Wikipedia twwiki https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratafa_Titiriw MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Soronko Nkitahode Dwumadini Dwumadini nkitahode Wikipedia Wikipedia nkitahode File File nkitahode MediaWiki MediaWiki nkitahode Nhwɛsoɔ Nhwɛsoɔ nkitahode Mmoa Mmoa nkitahode Nkyekyεmu Nkyekyεmu nkitahode TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Mfinfii Mantan 0 4681 133069 18242 2022-08-01T21:09:58Z EmausBot 1667 Bot: Fixing double redirect to [[Central Region]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Central Region]] 4he52vpk5fcczh7t7gbdtiivi221pdb Nkramosom dan 0 12543 133072 130217 2022-08-02T10:57:33Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Nkramosom dan ('''''/mɒsk/; a ɛfiri Arabic: مَسْجِد, <small>romanized:</small> ''masjid'', bɔ no <small>mǝsdʒid]; a ɛkyerɛ " beaɛ a yɛgyina de y'anim buutu hɔ bɔ mpaeɛ") a wɔsane frɛ no masjid, baabi a nkramofoɔ bɔ mpaeɛ.</small><ref name=":0">http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552</ref>Mpempii no nkramodan yɛ dan bi a ɛso akata, nanso ɛbɛtumi ayɛ baabiara a wɔbɔ mpaeɛ (sujud), a yɛn nanaso ka ho.<ref>Longhurst, Christopher E; Theology of a Mosque: The Sacred Inspiring Form, Function and Design in Islamic Architecture, Lonaard Journal . Mar 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p3-13. 11p. “Since submission to God is the essence of divine worship, the place of worship is intrinsic to Islam’s self-identity. This ‘place’ is not a building per se but what is evidenced by the etymology of the word ‘mosque’ which derives from the Arabic ‘masjid’ meaning ‘a place of sujud (prostration</ref>Nkramosom dan wɔ agudeɛ a wɔfrɛ no (mihrab) a ɛwɔ afasuo ho a ɛkyerɛ baabi a me fa wɔ(qiblah),<ref name=":0" /> baabi a dan a wɔboro wɔn ho ne minarets a ɛkae nnipa sɛ wɔmmɔ mpaeɛ wɔ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Nuha N. N. Khoury (2009). "Mosque". In Juan Eduardo Campo (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. Infobase Publishing.</ref> (minbar) a wɔka Efiada (jumu'ah) asɛmpa (khutba), no na ɛyɛ Central City kramodan bi a ɛwɔ hɔ nanso ɛnyɛ adeɛ a ɛho yɛ na nkramosom dan nketewa mu.<ref name=":1">Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. MacMillan Reference.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Nkramodan pii no ara wɔ baabi a mmaa tena ne baabi a mmarima nso tena.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛkwan a ɛyɛ a wɔtaa hyehyɛ wɔn ho no gu ahodoɔ pii a ɛgyina mantam,som korɔ ne berɛ korɔ.<ref>Nuha N. N. Khoury (2009). "Mosque". In Juan Eduardo Campo (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. Infobase Publishing.</ref> Nkramosom dan yɛ beaɛ a wɔde bɔ mpaeɛ, Ramadan, ayiyɔ, awareɛ ne nnwumakuo nhyiamu,kyɛ sane gye adeɛ ne baabi a wɔda.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. MacMillan Reference</ref> Nkramosom dan yɛ baabi a tete no na ɛyɛ baabi a yɛma nkaebɔ, kɔɔto a wɔdi mmara so, ɛsom sukuu. Ɛnɛ mmerɛ yi, wɔdi wɔn dwumadie sɛ baabi a wɔde yɛ ɛsom ho nnoɔma ne ababaabaeɛ nkoa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Wɔde nnoɔma a ɛhohia no kɔ Great mosque of mecca(a ɛwɔ hajj mfimfini), nkɔmhyɛni no Nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ medi a(baabi a wɔsiee Muhammad) ne Al-Aqsa nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ Yerusalem(wɔgyedi sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a Muhammad de firi hɔ kɔɔ ɔsoro aheman mu).<ref name=":1" /> Ɛnam sɛ Nkramosom frɛɛ no nti, ɛmaa Nkramosom dan no dɔɔso wɔ Nkramosom man mu. Ɛtɔ mmerɛ bi a wɔdane nsɔre no yɛ no Nkramosom dan,a ɛnyaa nsunsuansoɔ wɔ kwan a wɔfa so nkramofoɔ dan.<ref name=":2" />Ɛnam sɛ Nkramosom dan a wɔsii no tete no wɔn a wɔyɛ adɔeɛ na ɛsiieɛ nti no, Nkramosom dan a aban siiɛ no ankorankorɛ deɛ no abɛ bunkam so, a pii no ara gyina hɔ ma nkramosom nkanyan ne nnoɔma a wɔyɛ no mpɔtam.<ref name=":2" /> Nkramosom dan adi amanyɔsɛm dwumadie pii. Nnipa a ɛwɔ nkramosom dan mu no sesa a ɛgyina mantam korɔ a ɔnii no wɔ. == N'abɔseɛ == Edin "Nkramosom dan" firi French din mosquée na ɛbɛtwitwa borɔfo kasa mu, a ɛfiri Italian moschea( Italian moscheta), a ɛfiri Middle Armenian մզկիթ (''mzkit‘''), Medieval Greek: μασγίδιον (''masgídion''), anaasɛ Spanish ''mezquita'', a ɛfiri مسجد (asekyerɛ ne sɛ "baabi a yɛbu yɛn mu bɔ mpaeɛ (wɔ mpaebɔ mu)" ne baabi ba yɛbɔ mpaeɛ), ɛbɛtumi afiri Nabataean ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'' anaasɛ Arabic Arabic: سَجَدَ, <small>romanized:</small> ''sajada'' (asekyerɛ ne sɛ" bɔ wo mu bɔ mpaeɛ"),a ɛbɛtumi afiri Nabataean Arabic ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'' anaasɛ Aramaic ''s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh''.<ref name=":3">For the word's origin from French and probable origin from Italian ''moscheta'', see "mosque, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [1]. For the derivation of ''moscheta'' from Arabic ''sajada'' see "mesquita, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [2]. For the probable origin of "sajada" from Aramaic, and the meanings of ''sajada'' and ''masjid'' in Arabic, see "masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [3]. For the inclusion of Spanish ''mesquita'', possible derivation from Nabataean ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'', and the Aramaic ''s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh'', see Klein, E., ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'' (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), p. 1007.