michel]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13|Khoma Likuru la China]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 21qcq90r5hs9lhnbwc9yya14jwdjlkk 4 49122 123834 120639 2026-11-04T21:34:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/20]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120639 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Toweroflondon.jpg|400px|Tower of London]] <br> <br> |[[Tower of London]] ni chinyumba na citadel yakale pa mphepete mwa [[River Thames]] ku [[London]], [[England]]. [[William the Conqueror]] wakamba kuzenga [[White Tower]] mu 1078, ndipo nyumba zinyake zikazengeka na mafumu ŵakupambanapambana. Tower yikaŵa nyumba ya ufumu, chinyumba cha ŵasilikari, jela, treasury na malo gha [[Royal Mint]]. Yikumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|Crown Jewels]] izo zikusungika mwenemumo. Ŵanthu ŵakuzirwa nga [[Anne Boleyn]] na [[Sir Walter Raleigh]] ŵakajalika mu Tower. [[Princes in the Tower]] nawo ŵakajalika mwenemumo pambere ŵandazge ŵakusowa. Mu 1988 Tower yikaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Lero ni malo ghakwendelerwa chomene mu London ndipo ŴaYeoman Warders ŵakulongozga ŵalendo. Makhoma na minara ghake ghakulongora mbiri yitali ya ufumu wa England. Chinyumba ichi chikusunga nkhani zinandi za ndale, nkhondo na ufumu. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/28|Potala Palace]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27|Msumba Wakale wa Lamu]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26|Msikiti Mukuru wa Djenné]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 8zhoos0aley9sk01vaqozxr0tlsblg7 4 49123 123832 120640 2026-11-04T21:34:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/19]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120640 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Tibet-5483 - Potala Palace.jpg|400px|Potala Palace]] <br> <br> |[[Potala Palace]] ni chinyumba chikuru cha ufumu na chisopa ku [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]. Chinyumba ichi chili pachanya pa [[Marpo Ri|Red Hill]] ndipo chikazgoka nyumba ya nyengo ya chiŵanda ya [[Dalai Lama]]. [[5th Dalai Lama]] wakamba kuzenga chinyumba chiphya mu 1645 pa malo gha nyumba yakale, ndipo ntchito yikalutilira mu nyengo za ŵalondezgana. Potala yili na [[White Palace]] na [[Red Palace]], izo zikulongora milimo ya ndale na chisopa. Red Palace yili na ma chapel, stupa na malo ghakupatulika. Chinyumba chikukwera mamita pafupifupi 117 ndipo chili na vyumba vinandi. Kufuma mu 1959, Potala yikawura kuŵa nyumba ya Dalai Lama ndipo yikasanduka museum. Pamoza na Jokhang Temple na Norbulingka, malo agha ghali pa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage List. Lero Potala ni chizindikiro chakumanyikwa cha Lhasa na mbiri ya Tibet. Mawonekedwe ghake ghakuzizwiska chomene para ghawoneka kutali. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27|Msumba Wakale wa Lamu]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26|Msikiti Mukuru wa Djenné]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/25|Tempile ya Kuchanya]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Novembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> sxghenkx59cmg4fe1losmb6me8d3frp 4 49155 123844 120673 2026-11-04T21:35:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/25]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120673 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Gyeongbokgung(palace).jpg|400px|Gyeongbokgung]] <br> <br> |[[Gyeongbokgung]] ni palace yikuru chomene mu [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], ndipo yikaŵa palace yikuru ya [[Joseon dynasty]]. Yikazengeka mu 1395 pasi pa [[King Taejo]], ndipo yikaŵa pakati pa ndale na umoyo wa ufumu kwa nyengo yitali. Palace yili na zipata, mabwalo, nyumba za ufumu na minda. [[Geunjeongjeon]] ndiyo holo yikuru iyo ŵafumu ŵakachitiranga miyambo na kulandira ŵalendo. [[Gyeonghoeru]] ni nyumba iyo yili pakati pa dziwe ndipo yikagwiliskirika ntchito pa maphwando gha ufumu. Gyeongbokgung yikapwetekeka chomene pa nyengo ya [[Japanese occupation of Korea|ulamuliro wa Japan]], ndipo nyumba zinandi zikaparanyika. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1990, boma la South Korea likamba ntchito yikuru yakubwezereska palace ku mawonekedwe ghake gha kale. Lero Gyeongbokgung ni chimoza mwa vimanyikwiro vikuru vya Seoul ndipo ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona vyumba, zipata na mwambo wa ŵasilikari. Nyumba iyi yikulongora chikhalidwe cha Korea yakale. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/11|Fatehpur Sikri]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/10|Meroë]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/9|Aksum]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Disembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nh5bnnuv8ecfokcew0y44ws5ebzdnza 4 49156 123840 120674 2026-11-04T21:35:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/23]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/23]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120674 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Fatehpur Sikri.jpg|400px|Fatehpur Sikri]] <br> <br> |[[Fatehpur Sikri]] ni msumba wakale wa ufumu pafupi na Agra, [[India]], uwo ukazengeka na Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] mu vyaka vya m'ma 16. Akbar wakasankha malo agha kuŵa likuru la ufumu, ndipo nyumba zinandi zikazengeka na malibwe gha red sandstone. Msumba uwu ukaŵa na palace, makhoti, holo, nyumba za ŵanakazi na ma mosque. [[Buland Darwaza]] ni chipata chikuru chomene ndipo chikumanyikwa chifukwa cha utali na mawonekedwe ghake. [[Jama Masjid]] na [[Tomb of Salim Chishti]] nazo ni nyumba zakuzirwa mukati mwa msumba. Fatehpur Sikri yikaŵa likuru la Mughal kwa nyengo yichoko pambere boma likasamira ku Agra chifukwa cha suzgo la maji. Mu 1986 malo agha ghakaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Lero ni chiyelezgero chiwemi cha luso lwa Mughal. Makhoma ghake ghakulongora kusangana kwa luso la India na Persia ndipo ghachali ghakuwoneka makora. Ni malo ghakukondweska. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/10|Meroë]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/9|Aksum]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/8|Krak des Chevaliers]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Disembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> d63gv3atpyyiqat4ys1h3fgcf57c31s 4 49157 123850 120675 2026-11-04T21:35:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/28]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 120675 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="text-align:{{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|center|left}}; background-color:transparent; {{#ifexpr:250 >= 400|padding:0.9em|}}" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" |{{#ifexpr:250 < 400|style="padding-right:0.9em;"|}}|[[File:Merowe Pyramids 1.jpg|400px|Meroë]] <br> <br> |[[Meroë]] ni malo gha mabwinja gha likuru la [[Kingdom of Kush]] mu [[Sudan]], pafupi na mlonga wa [[Nile]]. Chigaŵa ichi chikumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha ma pyramids ghake ghanandi agho ghakazengeka kuŵikira mafumu na ŵanthu ŵa ufumu. Ŵanthu ŵa Kush ŵakagwiliskira ntchito malibwe, njerwa na dongo pa kuzenga nyumba, ma temple na pyramids. Ma pyramids gha Meroë ghakupambanako na gha Egypt chifukwa ghali ghachoko na ghapendekera chomene. Ufumu wa Kush ukaŵa na ubwezi wa malonda na Egypt na vyaru vinyake vya Africa. Malembo gha [[Meroitic language|chiyowoyero cha Meroitic]] ghakulembeka pa malibwe na vinthu vya kale ndipo ghachali kusuzga kumasulira ghose. Mu 2011 Island of Meroe yikaŵa [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. Lero ma pyramids agha ni chimanyikwiro cha mbiri ya Sudan na Africa yakale. Meroe yikulongora luso lwa Kush na mbiri ya Nile. <br> Vithuzi vyakumasinda ivyo vilikuonekapo: [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/9|Aksum]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/8|Krak des Chevaliers]] &mdash; [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Disembala/7|Chinyumba cha Alcázar cha Segovia]] |} <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Disembala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> mz8n3628dcu1zzhad8pyg3afouingkg 0 49938 123981 123216 2026-11-04T23:29:21Z InternetArchiveBot 6449 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 123981 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Map-Hispanophone_World.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Charu cha ChiSpanish]] '''Charu cha ChiSpanish''' chili na vyaru na vigaŵa ivyo [[ChiSpanish]] ntchiyowoyero cha boma panji cha chikhalidwe. Likusazgapo vigaŵa ivi: [[Spain]], [[Latin America]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], na vigaŵa vinyake vya [[United States]].<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134448/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2019.pdf El español: una lengua viva - Informe 2022], [[Instituto Cervantes]]. Retrieved 29 Malichi 2022. (mu ChiSpanish)</ref> ==Ukaboni== {{reflist}} [[Category:Kugaŵika kwa viyowoyero mu malo]] pyg64egbcoppla3e3bj8wniqi7p13ew 2 49985 123791 123396 2026-11-04T21:30:51Z NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh 6716 + 123791 wikitext text/x-wiki <syntaxhighlight lang="css"> .data-2026-10-19 td:nth-child(3) { max-width: 20em; } </syntaxhighlight> {| class="wikitable data-2026-10-19" ! Timestamps ! IDs ! Pages ! Summaries ! Creation counts |- |2026-10-19 22:11:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73872|73872]]||[[:2026 ku Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:06<br>2026-10-19 22:56:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74671|74671]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74670|74670]]||[[:Talk:2026 ku Yemen]]<br>[[:2026 ku Yemen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:10<br>2026-10-19 22:56:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74681|74681]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74680|74680]]||[[:Talk:2026 kuwukira kwa Yemen]]<br>[[:2026 kuwukira kwa Yemen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:44<br>2026-10-19 22:53:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74377|74377]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74378|74378]]||[[:2026 mulili wa Ebola]]<br>[[:Talk:2026 mulili wa Ebola]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:17:17<br>2026-10-19 22:17:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73896|73896]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73897|73897]]||[[:2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]]<br>[[:Talk:2026 nkhani ya mphaka ya Morocco na Spain]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74608|74608]]||[[:3-hydroxyisovaleryl-CoA]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:23<br>2026-10-19 22:55:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74562|74562]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74563|74563]]||[[:AI Overviews]]<br>[[:Talk:AI Overviews]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74867|74867]]||[[:Template:ASEAN Labelled Map (blue)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74212|74212]]||[[:Abaclia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74132|74132]]||[[:Abdali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74485|74485]]||[[:Abdul Rahman Kanoo International School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:08<br>2026-10-19 22:56:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74675|74675]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74674|74674]]||[[:Talk:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]]<br>[[:Abdul-Malik al-Houthi]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74099|74099]]||[[:Aberllynfi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74202|74202]]||[[:Abeïbara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74866|74866]]||[[:Template:Aceh labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74543|74543]]||[[:Adam Goodes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:09<br>2026-10-19 23:02:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74800|74800]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74799|74799]]||[[:Talk:Aden]]<br>[[:Aden]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74124|74124]]||[[:Aechmea cymosopaniculata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74508|74508]]||[[:Agios Symeon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74166|74166]]||[[:Ahmad Boestamam National Secondary School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:03<br>2026-10-19 22:55:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74525|74525]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74524|74524]]||[[:Talk:Ain Ben Tili]]<br>[[:Ain Ben Tili]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74886|74886]]||[[:Wikipedia:Akaunti yakunanga vinthu pera]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74493|74493]]||[[:Al Kalban]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74161|74161]]||[[:Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinskiy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74594|74594]]||[[:Alexander Batliner]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74845|74845]]||[[:Template:Algeria]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:51<br>2026-10-19 22:54:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74499|74499]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74498|74498]]||[[:Talk:Algiers]]<br>[[:Algiers]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73947|73947]]||[[:Alibaba Cloud]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74101|74101]]||[[:Allanaquoich]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74876|74876]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambaixada de català]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74878|74878]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambasada Polski]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74877|74877]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ambasciata italiana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73899|73899]]||[[:An Khê]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73904|73904]]||[[:Anglosphere]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:09<br>2026-10-19 22:25:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74329|74329]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74215|74215]]||[[:Talk:Annaba]]<br>[[:Annaba]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74125|74125]]||[[:Anthony Albanese]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73907|73907]]||[[:Area 51]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74858|74858]]||[[:Template:Articles with bare URLs for citations progress]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74857|74857]]||[[:Template:Articles with failed verification progress]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74294|74294]]||[[:As Sulaymi Susaym Bin Hamad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74763|74763]]||[[:Asosa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74297|74297]]||[[:Astwood Bank]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74607|74607]]||[[:Atacama Mndandanda Wakuru wa Milimita]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74119|74119]]||[[:Atupele Muluzi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74843|74843]]||[[:Template:Australia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74018|74018]]||[[:Awach Kibuon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74019|74019]]||[[:Awach Tende]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74219|74219]]||[[:Aš]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:23<br>2026-10-19 22:54:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74444|74444]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74443|74443]]||[[:Talk:Babeldaob]]<br>[[:Babeldaob]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:07<br>2026-10-19 22:44:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73938|73938]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74374|74374]]||[[:Backrooms (filimu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Backrooms (filimu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74474|74474]]||[[:Bahía Negra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73920|73920]]||[[:Bailiwick of Guernsey]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:41<br>2026-10-19 22:44:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73996|73996]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74314|74314]]||[[:Baldivis]]<br>[[:Talk:Baldivis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:09<br>2026-10-19 22:56:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74678|74678]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74679|74679]]||[[:Bali (Bally-Jagachha)]]<br>[[:Talk:Bali (Bally-Jagachha)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74038|74038]]||[[:Balzers]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74211|74211]]||[[:Bandžov]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74428|74428]]||[[:Banglabandha]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74429|74429]]||[[:Banglabandha (positi ya pa mphaka)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73929|73929]]||[[:Basi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73956|73956]]||[[:Basil Zempilas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:02<br>2026-10-19 22:55:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74519|74519]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74518|74518]]||[[:Talk:Bassikounou]]<br>[[:Bassikounou]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74208|74208]]||[[:Batna]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74577|74577]]||[[:Bec (Kosovo)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74181|74181]]||[[:Belushya Guba]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74176|74176]]||[[:Bendern]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74788|74788]]||[[:Berocca]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74603|74603]]||[[:Berti Finno]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74553|74553]]||[[:Beth Mooney]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74213|74213]]||[[:Bile (Ukraine)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74455|74455]]||[[:Bilene]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74256|74256]]||[[:Bkulangriil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74257|74257]]||[[:Bkurrengel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74209|74209]]||[[:Blida]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73871|73871]]||[[:Bodie, California]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74112|74112]]||[[:Bogʻiston]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74424|74424]]||[[:Boma la Ancuabe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74391|74391]]||[[:Boma la Angónia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74404|74404]]||[[:Boma la Armadale]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74396|74396]]||[[:Boma la Bilene Macia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:48<br>2026-10-19 22:54:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74490|74490]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74491|74491]]||[[:Boma la Brčko]]<br>[[:Talk:Boma la Brčko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74381|74381]]||[[:Boma la Cahora-Bassa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74386|74386]]||[[:Boma la Changara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74387|74387]]||[[:Boma la Chicualacuala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74382|74382]]||[[:Boma la Chifunde]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74388|74388]]||[[:Boma la Chinde]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74383|74383]]||[[:Boma la Chiuta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74293|74293]]||[[:Boma la Doa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74384|74384]]||[[:Boma la Dôa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:06<br>2026-10-19 22:56:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74669|74669]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74668|74668]]||[[:Talk:Boma la Gamboma]]<br>[[:Boma la Gamboma]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74399|74399]]||[[:Boma la Guijá]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74433|74433]]||[[:Boma la Ilha de Moçambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74434|74434]]||[[:Boma la Inharrime]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74403|74403]]||[[:Boma la Joondalup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74392|74392]]||[[:Boma la Macanga]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74436|74436]]||[[:Boma la Maganja da Costa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74393|74393]]||[[:Boma la Magoé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74423|74423]]||[[:Boma la Marara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74435|74435]]||[[:Boma la Marracuene]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74394|74394]]||[[:Boma la Marávia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74395|74395]]||[[:Boma la Moatize]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74389|74389]]||[[:Boma la Mocímboa da Praia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74390|74390]]||[[:Boma la Montepuez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74379|74379]]||[[:Boma la Mutarara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74397|74397]]||[[:Boma la Nacala-a-Velha]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74426|74426]]||[[:Boma la Nangade]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74425|74425]]||[[:Boma la Pemba-Metuge]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74299|74299]]||[[:Boma la Qambar Shahdadkot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74400|74400]]||[[:Boma la Quissanga]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74401|74401]]||[[:Boma la Stirling]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74478|74478]]||[[:Boma la Subiaco]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74300|74300]]||[[:Boma la Swan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74298|74298]]||[[:Boma la Tando Muhammad Khan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74380|74380]]||[[:Boma la Tsangano]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74511|74511]]||[[:Boma la Utsjoki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74402|74402]]||[[:Boma la Wanneroo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74398|74398]]||[[:Boma la Xai-Xai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74385|74385]]||[[:Boma la Zumbo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74750|74750]]||[[:Boris Perchatkin]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74237|74237]]||[[:Borj el-Khadra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74846|74846]]||[[:Template:Bosnia na Herzegovina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74104|74104]]||[[:Bower (Scotland)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:56<br>2026-10-19 22:54:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74507|74507]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74506|74506]]||[[:Talk:Boû Gâdoûm]]<br>[[:Boû Gâdoûm]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:03<br>2026-10-19 22:55:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74522|74522]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74523|74523]]||[[:Boû Steïlé]]<br>[[:Talk:Boû Steïlé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74870|74870]]||[[:Template:Brazil Labelled Map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:13:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74817|74817]]||[[:Bruce Reynolds]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73867|73867]]||[[:Bungwe la Arctic]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74021|74021]]||[[:Bur Mayo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74173|74173]]||[[:Bykovsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74130|74130]]||[[:Bárður á Reynatrøð]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74207|74207]]||[[:Béchar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74728|74728]]||[[:CC BY-SA]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73941|73941]]||[[:CC BY-SA 4.0]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:22<br>2026-10-19 22:55:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74560|74560]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74559|74559]]||[[:Talk:Cab pachanya]]<br>[[:Cab pachanya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73919|73919]]||[[:Calamarata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74115|74115]]||[[:Camila Sodi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74131|74131]]||[[:Camino a los Yungas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74751|74751]]||[[:Campanelle]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:01<br>2026-10-19 22:55:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74516|74516]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74517|74517]]||[[:Cansado]]<br>[[:Talk:Cansado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74235|74235]]||[[:Capitán Bado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74095|74095]]||[[:Carsphairn]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74865|74865]]||[[:Template:Catalan Countries]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74612|74612]]||[[:Center (Makhuduthamaga)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73869|73869]]||[[:Central Coast]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74860|74860]]||[[:Template:Certification Cite Ref]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74430|74430]]||[[:Chalan Pago-Ordot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:16:50<br>2026-10-19 22:16:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73892|73892]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73893|73893]]||[[:User:Chanda Vavilaya]]<br>[[:User talk:Chanda Vavilaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74097|74097]]||[[:Chapel of Garioch]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74759|74759]]||[[:Charu cha ChiCatalan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73903|73903]]||[[:Charu cha ChiChayinizi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73905|73905]]||[[:Charu cha ChiFurenchi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74760|74760]]||[[:Charu cha ChiJeremani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74757|74757]]||[[:Charu cha ChiNgelezi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73902|73902]]||[[:Charu cha ChiRussia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74758|74758]]||[[:Charu cha ChiSpanish]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74550|74550]]||[[:Che Wikise]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:55<br>2026-10-19 22:54:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74505|74505]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74504|74504]]||[[:Talk:Chegga]]<br>[[:Chegga]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74461|74461]]||[[:Chernyshovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74599|74599]]||[[:Chewa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74023|74023]]||[[:Cheŵa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:11<br>2026-10-19 23:02:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74805|74805]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74806|74806]]||[[:ChiAbkhazia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiAbkhazia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:36<br>2026-10-19 22:44:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73988|73988]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74344|74344]]||[[:ChiAfrikaans]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiAfrikaans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74615|74615]]||[[:ChiBetawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:39<br>2026-10-19 22:44:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73993|73993]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74324|74324]]||[[:ChiBole]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiBole]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73858|73858]]||[[:ChiEmiliyan-Romagnol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74567|74567]]||[[:ChiEsperanto ku Japan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74584|74584]]||[[:ChiEsperanto ku Romania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73936|73936]]||[[:ChiFrisiyan cha Kumpoto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73934|73934]]||[[:ChiFrisiyan cha Kumpoto kwa Amrum]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74616|74616]]||[[:ChiIban]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73914|73914]]||[[:ChiInupiat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:17<br>2026-10-19 22:56:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74703|74703]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74702|74702]]||[[:Talk:ChiItaliya]]<br>[[:ChiItaliya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:22<br>2026-10-19 22:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74713|74713]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74712|74712]]||[[:Talk:ChiKabyle]]<br>[[:ChiKabyle]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:28<br>2026-10-19 22:56:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74729|74729]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74730|74730]]||[[:ChiKashmir]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiKashmir]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:33<br>2026-10-19 22:23:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74367|74367]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73962|73962]]||[[:Talk:ChiLadin]]<br>[[:ChiLadin]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74746|74746]]||[[:ChiLadin Dolomitan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73926|73926]]||[[:ChiLadin kwa Gherdëina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:10<br>2026-10-19 23:02:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74804|74804]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74803|74803]]||[[:Talk:ChiLombard]]<br>[[:ChiLombard]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73915|73915]]||[[:ChiMadura]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:12<br>2026-10-19 23:02:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74807|74807]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74808|74808]]||[[:ChiMingrelia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiMingrelia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:22<br>2026-10-19 22:56:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74714|74714]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74715|74715]]||[[:ChiOssetia]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiOssetia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73910|73910]]||[[:ChiPali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:15<br>2026-10-19 22:56:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74696|74696]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74697|74697]]||[[:ChiPiedmont]]<br>[[:Talk:ChiPiedmont]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74273|74273]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Aimeliik]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74285|74285]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Airai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74406|74406]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Al Khor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74232|74232]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Alto Paraguay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74269|74269]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Angaur]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74409|74409]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Cabo Delgado]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:24<br>2026-10-19 22:44:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74062|74062]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74337|74337]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ferizaj]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Ferizaj]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74410|74410]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Gaza]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:16<br>2026-10-19 22:24:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74339|74339]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74056|74056]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Gjakova]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Gjakova]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:23<br>2026-10-19 22:44:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74060|74060]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74333|74333]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Gjilan]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Gjilan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74452|74452]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Hatohobei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74412|74412]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Inhambane]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74268|74268]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Kayangel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74286|74286]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Koror]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74417|74417]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Manica]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74415|74415]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Maputo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74446|74446]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Melekeok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:13<br>2026-10-19 22:24:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74334|74334]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74061|74061]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Mitrovica]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Mitrovica]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74411|74411]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Nampula]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74450|74450]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngaraard]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:21<br>2026-10-19 22:54:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74439|74439]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74440|74440]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngarchelong]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Ngarchelong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74271|74271]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngardmau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74277|74277]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngatpang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74274|74274]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngchesar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74272|74272]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngeremlengui]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74445|74445]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Ngiwal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74413|74413]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Niassa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:14<br>2026-10-19 22:24:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74335|74335]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74055|74055]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Peja]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Peja]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74270|74270]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Peleliu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:15<br>2026-10-19 22:24:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74338|74338]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74054|74054]]||[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Pristina]]<br>[[:Chigaŵa cha Pristina]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:21<br>2026-10-19 22:44:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74057|74057]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74336|74336]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Prizren]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Prizren]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74557|74557]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Saare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74416|74416]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Sofala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74284|74284]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Sonsorol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:02<br>2026-10-19 22:54:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74407|74407]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74408|74408]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Tete]]<br>[[:Talk:Chigaŵa cha Tete]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74414|74414]]||[[:Chigaŵa cha Zambezia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:42<br>2026-10-19 22:43:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73998|73998]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74313|74313]]||[[:Chikaya]]<br>[[:Talk:Chikaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74432|74432]]||[[:Chilumba cha Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73992|73992]]||[[:Chindebele]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:11<br>2026-10-19 22:25:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74331|74331]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74196|74196]]||[[:Talk:Chinguetti]]<br>[[:Chinguetti]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74647|74647]]||[[:Chipedi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:37<br>2026-10-19 