University of Ghana

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'''University of Ghana'''({{Audio|tw-University of Ghana.ogg|pronounciation of &quot;University of Ghana&quot;}}) yɛ suapɔn a akyɛre yie na ɛsan nso ka [[Gaana|Ghana]] aban  asuapɔn dummiɛnsa no ho.&lt;ref&gt;[3] &quot;University of Ghana&quot;. SARECO. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtee sukuu no wɔ afe 1948 mu,&lt;ref&gt;[4] Kwabena Dei Ofori-Attah. &quot;Expansion of Higher Education in Ghana: Moving Beyond Tradition&quot;. Comparative &amp; International Education Newsletter: Number 142. CIES, Florida International University. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; berɛ a na Britaniafoɔ no redi Gold Coast so no na wɔtoo no din &quot;University College of the Gold Coast&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[5] &quot;Overview | University of Ghana&quot;. www.ug.edu.gh. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[6] &quot;August 11, 1948: The University College of the Gold Coast is established by ordinance&quot;. Retrieved 26 June 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; a ɛfirii University of London&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[7] &quot;University of Ghana&quot;. Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; a wɔhwɛ adesua nhyehyɛeɛ ne dikrii abasobɔdeɛ so.&lt;ref&gt;[8] G. F. Daniel (17 April 1998). &quot;THE UNIVERSITIES IN GHANA&quot;. Development of University Education in Ghana. University of Ghana. Archived from the original on 19 March 2007. Retrieved 10 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Berɛ a yɛnyaa fahodie wɔ afe 1957 mu no, sukuupɔn no din no sesa bɛyɛɛ University College of Ghana. Edin no san sesa bɛyɛɛ University of Ghana&lt;ref&gt;[9] &quot;Establishment of The University | University of Ghana&quot;. www.ug.edu.gh. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; wɔ afe 1961 mu a afei deɛ ɛdi mu sɛ suapɔn.&lt;ref&gt;[10] George, Betty Stein (1976). Education in Ghana. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 166.&lt;/ref&gt; University of Ghana wɔ atɔeɛ fam wɔ Nkran Legon hills ne atifi apueeɛ mfimfini wɔ Nkran, seesei ɛwɔ nkorabata bebree a wɔwɔ asukuufoɔ a wɔboro bɛyɛ mpem aduanan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Nnianimu ==
Mfitiaseɛ adesua a wɔsii so dua wɔ Ghana Suapɔn a wɔde sii hɔ no mu ne ahofadie ho nimdeɛ, asetena mu nyansahu, mmara, mfitiaseɛ nyansahu, kuayɛ, ne aduruyɛ. Nanso, sɛ ɔman no nwomasua mu nsakraeɛ nhyehyɛeɛ bi fa no, wɔtrɛɛ sukuupɔn no adesua nhyehyɛeɛ mu ma ɛde mfididwuma ho adesua ne adwumayɛ ho adesua pii mae ne nteteeɛ a wɔde ma wɔ adesua akyi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana&quot;. ''fundit.fr''. Retrieved 20 August 2021&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghana Suapɔn a ɛwɔ Legon titire, bɛyɛ kilomita 12 wɔ Accra mfimfini atifi fam apueeɛ no, wɔ n’aduruyɛ sukuu wɔ Korle-Bu kuropɔn mu, a ɛwɔ ayaresabea a wɔkyerɛkyerɛ ne ntoaso sukuu/abɔnten sukuupɔn wɔ Accra kuropɔn mu&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana&quot;. ''fundit.fr''. Retrieved 20 August 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛsan nso wɔ nuklea ne ayɔnkofa Nyansahu sukuu a wɔawie wɔ Ghana Atomic Energy Commission&lt;ref&gt;Ghana Atomic Energy Commission &lt;sup&gt;[''dead link'']&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; a ama no abɛka suapɔn kakraa bi a wɔwɔ abibirem a wɔdi Nuclear physics ne nuclear engineering ho dwuma. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana | fund┋it&quot;. ''fundit france''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ghana Suapɔn Ahyɛnsode ===
Wɔde ahosu mmienu na ɛyɛ ahyɛnsodeɛ no: Indigo Dye ne Camel.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Home | University of Ghana&quot;. ''University of Ghana''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Kyɛm bruu a &quot;AYA&quot; mmiɛnsa gyina hɔ tẽẽ wɔ soro fa ne &quot;DWENINMENTOASO&quot; wɔ ase fa mfimfini, ne nyinaa yɛ sika kɔkɔɔ a wɔakyerɛw so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Public Affairs Directorate 2017&quot;&gt;Public Affairs Directorate, University of Ghana (2017). &quot;Communicate with us&quot; (PDF). ''University of Ghana''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; A. M. Opoku na ɔyɛɛ ahyɛnsodeɛ no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghana 2019 p. 6&quot;&gt;University of Ghana (2019). ''Facts and Figures''. University of Ghana: University of Ghana. p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;AYA&quot; (Akan asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ fern) yɛ Adinkra agyinahyɛdeɛ. &quot;AYA&quot; no nyin tẽẽ na wɔde di dwuma wɔ ha de gyina hɔ ma nokorɛ ne tumi a obi tumi tena hɔ tẽẽ.

Ram Abɛn: ‘Dweninmen’ (Akan asɛmfua ma Ram Abɛn) yɛ Adinkra agyinahyɛdeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;University of Ghana (2018). ''Facts and Figures''. University of Ghana: University of Ghana. p. 8.&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛha yi, wɔde odwennini mmɛn abien a ɛka bom (DWENINMENTOASO) adi dwuma de ayɛ ahoɔden ne ɔfrɛ a ɛne sɛ wonni nokwaredi kwan akyi ho sɛnkyerɛnne&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Wɔmaa Ghana Suapɔn no abodin krataa wɔ afe 1961 mu.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Abibirem Atɔe Fam Baadwa a ɛhyehyɛɛ Asquith Badwa a Ɛhwɛ Nhomasua a Ɛkɔ Anim wɔ Atubraman no mu no&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Establishment of The University&quot; Archived 21 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine, University of Ghana.&lt;/ref&gt; wɔ Rt. Hon. Walter Elliot na ɔkyerɛwee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university |access-date=2024-06-15 |archive-date=2017-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921192554/https://www.ug.edu.gh/content/establishment-university |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; na wɔwoo saa ahyehyɛde a ɛda nsow yi wɔ 1948 mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;&quot;Establishment of The University | University of Ghana&quot;. ''University of Ghana''. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Aban Asoɛeɛ no kamfoo kyerɛɛ sɛ wɔne London Sukuupɔn no nhyehyɛ sukuupɔn kɔlegyi ahorow, enti wɔde Ordinance sii Gold Coast Sukuupɔn Kɔlegyi wɔ 11 August 1948 a atirimpɔw no ne sɛ wɔbɛma sukuupɔn nwomasua, adesua ne nhwehwɛmu anya nkɔsoɔ na wɔahyɛ ho nkuran.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Eyi nam nyansahyɛ a ɛdi kan a wɔpowee a ɛkae sɛ sukuupɔn kɔlegyi biako pɛ na wɔbɛtumi ayɛ ama Britania Atɔe Fam Abibirem nyinaa, a Gold Coastfoɔ bɛtra Nigeria no so na ɛbae.

Wɔ nwoma a Ghana Suapɔn hyɛeɛ no mu no, Ɔbenfoɔ Francis Agbodeka (1998) hunuu sɛ &quot;Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mufoɔ mmienu wɔ wɔn ankasa pɛ mu yɛɛ adwuma wɔ asɛmmisa a ɛfa sika a wɔbɛnya ama adwuma no ho. Nea ɛho hia kɛseɛ ne sɛ, F. M. Bourret (1949), wɔ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bere koro mu kyerɛwtohɔ, bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ adwene a emu yɛ den na ɛyɛ biako a Oduruyɛfo Nanka-Bruce daa no adi wɔ Radio Station Zoy kasa bi a ɔmae kɔmaa Nkurɔfo a wɔwɔ Gold Coast wɔ October 1947 mu no, &quot;ɛboaa kɛse ma enyaa Ɔman Ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔhwɛ atubra aman no so no so nkɛntɛnso&quot;. sɛ awiei koraa no ɔpene so wɔ 1947 mu, “ma wɔde Gold Coast sukuupɔn kɔlege bi besi hɔ.”&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/55/2/345/110364&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Retrieved 14 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

Bere tenten ansa na television reba no, na mpɔtam hɔfo ne akuw nyinaa tie nsɛm, agumadi, ne anigyede ahorow, a wɔde fi Radio Station Zoy, BBC, ne dwumadibea afoforo a ɛwɔ radio asorɔkye tiawa nnwontofo kuw no mu, kɔ radio biako so.

Nea ɛho hia ne sɛ, Ghana Sukuupɔn a wɔde sii hɔ, a egyina Elliot Commission’s Majority Report (a na Sir Arku Korsah a ofi Gold Coast yɛ ne muni) so no, na ɛyɛ adwuma kɛse a ahyehyɛde ahorow, boayikuw ahorow, ahyehyɛde ahorow, ne nnipa atitiriw pii yɛe no awiei, wɔ fie ne amannɔne. Ghanafoɔ a wɔagye din paa no bi mufoɔ, ahyehyɛdeɛ ne ɔmanfoɔ akuo a wɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ University of College of the Gold Coast/Ghana no mufoɔ, na Ɔbenfoɔ Nanka-Bruce, Rev. Prof. C. G. Baeta, ne Sir E nso ka ho Asafu-Adjaye, Oduruyɛfo J. B. Danquah, ka ho. Asantehene, Otomfuo Nana Agyemang Prempeh, II, penee asɛm no so bere a Elliot Commission no hyɛɛ nyansa sɛ wɔnhyehyɛ sukuupɔn wɔ Kumasi, wɔ Ashanti Mantam mu akyi. Sɛ yɛbɛka no tiawa a, Gold Coast ɔman mma, sɛ́ nnipa a wɔaka abom no, dii nkonim kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa Gold Coast Sukuupɔn Sukuupɔn a ɛne London Sukuupɔn no nyɛ biako nsi hɔ, wɔ 1948 mu, wɔ Elliot Commission amanneɛbɔ no akyi, a Owura Arku Korsah a ofi Sikakɔkɔɔ no mu no Coast tenaa ase.

Wɔ afe 1961 mu no, Ghana Aban a ɛhyɛ Kwame Nkrumah ase no too Ghana Suapɔn Mmara, 1961 (Act 79) de sii Ghana Suapɔn Kɔlege a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa bere no ananmu. Ɛdenam saa adeyɛ no so no, sukuupɔn no nyaa sukuupɔn dibea a ɛwɔ tumidi ne ahyɛde sɛ ɛde n’ankasa abodin krataa bɛma&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana in Ghana - Master Degrees&quot;. ''masterstudies''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suapɔn No Chancellor ==
Mprempren yi deɛ, Mrs. Mary Chinery-Hesse na ɔyɛ Chancellor de ma suapɔn no.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Office of the Chancellor | University of Ghana&quot;. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtoo aba maa no mmara kwan so de no sii akonnwa so sɛ suapɔn no chancellor wɔ [[ɔsanaa]]  bosome no da a ɛdi kan a na ɛyɛ [[Wukuada]], wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne du nwɔtwe mu (2018), berɛ a suapɔn no bɔɔ dwa dataa de gyee no too mu wɔ suapɔn no hyiadan kɛseɛ no mu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Office of the Chancellor | University of Ghana&quot;. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Suapɔn No Chancellor Adadafoɔ a Watwam ===
Mfeɛ bebree a ɛtwaa mu no de bɛsi afe apem ahankron aduokron nwɔtwe mu no (1998), na ɔman [[Gaana|Ghana]] panin a ɔdi ɔman no so a yɛfrɛ no sɛ Head of State no na na ɔsane di dwuma sɛ Chancellor de ma University of Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Past Chancellors of the University | University of Ghana&quot;. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛne sɛ, ɛfiri afe apem ahankron aduosia baako mu a (1961) wɔnam mmarakwan so tee University of [[Gaana|Ghana]] no, ɔman [[Gaana|Ghana]] panin a ɔdi ɔman no so a yɛfrɛ no sɛ Head of State a ɔdi kan wɔ berɛ a na [[Gaana|Ghana]] anya fawohodie no, Ɔsagyefo Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]] na ɔbɛyɛɛ Chancellor a ɔdi kan de maa University of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Past Chancellors of the University | University of Ghana&quot;. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔn a wɔdidi soɔ yi nyinaa akura diberɛ no mu sɛ Chancellor de ama suapɔn no:

* [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] (1961–1965)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[General Joseph Arthur Ankrah]] (1966–1968)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* General Akwasi Amankwa Afrifa (1969)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Justice Edward Akufo-Addo (1970–1971)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong (1972–1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Fred Akuffo (1978-1979)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Dr. Hilla Limann (1979–1981)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Flt. Lt. Jerry John Rawlings (1982–1991)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Oyeeman Wereko Ampem II (1998–2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* [[Kofi Annan]] (2008–2018)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Suapɔn no Chancellor abadiakyire ahodoɔ ==
[[File:Prof Nana Aba Appiah.png|thumb|Prof. Nana Aba Appiah Amfo&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Nana Aba Appiah Amfo|date=2021-08-02|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nana_Aba_Appiah_Amfo&amp;oldid=1036829214|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Nana Aba Appiah Amfo]] na mprempren yi ɔyɛ Vice-Chancellor de ma University of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Office of the Vice-Chancellor {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/home|website=www.ug.edu.gh|access-date=2020-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404073133/http://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/home|archive-date=4 April 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Suapɔn no Chancellor abadiakyire ahodoɔ a watwam==
===University College of the Gold Coast===

* [[David Mowbray Balme]] (1948–1957), Principal&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History Of The Office {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108115143/http://ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history|archive-date=8 November 2019|access-date=2020-05-27|website=www.ug.edu.gh}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===University College of Ghana===
* David Mowbray Balme (1957–1958), Principal&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
* [[Raymond Henry Stoughton]] (1958–1961), Principal

===University of Ghana===
* [[Conor Cruise O'Brien]] (1962–1965), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History Of The Office {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history|website=www.ug.edu.gh|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108115143/http://ug.edu.gh/vc/_office_history|archive-date=8 November 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Alexander Kwapong]] (1966–1975), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Daniel Adzei Bekoe]] (1976–1983), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Akilagpa Sawyerr]] (1985–1992), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[George Benneh]] (1992–1996), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Ivan Addae Mensah|Ivan Addae-Mensah]] (1996–2002), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Kwadwo Asenso Okyere|Kwadwo Asenso-Okyere]] (2002–2006), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe|Clifford Nii-Boi Tagoe]] (2006–2010), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Ernest Aryeetey]] (2010–2016), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Ebenezer Oduro Owusu]] (2016–2021), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
*[[Nana Aba Appiah Amfo]] (2021-Date), Vice-Chancellor&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;

== University of Ghana Logo ==
[[File:University of Ghana.jpg|alt=University of Ghana Logo|thumb|University of Ghana Logo&lt;ref name=&quot;Home {{!}} University of Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/|website=www.ug.edu.gh|access-date=2020-05-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Logo no, wɔde ahosuo ahodoɔ mmienu na ayɛ; Indigo Dye ɛne Camel.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Home | University of Ghana&quot;. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Retrieved 28 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; ɛwɔ wiem ahosuo bi nso wɔ mu a  &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;AYA&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; ahodoɔ mmeɛnsa gyinagyina mu wɔ ne soro fa baabi ɛna  &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;DWENINMENTOASO&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; nso da mfimfini ɛreba fam kakra no a akyɛ mu mmienu, a ne nyinaa nso wɔde sika kɔkɔɔ ahosuo na ayɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Public Affairs Directorate 2017&quot;/&gt; Nnipa a ɔyɛɛ Logo yi din de A. M. Opoku.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghana 2019 p. 6&quot;/&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Aya|AYA]]&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; ( Akan asɛmfua a ɛkyerɛ fern) yɛ [[Adinkra symbols|Adinkra]]  ahyɛnsodɛ no bia.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana gets new Vice Chancellor; Prof. Ebenezer Owusu&quot; Archived 19 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, ''Joy Online'', 8 January 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;nowiki&gt;''AYA''&lt;/nowiki&gt; nyini kɔ soro tee a,  wɔ Logo yi mu no wɔde rekyerɛ nokwaredie ne tumi a wɔtumi di mmara so yɛ nnoɔma a ɛtene nko ara.

'Dweninmen (Ram's Horn) nso yɛ Adinkra ahyɛnsodeɛ no bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; Ɛha nso DWENINMENTOASO ahodoɔ mmiensu a apem anim no nso kyerɛ ahoɔden ne ɔfrɛ a yɛde kura nokwaredie mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Nwomasua ==

=== Balme Library ===
[[File:Balme Library of University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.jpg|alt=The Balme Library, University of Ghana|thumb|Main entrance to the Balme Library]]Wɔsii Balme Library no wɔ afe apem ahankron aduanan nwɔtwe mu (1948) sɛ nka ɛnyɛ Achimota College no Library.&lt;ref&gt;Alemna, Anaba. A (1997). &quot;A review of library provision in Ghana&quot;. ''Library Review''. '''46''': 34–44. doi:10.1108/00242539710160875.&lt;/ref&gt; ɛno ne baabi titire a ɛdi kan a wɔkoraa nwoma, a nwoma korabea nkaeɛ no nyinaa bɛtoo no.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;University of Ghana UG Balme library&quot;. ''2020/2021''. Retrieved 27 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Saa Balme Nwomakorabea yi hyɛ suapɔn no mu ankasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

===College of Health Sciences===
Yɛwɔ sukuu ahodoɔ nsia ne Research Institute baako na wɔhyɛ saa kɔlegyi ase.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official Site of the College of Health Sciences&quot;. University of Ghana. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University of Ghana begins Bachelor of Education programme&quot;. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 18 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; Yeinom ne:

*School of Medicine and Dentistry
*School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences
*School of Nursing, located on the [[Legon]] campus though its students receive practical training at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital
*School of Pharmacy
*School of Public Health
*School of Education and Leadership
*Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research
*Centre for Tropical, Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics

'''&lt;big&gt;College of Basic and Applied Sciences&lt;/big&gt;'''

Yɛwɔ sukuu ahodoɔ nnum ne Centres nsia (3 research based) ɛne Institutes mmienu na wɔhyɛ kɔlegy yi ase. Yeinom ne:

* School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
* School of Biological Sciences
* School of Agriculture
* School of Engineering Sciences
* School of Veterinary Medicine
* Livestock and Poultry Research Centre (LIPREC)
* Soil and Irrigation Research Centre (SIREC)
* Forest and Horticultural Research Centre (FOHCREC)
* Biotechnology Centre
* West African Centre for Crop Improvement (WACCI)
* West African Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP)
* Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies
* Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology

===Collegiate system===
Ɛdi firi 2014/2015 nwomasua afe no mu no, University of Ghana agye collegiate kwan a wɔfa so sua adeɛ no nso atom&lt;ref&gt;&quot;University Of Ghana Adopts Collegiate System From 2014/2015 Academic Year&quot; Archived 6 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, University of Ghana, 16 May 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; na wɔakyekyɛ sukuu ahodoɔ ne departments ahodoɔ no mu ahyɛ kɔlegyi ahodoɔ nnan ase, Yeinom ne:
*College of Basic and Applied Sciences
*College of Humanities
*College of Education
*College of Health Sciences

=== Faculties Afoforɔ===
Yɛwɔ faculties ahodoɔ num a wɔnhyɛ kɔlɛgy a yɛadikan abobɔ din yi mu biara ase, Yeinom ne:
*Faculty of Arts 
*Faculty of Social Studies
[[File:Department of Economics.JPG|thumb|370px|&lt;center&gt;Department of [[Economy|Economics]] of University of Ghana&lt;/center&gt;]]
*Faculty of Science
*Faculty of Law: 
*Faculty of Engineering Sciences

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==</text>
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    <title>Samuel Nkrumah Gyimah</title>
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      <text bytes="5726" sha1="qee4557faaq5u9qzocvv4lds24emq5x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = Hon.
| name                = Samuel Nkrumah Gyimah
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| order3              = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;
| office3             = Member of Parliament for Odotobri Constituency
| term_start3         = 7 January 1997
| term_end3           = 6 January 2005
| president3          = [[John Kufuor]]
| predecessor3        = 
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| order4              = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;
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| party               = [[New Patriotic Party]]
| otherparty          = &lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;
| spouse              = 
| partner             = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;
| relations           = 
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| alma_mater          = [[University of Ghana]]
| occupation          = 
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| signature           = 
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}}

'''Samuel Nkrumah Gyimah''' yɛ ɔmanyɔni sane yɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛni. Ɔsom sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Odotobri mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Asante mantam wɔ mmrahyɛbedafie a ɛtɔso mmienu ne mmiɛnsa wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan.

== Abrabɔ ne nnwomasua ==
Ɔwoo Nkrumah Gyimah wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum ne mmienu(1952). Ɔhyɛɛ sukuu ase wɔ Jakobu beaeɛ ɔwoo no, ɔkɔɔ ntoasoɔ sukuu wɔ Boa Amponsem na ɔkɔɔ suapɔn sukuu nso wɔ University of Ghana. Samuel Nkrumah ɛwu n'ayiyɔ wɔ Ɔbubuo bosome ne da ɛtɔso nson wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne aduonu wɔ Jakobu a ɛwɔ Amansie mfinifini mansini a ɛwɔ Asante mantam.

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
Samuel Nkrumah Gyimah yɛ mmrahyɛbedwani a na ɔka mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso mmiɛnsa wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu. Ɔgyina mu maa NPP amanyɔkuo wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia(1996) nanso ɔdii nkukuo wɔ afe mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nan mu de ma Emmanuel Akwasi Gyamfi a ɔno nso wɔ NPP amanyɔkuo no mu. Wɔ Nkrumah Gyimah pɛn so no ɔde adesrɛdeɛ too aban n'anim sɛ ɔnyɛ akwan a aseɛseɛ mma nkurasienkurasie.

== Abatoɔ ==
NPP amanyɔkuo no n'adikan de ne baa mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia(1996) Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no ma Odotobri mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Asante mantam. Ɔnyaa mma mpem du nson ɔha num ne aduosia nan(17,564) firii mma mpem aduonu num ɔha ne aduosia num(25,065) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum nnwɔtwe n'akyiri pɔ aduasa(58.30%) de tia George Adu Mensah a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo no, ɔnyaa mma mpem nson ɔha num ne nson(7,507) ne Veronica Rita Akosuah Nsafoah a ɔfri IDN amanyɔkuo ɔno nso nyaa mma hwee(0). Ɔyii Gyimah sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Odotobri mpɛsoa wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu(2000) wɔ Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no. Ɔnyaa no maa NPP amanyɔkuo no. Na ne mpɛsoa ka nkonnwa aduasa baako firi aduasa mmiɛnsa a NPP amanyɔkuo nyaa no wɔ Asante mantam ha. Ne nyinaa mu no NPP amanyɔuo no nyaa mmrahyɛbedwafoɔ ɔha(100) firii ahanu(200) mu. Ɔde mma mpem du nnwɔtwe ahasa ne aduokron num(18,395) wɔ nnipa dodoɔ a ɔtoo aba no. Wei gyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduowɔtwe(80%). Ɔdii nkunim wɔ John A.Frimpong a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma mpem mmiɛnsa ɔha num ne aduoson nkron(3,579) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn du num n'akyire pɔ nsia(15.6%), Francis A.A Mintah a ɔwɔ CPP amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma ɔha nsia ne aduosia nnwɔtwe(668) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn mmienu n'akyire pɔ nkron(2.9%) ne Isaac a ɔwɔ People's National Convention a ɔno nso nyaa mma aha ne aduonum nson(357) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn baako n'akyire pɔ nsia(1.6%).

== Beaeɛ menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.http://www.ghanamps.com/mps-by-year-group/index.php?group=2463

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20200621050058/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/members_parliament.php

3.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/MP-appeals-for-rehabilitation-of-rural-roads-45888

4.http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/33/index.php

5.https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/33/

6.https://web.archive.org/web/20231106102817/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/index.php

7.https://web.archive.org/web/20221116133229/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/index.php
[[Category:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2001–2005]]
[[Category:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1997–2001]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:New Patriotic Party amanyɔfoɔ]]</text>
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    <title>Sampson Kwaku Boafo</title>
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      <text bytes="7236" sha1="j5z1ixpt8gm8u90l4qr8n49g9z3mpns" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = Hon.
| name                = Sampson Kwaku Boafo
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = 
| order               = 
| office              = Mmrahyɛbadwani ɛwɔ [[Subin (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Subin]]
| term_start          = 
| term_end            = 
| president           = 
| predecessor         = 
| successor           = 
| parliament1         = Ghana
| majority1           = 
| term_start1         = 7 January 1996
| term_end1           = 6 January 2009
| president1          = 
| predecessor1        = [[Joseph Alexander Tuffour Sarkodie]]
| successor1          = [[Isaac Osei]]
| prior_term          = 
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| term_start2         = 
| term_end2           = 
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| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = 
| order3              = &lt;!--Can be repeated up to eight times by changing the number--&gt;
| office3             = Ashanti Regional Minister
| term_start3         = 2004
| term_end3           = 2006
| president3          = [[John Kufuor]]
| predecessor3        = 
| successor3          = 
| birth_date          = &lt;!--{{Birth date and age||||df=y}}--&gt;
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| death_date          = 
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| nationality         = [[Ghana]] {{flagicon|GHA}}
| party               = [[New Patriotic Party]]
| otherparty          = &lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;
| spouse              = 
| partner             = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;
| relations           = 
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| residence           = 
| alma_mater          = 
| occupation          = 
| profession          = Lawyer
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = Defence, Interior and Judiciary Committees
| portfolio           = 
| signature           = 
| signature_alt       = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Sampson K.Boafo''' yɛ Ghana mmrahyɛbedwani sane yɛ ɔmanyɔni ma NPP amanyɔkuo no. Ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Subin mpɛsoa wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso nan wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan. 
Ghana.

== Adwuma ==
Boafo yɛ ɔmanyɔni, ɔtɛmmuafoɔ wasane ne ate Founder City Temple International. Ɔsom sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Subin mpɛsoa toaso mprɛnsa.

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
Boafo dikan som  mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ Asante Akyem ɛwɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduoson nkron wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso mmiɛnsa wɔ Hilla Limann a w'anya ne baabi kɔ.

N'amanyɔ adwuma no ankɔ awieyɛ pa firi sɛ ankyɛ biara na ɛwɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome ne da ɛtɔso aduasa baako wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe mu na asraafoɔ bɛdii ɔman no so. Na Jerry John Rawlings na yɛ wɔn kandifoɔ. Boafo sane baa mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nson wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan. W'asom wɔ akuokuo a ɛwɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie ɛbinom ne ahobanbɔfoɔ ma ɔman Ghana ne asɛmdifoɔ nso. Na Boafo yɛ suafo wɔ oman panin dadaa John Agyekum Kuffour berɛ so ma Subin mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Asante mantam. Ɔwoo no wɔ Asante mantam. Na ɔyɛ Suafoɔ a ɔhwɛ Ahennie ne Amammerɛ so.

== Abatoɔ ==
Ɔdikan baa mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ NPP amanyɔkuo ne din mu maa Subin mpɛsoa wɔ Asante mantam wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia wɔ Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu. Ɔnyaa mma mpem aduasa nnwɔtwe ahanan ne du mmienu(38,412) firii mma mpem adonum mmiɛnsa ahasa ne aduanan nan(53,344) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum num n'akyire pɔ aduoson(55.70%) de tia Sarkodie Joseph J.A Tuffour a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma mpem du baako ahanu ne aduowɔtwe(11,280) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn du nsia n'akyire pɔ aduanan(16.40%). Asamoah Comfort a ɔgyina mu ma IND amanyɔkuo nyaa mma apem baako ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduasa nson(1,837) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn mmienu n'akyiri pɔ aduoson(2.70%). ne Hussien Aminu ɔnyaa mma apem baako ɔha nnwɔtwe ne du num(1,815) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn mmienu n'akyire pɔ aduosia(2.60%). Ɔsane baa mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu must(2000) abatoɔ no akyi. Ɔnyaa mma mpem aduanan nan ɔha nkron ne nson(44,907) firii mma mpem aduonum nsia ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduokron nnwɔtwe(56,898) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduoson nnwɔtwe n'akyiri pɔ aduokron(78.90%) de tia Kwame Adu Boffour a ɔdɔm NDC amanyɔkuo. Ɔnyaa mma mpem nkron ɔha ne aduoson nson a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn du nsia(16.00%), Huseini Aminu a ɔwɔ PNC amanyɔkuo no nyaa mma apem baako ɔha num ne aduanan baako(1,541) na Serwaa Kyeretwie a ɔwɔ CPP amanyɔkuo nso nyaa mma apem baako ahasa ne aduoson nson(1,373).  Boafo sane baa mmrahyɛbedwafie maa Subin mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Asante mantam wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nan(2004) Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no akyi. Ɔdii nkunim maa NPP amanyɔkuo no. Na ne mpɛsoa ka nkonnwa aduasa nsia(36) a NPP amanyɔkuo nya firii nkonnwa aduasa nkron(39) ɛwɔ Asante mantam. NPP amanyɔkuo no nyaa nkonnwa no dodoɔ wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie, ɔnyaa ɔha ne aduonu nnwɔtwe(128)firii nkonnwa ɔhanu ne aduasa(230). Ɔnyaa mma mpem aduanan mmienu ɔha nson ne du mmien(42,712)firii mma mpem aduosia baako ɔha ne aduasa mmiɛnsa(61,133) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduosia nkron n'akyiri pɔ nkron(69.9%) wɔ aba dodoɔ a ɔtooeɛ. Ɔdii nkunim wɔ Huseini Aminu Ali a ɔwɔ PNC amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma mpem nnwɔtwe ahanan ne aduokron baako(8,491) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn baako n'akyiri pɔ nan(1.4%), Abraham Kwesi Mensah a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma apem baako ɔha ne aduokron nnwɔtwe(1,098) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn du nnwɔtwe n'akyiri pɔ mmienu(18.2%), Kwame Appiah Boateng a ɔwɔ CPP amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma apem baako ɔha nsia ne du baako(1,611) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn mmienu n'akyire pɔ nsia(2.6%) ne Charles Hagan Kofi a ɔgyina mu ma ɔno ara ne ho so nyaa mma mpem nan ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduosia mmiɛnsa(4,863) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn nnwɔtwe(8%) nyinaa so.

N'abrabɔ

Na Sampson K. Boafo yɛ ɔkristoni

== Beaeɛ mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/S-K-Boafo-pulls-out-140404

2.https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2004_Ghanaian_parliamentary_election&amp;oldid=970850055

3.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Wontumi-is-an-exceptional-chairman-Sampson-Kwaku-Boafo-493973

4.https://web.archive.org/web/20221121215656/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/39/index.php

5.https://web.archive.org/web/20221121215656/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/parliament/ashanti/39/index.php

6.https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/

7.https://web.archive.org/web/20221121215650/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/ashanti/39/

8.https://web.archive.org/web/20230530120836/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/index.php

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2001–2005]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1997–2001]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:New Patriotic Party amanyɔfoɔ]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2005–2009]]</text>
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    <title>John Kweku Kumah</title>
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      <text bytes="3442" sha1="ru010fvdj3gexkf4s4yc5o37xhj6vsf" xml:space="preserve">{{Dialect|Asante}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = John Kweku Kumah
| office              = 
| president           = 
| president2          = [[Jerry John Rawlings]]
| termstart2          = 7 January 1993
| termend2            = 6 January 2001
| office2             = Mp for Twifo / Hemang / Lower / Denkyira Constituency
| occupation          = teacher
| birth_date          = 30 March 1938
| successor           = Constituency divided
}}
'''John Kweku Kumah ('''wɔwoo no ɔbɛnim bosome, ɛda a ɛtɔ so aduasa, afe apem ahankron  ne aduasa nwɔtwe). Ɔyɛ [[Ghana]] amanyɔni a ɔka [[Mmarahyɛbadwafie|mmarahyɛbɛdwafie]] a ɛdi kan ne deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu ma ɔman Ghana no ho. Ɔno ne mmarahyɛbɛdwani a ɔgyina hɔ ma [[Twifo- Atii Morkwa (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Twifo]], [[Hemang Lower Denkyira (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Hemang]] ne Denkyira mpatamu wɔ kuo a wɔfrɛ wɔn sɛ ''National Democratic Congress'' no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Peace FM |title=Ghana Election 1996 Results - Twifo / Hemang / Lower / Denkyira Constituency |url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/central/80/index.php |access-date=2026-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419160923/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/central/80/index.php |archive-date=2022-04-19 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== N’abrabɔ Ahyɛaseɛ ==
Wɔwoo John wɔ mfimfini mantam a ɛwɔ [[Ghana]]. Ɔnyaa n’abasobɔ krataa wɔ adesua mu firii Ghana suapɔn legon. 

Bio, ɔsan toaa n’adesua so wɔ mfimfini mantam mu. Ɛhɔ na ɔnyaa abaso bɔ kɛseɛ wɔ nwoma sua mu ɛfa ''Arts'' ho wɔ [[Cape Coast|Cape Caost]] suapɔn mu. Na ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛni ansa na ɔde ne ho rewura [[amanyɔsɛm]] mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=John Kweku Kumah |date=2026-06-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kweku_Kumah&amp;oldid=1360162629 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2026-11-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

== N’amanyɔsɛm ==
John baa [[Mmarahyɛbadwafie|mmarahyɛbɛdwafie]] a ɛdi kan sɛ mmarahyɛbɛdwamni wɔ [[Ɔpɛpɔn]] bosome ne da a ɛtɔ so nson, afe apem ahankron ne aduokron mmiɛnsa berɛ a wɔyii no sɛ nkunimdefoɔ wɔ abatoɔ a wɔtoo no wɔ [[Mmarahyɛbadwafie|mmarahyɛbɛdwafie]] wɔ Ɔpɛnnimaa bosome ne da a ɛtɔ so aduokron,afe apem ahankron ne aduokron mmienu no. Ɔsan dii nkunim ne mprenu soɔ wɔ abatoɔ a ɔman no nyinaa toeɛ no ma no baa mmarahyɛbɛdwafie bio wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome no afe apem ahankron  aduokron nson.