</ref> Abakɔsɛm Nkramofoɔ animdefoɔ ne abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ, nkramosom firi Arabia wɔ Muhammad pɛn so wɔ 7th century CE, na ɔsii nkramosom dan no.<ref name=":3" /> Wɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no, nkramosom dan a wɔsii no wɔ Eritrean kuro a ɛwɔ Massawa, anaasɛ Quba nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ Hejazi kuro wɔ Medina (nkramosom dan a ɛdikan a Muhammad sii berɛ a ɔfiri mecca baeɛ wɔ 622 CE), <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFTajuddin1998</ref>no mu baako na ɛbɛyɛ nkramosom dan a ɛdikan a wɔsii wɔ nkramosom abakɔsɛm.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ</ref> Animdefoɔ binom nso bɔ nkramosom amammerɛ <ref>https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9</ref>ne nnoɔma a ɛwɔ Qur'an no mu, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>a ɔsom a yɛfrɛ no Nkramosom no ma Muhammad dikan ansana wɔde nkɔmhyɛfoɔ bi a ɛdiikan baeɛ bi te sɛ Abraham aka ho.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC</ref> Wɔ nkramosom amammerɛ mu no, Abraham na ɔsii Ka'bag('Cube') wɔ Mecca na ne Al-Masjid Al-Haram(The sacred mosque) a nkramofoɔ hunu no sɛ ɛno nkramosom dan a ɛdikan<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ</ref> a na ɛwɔ hɔ.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFKuban1974</ref> Hadith a ɛwɔ Sahih al-Bukhari ka sɛ kaa a yɛ nkramosom dan a ɛdikan wɔ wiase, a nea ɛtɔ so mmienu ne Al-Aqsa a ɛwɔ Jerusalem,<ref>https://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=585#585</ref> a ɛno nso bɛn Abraham.<ref>Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). ''The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades''. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN <bdi>978-0-9187-2058-0</bdi>.</ref> Ɛfiri 638CE mu no Mecca mu trɛ a ɛtumi fa nkramofoɔ a wɔte hɔ anaasɛ wɔn a wɔkɔ hɔ afe biara wɔ kuro no so.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFDumperStanley2007</ref> Wɔkwan foforɔ so no, Quba nkramosom dan no akyi no, Muhammad toa so sii nkramosom dan foforɔ wɔ Medina, a wɔfrɛ no Al-Masjid an-Nabawi( nkɔmhyɛni no nkramosom dan). Muhammad de ne ho hyɛɛ adansie no a wɔsii no wɔ beaɛ a ɛbɛn ne fie na ɔboa adansifoɔ kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛdeɛ wɔpɛsɛ wɔsi nkramosom dan ma no bɛyɛ krabɛhwɛ wɔ kuro no mu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFChiu2010</ref> Nkɔmhyɛni no dan no wɔ esu bi a wofa so hunu no wɔ ɛnɛ nkramosom dan mu te sɛ, "mihrab' a ɛwɔ baabi a wɔbɔ mpaeɛ no ne 'minbar' a ɛyɛ baabi a wɔgyina di dwuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFCosmanJones2008</ref> Nkramosom dan no wɔ patom kɛseɛ a ɛwɔ nkramosom dan pii a wɔsii no saa aberɛ no.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFChiu2010</ref> == Beaeɛ a . menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == q1wxjnflt5lmn3o9zxpzfiheiinu07x 133073 133072 2022-08-02T10:58:25Z AC Krah 10338 /* N'abɔseɛ */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Nkramosom dan ('''''/mɒsk/; a ɛfiri Arabic: مَسْجِد, <small>romanized:</small> ''masjid'', bɔ no <small>mǝsdʒid]; a ɛkyerɛ " beaɛ a yɛgyina de y'anim buutu hɔ bɔ mpaeɛ") a wɔsane frɛ no masjid, baabi a nkramofoɔ bɔ mpaeɛ.</small><ref name=":0">http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1552</ref>Mpempii no nkramodan yɛ dan bi a ɛso akata, nanso ɛbɛtumi ayɛ baabiara a wɔbɔ mpaeɛ (sujud), a yɛn nanaso ka ho.<ref>Longhurst, Christopher E; Theology of a Mosque: The Sacred Inspiring Form, Function and Design in Islamic Architecture, Lonaard Journal . Mar 2012, Vol. 2 Issue 8, p3-13. 11p. “Since submission to God is the essence of divine worship, the place of worship is intrinsic to Islam’s self-identity. This ‘place’ is not a building per se but what is evidenced by the etymology of the word ‘mosque’ which derives from the Arabic ‘masjid’ meaning ‘a place of sujud (prostration</ref>Nkramosom dan wɔ agudeɛ a wɔfrɛ no (mihrab) a ɛwɔ afasuo ho a ɛkyerɛ baabi a me fa wɔ(qiblah),<ref name=":0" /> baabi a dan a wɔboro wɔn ho ne minarets a ɛkae nnipa sɛ wɔmmɔ mpaeɛ wɔ.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Nuha N. N. Khoury (2009). "Mosque". In Juan Eduardo Campo (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. Infobase Publishing.</ref> (minbar) a wɔka Efiada (jumu'ah) asɛmpa (khutba), no na ɛyɛ Central City kramodan bi a ɛwɔ hɔ nanso ɛnyɛ adeɛ a ɛho yɛ na nkramosom dan nketewa mu.<ref name=":1">Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. MacMillan Reference.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Nkramodan pii no ara wɔ baabi a mmaa tena ne baabi a mmarima nso tena.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛkwan a ɛyɛ a wɔtaa hyehyɛ wɔn ho no gu ahodoɔ pii a ɛgyina mantam,som korɔ ne berɛ korɔ.<ref>Nuha N. N. Khoury (2009). "Mosque". In Juan Eduardo Campo (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam''. Infobase Publishing.</ref> Nkramosom dan yɛ beaɛ a wɔde bɔ mpaeɛ, Ramadan, ayiyɔ, awareɛ ne nnwumakuo nhyiamu,kyɛ sane gye adeɛ ne baabi a wɔda.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Patrick D. Gaffney (2004). "Masjid". In Richard C. Martin (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. MacMillan Reference</ref> Nkramosom dan yɛ baabi a tete no na ɛyɛ baabi a yɛma nkaebɔ, kɔɔto a wɔdi mmara so, ɛsom sukuu. Ɛnɛ mmerɛ yi, wɔdi wɔn dwumadie sɛ baabi a wɔde yɛ ɛsom ho nnoɔma ne ababaabaeɛ nkoa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Wɔde nnoɔma a ɛhohia no kɔ Great mosque of mecca(a ɛwɔ hajj mfimfini), nkɔmhyɛni no Nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ medi a(baabi a wɔsiee Muhammad) ne Al-Aqsa nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ Yerusalem(wɔgyedi sɛ ɛyɛ beaeɛ a Muhammad de firi hɔ kɔɔ ɔsoro aheman mu).