22:44:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73989|73989]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74343|74343]]||[[:Chipeli]]<br>[[:Talk:Chipeli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:38<br>2026-10-19 22:44:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73991|73991]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74341|74341]]||[[:Chitswana]]<br>[[:Talk:Chitswana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74029|74029]]||[[:Chittaway Bay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:38<br>2026-10-19 22:44:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73990|73990]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74342|74342]]||[[:Chivenda]]<br>[[:Talk:Chivenda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73977|73977]]||[[:Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73933|73933]]||[[:ChiÖömrang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74253|74253]]||[[:Chkhalta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74144|74144]]||[[:Cho Kyu-hyun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74541|74541]]||[[:Chris Dawson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73930|73930]]||[[:Citation needed]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74623|74623]]||[[:Clavelina moluccensis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74146|74146]]||[[:Cliff Obrecht]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:46<br>2026-10-19 22:44:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74004|74004]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74315|74315]]||[[:Cockburn Central]]<br>[[:Talk:Cockburn Central]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:14<br>2026-10-19 22:44:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73950|73950]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74372|74372]]||[[:Community Notes]]<br>[[:Talk:Community Notes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74617|74617]]||[[:Confine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74500|74500]]||[[:Constantine (Algeria)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74624|74624]]||[[:Costasiella kuroshimae]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74105|74105]]||[[:Cottonshopeburnfoot]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74221|74221]]||[[:Cowell]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74486|74486]]||[[:Cowell Area School]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:35<br>2026-10-19 22:23:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74371|74371]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73958|73958]]||[[:Talk:Crossy Road]]<br>[[:Crossy Road]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73986|73986]]||[[:DJT]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73957|73957]]||[[:Damon Gameau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:23<br>2026-10-19 22:23:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74351|74351]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73985|73985]]||[[:Talk:Daniele Alves Lopes]]<br>[[:Daniele Alves Lopes]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:54<br>2026-10-19 23:01:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74768|74768]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74767|74767]]||[[:Talk:Daugavpils]]<br>[[:Daugavpils]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73954|73954]]||[[:David Baszucki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73943|73943]]||[[:Dedza (msumba)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:23<br>2026-10-19 22:44:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73965|73965]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74364|74364]]||[[:DeepL]]<br>[[:Talk:DeepL]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74737|74737]]||[[:Deji Olatunji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:57<br>2026-10-19 22:26:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74310|74310]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74240|74240]]||[[:Talk:Delap-Uliga-Djarrit]]<br>[[:Delap-Uliga-Djarrit]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:58<br>2026-10-19 23:01:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74777|74777]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74778|74778]]||[[:Depop]]<br>[[:Talk:Depop]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:36<br>2026-10-19 22:23:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74373|74373]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73942|73942]]||[[:Talk:Descartes Highlands]]<br>[[:Descartes Highlands]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74882|74882]]||[[:Wikipedia:Deutsche Botschaft]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74576|74576]]||[[:Dharmendra Pradhan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73940|73940]]||[[:Dharminder Mann]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74296|74296]]||[[:Diab]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74600|74600]]||[[:Dif]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74836|74836]]||[[:Template:Districts of Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74006|74006]]||[[:Diyosisi ya Northern Malawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:09<br>2026-10-19 22:25:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74328|74328]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74206|74206]]||[[:Talk:Djanet]]<br>[[:Djanet]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74483|74483]]||[[:Djerba Ajim]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74224|74224]]||[[:Djerba Midoun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74283|74283]]||[[:Dongosaru]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:04<br>2026-10-19 22:23:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74322|74322]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73995|73995]]||[[:Talk:Drive-by shooting]]<br>[[:Drive-by shooting]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73864|73864]]||[[:Duck Hunt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:24<br>2026-10-19 22:55:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74565|74565]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74566|74566]]||[[:EBay]]<br>[[:Talk:EBay]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74609|74609]]||[[:ESO 3.6 m Telesikopu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74046|74046]]||[[:Ebenholz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74448|74448]]||[[:Echang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74107|74107]]||[[:Egleton]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73928|73928]]||[[:Elfyn Evans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74158|74158]]||[[:Elizovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:53<br>2026-10-19 22:55:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74630|74630]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74629|74629]]||[[:Talk:Ellenbrook]]<br>[[:Ellenbrook]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74884|74884]]||[[:Wikipedia:Embaixada de português]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74881|74881]]||[[:Wikipedia:Embajada de español]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74015|74015]]||[[:Emiliyan-Romagnol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74152|74152]]||[[:Engilchek]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74275|74275]]||[[:Ertong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74589|74589]]||[[:Eschen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73922|73922]]||[[:Esperanto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74052|74052]]||[[:Esperanto ku Japan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74554|74554]]||[[:Estelí Gomez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:58<br>2026-10-19 22:13:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74839|74839]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73884|73884]]||[[:Template:Estonia]]<br>[[:Category:Estonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74741|74741]]||[[:Ethan Payne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:29<br>2026-10-19 22:56:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74733|74733]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74734|74734]]||[[:Ethnologue]]<br>[[:Talk:Ethnologue]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:30<br>2026-10-19 22:55:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74580|74580]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74581|74581]]||[[:Europe (nyimbo ya charu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Europe (nyimbo ya charu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74873|74873]]||[[:Template:European Union Labelled Map (blue)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74872|74872]]||[[:Template:Eurozone labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:33<br>2026-10-19 22:55:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74588|74588]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74587|74587]]||[[:Talk:Evenwood]]<br>[[:Evenwood]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74468|74468]]||[[:Fa&#39;ato&#39;ialemanu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74245|74245]]||[[:Fanla]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:02<br>2026-10-19 22:55:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74520|74520]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74521|74521]]||[[:Fassala]]<br>[[:Talk:Fassala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74706|74706]]||[[:Fatima Payman]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74241|74241]]||[[:Federated States of Micronesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74164|74164]]||[[:Felda Air Tawar 3]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74102|74102]]||[[:Fetterangus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74813|74813]]||[[:Figuig]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73931|73931]]||[[:Floyd Mayweather Jr. vs Deji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:55<br>2026-10-19 22:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74307|74307]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74128|74128]]||[[:Talk:Fortnite]]<br>[[:Fortnite]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74127|74127]]||[[:Fortnite Festival]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74711|74711]]||[[:Foster Awintiti Akugri]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:12<br>2026-10-19 23:02:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74809|74809]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74810|74810]]||[[:Fremantle Dockers]]<br>[[:Talk:Fremantle Dockers]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:55<br>2026-10-19 22:55:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74636|74636]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74635|74635]]||[[:Talk:Gacha Gacha]]<br>[[:Gacha Gacha]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74050|74050]]||[[:Gaflei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:50<br>2026-10-19 22:55:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74622|74622]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74621|74621]]||[[:Talk:Gallipoli (maseŵero gha pa vidiyo)]]<br>[[:Gallipoli (maseŵero gha pa vidiyo)]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:05<br>2026-10-19 22:56:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74667|74667]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74666|74666]]||[[:Talk:Gamboma]]<br>[[:Gamboma]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74515|74515]]||[[:Gamprin]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74783|74783]]||[[:Gapuwiyak]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:08<br>2026-10-19 23:02:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74797|74797]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74798|74798]]||[[:Garam masala]]<br>[[:Talk:Garam masala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74614|74614]]||[[:GeoGuessr]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74067|74067]]||[[:Glloboçica]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74210|74210]]||[[:Gnjili Potok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74017|74017]]||[[:Google Maps]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:14<br>2026-10-19 22:56:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74694|74694]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74695|74695]]||[[:Google Translate]]<br>[[:Talk:Google Translate]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:59<br>2026-10-19 23:01:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74781|74781]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74780|74780]]||[[:Talk:Goolarabooloo Millibinyarri]]<br>[[:Goolarabooloo Millibinyarri]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:41<br>2026-10-19 22:44:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73997|73997]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74318|74318]]||[[:Gosnells]]<br>[[:Talk:Gosnells]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74814|74814]]||[[:Great Australian Bight]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:58<br>2026-10-19 22:55:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74644|74644]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74643|74643]]||[[:Talk:Great Eastern Highway]]<br>[[:Great Eastern Highway]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:28<br>2026-10-19 22:55:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74575|74575]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74574|74574]]||[[:Talk:Gulgagulganeng]]<br>[[:Gulgagulganeng]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73860|73860]]||[[:Gulu la Wikipediya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74092|74092]]||[[:Haast]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74601|74601]]||[[:Habaswein]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74103|74103]]||[[:Halkirk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74255|74255]]||[[:Hamile]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74194|74194]]||[[:Hammam Bou Hadjar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74197|74197]]||[[:Hamptoncourtpolder]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74022|74022]]||[[:Hara Hurile]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74738|74738]]||[[:Harry Lewis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74129|74129]]||[[:Hasan Adıgüzel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:52<br>2026-10-19 22:55:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74628|74628]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74627|74627]]||[[:Talk:Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X]]<br>[[:Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA X]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73999|73999]]||[[:Hatsune Miku: Project Diva X]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74147|74147]]||[[:Hilda Heine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74059|74059]]||[[:Himni i Republikës së Kosovës]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:32<br>2026-10-19 22:55:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74585|74585]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74586|74586]]||[[:Hinterschellenberg]]<br>[[:Talk:Hinterschellenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73966|73966]]||[[:Holopedia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74020|74020]]||[[:Homa Lime Kowuor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:26<br>2026-10-19 22:55:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74568|74568]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74569|74569]]||[[:Hong Wang]]<br>[[:Talk:Hong Wang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74793|74793]]||[[:Horton Point Light]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74223|74223]]||[[:Houmt El Souk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74484|74484]]||[[:Houmt Souk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74218|74218]]||[[:Hrčava]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74163|74163]]||[[:Imeni Poliny Osipenko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74280|74280]]||[[:Imetang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74203|74203]]||[[:In Khalil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:04<br>2026-10-19 22:55:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74527|74527]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74526|74526]]||[[:Talk:Inal (Mauritania)]]<br>[[:Inal (Mauritania)]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74170|74170]]||[[:Inchoun]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74868|74868]]||[[:Template:India States and Territories Labelled Map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74842|74842]]||[[:Template:Indonesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74869|74869]]||[[:Template:Indonesia provinces labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73863|73863]]||[[:Inki ya bolopointi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73980|73980]]||[[:Intercrosse]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:53:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74376|74376]]||[[:Intraproboscis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74263|74263]]||[[:Isallavi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74076|74076]]||[[:Iwantja]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74133|74133]]||[[:Jabiru]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:57<br>2026-10-19 22:26:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74311|74311]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74238|74238]]||[[:Talk:Jabor]]<br>[[:Jabor]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74494|74494]]||[[:Jalan Bani Buali]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74120|74120]]||[[:Jana Abdelsalam]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74190|74190]]||[[:Janjar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74503|74503]]||[[:Japan (Montenegro)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:04<br>2026-10-19 22:24:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74321|74321]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74080|74080]]||[[:Talk:Jarlmadangah Burru]]<br>[[:Jarlmadangah Burru]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73935|73935]]||[[:Jasmine (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74532|74532]]||[[:Jefferson (South Dakota, USA)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:06<br>2026-10-19 22:26:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74325|74325]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74231|74231]]||[[:Talk:Jelgava]]<br>[[:Jelgava]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74544|74544]]||[[:Joanna Agacka-Indecka]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74540|74540]]||[[:John Madden]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:01<br>2026-10-19 22:24:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74316|74316]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74028|74028]]||[[:Talk:Joondalup]]<br>[[:Joondalup]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74539|74539]]||[[:Jordan Staal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73955|73955]]||[[:Josh Willie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74742|74742]]||[[:Joshua Bradley]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74084|74084]]||[[:June Huh]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74081|74081]]||[[:Junjuwa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74149|74149]]||[[:Jyluu-Bulak]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74226|74226]]||[[:Jūrmala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74024|74024]]||[[:Kadidia Nikiema]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:50<br>2026-10-19 22:44:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74010|74010]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74317|74317]]||[[:Kalamunda]]<br>[[:Talk:Kalamunda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74077|74077]]||[[:Kalka (South Australia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74199|74199]]||[[:Kaltukatjara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74572|74572]]||[[:Kalumburu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74233|74233]]||[[:Karcha Balut]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74512|74512]]||[[:Karesuando]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74183|74183]]||[[:Karesuvanto]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74185|74185]]||[[:Karroq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74453|74453]]||[[:Katima Mulilo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74198|74198]]||[[:Kaung Tat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74841|74841]]||[[:Template:Kazakhstan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74875|74875]]||[[:Wikipedia:Kedutaan Bahasa Indonesia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74707|74707]]||[[:Kellie Sloane]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74150|74150]]||[[:Keng-Suu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:05<br>2026-10-19 22:55:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74531|74531]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74530|74530]]||[[:Talk:Keurmacen]]<br>[[:Keurmacen]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74536|74536]]||[[:Khasan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74251|74251]]||[[:Khorog]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:30<br>2026-10-19 22:44:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73978|73978]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74353|74353]]||[[:Kikongo (utatavu)]]<br>[[:Talk:Kikongo (utatavu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74126|74126]]||[[:Kiloblaster]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74093|74093]]||[[:Kishódos]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74289|74289]]||[[:Kizimkazi Dimbani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74438|74438]]||[[:Kizimkazi Mkunguni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74220|74220]]||[[:Kojonup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:57<br>2026-10-19 22:54:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74510|74510]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74509|74509]]||[[:Talk:Konsko]]<br>[[:Konsko]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74755|74755]]||[[:Koo Wee Rup]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:30<br>2026-10-19 22:55:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74578|74578]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74579|74579]]||[[:Kosovo]]<br>[[:Talk:Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74180|74180]]||[[:Krasino (Arkhangelsk, Russia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73923|73923]]||[[:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73924|73924]] | style="max-width: 20em;" | [[:Krungthepmahanakhonamonrattanakosinmahintharayuthayamahadilokphopnoppharatratchathaniburirouudomratchaniwetmahasathanamonpimanawatansathitsakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:03<br>2026-10-19 22:44:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73932|73932]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74375|74375]]||[[:Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia]]<br>[[:Talk:Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Asia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73870|73870]]||[[:Kumwera chakumafumiro gha dazi kwa Europe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74079|74079]]||[[:Kupartiya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74068|74068]]||[[:Kuqishtë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74228|74228]]||[[:Kuressaare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74782|74782]]||[[:Kurnangki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:33<br>2026-10-19 22:54:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74464|74464]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74463|74463]]||[[:Talk:Kurzeme]]<br>[[:Kurzeme]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:09<br>2026-10-19 22:56:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74677|74677]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74676|74676]]||[[:Talk:Kurów]]<br>[[:Kurów]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:03<br>2026-10-19 22:56:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74659|74659]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74658|74658]]||[[:Talk:Kutanthauzira kwa nthowa ya metric]]<br>[[:Kutanthauzira kwa nthowa ya metric]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:55<br>2026-10-19 22:55:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74634|74634]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74633|74633]]||[[:Talk:Kuwombera kwa galimoto]]<br>[[:Kuwombera kwa galimoto]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73886|73886]]||[[:Category:Kuwombera kwa sukulu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73868|73868]]||[[:Kuwombera kwa sukulu ya Debsirin Nonthaburi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74756|74756]]||[[:Kuyezgelera (munkhwala)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74154|74154]]||[[:Kyzyldzhar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74153|74153]]||[[:Kök-Art]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74148|74148]]||[[:Kööchü]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74880|74880]]||[[:Wikipedia:L&#39;ambassade de France]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:11<br>2026-10-19 22:25:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74332|74332]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74175|74175]]||[[:Talk:La Batterie]]<br>[[:La Batterie]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74549|74549]]||[[:La Toya Jackson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74495|74495]]||[[:Laascaanood]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74113|74113]]||[[:Labytnangi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:07<br>2026-10-19 22:56:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74672|74672]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74673|74673]]||[[:Lahej]]<br>[[:Talk:Lahej]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74766|74766]]||[[:Langstrand]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74743|74743]]||[[:Lannan Eacott]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:43<br>2026-10-19 22:54:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74481|74481]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74482|74482]]||[[:Latgalia]]<br>[[:Talk:Latgalia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74838|74838]]||[[:Template:Latvia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74047|74047]]||[[:Lawena]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:27<br>2026-10-19 22:56:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74727|74727]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74726|74726]]||[[:Talk:Layisensi ya Creative Commons]]<br>[[:Layisensi ya Creative Commons]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74761|74761]]||[[:Leah (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||2 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74070|74070]]||[[:Lego Jurassic World]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74295|74295]]||[[:Lehnaizeeba]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:53<br>2026-10-19 22:23:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74304|74304]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74009|74009]]||[[:Talk:Lesmurdie]]<br>[[:Lesmurdie]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74850|74850]]||[[:Template:Leucine metabolism in humans]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74602|74602]]||[[:Liboi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:42<br>2026-10-19 22:54:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74479|74479]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74480|74480]]||[[:Liepāja]]<br>[[:Talk:Liepāja]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:04<br>2026-10-19 22:56:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74664|74664]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74665|74665]]||[[:Likouala-aux-Herbes]]<br>[[:Talk:Likouala-aux-Herbes]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74779|74779]]||[[:Literatura Mondo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74840|74840]]||[[:Template:Lithuania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74822|74822]]||[[:Lkes (Melekeok, Palau)]]||Redirect to a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74442|74442]]||[[:Lkes (Ngarchelong, Palau)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74278|74278]]||[[:Lkes (Ngiwal, Palau)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74744|74744]]||[[:Llanfair­pwllgwyngyll­gogery­chwyrn­drobwll­llan­tysilio­gogo­goch]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74100|74100]]||[[:Llyswen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74096|74096]]||[[:Lochgilphead]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:42<br>2026-10-19 22:55:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74605|74605]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74606|74606]]||[[:Lodwar]]<br>[[:Talk:Lodwar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73918|73918]]||[[:Lorighittas]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74111|74111]]||[[:Los Gallardos]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74236|74236]]||[[:Lyebyedzyeva]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:26<br>2026-10-19 22:55:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74571|74571]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74570|74570]]||[[:Talk:Lyft]]<br>[[:Lyft]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:10<br>2026-10-19 22:56:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74682|74682]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74683|74683]]||[[:MV June Aster moto wa boti]]<br>[[:Talk:MV June Aster moto wa boti]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74815|74815]]||[[:Ma tramu ku Melbourne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74454|74454]]||[[:Macuse]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74142|74142]]||[[:Maggie Brookes-Butt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74564|74564]]||[[:Mahamba gha Lutatavi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74752|74752]]||[[:Makaroni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:25<br>2026-10-19 22:44:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74064|74064]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74327|74327]]||[[:Mala Crcorija]]<br>[[:Talk:Mala Crcorija]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:22<br>2026-10-19 22:24:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74349|74349]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74037|74037]]||[[:Talk:Malbun]]<br>[[:Malbun]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73952|73952]]||[[:Malcolm Todd]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:25<br>2026-10-19 22:23:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74355|74355]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73970|73970]]||[[:Talk:Mali (Guinea)]]<br>[[:Mali (Guinea)]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73908|73908]]||[[:Malo 51]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:16<br>2026-10-19 22:56:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74701|74701]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74700|74700]]||[[:Talk:Malo gha Google Street View]]<br>[[:Malo gha Google Street View]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73861|73861]]||[[:Malo gha Switzerland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74472|74472]]||[[:Mandal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:10<br>2026-10-19 23:02:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74802|74802]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74801|74801]]||[[:Talk:Mapopa]]<br>[[:Mapopa]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73949|73949]]||[[:Marat Kambolov]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74555|74555]]||[[:Marcia Bjornerud]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74141|74141]]||[[:Maria Byrne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74013|74013]]||[[:Marichi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74135|74135]]||[[:Mario Kart World]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74418|74418]]||[[:Marka (Malaŵi)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74288|74288]]||[[:Marpi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:22<br>2026-10-19 22:25:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74350|74350]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74201|74201]]||[[:Talk:Masescha]]<br>[[:Masescha]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74546|74546]]||[[:Maseŵero gha pa vidiyo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74177|74177]]||[[:Mauren]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74847|74847]]||[[:Template:Mauritania]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74234|74234]]||[[:Mayor Pablo Lagerenza]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73984|73984]]||[[:Mbiri ya nthowa ya metric]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74862|74862]]||[[:Template:Megachile-stub]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74012|74012]]||[[:Mei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74825|74825]]||[[:Melanie Perkins]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:16:40<br>2026-10-19 22:16:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73890|73890]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73891|73891]]||[[:Melbourne]]<br>[[:Talk:Melbourne]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74716|74716]]||[[:Meme]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74441|74441]]||[[:Mengellang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74618|74618]]||[[:Merops lafresnayii]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74139|74139]]||[[:Merops oreobates]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74545|74545]]||[[:Merops ornatus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:03<br>2026-10-19 22:56:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74660|74660]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74661|74661]]||[[:Metrication]]<br>[[:Talk:Metrication]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73983|73983]]||[[:Metrification]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74287|74287]]||[[:Meyuns]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:52<br>2026-10-19 22:26:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74302|74302]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74217|74217]]||[[:Talk:Međurečje]]<br>[[:Međurečje]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74488|74488]]||[[:Mgwirizano wa Bosnia na Herzegovina]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:11<br>2026-10-19 22:56:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74685|74685]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74684|74684]]||[[:Talk:Mi&#39;kmaq]]<br>[[:Mi&#39;kmaq]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73901|73901]]||[[:Mia (zina)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74471|74471]]||[[:Micronesia (chalo)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:45<br>2026-10-19 22:55:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74610|74610]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74611|74611]]||[[:Microsoft Teams]]<br>[[:Talk:Microsoft Teams]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:52<br>2026-10-19 22:55:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74625|74625]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74626|74626]]||[[:Midland (Australia)]]<br>[[:Talk:Midland (Australia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74122|74122]]||[[:Mikail Akar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74561|74561]]||[[:Minofu ya sternocleidomastoid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:53<br>2026-10-19 22:44:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73887|73887]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74347|74347]]||[[:Mizi mu Liechtenstein]]<br>[[:Talk:Mizi mu Liechtenstein]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73911|73911]]||[[:Mndandanda wa pasita]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73975|73975]]||[[:Mndandanda wa viyowoyero vya pa Wikipediya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:54<br>2026-10-19 22:11:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74305|74305]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73859|73859]]||[[:Talk:Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵali kujalirika mu jele chifukwa cha kusintha Wikipediya]]<br>[[:Mndandanda wa ŵanthu awo ŵali kujalirika mu jele chifukwa cha kusintha Wikipediya]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74143|74143]]||[[:Mohammad Zahir Aghbar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74456|74456]]||[[:Mongami]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73883|73883]]||[[:Category:Montenegro]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74431|74431]]||[[:Montignies-sur-Roc]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:51<br>2026-10-19 22:23:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74301|74301]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74005|74005]]||[[:Talk:Morwell]]<br>[[:Morwell]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74837|74837]]||[[:Template:Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:19<br>2026-10-19 22:56:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74708|74708]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74709|74709]]||[[:Mpeni]]<br>[[:Talk:Mpeni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:14:05<br>2026-10-19 23:14:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74820|74820]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74819|74819]]||[[:Talk:Msewu wa Mabaobab]]<br>[[:Msewu