Wɔyii no sɛ nkunimdefoɔ wɔ afe apem ahankron aduokron nsia abatoɔ a wɔtoeɛ no ,berɛ a ɔne Kwaku Nyamaa-Akyeampong gyina maa wɔtoo wɔn so aba no. John Kweku Kumah nyaa mma no ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduonum akyiripɔ aduoson(51.70%) wɔ mma no a wɔtoeɛ no nyinaa, a ɛno bɛyɛ sɛ mma no mpem ahanu aduonum ne ɔha nson aduoson nson(25,777), ɛna Kwaku nso nyaa ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduasa nwɔtwe akyiripɔ aduowɔtwe (38.80%) a ɛno bɛyɛ sɛ mma no mpem ahanson ne ahaasa aduonum nwɔtwe(17,358).

Wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne nnan no, wɔkyɛɛ Twifo, Hemang, Denkyira abatoɔ mpasua so ma wɔbɛnyaa Hemang-Denkyira abatoɔ mpasua ne Twifo-Atti Morkwaa mpasua so. Nnipa  a wɔsii n’anan ne  Benjamin Bimpong Donkor ne Elizabeth Amoah Tetteh.
== Ɔno ankasa abrabɔ ==
Ɔyɛ okristoni

== Beaeɛ a menya mmoa firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1997–2001]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1993–1997]]</text>
      <sha1>ru010fvdj3gexkf4s4yc5o37xhj6vsf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Theresa Joyce Baffoe</title>
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      <text bytes="4318" sha1="anre5qpogqdd5kmwlw9sz147pnva5nl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Theresa Joyce Baffoe
| office              = Mmrahyɛbadwani ɛwɔ [[New Edubease (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|New Edubease]]
| nationality         = [[Ghana]] {{flagicon|GHA}}&amp;nbsp;
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1954|07|24}}
| birth_place         = [[New Edubiase]], [[Ashanti Region]]
| termstart           = October 1993
| termend             = 6 January 2005
| predecessor         = [[Mary Eugenia Ghann]]
| successor           = [[Ernest Kofi Yakah]]
| alma_mater          = [[Holy Child College of Education]]
| honorific_prefix    = 
| office1             = 
| termstart1          = 
| termend1            = 
| occupation          = [[Amanyni]]
| profession          = Teacher
| party               = [[National Democratic Congress (Ghana)|National Democratic Congress]]
}}

'''Theresa Joyce Baffoe''' yɛ Ghana mmrahyɛbedwani a na ɔgyina mu ma New Edubease mansini a ɛwɔ Asante mantam. Na ɔsane ka wɔn a ɔyi wɔn a ɔhwɛ dwadie nsɛm so wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie.
== Abrabɔ ne nnwomasua ==
Ɔwoo Joyce Baffoe wɔ Kitawonsa bosome ne da ɛtɔso aduonu nan wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum nan wɔ New Edubease a ɛwɔ Asante mantam. Ɔkɔɔ akyerɛkyerɛfoɔ sukuu wɔ Holy Child Training College ɛhɔ na ɔkɔ nyaa kyerɛkyerɛfoɔ nimdeɛ sane nyaa n'abɔdin krataa a edikan.

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
Baffoe bɛyɛɛ mmrahyɛbedwani wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a edikan wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan wɔ Ahinime bosome wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron mmiɛnsa wɔ berɛ a ɔtoo aba ma no bɛsii Mary Eugenia Ghann a ɔkɔɔ ne kra akyi berɛ a na ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma New Edubease.

NDC amanyɔkuo sane yii  Baffoe baa mmrahyɛbedwafie  wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia abatoɔ no. Ɔnyaa mma mpem du nson ɔha ne du baako(17,114) firii mma mpem aduonu nan ne ɔha num(24,500) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum num n'akyire pɔ aduonum(55.50%) de tia George Akwasi Boadu a ɔgyina mu ma NPP amanyɔkuo, ɔnyaa mma mpem num ahanu ne nsia(5,206) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn du nsia n'akyire pɔ aduokron(16.90%), Sophia Afrakoma Owusu a ɔgyina mu ma CPP amanyɔkuo ɔnyaa mma apem ɔha nsia ne aduoson nnwɔtwe(1,678) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn num n'akyiri pɔ aduanan(5.40%) ne Kwasi Adjei Aboagye a ɔgyina mu ma PNC amanyɔkuo no ɔno nso nyaa mma ahanum ne mmienu(502) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn baako n'akyiri pɔ aduasa.

Na Baffoe ka mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso mmiɛnsa wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan akyire a ɔyii no baa mmrahyɛbedwafie toaso mmiɛnsa wɔ mfe mpem mmienu abatoɔ kɛseɛ no. Ɔgyinaa NDC amanyɔkuo wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron mmienu ɛna akyire ɔdii nkunim wɔ akɛnsie no mu wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia wɔ Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu. Ɔnyaa mma mpem du baako ɔha nkron ne nnwɔtwe(11,908). Ɔdii nkukuo wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nan Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu. Akyire ɔyɛ n'adwene sɛ ɔmma biom no, Ernest Kofi Yankah na sii na nan ɔnyaa mma mpem du nan ɔha nson ne aduasa mmienu(14,732) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum nan n'akyire pɔ aduanan num(54.45%) wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe. Ɔgyina sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani maa New Edubease mpɛsoa mprɛnsa.

== Adwuma ==
Ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛni. Ɔkyerɛ adeɛ mfeɛ aduonu nnwɔtwe ansa na ɔwura amanyɔsɛm mu. Ɔsane som sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfoɔ panin mfeɛ du nan na ɔsane yɛ panin wɔ wɔn a ɔhwɛ Ghana nyinaa nnwomasua ho nsɛm so.

== N'asetena ne abrabɔ ==
Joyce Baffoe yɛ ɔkristoni a ɔsom wɔ Roman Catholic asɔre a ɛwɔ Ghana.

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://web.archive.org/web/20221121150952/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/29/index.php

2.http://www.ghanareview.com/parlia/Ashanti.html

3.https://web.archive.org/web/20241127043305/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/parliament/ashanti/index.php

4.https://web.archive.org/web/20221121151001/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/ashanti/29/index.php

5.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Four-people-to-contest-NDC-primaries-for-New-Edubiase-58847

[[Category:National Democratic Congress (Ghana) Amanyɔfoɔ]]
[[Category:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2001–2005]]
[[Category:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1997–2001]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kofi Konadu Apraku</title>
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      <text bytes="6852" sha1="nwnk1m07hv8dz4o2h2nt0v770xxa0p5" xml:space="preserve">'''Kofi Konadu Apraku''' yɛ ɔmanyɔni, ɔnim sika ntotoeɛsɛm ho na ɔsane ka mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso mmienu, mmiɛnsa ne nan wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan. Ɔyɛ ɔmanyɔni ma NPP amanyɔkuo no. Na ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Offinso Atifi mpɛsoa wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso nan wɔ Ghana adehyeman amanmuo ɛtɔso nan.{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| otherparty          = &lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;
| president3          = [[John Kufuor]]
| predecessor3        = 
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| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1954|09|07|df=y}}
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| nationality         = [[Ghana]]&amp;nbsp;{{flagicon|GHA}}
| party               = [[New Patriotic Party]]
| spouse              = 
| term_start3         = 7 January 1997
| partner             = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;
| relations           = 
| children            = 
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| alma_mater          = South Albany High School Oregon State University
| occupation          = 
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| signature           = 
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| term_end3           = 6 January 2009
| office3             = Mmrahyɛbadwani ɛwɔ [[Offinso North (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Offinso North]] Mpɛsoa so
| name                = Kofi Konadu Apraku
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Abrabɔ ne nnwomasua

Ɔwoo Kofi wɔ Akumadan a ɛwɔ Asante mantam wɔ Ɛbɔ bosome ne da ɛtɔso nson wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum nan(1954). Ɔkɔɔ ntoasoɔ sukuu wɔ Tweneboah Kodua firi afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia nson(1967)de kɔsi afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe mmienu(1972) ɛna ɔkɔ toaso wɔ South Albany a ɛwɔ Oregon U.S.A abrokyire man mu ɛkyire ɔdii nkunim wɔ AFS International Essay akansie no, ɔkɔɔ sua sedeɛ yɛ toto sikasɛm wɔ Oregon State suapɔn sukuu wɔ USA abrokyire man mu na ɔnyaa n'abɔdin krataa.

Adwuma

Na Kofi ka New Partnership for Africa Development na ɔsane yɛ ɔsuafɔ ma Mantam nkabom wɔ ɔmanpanin dada John Agyekum Kufour berɛ so wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne mmiɛnsa(2003) de kɔsi mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nsia(2006). Ɔsane som sɛ ɔsuafoɔ ma dwadie ne nnwuma so wɔ ɔmanpanin dada John Agyekum Kufour wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne baako(2001) de kɔsi mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne du mmiɛnsa(2013). Wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe(2008) Economic Community of West Africa(ECOWAS) yii no wɔ asuafoɔ a ɔhwɛ sikasɛm ntotoeɛsɛm ho mmra ne sikasɛm ntotoeɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɔsane hwɛ dodoɔ nhwehwɛmu yie berɛ no berɛ no wɔ nkabom wɔ sikasɛm ntotoeɛ ma ECOWAS nkrofoɔ, ma ɔhwɛ sɛ kwan a ECOWAS ka sɛ  ɔbɛka sika nyinaa abom no bɛyɛ adwuma. Na ɔsane kasa fa no so ma Aman nyinaa sika korabea International Monetary Fund(IMF), African Development sika korabea ne sika korabea ɛkeka ho a ɛbeboa ECOWAS nkɔsoɔ.

Amanyɔsɛm

Ɔdikan de Kofi Konadu Apraku ba mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome ne da ɛtɔso nson wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nson(1997) ma ne mpɛsoa. Ɔnyaa mma mpem du ɔha nan ne aduonum nsia(10,456) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduasa nson n'akyiri pɔ aduowɔtwe(37.80%) firii mma mpem aduonu baako ɔha nan ne aduonu nnwɔtwe(21,428). Ɔne Nana Oduro Baah a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo a ɔnyaa mma mpem du ɔhanu ne aduonum nson(10,257) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduasa nson n'akyiri pɔ du(37.10%), Manu Yaw Joseph a ɔwɔ PNC a ɔnyaa mma ahasa ne aduonum nnwɔtwe(358) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn baako n'akyiri pɔ aduasa(1.30%) ne Emmanuel Kwame Boakye a ɔwɔ IND amanyɔkuo a ɔnyaa mma ahasa ne aduonum nson(357) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduasa(1.30%) mo nyinaa n'akɔɔ akansie.  Ɔsane yii no baa mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome ne da ɛtɔso nson wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne baako(2001) wɔ berɛ a ɔdii nkunim wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu abatoɔ mu no, ɔnyaa mma mpem du mmiɛnsa ɔha ne aduosia(13,160) de firii mma aduonu baako ɔha num ne aduanan ne mmiɛnsa(21,543) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduosia baako(61%). Ɔsane baa mmrahyɛbedwafie biom sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Offinso Atifi mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Asante mantam wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nan(2004) abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu a ɔnyaa mma mpem du mmiɛnsa ahasa ne aduowɔtwe nkron(13,389) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum n'akyire pɔ aduasa(50.30%). Na ɔka nnipa du nson a ɔgyina wɔ abatoɔ wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nson(2007) a NPP amanyɔkuo nyaa ma wɔn kandifoɔ a ɔgyinaa ma amanyɔkuo no wɔ mfeɛ mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe abatoɔ no mu.

Asetena ne abrabɔ

Na ɔyɛ ɔkristoni mmapa.

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Dr-Kofi-Konadu-Apraku-to-be-appointed-Ghana-Gas-CEO-498682 1.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Dr-Kofi-Konadu-Apraku-to-be-appointed-Ghana-Gas-CEO-498682]

2.https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/4058124

3.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Konadu_Apraku#cite_ref-:1_2-2

4.https://web.archive.org/web/20191101204209/http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201803/347937.php

5.https://newsghana.com.gh/dr-apraku-donates-ghc50000-00-to-covid-19-fund/

6.https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/6-ecowas-states-elections-test-case-for-democracy-dr-konadu-apraku.html

7.https://web.archive.org/web/20221119235038/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/1996/ashanti/34/index.php

8.https://web.archive.org/web/20221119235039/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/ashanti/34/index.php

9.https://web.archive.org/web/20221119235039/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/parliament/index.php

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2001–2005]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 1997–2001]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:New Patriotic Party amanyɔfoɔ]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2005–2009]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwadjo Agyei Addo</title>
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'''Kwadjo Agyei Addo''' yɛ Ghana mmrahyɛbedwani sane yɛ ɔmanyɔni wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso nan wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan. Na ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Fanteakwa Atifi mpɛsoa a ɛwɔ Apueeɛ mantam.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kwadjo Agyei Addo
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |MP for Fanteakwa North
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Berɛ
January 7, 2005 – January 6, 2009
|-
!Ɔmanpanin
|John Agyekum Kufour
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Personal details
|-
!Awo Berɛ
|October 15, 1951 (age 70)
Fanteakwa, Eastern Region Gold Coast (now Ghana)
|-
!Ne Man
|Ghanaian
|-
!Amanyɔkuo
|New Patriotic Party
|-
!Sukuu a ɔkɔeɛ
|Akrokerri College of Education
|-
!N'adwuma
|Politician
|-
!N'adwuma
|Teacher
|}

== Abrabɔ ahyɛaseɛ ne nnwomasua ==
Ɔwoo Agyei Addo wɔ Ahinime bosome ne da ɛtɔso du num wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum baako wɔ Fanteakwa wɔ Apueeɛ mantam. Ɔkɔɔ Akrokerri Suapɔn sukuu ɛhɔ na ɔnyaa n'abɔdin krataa wɔ adekyerɛ mu. 

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
NPP amanyɔkuo na dii kan de Addo kɔɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie wɔ Ɔpɛnimaa bosome wɔ mfe mpem mmienu wɔ Ghana batoɔ kɛseɛ sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Fanteakwa Atifi mpɛsoa so. Ɔnyaa mma mpem aduonu ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduosia nson(20,867) firii mma mpem aduasa  nsia ɔha nnwɔtwe ne aduonum nnwɔtwe  a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduonum nsia akyiri pɔ nsia(56.6%).  Ɔdii nkuguo wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nnwɔtwe wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafoɔ abatoɔ edikan, Kwabena Amankwah Asiamah na nyaa aba no wɔ Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ no.

== 2004 Abatoɔ ==
Ɔyii Addo wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie sɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Fanteakwa Atifi mpɛsoa so wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie ɛtɔso nan ne Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn bosome ne da ɛtɔso nson wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne num de kɔsi Ɔpɛpɔn bosome ne da nsia wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nkron. Wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nan wɔ Ghana abatoɔ kɛseɛ. Ɔdii nkunim wɔ Samuel Ofosu Ampofo a ɔwɔ NDC amanyɔkuo nyaa mma mpem du num ne ɔha nsia ne aduoson nnwɔtwe(15,678) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn aduanan mmienu n'akyire pɔ mmienu(42.5%) ne Gyimah Aikins Nyantakyi a ɔwɔ CPP amanyɔkuo ɔno nso nyaa mma ahasa ne nsia(306) a ɛgyina hɔ ma ɔha mu abupɛn hwee n'akyire pɔ nnwɔtwe(0.8%) wɔ nnipa dodoɔ ɔbɛtoo aba. Addo mpɛsoa so ka mpɛsoa aduonu mmienu a ɔdii nkunim maa NPP amanyɔkuo wɔ Apueeɛ mantam. Ne nyinaa mu no NPP amanyɔkuo no nyaa mmrahyɛbedwafie akonnwa ɔha ne aduonu nnwɔtwe wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso nan  wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan.

== Adwuma ==
Ɔyɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛni sane yɛ sika dwuma.

== Asetena ne abrabɔ ==
Kwadjo Agyei Addo yɛ ɔkristoni.

== Beaeɛ menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Presiding-Member-elected-NPP-parliamentary-candidate-57735

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20221206182957/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/97/index.php

3.https://web.archive.org/web/20221206182957/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/eastern/97/index.php

4.https://web.archive.org/web/20221206182956/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2004/eastern/index.php

5.https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/

[[Category:New Patriotic Party amanyɔfoɔ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paneɛ</title>
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      <text bytes="15466" sha1="pb1s2816d8sdgq8j3iw8pjgqni173t4" xml:space="preserve">Paneɛ yɛ adeɛ a yɛntumi de twe adeɛ firi biribi mu a biribiara sɔ so.  (Ɛwom sɛ abɛɛfo deɛ no ayɛ piston

ɛsɔ mu denenden airi [[Ahomatrofoɔ|ahoma]] abuadeɛ a wɔfrɛ no ankorɛ anaa &quot;barrel&quot;rel.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dental+syringe {{cite web|url=https://www.trigienedental.co.uk/Disposable_Needles__Syringes--category--417.html|title=Disposable Needles &amp; Syringes &amp;#124; Trigiene Dental &amp;#124; Quality Dental Supplies UK|access-date=2017-08-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511135451/https://www.trigienedental.co.uk/Disposable_Needles__Syringes--category--417.html|archive-date=2018-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;adeɛ no a ɛsɔ so tumi twe ba abɔntene na ɛsan tumi twe kɔ ɛmu , ama paneɛ no kwan ama atwe mframa anaa nsuo afa ahoma tokuro no mu be.Paneɛ no beaeɛ a abue no bua ma nsuo no fa paneɛ no mu kɔ gu adeɛ no a ayɛ sɛ [[ankorɛ]] no mu. Paneɛ taa di dwuma wɔ abɛɛfo [[ayaresabea]] mu pa ara, a ɛboa ma wɔwɔ [[paneɛ]], wɔde [[nsuo]] asi ayarefoɔ so, wɔde mogya nso fa [[paneɛ]] mu na ɛde wɔ ayarefoɔ, na nnoɔma bi te sɛ glue ne lubricants aka ho.

Edin paneɛ firi Greekifoɔ kasa mu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ σύριγξ (''syrinx'', meaning &quot;Pan flute&quot;, &quot;tube&quot;)

== AYAREHWƐ HO PANEƐM ==
{{see also|Hypodermic needle}}
[[File:Syringe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syringe.jpg|thumb|The threads of the [[Luer taper|Luer lock]] tip of this 12mL disposable syringe keep it securely connected to a tube or other apparatus.]]
[[File:SyringeAllGlass.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SyringeAllGlass.jpg|thumb|Syringe made entirely of glass, with no parts made from metal, nor any other material.]]
[[File:Rekord-Spritze.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rekord-Spritze.jpg|thumb|An antique glass and metal syringe]]
Beaeɛ a ɛwɔ paneɛ konko ho ne mpaneɛ adwasuo bi ne  disposable and [[Safety syringe|safety syringes]], injection pens, needleless injectors, insulin pumps, and specialty needles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Disposable Syringe Markets|publisher=TriMark Publications, LLC|date=June 2013|url=http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Syringe-Markets.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911154606/http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Syringe-Markets.html|archive-date=2014-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hypodermic syringes yɛde ɛne   [[Hypodermic needle|hypodermic paneɛ]] [[Injection (medicine)|na yɛde twe nsuo anaa mframa,]] dekɔ nnipa dua no mu anaa sɛ yɛde twe firi nipadia no mu. Mframa a yɛtwe dekɔ mogya ntini mu no yɛ adeɛ ɛhu yie, sɛ ɛbɛtumi de  [[air embolism]] aba, sɛ yɛbɛbɔ embolisms ho ban no, sɛ yɛretwe mframa afiri paneɛ konkora mu no yɛ ɔkwan baako a sɛ wohwɛ mfonin a ɛwɔ hɔ yi bi a yɛde ano ahwɛ soro, a yɛretwetwe no, a yɛrepia nsuo kakra bi afiri mu ansana yɛde awɔ mogya ntini no.

Ankorɛ a ɛsɔ paneɛ so no yɛ ruba anaa glaase, a ahyɛnson deɛ wɔ ho a ɛkyerɛ nsuo dodoɔ anaa aduro dodoɔ a ɛwɔ mu, aberɛ biara no ɛyɛ adeɛ a ɛmu da hɔ a wotumi hunu mu. Ahwehwɛ paneɛ tumi yɛ [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilized]] wɔ  [[autoclave]]. Ruba deɛ no deɛ yɛtumi yɛ no afa mmienu anaa mmiɛnsa. Ruba deɛ no a ɛkura afa mmienu no deɛ mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ nsɔ ano a yɛde ruba ayɛ yɛasi ano wɔ ɛne ankorɛ no ntem, beaeɛ a wayɛ no mmienu kyerɛ sedeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛkye ruba no ne ankorɛ no a ɛsɔ so no a wasi ano sedeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a ɛho nhia sɛ wobɛtete paneɛ no ne ankorɛ no ntem ansa na wode adi dwuma.Two-part syringes yɛ adeɛ a wɔde de dwuma Amanɔne nkuro so sedeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtumi abera silicone oil a wɔde ngo serasera  three-part plungers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Anatomy of the Hypodermic Needle and Syringe|url=https://www.exchangesupplies.org/article_the_anatomy_of_a_hypodermic_needle_and_syringe.php|website=www.exchangesupplies.org|access-date=18 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abɛɛfo mpaeɛ a ba no yɛ ruba ɛfiri sɛ ne boɔ nyɛ den koraa a sɛ wode yɛ adwuma wei wobɛtumi ato atwene wɔ aberɛ a womfa nkɔ wɔ nipa foforo a ɛbɛte ɛhu a ɛwom sɛ ɛbɛtrɛtrɛ wɔ [[Blood-borne disease|blood-borne diseases]]. Paneɛ baako a yɛde di dwuma bebree no na ama yareɛ bi te sɛ [[HIV]] ne  [[hepatitis]], ɛne nnuro a yɛde yɛ adwuma a wɔnhwɛ no yie.  Paneɛ abuadeɛ no mpen pii no wɔn a wɔn wɔwɔ asikyire yareɛ na yɛde hwɛ wɔn mprɛnu, ɛfiri sɛ wɔn deɛ wotumi wɔ mpaeɛ bebree dakoro biara wei yɛ adeɛ ama ne boɔ no ayɛ fo ama bebree. Ɛwom sɛ anka paneɛ ne n'aboadeɛ no nyinaa yɛde hwɛ nipa baako, saa anamɔntuo wei nyinaa nyɛ papa ɛfiri sɛ ɛbɛtumi de yareɛ afiri honam ani awura mogya ntini ahorow no mu, ɛyɛ adeɛ ɛhu yie pa ara na ɛntumi nso sae afoforo nso.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/expert.q.a/09/28/insulin.syringe.brawley/index.html|title=Is it safe to reuse an insulin syringe? - CNN.com|first=Asked by|last=Bethany|website=[[CNN]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710123054/http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/expert.q.a/09/28/insulin.syringe.brawley/index.html|archive-date=2017-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɛwɔ ayarehwɛ nhyehyɛe mu no sɛ wode paneɛ baako ne n'aboadeɛ baako yɛ adwuma a ɛboa ma yareɛ a ɛsae no ano ba fam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Disposable Medical Supplies Markets|publisher=TriMark Publications, LLC|date=July 2014|url=http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Medical-Supplies-Markets.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224004233/http://www.trimarkpublications.com/products/Disposable-Medical-Supplies-Markets.html|archive-date=2014-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Paneɛ abuadeɛ no tumi di saa ara wɔ aberɛ a womfa paneɛ nka ho, wɔde nnuro gu mu de fa anumu de ma mmɔfra anaa mmoa, anaa wɔde meliki gu mu ma mmoa nketewa ɛfiri sɛ wɔtumi susu aduro yie ɛnyɛ den sɛ wode bɛgu n'anum na ɛno yɛ sene sɛ wobɛdane no nsa dɔkɔdɔkɔ bi ansana woasusu  agu atre mu ama no anom.

=== Standard U-100 insulin syringes ===
[[File:Standard_insulin_syringe.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_insulin_syringe.JPG|thumb|Insulin syringes are marked in insulin &quot;units&quot;.]]
Syringes for [[insulin]] users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard &quot;units&quot; of insulin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|pmid=12060790|title=Making the unit of insulin: standards, clinical work, and industry, 1920–1925|date=2010-12-08|volume=76|issue=2|journal=Bull Hist Med|pages=231–70|author=Sinding C|doi=10.1353/bhm.2002.0097|s2cid=44334307}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since insulin vials are typically 10 mL, each vial has 1000 units.

Insulin syringes are made specifically for self injections and have friendly features:

* shorter needles,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;id=7253|title=BD Diabetes-Insulin Syringe Needle Sizes|publisher=Bd.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121119/http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;id=7253|archive-date=2011-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; as insulin injections are [[Subcutaneous injection|subcutaneous]] (under the skin) rather than intramuscular,
* finer gauge needles,&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt; for less pain,
* markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;id=7252|title=BD Diabetes-Syringe Capacity and Dose Size|publisher=Bd.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707095615/http://www.bd.com/us/diabetes/page.aspx?cat=7001&amp;id=7252|archive-date=2011-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Low dead space syringe|low dead space]] to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |'''U-100 Syringe Sizes and Markings'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1cc (1 mL) Syringe
|-
!Holds maximum:
!100 units&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS1cc.jpg|title=Close-up of BD 1cc Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2&quot;, UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16&quot; &amp; MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2&quot;|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083626/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS1cc.jpg|archive-date=2016-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Numbered in:
!10 unit increments&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes1&quot;/&gt;
|-
!Smallest line measures 2 units:&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/clientED/diabetes.asp|title=Diabetes Mellitus-Washington State University|publisher=Vetmed.wsu.edu|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103175134/http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/ClientED/diabetes.asp|archive-date=2011-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!BD&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes1&quot;/&gt;
ReliOn&lt;ref name=&quot;relion1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.relion.com/information/faq-insulin_delivery.htm#4|title=ReliOn Insulin Syringe Markings|publisher=Relion.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128234003/http://relion.com/information/faq-insulin_delivery.htm#4|archive-date=2010-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Monoject&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.diabeteshealth.com/media/pdfs/PRG0107/Syringes-PRG-0107.pdf|title=Diabetes Health Syringe Listings|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710123551/http://www.diabeteshealth.com/media/pdfs/PRG0107/Syringes-PRG-0107.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
(all but 31 gauge needle)
|-
!Smallest line measures 1 unit:
!Easy Touch&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|title=Easy Touch Syringe demonstration-their syringes all measure in 1 unit increments|publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|archive-date=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Precision Sure Dose&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |1/2cc (0.5 mL) Syringe
|-
!Holds maximum:
!50 units&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetescc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS05cc.jpg|title=Close-up of BD 1/2 cc Syringes—UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2&quot;, UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16&quot; &amp; MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2&quot;|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083627/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS05cc.jpg|archive-date=2016-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Numbered in:
!10 unit increments&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetescc&quot;/&gt;
|-
!Smallest line measures 1 unit:&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;
!BD&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetescc&quot;/&gt;
Precision Sure Dose&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
Ulti-Care&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ulti-care.com/ultiguard_insulinsyringes.html|title=Ulti-Care U100 Syringes-Product Information|publisher=Ulti-care.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717150302/http://www.ulti-care.com/ultiguard_insulinsyringes.html|archive-date=2011-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Easy Touch&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|title=Easy Touch Syringes demonstration-all syringes with 1 unit increment markings|publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|archive-date=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
ReliOn&lt;ref name=&quot;relion1&quot;/&gt;
Monoject&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe
|-
!Holds maximum:
!30 units&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS03cc.jpg|title=Close-up of BD 3/10 Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2&quot;, UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16&quot;, UltraFine Short-Half Unit Markings-31 Gauge-5/16&quot; &amp; MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2&quot;|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215083627/http://www.childrenwithdiabetes.com/gifs/products/BDUFS03cc.jpg|archive-date=2016-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Numbered in:
!5 unit increments&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;/&gt;
|-
!Smallest line measures 1 unit:&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;/&gt;
!BD Micro Fine&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
BD Ultra Fine&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;/&gt;
(standard length only)
Monoject&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
Easy Touch&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|title=Easy Touch Syringes-all products measure in 1 unit increment markings|publisher=Easytouchsyringes.com|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164413/http://www.easytouchsyringes.com/quality.htm|archive-date=2011-07-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
UltiCare&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Half-unit scale 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=7917|title=Comparison of 3/10 cc syringe marks—half unit and whole unit scale-BD|access-date=2010-12-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928121135/http://www.bd.com/resource.aspx?IDX=7917|archive-date=2011-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
!Holds maximum:
!30 units&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;/&gt;
|-
!Numbered in:
!5 unit increments&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;/&gt;
|-
!Smallest line measures 1/2 unit:
!BD Ultra Fine II (short)&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;childrenwithdiabetes2&quot;/&gt;
ReliOn&lt;ref name=&quot;relion1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;diabeteshealth1&quot;/&gt;
|}
{{clear right}}

=== Oral ===
An oral syringe is a [[measuring instrument]] used to accurately measure doses of liquid [[medication]], expressed in [[Millilitre#SI%20prefixes%20applied%20to%20the%20litre|millilitres]](mL). They do not have threaded tips, because no needle or other device needs to be screwed onto them. The contents are simply squirted or sucked from the syringe directly into the mouth of the person or animal.

Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1–10 mL and larger. The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL and 5 mL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/oralsyringe.htm|title=How to use your oral syringe|work=Netdoctor|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104083118/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/oralsyringe.htm|archive-date=2011-01-04|date=2012-11-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dose-sparing syringes ===
[[File:Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_(2021)_D.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oxford_AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine_(2021)_D.jpeg|thumb|A dose-sparing syringe and needle being used to draw up a Covid-19 vaccine]]
A dose-sparing syringe is one which minimises the amount of liquid remaining in the barrel after the plunger has been depressed. These syringes feature a combined needle and syringe, and a protrusion on the face of the plunger to expel liquid from the needle hub. Such syringes were particularly popular during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as vaccines were in short supply.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Government orders 65m syringes ahead of potential Covid-19 vaccine|url=https://www.pulsetoday.co.uk/news/clinical-areas/immunology-and-vaccines/government-orders-65m-syringes-ahead-of-potential-covid-19-vaccine/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-15|website=www.pulsetoday.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
{{anchor|Medical syringe}}</text>
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'''Marian Ewurama Addy''' FGA . Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so OV (woo '''Cole''' ; 7 Ɔpɛpɔn 1942 – 14 Ɔbɛnem 2014) yɛ Ghana biochemist ne Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Quiz no Host a odi kan .  Ghanani bea a odi kan a onyaa dibea a ɛyɛ abɔde ho nyansahu ho ɔbenfo a odi mũ, Addy bɛyɛɛ nhwɛso maa sukuu mmeawa ne mmea nyansahufo a wɔrefi ase wɔ hokwan ahorow a enni ano wɔ nyansahu, mfiridwuma, mfiridwuma ne akontaabu ( STEM ) nteɛso ahorow mu. Marian Addy nso yɛ Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences Fellow, wɔpaw no afe 1999. Wɔ saa afe no ara mu no, wɔmaa no UNESCO Kalinga Nkonimdi a Ɛma Nyansahu Agye Din.

== Mfitiase asetra ne nhomasua ==
Wɔwoo Ewurama Addy 7 Ɔpɛpɔn 1942 wɔ Nkawkaw wɔ Ghana Apuei Fam, na ne maame Samuel Joseph Cole ne Angelina Kwofie Cole. Ɔsuaa adeɛ wɔ St Monica’s Secondary School wɔ Mampong-Ashanti firi Ɔbɛnem 1956 kɔsi June 1960 baabi a ɔdii mu wɔ agumadiɛ mu na ɔnyaa ne ‘O’ ne ‘A’ level adansedie nkrataa. Ɔsan kɔɔ Holy Child Girls’ School a ɛwɔ Cape Coast no nso . Ɔnyaa ne bachelor’s degree a ɛdi kan wɔ afifideɛ ho nimdeɛ mu wɔ chemistry mu wɔ Ghana Suapɔn, Legon . Akyiri yi onyaa abodin krataa a ɛkorɔn ne oduruyɛfo abodin krataa wɔ abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua mu wɔ Pennsylvania Ɔman Sukuupɔn mu .

== Adwuma ==
Addy duu dibea sɛ biochemistry ho ɔbenfo a ɔyɛ pɛ wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn mu, faako a ɛnyɛ sɛ na ɔyɛ ɔbea ɔbenfo a odi kan wɔ nyansahu mu wɔ sukuupɔn no mu nko, na mmom Ghana nso sɛ ɔman mũ no nyinaa. Wɔ saa sukuupɔn koro no ara mu no, ɔbɛyɛɛ Dwumadibea a ɛhwɛ Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology so no Titenani fi 1988 kosi 1991 ne 1994 kosi 1997. Addy kɔhyɛɛ pɛnhyen wɔ afe 2002 mu sɛ Ɔbenfo a ɔkyerɛ Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Ho Adesua.