<ref name=":1" /> Ɛnam sɛ Nkramosom frɛɛ no nti, ɛmaa Nkramosom dan no dɔɔso wɔ Nkramosom man mu. Ɛtɔ mmerɛ bi a wɔdane nsɔre no yɛ no Nkramosom dan,a ɛnyaa nsunsuansoɔ wɔ kwan a wɔfa so nkramofoɔ dan.<ref name=":2" />Ɛnam sɛ Nkramosom dan a wɔsii no tete no wɔn a wɔyɛ adɔeɛ na ɛsiieɛ nti no, Nkramosom dan a aban siiɛ no ankorankorɛ deɛ no abɛ bunkam so, a pii no ara gyina hɔ ma nkramosom nkanyan ne nnoɔma a wɔyɛ no mpɔtam.<ref name=":2" /> Nkramosom dan adi amanyɔsɛm dwumadie pii. Nnipa a ɛwɔ nkramosom dan mu no sesa a ɛgyina mantam korɔ a ɔnii no wɔ. == N'abɔseɛ == Edin "Nkramosom dan" firi French din mosquée na ɛbɛtwitwa borɔfo kasa mu, a ɛfiri Italian moschea( Italian moscheta), a ɛfiri Middle Armenian մզկիթ (''mzkit‘''), Medieval Greek: μασγίδιον (''masgídion''), anaasɛ Spanish ''mezquita'', a ɛfiri مسجد (asekyerɛ ne sɛ "baabi a yɛbu yɛn mu bɔ mpaeɛ (wɔ mpaebɔ mu)" ne baabi ba yɛbɔ mpaeɛ), ɛbɛtumi afiri Nabataean ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'' anaasɛ Arabic Arabic: سَجَدَ, <small>romanized:</small> ''sajada'' (asekyerɛ ne sɛ" bɔ wo mu bɔ mpaeɛ"),a ɛbɛtumi afiri Nabataean Arabic ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'' anaasɛ Aramaic ''s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh''.<ref name=":3">For the word's origin from French and probable origin from Italian ''moscheta'', see "mosque, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [1]. For the derivation of ''moscheta'' from Arabic ''sajada'' see "mesquita, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [2]. For the probable origin of "sajada" from Aramaic, and the meanings of ''sajada'' and ''masjid'' in Arabic, see "masjid, n.". ''OED Online''. December 2011. Oxford University Press. [3]. For the inclusion of Spanish ''mesquita'', possible derivation from Nabataean ''masg<sup>ĕ</sup>dhā́'', and the Aramaic ''s<sup>ĕ</sup>ghēdh'', see Klein, E., ''A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language'' (Elsevier Publishing, 1966), p. 1007.</ref> == Abakɔsɛm == Nkramofoɔ animdefoɔ ne abakɔsɛm kyerɛ sɛ, nkramosom firi Arabia wɔ Muhammad pɛn so wɔ 7th century CE, na ɔsii nkramosom dan no.<ref name=":3" /> Wɔ saa nsɛm yi mu no, nkramosom dan a wɔsii no wɔ Eritrean kuro a ɛwɔ Massawa, anaasɛ Quba nkramosom dan a ɛwɔ Hejazi kuro wɔ Medina (nkramosom dan a ɛdikan a Muhammad sii berɛ a ɔfiri mecca baeɛ wɔ 622 CE), <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFTajuddin1998</ref>no mu baako na ɛbɛyɛ nkramosom dan a ɛdikan a wɔsii wɔ nkramosom abakɔsɛm.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ</ref> Animdefoɔ binom nso bɔ nkramosom amammerɛ <ref>https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe/page/9</ref>ne nnoɔma a ɛwɔ Qur'an no mu, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran</ref>a ɔsom a yɛfrɛ no Nkramosom no ma Muhammad dikan ansana wɔde nkɔmhyɛfoɔ bi a ɛdiikan baeɛ bi te sɛ Abraham aka ho.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=5nRJK9sLjLsC</ref> Wɔ nkramosom amammerɛ mu no, Abraham na ɔsii Ka'bag('Cube') wɔ Mecca na ne Al-Masjid Al-Haram(The sacred mosque) a nkramofoɔ hunu no sɛ ɛno nkramosom dan a ɛdikan<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=aMsvDAAAQBAJ</ref> a na ɛwɔ hɔ.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFKuban1974</ref> Hadith a ɛwɔ Sahih al-Bukhari ka sɛ kaa a yɛ nkramosom dan a ɛdikan wɔ wiase, a nea ɛtɔ so mmienu ne Al-Aqsa a ɛwɔ Jerusalem,<ref>https://www.searchtruth.com/book_display.php?book=55&translator=1&start=0&number=585#585</ref> a ɛno nso bɛn Abraham.<ref>Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). ''The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades''. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN <bdi>978-0-9187-2058-0</bdi>.</ref> Ɛfiri 638CE mu no Mecca mu trɛ a ɛtumi fa nkramofoɔ a wɔte hɔ anaasɛ wɔn a wɔkɔ hɔ afe biara wɔ kuro no so.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFDumperStanley2007</ref> Wɔkwan foforɔ so no, Quba nkramosom dan no akyi no, Muhammad toa so sii nkramosom dan foforɔ wɔ Medina, a wɔfrɛ no Al-Masjid an-Nabawi( nkɔmhyɛni no nkramosom dan). Muhammad de ne ho hyɛɛ adansie no a wɔsii no wɔ beaɛ a ɛbɛn ne fie na ɔboa adansifoɔ kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛdeɛ wɔpɛsɛ wɔsi nkramosom dan ma no bɛyɛ krabɛhwɛ wɔ kuro no mu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFChiu2010</ref> Nkɔmhyɛni no dan no wɔ esu bi a wofa so hunu no wɔ ɛnɛ nkramosom dan mu te sɛ, "mihrab' a ɛwɔ baabi a wɔbɔ mpaeɛ no ne 'minbar' a ɛyɛ baabi a wɔgyina di dwuma.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFCosmanJones2008</ref> Nkramosom dan no wɔ patom kɛseɛ a ɛwɔ nkramosom dan pii a wɔsii no saa aberɛ no.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque#CITEREFChiu2010</ref> == Beaeɛ a . menyaa mmoa firiiɛ == hkuuv96uwkhwzrmhf57mgsp5nrft0l7 Ahokeka 0 13654 133075 133040 2022-08-02T11:31:27Z Nana Sintim 11223 Mede atwerɛ no bi aka ho wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahokeka'''(ɛsane de "'''pruritus"''') ɛyɛ atenka a ɛma wo ho yɛ hene na ɛsan ma wo tiri wo ho .