wa Mabaobab]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74477|74477]]||[[:Msumba wa Karakalpakia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:52<br>2026-10-19 23:01:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74764|74764]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74765|74765]]||[[:Msumba wa Koror]]<br>[[:Talk:Msumba wa Koror]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74422|74422]]||[[:Msumba wa Tete]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74558|74558]]||[[:Mtumbo uchoko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:04<br>2026-10-19 22:44:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74030|74030]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74345|74345]]||[[:Mullaquana]]<br>[[:Talk:Mullaquana]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74447|74447]]||[[:Muzi wa Melekeok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74449|74449]]||[[:Muzi wa Southwest Islanders]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74762|74762]]||[[:MySims]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74513|74513]]||[[:Mys Stolbovoy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74094|74094]]||[[:Mysłownia Nowa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74033|74033]]||[[:Mäls]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74045|74045]]||[[:Mühleholz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73909|73909]]||[[:Nar Nar Goon]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74502|74502]]||[[:Nara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74871|74871]]||[[:Template:National Parks in the Republic of Ireland labelled map]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:05<br>2026-10-19 22:55:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74529|74529]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74528|74528]]||[[:Talk:Ndiago]]<br>[[:Ndiago]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73981|73981]]||[[:Ndondomeko ya imperial]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73982|73982]]||[[:Ndondomeko ya metric]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74191|74191]]||[[:Negovanovtsi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74026|74026]]||[[:Nela Riehl]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74179|74179]]||[[:Nendeln]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74136|74136]]||[[:New Super Mario Bros. 2]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74279|74279]]||[[:Ngerbau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74259|74259]]||[[:Ngermid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74276|74276]]||[[:Ngerubesang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74265|74265]]||[[:Ngerutoi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74266|74266]]||[[:Ngetbong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74281|74281]]||[[:Ngriil]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73953|73953]]||[[:Nicole LaPointe Jameson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74162|74162]]||[[:Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74405|74405]]||[[:Nintambada]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74791|74791]]||[[:Nioumamilima]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:37<br>2026-10-19 22:56:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74747|74747]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74748|74748]]||[[:Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel]]<br>[[:Talk:Nkhondo ya Iran na Israel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:57<br>2026-10-19 23:01:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74776|74776]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74775|74775]]||[[:Talk:Nkhondo ya Kitos]]<br>[[:Nkhondo ya Kitos]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74292|74292]]||[[:Nkhoska cha Mozambique]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74861|74861]]||[[:Template:Non-album singles]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:52||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73885|73885]]||[[:Category:North Macedonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:10<br>2026-10-19 22:25:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74330|74330]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74195|74195]]||[[:Talk:Nouadhibou]]<br>[[:Nouadhibou]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:58<br>2026-10-19 22:55:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74645|74645]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74646|74646]]||[[:Nouakchott]]<br>[[:Talk:Nouakchott]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74156|74156]]||[[:Novoye Chaplino]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:04<br>2026-10-19 22:56:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74663|74663]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74662|74662]]||[[:Talk:Nthowa ya imperial]]<br>[[:Nthowa ya imperial]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:02<br>2026-10-19 22:56:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74657|74657]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74656|74656]]||[[:Talk:Nthowa ya metric]]<br>[[:Nthowa ya metric]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74789|74789]]||[[:Ntsaouéni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:56<br>2026-10-19 23:01:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74774|74774]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74773|74773]]||[[:Talk:Nupediya]]<br>[[:Nupediya]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74229|74229]]||[[:Nur-Sultan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:00<br>2026-10-19 22:56:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74649|74649]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74648|74648]]||[[:Talk:Nusantara]]<br>[[:Nusantara]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74138|74138]]||[[:Nyctyornis amictus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74117|74117]]||[[:Nyctyornis athertoni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:00<br>2026-10-19 22:56:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74650|74650]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74651|74651]]||[[:Nyifwa ya Arina Glazunova]]<br>[[:Talk:Nyifwa ya Arina Glazunova]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:01<br>2026-10-19 22:56:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74653|74653]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74652|74652]]||[[:Talk:Nyifwa ya Daniele Alves Lopes]]<br>[[:Nyifwa ya Daniele Alves Lopes]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:01<br>2026-10-19 23:02:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74785|74785]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74784|74784]]||[[:Talk:Nyirripi]]<br>[[:Nyirripi]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74291|74291]]||[[:Nzacko]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74889|74889]]||[[:Wikipedia:OFFER]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74883|74883]]||[[:Wikipedia:Ofishin jakadancin Hausa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74121|74121]]||[[:Oghenetejiri Adejenughure]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74736|74736]]||[[:Olajide Olatunji]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74282|74282]]||[[:Ollei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74613|74613]]||[[:One Nation]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74214|74214]]||[[:Oran]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73912|73912]]||[[:Orecchiette]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74437|74437]]||[[:Ouanda Djallé]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74254|74254]]||[[:Ouessa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:14:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74821|74821]]||[[:Ounkazi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74157|74157]]||[[:Ozyorny]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:16:15<br>2026-10-19 23:16:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74823|74823]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74824|74824]]||[[:Palau]]<br>[[:Talk:Palau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74710|74710]]||[[:Paola Nogales-Ascarrunz]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:02<br>2026-10-19 22:44:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74027|74027]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74319|74319]]||[[:Parramatta]]<br>[[:Talk:Parramatta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:40<br>2026-10-19 23:25:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74754|74754]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74864|74864]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74753|74753]]||[[:Talk:Pasita]]<br>[[:Template:Pasita]]<br>[[:Pasita]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74597|74597]]||[[:Pauline Hanson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74854|74854]]||[[:Template:Periodic table (electron configuration)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74855|74855]]||[[:Template:Periodic table legend]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74856|74856]]||[[:Template:Periodic table legend/Block]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74088|74088]]||[[:Peroneus brevis]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74089|74089]]||[[:Peroneus longus]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74087|74087]]||[[:Peroneus tertius]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:14:25<br>2026-10-19 22:16:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73888|73888]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73889|73889]]||[[:Perth]]<br>[[:Talk:Perth]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74159|74159]]||[[:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:25<br>2026-10-19 22:56:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74721|74721]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74720|74720]]||[[:Talk:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]<br>[[:Pimpri-Chinchwad]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:33<br>2026-10-19 22:44:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74078|74078]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74320|74320]]||[[:Pipalyatjara]]<br>[[:Talk:Pipalyatjara]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73917|73917]]||[[:Pizzoccheri]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74035|74035]]||[[:Planken]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:29<br>2026-10-19 22:43:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74071|74071]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74309|74309]]||[[:Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville]]<br>[[:Talk:Plants vs. Zombies: Battle for Neighborville]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74016|74016]]||[[:Poggio Chiesanuova]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73866|73866]]||[[:Pong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74074|74074]]||[[:Pormpuraaw]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74109|74109]]||[[:Puerto Barrios]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74262|74262]]||[[:Puno]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74110|74110]]||[[:Putinovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:52<br>2026-10-19 22:24:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74303|74303]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74058|74058]]||[[:Talk:Pátria Amada]]<br>[[:Pátria Amada]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74457|74457]]||[[:Pô]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74182|74182]]||[[:Pörhölä]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:21<br>2026-10-19 22:44:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74252|74252]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74340|74340]]||[[:Qala-e Mafushad]]<br>[[:Talk:Qala-e Mafushad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:31<br>2026-10-19 22:54:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74458|74458]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74459|74459]]||[[:Qarabolaq]]<br>[[:Talk:Qarabolaq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74118|74118]]||[[:Rachael Zulu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:13<br>2026-10-19 22:43:58||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74239|74239]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74312|74312]]||[[:Rairok]]<br>[[:Talk:Rairok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:05<br>2026-10-19 22:24:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74323|74323]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74042|74042]]||[[:Talk:Ramshaw (England)]]<br>[[:Ramshaw (England)]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:01<br>2026-10-19 22:56:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74654|74654]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74655|74655]]||[[:Reddit]]<br>[[:Talk:Reddit]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74848|74848]]||[[:Template:Reflist2]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74849|74849]]||[[:Template:Reflist2/doc]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74290|74290]]||[[:Renk (South Sudan)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:47||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74489|74489]]||[[:Republika Srpska]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74069|74069]]||[[:Restelicë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74123|74123]]||[[:Rhian Teasdale]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74065|74065]]||[[:Rich (North Macedonia)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74051|74051]]||[[:Riezlern]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:49<br>2026-10-19 22:55:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74620|74620]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74619|74619]]||[[:Talk:Roblox]]<br>[[:Roblox]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:55<br>2026-10-19 22:23:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74306|74306]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74001|74001]]||[[:Talk:Robox]]<br>[[:Robox]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:44||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74000|74000]]||[[:Robux]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:55||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74771|74771]]||[[:Rogachevo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74470|74470]]||[[:Roosevelt Roads]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74043|74043]]||[[:Rotenboden]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:24<br>2026-10-19 22:56:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74718|74718]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74719|74719]]||[[:Rottnest Channel Swim]]<br>[[:Talk:Rottnest Channel Swim]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74462|74462]]||[[:Rucava]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74041|74041]]||[[:Ruggell]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74890|74890]]||[[:Wikipedia:SO]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74888|74888]]||[[:Wikipedia:STANDARD]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74090|74090]]||[[:Saare County]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74593|74593]]||[[:Sabine Monauni]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74469|74469]]||[[:Salelologa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74222|74222]]||[[:Salmabad]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:31<br>2026-10-19 22:55:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74582|74582]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74583|74583]]||[[:Samo ku waar]]<br>[[:Talk:Samo ku waar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:29<br>2026-10-19 22:44:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73976|73976]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74354|74354]]||[[:SamoaNIC]]<br>[[:Talk:SamoaNIC]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74501|74501]]||[[:Samogitia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:11:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73857|73857]]||[[:Samsung Galaxy S5]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74098|74098]]||[[:San Juan de Manapiare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74551|74551]]||[[:Sarfayt]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74749|74749]]||[[:Sarnia Chérie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74151|74151]]||[[:Sary-Tologoy]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74533|74533]]||[[:Saskylakh]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74476|74476]]||[[:Savai&#39;i]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73951|73951]]||[[:Scalpel]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:20<br>2026-10-19 22:24:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74346|74346]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74040|74040]]||[[:Talk:Schaan]]<br>[[:Schaan]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74178|74178]]||[[:Schaanwald]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74514|74514]]||[[:Schellenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74167|74167]]||[[:School of Art + Art History + Design]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74169|74169]]||[[:School of International and Public Affairs]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74168|74168]]||[[:School of the Art Institute of Chicago]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74790|74790]]||[[:Seabird]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74193|74193]]||[[:Sedrata]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74772|74772]]||[[:Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Ahmad Boestamam]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74535|74535]]||[[:Sekolah Menengah Sains Sabah]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74014|74014]]||[[:Seputembala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74083|74083]]||[[:Serekunda]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74725|74725]]||[[:Shai Bolton]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:24<br>2026-10-19 22:23:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74352|74352]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73979|73979]]||[[:Talk:Shaya al-Zindani]]<br>[[:Shaya al-Zindani]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74186|74186]]||[[:Shkallë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74187|74187]]||[[:Shëndëlli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:36<br>2026-10-19 23:25:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74745|74745]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74859|74859]]||[[:Sidemen]]<br>[[:Template:Sidemen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74216|74216]]||[[:Sidi bel Abbès]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74049|74049]]||[[:Silum]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74740|74740]]||[[:Simon Minter]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74165|74165]]||[[:Sitiawan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74467|74467]]||[[:Siusega]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74249|74249]]||[[:Smalininkai]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:13:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74818|74818]]||[[:Smit Machchhar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74460|74460]]||[[:Sokol]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74844|74844]]||[[:Template:Somalia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74421|74421]]||[[:Songo (Mozambique)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74794|74794]]||[[:Sossusvlei]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74171|74171]]||[[:Srednekolymsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:07<br>2026-10-19 23:02:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74796|74796]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74795|74795]]||[[:Talk:Ssabagabo]]<br>[[:Ssabagabo]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74887|74887]]||[[:Wikipedia:Standard offer]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74034|74034]]||[[:Steg (Liechtenstein)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:01||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74025|74025]]||[[:Stella Lefkofsky]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74086|74086]]||[[:Sternocleidomastoid]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74556|74556]]||[[:Stun&#39;Sail Boom]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:41||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74091|74091]]||[[:Stun&#39;sail Boom]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74427|74427]]||[[:Stërbeq]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73913|73913]]||[[:Su Filindeu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74137|74137]]||[[:Super Mario Bros.]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74261|74261]]||[[:Swakopmund]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:13:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73882|73882]]||[[:Category:Switzerland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74039|74039]]||[[:Sücka]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74011|74011]]||[[:Sōji Yoshikawa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74247|74247]]||[[:Ta Veaeng]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74072|74072]]||[[:Tadej Pogačar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74244|74244]]||[[:Talas (Kyrgyzstan)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:51<br>2026-10-19 22:54:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74497|74497]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74496|74496]]||[[:Talk:Tamanrasset]]<br>[[:Tamanrasset]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74246|74246]]||[[:Tanjung Selor]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74192|74192]]||[[:Taşlıca]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74552|74552]]||[[:Tha Thong]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74007|74007]]||[[:Thaliacea]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74002|74002]]||[[:The Entrance]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74003|74003]]||[[:The Entrance North]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:49||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74008|74008]]||[[:The Hamptons]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:14<br>2026-10-19 22:55:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74547|74547]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74548|74548]]||[[:The Matrix Awakens]]<br>[[:Talk:The Matrix Awakens]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:37<br>2026-10-19 22:55:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74595|74595]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74596|74596]]||[[:The Nation (Malaŵi)]]<br>[[:Talk:The Nation (Malaŵi)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73900|73900]]||[[:The Sims]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:54<br>2026-10-19 22:55:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74632|74632]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74631|74631]]||[[:Talk:The Vines]]<br>[[:The Vines]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74225|74225]]||[[:Tieret]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74534|74534]]||[[:Tiksi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74204|74204]]||[[:Tin Zaouatine]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74205|74205]]||[[:Tindouf]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:50||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74200|74200]]||[[:Titjikala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74230|74230]]||[[:Tiņģere]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73921|73921]]||[[:Tobi Brown]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74739|74739]]||[[:Tobit John Brown]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74542|74542]]||[[:Tom Roger Aadland]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74116|74116]]||[[:Tommy Mottola]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74787|74787]]||[[:Triangle (Zimbabwe)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74036|74036]]||[[:Triesen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:02||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74786|74786]]||[[:Triesenberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:46||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74487|74487]]||[[:Trn (Velika Kladuša)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74114|74114]]||[[:Troitsko-Pechorsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73987|73987]]||[[:Trump]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74242|74242]]||[[:Tuvalu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74160|74160]]||[[:Tymovskoye]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74108|74108]]||[[:Uaxactún]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74155|74155]]||[[:Uelen]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74258|74258]]||[[:Ulimang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:10||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74420|74420]]||[[:Ulongué]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:43:56<br>2026-10-19 22:25:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74308|74308]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74134|74134]]||[[:Talk:Untitled Goose Game]]<br>[[:Untitled Goose Game]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74475|74475]]||[[:Upolu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74267|74267]]||[[:Urdmang]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:06<br>2026-10-19 23:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74852|74852]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74851|74851]]||[[:Template talk:User Greenland independence]]<br>[[:Template:User Greenland independence]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74863|74863]]||[[:Template:User info]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74538|74538]]||[[:Ust-Bolsheretsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:33||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74172|74172]]||[[:Ust-Olenyok]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74184|74184]]||[[:Utsjoki]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74466|74466]]||[[:Vaitele]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74227|74227]]||[[:Valmiera]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:21<br>2026-10-19 22:24:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74348|74348]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74048|74048]]||[[:Talk:Valüna]]<br>[[:Valüna]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:31:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74885|74885]]||[[:Wikipedia:Vandalism-only account]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74243|74243]]||[[:Vanuatu]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:01:54<br>2026-10-19 23:01:54||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74770|74770]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74769|74769]]||[[:Talk:Ventspils]]<br>[[:Ventspils]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74722|74722]]||[[:Verity]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:26<br>2026-10-19 22:56:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74723|74723]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74724|74724]]||[[:Verity (Minecraft)]]<br>[[:Talk:Verity (Minecraft)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>0 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:53||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73916|73916]]||[[:Vermicelli]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74250|74250]]||[[:Vestre Jakobselv]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74260|74260]]||[[:Victoria Falls]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:24||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74063|74063]]||[[:Vigaŵa vya Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74451|74451]]||[[:Vigaŵa vya ku Palau]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74145|74145]]||[[:Vikebygd]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:00||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73927|73927]]||[[:Vikkstar]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:13<br>2026-10-19 23:02:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74812|74812]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74811|74811]]||[[:Talk:Vikram Barn]]<br>[[:Vikram Barn]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74419|74419]]||[[:Vila Nova de Fronteira]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74248|74248]]||[[:Visby]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74140|74140]]||[[:Vitalij Aab]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74735|74735]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Estonia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:29<br>2026-10-19 22:56:29||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74732|74732]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74731|74731]]||[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu India]]<br>[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu India]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:16<br>2026-10-19 22:56:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74699|74699]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74698|74698]]||[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]]<br>[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Italy]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:17:03<br>2026-10-19 22:17:03||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73894|73894]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73895|73895]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Malaŵi]]<br>[[:Talk:Viyowoyelo vyamu Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||0<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73937|73937]]||[[:Viyowoyelo vyamu Tajikistan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 17:56:21<br>2026-10-19 17:56:21||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73856|73856]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73855|73855]]||[[:User:Viyowoyelo-vya-Malawi]]<br>[[:User talk:Viyowoyelo-vya-Malawi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74053|74053]]||[[:Viyowoyero vya ku Malaŵi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:08||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73939|73939]]||[[:Viyowoyero vyakumanyikwa vya ku India]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74833|74833]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Animal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74827|74827]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Creating articles using Ethnologue]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:16||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74829|74829]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/EditCounterOptIn.js]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74835|74835]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Human]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74826|74826]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Pasta]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:15||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74828|74828]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/TranslateCentral]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:18||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74832|74832]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Video game]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74834|74834]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74831|74831]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village/Kosovo]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:20:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74830|74830]]||[[:User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi/Village/UK]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:26:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74264|74264]]||[[:Volda (Norway)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74188|74188]]||[[:Vrinë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:25:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74853|74853]]||[[:Template:VvM Talk 1]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:36||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74082|74082]]||[[:W3m]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:48||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74492|74492]]||[[:Wafra]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:51||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74106|74106]]||[[:Waltham-on-the-Wolds]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74044|74044]]||[[:Wangerberg]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:42||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74604|74604]]||[[:War Dirsame]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74032|74032]]||[[:Whyalla Barson]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74592|74592]]||[[:Whyalla Jenkins]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74590|74590]]||[[:Whyalla Norrie]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74591|74591]]||[[:Whyalla Playford]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:05||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74031|74031]]||[[:Whyalla Stuart]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:27<br>2026-10-19 22:44:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73973|73973]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74356|74356]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiBask]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiBask]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:29<br>2026-10-19 22:23:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74360|74360]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73974|73974]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiCatalan]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:20<br>2026-10-19 22:44:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73960|73960]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74369|74369]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiChayinizi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:56<br>2026-10-19 22:55:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74639|74639]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74640|74640]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiCheŵa]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74688|74688]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74689|74689]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiFula]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiFula]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:24<br>2026-10-19 22:44:28||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73967|73967]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74358|74358]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiFurenchi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:27<br>2026-10-19 22:44:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73972|73972]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74361|74361]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiGalicia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:12<br>2026-10-19 22:56:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74687|74687]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74686|74686]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiHausa]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:22<br>2026-10-19 22:44:32||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73963|73963]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74366|74366]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiItaliya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:35<br>2026-10-19 22:23:19||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74370|74370]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73959|73959]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiJapanizi]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:25<br>2026-10-19 22:44:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73968|73968]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74357|74357]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiJeremani]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:13<br>2026-10-19 22:56:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74690|74690]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74691|74691]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiKarekare]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:33<br>2026-10-19 22:23:20||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74368|74368]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73961|73961]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiLadin]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:30<br>2026-10-19 22:23:25||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74362|74362]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73969|73969]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiLombard]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:14<br>2026-10-19 22:56:14||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74692|74692]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74693|74693]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiMinnan]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:56<br>2026-10-19 22:55:56||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74637|74637]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74638|74638]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiNgelezi]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:32<br>2026-10-19 22:23:22||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74365|74365]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73964|73964]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiPiedmont]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:17<br>2026-10-19 22:56:17||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74704|74704]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74705|74705]]||[[:Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]]<br>[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiRussia]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:31<br>2026-10-19 22:23:40||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74363|74363]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73994|73994]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiShona]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiShona]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:28<br>2026-10-19 22:23:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74359|74359]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/73971|73971]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiSpanish]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:57<br>2026-10-19 22:55:57||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74642|74642]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74641|74641]]||[[:Talk:Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]]<br>[[:Wikipediya ya ChiSwahili]]||Deleted together with the associated page with reason: Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 23:02:06||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74792|74792]]||[[:Wombat]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:30||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74073|74073]]||[[:Wujal Wujal]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:43||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74189|74189]]||[[:Xarrë]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:45||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73906|73906]]||[[:Yarra Trams]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:39||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74473|74473]]||[[:Yby Yaú]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:27||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74573|74573]]||[[:Yirrkala]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:22:59||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73925|73925]]||[[:YouTube user (identifier)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:37||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74085|74085]]||[[:Yu Deng]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:24:31||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74075|74075]]||[[:Yungngora]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:25:35||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74174|74174]]||[[:Yuryung-Khaya]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:38||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74598|74598]]||[[:Yusuf Abdulazeez]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:55:09||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74537|74537]]||[[:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:44:07<br>2026-10-19 22:24:26||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74326|74326]]<br>[[Special:Redirect/logid/74066|74066]]||[[:Talk:Zrze]]<br>[[:Zrze]]||Talk page of a deleted or nonexistent page ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)<br>Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1<br>1 |- |2026-10-19 22:54:34||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74465|74465]]||[[:Ķāķišķe]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:13||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73948|73948]]||[[:Ŵakhazi (vyamoyo vya ŵanthu)]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73946|73946]]||[[:Ж]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:04||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74874|74874]]||[[:Wikipedia:Посольство України]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 23:27:07||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74879|74879]]||[[:Wikipedia:Русский посольство]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:12||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73945|73945]]||[[:Ц]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:56:23||[[Special:Redirect/logid/74717|74717]]||[[:Ҷ]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |- |2026-10-19 22:23:11||[[Special:Redirect/logid/73944|73944]]||[[:ى]]||Created by a banned or blocked user in violation of said ban or block ([[:m:GS|global sysop]] action)||1 |} e4kw1vd0hd2jsn3yaw9zloq70piiofa 3 50011 123988 123638 2026-11-05T08:57:11Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 123988 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumwiki social media account == Hi I recently found a Tumbuka Wikipedia social media account after browsing topics related to the Tumbuka Wikipedia. It involves my username a lot and I don't feel comfortable with to being shared in public. I'm wondering if this is your doing. Here is the link: https://ibb.co/MxRFGTYM ...I have called it out and all of the content seems to be deleted. All solved. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:56, 1 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] No, I did not do that as I was completely away. I don't know who did that. We only have a Facebook account, and a Gmail account for admins to sort out some private queries, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:00, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] But whoever did it, I hope they had good intentions, only that some usernames were publicly visible. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:03, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Adminship concerns == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]]. I have just seen [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Permissions#SafariScribe@Ig%20Wikipedia '''this thread'''], and it's raising concerns for my next admin renewal request in November. You said [[User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch/Archive_23|in this thread]] that: {{xt|the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki}}. But after seeing the first thread I'm not so sure. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 08:49, 10 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == tumbuka concerns == Hello, I am reaching to you because I am here to say i have concerns about the future of this project, along with the Norman wikipedia and wolof wikipedia. you are basically the only active user here. I will write a closure request if this stays for about a month [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58644-66|~2026-58644-66]] ([[User talk:~2026-58644-66|pakuchezgela]]) 02:56, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :Hi, I hope you are okay Viyowoyero vya Malawi. The wiki is having 25 active editors. I don't know what you are talking about. To see if the wiki has active members, you should be checking at: https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers . Currently as you are writing this, User:Anthonymunthali44 who is a native, has 295 edits in the last 30 days, I have 896 edits in the last 30 days, and other many users. :Why are you worried about this wiki, instead of encouraging/urging users to contribute? :The reason why I am calling and think you are user "Viyowoyero vya Malawi" because of your intimidating behavior. Your other accounts on this wiki that looked like somebody else and even delivered remarks on your page are actually your accouns and were blocked on enwiki after a Checkuser. All accounts and IPs come from Australia. :Prove me wrong. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:55, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) m15tjitd02n7c4rfy6eqer0glb8voev 123989 123988 2026-11-05T09:10:39Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 /* tumbuka concerns */ Zgolo 123989 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tumwiki social media account == Hi I recently found a Tumbuka Wikipedia social media account after browsing topics related to the Tumbuka Wikipedia. It involves my username a lot and I don't feel comfortable with to being shared in public. I'm wondering if this is your doing. Here is the link: https://ibb.co/MxRFGTYM ...I have called it out and all of the content seems to be deleted. All solved. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 13:56, 1 Zimya 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] No, I did not do that as I was completely away. I don't know who did that. We only have a Facebook account, and a Gmail account for admins to sort out some private queries, etc. Yewo chomene. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:00, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]] But whoever did it, I hope they had good intentions, only that some usernames were publicly visible. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 16:03, 4 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == Adminship concerns == Hello @[[User:Tumbuka Arch|Tumbuka Arch]]. I have just seen [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Permissions#SafariScribe@Ig%20Wikipedia '''this thread'''], and it's raising concerns for my next admin renewal request in November. You said [[User_talk:Tumbuka_Arch/Archive_23|in this thread]] that: {{xt|the answer is yes, you can be even if you are blocked on enwiki}}. But after seeing the first thread I'm not so sure. Yewo chomene. '''''[[User:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi]]'''''[[User talk:Viyowoyero-vya-Malaŵi|'''<span style='color: #00008b;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>_★^★_★</span>''']] 08:49, 10 Zimya 2026 (UTC) == tumbuka concerns == Hello, I am reaching to you because I am here to say i have concerns about the future of this project, along with the Norman wikipedia and wolof wikipedia. you are basically the only active user here. I will write a closure request if this stays for about a month [[Special:Contributions/~2026-58644-66|~2026-58644-66]] ([[User talk:~2026-58644-66|pakuchezgela]]) 02:56, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) :Hi, I hope you are okay Viyowoyero vya Malawi. The wiki is having 25 active editors. I don't know what you are talking about. To see if the wiki has active members, you should be checking at: https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers . Currently as you are writing this, User:Anthonymunthali44 who is a native, has 295 edits in the last 30 days, I have 896 edits in the last 30 days, and other many users. :Why are you worried about this wiki, instead of encouraging/urging users to contribute? :The reason why I am calling and think you are user "Viyowoyero vya Malawi" because of your intimidating behavior. Your other accounts on this wiki that looked like somebody else and even delivered remarks on your page are actually your accouns and were blocked on enwiki after a Checkuser. All accounts and IPs come from Australia. :Prove me wrong. [[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 08:55, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ::There are some wikis that have no active editors at all except for global activities and bots, eg: <br> ::* https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers ::* https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Utilisateurs_actifs ::* https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers ::* https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers ::* https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers ::* https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyisangije:ActiveUsers ::* https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelibalulekile:ActiveUsers ::[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:10, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) a4lgr9cnchu287mxs7sxa1cjir2ucw5 4 50012 123740 2026-11-04T21:22:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123740 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]] lxftrjzq01jniu9bs6j87uq498xgztr 4 50013 123742 2026-11-04T21:22:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123742 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]] b1zhit68jjwcaajz78ugvqnv3d2qgto 4 50014 123744 2026-11-04T21:23:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123744 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]] 3itnqpomyk5t7xhbh6d8b7w51qfp50p 4 50015 123746 2026-11-04T21:23:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123746 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]] i38dasryxpm13rqyxpfukggd4p7va4g 4 50016 123748 2026-11-04T21:23:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123748 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]] 9d205bsr8mwf276sj4og7rfnetdqkv4 4 50017 123750 2026-11-04T21:24:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/6]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123750 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]] o50oq3oxsbxl01pgp5ep8lqabc6m1yc 4 50018 123752 2026-11-04T21:24:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/7]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123752 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]] dylvafnpooix2ylpzuvwrnr1r3np2h7 4 50019 123754 2026-11-04T21:24:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/8]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123754 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]] 3u9hs8x935p0aqol9eev2ijwzm3f49n 4 50020 123756 2026-11-04T21:25:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123756 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]] qe74bgbxmwog7w243g8ex3h83yjmq94 4 50021 123758 2026-11-04T21:25:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123758 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]] 8u4jmtuf5zv1bnkf2fwurtjtf54hapi 4 50022 123760 2026-11-04T21:25:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123760 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]] d6azyw1a7g7ywcsz03uzrdubdb9l8xk 4 50023 123762 2026-11-04T21:26:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123762 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]] siv1c35aokh3it7qicy2urhtatayx60 4 50024 123764 2026-11-04T21:26:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123764 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]] nxv7wn7zem7wcu28dvgay8yi693ann0 4 50025 123766 2026-11-04T21:26:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123766 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]] rf1v915bmss05z4yhr005ckeut8jqcd 4 50026 123768 2026-11-04T21:27:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123768 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]] 9ql28rt1nhzdivne1n2vme6izlr6mus 4 50027 123770 2026-11-04T21:27:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/16]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123770 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]] 69k8mrrj56g8l55pp6yulmqq9b7vvnq 4 50028 123772 2026-11-04T21:27:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/17]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123772 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]] 4xffkyiy4ikxumlpod73jcet0lvmjsg 4 50029 123774 2026-11-04T21:28:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/18]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123774 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]] so5m0r5dhqvq49ze6hoai6cfn8b917c 4 50030 123776 2026-11-04T21:28:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/19]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123776 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]] c51fqww2ugd9yagqi9ftdbzr6j847bt 4 50031 123778 2026-11-04T21:28:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/20]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123778 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]] fvnfhvqmo16n255cf5jexp74ow4m9ik 4 50032 123780 2026-11-04T21:29:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/21]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123780 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]] e5yg0cw3qj0equqekfttj5ipwq2n2ax 4 50033 123782 2026-11-04T21:29:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/22]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123782 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]] to28s582y5rsquto7qjj1mwo2fwbkrq 4 50034 123784 2026-11-04T21:29:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/24]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123784 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]] fa97qy9mnby0373sfaji5nqjttblazn 4 50035 123786 2026-11-04T21:30:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/25]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123786 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]] iiw5e7xrj8qfx7flweiqrw4t3s3w4gp 4 50036 123788 2026-11-04T21:30:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123788 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]] pme2usnfyeev8rw9yjd6i46mqu0q00d 4 50037 123790 2026-11-04T21:30:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123790 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]] 495y0zsj428lpvdr6ea0f4swiuyqjb5 4 50038 123793 2026-11-04T21:31:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/28]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123793 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]] 5hknuw0r302mr6gkuyyc8rwn0wb2wfy 4 50039 123795 2026-11-04T21:31:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/29]] to [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123795 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Nkhani yamwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]] hp4ie7kw49opguxv1chbxx5f70ihu33 4 50040 123797 2026-11-04T21:31:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/1]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123797 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/1]] tgocxg330dbuialn5s0lte35sz05mlu 4 50041 123799 2026-11-04T21:31:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/2]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123799 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/2]] p211brgagyek5d0bcsedqixr4x9624l 4 50042 123801 2026-11-04T21:31:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/3]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123801 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/3]] fq0i0ph72jmuyarphv3wrx4b873ebbf 4 50043 123803 2026-11-04T21:31:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/4]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123803 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/4]] o9ef3r847fi9a0ha8f56nnhx2wkeomb 4 50044 123805 2026-11-04T21:32:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/5]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123805 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/5]] cdj46wv9c2dxmkjms8b51l8ng1bai5l 4 50045 123807 2026-11-04T21:32:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/6]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123807 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/6]] kirqw4cgnh4u1gr596kbyspeoghx775 4 50046 123809 2026-11-04T21:32:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/7]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123809 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/7]] 6bng14ig61aupvmzyxky0rq9lpscxlh 4 50047 123811 2026-11-04T21:32:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/8]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123811 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/8]] akcanzwjne3jjbus6gph4nfqxyvxflo 4 50048 123813 2026-11-04T21:32:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/9]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123813 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/9]] g4s2b5hsh7vz7s2a5qarnsqn82xku4g 4 50049 123815 2026-11-04T21:32:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/10]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123815 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/10]] 5p1ie8pden187j1y3oyvzx72d44fywz 4 50050 123817 2026-11-04T21:33:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/11]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123817 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/11]] ila8hb2hof8tdd0pjw32nbltvamzgur 4 50051 123819 2026-11-04T21:33:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/12]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123819 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/12]] 96g3p5q86xf3qpjkd5w01w4edzutf82 4 50052 123821 2026-11-04T21:33:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/13]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123821 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/13]] rzn4pbb1slxczel1lbee4klqqw6ilro 4 50053 123823 2026-11-04T21:33:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/14]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123823 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/14]] cgpvd5cjuvesy3zp5ggeh191ec3hp5p 4 50054 123825 2026-11-04T21:33:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/15]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123825 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/15]] joe8pjdijwpdmie6bi681hn62ja02p4 4 50055 123827 2026-11-04T21:33:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/16]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123827 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/16]] kie32lw5wtkxefptd2t6i62xq4ske7v 4 50056 123829 2026-11-04T21:34:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/17]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123829 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/17]] e3kw1bjpmdjmj0xm61ssq7wldh24zu1 4 50057 123831 2026-11-04T21:34:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/18]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123831 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/18]] rdnj4q37ils18yhvg3igekbrdvugd9r 4 50058 123833 2026-11-04T21:34:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/19]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123833 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/19]] jv4kipavzu0d3eqy0qex1fnb2czvgfc 4 50059 123835 2026-11-04T21:34:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/20]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123835 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/20]] 6y9621ylxhdw7nz4zmyq1tkfm55ln17 4 50060 123837 2026-11-04T21:34:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/21]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123837 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/21]] fjj8yey3ufdf0ldfm4ndgfql7y8kth4 4 50061 123839 2026-11-04T21:34:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/22]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123839 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/22]] t1y1hi3o8bjw9f52hksoc5vobibsrk1 4 50062 123841 2026-11-04T21:35:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/23]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/23]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123841 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/23]] 9emv040ets7yhee2f73y1oruu1smxn1 4 50063 123843 2026-11-04T21:35:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/24]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123843 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/24]] dfradfp4ne8uyqqpfepx601zrmqf2di 4 50064 123845 2026-11-04T21:35:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/25]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123845 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/25]] fzfqfo5vaucup4avh5h1ghsnlyrvvx6 4 50065 123847 2026-11-04T21:35:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/26]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123847 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/26]] 5kd978yg5qif6y2amlntyn1zhhrdbl0 4 50066 123849 2026-11-04T21:35:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/27]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123849 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/27]] mh3orlp5y3uapu17nsbt8059xzditkp 4 50067 123851 2026-11-04T21:35:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/28]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123851 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/28]] g514xk4v61d4wemwuyt5ytbnd79bk91 4 50068 123853 2026-11-04T21:36:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/29]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123853 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/29]] o3ar13q6c6r4qk4adkgk4iiig6gfmrn 4 50069 123855 2026-11-04T21:36:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Tumbuka Arch moved page [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Novembala/30]] to [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/30]]: Changing November month name from Novembala to Thukila 123855 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Chithuzi cha mwahuno mu ChiTumbuka/Thukila/30]] 0azzh02mi1ke000048piu39mkg3adik 4 50070 123857 2026-11-04T21:56:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha gulu la mwezi. 123857 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Angel falls.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Angel Falls|Mapopoma gha Angel]]''' ni mapopoma ghakuzizwiska chomene mu [[Venezuela]] ndipo ghakumanyikwa kuti ni mapopoma ghataliko chomene gha maji ghakugwa kwambura kuyima pa charu. Ghali pa [[Auyán-tepui]], phiri likuru la [[tepui]] mu [[Guiana Highlands|mapiri gha Guiana]], ndipo maji ghakugwa kufuma pachanya pa phiri kuluta mu [[Canyon|mtuntho]] wa pasi. Maji agho ghakugwa kufuma kuchanya ghakupanga nkhungu yakupepuka apo ghakukhwaska mphepo, chomene para maji nganandi. Malo agha ghali mu [[Canaima National Park]], malo ghakuru gha [[chilengiwa]] agho ghali pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]]. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapopoma, mapiri na [[thengele]] ilo likazingilizga malo agha. ([[Angel Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1uarauzg6rd4vbge15rof744hu7etea 4 50071 123858 2026-11-04T21:56:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la Ogasiti. 123858 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Ethiopia - Dallol.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Dallol]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska gha [[volcano|phiri lakubuka moto]] mu [[Danakil Depression]] mu [[Ethiopia]], agho ghali pasi chomene kupambana na nyanja. Malo agha ghali na [[hydrothermal vent|malo gha maji ghakufunda]], madamu gha mchere, vinthu vya [[sulfur|salfara]] na mitundu yakupambanapambana ya yellow, orange, green na white. Mitundu iyi yikupangika chifukwa cha vinthu vya mu maji na [[mineral|mchere]] uwo ukuŵa mu malo agha. Chigaŵa ichi chili na nyengo yakotcha chomene ndipo ni chimoza mwa malo ghakupambanapambana gha [[chilengiwa]] pa charu. Ŵanthu ŵakiza ku Dallol kuwona malo gha salfara, madamu na mawonekedwe gha pasi agho ghakuwoneka nga ni charu chinyake. ([[Dallol|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> t6wij4nm76np0f59lz0v1g9u1p8mzyd 4 50072 123859 2026-11-04T21:56:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti. 123859 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Beautiful Kelimutu at Sunrise.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kelimutu]]''' ni phiri la [[volcano|phiri lakubuka moto]] pa [[Flores Island|Chirwa cha Flores]] mu [[Indonesia]] ilo likumanyikwa chifukwa cha nyanja zitatu za mu [[crater|mtondo wa phiri]] izo zili na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Maji gha nyanja izi ghangasintha mtundu chifukwa cha vinthu vya mu maji na kusintha kwa vinthu vya mu phiri. Malo agha ghali mu [[Kelimutu National Park]] ndipo ghazingilizgika na mapiri na vyakumera. Ŵalendo ŵakiza ku malo agha chomene para [[zuŵa]] likufuma, apo nyanja na mapiri vikuwoneka makora mu ungweru wa m'mawa. [[Kelimutu]] ni yimoza mwa malo ghakuzizwiska chomene mu Indonesia chifukwa cha mitundu ya nyanja zake na mawonekedwe gha phiri. ([[Kelimutu|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> teem40juooop7xusk5i04ncy4xfimy2 4 50073 123860 2026-11-04T21:56:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa na kusintha magulu. 123860 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Big Tsingy, Madagascar (23822944469).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve|Tsingy de Bemaraha]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Madagascar|Madagaska]] agho ghali na mizati yinandi ya [[limestone|mwala wa limestone]] iyo yili na mapiko ghakuthwa na ghakukwera kuchanya. [[Erosion|Kudumulika kwa mwala]] kwa nyengo zinandi kukapangiska malo agha kuŵa na mphanga, mipata na nthowa pakati pa miyala. Chigaŵa ichi chili na [[thengele]] na [[vinyama]] vyapadera, kusazgapo mitundu iyo yikusangika ku Madagaska pera. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona [[chilengiwa]], kwenda pa nthowa za miyala na kuwoloka milatho iyo yili pachanya pa mipata. [[Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve]] ni [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|malo gha chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakupambanapambana chomene pa charu. ([[Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> lcdhzck2stuhr9ynlruodqd7d1gpm1s 4 50074 123861 2026-11-04T21:56:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha zina la mwezi mu magulu. 123861 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mount Bromo Bright Sunrise Right.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mount Bromo|Phiri la Bromo]]''' ni [[volcano|phiri lakubuka moto]] mu [[East Java|East Java]], [[Indonesia]], ilo lili mu [[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park]]. Phiri ili likuzingilizgika na malo ghakuru gha mchenga na mapiri ghanyake, ndipo para [[zuŵa]] likufuma malo agha ghakuwoneka ghakutowa chomene. Pachanya pa [[Mount Bromo]] pali mtondo wa phiri uwo ukukwera utsi nyengo zinyake. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona [[sunrise|kufuma kwa zuŵa]], kukwera ku malo ghakuwonerako na kwenda mu malo gha mchenga. Chigaŵa ichi chili na [[Mount Semeru]], phiri litali chomene mu Java, ndipo mapiri agha ghakupanga malo ghakupambanapambana. [[Mount Bromo]] ni yimoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene gha [[chilengiwa]] mu Indonesia. ([[Mount Bromo|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6sfwv8retw295a0ff0evsymqv9ukut2 4 50075 123862 2026-11-04T21:57:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya Thukila. 123862 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:" Avenue of the Baobabs " (Adansonia grandidieri) (9576865450).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Avenue of the Baobabs|Avenue of the Baobabs]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Madagascar|Madagaska]] agho ghali na mzere wa [[baobab|makuni gha baobab]] agho ghakukura mumphepete mwa nthowa kufupi na [[Morondava]]. Makuni agha ghali na mitengo yitali na mathunthu ghakuru agho ghakupanga chithuzithuzi chapadera chomene, chomene para [[zuŵa]] likufuma panji kusweka. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha [[Menabe]] ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakumera vyapadera vya ku Madagaska. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona makuni, kujambula vithuzithuzi na kusambira vya [[chilengiwa]] cha chigaŵa ichi. [[Avenue of the Baobabs]] ni limoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Madagaska ndipo yikulongora kutowa kwa malo gha chilengiwa gha chirwa ichi. ([[Avenue of the Baobabs|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4qt729k3lgre03r0tz5cib1r7slko1b 4 50076 123863 2026-11-04T21:57:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya Thukila. 123863 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:The Giant's Causeway landscape.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Giant's Causeway|Giant’s Causeway]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska pa mumphepete mwa nyanja mu [[Northern Ireland]], uko kuli mizati yinandi ya [[basalt]] iyo yikuwoneka nga ni vyakupangika na munthu. Mizati iyi yili na mawonekedwe gha [[hexagon|makona ghankhondi na ghanayi]] ndipo yikapangika apo [[lava]] yikazizima na kusweka mu nyengo yakale ya [[geology|mdauko wa charu]]. Malo agha ghali pafupi na [[County Antrim]] ndipo mumphepete mwa nyanja muli miyala yinandi iyo yikupanga malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mizati, kwenda pa miyala na kuwona nyanja. [[Giant’s Causeway]] yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakuzizwiska chomene mu [[Europe|Ulaya]]. ([[Giant's Causeway|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> gckqo0hfz1zsbhacgyguw0givt9bsfu 4 50077 123864 2026-11-04T21:57:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa na kusintha magulu. 123864 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Iguazu Falls.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Iguazu Falls|Chipopoma cha Iguazú]]''' ni gulu la vipopoma ivyo vili pa [[Iguazu River|Mlonga wa Iguazú]] pa mphaka wa [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]]. Maji ghakugwa mu vigaŵa vinandi na kupanga vipopoma vinandi ivyo vili pakati pa [[thengele]] la ku [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. Chigaŵa chakumanyikwa chomene ni [[Devil's Throat|Garganta del Diablo]], uko maji ghanandi ghakugwera mu mtondo wakufipa na kupanga nkhungu. Malo agha ghali mu [[Iguazú National Park]] na [[Iguaçu National Park]], ndipo ghali na [[vinyama]] na vyakumera vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona vipopoma, kwenda mu thengele na kuyenda pa maboti pafupi na maji. Chipopoma cha Iguazú ni chimoza mwa malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu. ([[Iguazu Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 49ss0fwytknb7e0nvx50u066sih8vn2 4 50078 123865 2026-11-04T21:57:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123865 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Meteora Sunset.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Meteora]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Greece|Greece]] agho ghali na mizati yikuru ya [[mwala]] na [[monastery|matchalitchi]] ghakale agho ghazengeka pachanya pa miyala. Para [[zuŵa]] likusweka, ungweru ukuŵika mitundu yakupambanapambana pa miyala na nyumba zakale, ndipo malo agha ghakuwoneka ghakuzizwiska chomene. [[Meteora]] yili pafupi na [[Kalabaka]] mu chigaŵa cha [[Thessaly]], ndipo ghali na mapiri, mphanga na malo ghakupambanapambana gha [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵanthu ŵakamba kukhala na kusopa mu malo agha chifukwa cha kuŵa kutali na ŵanthu na kuŵa malo ghakuvikililika. Mazuŵa ghano Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona miyala na matchalitchi, ndipo Meteora yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] chifukwa cha kuzirwa kwake. ([[Meteora|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4zbnx416mgubyq1j5t4hxywnpp46l02 4 50079 123867 2026-11-04T21:57:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la Ogasiti. 123867 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:00 1826 Iguazu Falls - South America, Brazil.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Iguazu Falls|Chipopoma cha Iguazú]]''' ni gulu la mapopoma agho ghali pa [[Iguazu River|Mlonga wa Iguazú]] pa mphaka wa [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]]. Maji ghakugwa mu vigaŵa vinandi na kupanga mapopoma ghanandi agho ghali pakati pa [[thengele]] la ku [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. Chigaŵa chakumanyikwa chomene ni [[Devil's Throat|Garganta del Diablo]], uko maji ghanandi ghakugwera mu mtondo wakufipa na kupanga nkhungu. Malo agha ghali mu [[Iguazú National Park]] na [[Iguaçu National Park]], ndipo ghali na [[vinyama]] na vyakumera vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapopoma kufuma pa nthowa za mumphepete mwa maji, pa maboti na kufuma kuchanya. Iguazú ni yimoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa chomene gha [[chilengiwa]] mu [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. ([[Iguazu Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> dtej8f7yuojk954a8uuglj5y49y1p7p 4 50080 123868 2026-11-04T21:57:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha maulalo gha magulu gha mwezi. 123868 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Bled Island.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Lake Bled|Nyanja Bled]]''' ni malo ghakutowa mu [[Slovenia]] agho ghali na [[Bled Island]] pakati pa maji ghake. Chirwa ichi chili na [[Church of the Mother of God on the Lake|tchalitchi]] icho chikumanyikwa chomene ndipo chingafikirika na maboti ghachoko. Mumphepete mwa nyanja pali mapiri gha [[Julian Alps|Julian Alps]], [[Bled Castle]] na [[thengele]], ivyo vikupanga chithuzithuzi chakuzizwiska chomene. Maji gha nyanja ghakuwoneka ghakutowa ndipo ghakupanga malo ghakukondweska pa nyengo zinandi. Ŵalendo ŵakiza ku Bled kuwona chirwa, kwenda pa mumphepete mwa nyanja, kwendera maboti na kuwona mapiri. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha umo chirwa, nyanja, mapiri na nyumba zakale vikukoleranira kupanga malo ghakutowa. ([[Lake Bled|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> sl9nexlt1ylu0p3rdqpt7ua849245wj 4 50081 123869 2026-11-04T21:58:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha gulu la mwezi. 123869 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Meteora Panoramic View.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Meteora]]''' ni chigaŵa chakuzizwiska cha [[Greece|Greece]] icho chili na mizati yikuru ya [[mwala]] iyo yikukwera pachanya pa chigaŵa cha [[Thessaly]]. Pachanya pa miyala iyi pali nyumba zakale za [[Eastern Orthodox Church|matchalitchi gha Orthodox]], ndipo malo agha ghakawovwira ŵasopi ŵakale kukhala kutali na ŵanthu. [[Meteora]] yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha umo [[chilengiwa]] na [[chikhalidwe]] vikukoleranira, chifukwa miyala yikuru na nyumba zakale zikupanga malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapiri, matchalitchi, mphanga na malo ghakuwonerako agho ghakulongora chigaŵa chose. Malo agha ghali pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ghakuwoneka nga ni ghanyake mwa malo ghakuzizwiska chomene mu [[Europe|Ulaya]]. ([[Meteora|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> dxw7r052e0m3q34jvaumhx9sjzf5fwg 4 50082 123870 2026-11-04T21:58:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa na kusintha magulu. 