Bere a na ɔyɛ ɔbenfo ne dwumadibea panyin no, na ɔyɛ Aman a Wɔrenya Nkɔso Ho Nhyehyɛe Boayikuw (PCDC) no guamtrani na na ɔyɛ Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Adwumayɛfo ne Mfiridwumayɛfo Sɔhwɛ So (NABPTEX) no guamtrani . Ɔyɛɛ Dwumadie no sohwɛfoɔ maa Nyansahu Nhomasua Dwumadie a ɛwɔ Accra ma Afrika (SEPA), Pan Africa nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa nyansahu nkyerɛkyerɛ a ɛdi kan wɔ sukuupɔn mu wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no mu. Ɔsomm wɔ Kwami Boayikuo, mfiridwuma boayikuo a ɛhwɛ polytechnic nkyerɛkyerɛ so a Ɔman Badwa a ɛhwɛ sukuupɔn so (NCTE) hyehyɛeɛ no mu, sɛ wɔbɛsua na wɔakamfo nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛbɛboa Ghana aban no ama wɔaboa polytechnic nkyerɛkyerɛ. Wɔ afe 1994 mu no, na ɔsan yɛ UNDP afotufoɔ kuo a emufoɔ yɛ 4 a wɔwɔ Ghana a wɔde ahyɛ wɔn nsa sɛ wɔnhyehyɛ Ɔman Dwumadie Nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛfa Nyansahu ne Mfiridwuma Nkɔsoɔ ho no muni. Na ɔyɛ Ghana Atomic Energy Commission no board member fi afe 1996 kosi afe 1998. Ɔsom sɛ WHO Ɔmantam Abenfo Boayikuw a Ɛhwɛ Amanne Aduruyɛ So no muni, na ɔyɛɛ adwuma sɛ ɔfotufo wɔ Amanaman Ntam Nyansahu Fapem, wɔ Stockholm, Sweden . Na ɔyɛ Western Africa Network of Natural Products Research Scientists (WANNPRES) a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 2002 mu no Fapemfo ne Ɔkyerɛwfo Panyin a odi kan

Na ɔwɔ osuahu pii wɔ mfitiaseɛ ne nyansahu a wɔde di dwuma nyinaa mu, ɔmaa ɔkasa kyerɛɛ adesuafoɔ a wɔrekɔwie, wɔn a wɔrewie sukuu, nsensan ne aduruyɛ ho adesuafoɔ wɔ Ghana Suapɔn, Legon ne akyiri yi wɔ Howard University College of Medicine wɔ Washington DC .&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Busia|first=Kofi|date=2014|title=Obsequies - late Prof. Marian Ewurama Addy|journal=African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines|volume=11|issue=2|pages=489|issn=2505-0044|pmc=4202662|pmid=25435638}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ Ɔpɛpɔn 2008 mu no, wɔpaw Addy sɛ Anglican University College of Technology, mfiridwuma ho nhyehyɛe a wɔyɛ wɔ ntoaso sukuu mu no Titenani a odi kan.

Ɔne ne nuabeanom baanu, Jane ne Elizabeth boom hyehyɛɛ Abasobɔde a wɔde ma “Abeawa a Ɔsen Biara” wɔ ne sukuupɔn, St Monica Ntoaso Sukuu mu. Ghana aban no paw no sɛ Officer of the Order of the Volta esiane ne mmoa a ɔde mae wɔ nyansahu ne mmabaa ne mmofra nhomasua mu nti.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt;

=== Hwehwɛ mu ===
Nea Addy de n’adwene sii so wɔ nhomasua mu nhwehwɛmu mu ne nnuru a wɔde nhabannuru yɛ a wɔde sa nyarewa a ɛtaa ba no biochemistry; titiriw wɔ mmeae a ɛfa wɔn ahobammɔ ne wɔn mmɔdenbɔ ho. Nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe wɔ nhwiren a wɔfrɛ no ''Desmodium adscendens'' a nhabannuru ho animdefo de sa ayamtu ne akisikuru ho no kyerɛe sɛ na ade a ɛyɛ adwuma no yɛ nnuru foforo a mprempren wɔfrɛ no soyasaponins . Eyi boae ma wohuu sɛ wɔde nnuru a ɛtete saa a wɔde sa ayamtu ne asikreyare a ɛto so abien di dwuma anaa.  Nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe wɔ asikreyare mu nneɛma a nkwa wom ho no maa afifide a wɔde nhabannuru yɛ a wɔde sa tebea no nyaa nkɔso. Wɔ n’asetra mu no, Marian Ewurama Addy tintim nhwehwɛmu nhoma ahorow 22 a ɛfa ayamtu, anaphylaxis, asikreyare a ɛto so abien, ne mogya mmoroso ho a ɛfa nhabannuru ayaresa ho.

=== Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Ho Nsɛmmisa ===
Ɔbenfoɔ Addy mmoa titire baako a ɔde maa Ghana, ne obiara a ɔhwɛeɛ no, ne National Science and Math Quiz show.  Saa nsɛmmisa ho ɔyɛkyerɛ yi maa ntoaso sukuufoɔ a wɔatwa ho ahyia no nyaa hokwan sɛ wɔbɛsi akan wɔ ahokokwaa akontabuo ne nyansahu mu nsɛmmisa mu.  Addy atirimpɔw titiriw a ɔde fii ɔyɛkyerɛ no ase ne sɛ ɔbɛma nyansahu ne akontaabu anya nkɔso akyerɛ ɔmanfo na wakyerɛ hia a ɛho hia wɔ da biara da asetra mu, ne, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obenya mmofra pii so nkɛntɛnso, titiriw mmeawa nkumaa, ma wɔakɔ nyansahu mu. Ɔno na ɔyɛ shows first Quiz Mistress na ɔdaa ne ho adi pii wɔ sukuu ne akuw a wɔresi akan wɔ akansi no mu no mu. Nkɛntɛnso a onyae wɔ nyansahu mu nimdeɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana mmerante ne mmabaa nyinaa mu no maa mmea pii ani gyee ho na wodii adesua a ɛfa STEM ho akyi. Ɔsom sɛ quiz mistress firi afe 2001, akyiri yi ɔkamfoo Eureka Emefa Adomako sɛ ɔnsi n’ananmu wɔ saa dwumadie no mu.

== Ankorankoro asetra ==
Marian Ewurama Addy waree Ebenezer Charles Oko Addy, asetra ho ɔbenfo ne kan ogumadifo a onyaa sika kɔkɔɔ nkonimbo wɔ mita 4 x 100 mmirikatu mu wɔ 1966 Commonwealth Agumadi a wɔyɛe wɔ Kingston, Jamaica . Awarefo no woo mmabea baanu, Naa Lamiley Addy-Sadowsky ne Lamiokor Esi Addy.

== Owu ne agyapade ==
Ɔwuiɛ wɔ abɔdeɛ mu wɔ 14 Ɔbɛnem 2014 wɔ Korle-Bu Nkyerɛkyerɛ Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ Accra.  Wɔsiee no wɔ 1 March 2014 wɔ Saltpond, abakɔsɛm mu mpoano kuro bi a ɛwɔ Central Region of Ghana .&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtoo nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu dan bi a ɛwɔ Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn mu, din “ ''Marian Ewurama Addy Laboratory for Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Research'' ” de hyɛɛ no anuonyam. Biochemistry dwumadibea no nso de afe afe ''Ɔbenfo Marian Ewurama Addy Nkaedi Ɔkasa'' no sii hɔ de kaee no. Nhwehwɛmu adwuma a ɔyɛe wɔ nnuru a wɔde yɛ nhabannuru mu biochemistry mu no maa nhabannuru yɛɛ nea nkurɔfo ani gyee ho kɛse na nyansahufo gye toom.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;/&gt; Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Nsɛmmisa da so ara kɔ so afe biara na ɛkɔ so de nyansahu ba ɔmanfo adwene mu na ɛhyɛ akontaabu ne nyansahu ho nkuran ma mmofra nkumaa.

== Abasobɔde ne anuonyam ==

* Shell Prize, awarded by the Shell Company, Ghana Ltd, to the top six candidates who passed the General Certificate of Examinations, &quot;A&quot; Level, 1962&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.drcrmishra.com/data/uploads/ebook/56.-prof.-marian-ewurama-addy-ghana-1999.pdf|title=UNESCO Kalinga Prize Winner - 1999: Prof. Marian EWURAMA ADDY|last=Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* McCallien Prize, awarded to the best student in Volta Hall, the female hall of residence, 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Waddell Prize, awarded to the best science student, 1962–66&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* California Prize, awarded by the Chemistry Department, University of Ghana, to the best freshman in Chemistry, 1962–63&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Fellow, African Graduate Fellowship Program (AFGRAD) of the African-American Institute, 1966–71&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Fellow of the International Seminar in Chemistry, at Uppsala University, Uppsala Sweden, 1985–86&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* Fulbright African Senior Scientist Award in 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;
* [[:en:CIMG|CIMG]] Marketing Woman of the Year, in 1995, for marketing Science.&lt;ref name=&quot;M12&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/up/Biodata-Marian_2.pdf|title=Marian Ewurama Addy|publisher=unevoc.unesco.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115133632/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/up/Biodata-Marian_2.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2014|access-date=14 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[:en:Africa-America Institute|Africa-America Institute]]'s Distinguished Alumna for Excellence in 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Marian Ewurama Addy profile|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240|publisher=Ghanaweb|access-date=12 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212105104/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240|archive-date=12 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] [[:en:Kalinga Prize|Kalinga Prize]] for the Popularization of Science in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ghanaculturepolitics.com/profile-about-professor-marian-ewurama-addy/|title=Profile on Professor Mirian Ewurama Addy|date=2017-01-30|work=GhanaCulturePolitics|access-date=2017-07-09|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709234145/http://ghanaculturepolitics.com/profile-about-professor-marian-ewurama-addy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Millennium Excellence Award for Educational Development in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
* Inducted as a [[:en:Fellow|Fellow]] of the [[:en:Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences|Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:122&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240|title=Marian Ewurama Addy, Professor|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218114413/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1240|archive-date=2016-12-18|access-date=2017-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Award by the Enterprise Insurance Company Limited on the occasion of their 75th anniversary in 1999, for &quot;invaluable contribution to educating Ghana's children and for creating enthusiasm in Mathematics and the Sciences&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;

== Nhoma ahorow ==

* ''Condensation of free [alpha]-amino acids as a pro-biological polymerization system'' (1971)
* ''Genetic Demonstrations: Instructor's Manual'' (1980); co-authored with Ebenezer Laing and Carol Markwei
* ''Putting Science into the Art of Healing with Herbs: From Smoked-drum Kymograph to ELISA'' (2003) 
* ''Training the Next Generation of Scientists'' (2004)
* ''Rewards: An Autobiography'' (2011)

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==</text>
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    <title>Wim nsakrae wɔ Ghana</title>
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      <text bytes="13213" sha1="4opafrzmhapkvfbtt0ar8jw083u2t42" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Flooding_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Accra mmeae pii yiri wɔ osutɔ bere mu ma ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho haw ba Ghana]]
Wim nsakrae a ɛwɔ Ghana no renya nnipa a wɔwɔ Ghana so nkɛntɛnso wɔ akwan horow so efisɛ ɔman no te mmeae mmiɛnsa a nsu yɛ wim tebea hyia no.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghana at a glance|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana|website=climatelinks.org|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407044029/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/ghana|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nsakrae a ɛba osutɔ, wim tebea ne po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro mu no bɛka mpoano nsu mu nkyene&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Sea level rise |date=2024-07-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_level_rise&amp;oldid=1235473584 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ eyi bɛka kuayɛ ne mpataayi nyinaa wɔ ɔkwan a enye so&lt;ref name=&quot;climatelinks3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana|title=Climate Risk Profile: Ghana|date=31 January 2017|via=climatelinks.org|publisher=USAID|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005140733/https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/climate-risk-profile-ghana|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; de nsunsuansoɔ beba nsuo a ɛhotɛw ho. Wei deɔhaw bone beba kuayɔ ne nsunamyie ho&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Climate change in Ghana |date=2024-07-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Ghana&amp;oldid=1235060365 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nsuyere ne ogya mframma yɛ nsunsuansoɔ a wim nsakrayɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana de ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Climate change in Ghana |date=2024-07-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Ghana&amp;oldid=1235060365 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɔman no sikasɛm gyina hɔ sɛ ɛrehu amane wɔ wim nsakrae nkɛntɛnso ahorow ho esiane sɛ ɛde ne ho to nnwuma a ɛfa wim tebea ho te sɛ kuayɛ, ahoɔden, ne kwae so nti . Bio nso, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nsuo pa a wɔbɛnya no bɛyɛ den kɛseɛ berɛ a nsuo a wɔbɛtew so no bɛnya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne wɔ nsuo mu ahoɔden, a ɛma ɔman no anyinam ahoɔden ahoɔden 54%&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Climate change in Ghana |date=2024-07-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Ghana&amp;oldid=1235060365 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Bio nso, ɛda adi sɛ Ghana behu nnipa pii a wɔanya atredee&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Malaria |date=2024-07-09 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malaria&amp;oldid=1233569792 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne kɔlera&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Cholera |date=2024-06-29 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&amp;oldid=1231628606 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;, efisɛ nsakrae a ɛba nsu tebea mu no nya abien no nyinaa so nkɛntɛnso.Nsuo a ɛta faako bua ma ntumtum dɔre na atredee yareɛ no akƆsuro&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Climate change in Ghana |date=2024-07-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Ghana&amp;oldid=1235060365 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, aban no yɛɛ krataa bi a wɔato din &quot;Ghana's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=NDC Registry (interim)|url=https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/All.aspx|website=unfccc.int|access-date=24 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛno akyi no, Ghana de wɔn nsa hyɛɛ Paris Wim Tebea Apam ase wɔ afe 2016 mu a na wƆ nim no sɛ NDCs, a wƆ  tenaase hwehwemu bio wɔ afe 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Climate change in Ghana |date=2024-07-17 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Ghana&amp;oldid=1235060365 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew a wɔtow gu ==

=== Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ pɛtro a efi abo mu ===
Jubilee po so ngo adwumayɛbea no baa afe 2010 mu, na ɛmaa anidasoɔ kɔɔ soro sɛ wɔbɛnya ahonyadeɛ wɔ Ghana. Nanso, nneɛma a ehia na wɔde aboa Ghana ngo adwuma (adekora, po so hyɛn, nea wɔyɛ) ama ɛho abehia sɛ wɔyɛ ogyaframa. &quot;Ebia gas a ɛbɛhyew bere tenten wɔ Jubilee Field no bɛyɛ nea wontumi nkwati&quot; sɛ wɔannya nkɔso ntɛmntɛm wɔ nnwuma a wɔde bɛyɛ adwuma mu na ɛbɛma wɔanya CO  bɛyɛ tɔn ɔpepem 1.5 afe biara (Ghana ɔman no mframa a wɔtow gu nyinaa mu ɔha biara mu nkyem 7).&lt;ref name=&quot;USAIDreport4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ghana Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation|work=USAID Report prepared by the USDA Forest Service, International Programs|date=30 June 2011|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/ghana-climate-change-vulnerability-and-adaptation-assessment|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083152/https://www.climatelinks.org/resources/ghana-climate-change-vulnerability-and-adaptation-assessment|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa-Ghana--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa-Ghana--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png - Wikipedia |date=2021-07-01 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temperature_Bar_Chart_Africa-Ghana--1901-2020--2021-07-13.png |language=en |access-date=2024-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ abɔde mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so ==

=== Ɔhyew ne wim tebea a ɛsakra ===
Ɔtare Volta, ɔtare a wɔde nsa ayɛ a ɛso sen biara wɔ wiase nyinaa sɛnea ne kɛse te no sesaa wim tebea wɔ Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Andah|first1=Winston E.I.|first2=Nick|last2=van de Giesen|first3=Charles A.|last3=Biney|title=Water, climate, food, and environment in the Volta Basin|work=Project ADAPT: Adaptation strategies to changing environments|date=2003|url=https://www.weap21.org/downloads/AdaptVolta.pdf|access-date=30 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Atifi fam mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no ayɛ hyew ntɛmntɛm sen Ghana kesee fam. Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, Ghana anya 1.0&amp;nbsp;°C. ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro fi 1960. Ghana atifi fam wɔ osutɔ bere biako pɛ, bere a Ghana kesee fam wɔ abien na osu a ɛtɔ afe biara no sakra kɛse. Ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu sɛnea osu tɔ bere tenten. Nanso, USDA Kwae Dwumadibea no de baa awiei wɔ afe 2011 mu sɛ &quot;adanse biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ osu a ɛtɔ kɛse no akɔ soro anaasɛ ɛso atew fi 1960.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;USAIDreport4&quot;/&gt;

Nanso, sɛ obi de Köppen-Geiger wim tebea nkyekyɛmu asase mfonini a ɛfa afe 1980-2016 ho ne asase mfonini a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm sɛ ɛbɛba afe 2071-2100 toto ho a, ɔhyɛɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛbɛba wɔ nkyekyɛmu mu afiri &quot;ɔhyeɛ, sare so&quot; akɔ &quot;ɔsuo, sare so, ɛhɔ yɛ hyeɛ&quot; wɔ mpoano mmeaeɛ bi ho nkɔm.&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tleft&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:808px;max-width:808px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:402px;max-width:402px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GHA_present.svg|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; Mprempren / bere a atwam [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen wim tebea nkyekyɛmu]] map ma Ghana (1980-2016) .&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:402px;max-width:402px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_GHA_future.svg|alt=|400x400px]]&lt;/img&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen wim tebea nkyekyɛmu]] map a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm ama Ghana 2071–2100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Po mu nsu a ɛkɔ soro ===
Nsɛm a ɛwɔ hɔ nso kyerɛ sɛ ɛpo mu nsuo akɔ soro 2.1&amp;nbsp;mm afe biara wɔ mfe 30 a atwam no mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛkɔɔ soro 5.8&amp;nbsp;cm, 16.5 na ɛwɔ hɔ&amp;nbsp;cm, ne 34.5&amp;nbsp;cm ansa na afe 2020, 2050, ne 2080.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=January 2012|title=Climate Change Adaptation in Ghana (fact sheet)|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/ghana_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|access-date=30 December 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512011307/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/ghana_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf|archive-date=12 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nsuo mu nneɛma ===
Nsu a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ɛbɛtew wɔ nsubɔnten atitiriw a ɛma ɔman no nsu pa, Volta Asubɔnten, [[Bia Asubɔnten]], ne Tano Asubɔnten, mu no betumi ama nsɛnnennen a ɛwɔ nsu pa a wɔbɛnom mu no ayɛ kɛse. Wɔhyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ nsuo dodoɔ a ɛwɔ Volta Basin no so bɛtew 24% ne 45% wɔ afe 2050 ne 2100 mu. Osutɔ a ɛkɔ so so tew ne nsu a ɛtɔ kɔ soro no betumi de amammui mu nhyɛso aba ɔmantam no mu bere a Burkina Faso reyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛtwe nsu afi Volta Basin mu no.

== Nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ nnipa so ==

=== Sikasɛm mu nkɛntɛnso ahorow ===

==== Kuadwuma ====
[[File:Maize_Farmer_in_Ghana_(8202282261).jpg|thumb|Atoko kuafoɔ a ɔwɔ Tamaligu, Ghana, Atifi Fam Mantam]]
Adwumayɛfo a wɔwɔ Ghana ɔha biara mu aduanan anum gyina kuayɛ a osu tɔ na ɛyɛ akuafo nketewa so . Ɔhaw a osu tɔ a ɛnkɔ so ne wim tebea afoforo a ɛyɛ hu nti no benya nkurɔfo sikasɛm mu yiyedi so nkɛntɛnso bɔne.  Bio nso, wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nnɔbae atitiriw te sɛ bankye, aburoo, ne kookoo (Ghana nnɔbae titiriw a wonya sika) no bɛma nnɔbae a wɔyɛ no so atew. Wɔgyina mfeɛ aduonu a wɔde ahwɛ wim tebea so no, wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ atokoɔ ne aburow nnɔbaeɛ foforɔ a wɔnya no so bɛtew 7% wɔ afe 2050 mu.

Bio nso, kwae a wɔatutu ne atare foforo a ɛyow nsubɔnten a wɔaka abom no aka kua na ɛno nso de atutra aba Accra a ɛmaa nnipa a wɔte hɔ a wɔnyɛ ho nhyehyɛe a ɛnyɛ papa no yɛɛ kɛse wɔ nsuyiri a ebetumi aba ntɛmntɛm no kwan so.&lt;ref name=&quot;crisisGhana2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mensah|first1=Edwin C.|last2=Ziemnowicz|first2=Christopher|last3=Parnell|first3=John A.|title=Crisis Perception, Experience, and Preparedness among Managers in Ghana|journal=Journal of International Business and Economy|date=2021|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1-28|doi=10.51240/jibe.2021.1.1|url=https://www.ijibe.org/articles/crisis-perception%2C-experience%2C-and-preparedness-among-managers-in-ghana|access-date=30 December 2022|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mpataayi adwuma ====
Po mu nnuan yɛ protein a wodi wɔ Ghana no ɔha biara mu nkyem 40-60.  Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ mmoa ahorow atitiriw ma sikasɛm no benya awo kyinhyia a enye koraa . Mpataayi mu nneɛma a wɔtew so no akanyan po mu nnuan a ne bo bɛboro dɔla ɔpepem 200 afe biara a wɔde fi amannɔne ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2021-03/2021_USAID_CDCS-Annex-Ghana.pdf|title=Ghana Country Development and Cooperative Strategy Climate Risk Screening|publisher=USAID|access-date=2021-04-16|archive-date=2023-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220094119/https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2021-03/2021_USAID_CDCS-Annex-Ghana.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nsu mu ahoɔden ====
Esiane sɛ ɔman no mu ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ anyinam ahoɔden no 54% yɛ nsu mu anyinam ahoɔden nti, ɛda adi sɛ osu a ɛtɔ a wontumi nhu no de adwenem naayɛ bɛka anyinam ahoɔden nhyehyɛe a ɛtaa twa adwuma dedaw (a wonim no sɛ dumsor ) no ho. Akontaabu binom kyerɛ sɛ tumi a ɛwɔ hɔ no betumi akɔ fam bɛyɛ 50% ama Volta Basin . Ghana nyaa GDP so tew wɔ afe 2012 ne 2015 ntam de buaa ahoɔden a enni hɔ no fa bi.

=== Akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso ===
Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ nyarewa a nsu mu te sɛ kɔlera ne nyarewa a nwansena de ba te sɛ asramma bɛdɔɔso.

== Nneɛma a wɔbrɛ ase ne sɛnea wɔyɛ nsakrae ==
Ghana de ne nsa hyɛɛ '''Paris Apam''' no ase wɔ 22 April 2016 na wɔgye toom wɔ 21 September 2016. Wɔyɛɛ ɔman no wim nsakraeɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ a ɛdi kan wɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ afe 2010 ne 2020 ntam  Nsakrae a wɔyɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ ɛbɛtew asiane ahorow a wim nsakrae de ba no so . Wobetumi adi kan ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛma wɔatumi ayɛ nsakrae anaasɛ wɔde asi hɔ ara kwa de abua mpɔtam hɔ nhyɛso te sɛ kwae a wɔbɛhyehyɛ, asase a wɔbɛdannan, adan a ɛtumi gyina wim tebea ano, nneɛma a wɔde owia ahoɔden yɛ adwuma, ne nea  Ministry of Environment Science, Technology and Innovation tintim nhyehyeɛ bi wɔ afe 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=January 2013|title=Ghana National Climate Change Policy|url=https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/national-documents/ghana-national-climate-change-policy|work=Green Growth Knowledge Platform|access-date=30 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Ghana yɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ bi a wɔato din ‘Ghana’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution’ de kyerɛɛ nhyehyɛɛ a wɔde bɛtew carbon a wɔtow gu no so na wɔama asase a wɔde di dwuma, akwantuo, ne sikasɛm ne asetena mu nnwuma foforɔ a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa no atu mpɔn.

Ɛda so ara hia sɛ Ghana yɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛbɛkyɛ a ɛbɛma wɔadi wim nsakrae ho dwuma efisɛ ɛte sɛ nea mpɔtam hɔ adwuma so ahwɛfo nni adwene a ɛfata wɔ ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ ɔhaw ahorow a ɛtete saa a wobedi ho dwuma no ho.

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==

[[Nkyekyεmu:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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{{Sprotect|small=yes}}{{Infobox Occupation|name=Farmer|image=[[Image:Farmer, Nicaragua.jpg|220px]]|caption=A farmer in [[Nicaragua]]|official_names=&lt;!------------Details-------------------&gt;|type=[[Employment]]|activity_sector=[[Agriculture]]|competencies=|formation=|employment_field=[[Market (place)|Market]]|related_occupation=[[Rancher]] (U.S.), [[Pastoral farming|grazier]] (Australia) or stockman|average_salary=$35,448 [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (average) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&amp;format=html&amp;RegionID=20&amp;NOC=8431|title=General farm workers: Wages and Salaries in Alberta - alis|author=|date=|website=alis.alberta.ca|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164317/http://alis.alberta.ca/wageinfo/Content/RequestAction.asp?aspAction=GetWageDetail&amp;format=html&amp;RegionID=20&amp;NOC=8431|archive-date=6 July 2011|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}'''Okuafo''' yɛ obi a n'adwuma ne afuyɛ anaa mmoa yɛn.</text>
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    <title>Rockson-Nelson Dafeamekpor</title>
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{{Databox}}

'''Rockson-Nelson Etse Kwami Dafeamekpor''' yɛ [[Gaana|Ghanani]] [[amanyɔni]] a ɔka Ghana mmarahyɛbadwakuo a ɛtɔ so nson (7) no ho wɔ Ghana Amansin a ɛtɔ so anan (4) no mu,  ɔno na ɔyɛ ananmusini de ma  [[South Dayi (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Anafoɔ Dayi mmarahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa]] no so a wɔwɔ Volta mantam no mu.  Amannyɔkuo a ɔdɔm a ɛnam wɔn so maa ɔkɔpue mmarahyebadwam no ne Kyiniiɛ amannyɔkuo National Democratic Congress. Ɔyɛ [[Gaana|Ghanani]] [[amanyɔni]] a ɔyɛ Mmarahyɛbadwani a ogyina [[South Dayi (Ghana mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa)|Anafoɔ Dayi Mmrahyɛbadwam mpɛsoa]] wɔ Volta Mantam mu. Ɔyɛ [[National Democratic Congress (NDC)|Ɔman Demokrasi Mmrahyɛ Badwa (National Democratic Congress)]] no muni.&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5393|title=Ghana MPs - List of MPs|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-02-15|archive-date=2024-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928151027/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5393|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ne mmofraase abrabɔ ne nhomasua ==
Dafeamekpor nyaa B.Sc. abodin krataa wɔ nsrahwɛ mu (B.Sc. degree in tourism) wɔ [[University of Cape Coast|Cape Coast Suapɔn (University of Cape Coast)]] mu. Ɔsan nso wiee LL. B. wɔ [[University of Ghana|Ghana Suapɔn (University of Ghana)]] mu. Ɔkɔɔ Ghana Mmara Sukuu (Ghana School of Law) mu baabi a ɔfatae sɛ Mmara Mmaranimfo (Barrister-at-Law).&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps&quot; /&gt;

== Adwuma ==
Ansa na ɔrebɛyɛ [[Mmarahyɛbadwani|Mmrahyɛbadwani]] no, na Dafeamekpor yɛ Ɔpanyin a ɔne no yɛ adwuma (Senior Associate) wɔ Hayibor, Djarbeng ne Adwumakuo mmra adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ Kokomlemle, [[Nkran|Nkran (Accra)]] kurotia (suburb of Accra).&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps&quot; /&gt;

== Amanyɔsɛm ==
Berɛ a ɛdi kan a ɔde kɔɔ mmarahyɛbadwam hɔ yɛ afe mpem mmienu ne du nsia (2016) abatoɔ no mu na ɔdii nkunim. Berɛ a abatoɔ no nyinaa baa n'awieɛ no na wanya mma no mu ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduoson baako ne akyiripɔ aduanan nan (71.44%) afiri mma dodoɔ a wɔtoo no wɔ saa mpesua no so no.&lt;ref name=&quot;ecg2016results&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana - Detailed Parliamentary Election Results - Date of Election :- 7th &amp; 8th December 2016|url=https://ec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2016-Parliamentary-Results.pdf|website=Official website|publisher=Electoral Commission of Ghana|accessdate=15 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026004342/https://ec.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2016-Parliamentary-Results.pdf|archivedate=26 October 2020|location=Accra|pages=27|date=27 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for South Dayi|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2016/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&amp;ID=277|website=ghanaweb.com|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=15 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904232625/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2016/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&amp;ID=277|archivedate=4 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;electionpassport&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lublin|first1=David|title=Election Passport|url=http://www.electionpassport.com/|website=electionpassport.com|publisher=American University|accessdate=15 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne aduonu (2020) abatoɔ no mu no nso, ɔbɔɔ ne ho mmɔden dii nkunim bio, abatoɔ no baa n'awieɛ no na wanya mma no ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu aduoson mmienu ne akyiripɔ nson (72.7%).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=2020 Election - South Dayi Constituency Results|url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/volta/south_dayi/|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=13 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113060200/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/volta/south_dayi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Results for South Dayi|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&amp;ID=251|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=15 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== N'abrabɔ mu nsɛm ==
Dafeamekpor yɛ [[Kristoni]] na waware na ɔwɔ mma baanan (4).&lt;ref name=&quot;ghanamps&quot; /&gt;

== Akwanhyia ==
Wɔ [[Ɔsanaa]] [[bosome]] da ɛtɔ so dunan (14) afe 2021 mu no, wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ onyaa akwanhyia wɔ Aveyime kwan so wɔ Volta mantam mu. Wɔkyerɛe sɛ ne kar no kɔɔ fam mprenu bere a Kia lɔre bi twaa ne nanmusifo no na ɛbɔɔ ne kar no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=South Dayi MP escapes death in accident - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/south-dayi-mp-escapes-death-in-accident/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-14|title=Rockson Dafeamekpor involved in near-fatal accident in Volta Region|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Rockson-Dafeamekpor-involved-in-near-fatal-accident-in-Volta-Region-1333000|access-date=2021-08-16|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429080722/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Rockson-Dafeamekpor-involved-in-near-fatal-accident-in-Volta-Region-1333000|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akyiri yi woyii no fii Asraafo Ayaresabea a ɛwɔ 37 ([[:en:37 Military Hospital|37 Military Hospital]]) no mu bere a wɔmaa no ayaresa no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title=Rockson Dafeamekpor discharged from Hospital after Saturday’s car crash|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/08/rockson-dafeamekpor-discharged-from-hospital-after-saturdays-car-crash/|access-date=2021-08-16|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-15|title=Rockson Dafeamekpor safe, discharged from hospital after accident|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Rockson-Dafeamekpor-safe-discharged-from-hospital-after-accident-1333414|access-date=2021-08-16|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429025531/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Rockson-Dafeamekpor-safe-discharged-from-hospital-after-accident-1333414|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntotoho ==

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2021-2025]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2017–2021]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2609" sha1="drgiq6p5lrhsiv8zyl6dqfi05mqeqk1" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ '''Asante''' kasa mu''
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'''Joseph Frempong''' yɛ Ghana amanyɔni sane yɛ mmrahyɛbɛdwani wɔ mmrahɛbɛdwa a ɛtɔso nnwɔtwe Ghana adehyeman amanmuo a ɛtɔso nan a ɔgyina mu ma Apueɛ mantam ma NPP amanyɔkuo no.

== Abrabɔ ahyeaseɛ ne nnwomasua ==
Wɔwoo Frempong wɔ Kitawonsa bosome ne da a ɛtɔso du nsia wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia nkron wɔ Obo Kwahu wɔ apueɛ mantam. ɔwie ne GCE O'L evel wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron ne ne GCE A'Level wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron mmienu. Akyire no ɔkɔ toaso wɔ suapɔn keseɛ mu a ɔkɔ sua Social Studies wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nan. ɔsane toaso so wɔ Public Affairs mu wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne du baako.

== N'adwuma ==
Na Frempong yɛ kyerɛkyerɛni wɔ Adosu Islamic sukuu. Na ɔkyerɛ Geography nso wɔ Sendema Senior High Technical .Na ɔsane kyerɛ Geography wɔ Nkawkaw Senior High. Akyire ɔbɛyɛɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfoɔ panin wɔ suapɔn mu akyidifoɔ wɔ University of Education, Winneba.

== Amanyɔ Adwuma ==
Frempong yɛ NPP amanyɔni a ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbɛdwani de ma Nkawkaw mpɛsoa wɔ apueɛ mantam mprempren. Wɔ mfe mpem ne aduonu Ghana abatoɔ keseɛ mu no,ɔnyaa mma mpem aduanan nan ɔha ne aduosia nson de tia NDC ni Oppong Francis a ɔnyaa mma mpem du nan ɔha mmienu ne aduoson mmienu.

== Akuokuo ==
Frempong ka kuo Gender and Children sane ka ɔCommunications ho.

== N'abrabɔ mu nsɛm ==
Frempong yɛ ɔkristoni.

== N'ayɛmyɛ adwuma ==
Wɔ ɔsanaa bosome wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne aduonu baako mu no Frempong boaa nnipa mpem du num wɔ ne mpɛsoa so sɛ ɔnyɛ ne National Health Insurance Scheme. Wɔsane de nyinam mpa kɔ maa Nkawkaw ayaresabea.