<ref name="andersen">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andersen HH, Elberling J, Arendt-Nielsen L|title=Human surrogate models of histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=95|issue=7|pages=771–777|date=September 2015|pmid=26015312|doi=10.2340/00015555-2146|doi-access=free}}</ref> Itch has resisted many attempts to be classified as any one type of [[Sensory system|sensory]] experience. Itch has many similarities to [[pain]], and while both are unpleasant [[Sensory system|sensory]] experiences, their behavioral response patterns are different. Pain creates a [[withdrawal reflex]], whereas itch leads to a [[scratch reflex]].<ref name="ikoma">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ikoma A, Steinhoff M, Ständer S, Yosipovitch G, Schmelz M|display-authors=3|title=The neurobiology of itch|journal=Nature Reviews. Neuroscience|volume=7|issue=7|pages=535–547|date=July 2006|pmid=16791143|doi=10.1038/nrn1950|s2cid=9373105}}</ref> Unmyelinated [[nerve fibers]] for itch and pain both originate in the [[skin]]; however, information for them is conveyed centrally in two distinct systems that both use the same [[nerve]] bundle and [[spinothalamic tract]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Greaves MW, Khalifa N|title=Itch: more than skin deep|journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology|volume=135|issue=2|pages=166–172|date=October 2004|pmid=15375326|doi=10.1159/000080898|s2cid=13376216}}</ref> == Classification == Most commonly, an itch is felt in one place. If it is felt all over the body, then it is called ''generalized itch'' or ''generalized pruritus''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K|title=Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=59|pages=30–36|date=July 2019|pmid=31364165|doi=10.1111/ijd.14587|s2cid=198998956}}</ref> If the sensation of itching persists for six weeks or longer, then it is called ''chronic itch'' or ''chronic pruritus''.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|vauthors=Molkara S, Sabourirad S, Molooghi K|title=Infectious differential diagnosis of chronic generalized pruritus without primary cutaneous lesions: a review of the literature|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=59|pages=30–36|date=July 2019|pmid=31364165|doi=10.1111/ijd.14587|s2cid=198998956}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Harrison IP, Spada F|title=Breaking the Itch-Scratch Cycle: Topical Options for the Management of Chronic Cutaneous Itch in Atopic Dermatitis|journal=Medicines|volume=6|issue=3|page=76|date=July 2019|pmid=31323753|pmc=6789602|doi=10.3390/medicines6030076|doi-access=free}}</ref> ''Chronic idiopathic pruritus'' or ''essential pruritus'' is a rare form of itch that persists for longer than six weeks, and for which [[Idiopathic disease|no clear cause can be identified]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Erickson S, Nahmias Z, Rosman IS, Kim BS|title=Immunomodulating Agents as Antipruritics|journal=Dermatologic Clinics|volume=36|issue=3|pages=325–334|date=July 2018|pmid=29929604|doi=10.1016/j.det.2018.02.014|s2cid=49336771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Hinkle JL, Cheever KH|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yS7vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1269|title=Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing|date=2018-08-30|publisher=Wolters kluwer india Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-87963-72-6|pages=1269|language=en}}</ref> == Causes == [[File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scabies-burrow.jpg|thumb|[[Scabies]] is one cause of itching.]] [[File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CercariaDermatitis.JPG|thumb|[[Swimmer's itch]]]] [[File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tinea_pedis_interdigitalis.jpg|thumb|[[Athlete's foot]] (showing the toes from below plus the front part of the sole)]] === Infections === * [[Body louse]], found in substandard living conditions * [[Cutaneous larva migrans]], a skin disease * [[Head lice]], if limited to the neck and scalp * [[Herpes]], a viral disease * [[Insect bite|Insect bites]], such as those from [[mosquitos]] or [[chiggers]] * [[Pubic lice]], if limited to the [[genital area]] * [[Scabies]], especially when several other persons in close contact also itch * [[Shaving#Razor%20burn|Shaving]], which may irritate the skin * [[Swimmer's itch]], a short-term immune reaction * [[Chickenpox|Varicella]]&nbsp;– i.e. chickenpox, prevalent among young children and highly contagious * [[Tungiasis]], ectoparasite of skin === Environmental and allergic === * [[Allergic reaction]] to contact with specific chemicals, such as [[urushiol]], derived from [[poison ivy]] or [[poison oak]], or [[Balsam of Peru]], found in many foods and fragrances.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pfützner W, Thomas P, Niedermeier A, Pfeiffer C, Sander C, Przybilla B|display-authors=3|title=Systemic contact dermatitis elicited by oral intake of Balsam of Peru|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=83|issue=4|pages=294–295|date=2003-02-20|pmid=12926805|doi=10.1080/00015550310016599|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Usatine RP, Riojas M|title=Diagnosis and management of contact dermatitis|journal=American Family Physician|volume=82|issue=3|pages=249–255|date=August 2010|pmid=20672788|url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/0801/p249.html|access-date=2014-04-09|publisher=Aafp.org}}</ref> Certain allergens may be diagnosed in a [[patch test]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhWgKgiT6FoC&pg=PA329|title=Metalworking Fluids|edition=Second|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=142001773X|date=2006|author=Byers, Jerry P.