123870 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Meteora Panoramic View.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Meteora]]''' ni chigaŵa chakuzizwiska cha [[Greece|Greece]] icho chili na mizati yikuru ya [[mwala]] iyo yikukwera pachanya pa chigaŵa cha [[Thessaly]]. Pachanya pa miyala iyi pali nyumba zakale za [[Eastern Orthodox Church|matchalitchi gha Orthodox]], ndipo malo agha ghakawovwira ŵasopi ŵakale kukhala kutali na ŵanthu. [[Meteora]] yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha umo [[chilengiwa]] na [[chikhalidwe]] vikukoleranira, chifukwa miyala yikuru na nyumba zakale zikupanga malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapiri, matchalitchi, mphanga na malo ghakuwonerako agho ghakulongora chigaŵa chose. Malo agha ghali pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ghakuwoneka nga ni ghanyake mwa malo ghakuzizwiska chomene mu [[Europe|Ulaya]]. ([[Meteora|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> dxw7r052e0m3q34jvaumhx9sjzf5fwg 4 50083 123871 2026-11-04T21:58:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123871 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:VicFalls.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Victoria Falls|Mapopoma gha Victoria]]''' ni mapopoma ghakuru pa [[Zambezi River|Mlonga wa Zambezi]] pa mphaka wa [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Maji ghakugwa mu chigaŵa chitali cha mwala na kupanga nkhungu yikuru iyo yikuwoneka kutali, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ŵakughatema kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya]], kung’anamura “Musi uyo ukubuka.” Mapopoma agha ghali pafupi na [[Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park]] na [[Victoria Falls National Park]], uko kuli [[vinyama]] na [[thengele]] vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona maji, [[rainbow|mabingo]], mlonga na mapiri gha malo agha. [[Victoria Falls]] yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ni yimoza mwa mapopoma ghakumanyikwa chomene pa charu. Maji ghake ghakupanga chithuzithuzi chakuzizwiska chomene para ghakuwoneka kufuma kutali. ([[Victoria Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ktf3t92nsg618524jqqx2lyga25215i 4 50084 123873 2026-11-04T21:58:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti. 123873 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Antelope Canyon Arizona.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Antelope Canyon]]''' ni mphanga yakuzizwiska ya [[slot canyon]] mu [[Arizona]], [[United States|United States of America]], iyo yili na makhoma gha mwala wa [[sandstone]] agho ghali na mawonekedwe ghakupindika na mitundu yakupambanapambana. Malo agha ghakapangika chomene chifukwa cha [[flash flood|maji gha vula ghankhongono]] agho ghakadumulira mu mwala kwa nyengo zinandi. Para [[zuŵa]] likunjira mu mphanga, ungweru ukuŵika mitundu yakupambanapambana pa makhoma gha mwala na kupanga vithuzithuzi vyakuzizwiska. Antelope Canyon yili pa malo gha [[Navajo Nation]] ndipo ŵalendo ŵakwenera kulongozgeka na ŵalongozgi ŵa Navajo pakunjira mu mphanga. Malo agha ghakumanyikwa chomene pa [[photography|kujambula vikozgo]] chifukwa cha mawonekedwe gha mwala na ungweru wake. ([[Antelope Canyon|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> nfimuxagmlqdixj4zj01a308y8m7jsb 4 50085 123874 2026-11-04T21:58:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la mwezi. 123874 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Meteora landscape.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Meteora]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Greece|Greece]] agho ghali na mizati yikuru ya [[sandstone|mwala wa sandstone]] iyo yikukwera kuchanya, ndipo pachanya pa miyala iyi pali [[Eastern Orthodox Church|matchalitchi gha Orthodox]] ghakale. Ŵanthu ŵa chipulikano ŵakamba kuzenga nyumba zakusoperamo mu malo agha chifukwa cha kuŵa kutali na ŵanthu na kuvikilirika. [[Monastery of the Great Meteoron]] na nyumba zinyake zikupanga chigaŵa chakumanyikwa chomene cha Meteora. Malo agha ghali na mapiri, mphanga na malo ghakupambanapambana gha [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona miyala, matchalitchi na malo agho ghakuwoneka nga ghali pachanya pa mlengalenga. [[Meteora]] yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] chifukwa cha kuzirwa kwa chilengedwe na chikhalidwe chake. ([[Meteora|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jzrmqgwlsgmliimd4clt28uyftv1ljv 4 50086 123875 2026-11-04T21:58:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123875 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Beautiful turquoise Lake Bled (48701529738).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Lake Bled|Nyanja Bled]]''' ni nyanja yitowa chomene mu [[Slovenia]] iyo yili pakati pa [[Julian Alps|Mapiri gha Julian Alps]]. Maji ghake ghakuzingilizgika na mapiri, ndipo pakatikati pa nyanja pali [[Bled Island]], chirwa chichoko icho chili na nyumba zakale na [[Church of the Mother of God on the Lake|tchalitchi]]. Pa mumphepete mwa nyanja pali [[Bled Castle]], nyumba yakale iyo yili pachanya pa mwala ndipo yikuwoneska nyanja na mapiri ghakuzingilizga. Ŵalendo ŵakiza ku Bled kuwona [[chilengiwa]], kwenda mu nthowa za mumphepete mwa maji, kwendera maboti na kuwona chirwa. Nyanja iyi yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha maji ghake ghakutowa, mapiri na chirwa icho chili pakati pake, ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakutowa chomene mu [[Europe|Ulaya]]. ([[Lake Bled|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6sotm2nd56hwvmonjtxcrfb1anlhbcn 4 50087 123876 2026-11-04T21:59:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la Ogasiti. 123876 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Cappadocia Turkey.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Cappadocia]]''' ni chigaŵa chakuzizwiska mu [[Turkey|Türkiye]] icho chikumanyikwa chifukwa cha mizati ya miyala, mapiri gha mawonekedwe ghakupambanapambana, [[mphanga]] na nyumba zakudumulika mu mwala. Vinthu ivi vikapangika kwa nyengo zinandi chifukwa cha [[volcanic ash|phulusa la mapiri]] ilo likazgoka mwala na kudumulika na [[mphepo]] na maji. Mu chigaŵa ichi muli malo nga ni [[Göreme]], uko muli matchalitchi na nyumba zakale zakudumulika mu miyala. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona malo agha, kwenda mu mphanga, kuwona mapiri na kwendera mu [[hot air balloon|maballoŵa gha mphepo]]. [[Göreme National Park]] na Cappadocia zili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] chifukwa cha kutowa kwa malo agha na mdauko wake. ([[Cappadocia|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> s4ojs8530er7fpwcq01f2t3jdgv3kv7 4 50088 123877 2026-11-04T21:59:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani ya zuŵa ili. 123877 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:00 1838 Iguazu Falls from the Brazilian side.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Iguazu Falls|Maporomoko gha Iguazú]]''' ni gulu la [[mapopoma]] ghakuru agho ghali pa mphaka wa [[Argentina]] na [[Brazil]] mu [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. Maji ghakugwa mu [[Iguazu River|Mlonga wa Iguazú]] ndipo ghapangiska mapopoma ghanandi agho ghakupanga malo ghakuzizwiska chomene. Chigaŵa chakuzingilizga mapopoma agha chili na [[thengele]] na [[vinyama]] vinandi, ndipo malo agha ghali mu [[Iguazú National Park]] na [[Iguaçu National Park]]. [[Devil's Throat|Garganta del Diablo]] ni chigaŵa chakumanyikwa chomene apo maji ghanandi ghakugwera mu mtondo wakufipa. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapopoma, kwenda mu thengele na kuyenda pa maboti pafupi na maji. [[Iguazu Falls]] ni yimoza mwa [[New7Wonders of Nature|vyakuzizwiska vya chilengiwa]] vyakumanyikwa chomene pa charu. ([[Iguazu Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 8hfq80aj5cwacmcajxgiao2ebfdw0lz 4 50089 123878 2026-11-04T21:59:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa ivyo vikaŵapo mu Ogasiti. 123878 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mount Fuji from Lake Kawaguchi.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mount Fuji|Phiri la Fuji]]''' ni phiri litali na lakumanyikwa chomene mu [[Japan]], ndipo ni limoza mwa malo ghakuzirwa pa [[chikhalidwe]] na [[chilengiwa]] cha charu ichi. Phiri ili lili na mawonekedwe gha [[volcano|phiri lakubuka moto]] agho ghakupangiska kuti liwoneke makora kufuma kutali. [[Mount Fuji]] yikazingilizgika na [[nyanja]], [[thengele]] na mapiri ghanyake, ndipo malo agha ghakuwoneka makora chomene para phiri lili na [[chipale]] pachanya. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwonera phiri, kukwera ku pachanya kwake na kujambula malo agho ghali pafupi. Fuji yili na malo ghakuzirwa mu [[Japanese art|maluso gha ku Japan]], [[chipulikano]] na mdauko, ndipo yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] nga ni malo gha chikhalidwe. ([[Mount Fuji|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> t7bvejeyupazqsmqcj0q2ihn6stffiu 4 50090 123879 2026-11-04T21:59:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la Ogasiti. 123879 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Moraine Lake 17092005.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Moraine Lake|Nyanja Moraine]]''' ni nyanja yitowa chomene mu [[Alberta]], [[Canada]], iyo yili mu [[Banff National Park]] pakati pa [[Canadian Rockies|Mapiri gha Rocky]]. Maji ghake ghali na mtundu wa buluu wakung’ala chifukwa cha tinthu twa miyala uto tukwiza mu maji kufuma ku [[glacier|miziŵa ya maji ghakuzizima]]. Nyanja iyi yikazingilizgika na mapiri ghakulu, miziŵa na [[thengele]], ndipo malo agha ghakupanga chithuzithuzi chakutowa chomene. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona [[chilengiwa]], kwenda pa nthowa za mapiri, kukwera maboti na kujambula malo agha. [[Moraine Lake]] ni yimoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu [[Canada]] ndipo yikulongora umo mapiri, maji na miziŵa vikusanganirana kupanga malo ghakuzizwiska. ([[Moraine Lake|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jghsv1ubty68g1yiapgwxuorhjdf5u2 4 50091 123880 2026-11-04T21:59:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu Thukila. 123880 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Lake Baikal.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Lake Baikal|Nyanja Baikal]]''' ni nyanja yikuru ya maji ghakunowa mu [[Russia]], ndipo yikumanyikwa chifukwa cha kuzama kwake, maji ghake ghakutowa na vinyama vyake vyakupambanapambana. Baikal ni [[lake|nyanja]] yakuya chomene pa charu ndipo yili na maji ghanandi chomene ghakunowa agho ghali mu nyanja yimoza. Malo agha ghali na mitundu ya [[vinyama]] iyo yikusangika ku Baikal pera, kusazgapo [[Baikal seal|Baikal seal]]. Mu nyengo ya [[winter|nyengo ya kuzizima]], maji ghakuzizima na kupanga chipale chikulu icho chingawoneka nga ni gilasi. Mumphepete mwa nyanja pali [[mapiri]], [[thengele]] na vijiji ivyo vikupanga malo ghakutowa chomene. Baikal ni malo ghakuzirwa pa [[chilengiwa]] ndipo ni [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|chiharo cha charu]]. ([[Lake Baikal|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 3s45htwmpqsigtwpy8c8xieyn9hzafg 4 50092 123881 2026-11-04T21:59:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti. 123881 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mount Roraima.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mount Roraima|Phiri la Roraima]]''' ni phiri lakuzizwiska la [[tepui]] ilo lili pa mphaka wa [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]] na [[Brazil]]. Phiri ili lili na pachanya pakufipa chomene nga ni tebulo, ndipo mapiri ghake ghakuzingilizgika na [[mwala]] wakwenda pachanya. Malo agha ghali na [[mapopoma]], milonga, mphanga na vyakumera vinyake ivyo vikukura mu malo agha pera. [[Roraima]] yikulongozga chigaŵa cha [[Guiana Highlands|Mapiri gha Guiana]], icho chili na malo ghakuzirwa gha [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakiza ku malo agha chifukwa cha kutowa kwa mapiri na nthowa zakukwera ku pachanya pa tepui. Phiri ili likawovwira kusambizga nkhani ya [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] yakuti [[The Lost World]], iyo yikulongosora malo gha mapiri ghakupambanapambana. ([[Mount Roraima|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 383v8hqmyrn4sdsg84v1ddmrlh82trg 4 50093 123882 2026-11-04T22:00:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123882 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Great Barrier Reef.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Great Barrier Reef|Great Barrier Reef]]''' ni chigaŵa chikuru cha [[coral reef|matanthwe gha korali]] agho ghali mu [[Coral Sea|Nyanja ya Korali]] kufupi na mumphepete mwa [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Ni chigaŵa chikuru chomene cha matanthwe gha korali pa charu ndipo chili na mazana ghanandi gha [[island|visumbu]] na matanthwe agho ghakupanga malo ghakuzizwiska pasi pa maji. Malo agha ghali na [[vinyama vya mu nyanja]] vinandi, kusazgapo [[sea turtle|vimbwa vya mu nyanja]], [[shark|nsomba zikuru]], [[dolphin|ma dolphin]] na mitundu yinandi ya [[fish|nsomba]]. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona malo agha mwa kusambira pasi pa maji na [[snorkeling|kuwona vinyama vya mu nyanja]]. [[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park]] yikuvikilira chigaŵa ichi, icho ni chiharo chakuzirwa cha [[chilengiwa]]. ([[Great Barrier Reef|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 3vjqyh4a5sizzske75mekuzq1y7kfl9 4 50094 123883 2026-11-04T22:00:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani ya zuŵa ili. 123883 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Torres del Paine National Park.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Torres del Paine National Park|Torres del Paine]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Chile]], mu chigaŵa cha [[Patagonia]], agho ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha mapiri ghakulu, mathanga gha maji, [[glacier|miziŵa ya maji ghakuzizima]], milonga na malo ghakuru gha [[chilengiwa]]. Chinthu chakumanyikwa chomene ni [[Torres del Paine]], mizati yitatu ya mwala iyo yikukwera pachanya pa malo agha. [[National park|Malo ghakuvikililika]] agha ghali na [[vinyama]] nga ni [[guanaco]], [[puma]] na [[Andean condor]], kweniso vyakumera vyakupambanapambana. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mapiri, kwenda pa [[hiking|nthowa za mapiri]], kuwona miziŵa na kusambira vya [[chilengiwa]]. Torres del Paine ni yimoza mwa malo ghakutowa chomene mu [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. ([[Torres del Paine National Park|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> t6lc67oht91zgqtr490i7xwxywtys4n 4 50095 123884 2026-11-04T22:00:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123884 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Salar de Uyuni|Salar de Uyuni]]''' ni malo ghakuru chomene gha [[mchere]] pa charu, agho ghali mu [[Bolivia]] ku [[South America|kumwera kwa America]]. Malo agha ghali pa malo ghakukwera chomene ndipo ghakafipa nga ni [[nyanja]] iyo yikaŵa makora chomene. Mu nyengo ya vula, maji ghakachanya pachanya pa mchere na kupanga chithuzithuzi cha [[mlengalenga]] icho chikupangiska kuti malo agha ghaleke kupambana na kuchanya. Mu nyengo yakomira, malo agha ghakulongora mitundu ya vinthu vya mchere iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakupambanapambana pachanya. [[Salar de Uyuni]] ni malo ghakuzirwa pa [[ulendo wa kuwona malo]], [[kujambula vikozgo]] na kusambira vya [[chilengiwa]], ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakutowa chomene pa charu. ([[Salar de Uyuni|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> rqzbfod5yrzwl40go32945tdg63m3eo 4 50096 123885 2026-11-04T22:00:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la Ogasiti. 123885 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:" Avenue of the Baobabs " (Adansonia grandidieri) (9576865450).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Avenue of the Baobabs|Avenue of the Baobabs]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Madagascar|Madagaska]] agho ghali na mzere wa [[baobab|makuni gha baobab]] agho ghakukura mumphepete mwa nthowa kufupi na [[Morondava]]. Makuni agha ghali na mitengo yitali na mathunthu ghakuru agho ghakupanga chithuzithuzi chapadera chomene, chomene para [[zuŵa]] likufuma panji kusweka. Malo agha ghali mu chigaŵa cha [[Menabe]] ndipo ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha vyakumera vyapadera vya ku Madagaska. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona makuni, kujambula vithuzithuzi na kusambira vya [[chilengiwa]] cha chigaŵa ichi. [[Avenue of the Baobabs]] ni limoza mwa malo ghakumanyikwa chomene mu Madagaska ndipo yikulongora kutowa kwa malo gha chilengiwa gha chirwa ichi. ([[Avenue of the Baobabs|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4qt729k3lgre03r0tz5cib1r7slko1b 4 50097 123886 2026-11-04T22:00:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila. 123886 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Pamukkale Travertines.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Pamukkale]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska chomene mu [[Turkey|Türkiye]] uko maji ghakufunda gha mu [[hot spring|malo gha maji ghakupisa]] ghapanga vipingo vyeupe vya [[travertine]] pachanya pa phiri. Maji agha ghali na [[calcium carbonate|calcium carbonate]] ndipo kwa nyengo zinandi ghapanganga vipingo, mathanga na madamu agho ghakulongora nga ni [[chipale]]. Kufupi na malo agha pali [[Hierapolis]], msumba wa kale wa [[Greece|Ŵagiriki]] na [[Roman Empire|Ŵaroma]] uwo sono ni malo ghakuzirwa gha [[archaeology|vinthu vya mdauko]]. Pamukkale na Hierapolis ni [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|malo gha chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona malo agha chifukwa cha kutowa kwa vipingo, maji ghakupisa na mdauko wa malo agha. ([[Pamukkale|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> qkz1yz8f47kd17oaagiytdtpmg8mt41 4 50098 123887 2026-11-04T22:00:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti. 123887 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:1 Victoria Falls.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Victoria Falls|Chipopoma cha Victoria]]''' ni chipopoma chikuru pa [[Zambezi River|Mlonga wa Zambezi]] pa mphaka wa [[Zambia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Maji ghakugwa kufuma pachanya pa mwala mu mtunda utali ndipo ghakupanga nkhungu yikuru iyo yikuwoneka kutali. Ŵanthu ŵa ku chigaŵa ichi ŵakuchichema kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya]], kung'anamura kuti “Utsi uwo ukuwomba.” Malo agha ghali na [[thengele]], miziŵa na vinyama vinandi, ndipo ghali mu [[Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park]] na [[Victoria Falls National Park]]. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona chipopoma, kwenda mu malo ghakuwonerako na kuwona [[chilengiwa]] cha maji. [[Victoria Falls]] yili pa [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|mndandanda wa chiharo cha charu]] ndipo ni limoza mwa vipopoma vikuru chomene pa charu. ([[Victoria Falls|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Okutobala]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4szddstdod0gkkeqtf4cdjf8pao4skc 4 50099 123888 2026-11-04T22:01:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu Thukila. 123888 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Sossusvlei.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Sossusvlei]]''' ni malo ghakuzizwiska mu [[Namib Desert|Chipululu cha Namib]] ku [[Namibia]], agho ghakumanyikwa chifukwa cha [[dune|mapiri gha mchenga]] ghakupambanapambana na malo ghakupambanika gha [[mchenga]] na [[miyala]]. Malo agha ghali na [[Dune 45]], limoza mwa mapiri gha mchenga agho ghakumanyikwa chomene, kweniso [[Deadvlei]], uko pali makuni ghakufwa agho ghakakhala mu malo ghakoma chomene kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵalendo ŵakiza kuwona mitundu ya mchenga iyo yikusintha para [[zuŵa]] likufuma panji kusweka, ndipo malo agha ghakupanga vithuzithuzi vyakutowa chomene. [[Sossusvlei]] ni chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha [[Namib-Naukluft National Park]] ndipo ni yimoza mwa malo ghakutowa chomene mu [[Africa|Afilika]]. ([[Sossusvlei|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Malo ghakuzizwiska mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6kyr8zd8dcxlhwdoajc9ee3hn6t03d4 4 50100 123889 2026-11-04T22:01:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji lakuyana na ili. 123889 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mbuti women in Mabukulu, DR Congo.JPG|100px]] </div> '''[[Mbuti|ŴaMbuti]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo-Kinshasa]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Ituri Forest|thengele la Ituri]]. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na thengele, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kusodza na kusanga vyakurya vinyake vya mu thengele. ŴaMbuti ŵali na chiyowoyero na mitheto yakupambanapambana, ndipo umoyo wawo wakale ukakolerana chomene na kusamukasamuka mu thengele. Ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu chilengedwe pa vyakurya, nyumba na vinthu vinyake vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kupokeka kwa malo, kudumulika kwa thengele na kusintha kwa umoyo chifukwa cha kukumana na ŵanthu ŵanyake. ([[Mbuti|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> df2iwcoj6ifljg8zguyv9z4fv7grl02 4 50101 123890 2026-11-04T22:01:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani na kusintha mwezi. 123890 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Tanzania - Hadzabe hunter (14533536392).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Hadza|ŴaHadza]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Tanzania]] awo ŵakukhala chomene ku vigaŵa vya [[Lake Eyasi]] na malo ghanyake gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. ŴaHadza ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na chilengedwe, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga uchi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kusaka na mivi, apo ŵanakazi ŵakusanga vyakurya nga ni mphoza, vipambi na misisi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakhalanga mwakwendakwenda, kusintha malo ghawo mwakuyana na umo vyakurya vikusanirika. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo ghawo chifukwa cha ulimi na viŵeto, kweni ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kusunga nthowa zawo za umoyo na chikhalidwe. ([[Hadza|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> dp6dpkiz8dkiip8s2qj46ocnj9db4ao 4 50102 123891 2026-11-04T22:01:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji lakuyana na ili. 123891 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Penan woman.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Penan|ŴaPenan]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Borneo]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Sarawak]] ku [[Malaysia]] na vigaŵa vinyake vya pachilwa ichi. ŴaPenan ŵali na mbiri yakuŵa ŵanthu ŵakwendakŵenda mu thengele, ndipo ŵakajipweleleranga mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga vyakurya vinyake vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umanyi wawo wa thengele na nthowa yakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu chilengiwa mwakupwelelera. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu malo ghakukhazikika, kweni kagulu kachoko kakulutilira kukhala na umoyo wakwendakwendaka mu thengele. ŴaPenan ŵakukumana na suzgo la kudumulika kwa thengele chifukwa cha kudula makuni na ntchito zinyake izo zikupoka malo ghawo. ([[Penan|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> tmmwljlzdga2xf6omh39tl4s107ge95 4 50103 123892 2026-11-04T22:01:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123892 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:BaAka hunter carrying a traditional hunting net in Dzanga-Sangha National Park, Central African Republic.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Aka people|ŴaAka]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Central African Republic|Congo ya pakati]] na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo ya pakati chakumwera]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu thengele la [[Congo Basin|Congo]]. ŴaAka ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na thengele, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga uchi na vyakurya vinyake vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵakusambira kumanya malo gha thengele, vyakumera na vinyama ivyo vikuŵawovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha luso lwawo lwa kusaka na maukonde, ndipo ŵakhalanga mu misasa yakuchepa iyo ŵangasamutsa mwakuyana na vyakukhumbikwa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo gha thengele na kusintha kwa nthowa zawo za umoyo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga chigaŵa chikuru cha chikhalidwe chawo. ([[Aka people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> t8mriroorp8mnujhh5xiw8jg07k8lv0 4 50104 123893 2026-11-04T22:01:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123893 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Indigenous people's living , such as picking vegetables in the forest and foothills as food.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Tampuan people|ŴaTampuan]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Cambodia]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu chigaŵa cha [[Ratanakiri Province|Ratanakiri]], uko kuli thengele linandi. ŴaTampuan ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na chilengiwa, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kulima, kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera vya mu thengele. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na umanyi wakukwana wa malo ghawo, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito makuni, bamboo na vyakumera vinyake pa vinthu vya zuŵa na zuŵa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kudumulika kwa thengele na kusintha kwa malo ghakulimapo. Nangauli ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vijiji, ŵakulutilira kusunga mitheto na nthowa zawo za umoyo. Ŵakuchita ivi mwakuyana na nyengo. <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 0sgrt716iqadtaju4jgk70rpcddjmnf 4 50105 123894 2026-11-04T22:02:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani na kusintha mwezi. 123894 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Pygmies of the Ituri Forest.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Mbuti people|ŴaMbuti]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo-Kinshasa]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Ituri rainforest|thengele la Ituri]]. ŴaMbuti ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera vya mu thengele. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], maji na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha luso lwawo lwa kusaka na maukonde, mivi na nthowa zinyake zakusangira vyakurya. Umoyo wawo wa chikhalidwe ukukolerana chomene na thengele, ndipo nyimbo, kuvina na mitheto vili na malo ghakuzirwa pa umoyo wawo. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo, nkhondo na kutaya kwa malo ghawo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Mbuti people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> k4hkxy5ltwl1j6dblnk9qmml600ap2p 4 50106 123895 2026-11-04T22:02:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya Thukila. 123895 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:How Batwa hunter gatherers used to make fire in the forest.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Twa people|ŴaBatwa]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Uganda]] awo ŵali na mbiri yakuŵa ŵanthu ŵakukhala na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na thengele. ŴaBatwa ŵakajipweleleranga mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga uchi na vyakumera vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵali na umanyi wa vinthu vya mu thengele, kusazgapo kumanya vyakumera na nthowa zakusangira vyakurya. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu vijiji kufupi na malo agho kale ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito mu thengele, chifukwa cha kusintha kwa ndondomeko za malo na kuvikilira nkhorwe. Ndipouli, ŵakulutilira kusunga maluso na mitheto iyo yikukolerana na umoyo wawo wakale wa mu thengele. ŴaBatwa ŵakukhumba kuti ŵapokelereke na kulemekezgeka pa nkhani ya charu chawo na chikhalidwe chawo. ([[Twa people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> k205zctfsifk8bpzt6tgr8azemcxpb7 4 50107 123896 2026-11-04T22:02:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la zuŵa ili. 123896 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Wópyi 1993.png|100px]] </div> '''[[Nukak people|ŴaNukak]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Colombia awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha Guaviare, kufupi na thengele la Amazon. ŴaNukak ŵali na mbiri ya umoyo wakwendakŵenda, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba, kusanga uchi na kusanga vyakumera vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa thengele, kusazgapo kumanya malo gha maji, vinyama na vyakumera ivyo vikuŵawovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakukhala mu misasa iyo ŵangasamutsa mwakuyana na nyengo na vyakukhumbikwa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga maluso na mitheto yawo. Umoyo wawo ukuthemba chomene pa thengele chomene. ([[Nukak people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> a91ddazckjfqjjob2y8xspf2tj9x1r9 4 50108 123897 2026-11-04T22:02:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123897 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Palaw'an Tribe of Palawan 07.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Palawan people|ŴaPalaw'an]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Philippines]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Palawan|chigaŵa cha Palawan]]. ŴaPalaw'an ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera vya mu [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo ghawo, ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu thengele pa [[vyakurya]], nyumba na vinthu vinyake. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha luso lwawo lwa kusaka na [[mivi]], [[mipondo]] na vinthu vinyake vya chikhalidwe. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na kusintha kwa malo na umoyo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na maluso gha makolo ghawo. [[Palawan]] yikulutilira kuŵa malo ghakuzirwa chomene pa umoyo wawo. ([[Palawan people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6jsw3nvnmxjjjuzafc5wfo6iq3ypo3a 4 50109 123898 2026-11-04T22:02:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila. 123898 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Living on the rainforest.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Bayaka|ŴaBayaka]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] na [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] awo ŵakukhala mu thengele la [[Congo Basin|Congo]]. ŴaBayaka ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na chilengiwa, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba, kusanga uchi na kusanga vyakumera vya mu thengele. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa vinyama, makuni na vyakumera ivyo vikuŵawovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakhalanga mwakwendakwendaka, kusintha malo ghawo mwakuyana na vyakurya ivyo vikusangika. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kudumulika kwa thengele, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga mitheto na maluso ghawo gha mu chilengiwa. Umoyo wawo ukuthemba chomene pa thengele. ([[Bayaka|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 3xwmrrtglkb94a9khbvfqooe5hnxdoh 4 50110 123899 2026-11-04T22:02:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila. 123899 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Tribe in Royal Belum Forest.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Jahai people|ŴaJahai]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Malaysia awo ŵakukhala chomene mu thengele la Royal Belum na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumpoto kwa chigaŵa cha Perak. ŴaJahai ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na chilengiwa, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga uchi na vyakumera vya mu thengele. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa vinyama, makuni, maji na malo agho ŵakukhala. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanandi ŵakulutilira kukhala pafupi na thengele, nangauli umoyo wawo ukusintha chifukwa cha masukulu, ntchito na vinthu vya mazuŵa ghano. Ŵakulutilira kusunga mitheto, maluso na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. Chivikiliro cha thengele ntchakukhumbikwa kuti umoyo wawo ulutilire. ([[Jahai people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> q83cqtznu3tnweu170qwldehp5y3xrv 4 50111 123900 2026-11-04T22:03:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha maulalo gha magulu gha mwezi. 123900 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Punan using Blowpipe.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Punan people|ŴaPunan]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Borneo]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu vigaŵa vya [[Kalimantan]] na [[Sarawak]]. ŴaPunan ŵali na mbiri ya umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakajipweleleranga mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]] na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera vya mu [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵakusambira kumanya [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga|maji]] na nthowa zakwendera mu malo ghawo. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito [[mphako]] pakusaka, kweniso luso lwawo lwa kupanga vinthu kufuma ku makuni na vyakumera. Mazuŵa ghano umoyo wawo wasintha chifukwa cha kukhazikika mu [[vijiji]] na kusintha kwa thengele, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]] na maluso gha makolo ghawo. ([[Punan people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> e42qsnk3en57lqgh4416f531drwft4l 4 50112 123901 2026-11-04T22:03:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani na kusintha mwezi. 123901 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Kutia Kondh 1.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Kutia Kondh|ŴaKutia Kondh]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[India]] awo ŵakukhala mu chigaŵa cha [[Odisha]], uko kuli mapiri na [[thengele]]. ŴaKutia Kondh ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana na [[chilengiwa]], ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa [[kulima]], [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]] na kugwiliskira ntchito vyakumera vya mu thengele. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[vyakumera]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu thengele pa umoyo wa zuŵa. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na kusintha kwa malo na suzgo la kudumulika kwa thengele, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], maluso na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. Chivikiliro cha thengele ntchakukhumbikwa kwa umoyo wawo. <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ifv9wm2l8zyjko3czuh1994a440nm7u 4 50113 123902 2026-11-04T22:03:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti. 123902 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:An Hadzabe tribe hunter.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Hadza people|ŴaHadza]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Tanzania]] awo ŵakukhala kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Eyasi]]. ŴaHadza ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]], ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga vyakumera vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[maji]] na malo agho ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵakusambira maluso agha kufuma ku ŵasekulu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kusaka na [[mivi]], kweniso umoyo wawo wakwendakwendamo uwo ukuthemba pa vyakurya vikusangika. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo ghawo chifukwa cha [[ulimi]] na ufwimi, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na maluso gha makolo ghawo. ([[Hadza people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jbdapuasot6bt8oox0r2iwbcib9dhl6 4 50114 123903 2026-11-04T22:03:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123903 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:An Hadzabe tribe hunter.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Hadza people|ŴaHadza]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Tanzania]] awo ŵakukhala kufupi na [[Nyanja ya Eyasi]]. ŴaHadza ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]], ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga vyakumera vya mu chilengiwa. Ŵali na umanyi wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[maji]] na malo agho ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵakusambira maluso agha kufuma ku ŵasekulu. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kusaka na [[mivi]], kweniso umoyo wawo wakwendakwendamo uwo ukuthemba pa vyakurya vikusangika. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo ghawo chifukwa cha [[ulimi]] na ufwimi, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na maluso gha makolo ghawo. ([[Hadza people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jbdapuasot6bt8oox0r2iwbcib9dhl6 4 50115 123904 2026-11-04T22:03:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu Thukila. 123904 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Penan boy.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Penan people|ŴaPenan]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Borneo]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Sarawak]] na vigaŵa vya [[Kalimantan]]. ŴaPenan ŵali na mbiri ya umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵanyake ŵakaŵa ŵakwendakwendamo pakati pa malo gha mu [[chilengiwa]]. Ŵakajipweleleranga mwa [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na nthowa zakwendera mu malo ghawo. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha kugwiliskira ntchito [[mphako]] pakusaka na vinthu vya mu thengele pa umoyo wawo. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu [[vijiji]], kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo, kweniso kulimbikira kuvikilira [[thengele]] la Borneo. ([[Penan people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hpvsxthhiv6pkq277cdnjfm8cyfnrud 4 50116 123905 2026-11-04T22:03:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila. 123905 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Waorani people.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Waorani people|ŴaWaorani]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Ecuador]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]] kumafumiro gha dazi kwa charu. ŴaWaorani ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha luso lwa kusaka na [[mphako]], kweniso umanyi wawo wa nthowa na vyakumera vya mu thengele. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la [[kudumulika kwa thengele]], mafuta na kusintha kwa malo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Waorani people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> sitxl4np6uip88nbm0y9cqvv0yf8ue5 4 50117 123906 2026-11-04T22:04:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123906 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Awa Vermessung.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Awá people|ŴaAwá-Guajá]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Brazil]] awo ŵakukhala mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]], chomene mu chigaŵa cha [[Maranhão]]. ŴaAwá-Guajá ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umanyi wawo wa thengele na luso lwa kusanga vyakurya mu malo ghakupambanapambana. Ŵanyake ŵaAwá-Guajá ŵali na kukolerana kachoko na ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro, ndipo ŵakukhala mu malo ghakuvikililika. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la [[kudumulika kwa thengele]] na ŵanthu ŵakunjira mu malo ghawo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Awá people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ev5xw72026p7m58mshcq01vclvj7eae 4 50118 123907 2026-11-04T22:04:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la mwezi. 123907 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:A couple of young Nukak Makú women eat local fruits while cooking a meal.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Nukak people|ŴaNukak]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Colombia]] awo ŵakukhala mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]], chomene mu [[Guaviare Department]]. ŴaNukak ŵali na mbiri ya umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umoyo wawo wakwendakwendamo na luso lwa kusanga vyakurya mu malo ghakupambanapambana gha thengele. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kutaya malo, nkhaza na kusintha kwa umoyo chifukwa cha kukolerana na ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Nukak people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 9cu13zts6b067bppzdymn25wfch2jnj 4 50119 123908 2026-11-04T22:04:27Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa na kusintha magulu. 123908 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Wajãpi.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Wajãpi people|ŴaWaiãpi]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Brazil]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Amapá]] na vigaŵa vinyake vya kumpoto kwa charu, kweniso mu [[French Guiana]]. ŴaWaiãpi ŵali na mbiri ya umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha [[Arte Kusiwa|maluso ghawo gha kujambula vinthu pa thupi]], agho ghali na malo ghakuzirwa mu [[chikhalidwe]] chawo. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kusintha kwa malo na kunjira kwa ŵanthu mu vigaŵa vyawo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Wajãpi people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 55yh9j7x2znq0hhqi4tc4h6g7jxpzd9 4 50120 123909 2026-11-04T22:04:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la mwezi wa Thukila. 123909 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Albert April in the Amazon, with a zo'è family.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Zo'é people|ŴaZo’é]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Brazil]] awo ŵakukhala mu [[Pará]], chomene kufupi na [[Cuminapanema River|Mlonga wa Cuminapanema]] mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]]. ŴaZo’é ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]] na kulima [[chinangwa]]. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[vyakumera]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umoyo wawo wakwendakwendamo pakusaka na kukola somba, uku ŵakukhalaso mu malo agho ŵakulima. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukhala mu [[Chigaŵa cha ŵanthu ŵakwambilira cha Zo’é|malo ghakuvikililika]], ndipo ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Zo'é people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> kwybdu58p428j4lk9f5kz2c7b3skbtb 4 50121 123910 2026-11-04T22:04:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123910 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Albert April in the Amazon, with a zo'è family.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Zo'é people|ŴaZo’é]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Brazil]] awo ŵakukhala mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]], chomene mu chigaŵa cha [[Pará]]. ŴaZo’é ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kugwiliskira ntchito [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha [[mitheto]] yawo, vinthu vya chikhalidwe na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukhala mu malo ghakuvikililika, kweni ŵakukumana na suzgo la kunjira kwa ŵanthu ŵa kuwaro na kusintha kwa malo. Ŵakulutilira kusunga [[chiyowoyero]], mitheto na umoyo wawo wa mu thengele. ([[Zo'é people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> iq8jcbn70z5syqqj5jldawpdqbzss4e 4 50122 123911 2026-11-04T22:04:57Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la mwezi. 123911 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Chaman.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Yanomami|ŴaYanomami]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Brazil]] na [[Venezuela]] awo ŵakukhala mu [[Amazon rainforest|thengele la Amazon]]. ŴaYanomami ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na malo agho ŵakukhala, ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kulima, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na vyakumera ivyo vikuŵawovwira pa umoyo wa zuŵa na zuŵa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na [[mitheto]] yakupambanapambana yakukhwaskana na [[chikhalidwe]], [[kusopa]] na umoyo wa mbumba. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na suzgo la kunjira kwa ŵanthu mu malo ghawo, [[ukabi wa golide]] na matenda, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[chiyowoyero]], mitheto na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Yanomami|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> pfhe6hin2yavc0jfm31tnjz50hkun8b 4 50123 123912 2026-11-04T22:05:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga peji la zuŵa ili. 123912 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Aka man making a traditional hunting spear.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Aka people|ŴaAka]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Congo Basin|thengele la Congo]]. ŴaAka ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha luso lwa kusaka, kugwiliskira ntchito [[maukonde]], [[mivi]] na vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakupangika mu thengele. Ŵanyake ŵakukhala mu makampu gha nyengo yichoko apo ŵakusaka na kusanga vyakurya. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na kusintha kwa malo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Aka people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 2l2z6oypv38w2s9w9x3jnipenr6gw8g 4 50124 123913 2026-11-04T22:05:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa nkhani ya zuŵa ili. 123913 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Aka man making a traditional hunting spear.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Aka people|ŴaAka]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku [[Central African Republic|Central African Republic]] na [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Congo Basin|thengele la Congo]]. ŴaAka ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na [[chilengiwa]] na [[thengele]], ndipo ŵakukhala kwizila mu [[kusaka]], kusanga vyakurya, [[kukola somba]], kusanga [[uchi]] na kusanga [[vyakumera]] vya mu thengele. Ŵali na [[umanyi wa chilengiwa]] wakuzama wa [[vinyama]], [[makuni]], [[milonga]] na malo agho ŵakukhala. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha luso lwa kusaka, kugwiliskira ntchito [[maukonde]], [[mivi]] na vyakugwiliskira ntchito vyakupangika mu thengele. Ŵanyake ŵakukhala mu makampu gha nyengo yichoko apo ŵakusaka na kusanga vyakurya. Mazuŵa ghano ŵakukumana na kusintha kwa malo, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga [[mitheto]], [[chiyowoyero]] na umanyi wa makolo ghawo. ([[Aka people|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 2l2z6oypv38w2s9w9x3jnipenr6gw8g 4 50125 123914 2026-11-04T22:05:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha maulalo gha magulu gha mwezi. 123914 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:North Sentinel Island.jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Sentinelese|ŴaSentinelese]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala pa [[North Sentinel Island|Chirwa cha North Sentinel]] mu [[Bay of Bengal]], icho ntchigaŵa cha [[India]]. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umoyo wawo wakupatukana na ŵanthu ŵakufuma kuwaro. Ŵakukhala mu nkhalango za chirwa ichi ndipo ŵakugwiliskira ntchito usodzi, kusanga vyakurya na vinthu vinyake vya mu chirwa kuti ŵajipwelekere umoyo wawo. ŴaSentinelese ŵakukana chomene kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakufuma kuwaro, ndipo boma la India likuŵika chivikiliro kuti ŵanthu ŵakuleka kusendelera chirwa ichi. Chivikiliro ichi chikovwira kuteteza chikhalidwe chawo kweniso umoyo wawo ku matenda agho ŵangaŵavya chivikiliro. ([[Sentinelese|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1lloxsxhrcwspurq7zeocaqkqbih3sx 4 50126 123915 2026-11-04T22:05:36Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123915 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Ayoreo-Führer Mateo Sobode Chiquenoi (früherer UNAP-Präsident und Kazike von Campo Loro).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Ayoreo|ŴaAyoreo]]''' ni ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Paraguay]] na [[Bolivia]] awo ŵakukhala chomene mu [[Gran Chaco]]. Ŵanandi ŵaŵo ŵali kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakufuma kuwaro, kweni magulu ghanyake nga ni [[Ayoreo-Totobiegosode]] ghakukhalabe mwakupatukana mu nkhalango. ŴaAyoreo ŵali na chiyowoyero chawo cha mu banja la viyowoyero vya [[Zamucoan languages|Zamuco]], ndipo umoyo wawo wa chikhalidwe ukukolerana chomene na charu chawo. Magulu agho ghakukhala mwakupatukana ghakujipwelelera mwa kusanga vyakurya, kusaka, kulima na kugwiliskira ntchito vinthu vya mu nkhalango. Chivikiliro cha malo ghawo ntchakukhumbikwa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa nkhalango na kulima viŵeto. ([[Ayoreo|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 9bd5b2k3u8496trs5izkrjkrlsujfu9 4 50127 123916 2026-11-04T22:05:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji lakuyana la Thukila. 123916 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Tanzania - Hadzabe hunter (14533536392).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Hadza|ŴaHadza]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Tanzania]] awo ŵakukhala chomene ku vigaŵa vya [[Lake Eyasi]] na malo ghanyake gha kumpoto kwa charu ichi. ŴaHadza ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na chilengedwe, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kukola somba na kusanga uchi. Ŵanalume ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha kusaka na mivi, apo ŵanakazi ŵakusanga vyakurya nga ni mphoza, vipambi na misisi. ([[Hadza|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> hiv1cp98r5xuffkgkozbogj2gpwvl8n 4 50128 123917 2026-11-04T22:05:56Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazga nkhani ya Thukila. 123917 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Terra Indígena Pirititi, Roraima (42460707861).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Pirititi|ŴaPirititi]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵakwendaŵenda awo ŵakukhala mu thengele za ku [[Brazil]] ndipo ŵakumanyikwa chifukwa cha umoyo wawo wakupatukana na ŵanthu. ŴaPirititi ŵali na chigaŵa chawo cha charu icho ŵakugwiliskira ntchito pakusaka, kusanga vyakurya na kulima mwakuchepa. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵakumanyikwa kuti ŵakukana chomene kukumana na ŵanthu ŵakufuma kuwaro, nangauli nyengo zinyake ŵakukumana na ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa mu chigaŵa. Chivikiliro cha charu chawo ntchakukhumbikwa chifukwa cha kudumulika kwa thengele, kulima na ntchito zinyake izo zingananga malo ghawo. ŴaPirititi ŵakwenera kuvikilirika na kulemekezgeka mu kusankha kwawo kukhala mwakupatukana. ([[Pirititi|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> rarr4gb9wwae0ra6mwbzfchp3q3h3u1 4 50129 123918 2026-11-04T22:06:06Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila. 123918 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Corowai boy climbing to his family house (30456827421).jpg|100px]] </div> '''[[Korowai|ŴaKorowai]]''' ni gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku [[Indonesia]] awo ŵakukhala mu thengele za [[Papua]] ku chigaŵa cha kumwera kwa charu ichi. Ŵanandi ŵaŵo ŵali na umoyo wakukolerana chomene na thengele, ndipo ŵakujipwelelera mwa kusaka, kusanga vyakurya, kusodza na kulima. ŴaKorowai ŵakumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha nyumba zawo izo ŵakuzenga pachanya pa makuni, izo zikuŵawovwira kukhala kutali na chivwindi cha pa pasi. Ŵanthu aŵa ŵali na chikhalidwe chawo chapadera, ndipo magulu ghanyake ghakakhalanga kutali chomene na ŵanthu ŵakufuma kuwaro. Mazuŵa ghano ŵanandi ŵakukumana na kusintha kwa umoyo chifukwa cha kukumana na charu cha kuwaro, kweni ŵakulutilira kusunga vigaŵa vinandi vya chikhalidwe chawo. ([[Korowai|Nkhani yose...]]) <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Mitundu ya ŵanthu yambula kuoneka ku ŵanthu mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6xa5qpoblwbajdn6wfcqewwcl1p4he1 4 50130 123920 2026-11-04T22:18:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu mwezi wa Thukila 123920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dik-dik.jpg|caption=Dik-dik ku Kenya}} * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] ni mtundu wa mphala uchoko chomene uwo ukukula mamita 30–40 kufika pa pheŵe, ndipo zina lake likufuma ku lizgu ilo chikazi chikupanga para chachita wofi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yingaŵa na uzito wa makilogiramu 3–6, ndipo yingakhala umoyo wa vyaka 10? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhala chomene mu [[Eastern Africa|kumafumiro gha zuŵa gha Africa]] na [[Southern Africa|kumwera kwa Africa]]? * ... kuti [[Dik-dik|dik-dik]] yikukhozga kusunga maji mu thupi mwakuti yingazizipizga malo ghakuuma? * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo gha keratin agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] yingaŵa na nkhonya yambura kumanyikwa chifukwa cha liŵiro lake likuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Sea otter|sea otter]] yikugwiliskira ntchito malibwe pakubwangandura magomba gha nyama izo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Wandering albatross|wandering albatross]] yili na mapapindo ghakutambasuka chomene kuluska viyuni vinandi, ghakufika pafupifupi mamita 3.7? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> m993hrrufry466bzpmnish9u4pqvvg3 4 50131 123921 2026-11-04T22:18:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dragon's Blood Tree, Socotra Is.jpg|caption=Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka ku Socotra}} ... kuti [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] likumera mwakawiro mu [[Chisumbu cha Socotra|Chisumbu cha Socotra]] ku [[Yemen]], ndipo ndilo khuni la charu cha Yemen? ... kuti [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] lili na mphumphu yakuyana na ambulera, iyo yikupanga mthunzi na kuchepeska kusowa kwa maji? (pachithuzi) ... kuti khuni ili likupanga maji ghakufuma mu thunthu ghakufiyira nga ni ndopa, ndipo ndopa izi zikukwana zina lake? ... kuti mphumphu yakukhora ya [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] yikovwira kuti tumera twachoko tukule pasi pa khuni? ... kuti [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] likupanga maluŵa ghachoko ghakununkhira agho ghangaŵa ghatuŵa panji ghakubiliŵira? ... kuti vipasi vya [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] vikukhwima mukati mwa myezi pafupifupi yinkhondi, ndipo vikusanduka kufuma ku green kuŵa vyakuda na pamanyuma kuŵa vya orange-red? ... kuti vipasi vya khuni ili vikulyeka na [[Chiyuni|viyuni]] na vinyama vinyake, ivyo vikovwira kukanjizga mbuto zake? ... kuti utomphu wakufiyira wa [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] ukagwiliskirika ntchito nga ni dye, munkhwala na varnish? ... kuti utomphu uwu ukagwiliskirika ntchito na ŵakupanga [[Violin|violin]] ku Italy mu vyaka vya m'ma 18? ... kuti [[Khuni la magazi gha chinjoka|khuni la magazi gha chinjoka]] likumera chomene mu malo ghakuuma gha mapiri gha [[Chisumbu cha Socotra|Socotra]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} [[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]] [[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]] [[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]] hmh7jh8kpm7ql9r4rqs88byg2pod38c 4 50132 123922 2026-11-04T22:18:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani yakuyana mu mwezi wa Thukila 123922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Ailurus fulgens RoterPanda LesserPanda-2.jpg|caption=Panda mswesi}} * ... kuti [[Red panda|chimbwe cha kufiyira]] chikukhala mu [[Himalayas|mapiri gha Himalaya]] na [[China|China]], ndipo chikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]]? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Honey bee|njuchi ya uchi]] yikugwiliskira ntchito kuvina kuti yiphalire njuchi zinyake uko chakurya chili? * ... kuti [[Coconut crab|kankhanda wa coconut]] ndiyo kankhanda wakuru chomene uyo wakukhala pa mtunda? * ... kuti [[Venus flytrap|chomera chakukora ntcheŵe]] chingajara masamba ghake para tudoyo twakhwaska? * ... kuti [[Mona Lisa]] wakupangika na [[Leonardo da Vinci]] wali na kumwemwetera uko ŵanthu ŵasanda kwa vyaka vinandi? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose, nangauli chili na chipale chinandi? * ... kuti [[Octopus|oktopasi]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za buluu? * ... kuti [[Baobab|khuni la baobab]] lingasunga maji ghanandi mu thunthu lake kuti lizizipizge nyengo ya chihanya? * ... kuti [[Pyramids of Giza|mapiramidi gha ku Giza]] ghakaŵa chimoza mwa vyakuzenga vyakutalika chomene pa charu kwa vyaka vinandi? * ... kuti [[Blue whale|nyamapulanga wa buluu]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Sahara|Chipululu cha Sahara]] ndicho chipululu chikuru chakotcha chomene pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[International Space Station|Chiŵanja cha Mlengalenga cha Charu Chose]] chikuzungulira [[Charu]] pafupifupi makilomita 400 pachanya pa charu? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> arccolw8zrd45aa9yfga88gtfh7xd67 4 50133 123923 2026-11-04T22:18:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga maulalo gha category gha mwezi wa Thukila 123923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls Zambia HD.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha Victoria}} * ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? * ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC Congo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola], [[Namibia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. * ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? * ... kuti mu [[Afilika]] kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni [[Egypt]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], na [[Ethiopia]]. * ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. * ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan.]] * ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. * ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude> r97rd3w6rkyytm5fsly51wnipcllmpo 4 50134 123924 2026-11-04T22:18:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la mwezi wa Ogasiti na kusintha ma category 123924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls Zambia HD.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha Victoria}} * ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? * ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC Congo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola], [[Namibia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. * ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? * ... kuti mu [[Afilika]] kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni [[Egypt]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], na [[Ethiopia]]. * ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. * ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan.]] * ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. * ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude> r97rd3w6rkyytm5fsly51wnipcllmpo 4 50135 123925 2026-11-04T22:18:52Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls Zambia HD.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha Victoria}} * ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? * ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC Congo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola], [[Namibia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. * ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? * ... kuti mu [[Afilika]] kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni [[Egypt]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], na [[Ethiopia]]. * ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. * ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan.]] * ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. * ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude> r97rd3w6rkyytm5fsly51wnipcllmpo 4 50136 123926 2026-11-04T22:19:01Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la Thukila na ivyo vili mu Ogasiti 123926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls Zambia HD.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha Victoria}} * ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? * ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC Congo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola], [[Namibia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. * ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? * ... kuti mu [[Afilika]] kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni [[Egypt]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], na [[Ethiopia]]. * ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. * ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan.]] * ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. * ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude> r97rd3w6rkyytm5fsly51wnipcllmpo 4 50137 123927 2026-11-04T22:19:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls Zambia HD.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha Victoria}} * ...viliŵa vya miphyephye ku Zambia vingakura nga ni nyumba. Ndipo pali malo ghakukwana kuti munthu wangakwerapo? * ... kuti Zambia ni caru cambura nyanja? Charu cha Zambia chili kuzingilizgika na vyaru vinkhondi na viŵiri: [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DRC Congo]], [[Tanzania]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Angola], [[Namibia]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. * ... kuti zina linyake la Victoria Falls ni Mosi-oa-Tunya? * ... kuti mu [[Afilika]] kuli vyaru 54? Vinyake mwa vyaru ivi ni [[Egypt]], [[Kenya]], [[Nigeria]], na [[Ethiopia]]. * ... kuti Chipululu cha Sahara ndicho ntchikuru chomene pa charu chose chapasi? Cirwa ici cili pa malo ghatatu pa mapopa ghakurughakuru pa caru cose capasi, ndipo cikuluska mapopa gha ku Antarctica na kumpoto kwa Arctic pera. * ... kuti Mlonga wa Nile ndiwo utali comene pa caru cose capasi, nangauli ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakuti mlonga wa Amazon utali comene? Mlonga uwu ukusolota mu vyaru vinandi vya mu Africa, ndipo ndiwo ukupeleka maji ku vyaru vya [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], na [[South Sudan.]] * ... Nyengo zinyake caru ca Africa cikucemeka kuti Ciphukutu ca Ŵanthu cifukwa ca viswaswa vinandi, ivyo vikulongora kuti ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵakababikira mu caru ici. Ŵanthu aŵa ndiwo ŵakaŵako pambere ŵanthu ŵandalengeke, ndipo ndimo tiliri nase. * ... kuti Chiarabu ndicho chikuyowoyeka comene mu Africa. {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude> r97rd3w6rkyytm5fsly51wnipcllmpo 4 50138 123928 2026-11-04T22:19:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kwizira mu peji la Ogasiti 123928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Amazon CIAT (2).jpg|caption=Mlonga wa Amazon}} * ... kuti [[Venus]] ni pulaneti yakotcha chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo kutentha kwake pa chanya chake kungasungunula [[lead|chisulo cha lead]]? * ... kuti [[Triantha occidentalis]] ni mtundu wa chomera uwo ŵasayansi ŵakasanga kuti ukuryako tudoyo, nangauli chikupanga maluŵa agho ghakopa tudoyo kuti tiŵe na mungu? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yili na kuzama kwa mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Wallace's giant bee]] ni njuchi yikuru chomene yakumanyikwa pa charu chose, ndipo yikazengeka mu sayansi pamanyuma pakuti yikaŵa yambura kuwoneka kwa vyaka 38? * ... kuti [[Mlonga wa Amazon]] ukupeleka maji ghanandi mu nyanja kuluska mlonga uliwose unyake pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose, nangauli chili na madzi ghanandi mu mawoko gha madzi gha chipale? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] uli kutali na [[Charu]] pafupifupi makilomita 384,400, ndipo mtunda uwu ukusintha chifukwa Mwezi ukuzungulira Charu mu nthowa ya ovali? * ... kuti [[Mongolia]] ndiyo charu chambura nyanja icho chili na ŵanthu ŵachoko chomene pa kilomita yimoza ya malo? * ... kuti [[Shoebill]] ni chiyuni icho chingayima pafupi mamita 1.5 kutalika, ndipo chikumanyikwa chomene chifukwa cha mulomo wake ukuru? * ... kuti [[Encephalartos woodii]] ni chimoza mwa vyomera vyakusoŵa chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chomera chimoza pera ndicho chikapezeka chikukura mwakawiro ku [[South Africa]] mu 1895? * ... kuti [[Parker Solar Probe]] yikaŵa chombo chakwamba cha mumlengalenga icho chikafika kufupi chomene na [[Dzuŵa]], ndipo chikapangika kuti chifufuze mlengalenga wa Dzuŵa? * ... kuti [[Mars]] ni pulaneti yimoza pera iyo ŵanthu ŵatumapo [[rover]] kuti yendende pa chanya chake? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> qklwpuk59xz3xi5gwfq71gbq0gfgnov 4 50139 123929 2026-11-04T22:19:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Baobab africain.jpg|caption=Chakumera cha baobab}} * ... kuti [[Banana|makombu]] ghakuŵerengedwa nga ni vipambi vya mtundu wa berry mu sayansi ya vyomera, kweni [[strawberry|sitrawuberi]] zikuŵerengedwa nthena yayi? * ... kuti [[Octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Everest|Phiri la Everest]] ndilo phiri litali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kutalika kwake kukupimika mamita 8,848.86 kufuma pa nyanja? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] ndiyo pulaneti iyo yili na kachulukiro kachoko chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo kachulukiro kake nkhamoza pera iyo kali kachoko kuluska ka maji? * ... kuti [[shark|masoka]] ghakaŵako pa charu pambere vyomera vikuru vya mu misitu vindambe kuŵa pa charu? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose, nangauli chikuphimbika chomene na chipale? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|chiyuni cha hummingbird]] ndicho chiyuni icho chingawuluka kumanyuma, kweniso chingayima mu malo limoza para chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[baobab]] yinyake yingakhala vyaka vikwi vinandi, ndipo thunthu lake likusunga maji kuti yizizipizge nyengo ya chihanya? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora pa mtunda ufupi? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Dolphin|ma dolphin]] ghakugwiliskira ntchito mazgu ghakupambanapambana kuti ghayowoyeskane, ndipo dolphin yiliyose yingaŵa na mlidzholo wake wakumanyikwira? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> d1h8jd8uo3c29mfxf0iejb5341hjkw9 4 50140 123930 2026-11-04T22:19:37Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika vyakulembeka vya Ogasiti pa peji la Thukila 123930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria amazonica flower and two pads.JPG|caption=Luŵa la Victoria amazonica}} * ... kuti [[Victoria amazonica]] yili na mazuŵa ghakuru chomene agho ghakuyandama pa maji, ndipo masamba ghake ghangaŵa ghakukura chomene? * ... kuti [[Axolotl]] yingamereska vigaŵa vya thupi lake ivyo vili kupwetekeka, kusazgapo miyendo, mchira, ndiposo vigaŵa vinyake vya mtima na jiso? * ... kuti [[Banana|makombu]] ghakuŵerengedwa nga ni vipambi vya mtundu wa berry mu sayansi ya vyomera, kweni [[strawberry|sitrawuberi]] zikuŵerengedwa nthena yayi? * ... kuti [[Octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] ndiyo pulaneti iyo yili na kachulukiro kachoko chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose, nangauli chikuphimbika chomene na chipale? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|chiyuni cha hummingbird]] ndicho chiyuni icho chingawuluka kumanyuma, kweniso chingayima mu malo limoza para chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[shark|masoka]] ghakaŵako pa charu pambere vyomera vikuru vya mu misitu vindambe kuŵa pa charu? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] ndilo likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? * ... kuti [[Venus]] ni pulaneti yakotcha chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], nangauli [[Mercury]] ndiyo yili kufupi chomene na Dzuŵa? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 2c8xq4unzsrgp5e9mtg4wjt3zeapxwl 4 50141 123931 2026-11-04T22:19:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa nkhani ya mwezi wa Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights shine above Bear Lake in Alaska 050910-F-MS415-009.jpg|caption=Kuwala kwa Aurora Borealis}} * ... kuti [[Axolotl]] yingakhozga kuŵikaso vigaŵa vya thupi lake ivyo vyapwetekeka, kusazgapo miyendo, mchira, na vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi? * ... kuti [[Venus]] ndiyo pulaneti yakotcha chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], nangauli [[Mercury]] ndiyo yili kufupi chomene na [[Dzuŵa]]? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii]] yili na luŵa likuru chomene lakumanyikwa, ndipo luŵa lwake lungafika pafupifupi mita yimoza mu kupingasa? * ... kuti [[Emperor penguin]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo mu nyengo ya kuzizima? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] yili na kachulukiro kachoko kuluska ka maji, mwakuti mwakulingalira yingayandama mu nyanja yikuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] yimoza mwa viyuni vichoko chomene, ndipo mitundu yinyake yikhoza kuwuluka kumanyuma? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha unandi uchoko wa vula iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Baobab|baobab]] yingaŵa na thunthu likuru ilo likusunga maji kuti chomeracho chizizipizge nyengo ya chihanya? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 57umk83frmomxiqa9tv973d3e1lsc6l 4 50142 123932 2026-11-04T22:19:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga ma category kuti ghayane na mwezi wa Thukila 123932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Pink Lake (Lake Hillier) on Middle Island off the coast of Esperance Western Australia.jpg|caption=Lake Hillier, nyanja ya pinki}} * ... kuti [[Lake Hillier]] ni nyanja ya mchere ku [[Western Australia]], ndipo maji ghake ghakuwoneka ghapinki? * ... kuti [[Blue whale]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa kuti yikaŵako, ndipo yingaŵa yitali kuphara mamita 30? * ... kuti [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] ndiyo pulaneti yichoko chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], kweni yili na kusintha kukuru chomene kwa kutentha pakati pa muhanya na usiku? * ... kuti [[Chameleon]] zingasintha mtundu wa chikopa chawo, ndipo kusintha uku kungawovwira pa kuyowoyeskana na vinyama vinyake? * ... kuti [[Great Wall of China|Khoma Likuru la China]] likapangika mu nyengo zakupambana kwa vyaka vinandi kuti livikilire vigaŵa vya China? * ... kuti [[Jupiter]] ndiyo pulaneti yikuru chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo yili na chimphepo chikuru chakumanyikwa nga ni [[Great Red Spot]]? * ... kuti [[Giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu, ndipo khosi lake lingafika pafupifupi mamita ghaŵiri? * ... kuti [[Sahara]] ndiyo chipululu chikuru chomene chakotcha pa charu, ndipo chikuphimba chigaŵa chikuru cha kumpoto kwa [[Africa]]? * ... kuti [[Giant panda|panda]] yikurya chomene [[bamboo]], ndipo yingamara maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose pakurya? * ... kuti [[International Space Station]] yikuzungulira [[Charu]] pafupifupi kamoza pa maminiti 90? * ... kuti [[Coconut|khokhonati]] yingayandama pa maji na kuthandazgika ku viswa vinyake vya kutali? * ... kuti [[Victoria amazonica]] yili na masamba ghakuru ghakuyandama pa maji, agho ghangafika mamita ghakujumpha ghaŵiri mu kupingasa? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 54wau8qpntvhwbonc3beul7k02gt36z 4 50143 123933 2026-11-04T22:20:04Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha mwezi wa ma category kufuma Ogasiti kuya Thukila 123933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Beautiful waterfall.jpg|caption=Chipopoma cha maji}} * ... kuti [[axolotl]] yingakhozga kuŵikaso vigaŵa vya thupi lake ivyo vyapwetekeka, kusazgapo miyendo na mchira? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] yili na mphete zikuru izo zikupangika chomene na madzi gha ice, fuvu na miyala yichoko? * ... kuti [[Venus]] yikuzungulira pa mphumphu yake mwakudumbiskana, ndipo zuŵa limoza pa Venus ndilitali kuluska chaka chake? * ... kuti [[Octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo mitima yiŵiri yikutumizga ndopa ku ma gill? * ... kuti [[Victoria amazonica]] yili na masamba ghakuru ghakuyandama pa maji, agho ghangafika mamita ghatatu mu kupingasa? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa chikuŵa na vula yichoko chomene? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] ndiyo yimoza mwa viyuni vichoko chomene, ndipo mitundu yinyake yingawuluka kumanyuma? * ... kuti [[Jupiter]] ndiyo pulaneti yikuru chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo yili na chimphepo chikuru chakumanyikwa nga ni [[Great Red Spot]]? * ... kuti [[shark|masoka]] ghakaŵako pa charu chapasi pambere mitundu ya dinosauri yindambe kuwoneka? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Blue whale]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa kuti yikaŵako, ndipo mtima wake ngukuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> rizr5g7f53fmja1mf1zn7shu5flyu9q 4 50144 123934 2026-11-04T22:20:13Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazgirapo peji la zuŵa ili la mwezi wa Thukila 123934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria amazonica.jpg|caption=Luŵa la Victoria amazonica}} * ... kuti [[Victoria amazonica]] ni mtundu wa [[water lily|luŵa lwa maji]] uwo uli na masamba ghakuru chomene ghakuyandama pa maji, ndipo ghangaŵa ghakujumpha mamita ghaŵiri mu kupingasa? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Venus]] ni pulaneti yakotcha chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], nangauli [[Mercury]] ndiyo yili kufupi chomene na [[Dzuŵa]]? * ... kuti [[Octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikuwamo? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] yili na kachulukiro kachoko chomene pakati pa mapulaneti gha [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo yingayandama mu maji nga mphanyi pakaŵa nyanja yikuru chomene? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] yingawuluka kumanyuma, chinthu icho viyuni vinandi vikutondeka kuchita? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Blue whale]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa kuti yikaŵako, ndipo yingaŵa yitali chomene kuluska basi yikuru? * ... kuti [[shark|masoka]] ghakaŵako pa charu kwa vyaka vinandi pambere [[dinosaur|madinosaur]] ghandambe kuwoneka? * ... kuti [[Jupiter]] ndiyo pulaneti yikuru chomene mu [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]] ndipo yili na chimphepo chikuru chakumanyikwa nga ni [[Great Red Spot]]? * ... kuti [[Giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu, ndipo yingafika pafupifupi mamita 5–6 mu kutalika? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Solar System|dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> erd9j96u13ve6rdm6pxfzly22zzz4i2 4 50145 123935 2026-11-04T22:20:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa nkhani ya zuŵa ili kufuma Ogasiti kuya Thukila 123935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Otters in Jurong Lake Gardens, Singapore.jpg|caption=Ma otter ku Jurong Lake Gardens ku Singapore}} * ... kuti [[Otter|ma otter]] ku [[Singapore|Singapore]] ghakazimiranga mu charu ichi mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, kweni ghakambaso kubwerera mu 1998 ndipo sono ghakukhala nanga ni mu malo ghakuzura na nyumba? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Edward Victor Appleton]] wakapokera [[Mphotho ya Nobel ya Fiziki]] chifukwa cha kusanga [[Appleton layer|chigaŵa cha Appleton]] mu mlengalenga? * ... kuti mu 1836, ŵanyamata ŵa ku sukulu ŵakasanga [[Mabokosi madoko ghakubisika|mabokosi madoko ghakubisika]], kweni chifukwa icho ghakaŵira agho ntchachisisi mpaka sono? * ... kuti [[Europejara]] ndiyo [[pterosaur|pterosaur]] yambura mino yakale chomene iyo yikumanyikwa? * ... kuti [[Beans on toast|maharagwe pa chiŵandi chakuwotcha]] ku Britain ghali na mazina ghanyake ghakusekeska? * ... kuti [[Chiŵanja cha Mlengalenga cha Charu Chose]] chikuzungulira [[Charu]] pafupifupi kamoza pa maminiti 90? * ... kuti [[Jupiter]] ndiyo pulaneti yikuru chomene mu [[Dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo yili na chimphepo chikuru chakumanyikwa nga ni [[Chidontho Chikuru Chituŵa|Chidontho Chikuru Chituŵa]]? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|chiyuni cha hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma, chinthu icho viyuni vinandi vikutondeka kuchita? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko chomene iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] yili na mphete izo zikupangika chomene na tupenga twa ice, fuvu na miyala? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jnlzirpbsrex4b1vdcuo3mnrlmr96s1 4 50146 123936 2026-11-04T22:20:31Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la mwezi wa Thukila kufuma ku nkhani yakale 123936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Rainbow over Victoria Falls.jpg|caption=Uta wa mvula pa Mosi-oa-Tunya}} * ... kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya|Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls)]] ni yimoza mwa mathithi ghakuru chomene pa charu, ndipo maji ghake ghakuwa kufuma pa chanya cha mtsinje wa [[Zambezi]] mu mphanga yitali? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Nkhunda ya posta|nkhunda za posta]] zikagwiliskirika ntchito kutumizga mauthenga chifukwa zili na luso lakusanga nthowa yakubwerera ku malo ghawo? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Titicaca]] ndiyo nyanja yikuru chomene yakwendamo maboti pa malo ghanandi pa charu, ndipo yili pa mphaka wa [[Peru]] na [[Bolivia]]? * ... kuti [[Mwana wa njovu|njovu]] yingaŵa na nyanga izo zikupangika na mano agho ghakula nyengo yose ya umoyo wake? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukugwilirika na [[Charu]] kwizira mu mphamvu ya [[gravity|mphamvu ya kukwezga]], ndipo nyengo ya mwezi yikovwira kupanga mafunde gha mu nyanja? * ... kuti [[Chomera cha Venus flytrap|Venus flytrap]] chingakora tudoyo na kuzibinya para zikakhwaska tunyake uto tuli mukati mwa masamba ghake? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likukhala na nyengo ya pafupifupi vyaka 11 iyo ntchito yake ya maginito yikusintha? * ... kuti [[Chakumera cha baobab|baobab]] chinyake chingaŵa na thunthu likuru chomene ndipo chingasunga maji ghanandi mukati mwake? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha flamingo|flamingo]] chikuŵa na mtundu wa pinki chifukwa cha vyakurya ivyo chikurya, kusazgapo tudoyo twa mu maji na vyomera? * ... kuti [[Phiri la Olympus|Olympus Mons]] pa [[Mars]] ndilo phiri likuru chomene ilo likumanyikwa mu [[Dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo ndilitali chomene kuluska mapiri gha pa [[Charu]]? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] yili na maji ghanandi chomene gha mu nyanja yakumwa ghambura kusungunuka pa charu, ndipo ni nyanja yakuzama chomene? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha albatross|albatross]] chingawuluka mitunda yitali chomene pa nyanja kwambura kukupapira mapapindo ghake kanandi? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 7x9faklhunekcyje7hbtc7ts9putuvq 4 50147 123937 2026-11-04T22:20:40Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili kufuma ku mwezi wa Ogasiti 123937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Rainbow Eucalyptus.jpg|caption=Khungwa la mtengo wa rainbow eucalyptus}} * ... kuti [[Rainbow eucalyptus|khuni wl rainbow eucalyptus]] lili na khungwa ilo likusintha mitundu apo likukura, ndipo ivi vikupangiska thunthu lake kuwoneka nga lili na mitundu ya chithambara? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha flamingo|flamingo]] chikuŵa na mtundu wa pinki chifukwa cha vyakurya ivyo chikurya, kusazgapo tudoyo na vyomera vya mu maji? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Jupiter]] ndiyo pulaneti yikuru chomene mu [[Dongosolo la mapulaneti]], ndipo yili na mphepo yikuru iyo yakhala yikuwoneka kwa vyaka vinandi? * ... kuti [[Chomera cha Venus flytrap|chomera cha Venus flytrap]] chingakora tudoyo para twakhwaska tunthu twapadera uto tuli pa masamba ghake? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma kweniso chingayima mu malo limoza apo chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chifukwa cha vula yichoko chomene iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Nyamapulanga wa buluu|nyamapulanga wa buluu]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa kuti yikaŵako? * ... kuti [[Saturn]] yili na mphete izo zikupangika chomene na ice, fuvu na tumiyala? * ... kuti [[Dzuŵa]] likupanga pafupifupi 99.86 peresenti ya uzito wose wa [[Dongosolo la mapulaneti]]? * ... kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya|Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls)]] yimoza mwa mathithi ghakuru chomene pa charu, ndipo yili pa mtsinje wa [[Zambezi]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ms3at56h76mbro07n53nl4uqqv2234a 4 50148 123938 2026-11-04T22:20:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera nkhani ya Ogasiti mu peji la Thukila 123938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Victoria Falls - VicFalls3456.jpg|caption=Mosi-oa-Tunya pa Mtsinje wa Zambezi}} * ... kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya|Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls)]] yili pa [[Mtsinje wa Zambezi|Dambo la Zambezi]] ndipo maji ghake ghakugwa mu mphanga yitali chomene? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Octopus|nyaminyama ya octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za buluu? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] ni chiyuni chichoko icho chingawuluka kumanyuma? * ... kuti [[Baobab|mtengo wa baobab]] ungakura na thunthu likuru chomene ndipo ungakusunga maji mukati mwa thunthu lake? * ... kuti [[Flamingo|flamingo]] yikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Emperor penguin|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene pa mitundu yose ya mapengwini? * ... kuti [[Giant panda|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵa pakurya maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu ndipo khosi lake lingafika pafupifupi mamita ghaŵiri? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> oq2ptxrpzn97lpuv6whvz06mqmv1sua 4 50149 123939 2026-11-04T22:20:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera ivyo vili mu Ogasiti na kuŵika mu Thukila 123939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dragonblood tree in Socotra 2.jpg|caption=Khuni la ndopa za chinjoka ku Socotra}} * ... kuti [[Khuni la ndopa za chinjoka|khuni la ndopa za chinjoka]] la ku [[Socotra|Socotra]] lili na thunthu ilo likupanga mphumphu yakuyana na ambulera, ndipo utomoni wake utuŵa wakufiyira nga ni ndopa? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma, ndipo chingayima mu malo limoza apo chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yili na kuzama kwa mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Nyaminyama ya octopus|octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Chomera cha Venus flytrap|chomera cha Venus flytrap]] chingakora tudoyo para twakhwaska tunthu twapadera uto tuli pa masamba ghake? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Pengwini wa emperor|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo mitundu yikuru chomene ya mapengwini, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo apo ŵanakazi ŵali kupenja chakurya? * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵika maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose pakurya? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yingafika pafupifupi mamita 5 mpaka 6 mu kutalika? * ... kuti [[Flamingo|flamingo]] yikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki chomene chifukwa cha vyakurya ivyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Sitima ya Titanic|sitima ya Titanic]] yikamira mu [[Nyanja ya Atlantic|Nyanja ya Atlantic]] pa 15 Epulero 1912 pamanyuma pakugundana na chimphona cha ice? * ... kuti [[Khuni la baobab|khuni la baobab]] lingakhala vyaka vinandi chomene, ndipo mitundu yinyake yili na mathunthu ghakuru agho ghangasunga maji? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6n4fy984zoap42pjlybxytixr5udkh1 4 50150 123940 2026-11-04T22:21:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazgirapo peji la zuŵa ili la mwezi wa Thukila 123940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Jacaranda in South Africa.jpeg|caption=Ma jacaranda ghakuphuka maluŵa ku South Africa}} * ... kuti [[Jacaranda mimosifolia|khuni la jacaranda]] likumanyikwa chifukwa cha maluŵa ghake ghakuwoneka nga ghakutowa, ndipo likupangiska misewu na malo ghanyake kuwoneka ghakutowa chomene para likuphuka? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha flamingo|flamingo]] yikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki chomene kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Octopus|nyaminyama ya octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma, chinthu icho viyuni vinandi vikutondeka kuchita? * ... kuti [[Khuni la baobab|khuni la baobab]] lingasunga maji ghanandi mu thunthu lake kuti lizizipizge nyengo ya chihanya? * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵa pakurya kwa maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yingafika mamita pafupifupi 5 mpaka 6? * ... kuti [[Emperor penguin|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo? * ... kuti [[Chomera cha Venus flytrap|Venus flytrap]] chingakora tudoyo para twakhwaska tunthu twapadera uto tuli pa masamba ghake? * ... kuti [[Mosi-oa-Tunya|Mosi-oa-Tunya]] yili pa Mtsinje wa [[Zambezi]] ndipo yili limoza mwa mathithi ghakumanyikwa chomene pa charu? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ky817o1jdenepkeggpoxndvaisj9e9s 4 50151 123941 2026-11-04T22:21:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika vyakulembeka vya Ogasiti pa peji la Thukila 123941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Red Panda (42288419884).jpg|caption=Chinyama cha panda yikuru yituŵa na kufiyira}} * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru yituŵa|panda yikuru yituŵa]] yili mu mbumba yake yapadera, ndipo yikupambana na [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] iyo yikumanyikwa chomene? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Octopus|nyaminyama ya octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma, chinthu icho viyuni vinandi vikutondeka kuchita? * ... kuti [[Khuni la baobab|khuni la baobab]] lingaŵa na thunthu likuru ilo lingasunga maji ghanandi? * ... kuti [[Flamingo|flamingo]] yikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Pengwini wa emperor|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yingafika mamita pafupifupi 5 mpaka 6? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Chomera cha Venus flytrap|chomera cha Venus flytrap]] chingakora tudoyo para twakhwaska tunthu twapadera uto tuli pa masamba ghake? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Chakumera cha khokhonati|khuni la khokhonati]] lingayandama pa maji, ndipo mbuto zake zingathandazgika ku viswa vinyake vya kutali? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> kfyh6d4zr8k3ev37qa59oqnm6o16jol 4 50152 123942 2026-11-04T22:21:26Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu mwezi wa Thukila 123942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Dragonblood tree in Socotra 1.jpg|caption=Khuni la ndopa za chinjoka na mapiri gha Haghier ku Socotra}} * ... kuti [[Khuni la ndopa za chinjoka|khuni la ndopa za chinjoka]] ku [[Socotra]] lili na mphumphu yakuyana na ambulera, ndipo utomoni wake wakufiyira ukuŵa nga ni ndopa? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Mphonda|mphonda]] yili na maso ghakuru agho ghakovwira kuwona makora mu usiku? * ... kuti [[Flamingo|flamingo]] yikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma ndipo chingayima mu malo limoza apo chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Octopus|octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵa pakurya maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yingafika mamita 5 mpaka 6 mu kutalika? * ... kuti [[Pengwini wa emperor|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 7k1ih1b7d290up7lx82s2kh8nh83uuy 4 50153 123943 2026-11-04T22:21:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa nkhani ya mwezi wa Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Quiver Tree Forest Namibia.jpg|caption=Thengele la makuni gha quiver ku Namibia}} * ... kuti [[Khuni la quiver|khuni la quiver]] lili na thunthu na minthavi iyo yikuwoneka nga ni yikupanga mphumphu, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa San ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito minthavi yake kupangirako viŵiya vyakunyamuliramo mivi? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha flamingo|flamingo]] chikusanga mtundu wake wa pinki kufuma ku vyakurya ivyo chikutafuna? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Octopus|octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za mtundu wa buluu? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma, kweniso chingayima mu malo limoza apo chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵa pakurya kwa maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo yingafika mamita 5 mpaka 6 mu kutalika? * ... kuti [[Pengwini wa emperor|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Mwezi]] ukuyenda kutali pachokopachoko na [[Charu]] pafupifupi masentimita 3.8 chaka chilichose? * ... kuti [[Dolphin|dolphin]] zingagwiliskira ntchito mazgu ghakupambanapambana pakuyowoyeskana, ndipo yiliyose yingaŵa na mlidzholo wake wakumanyikwira? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 72gsy12966qy7aa8ghbqusalbntkgcl 4 50154 123944 2026-11-04T22:21:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera nkhani ya Ogasiti mu peji la Thukila 123944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Flamingos at Lake Natron (4) (28300502420).jpg|caption=Ma flamingo pa Nyanja ya Natron}} * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Natron|Nyanja ya Natron]] mu [[Tanzania]] yili na maji ghakupangiska malo ghake kuŵa ghakukhalamo nyama zichoko, kweni [[Flamingo|flamingo]] zikwiza uko kuti ziberekane? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Okapi|okapi]] yikukhala mu [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ndipo yili na malundi ghakumbuyo agho ghakuwoneka nga gha [[Zebra|zebra]]? * ... kuti [[Octopus|octopus]] yili na mitima yitatu, ndipo ndopa zake ni za buluu? * ... kuti [[Cheetah|cheetah]] ndiyo nyama yakuthamanga chomene pa mtunda, ndipo yingafika pa liŵiro lakujumpha makilomita 100 pa ora? * ... kuti [[Hummingbird|hummingbird]] chingawuluka kumanyuma kweniso chingayima mu malo limoza apo chikuŵuluka? * ... kuti [[Panda yikuru|panda yikuru]] yikurya chomene [[Bamboo|bamboo]], ndipo yingaŵa pakurya kwa maora ghanandi zuŵa lililose? * ... kuti [[Giraffe|giraffe]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa charu chose, ndipo khosi lake lingafika pafupifupi mamita ghaŵiri? * ... kuti [[Pengwini wa emperor|pengwini wa emperor]] ndiyo pengwini yikuru chomene, ndipo ŵanalume ŵakusunga mahe pa malundi ghawo? * ... kuti [[Nyanja ya Baikal|Nyanja ya Baikal]] ndiyo nyanja yakuzama chomene pa charu chose, ndipo kuzama kwake kukufika mamita 1,642? * ... kuti [[Antarctica]] ni chipululu chikuru chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha vula yichoko iyo yikupokera? * ... kuti [[Dolphin|dolphin]] yiliyose yingaŵa na mlidzholo wake wakumanyikwira uwo yikugwiliskira ntchito pakuyowoyeskana? * ... kuti [[Khuni la baobab|khuni la baobab]] lingaŵa na thunthu likuru ilo likusunga maji mukati mwake? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> aazdlt4irn4ktsusiuvqy57pxxqfi6z 4 50155 123945 2026-11-04T22:21:52Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili kufuma ku mwezi wa Ogasiti 123945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|caption=Chisani cha munyu cha Uyuni ku Bolivia}} * ... kuti [[Chiduli cha mchele cha Uyuni|Chiduli cha mchele cha Uyuni]] ndicho chisani cha munyu chikuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo chili na malo pafupifupi 10,582 km²? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso malundi, mchira, vigaŵa vya maso na mtima para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Tardigrade|tardigrade]] yingakhala vyaka vinandi kwambura maji para yikulowa mu mkhalidwe wa [[Cryptobiosis|cryptobiosis]], umo kagwiriro ka thupi kake kakwimira? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] yikupanga mahe nangauli ni nyama ya mtundu wa mamalia, ndipo mwana wake wakumwa mkaka uwo ukufuma pa khungu la nyina chifukwa ilije mabere gha mawere? * ... kuti [[Turritopsis dohrnii|Turritopsis dohrnii]] yikumanyikwa nga ni jellyfish yambura kufwa chifukwa yingabwezgera umoyo wake kufika pa uwukirano pamanyuma pakukura? * ... kuti [[Bowo Likuru la Buluu|Bowo Likuru la Buluu]] ku [[Belize]] ni dzenje la mu nyanja lakuzama mamita 124 ndipo lili na kupingasa kwa mamita 318? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] ndilo luŵa limoza likuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo lingakura na kupingasa kwa kupitilira mita yimoza? * ... kuti [[Chule wa gilasi|chule wa gilasi]] wali na khungu lakuwoneka, mwakuti viŵalo vyake vya mukati, kusazgapo mtima, vingawoneka kwizira mu khungu? * ... kuti [[Basiliscus|basilisk]] wangachimbira pachanya pa maji mtunda ufupi, chifukwa cha malundi ghake agho ghakupanga malo ghakuru para ghakhwaska maji? * ... kuti [[Nyangumi wa bowhead|nyangumi wa bowhead]] wangaŵa na umoyo wakujumpha vyaka 200, ndipo njumoza mwa nyama zakukhala umoyo utali chomene? * ... kuti [[Soka la ku Greenland|soka la ku Greenland]] ndilo nyama ya msana iyo yili na umoyo utali chomene uwo ukumanyikwa, ndipo vyaka vyake vingaŵa pakati pa 272 na 512? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> qlxd5zzye4pzjb44nxl9j3m8m3z7pgz 4 50156 123946 2026-11-04T22:22:01Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la mwezi wa Ogasiti na kusintha ma category 123946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Costasiella kuroshimae.jpg|caption=Costasiella kuroshimae, nkhono yichoko ya mu nyanja}} * ... kuti [[Costasiella kuroshimae|Costasiella kuroshimae]] ni mtundu wa nkhonyo yichoko ya mu nyanja iyo yili na mawonekedwe ghakuyana na kamwana ka nkhosa, ndipo yikumanyikwa na zina lakuti "leaf sheep"? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake, kusazgapo malundi, mchira na vigaŵa vya mtima? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] ndiyo nyama yakumanyikwa iyo yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Tardigrade|tardigrade]] yingapona mu malo ghakukakika chomene, kusazgapo kuzizima kukuru na kuuma kwa nyengo yitali? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni nyama ya mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe, ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo luŵa lake lingafika kupingasa kwa mita yimoza? * ... kuti [[Okapi|okapi]] yikukhala ku [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ndipo malundi ghake ghakumbuyo ghali na mikwamba yakuyana na ya [[Zebra|zebra]]? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha shoebill|chiyuni cha shoebill]] chili na mulomo ukuru uwo ukawoneka nga ni nsapato, ndipo chikugwiliskira ntchito kukora somba? * ... kuti [[Maned wolf|maned wolf]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene pa mtundu wa [[Canidae|canidae]], ndipo malundi ghake ghakutali ghakovwira pakwenda mu utheka utali? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] ndiyo nyama ya mamalia iyo yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo gha keratin, agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira? * ... kuti [[Blue whale|nyamapulanga wa buluu]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa, ndipo mtima wake ungafika kukura kwakuyana na galimoto? * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha secretary|chiyuni cha secretary]] chikukora njoka na nyama zinyake mwa kuzikandira na malundi ghake? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1pafjop5jqsifpqm0uahu1cbotr4cty 4 50157 123947 2026-11-04T22:22:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa nkhani ya zuŵa ili kufuma Ogasiti kuya Thukila 123947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Waterfall ivindo gabon.jpg|caption=Chimphepo cha Ivindo ku Gabon}} * ... kuti [[Ivindo National Park|Paki ya Ivindo]] ku [[Gabon]] yili na mathithi, mathithi ghachoko na milonga ya maji ghakuda, ndipo yili mu [[World Heritage Site|Malo gha Chikhalidwe cha Charu Chose]]? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti Paki ya Ivindo yili na malo pafupifupi 300,000 hectares ndipo yikukhala na [[Thengele|thengele]] zakale chomene za mtundu wa Caesalpinioideae? * ... kuti milonga ya mu Paki ya Ivindo yili na mitundu yinandi ya somba iyo yikusangika waka mu vigaŵa ivi? * ... kuti mitundu 13 ya somba za mu malo agha yili pa ngozi yakumara? * ... kuti [[Chindele cha ku thengele|chindele cha ku thengele]] ntchimoza mwa nyama zakutetezeka chomene izo zikukhala mu Paki ya Ivindo? * ... kuti [[Gorilla|gorila wa ku vigaŵa vya pasi vya kumafumiro gha zuŵa]] na [[Chimpanzee|chimpanzi]] ni vinyama vinyake ivyo vikusangika mu paki iyi? * ... kuti Paki ya Ivindo yili na mitundu pafupifupi 126 ya vinyama vya mamalia? * ... kuti mu Paki ya Ivindo muli mitundu pafupifupi 190 ya viyuni vya mu [[Guinean-Congolian forests|mathengere gha Guinea-Congo]]? * ... kuti malo agha ghali na mitundu yinandi ya viyuni, viyuni vya mu maji, viŵanda na viyuni vinyake? * ... kuti mathithi gha [[Kongou Falls|Kongou]] ghali na mitundu 7 ya vyomera vya mu maji vya banja la Podostemaceae? * ... kuti Paki ya Ivindo yikazengeka mu 2002 pamoza na mapaki ghanyake gha mu [[Gabon]]? * ... kuti Paki ya Ivindo yikaŵikika pa [[World Heritage List|Mndandanda wa Malo gha Chikhalidwe cha Charu Chose]] mu 2021 chifukwa cha chilengedwe chake chapadera? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> s003iwj2m851jav488g8fnctkutls9o 4 50158 123948 2026-11-04T22:22:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani yakuyana mu mwezi wa Thukila 123948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Hippos-close-up.jpg|caption=Ma hippopotamus mu maji}} * ... kuti [[Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]] ni nyama yikuru ya mu Africa iyo yikukhala mu maji nyengo yitali ya zuŵa, ndipo yikufuma usiku kuti yikarye utheka? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Archerfish|somba za archerfish]] zikumanya kupoma maji kufuma mu milomo yawo kuti zigwese tudoyo uto tuli pachanya pa maji? * ... kuti [[Sea otter|sea otter]] zingagwiliskira ntchito malibwe pakubwangandura magomba gha nyama izo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Bombardier beetle|bombardier beetle]] yikujivikilira mwa kupoma msuzi wakotcha wa mankhwala para yikuwofyeka? * ... kuti maso gha [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] ghakufuma pa minthandwe ndipo ghangajendajenda mwakujiyimira yamoza na yinyake? * ... kuti [[Leafcutter ant|chiyuni cha makuni]] chikusanga vipasi vya makuni na kuvinyamula kuti chikulirepo fungus iyo yikurya? * ... kuti [[Flamingo|flamingo]] yikuŵa yapinki chifukwa cha carotenoids izo zili mu chakurya chake? * ... kuti [[Wandering albatross|wandering albatross]] yili na mapapindo ghakutambasuka chomene kuluska chiyuni chilichose chamoyo, ghakufika mamita 3.7? * ... kuti [[Gecko|gecko]] yingaŵa na tumawoko tuchoko chomene pa malundi ghake uto tukovwira kuti yikwire makoma? * ... kuti [[Venus]] yili na mitambo yakukhora iyo yili chomene na madontho gha [[Sulfuric acid|asidi wa sulfuric]]? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 631siadq1e8l0306in0erlp3as8f2yb 4 50159 123949 2026-11-04T22:22:29Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main page image/DYK|image=Balaeniceps rex Zoo Zürich 3.jpg|caption=Chiyuni cha shoebill}} * ... kuti [[Chiyuni cha shoebill|chiyuni cha shoebill]] chili na mulomo ukuru wakuyana na nsapato, ndipo mulomo uwu ukuchovwira kukora somba na nyama zinyake za mu maji? (pachithuzi) * ... kuti [[Axolotl|axolotl]] yingamerezgaso viŵaro vyake vinyake para vyapwetekeka? * ... kuti [[Pangolin|pangolin]] yili na thupi lakuphimbika na masikelo agho ghakovwira kuyivikilira ku nyama zinyake? * ... kuti [[Wombat|wombat]] yikupanga vinthu vyakufumapo vya thupi vyakuyana na ma cube? * ... kuti [[Platypus|platypus]] ni mamalia iyo yikupanga mahe ndipo yili na mulomo wakuyana na wa bakha? * ... kuti [[Rafflesia arnoldii|Rafflesia arnoldii]] lili limoza mwa maluŵa ghakuru chomene pa charu chose, ndipo luŵa lake lingafika kupingasa kwa mita yimoza? * ... kuti [[Maned wolf|maned wolf]] ndiyo nyama yitali chomene mu mbumba ya [[Canidae|canidae]], ndipo malundi ghake ghakutali ghakovwira pakwenda mu utheka? * ... kuti [[Chule wa gilasi|chule wa gilasi]] wali na khungu lakuwoneka mwakuti viŵaro vinyake vya mukati vingawoneka? * ... kuti [[Blue whale|nyamapulanga wa buluu]] ndiyo nyama yikuru chomene iyo yikumanyikwa pa charu chose? * ... kuti [[Tardigrade|tardigrade]] yingapona mu malo ghakuzizima chomene na mu malo ghakuuma kwa nyengo yitali? * ... kuti [[Archerfish|somba ya archerfish]] yikumanya kupoma maji kuti igwese tudoyo uto tuli pachanya pa maji? * ... kuti [[Mantis shrimp|mantis shrimp]] yili na maso agho ghangajendajenda yamoza na yinyake? {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Kasi mukumanya mu Chitumbuka mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> gavy1vg0fajclle5xisgyj43hu5inh9 4 50160 123950 2026-11-04T22:22:37Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha mwezi wa ma category kufuma Ogasiti kuya Thukila 123950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[France]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg|thumb|left|[[Joan of Arc]]]] </div> * [[843]] - [[Treaty of Verdun|Phangano la Verdun]] likagaŵa ufumu wa [[Charlemagne]], ndipo likapangiska chiyambi cha charu cha France na vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe.<br> * [[987]] - [[Hugh Capet]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni themba la France, ndipo ufumu wa [[Capetian dynasty|Capetian]] ukamba.<br> * [[1429]] - [[Joan of Arc]] wakalongozga ŵasilikari ŵa France pa nkhondo ya [[Siege of Orléans|Orléans]], kulimbikiska ufumu wa France mu [[Hundred Years' War|Nkhondo ya Vyaka 100]].<br> * [[1789-07-14]] - Ŵanthu ŵa ku France ŵakawukira [[Bastille]], icho chikaŵa chiyambi cha [[French Revolution|Nkhondo ya kusintha boma la France]].<br> * [[1792-09-22]] - [[First French Republic|Repubulika yakwamba ya France]] yikakhazikika pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa ufumu.<br> * [[1804-12-02]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] wakajimika kuŵa themba la France.<br> [[File:Flag of France.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[France]]]] * [[1870-09-04]] - [[French Third Republic|Repubulika Yachitatu ya France]] yikakhazikika pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa ufumu wa Napoleon III.<br> * [[1940-06-22]] - France yikasayinira phangano la kumalizga nkhondo na Germany mu [[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]].<br> * [[1958-10-04]] - [[French Fifth Republic|Repubulika Yachisanu ya France]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[2002-01-01]] - France yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama ya [[Euro]] pamoza na vyaru vinyake vya ku Europe.<br> * [[2017-05-14]] - [[Emmanuel Macron]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa France.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> b5anck5bh7iuk6flg7z0s1as4bmadr5 4 50161 123951 2026-11-04T22:22:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[The Bahamas]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|thumb|left|Mbendela ya [[The Bahamas]]]] </div> * [[500|500]] Ŵanthu ŵa [[Lucayan]] ŵakamba kukhala mu visumba vya Bahamas kufuma ku vigaŵa vinyake vya [[Caribbean]].<br> * [[1492-10-12|1492]] [[Christopher Columbus]] wakafika pa chirwa cha [[San Salvador Island|San Salvador]] pa ulendo wake wakwamba ku [[New World]].<br> * [[1647]] Ŵanthu ŵa ku [[England]] na [[Bermuda]] ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakwamba ghakukhalapo gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe pa [[Eleuthera]].<br> * [[1717]] Bahamas yikazgoka [[British Crown Colony|koloni la Britain]], ndipo [[Woodes Rogers]] wakaŵa kazembe wakwamba.<br> * [[1783]] Ŵanthu ŵakukolerana na Britain kufuma ku [[United States]] ŵakamba kusamira ku Bahamas pamanyuma pa [[American Revolutionary War]].<br> * [[1953]] [[Progressive Liberal Party (The Bahamas)|Progressive Liberal Party]] yikakhazikika, kupempha wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵanandi mu ndale.<br> * [[1964-01-07|1964]] [[Constitution of the Bahamas|Dango liphya]] likamba kugwira ntchito ndipo Bahamas yikapokera kujilongozga kwamukati.<br> * [[1967-01-10|1967]] [[Lynden Pindling]] wakazgoka munthu wakuda wakwamba kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Bahamas.<br> * [[1973-07-10|1973]] [[The Bahamas]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[United Kingdom]] ndipo yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira.<br> * [[1992]] [[Progressive Liberal Party (The Bahamas)|Progressive Liberal Party]] yikathereskeka pa visankho na [[Free National Movement]], iyo yikalongozgeka na [[Hubert Ingraham]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> p9p4c9y5t8ytveopm688cax0s6rdog3 4 50162 123952 2026-11-04T22:22:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kwizira mu peji la Ogasiti 123952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Zambia]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|thumb|left|Mbendela ya [[Zambia]]]] </div> * [[1888]] - Chigaŵa cha sono cha [[Zambia]] chikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha [[United Kingdom|Britain]] ndipo chikazgoka chigaŵa chakuwusikika na Britain.<br> * [[1911]] - [[Northern Rhodesia]] yikapangika nga ni chigaŵa chakuwusika na [[British South Africa Company]].<br> * [[1924]] - Boma la Britain likatora mazaza gha [[Northern Rhodesia]] kufuma ku British South Africa Company.<br> * [[1948]] - [[Northern Rhodesia Congress]] yikakhazikika, iyo yikazgoka chigaŵa chakuzirwa pa kulimbikira wanangwa wa ŵanthu ŵa mu Africa.<br> * [[1953-08-01|1953]] - [[Northern Rhodesia]] yikamba kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland]].<br> * [[1963-12-31|1963]] - [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federation ya Rhodesia na Nyasaland]] yikamara.<br> * [[1964-10-24|1964]] - [[Zambia]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[United Kingdom|Britain]], ndipo [[Kenneth Kaunda]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.<br> * [[1991-11-02|1991]] - [[Frederick Chiluba]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti, ndipo [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]] yikathereska [[United National Independence Party]].<br> * [[2011-09-23|2011]] - [[Michael Sata]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Zambia.<br> * [[2021-08-24|2021]] - [[Hakainde Hichilema]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Zambia kufuma ku [[United Party for National Development]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ltlrv1ene190ennpngexvx2rmh36fb7 4 50163 123953 2026-11-04T22:23:04Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Madagascar]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|thumb|left|Mbendela ya [[Madagascar]]]] </div> * [[1896-09-27|1896]] - [[Madagascar]] yikazgoka koloni la [[France]] pamanyuma pa kupoka mazaza gha [[Merina Kingdom|Ufumu wa Merina]].<br> * [[1947-03-29|1947]] - [[Malagasy Uprising|Kugaluka kwa Ŵamalagasy]] kukamba kulimbana na muwuso wa France.<br> * [[1958-10-14|1958]] - [[Malagasy Republic|Republika ya Malagasy]] yikakhazikika nga charu chakujilongozga mukati mwa [[French Community]].<br> * [[1960-06-26|1960]] - [[Madagascar]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[France]], ndipo [[Philibert Tsiranana]] wakaŵa pulezidenti wakwamba.<br> * [[1972-05-13|1972]] - Chipani cha ndale chikaleka muwuso wa [[Philibert Tsiranana]] pamanyuma pa ziwawa na viyowoyero vya ŵanthu.<br> * [[1975-12-21|1975]] - [[Didier Ratsiraka]] wakamba kuwusa ndipo [[Democratic Republic of Madagascar]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1992-11-25|1992]] - Madagascar yikamba nyengo yiphya ya demokilasi pamanyuma pa mavoti gha pulezidenti na khumbo la dango liphya.<br> * [[2002-04-29|2002]] - [[Marc Ravalomanana]] wakazomerezgeka kuŵa pulezidenti pamanyuma pa mphindano za visankho.<br> * [[2009-03-17|2009]] - [[Andry Rajoelina]] wakatora mazaza pamanyuma pa suzgo ya ndale mu Madagascar.<br> * [[2013-12-20|2013]] - Visankho vya pulezidenti vikachitika, ndipo vikawovwira kuti boma la malango liwelere mu charu.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 46kobtm0mhtxbqkd2yt7jin8fxk1d75 4 50164 123954 2026-11-04T22:23:13Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Tajikistan]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|thumb|left|Mbendela ya [[Tajikistan]]]] </div> * [[1924-10-14|1924]] - [[Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] yikakhazikika mukati mwa [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]].<br> * [[1929-10-16|1929]] - [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]] yikapangika ndipo yikazgoka repubulika yakupambana mu [[Soviet Union]].<br> * [[1941-06-22|1941]] - Tajikistan yikakhwaskika na [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]] apo Soviet Union yikanjira mu nkhondo na [[Nazi Germany]].<br> * [[1991-09-09|1991]] - [[Tajikistan]] yikapharazga wanangwa wake kufuma ku [[Soviet Union]].<br> * [[1992-05-05|1992]] - [[Tajikistani Civil War|Nkhondo ya mukati ya Tajikistan]] yikamba pakati pa magulu gha ndale na gha chisopa.<br> * [[1994-11-06|1994]] - [[Emomali Rahmon]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Tajikistan ndipo dango liphya likazomerezgeka.<br> * [[1997-06-27|1997]] - Phangano la mtende likasayinika pakati pa boma na ŵakugalukira, kumazga [[Tajikistani Civil War|nkhondo ya mukati]].<br> * [[1999-11-06|1999]] - [[Emomali Rahmon]] wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti mu visankho vya charu chose.<br> * [[2000-01-01|2000]] - Tajikistan yikamba kugwiliskira ntchito ndalama yiphya ya [[Tajikistani somoni|somoni]].<br> * [[2020-10-11|2020]] - [[Emomali Rahmon]] wakasankhikaso kuŵa pulezidenti wa Tajikistan kwa nyengo yinyake.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 7immhqcechjrt04ukqz4ijk538sr0vg 4 50165 123955 2026-11-04T22:23:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la mwezi wa Thukila kufuma ku nkhani yakale 123955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Malawi]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|thumb|left|Mbendela ya [[Malawi]]]] </div> * [[1891-05-15|1891]] - Boma la [[Britain]] la ku [[Central Africa]] (lero ni [[Malawi]]) likakhazikika ndipo likacemeka [[British Central Africa Protectorate]].<br> * [[1907-08-06|1907]] - [[British Central Africa Protectorate]] yikasinthika zina na kuŵa [[Nyasaland]].<br> * [[1953-08-01|1953]] - [[Nyasaland]] yikamba kuŵa chigaŵa cha [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].<br> * [[1959-03-03|1959]] - Boma la Britain likamanga [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] pa nyengo ya suzgo ya ndale mu Nyasaland.<br> * [[1963-02-01|1963]] - [[Nyasaland]] yikapokera kujilongozga mukati, ndipo [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] wakamba kulongozga boma.<br> * [[1964-07-06|1964]] - [[Malawi]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[United Kingdom|Britain]], ndipo [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] wakaŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba.<br> * [[1966-07-06|1966]] - Malawi yikazgoka [[Republic of Malawi|repubulika]], ndipo [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba.<br> * [[1994-05-17|1994]] - [[Bakili Muluzi]] wa [[United Democratic Front (Malawi)|UDF]] wakathereska [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]] pa visankho vya pulezidenti ndipo boma la vipani vinandi likamba.<br> * [[2012-04-07|2012]] - [[Joyce Banda]] wakazgoka pulezidenti wa Malawi pamanyuma pa nyifwa ya [[Bingu wa Mutharika]].<br> * [[2020-06-28|2020]] - [[Lazarus Chakwera]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa Malawi pamanyuma pa visankho viphya vya pulezidenti.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 4yzhldqpgpuvo6ifa3j0i3805c9ekak 4 50166 123956 2026-11-04T22:23:31Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la Thukila na ivyo vili mu Ogasiti 123956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[South Africa]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Nelson Mandela 1994.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nelson Mandela]]]]</div> * [[1652-04-06|1652]] - [[Dutch East India Company]] yikakhazikiska malo gha [[Cape Colony]] ku [[Cape Town]], icho chikaŵa chiyambi cha ukoloni wa ku Europe ku South Africa.<br> * [[1795]] - [[Britain]] yikatora [[Cape Colony]] kwa nyengo yakwamba pa nkhondo pakati pa Britain na France.<br> * [[1835]] - Ŵa [[Boer]] ŵakamba [[Great Trek]], kusama kufuma ku Cape Colony kuluta ku vigaŵa vinyake vya kumwera kwa Africa.<br> * [[1910-05-31]] - [[Union of South Africa]] yikapangika kufuma ku [[Cape Colony]], [[Natal Colony|Natal]], [[Orange Free State]] na [[Transvaal Colony]].<br> * [[1948]] - Chipani cha [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] chikatora mazaza ndipo chikamba ndondomeko ya [[Apartheid]].<br> [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[South Africa]]]] * [[1961-05-31]] - [[South Africa]] yikajipharazga kuŵa repubulika ndipo yikafumamo mu [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]].<br> * [[1990-02-11]] - [[Nelson Mandela]] wakafumiskika mu jele pamanyuma pa kukhala vyaka 27 chifukwa cha kulimbana na [[Apartheid]].