== Beaseɛ menyaa mmoa firii ==
1.https://citinewsroom.com/2020/06/nppdecides-eastern-regional-minister-eric-darfour-david-asante-fall-in-nkawkaw/joseph-frimpong/

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20230425114039/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=121

3.https://ghanamps.com/mp/joseph-frimpong/

4.https://www.modernghana.com/news/1065144/nkawkaw-mp-urges-mining-companies-to-help-host.html

5.http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-will-deliver-on-my-promises-Nkawkaw-MP-assures-constituents-1185772?gallery=1

6.https://web.archive.org/web/20230606094136/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/nkawkaw/

7.https://dailystatesman.com.gh/residents-eulogise-nkawkaw-mp-for-a-good-job/

8.https://web.archive.org/web/20230425092456/https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/02/nkawkaw-mp-enrolls-over-15000-constituents-under-nhis/

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2021-2025]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osibisa</title>
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      <text bytes="9106" sha1="digum5dsvbtl9mm490k7yih6ely58qt" xml:space="preserve">''Wɔatwerɛ nsɛm wei ɛwɔ '''Asante''' kasa mu''

'''Osibisa''' yɛ [[Ghana]]-Britain Afro-Rock nnwomtofoɔ kuo a Abibirem Atɔeɛfoɔ nan ne Carribbean nnwomtofoɔ mmiɛnsa na  tee wɔ [[London]] abrokyire man mu wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia akyi mu&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Modern Ghana |title=Osibisa |date=18 April 2016 |url=https://www.modernghana.com |work=modern ghana |pages=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Na Osibisa yɛ nnwomtoɔ kuo a akyɛre yie na ɛdi nkunim wɔ Abibifoɔ-Agyapadeɛ kuo a ɛwɔ London abrokyire man mu, a na wɔn mfɛfoɔ Assagai, Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath, Demon Fuzz, Black Velvet ne Noir ka ho na wɔmaa wiase nnwomto ne Afro-Rock bɛyɛɛ nnwomtokuo a wɔtɔn. 

Nnwomtokuo mmiɛnsa a ɔdikan de wɔn ho hyɛɛ nnwom mu no wɔfrɛɛ no Beatiful Seven.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔ Ghana mu wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum mu no Teddy Osei(saxophone), Soloman(sol) Amarfio(drums), Mamon Shareef ne Farhan Freere(flute) bɔɔ Highlife kuo a wɔfrɛ no The Star Gazers&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |date=2023-01-25 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music&amp;oldid=1135608304 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔfirii hɔ de wɔn ho kɔ tee Comets ne Osei's nuabarima Mac Tontoh bɔɔ totorobɛnto nnwom &quot;(I Feel) Patapata&quot; a ɛhyitaeɛ wɔ Abibirem Atɔeɛ wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum nnwɔtwe mu. Wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia mmienu mu no Osei tu kɔɔ London kɔsua nnwom wɔ Ghana [[aban]] ntoboa so. Wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe nan mu no wɔtee Cat's Paw &quot;World Music&quot; kuo a edikan a ɛka Highlife,Rock ne Soul ho. Wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduosia nkron mu no Osei ka maa Amarfio ne Tontoh bɛkaa ne ho wɔ London abrokyire man mu na wɔtee Osibisa.

Wɔn a wɔbɛkaa Ghanafoɔ no ho no ne Antiguan Wendell (Dell) Richardson a (ɔdi gyitar ne nnwomtofoɔ no anim) Alatani Lasisi Amao(Percussionist ne Tenor Saxophone). Grenadian Roger Bedeau a wɔsane frɛ no Spartacus R(Bass) ne Trinidadian Robert Bailey(Keyboards).

Wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduoson mu no ɛkuo no tutuu akwan kɔɔ aman bi te sɛ [[Japan]], Australasia, [[India]], ne Abibirem. Saa berɛ no na Paul Golly(Guitar) ne Ghanafoɔ Daku Adams&quot;Potato&quot;ne Kiki Gyan nso ka kuo no ho bi. Wɔ afe apem 

ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe mu no Osibisa dii dwuma soronko wɔ Zimbabwe faahodie afahyɛ mu ɛna afe  apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe mmiɛnsa mu no wɔkyeree wɔn guu sini mu wɔ Marquuee Club a ɛwɔ London nanso saa berɛ no na wɔyɛ abusua a wɔbɛn wɔn a wɔdikan ho.

Nsakyeraeɛ baa nnwomtoɔ mu no dwadie annwomtofoɔ no tɔɔn wɔn nnoɔma , ɛkaa wɔn ma wɔsesaa wɔn agyinatufoɔ. Na ɛkuo no sane baa Ghana bɛtee kaseɛbɔ dan ne asaase a wɔhwɛ ma wɔn a wɔdi agorɔ no.

Adwuma no kɔɔso wɔ nnwumakuo foforɔ a wɔdaan wɔn adi wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduokron nsia mu a ɛwɔ Monsore mu, a ɛdikan a wɔyii nnwumakuo foforɔ adi firii afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduowɔtwe mu. Akuo no nyaa ahoɔden no wɔtuaa akwantuo no toatoaso kɔsii sɛ Osei bubu kuu dam mfeɛ du num akyi. Osei yareɛ no nti ɔtwaa n'akwantuo no so.

== Adwinni Adwuma ==
'''NNWOM'''

Wɔde Osibisa animuonyam maa no sɛ ɔde Abibirem [[nnwom]] baa Europe ne Amerika Atifi atiefoɔ nkyɛn de nam Abibirem ne Atɔeɛ nnwom ahodoɔ a wɔde afrafra no&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=OSIBISA |url=https://pocketmags.com/us/prog-magazine/issue-116/articles/898937/osibisa |access-date=2023-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Kuo no su ka nnoɔma bi a ɛfa Rock, Proggresive Rock, Acid Rock, Latin, Jazz, Afro-Funk, Jazz Fusion, Soul, Highlife, Reggae, Calypso ne Pop. Wɔkyekyɛɛ saa ɔkwan yi mu sɛ Afro Rock, Progressive Rock, Afro Pop ne Highlife. Mystic Energy huu sɛɛ nnwomtofoɔ no retwe wɔn ho afri nnwomtoɔ no mu akɔpɛ R &amp; B Dance Pop ne Disko.

'''Nnoɔma Mmobɔwee'''

Wɔn nnwom mmienu a edikan no mu na wɔnyaa mfonini a ɔdeyɛ adwuma no wɔ Progressive-Rock sankubɔfoɔ Roger Dean(ansa na ɔbɛyɛɛ obi a w'agye din wɔ adwuma no mu) a na ɛkyerɛ asono a wɔtu a ɛbɛyɛɛkuo no ahyɛnsodeɛ. Nnowma a ɛtɔso mmiɛnsa a wɔato ne din Heads no, Mati Klarwein n'atwerɛɛ a na ɛde Santana's Abraxas ne Miles Davis(Bitches Brew). Osibirock kuo no nnwom dan a ɛtɔso nsia  a wɔdaa no adi no na Henri Rousseau de Negro Attacked by a Jaguar dii dwuma wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne du mu. Wɔde dwuma ɔsono a ɛtu mmrika no ho The Ultimate Collection so no wɔ asono a wɔasiesie wɔ ho ama ahodoɔ a w'asiesie no sɛ Roger Dean adwene a w'asan de too dwa wɔ dwumadie no mu. Wɔ mfe mpem mmienu ne nkron mu no wɔn Osee Yee nnwom no sane yii ɔsono a ɔretu no biom a saa berɛ yi Freyja Dean(Dean's daughter) na too mfonini no.Roger Dean ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛwɔ kuo no mu no da so di dwuma wɔ nnwom a ɔde di dwuma no mu pii. Frank McPartland ne Rachel Gutek n'ayɛɛ nnwom no ho mfonini no.

== Annwomtofoɔ ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Teddy Osei(1937)-nnwomtofoɔ kandifoɔ, saxophone, flutes, percussion.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Mac Tontoh(Kweku Adabanka Tonto, 1940-2010)-trumpet, horns, percussion

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Sol Amarfio(1938-2022)-drums, percussion.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Robert Bailey-keyboards, percussion.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Wendell(Dell)Richardson-guitars, nnwomtofoɔ kandifoɔ, percussion.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;Abdul Loughty Lasisi Amao(ɔwuu 1988)&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abdul Lasisi Amao Biography, Songs, &amp; Albums |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/abdul-lasisi-amao-mn0001866417/biography |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;-flute,vocals,percussion.

== Nnwom ho nsɛm ==
'''STUDIO Nnwom ho nnoɔma''' 

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;1971 – Osibisa – (Billboard Hot 200 No. 55 – UK No. 11 – Can.#47, AUS #13&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=David Kent (historian) |date=2023-05-19 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Kent_(historian)&amp;oldid=1155797129 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;)

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;1971 – Woyaya – (Billboard No. 66 – UK No. 11 – Can.#61, AUS #15[15]) - Although conventionally spelled Woyaya, the title is actually Wɔyaya (with an open-o), which comes from the Ghanaian Ga language.[citation needed]

1972 – Heads – (Billboard No. 125 – Can.#86, AUS #19[15])

1973 – Superfly T.N.T. Soundtrack (Billboard #159)

1973 – Happy Children (Billboard #202, AUS #46[15])

1974 – Osibirock (Billboard #175, AUS #67[15])

1975 – Welcome Home (Billboard #200, AUS #75[15])

1976 – Ojah Awake

1979 – Mystic Energy

1980 – Celebration

1981 – African Flight

1983 – African Dawn (unreleased)

1989 – Movements

1995 – Monsore

1998 – Urban Village (unreleased)

2003 – African Dawn, African Flight

2009 – Osee Yee

2021 – New Dawn[&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Kris Needspublished |title=Osibisa - New Dawn review |date=2021-04-23 |url=https://www.loudersound.com/reviews/osibisa-new-dawn-review |language=en |access-date=2023-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;]

'''LIVE ALBUMS'''

1977 – Black Magic Night: Live at the Royal Festival Hall

1982 – Unleashed - Live in India

1984 – Live at The Marquee

1998 – Live at Cropredy

2001 – Aka Kakra

2005 – Blue Black Night

'''COMPILATIONS'''

1972 – Spirits Up Above

1973 – Best of Osibisa (AUS #88[15])

1981 – Osibisa Likes (India only)

1990 – African Criss Cross

1992 – Africa We Go Go

1992 – Uhuru

1992 – The Warrior

1992 – Ayiko Bia

1992 – Jambo

1992 – Gold

1992 – Celebration: The Best of Osibisa

1992 – Criss Cross Rhythms

1994 – The Very Best of Osibisa

1997 – Hot Flashback Volume 1

1997 – Sunshine Day: The Very Best of Osibisa 

1997 – The Ultimate Collection (2 CDs)

1999 – The Best of Osibisa

2001 – Best of Vol.1

2001 – The Very Best of Osibisa (3 CDs)

2002 – Millennium Collection

2002 – Best of Osibisa

2004 – Wango Wango

2008 – Selected Works

2008 – Sunshine Day: The Hits

2009 – The Very Best of Osibisa

2015 – Singles As, Bs &amp; 12 Inches Box Set (4xCD)

2020 – Sunshine Day: The Boyhood Sessions (50th Anniversary Edition)

'''CONTRIBUTING ARTIST'''

2013 – The Rough Guide to African Disco

== Mfonini Ho Nnoɔma ==
1983 – Warrior (VHS) (recorded 5 April 1983 at the Marquee Club, London)

2003 – Osibisa – Live (DVD Plus) (same show as above)

2012 – Live from the Marquee Club (same show as above)

== Adwinni Ho Nsɛm ==
1.Lloyd Bradley, Sounds Like London: 100 Years of Black Music in the Capital, 2013. (Contributors)

2.Charles Aniagolu: Osibisa – Living In The State Of Happy Vibes And Criss Cross Rhythms. Victoria (CDN): Trafford Publishing, 2004, &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 1-4120-2106-5&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

3.Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast be bop – Die Wilhelmshöhe rockt. Disco und Konzerte in der Hölle, Verlag Gebrüder Gerstenberg GmbH &amp; Co. KG,

Hildesheim, ISBN 978-3-8067-8589-0.

== Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== EXTERNAL LINKS ==
1.https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013628/http://www.osibisa.co.uk/

2.https://www.discogs.com/artist/101784

3.https://www.discogs.com/artist/101784.
[[Nkyekyεmu:Afrocuration 2023]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Wikipedia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tɛknɔlɔgyi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="87237" sha1="k4z46ggqepgb9gwhdw1koj4h0cqi4yq" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|thumb|A steam turbine with the case opened, an example of energy technology|alt=Photo of technicians working on a steam turbine|328x328px]]
'''Tɛknɔlɔgyi''' yɛ nimdeɛ a wɔde di dwuma de duru botaeɛ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so ho wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛtumi asane ayɛ bio so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Skolnikoff|first=Eugene B.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rpm1|title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics|date=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691037707|page=13|jstor=j.ctt7rpm1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asɛmfua ''mfididwuma'' nso bɛtumi akyerɛ nnoɔma a ɛfiri mmɔdemmɔ a ɛte saa mu ba,&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Salomon|first=Jean‐Jacques|date=1 January 1984|title=What is technology? The issue of its origins and definitions|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07341518408581618|journal=History and Technology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=113–156|doi=10.1080/07341518408581618|issn=0734-1512|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184240/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07341518408581618|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 117. Nkyekyɛm &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mitcham|first=C.|title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226531984}}&lt;/ref&gt; a nnwinnadeɛ a wɔtumi hunu te sɛ nnwinnadeɛ anaa [[afidie|mfidie]], ne nea wɔntumi mfa wɔn nsa nka te sɛ softwea nyinaa ka ho. Mfididwuma di dwuma titiri wɔ nyansahunu, mfididwuma, ne da biara da asetena mu.

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ ama nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ aba ɔmanfoɔ mu . Mfididwuma a edi kan a wɔnim ne aboɔ adwinnadeɛ a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ mmere a ɛdii abakɔsɛm anim, na ɛno akyi no wɛdi ogya so a ɛboaa ma nipa amemene nyin na [[kasa]] nyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ Nsukyenee Berɛ no mu . Ntwahonan a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ Kɔbere Mmere no mu no maa wɔtumi tuu kwan kɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ [[afidie|mfidie]] a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ. Mfididwuma mu nnoɔma a wɔayɛ nnansa yi, a nwoma tintim mfidie, [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], ne Intanɛt ka ho no ama akwansideɛ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ nkutahodie mu no so ate na ɛde nimdeɛ sikasɛm ab.

Berɛ a mfididwuma boa ma sikasɛm nya nkɔsoɔ na ɛma nnipa yiedie tu mpɔn no, ɛbɛtumi nso anya nkɛntɛnsoɔ bɔne te sɛ ɛfi ne nnoɔma a wɔsɛeɛ no, na ɛbɛtumi de asetena mu ɔhaw ahodoɔ te sɛ mfididwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a ɛfiri afidie a wɔde yɛ adwuma mu ba no aba . Ne saa nti, nyansapɛ ne amammu mu akyinnyegye kɔ so wɔ dwuma a mfididwuma di ne sɛdeɛ wɔde di dwuma, mfididwuma mu abrabɔ pa, ne akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ ne bɔne ase ho.

Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mu no, ɛsiane nyansahunu mu nkɔsoɔ ne Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Ɛto so Mmienu, nti, wogyaeɛ sɛ wobɛbu ''mfididwuma'' sɛ adesua mu nteɛsoɔ soronko na ɛnyaa dea ɛkyerɛ nnɛ: nimdeɛ a wɔde bɛdi dwuma wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so de ayɛ atirimpɔ ahodoɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; : 1 . 119. Nkyekyɛm 

== Etymology ho adesua ==
''Mfididwuma'' yɛ asɛmfua a ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 17 mfitiaseɛ a na ɛkyerɛ ‘ayaresa a wɔyɛ no nhyehyɛeɛ so’ (ɛfiri Hela kasa mu Τεχνολογία , efi Greek    ne -λογία na ɛwɔ hɔ, ‘adesua, nimdeɛ’). ''&lt;ref name=&quot;Liddell 1980&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Liddell|first1=Henry George|title=A Greek-English Lexicon|title-link=A Greek-English Lexicon|last2=Scott|first2=Robert|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1980|isbn=978-0199102075|edition=Abridged|location=United Kingdom}}&lt;/ref&gt;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=technology|encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary|editor1-last=Simpson|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Weiner|editor2-first=Edmund|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0198611868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tete Hela asɛmfua ''tékhnē'', a na ɛkyerɛ ‘sɛdea wɔyɛ nnoɔma ho nimdeɛ’, a na ɛka dwumadie ahodoɔ te sɛ adansi ho no na edii kan de dii dwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;oup978019921361&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Aristotle|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&amp;lang=en&amp;|title=The Nicomachean Ethics|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199213610|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=L.|series=Oxford World's Classics|location=Oxford &amp; New York|page=105|translator-last=Ross|translator-first=D.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184232/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-nicomachean-ethics-9780199213610?cc=fr&amp;lang=en&amp;|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ɛfiri afeha a ɛto so 19 no, Europa asasepɔn sofoɔ firii aseɛ de nsɛmfua ''Technik'' ( German ) anaa ''ɔkwan a wɔfa'' so yɛ ade ( [[France|Franse]] ) dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ ‘ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ’, a na mfididwuma ho adwinni nyinaa te sɛ asau, po so hyɛn, anaa nwoma tintim ka ho, sɛɛ ɛyɛ anaasɛ ɛnte saa nnwinnadeɛ anaa nnwinnadeɛ a wɔhwehwɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; : 1 . 114–115 na ɛwɔ hɔ Saa berɛ no, ''Technologie'' ( [[:en:German language|German]] ne [[:en:French language|Franse]] ) kaa nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ a asua &quot;akwan a wɔfa so yɛ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma&quot;, anaasɛ amammui nteɛso a &quot;wɔabɔ wɔn tirim sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ mmara wɔ adwinni ne nsaanodwuma dwumadie ahodoɔ ho.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 117. Nkyekyɛm Esiane sɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ''Technik'' ne ''Technologie'' ntam nni Borɔfo kasa mu nti, wɔkyerɛɛ mmienu no nyinaa ase sɛ ''mfididwuma'' . Kane no na asɛmfua no ntaa mma wɔ Borɔfo kasa mu na na ɛkyerɛ nwomasua mu nteɛsoɔ titire, sɛdea ɛte wɔ [[:en:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Mfididwuma Sukuu mu no]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;jstor40061169&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Schatzberg|first=Eric|year=2006|title=&quot;Technik&quot; Comes to America: Changing Meanings of &quot;Technology&quot; before 1930|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=47|issue=3|pages=486–512|doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201|jstor=40061169|s2cid=143784033|issn=0040-165X|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Abakɔsɛm''' ==
[[File:Faustkeil_Nachbau,_2020_PD_a-7.jpg|thumb|A person holding a hand axe]]

=== Ansa na abakɔsɛm reba ===
Mfitiase no hominids na wɔyɛɛ nnwinnadeɛ denam hwɛ ne sɔhwɛ ne mfomso so .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Schiffer|first=M. B.|chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models|year=2013|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|title=The Archaeology of Science: Studying the Creation of Useful Knowledge|series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique|volume=9|pages=185–198|place=Heidelberg|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|isbn=978-3319000770|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bɛyɛ Mya 2 (mfe ɔpepem a atwam ni) no, wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔyɛ aboɔ nnwinnadeɛ a edi kan denam hama a wɔde bɔɔ abotan nketenkete bi so, na wɔyɛɛ nsa agyan a ano yɛ nnam so.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu nsakrae kya 75 (mfe apem a atwam ni) ma ɛbɛyɛɛ nhyɛsoɔ a ano yɛ mmere, na ɛmaa wɔtumi yɛɛ adwuma a ɛyɛ fɛ kɛseɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Charles Darwin kaa ogya a wohuu no ho asɛm sɛ &quot;ebia ɛyɛ dea ɛsene biara a onipa ayɛ pɛn&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Crump|first=Thomas|title=A Brief History of Science|year=2001|publisher=[[Constable &amp; Robinson]]|isbn=978-1841192352|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fam tutu, aduane, ne asetena mu adanseɛ kyerɛ sɛ &quot;[nnipa] ogya a wɔde di dwuma berɛ nyinaa&quot; anyɛ yie koraa no 1.5 Mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Gowlett|first1=J. A. J.|last2=Wrangham|first2=R. W.|date=1 March 2013|title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=48|issue=1|pages=5–30|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754|s2cid=163033909|issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogya a wɔde nnua ne fango, na ɛmaa nnipa a wɔdi kan no noa wɔn aduane ma ɛyɛɛ yie, na ɛmaa aduannuru a ɛwɔ mu no yɛɛ yie na ɛmaa nnuane dodoɔ a wobɛtumi adi no trɛɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Stahl|first=Ann B.|author-link=Ann B. Stahl|year=1984|title=Hominid dietary selection before fire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|volume=25|pages=151–68|doi=10.1086/203106|issue=2|jstor=2742818|s2cid=84337150}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Adwene a ɛfa aduannoa ho'' no kyerɛ sɛ tumi a wɔtumi noa aduane no maa hominid amemene kɛse kɔɔ soro, ɛwom sɛ nhwehwɛmufoɔ binom hunu sɛ adanseɛ no nyɛ nokware deɛ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wrangham|first=R.|date=1 August 2017|title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=58|issue=S16|pages=S303–S313|doi=10.1086/692113|s2cid=148798286|issn=0011-3204|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔkyerɛeɛ sɛ fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ogya dan ahodoɔ no yɛ 790 kya; nhwehwɛmufoɔ gye di sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ eyi maa nnipa fekubɔ mu yɛɛ den na ebia ɛno na ɛmaa [[kasa]] baeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcat1124046527&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199652594|editor-last=Dunbar|editor-first=R. I. M.|oclc=1124046527|editor-last2=Gamble|editor-first2=C.|editor-last3=Gowlett|editor-first3=J. A. J.|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfididwuma mu nkɔsoɔ afoforɔ a wɔnyaeɛ wɔ Tete Aboɔ berɛ no mu ne ntadeɛ ne daberɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shaar|first1=Ron|last2=Matmon|first2=Ari|last3=Horwitz|first3=Liora K.|last4=Ebert|first4=Yael|last5=Chazan|first5=Michael|last6=Arnold|first6=M.|last7=Aumaître|first7=G.|last8=Bourlès|first8=D.|last9=Keddadouche|first9=K.|date=1 May 2021|title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=259|page=106907|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907|bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S|s2cid=234833092|issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adwene biara nni hɔ wɔ bɛyɛ berɛ a wɔde bɛgye mfididwuma mmienu no mu biara atom no ho, nanso fam tutufoɔ ahunu fam tutufoɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ntadeɛ 90-120 kya &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hallett|first1=Emily Y.|last2=Marean|first2=Curtis W.|last3=Steele|first3=Teresa E.|last4=alvarez-Fernandez|first4=Esteban|last5=Jacobs|first5=Zenobia|author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs|last6=Cerasoni|first6=Jacopo Niccolò|last7=Aldeias|first7=Vera|last8=Scerri|first8=Eleanor M. L.|last9=Olszewski|first9=Deborah I.|last10=Hajraoui|first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El|last11=Dibble|first11=Harold L.|date=24 September 2021|title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco|journal=iScience|volume=24|issue=9|page=102988|doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988|issn=2589-0042|pmc=8478944|pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne daberɛ 450 kya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Berɛ a Tete Abotan berɛ no kɔɔ so no, atenaeɛ bɛyɛɛ dea ɛyɛ nwanwa na ɛyɛɛ dea wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ; kya 380 mu tɔnn no, na nnipa resi nnua asese a wɔde nnua ayɛ berɛ tiaa bi.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Villa|first=Paola|title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France|url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1983|isbn=978-0520096622|location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntadeɛ a wɔdane firii mmoa a wɔbɔ wɔn abɔmmɔ no nwoma ne nwoma mu no boaa adasamma ma wɔtrɛɛ kɔɔ mmeaeɛ a awɔ hɔ; nnipa firii aseɛ [[:en:Early human migrations|tu]] firii Afrika bɛyɛ kya 200, na mfitiase no wɔtu kɔɔ [[:en:Eurasia|Eurasia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Cordaux|first=Richard|author2=Stoneking, Mark|year=2003|title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa|url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume=72|issue=6|pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93|doi=10.1086/375407|pmc=1180321|pmid=12817589|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf|archive-date=1 October 2009|access-date=22 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harvati|first1=Katerina|author-link=Katerina Harvati|last2=Röding|first2=Carolin|last3=Bosman|first3=Abel M.|last4=Karakostis|first4=Fotios A.|last5=Grün|first5=Rainer|last6=Stringer|first6=Chris|last7=Karkanas|first7=Panagiotis|last8=Thompson|first8=Nicholas C.|last9=Koutoulidis|first9=Vassilis|last10=Moulopoulos|first10=Lia A.|last11=Gorgoulis|first11=Vassilis G.|last12=Kouloukoussa|first12=Mirsini|title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia|journal=Nature|publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC|volume=571|issue=7766|year=2019|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z|pages=500–504|pmid=31292546|s2cid=195873640|url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Néolithique_0001.jpg|thumb|An array of Neolithic artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools]]

=== Abodan foforo bere mu ===
[[:en:Neolithic Revolution|Aboɔ Foforo mu Ɔsesɛ]] (anaasɛ ''Kuadwuma mu Ɔsesɛ a Edi Kan'' ) no de mfididwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a wɔyɛeɛ ntɛmntɛm baeɛ, na dea efirii mu baeɛ ne asetena mu nsɛm a emu yɛ den a ɛkɔɔ soro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&amp;pg=PA3|title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation|publisher=Springer New York|year=2002|isbn=9780306471667|editor-last=Kuijt|editor-first=i.|series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&amp;pg=PA3|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Hand axe|Aboɔ agyan]] a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔyɛeɛ no yɛ nkɔsoɔ kɛseɛ a ɛmaa wɔtumi yii kwaeɛ akɛseɛ na wɔyɛɛ kua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Coghlan|first=H. H.|date=1943|title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=73|issue=1/2|pages=27–56|doi=10.2307/2844356|jstor=2844356|issn=0307-3114|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=26 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboɔ agyan a wɔayɛ no fɛfɛɛfɛ a wɔde dii dwuma yi kɔɔ soro kɛseɛ wɔ Aboɔ Foforɔ Mmerɛ no mu nanso mfitiase no wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[:en:Mesolithic|Mesolithme]] berɛ a edii ɛno anim no mu wɔ mmeaeɛ bi te sɛ [[:en:Ireland|Ireland]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Agriculture|Kuadwuma]] maa nnipa pii nyaa aduane, na nsakraeɛ a wɔyɛeɛ kɔɔ [[:en:Sedentism|baabi a wɔtena ase no]] maa wɔtumi tetee mmɔfra pii berɛ korɔ mu, efiri sɛ na ɛnhia sɛ [[:en:Nomad|atubrafo]] de nkokoaa di akɔneaba bio. Bio nso, na mmɔfra bɛtumi de adwumayɛfoɔ aboa ma wɔatete nnɔbaeɛ ntɛm sene sɛdea wɔbɛtumi de wɔn ho ahyɛ [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|abɔmmɔfo ne nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano]] dwumadie ahodoɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W.|author2=Hall, Roberta L.|volume=13|issue=2|pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274|jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Berɛ a nnipa dodoɔ a ɛkɔɔ soro ne adwumayɛfoɔ a wonyaeɛ yi maa [[:en:Division of labour|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma titire]] no nyaa nkɔanim .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|access-date=17 May 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&amp;q=labor+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA163|title=Cultural Anthropology: An Applied Perspective|publisher=[[The Thomson Corporation]]|author=Ferraro, Gary P.|year=2006|isbn=978-0495030393|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145412/https://books.google.com/books?id=isGyuX9motEC&amp;q=labor+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA163|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔnnim dea ɛkanyan nkɔsoɔ a ɛfiri mfitiaseɛ Aboɔ Foforɔ nkuraa so kɔɔ nkuro a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Uruk|Uruk]], ne anibue ahodoɔ a edi kan te sɛ [[:en:Sumer|Sumer]], no pɔtee; nanso, wosusu sɛ asetena mu nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ a ɛrekɔ so [[:en:Hierarchy|wɔ nnidisoɔ nnidisoɔ]] ne adwumayɛfoɔ titire a ɛbaeɛ, adwadie ne ɔko a ɛbaa amammerɛ ahodoɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ mu, ne hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔbom yɛ adeɛ de di nnoɔma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho nsɛnnennen te sɛ [[:en:Irrigation|nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ so]], so nkunim no nyinaa dii dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&amp;q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA7|access-date=17 May 2008|title=The Essentials of Ancient History|publisher=Research &amp; Education Association|author=Patterson, Gordon M.|year=1992|isbn=978-0878917044|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145419/https://books.google.com/books?id=8pKKwlEcpwYC&amp;q=labor+surplus+neolithic+population&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔɔ so no maa [[:en:Metallurgical furnace|fononoo]] ne [[:en:Bellows|ahyɛnsodeɛ a ɛyɛ hu]] no baeɛ na ɛmaa, dea edi kan no, wɔtumi te [[:en:Gold|sika kɔkɔɔ]], [[:en:Copper|kɔberɛ]], [[:en:Silver|dwetɛ]], ne [[:en:Lead|kɔberɛ hua]] na wɔyɛeɛ – dadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ ankasa a wɔhunu wɔ ɔkwan a ɛho te kakra so wɔ abɔdeɛ mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A Short History of Metals|journal=Nature|volume=203|issue=4943|page=337|last=Cramb|first=Alan W|bibcode=1964Natur.203Q.337T|year=1964|doi=10.1038/203337a0|s2cid=382712|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfasoɔ a ɛwɔ kɔberɛ nnwinnadeɛ so sene aboɔ, dompe ne nnua nnwinnadeɛ no daa adi ntɛm ara wɔ nnipa a wɔdi kan no mu, na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔde kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no dii dwuma firi berɛ a ɛbɛn [[:en:Neolithic|Abodan Foforɔ]] mmerɛ no mfitiase (bɛyɛ ka 10).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ceramics|volume=05|pages=703–760; see page 708|last1=Hall|first1=Harry Reginald Holland|author-link=Harry Reginald Holland Hall|quote=The art of making a pottery consisting of a siliceous sandy body coated with a vitreous copper glaze seems to have been known unexpectedly early, possibly even as early as the period immediately preceding the Ist Dynasty (4000 B.C.).}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kɔberɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ no nni hɔ pii firi awosu mu, nanso kɔberɛ a wɔde yɛ nnoɔma abu so koraa na emu bi yɛ dadeɛ ntɛmntɛm berɛ a wɔhye wɔ nnua anaa fango ogya mu no. Awieeɛ koraa no, dadeɛ a wɔde yɛ adwuma no ma wɔhunuu nnoɔma a wɔde afra te sɛ kɔbere ne kɔbere (bɛyɛ 4,000 A.Y.B.). Dadeɛ a wɔde afra te sɛ dadeɛ a wɔde di dwuma dea edi kan no firi bɛyɛ afe 1,800 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;20030715nytimes-science&quot;&gt;{{Cite news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Hideo|last=Akanuma|title=The significance of the composition of excavated iron fragments taken from Stratum III at the site of Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey|journal=Anatolian Archaeological Studies|volume=14|publisher=Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology|place=Tokyo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Wheel_Iran.jpg|thumb|The wheel was invented c. 4,000 BCE.]]