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me5rAAAAMAAJ&q=pruritus+%22patch+test%22|title=Introduction to clinical allergy|vauthors=Feingold BF|veditors=Byers JP|publisher=the University of Michigan|date=1973|isbn=0398027978}}</ref> * [[Foreign Body|Foreign objects]] on the skin are the most common cause of non-pathological itching. * [[Photodermatitis]]&nbsp;– [[sunlight]] reacts with chemicals in the skin, leading to the formation of irritant metabolites. * [[Urticaria]] (also called [[hives]]) usually causes itching. === Skin disorders === * [[Dandruff]]; an unusually large amount of flaking is associated with this sensation. * [[Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma]], a group of disorders characterized by abnormal thickening of the palms and soles. * [[Skin condition|Skin conditions]] (such as [[psoriasis]], [[eczema]], [[seborrhoeic dermatitis]], [[sunburn]], [[athlete's foot]], and [[hidradenitis suppurativa]]). Most are of an inflammatory nature. * [[Wound healing|Scab]] healing, [[scar]] growth, and the development or emergence of [[Melanocytic nevus|moles]], [[Pimple|pimples]], and [[Ingrown hair|ingrown hairs]] from below the epidermis. * [[Xerosis]]: dry skin, frequently seen in the winter and also associated with older age, frequent bathing in hot showers or baths, and high-temperature and low-humidity environments. === Other medical disorders === * [[Diabetes mellitus]], a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high blood sugar * [[Hyperparathyroidism]], overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH)<ref>LaBagnara, James. [http://www.emedicine.com/ent/TOPIC299.HTM eMedicine&nbsp;–Hyperparathyroidism]. emedicine.com</ref> * [[Iron deficiency anemia]], a common anemia (low red blood cell or hemoglobin levels) * [[Cholestasis]], where bile acids leaking into the serum activate peripheral opioid receptors, resulting in the characteristic generalized, severe itching * [[Jaundice]], where excess bilirubin (hyperbilirubinemia) irritates nerves in the skin{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} * [[Malignancy]] or internal cancer, such as [[lymphoma]] or [[Hodgkin's disease]]<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|vauthors=Botero F|title=Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders|journal=Cutis|volume=21|issue=6|pages=873–880|date=June 1978|pmid=657843}}</ref> * [[Polycythemia]], which can cause generalized itching due to increased histamines * [[Psychiatric]] disease ("[[Psychogenic disease|psychogenic]] itch", as may be seen in [[delusional parasitosis]]) * [[Thyroid]] illness * [[Uraemia]]&nbsp;– the itching sensation this causes is known as [[uremic pruritus]] === Medication === * Drugs (such as [[opioids]]) that activate histamine (H1) receptors or trigger histamine release * [[Chloroquine]], a drug used in the treatment and prevention of [[malaria]] * [[Bile acid]] congeners such as obeticholic acid === Related to pregnancy === * [[Gestational pemphigoid]], a dermatosis of pregnancy * [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], a medical condition in which cholestasis occurs * [[Pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy]] (PUPPP), a chronic hives-like rash === Other === * [[Menopause]], or changes in hormonal balances associated with aging * [[Terminal illness]]<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|vauthors=Siemens W, Xander C, Meerpohl JJ, Buroh S, Antes G, Schwarzer G, Becker G|display-authors=3|title=Pharmacological interventions for pruritus in adult palliative care patients|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=11|issue=11|pages=CD008320|date=November 2016|pmid=27849111|pmc=6734122|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008320.pub3}}</ref> == Treatment == {{Main|Antipruritic}} A variety of over-the-counter and prescription anti-itch drugs are available. Some plant products have been found to be effective anti-pruritics, others not. Non-chemical remedies include cooling, warming, soft stimulation. [[Topical]] antipruritics in the form of [[Cream (pharmaceutical)|creams]] and [[Spray (liquid drop)|sprays]] are often available [[Over-the-counter drugs|over-the-counter]]. [[Mouth|Oral]] anti-itch drugs also exist and are usually [[Prescription drug|prescription drugs]]. The [[Active ingredient|active ingredients]] usually belong to the following classes: * [[Antihistamine|Antihistamines]], such as [[diphenhydramine]] (Benadryl)<ref name=":2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andrade A, Kuah CY, Martin-Lopez JE, Chua S, Shpadaruk V, Sanclemente G, Franco JV|display-authors=3|title=Interventions for chronic pruritus of unknown origin|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=1|pages=CD013128|date=January 2020|pmid=31981369|pmc=6984650|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013128.pub2|collaboration=Cochrane Skin Group}}</ref> * [[Corticosteroid|Corticosteroids]], such as [[hydrocortisone]] topical cream; ''see'' [[topical steroid]] * [[Counterirritant|Counterirritants]], such as [[Mentha|mint oil]], [[menthol]], or [[camphor]]<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Hercogová J|title=Topical anti-itch therapy|journal=Dermatologic Therapy|volume=18|issue=4|pages=341–343|year=2005|pmid=16297007|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00033.x|s2cid=31573591}}</ref> * [[Crotamiton]] (trade name Eurax) is an antipruritic agent available as a cream or lotion, often used to treat [[scabies]]. Its mechanism of action remains unknown. * [[Local anesthetic|Local anesthetics]], such as [[benzocaine]] topical cream (Lanacane) [[Phototherapy]] is helpful for severe itching, especially if caused by [[kidney failure]]. The common type of light used is [[UVB]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Botero F|title=Pruritus as a manifestation of systemic disorders|journal=Cutis|volume=21|issue=6|pages=873–880|date=June 1978|pmid=657843}}</ref> Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ dwf92m0n299u3y0gnf25nlxw8xytaww Asɛmdibia 0 13656 133061 2022-08-01T12:15:25Z AC Krah 10338 Created page with "Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba..." wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref>See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. 