<br> * [[1994-04-27]] - [[South Africa]] yikachita visola vyakwamba vya demokrasia ndipo [[Nelson Mandela]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti.<br> * [[1999-06-02]] - [[Thabo Mbeki]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa South Africa pamanyuma pa Mandela.<br> * [[2009-05-09]] - [[Jacob Zuma]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa South Africa.<br> * [[2018-02-15]] - [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] wakamba kuwusa.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> p8p4qtm02pntf8vrap511cn3vdxzmuu 4 50167 123957 2026-11-04T22:23:40Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga maulalo gha category gha mwezi wa Thukila 123957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Brazil]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pedro II of Brazil]]]]</div> * [[1500-04-22|1500]] - [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] wa ku [[Portugal]] wakafika ku Brazil, ndipo charu ichi chikamba kuŵa chigaŵa cha ufumu wa Portugal.<br> * [[1532]] - Ŵa Portugal ŵakakhazikiska malo ghakwamba gha kuŵikamo ŵanthu ku [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]].<br> * [[1808]] - Banja la ufumu wa Portugal likasamira ku Brazil chifukwa cha kuwukira kwa [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] ku Europe.<br> * [[1822-09-07]] - [[Brazil]] yikapharazga wanangwa wake kufuma ku [[Portugal]], ndipo [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] wakazgoka themba lakwamba.<br> * [[1888-05-13]] - [[Lei Áurea|Dango la Golide]] likamara ukapolo mu Brazil.<br> [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Brazil]]]] * [[1889-11-15]] - Brazil yikazgoka repubulika pamanyuma pa kugumulika kwa ufumu wa [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]].<br> * [[1930]] - [[Getúlio Vargas]] wakatora mazaza ndipo wakalongozga nyengo ya kusintha kwa ndyali mu Brazil.<br> * [[1964-03-31]] - Gulu la ŵasilikari likagumura boma ndipo nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari yikamba.<br> * [[1985]] - Boma la ŵasilikari likamara ndipo Brazil yikamba kuwelera ku demokrasia.<br> * [[1988-10-05]] - Malango gha sono gha Brazil ghakazomerezgeka.<br> * [[2003-01-01]] - [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] wakamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Brazil.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> fdu06rvoo4khl11kgh49nt5d4phepj6 4 50168 123958 2026-11-04T22:23:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga ma category kuti ghayane na mwezi wa Thukila 123958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Japan]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:The Three Unifiers of Japan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oda Nobunaga]], [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] na [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]]] </div> * [[660 BC]] - [[Jimmu]] wakuzomerezgeka mu nthano za Japan kuŵa themba lakwamba la Japan.<br> * [[645]] - [[Taika Reform|Masinthiro gha Taika]] ghakamba, kupangiska ndondomeko yiphya ya boma mu Japan.<br> * [[794]] - Msumba wa [[Kyoto]] ukazgoka likuru la ufumu wa Japan mu nyengo ya [[Heian period|nyengo ya Heian]].<br> * [[1185]] - [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni [[shōgun]], ndipo [[Kamakura shogunate|shogunate ya Kamakura]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1543]] - Ŵamalonda ŵa ku [[Portugal]] ŵakafika ku Japan ndipo ŵakiza na vilwero vya mfuti.<br> * [[1603]] - [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]] wakakhazikiska [[Tokugawa shogunate|shogunate ya Tokugawa]], iyo yikawusa Japan kwa vyaka vinandi.<br> [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Japan]]]] * [[1868]] - [[Meiji Restoration|Masinthiro gha Meiji]] ghakamba, ndipo mazaza ghakawelera ku themba la Japan.<br> * [[1945-08-15]] - Japan yikapharazga kumalizga nkhondo ya [[World War II|Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Charu Chose]].<br> * [[1947-05-03]] - Malango ghaphya gha Japan ghakamba kugwira ntchito ndipo ghakapanga charu ichi kuŵa demokilasi.<br> * [[1964-10-10]] - Japan yikachita [[1964 Summer Olympics|Maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1964]] mu [[Tokyo]], kulongora kukura kwa chuma chake.<br> * [[2019-05-01]] - [[Naruhito]] wakamba kuŵa themba la Japan pamanyuma pa nyengo ya [[Akihito]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jhsy9t78bsszcvofz8ybaxg38we2u4x 4 50169 123959 2026-11-04T22:23:58Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera ivyo vili mu Ogasiti na kuŵika mu Thukila 123959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[India]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mahatma Gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahatma Gandhi]]]] </div> * [[2500 BC]] - [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Chitukuko cha Chigwa cha Indus]] chikamba kuŵapo mu vigaŵa ivyo sono ni India na Pakistan.<br> * [[322 BC]] - [[Chandragupta Maurya]] wakakhazikiska [[Maurya Empire|Ufumu wa Maurya]], uwo ukaŵa umoza mwa maufumu ghakwamba ghakurughakuru mu India.<br> * [[268 BC]] - [[Ashoka]] wakamba kuwusa [[Maurya Empire|Ufumu wa Maurya]] ndipo wakafumiska visambizgo vya [[Buddhism|Ubuddha]].<br> * [[1526]] - [[Babur]] wakakhazikiska [[Mughal Empire|Ufumu wa Mughal]] pamanyuma pa [[First Battle of Panipat|Nkhondo yakwamba ya Panipat]].<br> * [[1757]] - [[British East India Company]] yikamba kusazgako mazaza ghake mu India pamanyuma pa [[Battle of Plassey|Nkhondo ya Plassey]].<br> * [[1858]] - Boma la [[United Kingdom|Britain]] likatora mazaza gha India mwakudunjika, ndipo nyengo ya [[British Raj|Ukoloni wa Britain]] yikamba.<br> [[File:Flag of India.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[India]]]] * [[1885]] - [[Indian National Congress]] yikakhazikika kuti yilimbire wanangwa wa India.<br> * [[1947-08-15]] - [[India]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[United Kingdom|Britain]], ndipo [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru yakwamba.<br> * [[1950-01-26]] - [[Constitution of India|Malango gha India]] ghakamba kugwira ntchito ndipo India yikazgoka repubulika.<br> * [[1948-01-30]] - [[Mahatma Gandhi]] wakakomeka ku [[New Delhi]] pamanyuma pa kulimbana na ukoloni.<br> * [[2014-05-26]] - [[Narendra Modi]] wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru ya India.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 1lkfip25gd5an7wvvbo1y8ryz22szki 4 50170 123960 2026-11-04T22:24:07Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusintha mwezi wa ma category kufuma Ogasiti kuya Thukila 123960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Egypt]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:BD Weighing of the Heart.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tutankhamun]]]] </div> * [[3100 BC]] - [[Narmer]] wakagwirizaniska [[Upper Egypt|Egypt ya pachanya]] na [[Lower Egypt|Egypt ya pasi]], kupangiska ufumu wakale wa Egypt.<br> * [[2700 BC]] - Nyengo ya [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Ufumu Wakale wa Egypt]] yikamba, ndipo ma piramidi ghakamba kuzengereka.<br> * [[2560 BC]] - [[Great Pyramid of Giza|Piramidi Likuru la Giza]] likamara kuzengereka mu nyengo ya [[Khufu]].<br> * [[1550 BC]] - [[New Kingdom of Egypt|Ufumu Uphya wa Egypt]] ukamba, uwo ukaŵa nyengo yakukondwa ya Egypt yakale.<br> * [[1332 BC]] - [[Tutankhamun]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pharao wa Egypt.<br> * [[332 BC]] - [[Alexander the Great]] wakatora Egypt ndipo nyengo ya [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ufumu wa Ptolemy]] yikamba.<br> [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Egypt]]]] * [[30 BC]] - Egypt yikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Roman Empire|Ufumu wa Roma]] pamanyuma pa kugonja kwa [[Cleopatra VII]].<br> * [[1798]] - [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] wakaluta ku Egypt mu [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|nkhondo ya France ku Egypt]].<br> * [[1922-02-28]] - [[United Kingdom|Britain]] yikazomerezga wanangwa wa Egypt mwakuyana na fundo zinyake.<br> * [[1952-07-23]] - [[Egyptian revolution of 1952|Kusintha boma kwa 1952]] kukapangiska kugwa kwa ufumu wa Egypt.<br> * [[1953-06-18]] - Egypt yikazgoka repubulika ndipo [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] wakamba kuŵa mulongozgi wakuzirwa.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> iq3eb872db1qub1nzkzwy19s1ts3vaq 4 50171 123961 2026-11-04T22:24:16Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga maulalo gha category gha mwezi wa Thukila 123961 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Mexico]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Benito Juarez.jpg|thumb|left|[[Benito Juárez]]]] </div> * [[1325]] - Ŵanthu ŵa [[Mexica|Mexica (Aztec)]] ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa [[Tenochtitlan]], uwo sono ni [[Mexico City]].<br> * [[1519]] - [[Hernán Cortés]] wa ku Spain wakafika ku Mexico, ndipo nkhondo pakati pa Spain na [[Aztec Empire|Ufumu wa Aztec]] yikamba.<br> * [[1521-08-13]] - [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Spain yikagonjeka Ufumu wa Aztec]] ndipo ukoloni wa Spain mu Mexico ukamba.<br> * [[1810-09-16]] - [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] wakamba [[Mexican War of Independence|nkhondo ya wanangwa wa Mexico]] kufuma ku Spain.<br> * [[1821-09-27]] - [[Mexico]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Spain ndipo yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira.<br> * [[1858]] - [[Benito Juárez]] wakamba kuŵa mulongozgi wa Mexico mu nyengo ya [[Reform War|Nkhondo ya Masinthiro]].<br> [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Mexico]]]] * [[1910-11-20]] - [[Mexican Revolution|Kusintha boma kwa Mexico]] kukamba, uko kukasintha ndondomeko ya ndyali ya charu.<br> * [[1917-02-05]] - [[Constitution of Mexico|Malango gha Mexico]] ghaphya ghakazomerezgeka.<br> * [[1968-10-12]] - [[Mexico City]] yikachita [[1968 Summer Olympics|Maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha 1968]], ghaŵa ghakwamba kuchitika mu Latin America.<br> * [[1994-01-01]] - [[NAFTA]] yikamba kugwira ntchito pakati pa Mexico, United States na Canada.<br> * [[2000-12-01]] - [[Vicente Fox]] wakamba kuŵa pulezidenti, kumalizga kuwusa kwa [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] kwa vyaka vinandi.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6p2z1v50efpxr7yq79r9r3uztqui7bd 4 50172 123962 2026-11-04T22:24:25Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123962 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Greece]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Pericles Pio-Clementino Inv269.jpg|100px|left|[[Pericles]]]] </div> * [[c. 1600 BC]] - Chitukuko cha [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] chikamba kuŵapo mu vigaŵa vya Greece wakale.<br> * [[776 BC]] - [[Ancient Olympic Games|Maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha kale]] ghakamba kuchitikira ku [[Olympia]].<br> * [[508 BC]] - [[Cleisthenes]] wakakhazikiska ndondomeko ya [[Athenian democracy|demokilasi ya Athens]].<br> * [[461 BC]] - [[Pericles]] wakamba kulongozga [[Athens]], ndipo nyengo ya kutukuka kwa chikhalidwe cha Greece yikamba.<br> * [[338 BC]] - [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] wakagonjeka mizi ya Greece pa [[Battle of Chaeronea|Nkhondo ya Chaeronea]].<br> * [[336 BC]] - [[Alexander the Great]] wakamba kuwusa [[Macedonia]], ndipo wakamba kukuzga chikoka cha Greece mu vyaru vinandi.<br> [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Greece]]]] * [[1830-02-03]] - [[Greece]] yikazomerezgeka kuŵa charu chakujiyimira kufuma ku [[Ottoman Empire|Ufumu wa Ottoman]].<br> * [[1896-04-06]] - [[Athens]] yikachitira [[1896 Summer Olympics|Maseŵera gha Olimpiki gha mazuŵa ghano ghakwamba]].<br> * [[1940-10-28]] - Greece yikakana pempho la Italy lakuti yijandike mu nkhondo, zuŵa ilo likumanyikwa nga ni [[Ohi Day]].<br> * [[1974-07-24]] - Demokilasi yikaweleraso mu Greece pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa [[Greek junta|boma la ŵasilikari]].<br> * [[1981-01-01]] - Greece yikazgoka membala wa [[European Union|Wupu wa European Union]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> f1qoz4tfcfwt7p4evdgc4hhgoztkq8k 4 50173 123963 2026-11-04T22:24:34Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera ivyo vili mu Ogasiti na kuŵika mu Thukila 123963 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Ethiopia]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Haile Selassie.jpg|thumb|left|[[Haile Selassie]]]] </div> * [[c. 980 BC]] - Ufumu wakale wa [[Kingdom of D'mt|D'mt]] ukamba kuŵapo mu chigaŵa icho sono ni Ethiopia na Eritrea.<br> * [[1270]] - [[Solomonic dynasty|Mbumba ya Solomoni]] yikamba kuwusa Ethiopia, kudumbika ku nthowa ya ufumu wa kale wa Aksum.<br> * [[1529]] - [[Ethiopian–Adal War|Nkhondo ya Ethiopia na Adal]] yikamba pakati pa Ethiopia na Ufumu wa Adal.<br> * [[1896-03-01]] - [[Battle of Adwa|Nkhondo ya Adwa]] yikachitika, ndipo Ethiopia yikagonjeka Italy.<br> * [[1930-11-02]] - [[Haile Selassie]] wakajalikika kuŵa themba la Ethiopia.<br> * [[1935-10-03]] - [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|Italy yikamba kuwukira Ethiopia]].<br> [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Ethiopia]]]] * [[1941]] - Ethiopia yikaweleraso kuŵa yakujiyimira pamanyuma pakuchimbizga ŵasilikari ŵa Italy.<br> * [[1974-09-12]] - [[Derg|Boma la ŵasilikari la Derg]] likagwetsa Haile Selassie ndipo likatora mazaza.<br> * [[1991-05-28]] - [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] yikatora mazaza pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa Derg.<br> * [[1995-08-22]] - [[Constitution of Ethiopia|Malango gha Ethiopia]] ghakamba kugwira ntchito ndipo charu chikasinthika kuŵa repubulika ya boma la mafederal.<br> * [[2018-04-02]] - [[Abiy Ahmed]] wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Ethiopia.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em;text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 5mhfbva0vq7fufxrab3hf0ammyedk25 4 50174 123964 2026-11-04T22:24:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopera nkhani ya Ogasiti mu peji la Thukila 123964 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Turkey]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Ataturk1930s.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]]]</div> * [[1299]] - [[Osman I]] wakakhazikiska [[Ottoman Empire]], ufumu uwo ukazgoka nkhongono yikuru mu Middle East na Europe.<br> * [[1453-05-29]] - [[Mehmed II]] wakatora [[Constantinople]] ndipo msumba uwu ukazgoka msumba ukuru wa Ottoman Empire.<br> * [[1517]] - Ottoman Empire yikatora [[Egypt]] ndipo ŵa Ottoman ŵakamba kujilamulira nga ni ŵalongozgi ŵa Chisilamu.<br> * [[1683-09-12]] - Nkhondo ya [[Battle of Vienna]] yikachitika, iyo yikamazga kukura kwa Ottoman Empire ku Europe.<br> * [[1839]] - [[Tanzimat]] yikamba, ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa boma mu Ottoman Empire.<br> * [[1914-11-01]] - Ottoman Empire yikanjira mu [[World War I]] ku chigaŵa cha [[Central Powers]].<br> [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Turkey]]]] * [[1923-10-29]] - [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] wakakhazikiska [[Republic of Turkey]] pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa Ottoman Empire.<br> * [[1945]] - Turkey yikanjira mu [[United Nations]] nga ni chalo cha membala.<br> * [[1952-02-18]] - Turkey yikanjira mu [[NATO]] nga ni membala.<br> * [[2003-03-14]] - [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] wakamba kuŵa nduna yikuru ya Turkey.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ojyp9hbkc1wskmuwo38kmrgw58b995p 4 50175 123965 2026-11-04T22:24:52Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kufuma ku Ogasiti 123965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[China]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Mao Zedong.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mao Zedong]]]]</div> * [[221 BC]] - [[Qin Shi Huang]] wakakoleraniska vyaru vya China ndipo wakakhazikiska [[Qin dynasty]], ufumu wakwamba wa China wakukolerana.<br> * [[206 BC]] - [[Han dynasty]] yikamba kuwusa ndipo yikazenga maziko gha chikhalidwe cha China.<br> * [[618]] - [[Tang dynasty]] yikamba ndipo China yikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa gha malonda na chikhalidwe mu Asia.<br> * [[1271]] - [[Kublai Khan]] wakakhazikiska [[Yuan dynasty]], ufumu wa Ŵamongoli mu China.<br> * [[1368]] - [[Ming dynasty]] yikamba kuwusa pamanyuma pa kufumiska Ŵamongoli.<br> * [[1644]] - [[Qing dynasty]] yikatora mazaza ndipo yikaŵa ufumu waumaliro wa China.<br> [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[China]]]] * [[1912-01-01]] - [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] yikakhazikika pamanyuma pa kugwa kwa Qing dynasty.<br> * [[1949-10-01]] - [[Mao Zedong]] wakapharazga kukhazikika kwa [[People's Republic of China]].<br> * [[1978]] - [[Deng Xiaoping]] wakamba ndondomeko za kusintha vya chuma mu China.<br> * [[2001-12-11]] - China yikanjira mu [[World Trade Organization]].<br> * [[2013-03-14]] - [[Xi Jinping]] wakasankhika kuŵa pulezidenti wa China.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 8h5zrwpvhhrrpm60bdqdxm26dl6hsxi 4 50176 123966 2026-11-04T22:25:01Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la zuŵa ili kufuma ku mwezi wa Ogasiti 123966 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[South Korea]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:L’Indépendance de la Corée et la Paix-02.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kim Il Sung]]]]</div> * [[2333 BC]] - Malinga na ntharika ya ku Korea, [[Dangun]] wakakhazikiska [[Gojoseon]], ufumu wakale wa ku Korea.<br> * [[668]] - [[Silla]] yikakoleraniska chigaŵa chikuru cha Korea pamanyuma pa kugonja maufumu ghanyake.<br> * [[918]] - [[Wang Geon]] wakakhazikiska [[Goryeo]], ufumu uwo zina lakuti Korea likufuma.<br> * [[1392]] - [[Joseon]] yikakhazikika na [[Yi Seong-gye]] ndipo yikawusa Korea kwa vyaka vinandi.<br> * [[1910-08-29]] - [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] yikazgoka chigaŵa cha [[Empire of Japan]].<br> [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[South Korea]]]] * [[1945-08-15]] - Korea yikafwatuka ku ulamuliro wa Japan pamanyuma pa [[World War II]].<br> * [[1948-08-15]] - [[South Korea]] yikakhazikika nga ni [[First Republic of Korea]].<br> * [[1950-06-25]] - [[Korean War]] yikamba pakati pa North Korea na South Korea.<br> * [[1987-10-29]] - Malango ghaphya gha boma la demokrasia ghakazomerezgeka mu South Korea.<br> * [[2017-05-10]] - [[Moon Jae-in]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pulezidenti wa South Korea.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> oig29wt9hfyi3j0z5knz3g3gykxgd4e 4 50177 123967 2026-11-04T22:25:10Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani ya zuŵa ili mu mwezi wa Thukila 123967 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Nigeria]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Nnamdi Azikiwe.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nnamdi Azikiwe]]]]</div> * [[1000 BC]] - Mbumba zakale nga ni [[Nok culture]] zikamba kukura mu chigaŵa icho sono ni Nigeria.<br> * [[1472]] - Ŵamalonda ŵa ku Portugal ŵakafika ku mumphepete mwa nyanja ya Nigeria ndipo malonda ghakamba kukura.<br> * [[1804]] - [[Usman dan Fodio]] wakamba [[Fulani War]], ndipo [[Sokoto Caliphate]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1861]] - [[Lagos]] yikazgoka chigaŵa cha ulamuliro wa [[British Empire]].<br> * [[1914]] - Britain yikakoleraniska [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] na [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]] kupanga [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]].<br> * [[1960-10-01]] - [[Nigeria]] yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku [[United Kingdom]].<br> [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Nigeria]]]] * [[1963-10-01]] - Nigeria yikazgoka repubulika ndipo [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]] wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba.<br> * [[1967-05-30]] - [[Biafra]] yikapharazga kujiyimira, ndipo [[Nigerian Civil War]] yikamba.<br> * [[1999-05-29]] - Boma la ŵasilikari likamara ndipo Nigeria yikawelera ku demokrasia.<br> * [[2015-05-29]] - [[Muhammadu Buhari]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pulezidenti wa Nigeria.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 7y2pqpnriimkn0pnaap4y7k8ehgehi0 4 50178 123968 2026-11-04T22:25:19Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusazgirapo peji la zuŵa ili la mwezi wa Thukila 123968 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Argentina]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:José de San Martín (retrato, c.1828).jpg|thumb|left|[[José de San Martín]]]]</div> * [[1580]] - [[Buenos Aires]] yikakhazikikaso na ŵa Spain ndipo yikazgoka malo ghakuzirwa gha malonda.<br> * [[1776]] - [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]] yikakhazikika na Spain, ndipo Buenos Aires yikazgoka msumba ukuru.<br> * [[1810-05-25]] - [[May Revolution]] yikachitika ndipo gulu la Argentina likamba kujilamulira kufuma ku Spain.<br> * [[1812]] - [[Manuel Belgrano]] wakagadzira [[Flag of Argentina|mbendela ya Argentina]] mu nkhondo ya wanangwa.<br> * [[1816-07-09]] - Argentina yikapharazga wanangwa wake kufuma ku Spain pa [[Congress of Tucumán]].<br> [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Argentina]]]] * [[1817]] - [[José de San Martín]] wakalongozga nkhondo ya kuwombola [[Chile]] na vyaru vinyake vya ku South America.<br> * [[1853]] - [[Argentine Constitution of 1853|Malango ghakwamba gha Argentina]] ghakazomerezgeka.<br> * [[1946-06-04]] - [[Juan Perón]] wakamba kuŵa pulezidenti wa Argentina.<br> * [[1983-12-10]] - Argentina yikawelera ku boma la demokrasia pamanyuma pa ulamuliro wa ŵasilikari.<br> * [[2023-12-10]] - [[Javier Milei]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pulezidenti wa Argentina.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 6orn1qhk1l66o7oel67w3bvk5jo8gd0 4 50179 123969 2026-11-04T22:25:28Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa nkhani ya mwezi wa Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Canada]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Laura Secord warns Fitzgibbons, 1813.jpg|thumb|left|[[Laura Secord]]]]</div> * [[1000]] - Ŵa [[Norsemen]] ŵakafika ku [[L'Anse aux Meadows]] mu Newfoundland, malo ghakwamba gha ŵa ku Europe mu North America.<br> * [[1534]] - [[Jacques Cartier]] wakafika ku Canada ndipo wakadumba charu ichi chifukwa cha France.<br> * [[1608]] - [[Samuel de Champlain]] wakakhazikiska [[Quebec City]], malo ghakuzirwa gha ŵa France mu Canada.<br> * [[1763]] - [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] yikamalizga [[Seven Years' War]] ndipo Britain yikatora ulamuliro wa Canada kufuma ku France.<br> * [[1867-07-01]] - [[Canadian Confederation]] yikakhazikika ndipo [[Dominion of Canada]] yikapangika.<br> [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Canada]]]] * [[1870]] - [[Manitoba]] yikanjira mu Canada nga ni chigaŵa chakwamba pamanyuma pa Confederation.<br> * [[1926]] - [[Balfour Declaration of 1926|Balfour Declaration]] yikazomerezga kuti Canada na ma dominion ghanyake ghakujilamulira mu [[British Empire]].<br> * [[1931]] - [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] yikapa Canada mazaza ghakukwana gha kupanga malango ghake.<br> * [[1982-04-17]] - [[Constitution Act, 1982]] yikazomerezgeka ndipo Canada yikatora malango ghake kufuma ku Britain.<br> * [[2015-11-04]] - [[Justin Trudeau]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni nduna yikuru ya Canada.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> imgtv9yicz88nhqkbdb7pf7ppn5is75 4 50180 123970 2026-11-04T22:25:37Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika nkhani yakuyana mu mwezi wa Thukila 123970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Australia]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|left|[[Libwe lakupenta la Bradshaw]]]]</div> * [[60,000 BC]] - Ŵanthu ŵakwamba ŵa [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] ŵakafika ku Australia ndipo ŵakamba kukhala mu charu ichi.<br> * [[1606]] - [[Willem Janszoon]] wakazgoka Mzungu wakwamba wakumanyikwa kuti wakafika ku Australia.<br> * [[1770-04-29]] - [[James Cook]] wakafika ku mumphepete mwa kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Australia ndipo wakadumba charu ichi ku Britain.<br> * [[1788-01-26]] - [[First Fleet]] yikafika ku [[Sydney Cove]] ndipo malo ghakwamba gha ŵakwendeska jele gha Britain ghakakhazikika.<br> * [[1851]] - [[Australian gold rushes|Nkhondo ya golide]] yikamba ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasamira ku Australia.<br> [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Australia]]]] * [[1901-01-01]] - [[Federation of Australia]] yikakhazikika ndipo maufumu ghankhondi na limoza ghakakolerana kupanga charu.<br> * [[1915-04-25]] - Ŵasilikari ŵa Australia ŵakanjira mu [[Gallipoli campaign]] mu [[World War I]].<br> * [[1942]] - Australia yikamba kuŵa chigaŵa chakuzirwa cha nkhondo ya [[Pacific War]] mu [[World War II]].<br> * [[1986-03-03]] - [[Australia Act 1986]] yikamalizga ubwezi wa malango pakati pa Australia na Britain.<br> * [[2013-09-18]] - [[Tony Abbott]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni nduna yikuru ya Australia.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> 63kmvepkq6dbsbjw6ypl81p5yzyzlr8 4 50181 123971 2026-11-04T22:25:46Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kusamutsa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123971 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Germany]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Otto von Bismarck.jpg|thumb|left|[[Otto von Bismarck]]]]</div> * [[800-12-25]] - [[Charlemagne]] wakavwalika mphumphu kuŵa Mfumu ya [[Holy Roman Empire]], ufumu uwo ukaŵa na vigaŵa vinandi vya Germany.<br> * [[962-02-02]] - [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] wakavwalika mphumphu kuŵa Mfumu ya [[Holy Roman Empire]].<br> * [[1517-10-31]] - [[Martin Luther]] wakapharazga [[Ninety-five Theses]], ndipo [[Protestant Reformation]] yikamba.<br> * [[1871-01-18]] - [[German Empire]] yikakhazikika, ndipo [[Otto von Bismarck]] wakazgoka Chancellor wakwamba.<br> * [[1919-06-28]] - Germany yikasayina [[Treaty of Versailles]] pamanyuma pa [[World War I]].<br> [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Germany]]]] * [[1933-01-30]] - [[Adolf Hitler]] wakazgoka Chancellor wa Germany.<br> * [[1949-05-23]] - [[West Germany]] ([[Federal Republic of Germany]]) yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1949-10-07]] - [[East Germany]] ([[German Democratic Republic]]) yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1990-10-03]] - [[German reunification]] yikachitika, ndipo East Germany yikakolerana na West Germany.<br> * [[2005-11-22]] - [[Angela Merkel]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni Chancellor wa Germany.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ot85uus0f84b4slmmfwg6sdv2yahq10 4 50182 123972 2026-11-04T22:25:55Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji liphya la Thukila na ivyo vili mu Ogasiti 123972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Mexico]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg|thumb|left|[[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]]]</div> * [[1325]] - [[Aztec]] ŵakakhazikiska msumba wa [[Tenochtitlan]], uwo ukaŵa msumba ukuru wa ufumu wawo.<br> * [[1519]] - [[Hernán Cortés]] wakafika ku Mexico ndipo wakamba kuwukira Ufumu wa Aztec.<br> * [[1521-08-13]] - [[Tenochtitlan]] yikawa, ndipo Spain yikamba kuwusa Mexico.<br> * [[1810-09-16]] - [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] wakapharazga [[Grito de Dolores]], ndipo nkhondo ya wanangwa yikamba.<br> * [[1821-09-27]] - Mexico yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Spain.<br> [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Mexico]]]] * [[1824-10-04]] - [[Constitution of Mexico|Dango likuru]] likazomerezgeka ndipo [[First Mexican Republic]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1846]] - [[Mexican–American War]] yikamba pakati pa Mexico na United States.<br> * [[1910-11-20]] - [[Mexican Revolution]] yikamba kulimbana na boma la [[Porfirio Díaz]].<br> * [[1917-02-05]] - [[Constitution of Mexico|Dango likuru la 1917]] likamba kugwira ntchito.<br> * [[2018-12-01]] - [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pulezidenti wa Mexico.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> byy3tgj5pxe5xfw8ry5mbo3lqjqzr28 4 50183 123973 2026-11-04T22:26:04Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa ivyo vili pa peji la Ogasiti kuya ku Thukila 123973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Norway]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Harald Hårfagre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Harald Fairhair]]]]</div> * [[872]] - [[Harald Fairhair]] wakathereska pa [[Battle of Hafrsfjord]] ndipo wakakoleranya maufumu gha Norway.<br> * [[995]] - [[Olaf Tryggvason]] wakazgoka themba la Norway ndipo wakamba kupharazga Chikhristu.<br> * [[1030-07-29]] - [[Olaf II of Norway|Olaf II]] wakafwira pa [[Battle of Stiklestad]] ndipo pamanyuma wakazgoka mtuŵa.<br> * [[1397-06-17]] - Norway yikanjira mu [[Kalmar Union]] pamoza na Denmark na Sweden.<br> * [[1814-05-17]] - [[Constitution of Norway]] likalembeka ku [[Eidsvoll]], ndipo Norway yikapharazga kujilamulira.<br> [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Norway]]]] * [[1814-11-04]] - Norway yikanjira mu wupu umoza na [[Sweden]] kweni yikasunga dango lake likuru.<br> * [[1905-06-07]] - Norway yikamalizga wupu wake na Sweden ndipo yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha.<br> * [[1940-04-09]] - [[Nazi Germany]] yikawukira Norway pa [[World War II]].<br> * [[1945-05-08]] - Norway yikafwatuka ku ulamuliro wa Germany pamanyuma pa nkhondo.<br> * [[1949-04-04]] - Norway yikazgoka yimoza mwa vyaru vyakwamba kunjira mu [[NATO]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> jz9of86eyqr965tdmov3px43d458kcf 4 50184 123974 2026-11-04T22:26:13Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kukopa peji la mwezi wa Ogasiti na kusintha ma category 123974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Netherlands]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:WilliamOfOrange1580.jpg|thumb|left|[[William the Silent]]]]</div> * [[1433]] - Vigaŵa vinandi vya Netherlands vikamba kuwusika na [[Duchy of Burgundy]].<br> * [[1568]] - [[Eighty Years' War]] yikamba pakati pa ŵa Netherlands na Spain.<br> * [[1579-01-23]] - [[Union of Utrecht]] yikasayinika ndipo yikazgoka maziko gha Netherlands yasono.<br> * [[1581-07-26]] - [[Act of Abjuration]] yikapharazga kuti vigaŵa vya Netherlands vikujitonda ku Spain.<br> * [[1648-01-30]] - [[Peace of Münster]] yikazomerezga wanangwa wa [[Dutch Republic]].<br> [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Netherlands]]]] * [[1815-03-16]] - [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] yikakhazikika pamanyuma pa nkhondo za Napoleon.<br> * [[1839-04-19]] - Netherlands yikazomerezga kujiyimira kwa [[Belgium]] na [[Treaty of London (1839)]].<br> * [[1940-05-10]] - [[Nazi Germany]] yikawukira Netherlands pa [[World War II]].<br> * [[1945-05-05]] - Netherlands yikafwatuka ku ulamuliro wa Germany.<br> * [[1949-04-04]] - Netherlands yikazgoka yimoza mwa vyaru vyakwamba kunjira mu [[NATO]].<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> q3u2mtrkbqj8y3tn0jxwecfug768ivg 4 50185 123975 2026-11-04T22:26:22Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kuŵika vyakulembeka vya Ogasiti pa peji la Thukila 123975 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Russia]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Peter the Great.jpg|thumb|left|[[Peter the Great]]]]</div> * [[862]] - [[Rurik]] wakamba kuwusa ku [[Novgorod]], icho chikuwoneka nga ni chiyambi cha boma la Russia.<br> * [[988]] - [[Vladimir the Great]] wakazomera Chikhristu cha [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], ndipo [[Kievan Rus']] yikazgoka Chikhristu.<br> * [[1547-01-16]] - [[Ivan the Terrible]] wakavwalika mphumphu kuŵa Tsar wakwamba wa Russia.<br> * [[1721-11-02]] - [[Peter the Great]] wakapharazga [[Russian Empire]], ndipo Russia yikazgoka ufumu ukuru wa ku Europe.<br> * [[1917-11-07]] - [[October Revolution]] yikawuskapo boma la Tsar ndipo [[Bolsheviks]] ŵakatora mazaza.<br> [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Russia]]]] * [[1922-12-30]] - [[Soviet Union]] yikakhazikika, ndipo Russia yikaŵa republic yikuru chomene mu wupu uwu.<br> * [[1945-05-09]] - Soviet Union yikathereska Germany pa [[World War II]], ndipo zuŵa ili likukumbukika nga ni Victory Day.<br> * [[1991-12-25]] - [[Soviet Union]] yikamara, ndipo Russia yikazgoka charu chakujiyimira paŵekha.<br> * [[2000-05-07]] - [[Vladimir Putin]] wakamba nyengo yake yakwamba nga ni pulezidenti wa Russia.<br> * [[2022-02-24]] - Russia yikamba kuwukira [[Ukraine]], ndipo nkhondo yikamba.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> tqb5gtve2g5jbp0bh8dghxyz72jma2q 4 50186 123976 2026-11-04T22:26:31Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la Thukila kwizira mu peji la Ogasiti 123976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[South Korea]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Sejong the Great.jpg|thumb|left|[[Sejong the Great]]]]</div> * [[1392]] - [[Joseon]] yikakhazikika ndipo yikamba kuwusa Korea.<br> * [[1443]] - [[Sejong the Great]] wakalenga vilembo vya [[Hangul]].<br> * [[1910-08-29]] - [[Empire of Japan]] yikapoka Korea.<br> * [[1945-08-15]] - Korea yikafwatuka ku Japan pamanyuma pa [[World War II]].<br> * [[1948-08-15]] - [[South Korea]] yikakhazikika, ndipo [[Syngman Rhee]] wakazgoka pulezidenti wakwamba.<br> [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[South Korea]]]] * [[1950-06-25]] - [[Korean War]] yikamba apo [[North Korea]] yikawukira South Korea.<br> * [[1953-07-27]] - Nkhondo ya Korea yikamara na armistice.<br> * [[1988-09-17]] - [[1988 Summer Olympics]] ghakajulika ku [[Seoul]].<br> * [[1996-12-12]] - South Korea yikanjira mu [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]].<br> * [[2022-05-10]] - [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] wakamba kuwusa nga ni pulezidenti.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> o1jaxrx50cqijgdl1ip88exdmrz48iw 4 50187 123977 2026-11-04T22:26:41Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kupanga peji la mwezi wa Thukila kufuma ku nkhani yakale 123977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Mongolia]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg|thumb|left|[[Genghis Khan]]]]</div> * [[1206]] - [[Genghis Khan]] wakimikika kuŵa Khan Mukuru ndipo wakakhazikiska [[Mongol Empire]].<br> * [[1227]] - [[Genghis Khan]] wakafwa, kweni Ufumu wa Mongol ukalutilira kukura.<br> * [[1271]] - [[Kublai Khan]] wakakhazikiska [[Yuan dynasty]] ku China.<br> * [[1368]] - [[Yuan dynasty]] yikawa, ndipo ŵa Mongol ŵakawelera ku Mongolia.<br> * [[1691]] - Mongolia yikanjira mu ulamuliro wa [[Qing dynasty]].<br> [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Mongolia]]]] * [[1911-12-29]] - Mongolia yikapharazga wanangwa wake kufuma ku Qing China.<br> * [[1921-07-11]] - [[Mongolian Revolution of 1921]] yikathereska ŵasilikari ŵa China na White Russian.<br> * [[1924-11-26]] - [[Mongolian People's Republic]] yikakhazikika.<br> * [[1990]] - Mongolia yikamba ndondomeko ya demokrasia pamanyuma pa viwoneskero vya mtende.<br> * [[1992-02-12]] - [[Constitution of Mongolia]] liphya likamba kugwira ntchito ndipo charu chikazgoka repubulika ya demokrasia.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> m9msohtg7yre0msnrr79z2rgt882hc2 4 50188 123978 2026-11-04T22:26:49Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Kunozga ma category kuti ghayane na mwezi wa Thukila 123978 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mndandanda uwu ngwakukhwaskana na charu cha [[Sri Lanka]]''' <div style="float:left;margin-right:0.9em"> [[File:Anagarika Dharmapala.jpg|thumb|left|[[Anagarika Dharmapala]]]]</div> * [[543 BC]] - Mwakuyana na mdauko wa ku Sri Lanka, [[Prince Vijaya]] wakafika pa chilwa ichi ndipo wakamba ufumu wakwamba.<br> * [[247 BC]] - [[Mahinda]] wakiza na [[Buddhism]] ku Sri Lanka mu nyengo ya Themba [[Devanampiya Tissa]].<br> * [[1505]] - Ŵa [[Portugal]] ŵakafika ku Sri Lanka ndipo ŵakamba malonda na ukoloni.<br> * [[1658]] - [[Dutch East India Company]] yikathereska Portugal ndipo yikatora vigaŵa vya chilwa ichi.<br> * [[1815]] - [[Kingdom of Kandy]] yikawa, ndipo Britain yikamba kuwusa Sri Lanka yose.<br> [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|thumb|100px|Mbendela ya [[Sri Lanka]]]] * [[1948-02-04]] - Sri Lanka (pa nyengo iyo [[Ceylon]]) yikapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain.<br> * [[1972-05-22]] - Charu chikasintha zina kufuma ku Ceylon kuya ku [[Sri Lanka]] ndipo chikazgoka repubulika.<br> * [[1983-07-23]] - [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] yikamba.<br> * [[2009-05-18]] - Nkhondo ya mukati yikamara pamanyuma pa kuthereskeka kwa [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].<br> * [[2022-07-21]] - [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] wakazgoka pulezidenti wa Sri Lanka.<br> <!--HooksEnd--> {{flatlist|class=dyk-footer noprint|style=margin-top:0.5em; text-align:right;}} {{endflatlist}} <noinclude>[[Category:Mndandanda wa nyengo za vyakuchitika mu mwezi wa Thukila]]</noinclude> <noinclude>[[Category:Vyakulemba vya pa chikaya cha Chitumbuka]]</noinclude> ake7xj58q5rl1x2g452ko2v9niugo9a 14 50189 123979 2026-11-04T22:27:47Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 123979 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 3 50190 123990 2026-11-05T09:14:52Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created page with "{{{Welcome}}---~~~~" 123990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{Welcome}}---[[user:Tumbuka Arch|<span style='color: #FFFFFF;background-color: #191970;'>'''''Tumbuka Arch'''''</span>]][[user talk:Tumbuka Arch|'''<span style='color: #B20000;background-color: #FFFFFF;'>^★_★^★</span>''']] 09:14, 5 Thukila 2026 (UTC) ehxpx3vnkx5ioz1zl8ofufnpdhu43h4 14 50191 123991 2026-11-05T09:23:43Z Tumbuka Arch 6863 Created blank page 123991 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1