=== Tete ===
Berɛ a nnipa de ogya dii dwuma wiee no, wɔhunuu ahoɔden afoforɔ. Mframa ahoɔden a edi kan a wɔnim sɛ wɔde di dwuma ne [[:en:Sailing ship|hyɛn a ɛde po so hyɛn tu]] ; twerɛtohɔ a edi kan a ɛfa po so hyɛn bi a na ɛretu ne Nil hyɛmma bi a wɔyɛeɛ bɛyɛ afe 7,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella|author1-last=Usai|author2-first=Sandro|author2-last=Salvatori|title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛfiri berɛ a edii abakɔsɛm anim no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ Misrifoɔ de tumi a [[:en:Flooding of the Nile|Nil nsuyiri]] a ɛba afe biara no nya no dii dwuma de gugu wɔn nsase so nsuo, na nkakrankakra wɔsuaa sɛdeɛ wɔbɛhyehyɛ ne fa kɛseɛ no ara denam nsuo a wɔde gugu nnɔbaeɛ a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ ne nsukorabea ahodoɔ a &quot;wɔkyere&quot; so.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Postel|first=Sandra|author-link=Sandra Postel|url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last?|date=1999|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn=978-0393319378|chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tete [[:en:Sumer|Sumeriafoɔ]] a na wɔwɔ [[:en:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] no de nsuten ne nsuten a ɛyɛ den dii dwuma de dan nsu fi [[:en:Tigris|Tigris]] ne [[:en:Euphrates|Eufrate]] nsubɔnten mu de gugu nnɔbaeɛ so.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York &amp; London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sumerian+irrigation&amp;pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=Sumerian+irrigation&amp;pg=PA35|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔn a wɔtutu fam hwehwɛ tetefoɔ nnoɔma mu bu akontaa sɛ wɔde wɔn ho na wɔyɛɛ kankra no wɔ Mesopotamia (wɔ nnɛyi [[Irak|Iraq]] ), Caucasus Atifi fam ( [[:en:Maykop culture|Maykop amammerɛ]] ), ne Europa Mfinimfini fam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Berɛ ho akontaabu frii 5,500 kɔsi 3,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnoɔma a akyɛ sene biara a mfonini ahodoɔ a ɛkyerɛ teaseɛnam a kankra wom no firi bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnansa yi ara, wɔhunuu nnua kankra a akyɛ sene biara wɔ wiase no wɔ [[:en:Ljubljana Marsh|Ljubljana Marsh]] a ɛwɔ [[Slovenia]] no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Kankra a wɔyɛeɛ no maa adwadie ne ɔko mu nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ. Ankyɛ koraa na wohunuiɛ sɛ wɔbɛtumi de teaseɛnam a kankra wɔ so asoa nnesoa a emu yɛ duru. Tete Sumeriafoɔ de [[:en:Potter's wheel|ɔnwemfo ntwahonan]] na ɛdii dwuma na ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔn na wɔyɛɛ no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer1963&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abo nkuku ntwahonan bi a wɔhunuu wɔ kuro-man [[:en:Ur|Ur]] mu no yɛ bɛyɛ mfeɛ 3,429 &lt;ref name=&quot;Moorey1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moorey1994&quot; /&gt; Nkukuo ntwahonan a ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm (a ɛkyinkyini) no maa wɔtumi yɛɛ nkuku pii ntɛm, nanso ɛyɛ ntwahonan no a wɔde dii dwuma sɛ ahoɔden a ɛsakra (ɛnam nsuo ntwahonan, mframa afidie, ne afidie a wɔde tu mmirika mpo so) na ɛsakraa ahoɔden a ɛnyɛ nnipa de a wɔde di dwuma no. Wɔnyaa teaseɛnam a edi kan a ɛwɔ ntwahonan mmienu no firii [[:en:Travois|travois]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Lay1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G|title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu na wɔdii kan de dii dwuma wɔ Mesopotamia ne [[Iran]] bɛyɛ afe 3,000 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lay1992&quot; /&gt;
Akwan a wɔasisi a akyɛ sen biara a wɔnim ne mmɔnten a wɔde aboɔ ayɛ a ɛwɔ kuro-man Ur mu, a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ bɛyɛ c. 4,000 A.Y.B.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=paved+road+in+Ur&amp;pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&amp;q=paved+road+in+Ur&amp;pg=PA130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne nnua akwan a ɛfa atɛkyɛ a ɛwɔ [[:en:Glastonbury, England|Glastonbury, England]], a efiri bɛyɛ berɛ korɔ no ara mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; Ɔkwan tenten a edi kan a wɔde dii dwuma bɛyɛ afe 3,500 A.Y.B.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; no trɛ 2,400&amp;nbsp;km firi [[:en:Persian Gulf|Persia Po no mu]] kɔsi [[:en:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranea Po no]] ho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; nanso wɔansisi aboɔ na na wɔasiesie no fa bi pɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; mu bɛyɛ Minoan kwan a ɛfiri [[:en:Gortyn|Gortyn]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no anafoɔ fam, fa mmepɔ no so, kɔ [[:en:Knossos|Knossos]] ahemfie a ɛwɔ supɔ no atifi fam no.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt; Dea ɛnte sɛ ɔkwan a edi kan no, na wɔabɔ Minoa kwan no koraa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gregersen2012&quot; /&gt;[[File:Pont_du_Gard_BLS.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Pont du Gard in France, one of the most famous ancient Roman aqueducts[46]]]Na [[:en:Tap water|nsu a ɛsen]] fa tete Minoafoɔ afie mu .&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA174|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtuu adwaeɛ bi a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛne nnɛ deɛ no yɛ pɛ wɔ Knossos Ahemfie hɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&amp;q=Minoan+flush+toilet&amp;pg=PA106|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Minofoɔ ankorankorɛ afie pii nso wɔ [[:en:Toilet|tiafi]], a na wɔbɛtumi ahohoro denam nsuo a wɔbɛhwie agu nsuo a ɛrekɔ nsuo no mu no so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eslamian2014&quot; /&gt; Na tete Romafoɔ no wɔ tiafi pii a ɔmanfoɔ de nsuo gu mu,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; na na ɛho te kɔ nsuo fi a ɛtrɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; Nsuo a ɛkɔ nsuo mu titire a na ɛwɔ [[Roma|Rome]] ne [[:en:Cloaca Maxima|Cloaca Maxima]] ;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt; wɔfirii aseɛ sii wɔ so wɔ afeha a ɛto so nsia A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechner2012&quot; /&gt;

Na tete Romafoɔ nso wɔ [[:en:Aqueduct (bridge)|nsu kwan]] a ɛyɛ den,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Aicher|first1=Peter J.|title=Guide to the Aqueducts of Ancient Rome|date=1995|publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.|location=Wauconda, IL|isbn=978-0865162822|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&amp;q=Pont+du+Gard|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205010425/https://books.google.com/books?id=IEa04PmWXq0C&amp;q=Pont+du+Gard|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a na wɔde fa nsuo fa akyirikyiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Roman aqueduct|Romafoɔ nsuo kwan]] a edi kan wɔ 312 A.Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Wɔsii tete Roma nsuo kwan a ɛto so du-baako ne dea ɛtwa toɔ no mfeɛ 226 Y.B.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; Sɛ wɔka bom a, na Roma nsuo kwan no trɛ bɛboro 450&amp;nbsp;km,&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt; nanso ɛnnuru 70&amp;nbsp;km wɔ eyi so wɔ asase so na na wɔde abrannaa gyina akyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aicher1995&quot; /&gt;

=== Ansa na nnɛ berɛ reba ===
Nnoɔma foforɔ kɔɔ so kɔsii [[:en:Middle Ages|Mfinimfini Mmere no]] mu berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Silk|sirikyi]] a wɔyɛ (wɔ Asia ne akyiri yi Europa), [[:en:Horse collar|apɔnkɔ kɔla]], ne [[:en:Horseshoe|apɔnkɔ nan ase]] baeɛ no. Wɔkaa mfidie a ɛnyɛ den (te sɛ [[:en:Lever|lever]], [[:en:Screw|screw]], ne [[:en:Pulley|pulley]] ) bɔɔ mu yɛɛ no nnwinnadeɛ a ɛyɛ den kɛseɛ te sɛ [[:en:Wheelbarrow|ntwahonan]], [[:en:Windmill|mframa afiri]], ne [[:en:Clock|wɔɔkye]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605|title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities|date=2019|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315588605|isbn=978-1317116530|s2cid=148764971|editor-last=Davids|editor-first=K.|editor-last2=De Munck|editor-first2=B.|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Suapɔn|Sukuupɔn]] ahorow nhyehyɛe bi yɛɛ nyansahu mu nsusuwii ne nneyɛe na wɔtrɛw mu, a [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] ne [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] ka ho . 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Deming|first=D.|url=|title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution|year=2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0786490868}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[:en:Renaissance technology|Ahosɛpɛ]] berɛ no maa nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ, a dea ɛka ho ne [[:en:Movable type|mfidie a wɔde tintim nwoma]] a wɔde baa Europa, na ɛmaa nimdeɛ a wɔde di nkutaho no yɛɛ mmerɛ. Nyansahunu nyaa mfididwuma so nkɛntɛnsoɔ kɛseɛ, na ɛfiiri nkɔsoɔ a ɛkɔ so wɔ wɔn ho wɔn ho mu ase.

=== Abɛɛfosɛm ===
[[File:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg|thumb|The automobile revolutionized personal transportation.]]
Ɛfiri United Kingdom wɔ afeha a ɛto so 18 mu no, [[:en:Steam engine|anyinam ahoɔden]] a wɔhunuu no de [[:en:Industrial Revolution|Mfididwuma mu Ɔsesɛ]], a ɛmaa wɔhunuu mfididwuma mu nnoɔma pii, titire wɔ [[:en:British Agricultural Revolution|kuayɛ]], [[:en:Manufacturing|nnoɔma a wɔyɛ]], [[:en:Mining|famgudeɛ]], [[:en:Metallurgy|dadeɛ]], ne [[:en:Transport|akwantuo mu]], ne sɛdeɛ wɔde dii dwuma kɛseɛ no baeɛ [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|adwumayɛbea nhyehyɛeɛ no]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Stearns|first=P. N.|url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History|publisher=Routledge|year=2020|isbn=978-0813347295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eyi akyi no, [[:en:Second Industrial Revolution|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw a Ɛto so Abien]] a ɛde nyansahu mu nneɛma a wohuu ntɛmntɛm, hyehyɛɛ gyinapɛn, na wɔyɛɛ nneɛma pii bae. Wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma mu nnoɔma foforɔ a dea ɛka ho [[:en:Sewage treatment|ne nsuo fi]], [[Ɛlɛktrisiti|anyinam ahoɔden]], [[:en:Electric light|kanea]], [[:en:Electric motor|anyinam ahoɔden mfidie]], [[:en:Rail transport|keteke akwan]], [[Ɛhyɛn|kar]], ne [[:en:Airplane|wiemhyɛn]] . Saa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ahorow yi ma wonyaa nkɔsoɔ kɛse wɔ [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma ho]] nimdeɛ ne [[:en:Engineering|mfididwuma mu]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Wɔde asetena mu nsakraeɛ a ɛfirii mu baeɛ kaa ho, na wɔde [[:en:Skyscraper|abansoro adan a]] ɛkorɔn baeɛ a nkuro akɛseɛ a ɛkɔɔ so ntɛmntɛm ka ho .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Black|first=B. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History|year=2022|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1538105047|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkitahodie nyaa nkɔsoɔ berɛ a wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Telegraph|telegraph]], [[Ahomatrofoɔ|telefon]], [[:en:Radio|radio]] ne [[:en:Television|television no]] .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Albion|first=Robert G.|date=1933-01-01|title=The Communication Revolution, 1760-1933|url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002|journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society|volume=14|issue=1|pages=13–25|doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002|issn=0372-0187|access-date=26 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Afeha a ɛto so 20 no de nnoɔma foforɔ pii baeɛ. Wɔ [[:en:Physics|abɔdeɛ mu nnoɔma mu no]], [[:en:Nuclear fission|nuklea mpaapaemu]] a wohunuu wɔ [[:en:Atomic Age|Atɔm Mmere no]] mu no ma wonyaa [[:en:Technology|nuklea akodeɛ]] ne [[:en:Nuclear power|nuklea ahoɔden]] nyinaa . Wɔyɛɛ [[:en:Computers|kɔmputa]] na akyiri yi wɔdan fii [[:en:Analog computer|analog]] so kɔɔ dijitaal so wɔ [[:en:Digital Revolution|Digital Revolution]] no mu . Amanneɛbɔ mfididwuma, titire [[Optical fiber a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|optical fiber]] ne [[Optical amplifier a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|optical amplifiers]] na ɛma wɔwoo [[:en:Internet|Intanɛt]] na ɛde [[Amanneɛbɔ Mmerehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information Age|Amanneɛbɔ Berɛ no]] baeɛ . [[:en:Space Age|Ahunumu Mmere no]] firii ase berɛ a wɔde [[:en:Sputnik 1|Sputnik 1]] too dwa wɔ 1957 mu, na akyiri yi wɔde [[Nnipa ahunmu wimhyɛn|adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔyɛ adwuma]] wɔ bosome wɔ 1960 afe no mu no. Mmɔden a wɔahyehyɛ sɛ [[Hwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so|wɔbɛhwehwɛ nyansa a efi asase so no]] de [[Radio afiri a wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri|radio afiri a]] wɔde hwɛ akyirikyiri adi dwuma de ahu mfiridwuma ho sɛnkyerɛnne, anaasɛ ''[[Mfiridwuma ho nsaano nkyerɛwee|technosignatures]]'', a ahɔho anibuei ahorow de ma. Wɔ nnuruyɛ mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ foforo a wɔde behu yare no ( [[CT scan a wɔde yɛ adwuma|CT]], [[Positron a ɛma obi nya tomography|PET]], ne [[MRI]] scanning), ayaresa (te sɛ [[Afiri a wɔde yɛ dialysis|dialysis afiri]], [[Afiri a wɔde yi fibrillator|defibrillator]], [[Koma mu ahoɔden a wɔde yɛ adwuma|pacemaker]], ne [[Aduro|nnuru foforo pii a wɔde yɛ nnuru]] ), ne nhwehwɛmu (te sɛ [[:en:Interferon|interferon]] cloning ne [[:en:DNA microarray|DNA microarrays]] ) . .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Agar|first=J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond|year=2012|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nneɛma [[Nneɛma a wɔyɛ|a wɔyɛ]] ne [[Adesie|adansi ho]] akwan ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a ɛyɛ den ho hia na wɔatumi ayɛ nnɛyi mfiridwuma pii na wɔakura mu, na [[Nnwuma (sikasɛm) .|nnwuma]] mũ nyinaa asɔre sɛ wɔbɛyɛ awo ntoatoaso a edi hɔ a wɔde nnwinnade a ɛreyɛ den kɛse. Nnɛyi mfiridwuma de ne ho to ntetee ne nhomasua so kɛse&amp;nbsp;– wɔn adwumfo, adansifoɔ, wɔn a wɔhwɛ so, ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no taa hwehwɛ nteteeɛ a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛfa biribiara ho ne pɔtee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Goldin|first1=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|title=The Race between Education and Technology|last2=Katz|first2=L. F.|year=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0674037731|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afei nso, saa mfiridwuma yi abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den araa ma wɔayɛ nnwuma mũ nyinaa a ɛbɛboa, a [[Mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ|mfiridwuma]], [[Aduro|nnuruyɛ]], ne [[kɔmputa ho nyansahu]] ka ho ; ne nnwuma afoforo abɛyɛ nea ɛyɛ den kɛse, te sɛ [[Adesie|adansi]], [[Akwantuo|akwantu]], ne [[Dan nhyehyɛeɛ|adansi]] .

=== Nsunsuansoɔ ===
Mfiridwuma mu nsakrae ne ade kɛse a ɛde sikasɛm mu nkɔso a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Solow|first=Robert M.|date=1957|title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047|journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics|volume=39|issue=3|pages=312–320|doi=10.2307/1926047|jstor=1926047|issn=0034-6535}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bresnahan|first1=Timothy F.|last2=Trajtenberg|first2=M.|date=1995-01-01|title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'?|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076%2894%2901598-T|journal=Journal of Econometrics|volume=65|issue=1|pages=83–108|doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T|issn=0304-4076}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ adesamma abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu no, na ahoɔden a wɔyɛ no ne ade titiriw a ɛmma [[sikasɛm mu nkɔso]], na mfiridwuma foforo maa nnipa tumi maa ahoɔden dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɔɔ soro kɛse '''.''' Nea edi kan bae ogya, na ɛmaa wotumi di nnuan ahorow pii, na ɛmaa ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛyam wɔ nipadua mu. Ogya nso maa wotumi yɛɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|smelting]], ne [[tin]], [[Kɔpa|kɔbere]], ne [[Dadeɛ|dade]] nnwinnade a wɔde bɔ abɔmmɔ anaa [[Oguadifo|aguadi]] . Afei kuayɛ mu nsakrae bae: na enhia sɛ nnipa [[Ɔbɔmmɔfo-aboaboa nneɛma ano|bɔ abɔmmɔ anaasɛ wɔboaboa wɔn ho ano bio]] na wɔatumi atra ase, na wofii ase kɔtraa nkurow ne nkurow akɛse mu, na wɔhyehyɛɛ aman a emu yɛ den kɛse, a [[Asraafoɔ|asraafo]] ne [[Ɔsom|nyamesom]] ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no yiye wom .&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wrigley|first=E. A|date=2013-03-13|title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=371|issue=1986|page=20110568|doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739|bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W|s2cid=10624423}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma aboa ma nnipa yiyedi aba denam yiyedi a ɛkɔ soro, ahotɔ ne asetra pa a ɛkɔ anim, ne [[Akwahosan ho mfiridwuma|aduruyɛ mu nkɔso so]], nanso ebetumi asɛe asetra mu nniso a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw no nso, de [[Efiyɛ|efi]] aba, na apira ankorankoro anaa akuw.

Nnansa yi mfe ama [[Social media sohyial media|social media]] ’s amammerɛ mu din kɛse aba, na ebetumi de nkɛntɛnso aba demokrase, ne sikasɛm ne asetra mu asetra so. Mfiase no, na wohuu intanɛt sɛ &quot;ahofadi mfiridwuma&quot; a ɛbɛma nimdeɛ ayɛ demokrase, ama nhomasua a wobenya no atu mpɔn, na ama demokrase anya nkɔso. Nnɛyi nhwehwɛmu adan akɔhwehwɛ intanɛt so bɔne ahorow mu, a nsɛm a ɛnteɛ, polarization, ɔtan kasa, ne nsɛmmɔnedi ka ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117|title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform|date=2020|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1108835558|editor-last=Persily|editor-first=Nathaniel|series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/9781108890960|s2cid=243715477|editor-last2=Tucker|editor-first2=Joshua A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Efi 1970 mfe no mu no, [[Mfiridwuma ho ɔkasatia|wɔakasa atia]] nkɛntɛnso a mfiridwuma nya wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no, na ɛde sika a wɔde hyɛ [[Owia ahoɔden|owia]], [[Mframa ahoɔden|mframa]], ne [[Ahoɔden a ɛtra hɔ daa|ahoɔden a ɛho tew]] afoforo mu no akɔ soro .

=== Asetenam ===

==== Nnwuma ====
Efi bere a wɔyɛɛ ntwahonan no, mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ aboa ma nnipa sikasɛm mu nkɔso akɔ soro. automation a atwam no de adwumayɛfo asi adwumayɛfo ananmu na wɔaboa wɔn; mfiri besii nnipa ananmu wɔ nnwuma bi a akatua sua mu (sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ kuayɛ mu), nanso wɔde nnwuma foforo a akatua kɛse wom a wɔyɛe no tuaa eyi so ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3|url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-date=1 September 2022|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ kɔmputa amma [[Mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya nyɛ|mfiridwuma mu adwuma a wonnya]] nyɛ kɛse amma .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bessen|first=J. E.|date=2016-10-03|title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2690435|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435|ssrn=2690435|s2cid=29968989|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184808/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2690435|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esiane sɛ [[Nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma|nyansa a wɔde ayɛ ade]] tumi yɛ adwuma sen kɔmputa koraa, na ɛda so ara wɔ ne mmofraase nti, wonnim sɛ ebia ebedi su koro no ara akyi anaa; wɔagye asɛmmisa no ho akyinnye tenten wɔ sikasɛm ho abenfo ne nhyehyɛeyɛfo mu. Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 2017 mu no anhu sɛ sikasɛm ho abenfoɔ adwene nhyia pefee wɔ sɛ ebia AI bɛma adwuma a wonnya nyɛ akyɛ no akɔ soro anaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Sɛnea [[Wiase Nyinaa Sikasɛm Ho Nhyiam|World Economic Forum]] &quot;The Future of Jobs Report 2020&quot; kyerɛ no, wɔahyɛ nkɔm sɛ AI besi nnwuma ɔpepem 85 ananmu wɔ wiase nyinaa, na ɛde nnwuma foforo ɔpepem 97 aba afe 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Efi 1990 kosi 2007 no, nhwehwɛmu bi a [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] sikasɛm ho ɔbenfo [[Daron Acemoglu na ɔkyerɛwee|Daron Acemoglu]] yɛe wɔ U.S. kyerɛe sɛ sɛ wɔde robɔt biako ka ho ma adwumayɛfo 1,000 biara a, ɛma [[Adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow ntam nsonsonoe|adwumayɛ ne nnipa dodow so tew]] 0.2%, anaa bɛyɛ adwumayɛfo 3.3, na ɛma akatua so tew 0.42%.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Acemoglu|first1=Daron|last2=Restrepo|first2=Pascual|date=2020-06-01|title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=128|issue=6|pages=2188–2244|doi=10.1086/705716|hdl=1721.1/130324|s2cid=7468879|issn=0022-3808}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso mfiridwuma a ebesi nnipa adwuma ananmu ho dadwen yɛ nea ɛtra hɔ kyɛ. Sɛnea U.S. ɔmampanyin [[Lyndon B. Johnson na ɔkyerɛwee|Lyndon Johnson]] kae wɔ 1964 mu no, &quot;Mfiridwuma rebɔ hokwan foforo ne asɛyɛde foforo nyinaa ama yɛn, hokwan a ɛbɛma yɛatumi ayɛ adwuma kɛse na yɛanya nkɔso; asɛyɛde a ɛne sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ ahu sɛ ɛnsɛ sɛ odwumayɛni biara, abusua biara tua bo a ɛnteɛ wɔ nkɔso ho.&quot; bere a wɔde wɔn nsa ahyɛ Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Mfiridwuma, Mfiridwuma, ne Sikasɛm mu Nkɔso ho mmara ase no.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

=== Bammɔ ===
Esiane sɛ wɔde wɔn ho to mfiridwuma so kɛse nti, ahobammɔ ne kokoam nsɛm ho haw ahorow aka ho. Nnipa ɔpepepem pii de akwan horow a wɔfa so tua sika wɔ Intanɛt so di dwuma, te sɛ [[WeChat Tua Ka|WeChat Pay]], [[PayPal na ɛyɛ adwuma|PayPal]], [[Alipay na ɔyɛ|Alipay]], ne nea ɛkeka ho pii de boa ma wɔde sika kɔ baabi foforo. Ɛwom sɛ wɔde ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow si hɔ de, nanso nsɛmmɔnedifo binom tumi twa ho hyia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Elizabeth|author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg|last2=Harrell|first2=Peter E.|last3=Shiffman|first3=Gary M.|last4=Dorshimer|first4=Sam|date=2019|title=Financial Technology and National Security|publisher=Center for a New American Security|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ March 2022 mu no, North Korea de [[Blender.io]], [[Cryptocurrency a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ hu so|mixer]] a ɛboaa wɔn ma wɔde wɔn cryptocurrency exchanges siee, dii dwuma de hohoro bɛboro $20.5 ɔpepem wɔ cryptocurrency mu, fii [[Axie Infinity a Ɛyɛ Adwuma|Axie Infinity]], na wowiaa bɛboro $600 ɔpepem cryptocurrency fii agoru no wura hɔ. Esiane eyi nti, U.S. Sikakorabea Dwumadibea no maa Blender.io a ɛyɛ bere a edi kan a ayɛ ade atia mixer bi no sɛ ɔmmɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ North Korea hackers so.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; Wɔagye cryptocurrency kokoamsɛm ho akyinnye. Ɛwom sɛ adetɔfo pii ani gye cryptocurrency kokoam nsɛm ho de, nanso pii nso ka sɛ ehia sɛ wɔyɛ no pefee na ɛyɛ pintinn kɛse.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;

=== Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ===
Mfiridwuma anya wiase no so [[Nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho mfiridwuma|nkɛntɛnso bɔne ne nneɛma a atwa]] yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso pa, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ nea ɛne ɔsɛe a edi kan no bɔ abira, te sɛ; [[Efiyɛ|efi]] a wɔbɔ ne mmɔden a wɔbɔ sɛ [[Efi a wosiw ano nhyehyɛe|wobeyi efi a wɔaka ho asɛm no afi hɔ]],&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; [[kwae a wotutu]] ne kwae a wotutu a wɔdan no,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grainger|first1=Alan|last2=Francisco|first2=Herminia A.|last3=Tiraswat|first3=Penporn|date=July 2003|title=The impact of changes in agricultural technology on long-term trends in deforestation|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837703000097|journal=The International Journal Covering All Aspects of Land Use|volume=20|issue=3|pages=209–223|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[ngo a wɔhwie gu]]i . Eyinom nyinaa anya nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia wɔ asase so so nkɛntɛnso kɛse. Bere a mfiridwuma anya nkɔso no, saa ara na [[Mframa a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso bɔne no nso anya nkɔso, na mframa a ɛma wim yɛ]] hyew, te sɛ [[Methane a wɔde yɛ adwuma|methane]] ne [[Carbon dioxide a ɛwɔ nipadua no mu|carbon dioxide]], fi wim, na ɛde wim [[Nkɛntɛnso a ɛma wim yɛ hyew|tebea a ɛma wim yɛ hyew]] ba, na ɛde nkakrankakra ma asase yɛ hyew na ɛde wiase nyinaa hyew ba. Eyi nyinaa asɛe kɛse bere a mfiridwuma mu nkɔso aba no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Imran Sharif|last2=Ali|first2=Sajid|last3=Bhatti|first3=Shaukat Hussain|last4=Anser|first4=Muhammad Khalid|last5=Khan|first5=Ahmad Imran|last6=Nazar|first6=Raima|date=October 2021|title=Dynamic common correlated effects of technological innovations and institutional performance on environmental quality: Evidence from East-Asia and Pacific countries|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1462901121001921|journal=Environmental Science &amp; Policy|volume=124|issue=Environmental Science &amp; Policy|pages=313–323|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.007|via=Elsevier Science Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Efiyɛ ===
Anka efi, efi a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛde ɔhaw ahorow ba no betumi aba wɔ [[Inca Ahemman no|Inca ahemman no]] mu tɔnn . Wɔde kɔbere [[Kɔbere sulfide a wɔde yɛ aduru|sulfide]] [[Flux (dade ho nimdeɛ) .|a]] [[Nneɛma a wɔde smelting|ɛsensɛn]] aboɔden abo mu, ne dɔte [[Kiln a wɔde yɛ adwuma|fononoo]] a mframa bɔ, a ɛma [[Di kan|kɔbere]] kɔ [[Wim tebea|wim]] ne nsubɔnten mu [[Nsu a ɛtɔ gu fam|nsu a ɛyɛ fi]] no dii dwuma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smol|first=J. P.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476272945|title=Pollution of Lakes and Rivers : a Paleoenvironmental Perspective.|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1444307573|edition=2nd|location=Chichester|page=135|oclc=476272945}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Felɔsɔfi ===
Mfiridwuma ho nyansapɛ yɛ [[Felɔsɔfi|nyansapɛ]] baa dwumadibea a ɛsua &quot;adeyɛ a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma na wɔyɛ&quot;, ne &quot;nneɛma a wɔabɔ saa no su.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|last1=Franssen|first1=M.|chapter=Philosophy of Technology|year=2018|chapter-url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=E. N.|edition=Fall 2018|access-date=11 September 2022|last2=Lokhorst|first2=G.-J.|last3=van de Poel|first3=I.|archive-date=11 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911061556/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2018/entries/technology/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛda adi sɛ nteɛso wɔ mfeha abien a atwam no mu, na anya nkɔanim &quot;kɛse&quot; fi 1970 mfe no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=de Vries|first1=M. J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOmPCgAAQBAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology : An Introduction for Technology and Business Students|last2=Verkerk|first2=M. J.|last3=Hoogland|first3=J.|last4=van der Stoep|first4=J.|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2015|isbn=978-1317445715|location=United Kingdom|oclc=907132694|access-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184227/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Philosophy_of_Technology/EOmPCgAAQBAJ|archive-date=4 October 2022|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Nnipa ho nyansapɛ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho'' no fa &quot;nea mfiridwuma kyerɛ ma, ne nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ, ɔmanfo ne amammerɛ so&quot; ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Mfiase no, na wobu mfiridwuma sɛ onipa abɔde a nkwa wom no ntrɛwmu a ɛyɛ nipadua ne adwene mu tumi ahorow anaasɛ ɛma ɛyɛ kɛse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Brey|first=P.|year=2000|editor-last=Mitcham|editor-first=C.|title=Theories of Technology as Extension of Human Faculties|journal=Metaphysics, Epistemology, and Technology. Research in Philosophy and Technology|volume=19}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karl Marx na ɔkyerɛwee|Marx]] hyehyɛɛ no sɛ adwinnade a kapitalistfo de di dwuma de hyɛ proletariat so, nanso na ogye di sɛ mfiridwuma bɛyɛ tumi a ɛma ahofadi titiriw bere a &quot;wɔade ne ho afi ɔmanfo mu nsakrae ho&quot; no. Akyiri yi nyansapɛfo a wɔbaa asorɔkye a ɛto so abien te sɛ Ortega danee wɔn adwene fii sikasɛm ne amammuisɛm so kɔɔ “da biara da asetra ne asetra wɔ mfiridwuma-honam fam amammerɛ mu,” na wɔkae sɛ mfiridwuma betumi ahyɛ “bourgeoisie no mufo a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ne wuranom ne ne wuranom mpo so.” Nyansapɛfo a wɔwɔ ɔfa a ɛto so abiɛsa te sɛ [[Don Ihde na ɔkyerɛwee|Don Ihde]] ne [[Albert Borgmann na ɔkyerɛwee|Albert Borgmann]] gyina hɔ ma nsakrae a ɛkɔ de-generalization ne empiricism so, na wosusuw sɛnea nnipa betumi asua sɛnea wɔde mfiridwuma bɛtra ase no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:82&quot;/&gt;

Wɔkyekyɛɛ mfiridwuma ho nimdeɛ a edi kan no mu wɔ akyinnyegye abien mu: [[Mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde si gyinae|mfiridwuma mu determinism]], ne [[Asetra mu adansi a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho|asetra mu adansi]] . Mfiridwuma mu determinism ne adwene a ɛne sɛ mfiridwuma de asetra mu nsakrae a wontumi nkwati ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Deborah G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6MEAAAQBAJ|title=Technology and Society: Building Our Sociotechnical Future|edition=2nd|last2=Wetmore|first2=Jameson M.|date=2021|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262539968}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 95. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no ɛka akyinnyegye bi a ɛfa ho, mfiridwuma mu ahofadi, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso di abɔde mu nkɔso akyi na wontumi nsiw ano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dusek|first=Val|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|title=Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction|date=2006|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1405111621|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184807/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_VXvwEACAAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asetra mu nkɔso ho animdefo &lt;/link&gt; ka sɛ mfiridwuma di abɔde mu nkɔso biara akyi, na amammerɛ mu gyinapɛn ahorow, mmara, amammuisɛm, ne sikasɛm mu nkannyan na ɛkyerɛ. Nnɛyi nhomanimfo adan akɔ [[Asetra mu mfiridwuma nhyehyɛe|sociotechnical nhyehyɛe ahorow]] mu nhwehwɛmu, &quot;nneɛma, nnipa, nneyɛe, ne ntease ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano&quot;, a wɔhwɛ bo a ɛsom ho atemmu ahorow a ɛhyehyɛ mfiridwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Amammerɛ ho ɔkasatiafo [[Neil Postman a ɔyɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ|Neil Postman]] kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda aman a wɔde nnwinnade di dwuma ntam ne nea ɔfrɛɛ no “mfiridwuma” mu, aman a mfiridwuma ne nyansahu mu nkɔso ho adwene bi na ɛhyɛ wɔn so a ɛsɛe amammerɛ mu nneyɛe afoforo, gyinapɛn ahorow, ne wiase adwene ahorow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Postman|first=Neil|title=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology|url=https://archive.org/details/technopolysurren00post|publisher=Vintage|year=1993|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Herbert Marcuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Herbert Marcuse]] ne [[John Zerzan na ɔkyerɛwee|John Zerzan]] kyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ mfiridwuma mu nnipa bɛma yɛagye yɛn ahofadi ne yɛn adwene mu akwahosan afi yɛn nsam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Marcuse|first=H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|title=Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 1|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134774661|access-date=11 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184809/https://books.google.com/books?id=WoKGAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmara ===
''Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa'' yɛ [[Mmara|abrabɔ pa]] ho adesua a ɛwɔ nnwuma ahorow ntam a ɛhwehwɛ mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu mu na ɛhwehwɛ akwan a wɔbɛfa so abrɛ nkɛntɛnso bɔne a ebetumi afi mfiridwuma foforo mu aba no ase. Abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm ahodoɔ pii wɔ hɔ a ɛfa mfiridwuma ho, ɛfiri mmeaeɛ pɔtee a wɔde wɔn adwene si so a ɛka adwumayɛfoɔ a wɔde mfiridwuma yɛ adwuma kɔsi asetena, abrabɔ pa, ne mmara mu nsɛm a ɛtrɛ a ɛfa dwumadie a mfiridwuma di wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ne da biara da asetena mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hansson|first=Sven Ove|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=technology+ethics&amp;pg=PR7|title=The Ethics of Technology: Methods and Approaches|year=2017|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=978-1783486595|access-date=13 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184810/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLaDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=technology+ethics&amp;pg=PR7|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akyinnyegye atitiriw atwa [[Abɔde a wɔayɛ no foforo wɔ awosu mu|abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔayɛ wɔn awosu mu nsakrae]], robɔt asraafo a wɔde di dwuma, [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]], ne asɛm a ɛfa [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI nneyɛe a wɔbɛma]] ne nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyia ho no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa ka nneɛma atitiriw pii ho. [[Abɔde a nkwa wom ho abrabɔ pa|Bioethics]] hwɛ abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa abɔde a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma ne nnɛyi nnuruyɛ ho, a nea ɛka ho ne cloning, nnipa awosu mu nsakrae, ne stem cell nhwehwɛmu. [[Kɔmputa so abrabɔ pa|Kɔmputa so]] abrabɔ pa twe adwene si nsɛm a ɛfa kɔmputa ho so. [[Cyberethics a Wɔde Di Dwuma|Cyberethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa intanɛt ho te sɛ [[Adwene mu agyapade|adwene mu agyapade hokwan]], [[Intanɛt so kokoam nsɛm|kokoam nsɛm]], ne [[Intanɛt so nsɛm a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma so|censorship]] . [[Nano mfiridwuma ho abrabɔ pa|Nanoethics]] hwehwɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a ɛsakra wɔ atom ne molecule gyinabea ho wɔ nteɛso ahorow a kɔmputa ho nimdeɛ, mfiridwuma, ne abɔde a nkwa wom ho adesua ka ho mu. Na [[mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa]] fa mfiridwumayɛfo adwumayɛ gyinapɛn ahorow ho, a [[Software ho mfiridwuma|softwea mfiridwumayɛfo]] ne wɔn abrabɔ pa ho asɛyɛde ahorow wɔ ɔmanfo anim ka ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luppicini, R. 20082&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Luppicini|first=R.|title=Handbook of Research on Technoethics|publisher=Idea Group Publishing|year=2008|editor1=Luppicini|location=Hershey|chapter=The emerging field of Technoethics|editor2=R. Adell}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfiridwuma mu abrabɔ pa baa dwumadibea kɛse bi fa [[Abrabɔ pa a ɛfa nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma ho|abrabɔ pa a ɛfa]] nyansa a wɔde yɛ nneɛma ho : ɛka [[Robot abrabɔ pa ho nimdeɛ|robɔt abrabɔ pa]], a ɛfa abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm a ɛfa robɔt nhyehyɛe, ne si, ne di, ne ne ayaresa ho,&lt;ref name=&quot;Veruggio2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Veruggio, Gianmarco|year=2011|title=The Roboethics Roadmap|journal=EURON Roboethics Atelier|publisher=Scuola di Robotica|page=2|citeseerx=10.1.1.466.2810}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[Mfiri ho abrabɔ pa|mfiri abrabɔ pa]], a ɛyɛ a ɛhaw no sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ ma wɔayɛ abrabɔ pa wɔ [[Ɔnanmusifo a onim nyansa|nnuru a wɔde nyansa a wɔde ayɛ nneɛma mu no]] ho .&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Machine Ethics|url=https://archive.org/details/machineethics0000unse|date=2011|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521112352|editor1-last=Anderson|editor1-first=Michael|editor2-last=Anderson|editor2-first=Susan Leigh}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ AI abrabɔ pa ho nsɛm mu no, nhwehwɛmu mu ɔhaw atitiriw a wonnya nnii ho dwuma no bi ne [[AI a wɔde hyɛ mu|AI a ɛne ne ho hyia]] (a wɔhwɛ hu sɛ AI nneyɛe ne wɔn abɔfo no botae ne wɔn anigyede ahorow a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no hyia) ne [[Algorithmic bias a wɔde di dwuma|algorithmic bias]] a wɔtew so . Nhwehwɛmufo binom abɔ kɔkɔ wɔ asiane a wosusuw sɛ ɛwɔ [[AI a wɔde gye nneɛma|AI a wɔbɛfa mu]] no ho, na wɔakamfo [[AI tumi a wɔde di dwuma|AI tumi sohwɛ a]] wɔde bedi dwuma nka akwan a wɔfa so de AI hyia no ho

=== Daakye ho adesua ===
''Daakye adesua'' yɛ nhyehyɛe ne nnwuma ahorow ntam adesua a ɛfa asetra ne mfiridwuma mu nkɔso ho. Ɛde asi n’ani so sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ daakye a ɛyɛ nokware no mu wɔ dodow ne su mu na ɛde nnipa gyinapɛn ahorow ahyɛ mfiridwuma foforo a wɔbɛyɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bell|first=W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|title=Foundations of Futures Studies, Volume 1: Human Science for a New Era|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412823791|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=4 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004185315/https://books.google.com/books?id=ILJ_pfMgLqsC|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 1 . 54. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so Mpɛn pii no, daakye ho nhwehwɛmufo ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛma &quot;adesamma ahofadi ne yiyedi&quot; atu mpɔn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 73. Nkyekyɛm Ɛde ne ho to dodow ne su mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a ɛfa mfiridwuma mu nkɔso a atwam ne mprempren ho so, na [[ɛbɔ]] mmɔden sɛ ɛde katee bɛka ho asɛm akɔ daakye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Wɔtaa de nyansahu mu ayɛsɛm di dwuma sɛ adwene fibea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 173. Nkyekyɛm Daakye nhwehwɛmu akwan no bi ne [[Nhwehwɛmu (nnipa nhwehwɛmu) .|nhwehwɛmu nhwehwɛmu]], [[Nhwɛsoɔ|nhwɛsode]], [[Akontaabu mu nsusuwii|akontaabu nhwehwɛmu]], ne [[Nsusuwii a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|kɔmputa so mfoniniyɛ]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; : 1 . 187 na ɛwɔ hɔ .