6snexic4jg9wwoepq2egu8ebrssx0u9 133062 133061 2022-08-01T12:27:32Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> 98u3dvht1cfwman2dxnhu6uq17mr69d 133063 133062 2022-08-01T12:39:07Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> Tumi<ref>http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref>general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, and (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction cfijycwzpmvx1zdfiaf27cs0z6d0p1e 133064 133063 2022-08-01T12:43:26Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> bj1o66sz762otjcseov3krigdnee07c 133065 133064 2022-08-01T12:50:01Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> Court television shows Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == A courtroom of the Permanent Court of Arbitration * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration ** Administrative court ** Constitutional court ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Family court ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court ** Supreme court sdyxvj9kczdnq8rekycfqn4pmgt4wr9 133066 133065 2022-08-01T12:52:26Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> Court television shows Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == A courtroom of the Permanent Court of Arbitration * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court ** Kɔɔto kunini ev0djvbt8rco4xl06uabug1mjdjhk9c 133067 133066 2022-08-01T13:01:28Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki Asɛnnibea yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. N'abɔseɛ Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> Trials and appellate courts. Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi. Court television shows Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == A courtroom of the Permanent Court of Arbitration * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court ** Kɔɔto kunini 33fplc7oouaakx9sw8fi69thl7j2okq 133068 133067 2022-08-01T13:04:08Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asɛnnibea''' yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. == N'abɔseɛ == Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> == Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> == Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> == Trials and appellate courts. == Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi. == Court television shows == Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court Kɔɔto kunini iv8aojt6x3rhhm08hz6lj1c4uiv9md9 133070 133068 2022-08-01T23:52:58Z AC Krah 10338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asɛnnibea''' yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. == N'abɔseɛ == Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> == Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> == Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> == Trials and appellate courts. == Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi. Civil Law courts and common Law courts Mmara mmienu a ɛdi ntontom a ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi ne "civil Law courts ne common Law courts". Saa mmara akɛseɛ yi sɛ, ɛne sɛ ne mmienu firi amanɔne amammerɛ mu, ɛwɔm sɛ nsonsonoeɛ da wɔn ntam. "Civil Law" no fa Romanfoɔ mmara ho,ne titire mmara a wɔfrɛ no "Corpus iuris civilis".<ref name=":3">https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC</ref> Wɔsane nyaa nsɛm a ɛfa civil Law yi ho wɔ 11th century rekɔ m'awieɛ no na ɛbɛyɛɛ mmɔase maa University Legal Education a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ firii Bologna, Italy na ɛno akyire no wɔkyerɛɛ wɔ Continental European Universities.<ref name=":3" /> Civil Law wɔ French ne German mmara mu. English Royal Judges M ma ɔhene no asoeɛ na ɛsii Common Law courts berɛ a Nkraman wuraa Britain wɔ 1066.<ref name=":4">Burnham, William (2006). ''Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States'' (4th ed.). St. Paul (Minn.): Thomson-West. ISBN 9780314158987</ref> Royal Judges na ɛtee a mmara kuo a wɔde nkuraseɛ mmara kaa ho a wɔmaa wɔn hunuu wɔ kwan a wɔtu ne nsrahwɛ kɔhwɛ tumi a ɛwɔ nkurase.