== Kɔmputa ==
'''Kɔmputa''' yɛ [[afidie|afiri]] a wobetumi ayɛ ho nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛyɛ akontaabu anaa ntease dwumadi ahorow ( [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] ) nnidiso nnidiso. Nnɛyi [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik]] kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ adwuma ahorow a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so dwumadi|program ahorow]] a ɛyɛ ne nyinaa . Saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ma kɔmputa ahorow tumi yɛ nnwuma ahorow pii. '''Kɔmputa nhyehyɛe''' yɛ kɔmputa a edi mũ a wɔfrɛ no [[Kɔmputa so nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|hardware]], [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe|operating system]] (main [[software]] ), ne [[Nneɛma a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri|peripheral]] equipment a wohia na wɔde di dwuma ma ɛyɛ adwuma koraa ka ho. Saa asɛmfua yi nso betumi akyerɛ kɔmputa kuw bi a ɛka bom na ɛyɛ adwuma bom, te sɛ [[Kɔmputa so nkitahodi|kɔmputa ntam nkitahodi]] anaa [[Kɔmputa so akuwakuw|kɔmputa akuw]] .

[[Logic controller a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe|Mfiridwuma]] ne [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|adetɔfo nneɛma]] ahorow pii de kɔmputa di dwuma sɛ [[Control nhyehyɛe|nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma]] . Wɔde mfiri a ɛnyɛ den a wɔde di dwuma titiriw te sɛ [[Microwave fononoo a wɔde gu mu|microwave oven]] ne [[Remote control a wɔde di dwuma|remote control]] ka ho, na saa ara na mfiri a wɔde yɛ adwumayɛbea te sɛ [[mfiridwuma mu robɔt]] ne [[Kɔmputa so adwini a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kɔmputa a wɔde boa adwini]], ne mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so te sɛ [[ankorankoro kɔmputa]] ne [[Mobile mfiri a wɔde di dwuma|mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ telefon]] so te sɛ [[Smartphone a wɔde di dwuma|smartphone]] . Kɔmputa na ɛma [[Intanɛt so|Intanɛt]], a ɛka kɔmputa afoforo ne wɔn a wɔde di dwuma ɔpepepem pii bom no nya ahoɔden.

Na wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde kɔmputa a edi kan no bɛyɛ akontaabu nkutoo. Nnwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a ɛnyɛ den te sɛ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] aboa nkurɔfo ma wɔabu akontaa fi tete. Wɔ [[Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw|Mfiridwuma mu Ɔsesɛw no]] mfiase no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri ahorow bi a wɔde bɛyɛ nnwuma atenten a ɛyɛ den, te sɛ nsusuwso ahorow a wɔkyerɛ kwan ma [[Loom|ntamadan]] . Ɛlektrik mfiri a ɛyɛ nwonwa kɛse yɛɛ [[Analogue ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri|analog]] akontaabu titiriw wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 mfiase mu hɔ. Wɔyɛɛ [[Digitals data a wɔde di dwuma|dijitaal]] ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a edi kan a wɔde bu akontaa wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu . [[Semiconductor a ɛyɛ adwuma|Semiconductor]] [[Transistor a ɛwɔ hɔ|transistors]] a edi kan wɔ 1940 mfeɛ no awieeɛ no, [[Silicon a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|silicon]] -based [[MOSFET na ɔkyerɛwee|MOSFET]] (MOS transistor) ne [[Monolithic ɔmansin a wɔaka abom|monolithic integrated circuit]] chip mfiridwuma dii akyire wɔ 1950 mfeɛ no awieeɛ mu, na ɛde [[Microprocessor a wɔde yɛ adwuma|microprocessor]] ne [[Kɔmputa nketewa mu nsakrae|microcomputer nsakraeɛ]] baeɛ wɔ 1970 mfeɛ no mu. Kɔmputa ahoɔhare, ahoɔden ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ mmeae pii no akɔ soro kɛse fi saa bere no, na [[Transistor dodow a wɔde ma|transistor dodow]] akɔ soro ntɛmntɛm (sɛnea [[Moore mmara no|Moore mmara]] kyerɛe no ), na ɛde [[Digitals Ɔsesɛw a Ɛbae|Digital Revolution]] bae wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 awiei kosi 21 mfiase mu hɔ.

Sɛnea wɔtaa yɛ no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, nnɛyi kɔmputa yɛ [[Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma|ade biako a wɔde yɛ adwuma]], a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Central processing unit a wɔde yɛ adwuma|central processing unit]] (CPU) a ɛte sɛ microprocessor, ne [[Kɔmputa so memory|kɔmputa memory]] bi, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ [[Semiconductor a wɔde kae ade|semiconductor memory]] chips. Ade a wɔde yɛ adwuma no yɛ akontaabu ne ntease mu dwumadi ahorow, na nhyehyɛe a wɔde di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso ne nea wɔde di dwuma no betumi asesa nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ adwuma no de abua [[nsɛm]] a wɔde asie . Mfiri a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no bi ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu (keyboards, mice, [[Anigyede a wɔde hyɛ mu|joystick]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), mfiri a wɔde fi mu (monitor screens, [[Printer (kɔmputa a wɔde tintim nhoma) .|printers]], ne nea ɛkeka ho), ne mfiri a wɔde hyɛ mu/fi mu a ɛyɛ adwuma abien no nyinaa (sɛ nhwɛso no, 2000 mfe no mu [[Touchscreen a wɔde ka ho|touchscreen]] ). Peripheral devices ma kwan ma wogye nsɛm fi abɔnten fibea na ɛma wotumi sie nea efi adwumayɛ mu ba no so na wogye.

== Etymology ho adesua ==
[[File:X-4_with_Female_Computer_-_GPN-2000-001932.jpg|alt=A human computer.|thumb|Onipa kɔmputa, a microscope ne calculator wom, 1952]]
Sɛnea ''[[Oxford Engiresi Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' kyerɛ no, nea edi kan a wonim sɛ wɔde ''kɔmputa'' dii dwuma ne nhoma bi a Engiresi kyerɛwfo [[Richard Brathwait na ɔkyerɛwee|Richard Brathwait]] kyerɛwee wɔ 1613 mu a wɔfrɛ no ''The Yong Mans Gleanings'' : “I haue.” [   kenkan Times kɔmputa a ɛyɛ nokware sen biara, ne Akontaabu ho nimdefo a oye sen biara a euer [   homee, na ɔtew wo nna so ma ɛyɛ tiaa.&quot; Na asɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma yi kyerɛ [[Nnipa kɔmputa|onipa kɔmputa]], obi a ɔyɛ akontaabu anaa akontaabu. Asɛmfua no kɔɔ so nyaa ntease koro no ara kosii afeha a ɛto so 20 mfinimfini. Wɔ saa bere yi fa a etwa to no mu no, na wɔtaa fa mmea sɛ kɔmputa efisɛ na wotumi tua wɔn ka a ɛba fam sen wɔn mfɛfo mmarima. [1] Eduu afe 1943 no, na nnipa kɔmputa dodow no ara yɛ mmea. [2]

''[[Online Etymology Nsɛm asekyerɛ nhoma|Online Etymology Dictionary]]'' de ''kɔmputa'' a edi kan a wɔadi ho adanse sɛ wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 1640 mfe no mu ma, a ɛkyerɛ ‘obi a obu akontaa’; eyi yɛ &quot;agent noun a efi compute (v. )&quot;. ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' ka sɛ asɛmfua no a wɔde dii dwuma de kyerɛ &quot;  akontaabu afiri' (a ɛyɛ ɔkwan biara so) no fi 1897.&quot; ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' kyerɛ sɛ &quot;nnɛyi dwumadie&quot; a wɔde asɛmfua no di dwuma, sɛ ɛkyerɛ 'digyital ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa a wɔtumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛeɛ' no firi &quot;1945 wɔ saa din yi ase; [wɔ] nsusuiɛ [nteaseɛ mu] firi 1937, sɛ ''[[Turing afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Turing afiri]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

=== Ansa na afeha a ɛto so 20 reba ===
[[File:Os_d'Ishango_IRSNB.JPG|thumb|[[Ishango dompe]], [[nnompe adwinnade]] a efi [[Afrika a na ɛwɔ hɔ ansa na abakɔsɛm reba|Afrika ansa na abakɔsɛm reba]]]]
Wɔde mfiri adi dwuma de aboa akontaabu mfe mpempem pii, na ne fa kɛse no ara de [[Nsateaa a wɔde kan|nsateaa]] [[Nkrataa a wɔkyerɛw mmiako mmiako|a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm a ɛyɛ biako ne biako]] na edi dwuma . Ɛda adi kɛse sɛ na mfiri a edi kan a wɔde kan akontaa no yɛ [[Tally dua no|tally stick]] bi . Akyiri yi mmoa a wɔde sie kyerɛwtohɔ wɔ [[Ɔsram a Ɛsow Aba|Fertile Crescent]] no nyinaa mu no bi ne calculi (dɔte kurukuruwa, cone, ne nea ɛkeka ho) a egyina hɔ ma nneɛma dodow, a ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mmoa anaa aburow, a wɔatoto mu wɔ dɔte nkuku a tokuru a wɔantow mu. [lower-alpha 1] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Eleanor|last=Robson|author-link=Eleanor Robson|year=2008|title=Mathematics in Ancient Iraq|isbn=978-0-691-09182-2|page=5}}: calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a [[Sexagesimal nɔma nhyehyɛe|sexagesimal number system]] was in use 2350–2000 BCE.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nnua a wɔde bu akontaa|Nkontaabu]] a wɔde di dwuma no yɛ nhwɛso biako.
[[File:Abacus_6.png|left|thumb|Chinafo [[Suanpan na ɔkyerɛwee|suanpan]] (算盘&lt;/link&gt; ). Dodow a wɔde gyina hɔ ma wɔ [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] yi so no yɛ 6,302,715,408.]]
Mfiase no na wɔde [[Abacus a ɛwɔ hɔ|abacus]] no yɛ akontaabu ho nnwuma. Wɔde [[Romafo abacus|mfiri]] a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ [[Babilon]] wɔ afe 2400 A.Y.B. Efi saa bere no, wɔayɛ akontaabu kyerɛwpon anaa apon afoforo pii. Wɔ mfinimfini mmere mu Europafo [[Fie a wɔkan nneɛma|akontaabu dan]] bi mu no, na wɔde ntama a wɔakyerɛw so sisi pon so, na wɔde agyiraehyɛde ahorow di akɔneaba wɔ so sɛnea mmara ahorow bi kyerɛ, sɛ mmoa a wɔde bu sika dodow ho akontaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flegg, Graham.|title=Numbers through the ages|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Education|isbn=0-333-49130-0|location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire|language=en-US|oclc=24660570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:NAMA_Machine_d'Anticythère_1.jpg|thumb|[[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri]], a efi [[Tete Helafo|tete Hela]] bɛyɛ afe [[Analog kɔmputa so dwumadi|150–100]] A.Y.B.]]

Sɛnea [[Derek J. de Solla Boɔ a Wɔde Ma|Derek J. de Solla Price]] kyerɛ no wogye di sɛ [[Antikythera afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma|Antikythera afiri no]] ne [[Analog kɔmputa so|kɔmputa a wɔde yɛ mfiri]] a edi kan a wonim no .&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html ''The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428070448/http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/project/general/the-project.html|date=28 April 2008}}, The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. Retrieved 1 July 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobebu nsoromma mu hwɛbea ahorow ho akontaa. Wohuu no wɔ 1901 mu wɔ [[Antikythera hyɛn a asɛe|Antikythera po so hyɛn a asɛe]] wɔ Hela supɔw [[Antikythera a wɔde yɛ nnuru|Antikythera]] so a ɛda [[Kythera na ɔkyerɛwee|Kythera]] ne [[Kreta|Crete]] ntam no mu, na wɔakyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ bɛyɛ c. 100 A.Y.B. Na mfiri a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔde toto Antikythera adwinnade no ho no rensan mma bio kosi afeha a ɛto so dunan no mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marchant|first=Jo|date=1 November 2006|title=In search of lost time|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=534–538|doi=10.1038/444534a|pmid=17136067|bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M|s2cid=4305761|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔyɛɛ mfiri pii a wɔde boa akontaabu ne susuw de dii dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne po so hyɛn mu. Na [[Planisphere a ɛwɔ asase so|planisphere]] yɛ [[Nsoromma nhyehyɛe|nsoromma ho mfonini]] a [[Al-Biruni na ɔkyerɛwee|Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]] yɛe wɔ afeha a ɛto so 11 mfiase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wiet&quot;&gt;G. Wiet, V. Elisseeff, P. Wolff, J. Naudu (1975). ''History of Mankind, Vol 3: The Great medieval Civilisations'', p. 649. George Allen &amp; Unwin Ltd, [[UNESCO]].&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔyɛɛ [[nsoromma mu hwɛ]]bea no wɔ [[Helafo anibuei|Helafo wiase no]] mu wɔ afeha a ɛto so 1 anaa 2 [[Hipparchus na ɔkyerɛwee|A.Y.B.]] Na nsoromma mu hwɛbea no yɛ planisphere ne [[Dioptra na ɔkyerɛwee|dioptra]] a wɔaka abom no yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn so a etumi di ɔhaw ahorow pii ho dwuma wɔ [[Nsoromma ho adesua a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa|nsoromma mu hwɛ a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa]] mu . Abi Bakr a &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Silvio A.|last1=Bedini|first2=Francis R.|last2=Maddison|year=1966|title=Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi|journal=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1–69|jstor=1006002|doi=10.2307/1006002}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isfahan na ɔkyerɛwee|Isfahan]], [[Iran|Persia]] na ɔyɛɛ nsoromma mu hwɛbea bi a mfiri [[Kalenda a wɔde yɛ adwuma|kalenda]] kɔmputa &lt;ref&gt;Fuat Sezgin &quot;Catalogue of the Exhibition of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science (at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University&quot;, Frankfurt, Germany) Frankfurt Book Fair 2004, pp.&amp;nbsp;35 &amp; 38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=François|last=Charette|title=Archaeology: High tech from Ancient Greece|journal=Nature|volume=444|issue=7119|pages=551–552|year=2006|doi=10.1038/444551a|pmid=17136077|bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C|s2cid=33513516|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; ne [[Afadeɛ|gear]] -wheels ka ho wɔ afe 1235 mu. Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī na ɔyɛɛ [[Lunisolar kalenda a wɔde di dwuma|lunisolar kalenda]] astrolabe a edi kan a wɔde mfiri ayɛ geared,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=Derek de S.|last=Price|author-link=Derek J. de Solla Price|year=1984|title=A History of Calculating Machines|url=https://archive.org/details/ieee-micro_1984-02_4_1/page/22|journal=IEEE Micro|volume=4|number=1|pages=22–52|doi=10.1109/MM.1984.291305}}&lt;/ref&gt; mfitiase [[afidie|afiri a]] wɔde di dwuma wɔ nimdeɛ [[Wɔya|a]] wɔde nhama a ɛyɛ pintinn ayɛ &lt;ref name=&quot;Oren&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Tuncer|last=Őren|author-link=Tuncer Őren|year=2001|title=Advances in Computer and Information Sciences: From Abacus to Holonic Agents|url=http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|journal=Turk J Elec Engin|volume=9|number=1|pages=63–70|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=15 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915033859/http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~oren/pubs/pubs-2001-02-Tubitak.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ɛwɔ [[Gear keteke|gya keteke]] ne gya-ntwahonan,&lt;ref&gt;[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1985). &quot;Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar&quot;, ''Annals of Science'' '''42''', pp.&amp;nbsp;139–163.&lt;/ref&gt; c. 1000 Y.B.

Wɔyɛɛ [[Sector (adwinnade) .|sector]], adwinnade a wɔde bu akontaa a wɔde di ɔhaw ahorow ho dwuma wɔ nsusuwii, trigonometry, dodow ne mpaapaemu mu, ne dwumadi ahorow te sɛ ahinanan ne kuruwa ntini, wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 awiei mu hɔ na wɔde dii dwuma wɔ atuo a wɔde di dwuma, nhwehwɛmu ne po so hyɛn mu.

Na [[Planimeter a wɔde kyerɛ sɛnea nneɛma te|planimeter]] no yɛ adwinnade a wɔde nsa yɛ a wɔde bu akontaa fa mfonini a wɔato mu no kɛse ho denam mfiri a wɔde di nkitaho a wɔde hwehwɛ so.

Wɔ 1770 mfe no mu no, [[Pierre Jaquet-Droz na ɔkyerɛwee|Pierre Jaquet-Droz]], Switzerlandni [[Ɔwɛn-dwumayɛfo|dɔn yɛfo]] bi yɛɛ mfiri doll ( [[Automata na ɛyɛ adwuma|automaton]] ) a otumi kyerɛw a okura quill pen. Ɛdenam ne mu ntwahonan dodow ne nhyehyɛe a wɔbɛsesa so no, na wobetumi ayɛ nkyerɛwde ahorow, na ɛno nti nkrasɛm ahorow. Sɛ yɛbɛka a, na wobetumi de mfiri &quot;ayɛ nhyehyɛe&quot; de akenkan akwankyerɛ. Abofraa no ne mfiri afoforo abien a ɛyɛ den no wɔ Musée d’Art et d’Histoire a ɛwɔ [[Neuchâtel na ɔkyerɛwee|Neuchâtel]], [[Switzerland]], na ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Wɔ 1831–1835 mu no, akontaabufo ne mfiridwumayɛfo [[Giovanni Plana na ɔkyerɛwee|Giovanni Plana]] yɛɛ [[Cappella dei Mercanti (Turin) na ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ.|Perpetual Calendar afiri]] bi, a ɛnam nhyehyɛe bi a ɛyɛ pulleys ne cylinders ne nea ɛboro saa so tumi kyerɛ [[Kalenda a ɛkɔ so daa|daa kalenda]] a ɛbɛba afe biara fi 0 Y.B.(kyerɛ sɛ, 1 A.Y.B.) kosi 4000 Y.B. mfe a ɛboro so ne da tenten a ɛsonosonoe a wɔbɛhwɛ so. [[Afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba|Afiri a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye]] a Scotlandni nyansahufo [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] yɛe wɔ 1872 mu no ho wɔ mfaso kɛse ma po so hyɛn a wɔde fa nsu a emu nnɔ mu. Ɛde nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde twe ne nhama dii dwuma de buu asorɔkye dodow a wɔahyɛ ho nkɔm wɔ bere pɔtee bi mu wɔ beae pɔtee bi no ho akontaa ankasa.

[[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|Differential analyser]], kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi [[Nsonsonoe mu nsɛso|differential equations]] ho dwuma denam [[Nneɛma a ɛho hia|nkabom so]], de ntwahonan ne diski mfiri dii dwuma de yɛɛ nkabom no. Wɔ 1876 mu no, na Owura William Thomson aka sɛnea wobetumi ayɛ akontaabu mfiri a ɛtete saa ho asɛm dedaw, nanso na [[Ball-ne-disk a wɔde bom yɛ adwuma|bɔɔl ne disk a wɔde bom no]] ahoɔden kakraa bi a ɛde ba no asiw no kwan .&lt;ref name=&quot;scientific-computing.com2&quot;&gt;Ray Girvan, [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html &quot;The revealed grace of the mechanism: computing after Babbage&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094710/http://www.scientific-computing.com/scwmayjun03computingmachines.html|date=3 November 2012}}, ''Scientific Computing World'', May/June 2003&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ differential analyzer mu no, integrator biako output na ɛma integrator a edi hɔ no input, anaasɛ graphing output. [[Torque a ɛma nneɛma yɛ kɛse|Torque amplifier]] no ne nkɔso a ɛmaa saa mfiri yi tumi yɛɛ adwuma. Efi 1920 mfe no mu no, [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] ne afoforo yɛɛ mfiri a wɔde hwehwɛ nsonsonoe mu.
[[File:Sliderule_2005.png|left|thumb|[[Slide mmara|Slide mmara bi]]]]

== Kɔmputa a edi kan ==
[[File:Charles_Babbage_by_Antoine_Claudet_c1847-51-crop.jpg|left|thumb|Charles Babbage wɔ afe 1990 mu. 1850 mu]]
[[Charles Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Charles Babbage]], Engiresini mfiridwuma ho nimdefo ne [[Polymath a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm pii|polymath]], na ɔde kɔmputa a wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe ho adwene no bae. Wobu no sɛ &quot; [[Kɔmputa ho ɔkwampaefo|kɔmputa agya]] &quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Halacy, Daniel Stephen|title=Charles Babbage, Father of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesbabbagefa00hala|url-access=registration|year=1970|publisher=Crowell-Collier Press|isbn=978-0-02-741370-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɔno na ɔyɛɛ adwene na ɔyɛɛ [[Kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ|mfiri kɔmputa]] a edi kan wɔ afeha a ɛto so 19 mfiase.

Bere a ɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ ne [[Nsonsonoe engine|nsonsonoe engine no]] akyi no ɔde nea ɔyɛe no too gua wɔ afe 1822 mu, wɔ krataa bi a ɔkyerɛw kɔmaa [[Royal Nsoromma Ho Adesua Kuw|Royal Astronomical Society]], a wɔtoo din &quot;Hyɛ no nsow wɔ mfiri a wɔde di dwuma wɔ nsoromma mu hwɛ ne akontaabu pon ahorow ho akontaabu mu&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt; ɔsan nso yɛɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɛbɛboa wɔ akwantu mu akontaabu mu no, wɔ 1833 mu no ohui sɛ wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛkɔ akyiri koraa, [[engine a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu]] ,. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe ne data a wɔde bɛhyɛ afiri no mu no ma denam kaad a wɔabɔ [[Kaad a wɔabɔ no akuturuku|no akuturuku so]], na na ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so kyerɛ mfiri a wɔde ntama [[Loom|nneɛma]] te sɛ [[Jacquard afiri a wɔde yɛ ntama|Jacquard ntamadan kwan]] saa bere no . Sɛ wɔde output a, anka afiri no benya printa, curve plotter ne dɔn. Na afiri no nso betumi abɔ nɔma ahorow agu nkrataa so akenkan akyiri yi. Engine no de [[Nkontaabu mu ntease unit|akontaabu mu ntease unit]], [[Di nsu a ɛsen no so|control flow]] wɔ [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|conditional branching]] ne [[Dwumadi nhyehyɛe no loop|loops]] kwan so, ne integrated [[Kɔmputa so memory|memory]] kaa ho, na ɛmaa ɛyɛɛ nhyehyɛe a edi kan a wɔde yɛɛ kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so a wobetumi aka ho asɛm wɔ nnɛyi nsɛm mu sɛ [[Turing-a ɛyɛ nea edi mũ|Turing-complete]] &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;

Na afiri no adi ne bere so bɛyɛ mfe ɔha. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nsa na ɛyɛ n’afiri no afa horow nyinaa – na eyi yɛ ɔhaw kɛse ma afiri a ɛwɔ afa mpempem pii. Awiei koraa no, wogyaee adwuma no bere a [[Britania Aban]] sii gyinae sɛ wobegyae sika a wɔde ma no. Wobetumi aka sɛ Babbage antumi anwie nhwehwɛmu engine no titiriw ne amammui ne sikasɛm mu nsɛnnennen ne ɔpɛ a ɔwɔ sɛ ɔbɛyɛ kɔmputa a ɛrenya nkɔanim na wakɔ n’anim ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea obi foforo biara betumi adi akyi no. Ne nyinaa mu no, ne babarima, [[Henry Babbage na ɔkyerɛwee|Henry Babbage]], wiee nhwehwɛmu engine no kɔmputa dwumadibea (afiri ''a wɔde yɛ nneɛma'' ) a wɔayɛ no mmerɛw no wɔ 1888 mu. Ɔyɛɛ sɛnea wɔde di dwuma wɔ kɔmputa so pon so ho ɔyɛkyerɛ a edii yiye wɔ 1906 mu.

Wɔ n’adwuma ''Essays on Automatics'' a wotintimii wɔ 1914 mu no, [[Spain]] mfiridwumayɛfo [[Leonardo Torres Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Leonardo Torres Quevedo]] kyerɛw abakɔsɛm tiawa bi a ɛfa mmɔden a Babbage bɔe sɛ ɔbɛyɛ mfiri a wɔde yɛ Difference Engine ne Analytical Engine ho. Ɔkaa Analytical Engine ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ ne nsusuwii ahorow a ɛfa tumi a mfiri betumi anya ho nhwɛso, na ɔfa ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ engine a ɛte saa no sɛ ɛyɛ asɛnnennen ma n’ahokokwaw sɛ obi a ɔyɛɛ mfiri a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ adwuma. Krataa no kura afiri bi a etumi bu bo a ɛsom wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ no so koraa, ma nsakrae ahorow a ɛka ho no botae ahorow a wɔahyehyɛ no nnidiso nnidiso. Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhyehyɛe bi a [[Nkaeɛ a wɔkenkan nkutoo|wɔkenkan nkutoo na]] ɛhwɛ afiri no nyinaa so, a na nhyehyɛe ahorow a ɛfa [[Nkorabata a ɛwɔ tebea bi mu|nkorabata a wɔde tebea bi ahyɛ mu]] ho awie . Ɔde [[Nkontaabu a ɛfa nsu a ɛsensɛn nsu mu ho|akontaabu a ɛsensɛn nsu so]] ho adwene nso bae .&lt;ref name=&quot;LTQ1914es&quot;&gt;L. Torres Quevedo. ''Ensayos sobre Automatica – Su definicion. Extension teórica de sus aplicaciones,'' Revista de la Academia de Ciencias Exacta, Revista 12, pp. 391–418, 1914.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LTQ1915fr&quot;&gt;Torres Quevedo. L. (1915). [https://diccan.com/dicoport/Torres.htm &quot;Essais sur l'Automatique - Sa définition. Etendue théorique de ses applications&quot;], ''Revue Génerale des Sciences Pures et Appliquées'', vol. 2, pp. 601–611.&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔ 1920 mu, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na Torres redi [[Nkontaabu kyerɛwtohɔ|akontaabu]] kyerɛwtohɔ a wɔyɛe no mfe 100 [[afahyɛ]] no, ɔde [[Leonardo Torres ne Quevedo na ɔkyerɛwee|Electromechanical Arithmometer]], nhwɛsode bi a wɔde [[Relay a wɔde ma|relay ahorow]] dii dwuma de dii akontaabu afiri bi a wɔde abɔ afiri a wɔde kyerɛw nsɛm (ebia ɛwɔ akyirikyiri) a na ahyɛde ahorow wɔ so no dwumadi ahorow ho dwuma no mae wɔ Paris typed na nea efii mu bae no tintim automatic. [23] &lt;ref name=&quot;Randell1982p109&quot;&gt;B. Randell. ''Electromechanical Calculating Machine,'' The Origins of Digital Computers, pp.109-120, 1982.&lt;/ref&gt; [25]

=== Analog kɔmputa ahorow ===
[[File:099-tpm3-sk.jpg|left|thumb|[[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Sir William Thomson]] ’s afiri a ɛto so abiɛsa a ɛkyerɛ asorɔkye a ɛbɛba, 1879–81]]
Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 20 no fa a edi kan no mu no, wɔde kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ nwonwa so a ɛrenya nkɔanim kɛse na edii nyansahu mu [[Kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma|kɔmputa]] ho ahiade pii ho dwuma, na ɛde ɔhaw no ho mfonini a wɔde mfiri anaa anyinam ahoɔden yɛ tẽẽ dii dwuma sɛ nea wogyina so yɛ [[Mfiridwuma a wɔde di dwuma|akontaabu]] . Nanso, na eyinom nyɛ nea wotumi yɛ ho nhyehyɛe na mpɛn pii no na enni nnɛyi dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a wotumi de di dwuma wɔ mmeae pii na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no.&lt;ref name=&quot;stanf&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|title=The Modern History of Computing|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|year=2017|language=en-US|access-date=7 January 2014|archive-date=12 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712072148/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnɛyi kɔmputa a edi kan a wɔde yɛ analog ne [[afiri a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea asorɔkye bɛba]], a [[William Thomson, Ɔsahene a ɔdi kan Kelvin|Owura William Thomson]] (akyiri yi ɔbɛyɛɛ Lord Kelvin) na ɔyɛe wɔ 1872 mu. [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]], Owura William Thomson a wagye din kɛse no nuabarima panyin na ɔyɛɛ [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyzer]], kɔmputa a wɔde mfiri yɛ a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bedi differential equations ho dwuma denam ntwahonan ne diski mfiri a wɔde ka bom so no ho adwene wɔ 1876 mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;scientific-computing.com2&quot;/&gt;

Adwinni a ɛfa mfiri a wɔde yɛ analog kɔmputa ho no duu ne sorosoro denam [[Nsonsonoe a wɔde hwehwɛ nneɛma mu|differential analyser]], a H. L. Hazen ne [[Vannevar Bush na ɔkyerɛwee|Vannevar Bush]] yɛe wɔ [[Massachusetts Mfiridwuma Asoɛe|MIT]] fi 1927 mu no so. Eyi de [[James Thomson (mfiridwumayɛfo) .|James Thomson]] mfiri a ɛka bom ne torque amplifiers a H. W. Nieman yɛe no sii so. Wɔyɛɛ saa mfiri yi dumien ansa na wɔn dedaw reda adi. Eduu 1950 mfe no mu no, na [[Digitals ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa|dijitaal ɛlɛtrɔnik kɔmputa ahorow]] a edii yiye no akyerɛ sɛ analog kɔmputa mfiri dodow no ara baa awiei, nanso wɔkɔɔ so de analog kɔmputa dii dwuma wɔ 1950 mfe no mu wɔ nneɛma titiriw bi te sɛ nhomasua ( [[Slide mmara|slide rule]] ) ne wimhyɛn ( [[Control nhyehyɛe|control systems]] ) mu.

=== Digitals kɔmputa ahorow ===
Eduu 1938 no, na [[United States Po so Asraafo]] ayɛ kɔmputa bi a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden yɛ a ɛne ne ho di nsɛ a ɛyɛ ketewaa bi a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ [[po ase akohyɛn]] mu . Na eyi ne [[Torpedo Data Kɔmputa|Torpedo Data Computer]], a ɛde trigonometry dii dwuma de dii ɔhaw a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛtow torpedo agu baabi a ɛrekɔ so no ho dwuma. Wɔ [[Wiase Ko II]] mu no, wɔyɛɛ mfiri a ɛte saa ara wɔ aman afoforo so nso.
[[File:Z3_Deutsches_Museum.JPG|left|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] ’s [[Z3 (kɔmputa) .|Z3]], kɔmputa a edi kan a ɛyɛ adwuma koraa, dijitaal (electromechanical) no nsɛso]]
Na dijitaal kɔmputa ahorow a edi kan no yɛ [[Ɛlektrɔnik mfiri a wɔde yɛ nneɛma|anyinam ahoɔden mfiri]] ; anyinam ahoɔden switch ahorow na ɛmaa mfiri relay ahorow yɛɛ akontaabu no. Na saa mfiri yi ntumi nyɛ adwuma ntɛmntɛm na awiei koraa no, wɔde kɔmputa a ɛyɛ ntɛm kɛse a anyinam ahoɔden nyinaa na ɛyɛ adwuma, a mfiase no na wɔde [[Vacuum tube a wɔde hyɛ mu|vacuum tubes]] na esii ananmu . [[Z2 (kɔmputa) .|Z2]], a Germanni mfiridwumayɛfo [[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]] yɛe wɔ 1939 mu wɔ [[Bɛɛlin|Berlin]], yɛ kɔmputa a wɔde anyinam ahoɔden mfiri a wɔde fa nneɛma kɔ baabi foforo ho nhwɛso a edi kan no mu biako.&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Konrad_Zuse_(1992).jpg|right|thumb|[[Konrad Zuse na ɔkyerɛwee|Konrad Zuse]], a ɔyɛɛ nnɛyi kɔmputa &lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;babbageonline&quot;/&gt;]]

== Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
      <sha1>k4z46ggqepgb9gwhdw1koj4h0cqi4yq</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwame Asafu-Adjei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16002</id>
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      <text bytes="1988" sha1="0qo8ryzzt1qje9gl6ef9a0dg1xy2lif" xml:space="preserve">Kwame Asafu-Adjei &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Kwame Asafu-Adjei {{!}} The Publisher Online |date=2022-08-30 |url=https://www.thepublisheronline.com/branded-chocolates-cocobod-ceo-deserves-praise-npp-mp/kwame-asafu-adjei/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |archive-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830225314/https://www.thepublisheronline.com/branded-chocolates-cocobod-ceo-deserves-praise-npp-mp/kwame-asafu-adjei/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yɛ Ghana amanyɔni sane yɛ mmrahyɛbedwani wɔ mmrahyɛdwa a ɛtɔso nson wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan a na ɔgyina mu ma Nsuta-Kwamang Beposo a ɛwɔ Asante mantam ma NPP  

amanyɔkuo

== N'abrabɔ ahyeaseɛ ne nnwomasua ==
Wɔwoo Adjei wɔ Ahinime bosome ne da a ɛtɔso du wɔ afe apem ɔha nkron ne aduonum wɔ Nsuta a ɛwɔ Asnte mantam. Wɔkɔɔ suapɔn ntoasoɔ wɔ Tennessee State University, Nashville, USA wɔ 1980.

== N'adwuma ==
Na ɔka mpaninfoɔ a ɔhwɛ Asafaco Consult Company Limited wɔ Nkran. Na ɔsane ka mpanimfoɔ a ɔhwɛ Policy,planning, monitoring and evaluation ho ne panin a ɔda Livestock planning committee wɔ MOFA.

== Amanyɔsɛm nnwuma ==
Wɔyii no baa mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan wɔ 7 January 2013 wɔ berɛ a ɔtoo ne so aba wɔ wɔ 2012 abatoɔ no.

Wɔsane yii no baa mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔso nson wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔso nan wɔ 7 January 2017 wɔ berɛ wɔnyaa ɔha mu nkyɛmu aduonum baako ne kakra a ɔnyaa no wɔ 2016 abatoɔ kɛseɛ no mu. Wɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani dadaa de ma Nsuta Kwamang-Beposo.

== N'abrabɔ ==
Wɔyɛ ɔkristoni a waware na ɔwɔ mma mmiɛnsa.

== Beaeɛ menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://www.thepublisheronline.com/branded-chocolates-cocobod-ceo-deserves-praise-npp-mp/kwame-asafu-adjei/

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20200109114300/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5354

3.https://web.archive.org/web/20231010171825/https://starrfm.com.gh/2022/08/asanteman-walk-for-alan-not-political-asafo-adjei/&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kofi Amoakohene</title>
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      <text bytes="2289" sha1="khya6cl0sxtqoqawyfvm9rfhnj83g70" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Hon
| name = Kofi Amoakohene
| honorific-suffix =
| image = 
| alt = 
| constituency_MP = Atebubu-Amantin Constituency
| parliament = Ghana
| majority =
| predecessor =
| successor = [[Sanja Nanja]]
| term_start = 7 January 2017
| term_end = 6 January 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|4|11}}
| birth_place = [[Atebubu]], Ghana
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Ghanaian
| spouse =
| party = [[New Patriotic Party]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Central University (Ghana)|Central University]]
| occupation = Chief Executive Officer
| profession = [[Politician]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kofi Amoakohene''' yɛ [[Gaana|Ghana]] [[amanyɔni]] sane yɛ mmrahyɛbedwani wɔ mmrahyɛbedwafie a ɛtɔ so nson wɔ Ghana adehyeman a ɛtɔ so nan a ɔgyina mu maa Atebubu Amantin wɔ Bono mantamma [[New Patriotic Party (NPP)|NPP amanyɔkuo no]]. Na ɔyɛ suafoɔ panin a ɔhwɛ Bono mantam so.

== N'abrabɔ ahyɛaseɛ ne nnwomsua ==
Wɔwoo no wɔ [[oforisuo]] bosome no da a ɛtɔ so du baako wɔ afe 1969 mu wɔ Atebubu a ɛwɔ Bono Atɔeɛ a ɛwɔ Ghana. Wɔkɔɔ suapɔn sukuu wɔ Cental University wɔ Nkran wɔ 2005.

== N'adwuma ==
Amoakohene ka mpanimfoɔ a wɔhwɛ Cusstomer Company Limited a ɛwɔ Nkran no so.

== Amanyɔsɛm ==

=== Amoakohene ka NPP amanyɔkuo ho. ===
Na ɔyɛ mmrahyɛbedwani ma Atebubu Amantin. Wɔ afe mpem mmienu ne du mmienu (2012) Ghana abatoɔ keseɛ mu no ɔdii nkuguo de maa NDC mmrahyɛbedwani a ɔfrɛ no Sanja Nanja.Na ɔyɛ sauafoɔ ma Bono Atɔeɛ mantam. Wɔgyae mma 22,785 a ɛyɛ ɔha nkyɛmu aduanan baako ne kakra.

== N'abrabɔ ==
Amoakohene yɛ ɔkristoni.

== Beaeɛ menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://web.archive.org/web/20231130064758/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=60

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20220202063914/http://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/news-style-2/1078-bono-east-officially-created-techiman-is-capital-president-akufo-addo

3.https://npp-usa.org/portfolio-item/hon-kofi-amoakohene-former-bono-east-regional-minister-and-former-mp-atebubu-amantin/

4.https://thebftonline.com/2020/10/01/mofa-launches-36th-national-farmers-day/

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghana mmrahyɛbadwafoɔ 2017–2021]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trilepisium madagascariense</title>
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      <text bytes="5347" sha1="qe5sdoodnpbza9u1ds57ize8bh18k9q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Trilepisium madagascariense,''' '''urnfig''' anaa '''false-fig''', yɛ afifide bi a ɛwɔ abusua Moraceae mu, na ɛwɔ Afrotropics a ɛwɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse. Enyin yɛ dua a ɛyɛ kɛse wɔ kwae a edi kan anaa nea ɛto so abien mu, anaa kwae mu mmeae fofor, na wɔntaa ntwa anaa mfa nyɛ adwuma.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Trilepisium_madagascariense_ETH.p https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Trilepisium_madagascariense_ETH.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Trilepisium madagascariense DC. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584677-1 |language=en |access-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229142310/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:584677-1 |archive-date=2024-02-29 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beae ne baabi a wɔte ==
Ɛwɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]] Atɔe fam ne Mfinimfini mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, na ɛwɔ anafo fam kosi Zimbabwe, Mozambique ne Soutpansberg, [[South Africa]]. Wohu no wɔ Madagascar ne Annobón supɔw so nso. ''T. gymnandrum'' a ɛne no di nsɛ kɛse no wɔ Silhouette Island, Seychelles.

Enyin wɔ kwae a ɛyɛ ahabammono daa ''(evergreen forest)'' ne nea ne nhaban fa bi nyɛ monno mu, kwae a nsu yiri fa mu na ɛtaa nyin wɔ nsubɔnten ne nsubɔnten ho,&lt;ref name=&quot;braam3&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Van Wyk|first=Braam|title=Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa|year=1997|publisher=Struik|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-1-86825-922-9|page=82|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; ɛtrɛw kɔ savanna hye so. Wohu no wɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn kodu mita 2,000 ne nea ɛboro saa. Ne gyinabea gu ahorow fi nea ɛntaa nsi so kosi nea ɛdɔɔso wɔ mpɔtam hɔ na ɛwɔ tumi kɛse so.

== Nkyerɛmu ==
Mpɛn pii no, wɔyɛ bole ntiantiaa na wɔakyinkyim na wɔtaa bɔ sanku wɔ ase, a wɔde buttress ka ho anaasɛ enni mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=African Plant Database |url=https://africanplantdatabase.ch/ |access-date=2024-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ne nnua akɛse bɛyɛ 60&amp;nbsp;cm kosi mita 1 1⁄2 m wɔ ne ntwemu, na ne sorokɔ yɛ mita 30. Nnua a ɛyɛ torotoro na ɛyɛ fitaa no yɛ lenticellate kɛse na sɛ ɛhɔa a, ɛma latex a ne kɔla yɛ krim no fi adi. Ɛtaa nya nkorabata a ɛkɔ soro ma ɛyɛ abotiri ketewaa bi a ɛyɛ hare a ɛte sɛ piramidi a ne nkorabata rehwe ase.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Awiei koraa no, ntini a ɛwɔ ntini a ɛwɔ awiei no mu no gyaw ntokuro a ɛyɛ nsensanee.

Nhaban a ɛyɛ elliptic a ɛhyerɛn na ɛyɛ tuntum yiye no wɔ ano a ɛda nsow,&lt;ref name=&quot;braam3&quot;/&gt; na ne tenten kodu 14&amp;nbsp;cm. Wɔ hyerɛn wɔ ase, na wɔwɔ ntini nketenkete abien wɔ ase.

Nhwiren no pue wɔ ahohuru bere mu na wɔahyehyɛ afi fitaa akosi mauve puff kɔla. Puff no yɛ bɛyɛ 1&amp;nbsp;cm wɔ ne kɛse mu,&lt;ref name=&quot;braam3&quot;/&gt; na ɛyɛ nhwiren a ɛyɛ staminate a ɛyɛ ɔbarima ne nhwiren a ɛyɛ pistillate a ɛyɛ mmea, a enni perianths (nhwiren akyi fa, a ɛyɛ calys(sepals) ne corolla (petals)). Nhwiren no pue fi nhwiren dua no fa a nhwiren no afa horow no abata ho bi a ɛte sɛ ahina no atifi no mu na ne tenten yɛ 1.5&amp;nbsp;cm.

Aba a ɛte sɛ borɔdɔma a wɔde ahyɛ nkuku a nam wom mu no bɛyɛ 2&amp;nbsp;cm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Trilepisium_madagascariense_ETH.pd https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/usefultrees/pdflib/Trilepisium_madagascariense_ETH.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Flora of Zimbabwe: Species information: Trilepisium madagascariense |url=https://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=120200 |access-date=2024-03-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wɔn tebea tesɛ ellipsoidal na emu biara kura nutlet. Nnuaba a abere no te sɛ plum bruu anaa borɔdɔma atenten.

== Nneɛma ahorow a  wɔde yɛ ne mmoa ahorow fekuw ==
Ne nnua no yɛ ma wɔtum de yɛ dan mu nneɛma, na nsu a ɛwɔ mu no ma wonya kɔla kɔkɔɔ. Wotum di n'aba na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔtwa ne nnua no. Ɛwɔ atetekwan ahorow pii a wɔde di dwuma.

Wɔada no adi sɛ methanol a wɔayiyi, afa horow ne isoliquiritigenin a efi dua no ntini mu no wɔ tumi a ɛko tia akisikuru,&lt;ref name=&quot;kui&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Kuiate|first1=Jules-Roger|last2=Kuete|first2=Victor|last3=Teponno|first3=Remy Bertrand|last4=Tapondjou|first4=Leon Azefack|last5=Vilarem|first5=Gerard|last6=Teke|first6=Gerald Ngo|title=Antidiarrheal activity of extracts and compound from Trilepisium madagascariense stem bark|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|date=2010|volume=42|issue=3|pages=157–63|doi=10.4103/0253-7613.66839|pmid=20871767|pmc=2937317|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; na woyii trilepisflavan ne trilepisuimic acid nnuru a kan no na wonnim fii mu wɔ afe 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;ang&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ango|first1=Patrick Y.|last2=Kapche|first2=Deccaux W.F.G.|last3=Kuete|first3=Victor|last4=Ngadjui|first4=Bonaventure T.|last5=Bezabih|first5=Merhatibeb|last6=Abegaz|first6=Berhanu M.|title=Chemical constituents of Trilepisium madagascariense (Moraceae) and their antimicrobial activity|journal=Phytochemistry Letters|date=September 2012|volume=5|issue=3|pages=524–528|doi=10.1016/j.phytol.2012.05.006|bibcode=2012PChL....5..524A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Trilepisium madagascariense'' yɛ afifide a ɛyɛ aduan ma ntuboa ''Cyrestis camillus sublineata.''

== Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Nkyekyεmu:Asante Twi kasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wedelia africana</title>
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'''Wedelia africana''', edin no yɛ asɛmfua a ɛne Aspilia africana hyia. kan no na wɔde yɛ afifide a ɛsow nhwiren a ɛwɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, nanso wommu no bio sɛ ​​nyansahu mu din a ɛfata. Mprempren wɔakyekyɛ saa afifide yi mu sɛ Aspilia africana. Aspilia yɛ nhwiren abusua bi a ɛwɔ abusua Asteraceae mu. Nhoma akyerɛwfo binom de saa abusua yi aka Wedelia ho, nanso afoforo kyerɛ sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔyxɛ nhwehwɛmu pii. Aspilia fi Afrika, Madagascar, ne Latin Amerika. Aspilia africana, a wɔsan frɛ no mogyatɔw afifide anaa wuram owia-nsoromma ,yɛ mmoa ahorow bɛyɛ a aduanum ɛwɔ Aspilia abusua mu no mu biako.

== Nkyerɛmu ==
Aspilia africana yɛ nhabannuru a ɛyɛ nnua fa bi a efi nnua ntini a ɛtra hɔ daa kosi ne sorokɔ yɛ sɛntimita 25–130. Ahaban no tenten yɛ sɛntimita 4–12 na ɛte sɛ agyan. Nnuaba no tenten yɛ 3–3.5mm achenes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Archive copy |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:180333-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711054120/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:180333-1 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-date=2024-07-11 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ɛyɛ polymorphic paa a anyɛ yiye koraa no, wohu ahorow anan.

== Nkyekyɛmu ne baabi a wɔte. ==
Ɛtrɛw kɛse wɔ Afrika mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse, na ɛwɔ sare, kwae, kwae ano, ne mmeae a wɔagyaw hɔ a wɔyɛ kua so.

== Abibiduruo ==
Wɔakyerɛ sɛ Aspilia africana yɛ afifide a ɛntumi adi awu wɔ Afrikafo aduruyɛ mu de asa akuru.Mmea fa ne nhaban sɛ aduru a wɔde gu mu wɔ awo akyi. Nyansahu mu adanse biara nni hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛwɔ nnuru biara. 
Wɔkyerɛ sɛ afifide no nhaban ne nhwiren a ɛyɛ foforo a wabubu no wɔ suban soronko a ɛma mogya tu, wɔ Liberia no, wɔkyerɛ sɛ afifide no tumi kyere mogya a ɛretu wɔ ntini a ɛmu atwa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde di dwuma no twetwe nsu a ɛtwetwe (enti Hausa kasa mu no, wɔ frɛ no ‘twetwe nsu’) na ɛma ayaresa ntɛmntɛm. Wosusuw sɛ wɔn mogya a ɛma mogya tu no fi ntini a ɛtwetwe mogya no.

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tetracera affinis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>201060</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-05T16:36:29Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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'''''Tetracera''''' yɛ afifideɛ a ɛso nhwiren a ɛwɔ [[:en:Dilleniaceae|Dilleniaceae]] abusua mu a ɛwɔ mmeaeɛ a nsuo tɔ na 

awia bɔ kɛseɛ. Nkyekyɛmu ahodoɔ pii yɛ [[:en:Liana|lianas]].

== Nkyekyɛmu ahodoɔ ==
[[:en:Plants_of_the_World_Online|Plants of the World Online]] a mprempren ɛka ho:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tetracera L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14232-1 |language=en |access-date=2024-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622090153/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:14232-1 |archive-date=2024-06-22 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* ''Tetracera affinis'' &lt;small&gt;Hutch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera akara'' &lt;small&gt;(Burm.f.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera alnifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Willd.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera amazonica'' &lt;small&gt;Kubitzki&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera arborescens'' &lt;small&gt;Jack&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera asperula'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera billardierei'' &lt;small&gt;Martelli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera boiviniana'' &lt;small&gt;Baill.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera boomii'' &lt;small&gt;Aymard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera breyniana'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera bussei'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera costata'' &lt;small&gt;Mart. ex Eichler&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[:en:Tetracera_daemeliana|Tetracera daemeliana]]'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera edentata'' &lt;small&gt;H.Perrier&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera empedoclea'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera eriantha'' &lt;small&gt;(Oliv.) Hutch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera fagifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Blume&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera forzzae'' &lt;small&gt;Fraga &amp; Aymard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera glaberrima'' &lt;small&gt;Martelli&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera hirsuta'' &lt;small&gt;(Miq.) Boerl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera hydrophila'' &lt;small&gt;Triana &amp; Planch.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera indica'' &lt;small&gt;(Christm. &amp; Panz.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera kampotensis'' &lt;small&gt;Gagnep.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera korthalsii'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera lanuginosa'' &lt;small&gt;Diels&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera lasiocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Eichler&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera leiocarpa'' &lt;small&gt;Stapf&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera litoralis'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera macphersonii'' &lt;small&gt;Aymard&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera macrophylla'' &lt;small&gt;Hook.f. &amp; Thomson&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera madagascariensis'' &lt;small&gt;Willd. ex Schltdl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera maguirei'' &lt;small&gt;Aymard &amp; B.M.Boom&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera maingayi'' &lt;small&gt;Hoogland&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera masuiana'' &lt;small&gt;De Wild. &amp; T.Durand&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera nordtiana'' &lt;small&gt;F.Muell.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera oblongata'' &lt;small&gt;DC.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera parviflora'' &lt;small&gt;(Rusby) Sleumer&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera poggei'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera portobellensis'' &lt;small&gt;Beurl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera potatoria'' &lt;small&gt;Afzel. ex G.Don&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera rosiflora'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera rotundifolia'' &lt;small&gt;Sm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera rutenbergii'' &lt;small&gt;Buchenau&lt;/small&gt;
* ''[[:en:Tetracera_sarmentosa|Tetracera sarmentosa]]'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Vahl&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera scandens'' &lt;small&gt;(L.) Merr.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera sellowiana'' &lt;small&gt;Schltdl.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera stuhlmanniana'' &lt;small&gt;Gilg&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera surinamensis'' &lt;small&gt;Miq.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera volubilis'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera willdenowiana'' &lt;small&gt;Steud.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Tetracera xui'' &lt;small&gt;H.Zhu &amp; H.Wang&lt;/small&gt;

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Twi Wikipedia Health Articles Enhancement Translate-a-thon I]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ghana Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Quiz</title>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="20383" sha1="mt3dnqcrodeflxyw572yvx2fbendq9w" xml:space="preserve">National Science &amp; Maths Quiz no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ nyansahu ne akontabuo adesua ho nkuran, aboa asuafoɔ ama wɔanya adwene a ɛyɛ ntɛm na wɔanya adwene a ɛhwehwɛ nneɛma mu na ɛyɛ nyansahu mu wɔ da biara da wiase a atwa wɔn ho ahyia no ho, berɛ a ɛbɛma adesua mu akansiɛ a ɛyɛ papa akɔ so wɔ ntoaso sukuu akɛseɛ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44903591/the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-has-kept-ghanaians-thrilled-for-25-years|title=Inside Ghana's wild and raucous quiz show|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722194755/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44903591/the-national-science-and-maths-quiz-has-kept-ghanaians-thrilled-for-25-years|archive-date=2018-07-22|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

National Science &amp; Maths Quiz no botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛhyɛ nyansahu ne akontabuo adesua ho nkuran, aboa asuafoɔ ama wɔanya adwene a ɛyɛ ntɛm na wɔanya adwene a ɛhwehwɛ nneɛma mu na ɛyɛ nyansahu mu wɔ da biara da wiase a atwa wɔn ho ahyia no ho, berɛ a ɛbɛma adesua mu akansiɛ a ɛyɛ papa akɔ so wɔ ntoaso sukuu akɛseɛ mu.

Quiz a mfitiaseɛ no Unilever&quot;Brillant Soap&quot; na ɛboaa no, nnipa pii a wɔafa ntoaso sukuu nhyehyɛeɛ mu no frɛ no “Brilla” na ɛyɛ adesua mu nsɛm kakraa bi a ɛka Ghana ntoaso sukuu nyinaa bom no mu baako.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://afrosages.com/winners-of-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz/|title=Winners Of The National Science and Maths Quiz From 1994 – 2019|last=|first=|date=12 July 2019|website=afrosages.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106224257/https://afrosages.com/winners-of-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz/|archive-date=2019-11-06|access-date=2019-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://seniorhighub.com/nsmq/|title=National Science &amp; Maths Quiz|website=seniorhighub.com|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009002239/http://www.seniorhighub.com/nsmq/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghana ntoaso sukuu ahorow no bom. Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Asɛmmisa no yɛ nkyerɛkyerɛ dwumadi a ɛkyɛ sen biara wɔ Ghana television so. Wɔbɔ ho dawuru wɔ GTV so wɔ nsɛmmisa bere mu Kwasida biara anɔpa 11 ne Dwoda awia 4.

== Abakɔsɛm ==
Wɔamfa adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nsɛmmisa nhyehyɛe bi a wɔn botae ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ nyansahu ne akontaabu adesua ho nkuran no ho asɛm wɔ ɔman no nyansahu ho guasodeyɛ anaa nhyiam bi ase. Ɛsii wɔ Ghana Suapɔn, Legon tennis abɔnten so wɔ afe 1993 mu. Na Kwaku Mensa-Bonsu a saa bere no na ɔyɛ Primetime kwankyerɛfo panyin no wɔ abɔnten so sɛ ɔne ne mfɛfo agorudifo, Ɔbenfo [[Marian Ewurama Addy]] a wɔawuwu ne Ebenezer Kweku Awotwe rebɛbɔ tɛnis. Na Mensa-Bonsu pɛ sɛ ohu nea enti a nnomaa tumi gyina anyinam ahoɔden hama a ɛte ase so a anyinam ahoɔden nka wɔn, nanso na nnipa ntumi nyɛ saa ara.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-04-26|title=About|url=https://nsmq.com.gh/about|access-date=2021-12-05|website=NSMQ|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129062347/https://nsmq.com.gh/about/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efi Awotwe nkyerɛkyerɛmu no mu no, Mensa-Bonsu nyaa adwene sɛ ɔbɛka nsɛmmisa nhyehyɛe bi a ɛfa nyansahu ne akontaabu ho abom.
Bere a wofii ase bisabisaa nsɛm no, na ɛfa sukuu ahorow 32 pɛ ho wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa, na wɔkyekyɛɛ eyinom mu yɛɛ no ​​Atifi Fam ne Anafo Fam, na sukuu ahorow 16 na ɛwɔ ɔfa biara mu. Afei wɔde nkonimdifo a wɔwɔ afa abien no nyinaa baa Accra maa ɔman no mu akansi no. [[Prempeh College]] dii nkonim wɔ nea edi kan no mu.

Wɔ afe 1997 mu no, wogyaee asase ho nhyehyɛe no, na atifi fam fa sukuu abien (a efi dedaw no mu), Opoku Ware Sukuu ne [[Prempeh College]] kɔɔ nea etwa to a Opoku Ware School dii nkonim a edi kan no.

Wɔ afe 1998 mu no, wɔbɛfrɛɛ akansi no National Science &amp; Maths Quiz, bere a nsɛmmisa ho ɔyɛkyerɛ no hweree ne mfitiase mmoa a efi Brillant Soap hɔ no. Ɛno akyi no, wɔ afe 2012 mu no, [[:en:Ghana Education Service|Ghana Education Service]], nam Nhyiamu a ɛhwɛ ntoasoɔ sukuu a wɔboa wɔn so (CHASS) so faa dwumadie no boa. Wɔ kyɛfa a wonya ho no, efi afe 2000 mu no, wɔmaa sukuu dodow no kɔɔ soro koduu 40. Sukuu dodoɔ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu bio, kɔɔ soro wɔ afe 2013 mu kɔɔ 81, ɛwom sɛ awieeɛ koraa no 66 na wɔbaa akansi no mu.

Enti, wɔsesaa ɔkwan a wɔfa so de wɔn ho hyɛ mu no yɛɛ no ​​akuw abiɛsa akansi mmom sen sɛ wɔbɛyɛ akuw abien akansi a na ɛyɛ akansi no su fi bere a wɔhyehyɛɛ no ​​wɔ afe 1993. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a dwumadi no bɛyɛ ɔman no su no, efi afe 2014 no, asɛmmisa no de sukuu ahorow 135 a wofi afa horow nyinaa adi dwuma a ɛwɔ Ghana. Efi afe 2014 no, wɔpaw sukuu ahorow 108 fi ɔmantam ne mpɔtam akansi ne wɔn a wɔfata mu sɛ wɔbɛka sukuu ahorow 27 a wɔde aba (wɔn a wɔakɔ afe a etwaam no akansi mu) ho wɔ Ɔman Nkonimdi no mu. NSMQ mantam no yɛ Greater [[Accra]], Central, Eastern ne Ashanti Regions berɛ a mpɔtam hɔ ne Bono-Ahafo, Western, Volta-Oti ne Northern Zones.

Quiz mistress a odi kan ne Ɔbenfo Marian Ewurama Addy a wawu, a ɔyɛ biochemistry ho ɔbenfo wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn, Legon.

Na ɔyɛ quiz-mistress fi 1993 kosi 2000. “Bere a wɔ 1993/94 mu, bere a na wɔreyɛ nhyehyɛe ama television so quiz nhyehyɛe a ɛfa Nyansahu ho no, wɔka kyerɛɛ me sɛ menyɛ Quiz Mistress, mantumi anka sɛ Dabi”, ɔkyerɛwee wɔ ne nkae nhoma mu, . Akatua: N’ankasa Asetra Ho Nsɛm. “M’ani gyee ho sɛ mmea bɛyɛ nyansahufo na na eyi yɛ hokwan a mede bɛto nsa afrɛ nkumaa no ma wɔabɛyɛ nyansahufo...Misusuwii sɛ eyi yɛ ɔkwan a etu mpɔn sen biara a wɔfa so yɛ nhwɛsofo,” ɔde kaa ho. Wɔ ne mmoa a ɔde hyɛɛ Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu adesua ho nkuran wɔ mmeawa mu denam NSMQ so no, [[:en:Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana|Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana]] bɔɔ Ɔbenfo Addy din sɛ Afe no mu Adwumayɛbea a Ɔsen Biara wɔ afe 1995 mu.

Eureka Emefa Adomako, afifideɛ ho ɔbenfoɔ wɔ Ghana Suapɔn, Legon, faa adwuma sɛ quiz-mistress firi afe 2001 kɔsi afe 2005, ɛfiri sɛ Ɔbenfoɔ Addy kamfoo no. Oduruyɛfo Adomako na ɔhwɛɛ dwumadi no so kosii sɛ na ɛsɛ sɛ ofi hɔ kɔ adesua akyi. Ansa na ɔrekɔ no, sɛnea Ɔbenfo Addy kamfoo no kyerɛe sɛ nsɛmmisa wura no, saa ara na Oduruyɛfo Adomako kamfoo kyerɛe sɛ Oduruyɛfo Kaufmann nnye asɛmmisa wura.

Wɔ afe 2006 mu no, Oduruyɛfo Elsie Effah Kaufmann, a ɔhyehyɛɛ Biomedical Engineering Department wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn, Legon mu no Titenani, faa adwuma sɛ quiz mistress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elsie A. B. Effah Kaufmann (BSE MSE PhD (Pennsylvania)) {{!}} Department of Biomedical Engineering|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/biomed-eng/staff/elsie-b-effah-kaufmann-bse-mse-phd-pennsylvania|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101002047/https://www.ug.edu.gh/biomed-eng/staff/elsie-b-effah-kaufmann-bse-mse-phd-pennsylvania|archive-date=2020-11-01|access-date=2020-10-09|website=ug education ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Elsie Effah Kaufmann|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elsie_Effah_Kaufmann|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129025550/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elsie-Effah-Kaufmann|archive-date=2021-11-29|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mfe pii a atwam no, watumi de n’ankasa ɔkwan a ɔfa so de aba dwumadi no mu, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɔde aseresɛm bi hyɛ dwumadi bi a anka ɛyɛ ɔkwan a ɛfata so. Sɛ́ moderation kuw no guamtrani no, afotufo kuw bi a wɔyɛ Ɔbenfo W. A. ​​Asomaning, Ɔbenfo Ebenezer Owusu, Ɔbenfo Amos Kuditcher ne Ɔbenfo Douglas Adu-Gyamfi a wɔn nyinaa fi Ghana Sukuupɔn mu, . Legon a wɔfrɛ no Legon. Wɔ nea edi kan no mu no, Oduruyɛfo na wɔhwɛ nsɛmmisa no so. Anita Oppong-Quaicoe na ɔkyerɛwee&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; Thelma Ohene-Agyei &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; and Gladys Odey Schwinger.

Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School, (PRESEC-Legon) ayɛ sukuu a ɛdi mu paa wɔ nsɛmmisa no mu de bɛsi nnɛ, a wɔapue dumienu wɔ finals no mu, a grande finales anum a ɛtoatoa soɔ ka ho. Sukuu no adi nkonim wɔ akansi no mu mpɛn awotwe, na ɛyɛ kyerɛwtohɔ a nea ɛka ho ne nkonimdi a wɔadi akyi mprenu. Achimota Sukuu nkutoo ne sukuu a wɔbom yɛ adesua a wɔadi nkonim wɔ akansi no mu. Mmabaa nyinaa sukuu biara nni hɔ a adi nkonim wɔ akansi no mu da. Ghana sukuu ahorow 11 pɛ na wɔadi nkonim wɔ akansi no mu fi bere a wɔhyehyɛɛ no.