<ref name=":4" /> Mmara a na ɛnyɛ na no na wɔfrɛ no "common Law". Wɔde saa mmara no di dwuma wɔ Engresi ne America mmara mu. Wɔ civil Law tumi mu no, kɔɔto no di dwuma wɔ kɔnkɔnymu. Wɔ common Law mu no, kɔɔto pii no ara di "adversarial system " no akyi. Kwan a wɔfa so yɛ mmara no fa mmara a kɔɔto de yɛ ne dwuma: sɛ obi ne ne yɔnko nnipa nya asɛm a (civil procedure) yɛde siesie ankorankorɛ nsɛm ma "Criminal Procedure" yɛde twe obi a obu mmara so. Wɔ mfeɛ a atwam no na wɔsi amanɔne kɔɔto de siesie nsɛm a ɔman no kɔɔto tumi ntumi nni. Nhwɛsoɔ, International Criminal kɔɔto a ɛwɔ Hague, wɔ Kingdom of the Nethery anaasɛ courts of permanent Lol Adalat(Public utility Services), a ɛwɔ India. == Court television shows == Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court Kɔɔto kunini hr9fdrxrjflp5kl0kvv76763p9a2ig0 133071 133070 2022-08-01T23:54:14Z AC Krah 10338 /* Court television shows */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asɛnnibea''' yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. == N'abɔseɛ == Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> == Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> == Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1" />Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2" /> == Trials and appellate courts. == Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi. == Civil Law courts and common Law courts == Mmara mmienu a ɛdi ntontom a ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi ne "civil Law courts ne common Law courts". Saa mmara akɛseɛ yi sɛ, ɛne sɛ ne mmienu firi amanɔne amammerɛ mu, ɛwɔm sɛ nsonsonoeɛ da wɔn ntam. "Civil Law" no fa Romanfoɔ mmara ho,ne titire mmara a wɔfrɛ no "Corpus iuris civilis".<ref name=":3">https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC</ref> Wɔsane nyaa nsɛm a ɛfa civil Law yi ho wɔ 11th century rekɔ m'awieɛ no na ɛbɛyɛɛ mmɔase maa University Legal Education a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ firii Bologna, Italy na ɛno akyire no wɔkyerɛɛ wɔ Continental European Universities.<ref name=":3" /> Civil Law wɔ French ne German mmara mu. English Royal Judges M ma ɔhene no asoeɛ na ɛsii Common Law courts berɛ a Nkraman wuraa Britain wɔ 1066.<ref name=":4">Burnham, William (2006). ''Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States'' (4th ed.). St. Paul (Minn.): Thomson-West. ISBN 9780314158987</ref> Royal Judges na ɛtee a mmara kuo a wɔde nkuraseɛ mmara kaa ho a wɔmaa wɔn hunuu wɔ kwan a wɔtu ne nsrahwɛ kɔhwɛ tumi a ɛwɔ nkurase.<ref name=":4" /> Mmara a na ɛnyɛ na no na wɔfrɛ no "common Law". Wɔde saa mmara no di dwuma wɔ Engresi ne America mmara mu. Wɔ civil Law tumi mu no, kɔɔto no di dwuma wɔ kɔnkɔnymu. Wɔ common Law mu no, kɔɔto pii no ara di "adversarial system " no akyi. Kwan a wɔfa so yɛ mmara no fa mmara a kɔɔto de yɛ ne dwuma: sɛ obi ne ne yɔnko nnipa nya asɛm a (civil procedure) yɛde siesie ankorankorɛ nsɛm ma "Criminal Procedure" yɛde twe obi a obu mmara so. Wɔ mfeɛ a atwam no na wɔsi amanɔne kɔɔto de siesie nsɛm a ɔman no kɔɔto tumi ntumi nni. Nhwɛsoɔ, International Criminal kɔɔto a ɛwɔ Hague, wɔ Kingdom of the Nethery anaasɛ courts of permanent Lol Adalat(Public utility Services), a ɛwɔ India. == Court television shows == Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court sq159m82jjqd43xv59kb2r1exm2o25g Asɛm dibea 0 13657 133074 2022-08-02T11:03:25Z AC Krah 10338 Created page with " '''Asɛm dibea''' yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'a..." wikitext text/x-wiki '''Asɛm dibea''' yɛ nnipa bi anaa dwumakuo, a ɛyɛ aban nnwumakuo, a ɛwɔ tumi sɛ ɔbɛfa mmara kwan so adi nnipa mmienu asɛm a ɛfa ntawantawa ho na wafa asɛntenenee a ɛnam mmara so de adi bɔne a obi yɛ tia ne nua, bɔne a obi yɛ tia aban ne adwuma mu nsɛm.<ref>https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000walk</ref>Wɔ (common Law ne civil Law Legal system) mu no, kɔɔto na ɔsiesie ntawantawa, na obiara te aseɛ sɛ nnipa biara wɔ ho kwan sɛ ɔde n'asɛm ba kɔɔto. Nea yɛde ntansa abɔ no sɛ wayɛ bɔne bi no asɛdeɛ ne sɛ ɔde anoyie bɛba wɔ asɛm a yɛde ato no so no wɔ kɔɔto. Kɔɔto nkorabata a ɛkyerɛ mmara san de di dwuma yɛ "Judiciary" Baabi a kɔɔto tena no wɔfrɛ no"bebue". Dan a wɔdi kɔɔto nsɛm no wɔfrɛ no kɔɔto dan na Ɛdan no nso yɛ kɔɔto fie; kɔɔto adan no firi nea ɛnyɛ kyenkyeren dekɔ adan nketewa wɔ nkurase ma no kɔ akɛseɛ wɔn nkuro akɛseɛ. Mmara wɔde ama kɔɔto di dwuma yɛ tumi (firi Latin ''iūrisdictiō'', from ''iūris'', "of the law," + ''dīcō'', "to declare," + ''-tiō'', ''noun-forming suffix''), kɔɔto no tumi a ɔde bɛkyerɛ nsɛmmisa ne adesrɛ a ɔde ka ho.William Blackstone's ''Commentaries on the Laws of England kyerɛ mu sɛ, kɔɔto wɔ kuo mmiɛnsa: "actor anaa plaintiff" nea ɔde n'asɛm akɔda kɔɔto; "reus anaasɛ defendant" nea ɔreyi ne ho ano wɔ kɔɔto ɛna "Judex anaa Judicial power", nea ɔhwehwɛ asɛm no mu nokware, ɔkyerɛ mmara a ɛfa asɛm no ho na sɛ wohunu sɛ mfomsoɔ aba a mpaninfoɔ de no fa mmara kwan so. Ɛyɛ sɛ Superior kɔɔto bɛnya mmaranimfoɔ, kasamafoɔ, aboafoɔ,''<ref>http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/blackstone_bk3ch3.asp</ref> ɛwɔm sɛ Mpempii no kɔɔto wɔ mmaranimfoɔ foforɔ, kɔto nsaman kraataa somafoɔ, nkaeɛbɔfoɔ ne jury. Kɔɔto yɛ mpanimfoɔ, Mpempii atɛmmuafoɔ baako anaa mmienu. Ɔtɛmmuafoɔ na anaa n'apamfo no nso wɔfrɛ wɔn "bench"( a ɛne kasamafoɔ ne mmaranimfoɔ da nso a wɔfrɛ wɔn "bar").<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref> Wɔ United States no, sɛ kɔɔto de mmara bɛdi dwuma a ɔgyina ɔno ara tumi so wɔ nnipa mmienu a wɔn asɛm wɔ kɔɔto no asɛm so de bu wɔn atɛn. == N'abɔseɛ == Kɔɔto firi French cour, baabi a akata, a ɛfiri Latin gotten, "the accusative case of cohors" a ɛsan kyerɛ baabi a akata anaa nnipa a ɛwɔ hɔ. Borɔfo din kɔɔto firi Latin din hortus a ɛfiri Ancient Greek χόρτος (''khórtos'') a ɛkyerɛ afuom a wɔyɛ no mfikyire, a bɛyɛ horticulture ne orchards), a ne nyinaa kyerɛ baabi a yɛakata so.<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=court</ref> Judicial Assembly nkyerɛaseɛ hyɛɛ aseɛ wɔ 12th century, na wɔde di dwuma ntɛm de kyerɛ "soveringn and his entourage", a na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm wɔ saa beaeɛ a wɔakata so no. Adeyɛ kɔɔto kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛdi nkunim, a ɛfiri baabi baako ɛnam sɛ nnipa nante kɔ "sovereign court" ma ɔdi nkunim wɔ n'asɛm mu.<ref name=":0">See generally 28 U.S.C. § 1: "The Supreme Court of the United States ''shall consist'' of a ''Chief Justice'' of the United States and ''eight associate justices'' [ . . . ]" (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 43(b): "Each court of appeals ''shall consist'' of the ''circuit judges'' of the circuit in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 132(b) (in part): "Each district court ''shall consist'' of the ''district judge or judges'' for the district in regular active service." (italics added); 28 U.S.C. § 151 (in part): "In each judicial district, the ''bankruptcy judges'' in regular active service ''shall constitute a unit of the district court'' to be known as the bankruptcy court for that district [ . . . ]" (italics added).</ref><ref>http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/cour</ref> == Tumi<ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref> == Tumi ne sɛ wɔbɛnya mmara kwan so atu anamɔn na wabu atɛn wɔ nnipa ne nnoɔma nsɛm mu wɔ baabi. <ref name=":1">http://civilprocedure.uslegal.com/jurisdiction/</ref>Mmara biara asɛmmisa titire paa ne sɛ " sɛ kɔɔto bi wɔ tumi a ɔde bɛdi asɛm bi". Nnoɔma mmiɛnsa a ɛdi hene wɔ tumi mu ne wo ankasa mmara wɔ nnipa baako anaa biribi so(red), tumi wɔ asɛm pɔtee bi so(subject-matter juridiction) ne territorial juridiction.<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> Tumi a wɔdi no wɔ nnipa so yɛ tumi mua wɔ nnipa so a ɛmfa ho ne baabi a ɔfiri, tumi a ɛfa asɛm pɔtee bi ho no yɛ tumi a wɔwɔ wɔ asɛm no so ma territorial juridiction yɛ tumi a ɔwɔ wɔ nnipa so wɔ kwan bi so. Tumi foforɔ no bi ne "general jurisdiction, exclusive jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, ne (in the United States federal courts) diversity jurisdiction".<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute</ref> == Trials and appellate courts. == Trial kɔɔto yɛ kɔɔto a ɛkura atɛmmuo mu. Ɛtɔda a wɔfrɛ no "courts of First instance", Trial kɔɔto tumi ankasa no sesa. Trial kɔɔto bɛtumi ne apamfoɔ adi asɛm sɛ obi a wahunu nokware (yɛfrɛ wɔn jury Trials) anaa Trials a ɔtɛmmuafoɔ no di dwuma sɛ obi a wahunu asɛm bi nokware ne mmara((wɔfrɛ no bench Trials wɔ mmara bi mu). Wontaa nhunu apamfoɔ pii wɔ kɔɔto wɔ Anglo-American mmara mu. Appellate courts yɛ kɔɔto a ɛte kɔɔto nketewa ne Trial kɔɔto adesrɛ. Kɔɔto bi te sɛ Crown Court a ɛwɔ England ne Wales wɔ Trial ne appellate tumi. == Civil Law courts and common Law courts == Mmara mmienu a ɛdi ntontom a ɛnnɛ mmerɛ yi ne "civil Law courts ne common Law courts". Saa mmara akɛseɛ yi sɛ, ɛne sɛ ne mmienu firi amanɔne amammerɛ mu, ɛwɔm sɛ nsonsonoeɛ da wɔn ntam. "Civil Law" no fa Romanfoɔ mmara ho,ne titire mmara a wɔfrɛ no "Corpus iuris civilis".<ref name=":3">https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC</ref> Wɔsane nyaa nsɛm a ɛfa civil Law yi ho wɔ 11th century rekɔ m'awieɛ no na ɛbɛyɛɛ mmɔase maa University Legal Education a ɛhyɛɛ aseɛ firii Bologna, Italy na ɛno akyire no wɔkyerɛɛ wɔ Continental European Universities.<ref name=":3">https://books.google.com/books?id=9tpJlKdqVTsC</ref> Civil Law wɔ French ne German mmara mu. English Royal Judges M ma ɔhene no asoeɛ na ɛsii Common Law courts berɛ a Nkraman wuraa Britain wɔ 1066.<ref name=":4">Burnham, William (2006). ''Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States'' (4th ed.). St. Paul (Minn.): Thomson-West. ISBN 9780314158987</ref> Royal Judges na ɛtee a mmara kuo a wɔde nkuraseɛ mmara kaa ho a wɔmaa wɔn hunuu wɔ kwan a wɔtu ne nsrahwɛ kɔhwɛ tumi a ɛwɔ nkurase.<ref name=":4">Burnham, William (2006). ''Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States'' (4th ed.). St. Paul (Minn.): Thomson-West. ISBN 9780314158987</ref> Mmara a na ɛnyɛ na no na wɔfrɛ no "common Law". Wɔde saa mmara no di dwuma wɔ Engresi ne America mmara mu. Wɔ civil Law tumi mu no, kɔɔto no di dwuma wɔ kɔnkɔnymu. Wɔ common Law mu no, kɔɔto pii no ara di "adversarial system " no akyi. Kwan a wɔfa so yɛ mmara no fa mmara a kɔɔto de yɛ ne dwuma: sɛ obi ne ne yɔnko nnipa nya asɛm a (civil procedure) yɛde siesie ankorankorɛ nsɛm ma "Criminal Procedure" yɛde twe obi a obu mmara so. Wɔ mfeɛ a atwam no na wɔsi amanɔne kɔɔto de siesie nsɛm a ɔman no kɔɔto tumi ntumi nni. Nhwɛsoɔ, International Criminal kɔɔto a ɛwɔ Hague, wɔ Kingdom of the Nethery anaasɛ courts of permanent Lol Adalat(Public utility Services), a ɛwɔ India. == Court television shows == Tɛlɛvihyin yi kɔɔto kyerɛ, a ɛnka Judicial system no ho na wɔyɛ ankorankorɛ, da nnoɔma a ɛkɔ so wɔ kɔɔto adi; ne saa nti nnoɔma a wɔda no adi wɔ kɔɔto kyerɛ afoforɔ no nnipa pii ka sɛ ɛnyɛ mmara a ɛwɔ kɔɔto ankasa no no ne maɔmara no nso su.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=x7fOVPmlS4MC&q=judge+judy+courtroom&pg=PA159</ref> Kɔɔto no bi ne * ''Caso Cerrado'' * ''Judge Judy'' * ''Paternity Court'' * ''The People's Court'' * ''Judge Mathis'' * ''Judge Alex'' * ''Judge Joe Brown'' * ''Eye for an Eye'' * ''Judge Rinder'' * ''Ace Attorney'' * ''Adaalat'' == International court == * International judicial institution * International Court of Justice * International Criminal Court * International Court of Arbitration == Kɔɔto ahodoɔ ne nnwumakuo == ** Administrative court ** Amammra Kɔɔto ** Commercial Court (disambiguation) ** Court of Faculties ** Court of record ** Court-martial ** Ecclesiastical court ** Equity court ** Extraordinary court ** Abusua kɔɔto ** Lower court ** Ordinary court ** Specialized court <references /> ls7ook3xxj70wk4nnzyu8u8nf4y0nao