Wɔ afe 2021 mu no, Primetime Limited hyɛɛ STEM Afahyɛ a ɛka ho ne Mentorship Sessions ne Sci-Tech Fair ase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 July 2021|title=Primetime Limited set to launch STEM Festival - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/primetime-limited-set-to-launch-stem-festival/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164235/https://www.myjoyonline.com/primetime-limited-set-to-launch-stem-festival/|archive-date=2021-11-20|access-date=2021-11-29|website=myjoyonline.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sci-Tech Fair fa no bi ne Sci-Tech Innovation Challenge ne Ɔyɛkyerɛ a wɔabue ama Ntoaso Sukuu Mpanyimfo, Mfitiase ne Ntoaso Sukuu nketewa, Tech nnwumakuw ne nnwuma a wɔrefi ase.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Obuasi SHTS wins maiden Sci-Tech Innovation Challenge|url=https://nsmq.com.gh/tag/sci-tech-innovation-challenge|access-date=2021-11-29|website=NSMQ|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419211638/https://nsmq.com.gh/tag/sci-tech-innovation-challenge/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahɔhoyɛfo ne Quiz Mistresses a Wɔakyerɛw Wɔn Din ==

# [[:en:Marian Ewurama Addy|Marian Ewurama Addy]], 1993–2000
# [[:en:Eureka Emefa Adomako|Eureka Emefa Adomako]], 2001–2005
# [[:en:Elsie Effah Kaufmann|Elsie Effah Kaufmann]], 2006–present

== Quiz Nhyehyɛe ==
Sukuu mmiɛnsa na wɔsi akan wɔ akansi biara mu na akansifoɔ mmienu na wɔgyina sukuu biara ananmu. Mprempren nsɛmmisa wura no ne Oduruyɛfo Elsie Effah Kaufmann. Mprempren, akansi biara yɛ akwan anum a mmara a edidi so yi na ɛwom:

* Round 1 — Nsɛmmisa atitiriw a wɔde di dwuma. Ɛsɛ sɛ sukuu biara a ɛresi akan no bua Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Ho Nsɛmmisa 4, Chemistry 4, Physics 4 ne Nkontaabu 4. Wobetumi de asɛmmisa bi a wɔabua no yiye akɔma sɛ akatua. Ɛtɔ mmere bi a, quiz mistress no na ɔde credit fa bi ma.
* Round 2 — Wɔfrɛ saa round yi ahoɔhare mmirikatu. Wɔde nsɛmmisa koro no ara a wɔde di dwuma titiriw no ma sukuu abiɛsa no nyinaa bere koro mu. Sukuu bi bua asɛmmisa bi denam dɔn a wɔbɔ so. Wɔnnya nkontabuo a ɛyɛ fa bi wɔ saa mmerɛ yi mu na sukuu bi nya nkontabuo a ɛboro soɔ mmiɛnsa wɔ asɛmmisa bi a wɔabua no yie ho.
* Round 3 — Saa round yi na wonim no sɛ Da no mu Ɔhaw. Wɔhwehwɛ sɛ akansifo no siesie asɛmmisa biako, a ne bo yɛ nkontaa 10, wɔ simma 4 mu.
* Round 4 — Wɔde Nokware anaa Atoro nsɛm ma akansifo no nnidiso nnidiso. Botae no ne sɛ wobehu sɛ asɛm biara yɛ nokware anaa atoro. Asɛmmisa a wɔabua no yiye no ma wonya nsɛntitiriw 2. Asɛmmisa a wɔabua no yiye no twetwe asotwe a ɛyɛ -1 point. Obi betumi asi gyinae sɛ ɔremmua asɛmmisa bi, na sɛ ɛba saa a, wɔde bɛkɔ sukuu a edi hɔ a wɔresi akan no mu sɛ akatua de ama nsɛntitiriw abien no so mfaso koraa.
* Round 5 — Abɛbusɛm; wɔde nsɛnkyerɛnne ma sukuu ahorow a wɔresi akan no. Sukuu ahorow no ne wɔn ho wɔn ho si akan de hwehwɛ abɛbusɛm no ho mmuae. Sɛ wunya mmuae a ɛteɛ wɔ clue a edi kan no so a, wunya nsɛntitiriw 5. Wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛto so abien no so no, wɔde nkontaa 4 ma wɔ mmuae a ɛteɛ ho. Wɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛto so abiɛsa anaa biribi foforo biara a edi hɔ so no, wɔde nsɛntitiriw 3 ma asɛmmisa bi a wɔabua no yiye. Sɛ wɔka ne nyinaa bom a, abɛbusɛm 4 na ɛwɔ hɔ.

== Wɔn a Wɔadi Nkonimdifo a Wɔatwam ne Wɔn a Wɔakɔ Awiei no Kyerɛwtohɔ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://afrosages.com/winners-of-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz/|title=Winners Of The National Science and Maths Quiz From 1994 – 2019|last=|first=|date=12 July 2019|website=afrosages.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106224257/https://afrosages.com/winners-of-the-national-science-and-maths-quiz/|archive-date=2019-11-06|access-date=2019-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nsmq.com.gh/past-winners/|title=Past Winners - NSMQ|access-date=2017-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630000942/http://nsmq.com.gh/past-winners/|archive-date=2017-06-30|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Afe
!Nkonimdifo
!Nea ɔto so 1 a ɔto so abien
!Nea ɔto so abien a ɔto so abien
|-
|1994
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|Achimota School
|
|-
|1995
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Opoku Ware School
|
|-
|1996
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School
|
|-
|1997
|[[:en:Opoku Ware Senior High School|Opoku Ware School]]
|Prempeh College
|
|-
|1998
|[[:en:Achimota School|Achimota School]]
|St. Peter's Senior High School
|
|-
|1999
|[[:en:Mfantsipim School|Mfantsipim School]]
|[[:en:Wesley Girls’ High School|Wesley Girls' High School]]
|
|-
|2000
|[[:en:St. Peter's Boys Senior High School|St. Peter's Senior Secondary School]]
|Mfantsipim School
|
|-
|2001
|[[:en:Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|Pope John Secondary School]]
|Ghana Secondary Technical School
|
|-
|2002
|[[:en:Opoku Ware Senior High School|Opoku Ware School]]
|St. Peter's Senior High School
|
|-
|2003
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Opoku Ware School
|
|-
|2004
|[[:en:Achimota School|Achimota School]]
|St. Peter's Senior Secondary School
|
|-
|2005
|[[:en:St. Peter's Boys Senior High School|St. Peter's Senior Secondary School]]
|Opoku Ware School
|
|-
|2006
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|St. Peter's Senior High School
|
|-
|2007
|[[:en:St. Augustine's College (Cape Coast)|St. Augustine's College]]
|Kumasi Anglican Senior High School
|
|-
|2008
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Opoku Ware School
|
|-
|2009
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Achimota School
|
|-
|2010
|''Wɔannyɛ akansi biara''
|
|
|-
|2011
|''Wɔannyɛ akansi biara''
|
|
|-
|2012
|[[:en:Ghana Senior High Technical School|Ghana Secondary Technical School]]
|St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary
|
|-
|2013
|[[:en:St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School|St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School]]
|Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School
|[[:en:Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School|Mfantsiman Girls Senior High School]]
|-
|2014
|[[:en:Mfantsipim School|Mfantsipim School]]
|Ghana Secondary Technical School
|St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary
|-
|2015
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|Adisadel College
|University Practice Senior High School
|-
|2016
|[[:en:Adisadel College|Adisadel College]]
|[[:en:Adisadel College|Opoku Ware School]]
|Mfantsipim School
|-
|2017
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School
|Adisadel College
|-
|2018
|[[:en:St. Peter's Boys Senior High School|St. Peter's Senior High School]]
|West Africa Senior High School
|Adisadel College
|-
|2019
|[[:en:St. Augustine's College (Cape Coast)|St. Augustine's College]]
|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School
|St. Peter's Senior Secondary School
|-
|2020
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Adisadel College
|Opoku Ware School
|-
|2021
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School
|Keta Senior High Technical School
|-
|2022
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Prempeh College
|Adisadel College
|-
|2023
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|Achimota School
|Opoku Ware School
|}

== Ranking ==
Wɔn a wɔawie wɔ Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Nsɛmmisa no mu no apam ni.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Rank
!Sukuu
!Nkonimdi dodow
!Nea ɔto so 1 a ɔto so abien
!Nea ɔto so abien a ɔto so abien
!Total finals 
!Mfe a wodii nkonim
!Mfe 1st nea ɔto so abien
!Mfe 2nd nea ɔto so abien
|-
|1
|[[:en:Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School|Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School]]
|8
|4
|0
|12
|1995,2003,
2006,2008,

2009, 2020

2022, 2023 
|1996,2013,
2019, 2021
| -
|-
|2
|[[:en:Prempeh College|Prempeh College]]
|5
|2
|0
|7
|1994, 1996
2015,2017

2021

|1997, 2022
| -
|-
|3
|[[:en:St. Peter's Boys Senior High School|St. Peter's Senior High School]]
|3
|4
|1
|8
|2000, 2005,2018 
|1998,2002,
2004, 2006
|2019
|-
|4
|[[:en:Opoku Ware School|Opoku Ware School]]
|2
|5
|2
|9
|1997, 2002
|1995,2003,
2005,2008,

2016 
|2020,2023 
|-
|5
|[[:en:Achimota School|Achimota School]]
|2
|3
|0
|5
|1998,2004 
|1994,2009,
2023
| -
|-
|6
|[[:en:Mfantsipim School|Mfantsipim School]]
|2
|1
|1
|4
|1999,2014 
|2000
|2016
|-
|7
|[[:en:St. Augustine's College (Cape Coast)|St. Augustine's College]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|2007, 2019 
|_
|_
|-
|8
|[[:en:Adisadel College|Adisadel College]]
|1
|2
|3
|6
|2016
|2015, 2020
|2017,2018,
2022
|-
|9
|[[:en:Ghana Senior High Technical School|Ghana Secondary Technical School]]
|1
|2
|0
|3
|2012
|2001,2014 
|_
|-
|10
|[[:en:St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School|St. Thomas Aquinas Senior Secondary School]]
|1
|1
|0
|2
|2013
|2017
|_
|-
|11
|[[:en:Pope John Senior High School and Minor Seminary|Pope John Secondary School]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|2001
|_
|_
|-
|12
|St. Francis Xavier Minor Seminary
|0
|1
|1
|2
|_
|2012
|2014
|-
|13
|[[:en:West Africa Senior High School|West Africa Senior High School]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|_
|2018
|_
|-
|13
|[[:en:Kumasi Anglican Secondary School|Kumasi Anglican Senior High School]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|_
|2007
|_
|-
|13
|[[:en:Wesley Girls' Senior High School|Wesley Girls' High School]]
|0
|1
|0
|1
|_
|1999
|_
|-
|14
|[[:en:Keta Senior High Technical School|Keta Senior High Technical School]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|_
|_
|2021
|-
|14
|[[:en:University Practice Senior High School|University Practice Senior High School]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|_
|_
|2015
|-
|14
|[[:en:Mfantsiman Girls' Secondary School|Mfantsiman Girls' Senior High School]]
|0
|0
|1
|1
|_
|_
|2013
|}

== Abasobɔde ahorow ==

* TV Dwumadie a Ɛsen Biara wɔ Afe no mu, 2017, 2022 (CIMG Awards)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 September 2018|title=CIMG Awards: National Science and Maths Quiz is TV Programme of the Year 2017|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/CIMG-Awards-National-Science-and-Maths-Quiz-is-TV-Programme-of-the-Year-2017-688966|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006035051/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/CIMG-Awards-National-Science-and-Maths-Quiz-is-TV-Programme-of-the-Year-2017-688966|archive-date=2018-10-06|access-date=2018-10-05|website=ghanaweb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 October 2018|title=McDan Chief Executive Officer emerges CIMG Marketing Man of the Year|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/McDan-Chief-Executive-Officer-emerges-CIMG-Marketing-Man-of-the-Year-689648|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075050/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/McDan-Chief-Executive-Officer-emerges-CIMG-Marketing-Man-of-the-Year-689648|archive-date=2018-10-06|access-date=2018-10-05|website=ghanaweb.|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-10-01|title=NSMQ wins CIMG TV Programme of the Year 2022 - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/nsmq-wins-cimg-tv-programme-of-the-year-2022/|access-date=2023-10-02|website=myjoyonline.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sikakɔkɔɔ Abasobɔdeɛ Nsia (Branded PR, Digital, Social Media, Print, Integrated Campaign, Television), Ghana Dawurubɔ Fekuo a ɛtɔ so 15 (AAG) Gong Gong Abasobɔdeɛ, 2021
* Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ foforo ɔsatu a ɛsen biara wɔ afe no mu, 2022 (CIMG Awards) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-10-02|title=Double CIMG Honours Illuminate NSMQ's 30th Anniversary Festivities|url=https://www.nsmq.com.gh/post/double-cimg-honours-illuminate-nsmq-s-30th-anniversary-festivities|access-date=2023-10-03|website=NSMQ Ghana|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyina hɔ ma ==</text>
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{{Databox|item=Q76482046}}
'''Konkoraa( borɔfo-ysentery) yareɛ kane no na yɛnim no sɛ'''  '''bloody flux''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite OED|bloody flux|id=302050}}&lt;/ref&gt; yɛ yafunu mu yadeɛ ayamtuo de ba&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dysentery|url=https://www.who.int/topics/dysentery/en/|website=who.int|access-date=28 November 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205051849/http://www.who.int/topics/dysentery/en/|archive-date=5 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Controlling the Spread of Infections in Evacuation Centers {{!}}Health and Safety Concerns|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/disease/infectevac.html|work=U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=15 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  ɛho nsɛnkyerɛnne no bi ne ahoɔmerɛ, yafunukeka&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot;&gt;{{DorlandsDict|three/000033012|Dysentery}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Marie C, Petri WA|title=Amoebic dysentery|journal=BMJ Clinical Evidence|volume=2013|date=August 2013|pmid=23991750|pmc=3758071}}&lt;/ref&gt; afei nso, obi wɔ bi a, ne ho nsuo taa we ntɛm. Ɛba saa a, naukɔm taa de no ntentem.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMRO2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=WHO EMRO {{!}} Dysentery {{!}} Health topics|url=http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/dysentery/index.html|website=www.emro.who.int|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115081122/http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/dysentery/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmoawa nketenkete a wɔfiri genus ''[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/shigella/symptoms-causes/syc-20377529 Shigella] abusua''  abusuakuo no mu na wɔde konkora yadeɛ ba. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014&quot; /&gt; Deɛ ɛde ba no bɛtumi nso ayɛ mmoawa bi te sɛ nsonsono a wɔyɛ antɔborɔ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot; /&gt; Ɛyɛ nsaeyadeɛ.&lt;ref name=&quot;NHS2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dysentery|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/dysentery/|website=nhs.uk|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en|date=18 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;Wn a wɔtaa di aduane a anyinya na wɔtaa nya konkora yadeɛ pa ara. Nyɛ aduane a ɛreyɛ asɛe nko na obi di a onya yadeɛ yi. Sɛ obi ammɔ n'aduane ho ban amfiri nwansena ho na wɔbɛsisi so a, wɔgya mmawammoawa bi a yɛmfa yɛn ani nhunu wɔn sis nnuane no so. Onipa no taa di aduane a.akɔ saa tebea no mu a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛnya yadeɛ yi bi .&lt;ref name=&quot;Mar2013&quot; /&gt; Yadeɛ no taa wɔ nsono mu. Yɛn nsono kɛseɛ a aduane a yɛdi no yam wie a ɛfa mu no mu na yadeɛ yi taa si.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dor2009&quot; /&gt;

==Deɛ Ɛde Ba==

[[File:A cross-section of diseased intestines (dysentery). Coloured Wellcome V0009858ER.jpg|thumb|Cross-section of diseased intestines. Colored lithograph {{circa|1843}}]]

Ɛnam mmoawa antɔborɔ nketenkete bi a yɛmfa yɛn ani nhunu wɔn na wɔde komkoraa ba. Nyɛ wɔn ankasa na wɔde yadeɛ no, na mmom, deɛ ɛde yadeɛ no ankasa ba no wɔ wɔn mu. Wɔpu gu yɛn nsono mu a, na yadeɛ no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne hyɛ aseɛ.&lt;ref name=CDC2019/&gt; Sɛ saa mmoa yi fra yɛn nnuane ne yɛn nsuo na sɛ yɛdi anaa yɛnom ko yɛn mu a, berɛ a aduane no reyam no, wɔkɔka yɛn nsono mu. Sɛ wɔpu saa pathogen yi gu yɛn nsono mu a wɔdeɛ aduradeɛ a ɛwɔ nsono no mu no. Ɛhɔ na yafunukeka nkakrankakra hyɛ aseɛ no. Ɛba saa a na onipa no ho ayɛ hye. Ɔtumi te su ne nsono mu nso yɛ ne ya. Nsono no tumi honhono kakra. Yei si a ɛmma nnuane nnuro a ɛwɔ nnuane a yɛdi no mu no ntumi nyɛ adwuma yie. 

Yɛbɛtumi de mmoa a  wɔde saa yadeɛ yi ba no agu akuo ahodoɔ mmienu mu. Ɛdi kan, yɛwɔ wɔn a apɔmuden ho nhwehwɛmufoɔ frɛ wɔn invasive ɛna deɛ wɔfrɛ no toxogenic. Deɛ wɔfrɛ no nvassive no ba nipadua no mu a, nyɛm pa ara, wɔsɛe adeɛ a wɔfrɛ no  mucosa. Mmoawa no fa a wɔfrɛ wɔn yoxogenic no deɛ, wɔnseɛ mucosa mu, mmom, wɔsi nneɛma nketekete bi a ɛboa ma nipadua no tumi yɛ adwuma yie no kwan.

== Signs and symptoms ==
Konkoraa yadeɛ no gu ahodoɔ. Ɛmu baako ne bacillary dysentery. Yei nhyɛ da nyɛ hu pii. Ɛho nsɛnkyerɛnne kakra ne yafunukeka nketenkete bi. Yei taa de ayamwhie ba. Nsɛnkyerɛnne yi ntaa mmoro nna mmeɛnsa. Sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ  boro nna mmeɛnsa a  na kyerɛ sɛ yadeɛ foforɔ de ne ho agye mu.&lt;ref name=Dor2009/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid359524&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = DuPont HL | title = Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children | journal = Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | volume = 173 | issue = 5 Pt 2 | pages = 649–53 | date = September 1978 | pmid = 359524 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid2664748&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = DeWitt TG | title = Acute diarrhea in children | journal = Pediatrics in Review | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–13 | date = July 1989 | pmid = 2664748 | doi = 10.1542/pir.11-1-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dysentery/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|title=Dysentery symptoms|website=[[National Health Service (England)|National Health Service]]|access-date=January 22, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323184106/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Dysentery/Pages/Symptoms.aspx|archive-date=23 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diagnosis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | website=mdguidelines.com | title=Dysentery-Diagnosis | url=http://www.mdguidelines.com/dysentery/diagnosis | access-date=November 17, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714063637/http://www.mdguidelines.com/dysentery/diagnosis | archive-date=14 July 2011 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Nsɔano==
Kwan a wɔtaa fa so bɔ wɔn ho ban firi konkoraa ho ne sɛ wɔbɛhohoro wɔn nsa berɛ ano berɛ ano.&lt;ref name=NHS2019/&gt;

===Ahobammɔ Nnuro.===
Seesei deɛ, nnuro biara nni hɔ a wɔnom de bɔ wɔn ho ban firi konkoraa yadeɛ ho. Ahonidie ne ade titiriw a ɛbɔ ɔmanfoɔ ho ban ma wɔnya yadeɛ no bi. Ebia berɛ rekɔ anim no, wɔbɛnya nnuro a ɛbɛtumi abɔ ɔmanfoɔ ban ama wɔanya yadeɛ no. Ɛyɛ wiase kubaatan a ɛhyɛ apɔmuden no anisoadehunu sɛ wɔde aduro a ɛbɛbɔ ɔmanfoɔ ho ban afiri konkoraa yadeɛ ho. 

== Ayaresa ==
Ɛkwan baako nso a wɔfa so tu yareɛ no ase ne  yɛbɛtwe adwene asi hia a ɛhia sɛ wɔbɛnom nsuo bebree.&lt;ref name=NHS2019/&gt; Sɛ abofono ne ɛfeɛ ntoɔtoasoɔ nti sunom yi remmoa  a, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔyarefoɔ no kɔhunu dɔkota. Ayaresabea hɔ deɛ, wɔbɛtumi de nsuo asi ne so. 
== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kwashiorkor</title>
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{{Databox}}
'''Asɛmfua Kwashiorkor firi Nkran kasa mu.'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite LPD|3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ yadeɛ bi a sɛ ɛyɛ obi a na ama ne yafunu ayɛ kɛseɛ. Mmɔfra na wɔnya. Wɔnya wɔ berɛ a wɔnni nnuane a ɛbɛma wɔn  nnuane nnuro bi te sɛ. Deɛ ɛma yadeɛ no da adi pa ara ne sɛ abɔfra no bɛfɔn na ne yafunu nso ayɛ kɛseɛ . Nhehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ, sɛ mmɔfra di  adeɛ bi a, wɔfrɛ no [https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/healthy-weight/managing-your-weight/understanding-calories/ calorie] kɛse  sene nnuane a [https://web.archive.org/web/20240620190515/https://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/AboutUs/News/Pages/Nutrients-deficiency-in-children.aspx protein] wɔ mu a na ɛkɔfa kwashiorkor yi ba. Nhwehwɛmu a apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ ayɛ nansa yi dan no adi pefee sɛ sɛ nnuane nnuro bi te sɛ [https://web.archive.org/web/20240620190515/https://hospitals.aku.edu/nairobi/AboutUs/News/Pages/Nutrients-deficiency-in-children.aspx Vitamin C] nso tɔ sin wɔ abɔfra aduane mu a, ɛnyɛ den sɛ ɔbɛnya kwashiorkor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pham Alou Golden et al 2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Pham|first1=Thi-Phuong-Thao|last2=Alou|first2=Maryam Tidjani|last3=Golden|first3=Michael H.|last4=Million|first4=Matthieu|last5=Raoult|first5=Didier|title=Difference between kwashiorkor and marasmus: Comparative meta-analysis of pathogenic characteristics and implications for treatment|journal=Microbial Pathogenesis|date=January 2021|volume=150|pages=104702|doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104702|pmid=33359074|s2cid=229694345|url=https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03216130|access-date=9 February 2023|archive-date=10 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210090745/https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03216130|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yɛnim pefeee sɛ sɛ saa nnuane nnuro yi tɔ sin wɔ abɔfra mu a  ɛtumi ma ɔnya kwashiorkor.  Nanso, kwan a kwashiorkor no fa so ba anaa nneɛma nkaeɛ a ɛde ba no deɛ, apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ ntumi nnaa no adi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Liu T, Howard RM, Mancini AJ, Weston WL, Paller AS, Drolet BA, Esterly NB, Levy ML, Schachner L, Frieden IJ|date=2001|title=Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance|url=http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11346341|journal=Archives of Dermatology|volume=137|issue=5|pages=630–6|pmid=11346341}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abakɔsɛm Kakra ==
Nhwehwɛmu pii na wɔfiri mmerɛ tenten  ayɛ afa yadeɛ kwashiorkor ho wɔ wiase afa nnan nyinaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nott2021&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nott |first1=John |title='No one may starve in the British Empire': Kwashiorkor, Protein and the Politics of Nutrition Between Britain and Africa |journal=Social History of Medicine |date=May 2021 |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=553–576 |doi=10.1093/shm/hkz107|pmc=8162845|pmid= 34084092}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanso,   Jamaica dɔkota Cicely Williams a ɔhwɛ mmɔfra  nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛeɛ no na agye din pa ara. Ɔyɛɛ ne nhwehwɛmu no wɔ afe apem, ahankron ne aduasa num. Deɛ nti a ne deɛ no gyee din ne sɛ, ɔno na watumi akyerɛ yadeɛ kwashiorkor mu yie pa ara. Wɔde nidie kɛseɛ ma no esiane sɛ ɔno na ɔdii kan yɛ kwashiorkor ho nhwehwɛmu ansa na afoforɔ nso rebɛtoa so. Ɔno na ɔdii kan kaa sɛ yadeɛ no ase firi protein sintɔ mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;williams1933&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Williams CD|date=1983|orig-year=1933|title=Fifty years ago. Archives of Diseases in Childhood 1933. A nutritional disease of childhood associated with a maize diet|journal=Archives of Disease in Childhood|volume=58|issue=7|pages=550–60|doi=10.1136/adc.58.7.550|pmc=1628206|pmid=6347092}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;williams1935&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams CD, Oxon BM, Lond H | title = Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. 1935 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 912–3 | year = 1935 | pmid = 14997245 | pmc = 2572388 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94666-X | author-link = Cicely Williams }} Reprint: {{cite journal | vauthors = Williams CD, Oxon BM, Lond H | title = Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. 1935 | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 81 | issue = 12 | pages = 912–3 | year = 2003 | pmid = 14997245 | pmc = 2572388 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)94666-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Wɔnyaa din kwashiorkor no firii Nkran kasa mu wɔ [[Ghana]]. Ne nkyerɛaseɛ ne sɛ &quot; yadeɛ a ɛma akwadaa toro&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;listeningga&quot;&gt;{{cite book |doi=10.1163/9789004333390_008 |chapter=Listening to the Ga: Cicely Williams' Discovery of Kwashiorkor on the Gold Coast |title=Women and Modern Medicine |year=2001 |pages=149–171 |pmid=11603151 |isbn=978-90-04-33339-0 |last1=Stanton |first1=J. |series=Clio Medica |volume=61 |chapter-url=https://www.wphna.org/htdocs/downloadsMar2012/Listening%20to%20the%20Ga.pdf |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013530/http://www.wphna.org/htdocs/downloadsMar2012/Listening%20to%20the%20Ga.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nhwehwɛmufoɔ kyerɛ a, ɛhyɛ wɔ nufunsuo ma mu. Wɔn a wɔntaa nnom nufunsuo no taa nya kwashiorkor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Velly H, Britton RA, Preidis GA|date=2017|title=Mechanisms of cross-talk between the diet, the intestinal microbiome, and the undernourished host|journal=Gut Microbes|volume=8|issue=2|pages=98–112|doi=10.1080/19490976.2016.1267888|pmc=5390823|pmid=27918230}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsɛnkyerɛnne ==
Kwashiorkor ho nsɛnkyerɛnne baako pa arane ahonhono. Ahonhono no gu ahodoɔ bebree. Deɛ obi nya kwashiorkor a yɛhunu no yɛ deɛ ɛwɔ nipa no afu. Edin a apɔmuden adwumayɛfoɔ de frɛ no ne endema. Sɛ nsuo bi gyina nipadua no baabi te sɛ nafuru mu, ne nan ase anaa baabi foforɔ bi na sɛ baabi a nsuo no gyina no hono a, ɛno na yɛfrɛ no endema. Esiane sɛ protein nni abɔfra no nipadua mu a ɛbɛte starch a cabohydrate gya wɔ nipadua no mu no so nyi, calorie bɛdɔɔso. Afei, ɛma nsuo gyina abɔfra no yafunu mu. Na ɛhyɛ aseɛ hono Yafunu hono. Ɛwom sɛ yafunu no hono a ɛma abɔfra no ho ntene no deɛ, nanso, ɛnyɛ adeɛ a ɛyɛ ya. Sɛ abɔfra bi yafunu hyɛ na sɛ ɔte yaw a ɔntumi nnyina ano a, wɔnhyɛ no nso sɛ ɛnyɛ Kwashiorkor na mmom yareɛ foforɔ bi a ebia ɛyɛ hu mpo sene kwashiorkor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pham Alou Golden et al 2021&quot;/&gt;  

== Deɛ Ɛde Ba ==
Nneɛma a ɛkeka bom de kwashiorkor ba no ho asɛm ka akɔyɛ Boakye bi din. Wɔntumi nhyɛ da nsi no pi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf|title=Kwashiorkor: still an enigma – the search must go on|last=Briend|first=Andre|name-list-style=vanc|date=2014|website=Emergency Nutrition Network|access-date=2019-08-02|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215095457/https://www.ennonline.net/attachments/2314/Kwashiorkor-still-an-enigma-CMAM-Forum-Dec-2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pham |first1=Thi-Phuong-Thao |last2=Tidjani Alou |first2=Maryam |last3=Bachar |first3=Dipankar |last4=Levasseur |first4=Anthony |last5=Brah |first5=Souleymane |last6=Alhousseini |first6=Daouda |last7=Sokhna |first7=Cheikh |last8=Diallo |first8=Aldiouma |last9=Wieringa |first9=Frank |last10=Million |first10=Matthieu |last11=Raoult |first11=Didier |title=Gut Microbiota Alteration is Characterized by a Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria Bloom in Kwashiorkor and a Bacteroidetes Paucity in Marasmus |journal=Scientific Reports |date=December 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=9084 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-45611-3 |pmid=31235833 |pmc=6591176 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.9084P }}{{Retracted|doi=10.1038/s41598-023-44593-7|pmid=37903834|https://retractionwatch.com/?s=Didier+Raoult ''Retraction Watch''}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle I. |last2=Yatsunenko |first2=Tanya |last3=Manary |first3=Mark J. |last4=Trehan |first4=Indi |last5=Mkakosya |first5=Rajhab |last6=Cheng |first6=Jiye |last7=Kau |first7=Andrew L. |last8=Rich |first8=Stephen S. |last9=Concannon |first9=Patrick |last10=Mychaleckyj |first10=Josyf C. |last11=Liu |first11=Jie |last12=Houpt |first12=Eric |last13=Li |first13=Jia V. |last14=Holmes |first14=Elaine |last15=Nicholson |first15=Jeremy |last16=Knights |first16=Dan |last17=Ursell |first17=Luke K. |last18=Knight |first18=Rob |last19=Gordon |first19=Jeffrey I. |title=Gut Microbiomes of Malawian Twin Pairs Discordant for Kwashiorkor |journal=Science |date=February 2013 |volume=339 |issue=6119 |pages=548–554 |doi=10.1126/science.1229000 |pmid=23363771 |pmc=3667500 |bibcode=2013Sci...339..548S }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bebree na nkorɔfoɔ aka. Nanso ne nyinaa yɛ deɛ ɛgyina Williams deɛ no so. Wɔnyɛɛ da nnaa ade foforɔ biara adi bio.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Velly H, Britton RA, Preidis GA|date=2017|title=Mechanisms of cross-talk between the diet, the intestinal microbiome, and the undernourished host|journal=Gut Microbes|volume=8|issue=2|pages=98–112|doi=10.1080/19490976.2016.1267888|pmc=5390823|pmid=27918230}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsɔano ==

Ɛkwan titriw a wɔbɛtumi afa so asɔ kwashiorkor ano ne sɛ wɔbɛma protein adɔɔso wɔ mmɔfra aduane mu asene [https://medlineplus.gov/carbohydrates.html cabohydrate.]&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith Yatsunenko Manary 2013&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Grover &amp; Ee 2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Grover |first1=Zubin |last2=Ee |first2=Looi C. |title=Protein Energy Malnutrition |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-clinics-of-north-america_2009-10_56_5/page/1055 |journal=Pediatric Clinics of North America |date=October 2009 |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=1055–1068 |doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2009.07.001 |pmid=19931063 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Kwashiorkor]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ɛyam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6459" sha1="qapsta38sivynkisywbbmybiyk3l9qo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q1909343}}'''Ɛyam(Dermatophytosis) a yɛsan frɛ'''  no '''tinea''' anaa '''ringworm''', no yɛ honam ani yadeɛ bi a [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568886/#:~:text=Dermatophytes%20are%20keratinophilic%20fungi%20that,Epidermophyton%2C%20Microsporum%2C%20and%20Trichophyton. mmoawammoawa] nketenkete bi yɛmfa yɛn ani nhunu wɔn na wɔde ba. Ɛyɛ obi a, ɛseɛ ne honam ani, ne ne nwi( sɛ ɛtotɔ ne tirim a). &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Carbohydrates |url=https://medlineplus.gov/carbohydrates.html |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |language=en |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛyɛ honam ani nsaa bi a ɛkeka na wɔtiti a na ayɛ kuro. Ɛtɔ obi honam ani a, ɛyɛ nkuruwankuruwa. Na ɛrekyɛ no nyinaa na ɛreterɛ.ɛhyɛ aseɛ a, nnawɔtwe mmienu akyi no na ahyɛ aseɛ ayɛ kuro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |date=2011-02-02 |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/mucous-membrane |language=en |access-date=2024-06-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ahodoɔ ==
Mmoa a wɔde ɛyam ba no gu ahodoɔ bɛyɛ aduanan. Wɔde ahodoɔ aduanan yi nso agu akuo mmeɛnsa mu a wɔne  ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568886/#:~:text=Dermatophytes%20are%20keratinophilic%20fungi%20that,Epidermophyton%2C%20Microsporum%2C%20and%20Trichophyton. Trichophyton]'', ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568886/#:~:text=Dermatophytes%20are%20keratinophilic%20fungi%20that,Epidermophyton%2C%20Microsporum%2C%20and%20Trichophyton. Microsporum]'', anaa ''[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568886/#:~:text=Dermatophytes%20are%20keratinophilic%20fungi%20that,Epidermophyton%2C%20Microsporum%2C%20and%20Trichophyton. Epidermophyton.]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Frank J. Domino, Robert A. Baldor, Jeremy Golding |title=The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2014 |date=2013-05-20 |url=https://books.google.com.gh/books?id=2C2MAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1226&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |language=en |isbn=978-1-4511-8850-9 |access-date=2024-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4568886/#:~:text=Dermatophytes%20are%20keratinophilic%20fungi%20that,Epidermophyton%2C%20Microsporum%2C%20and%20Trichophyton. Nneɛma] a ɛde ba no bi ne sɛ nkorɔfoɔ bɛtaa adware wɔ adwareeɛ baako, sɛ obi ho bɛka ɛyam a atɔ ɔfoforɔ ho, mfifire mmorosoɔ, sɛ obi bɛtae ne mmoa adi agorɔ anaa ɔbɛtae asosɔ wɔn mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Risk&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ringworm Risk &amp; Prevention|url=https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html|website=CDC|access-date=5 September 2016|date=December 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907031747/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html|archive-date=7 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=People at Risk for Ringworm {{!}} Ringworm {{!}} Types of Diseases {{!}} Fungal Diseases {{!}} CDC |date=2016-09-07 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-date=2016-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907031747/http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/ringworm/risk-prevention.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;Sɛ wɔbɛhunu sɛ ebi ayɛ obi a, ɛyɛ a wɔhwɛ ɛho  sɛ ɛho nsɛnkyerɛnne no bi wɔ ne ho a.

== Ahodoɔ Foforɔ Bi ==
Saa mmoawa yi tumi ha nipadua no akwaa bebree.  Ɛnam so ma onipa kɔ saa tebea ahodoɔ a yɛabobɔ so wɔ aseɛ ha yi mu.

* Dermatophytosis
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea pedis] (athlete's foot): honam ani yadeɛ a ɛyɛ yɛn nan.
** : deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn nsa mmɔwerɛ, yɛn nan mmɔwerɛ ne honam a yɛn mmɔwerɛ  deda so no.
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea corporis]: deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn abasa, yɛn nan ne yɛn nanti.
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea cruris] (jock itch): deɛ ɛde babaso ba.
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea manuum]: deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn nsa ho ne yɛn nsa yam.
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea capitis]: deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn tiri ho
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea faciei] deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn anim
** [https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/t/tinea-infection.html#:~:text=person%20to%20person.-,Tinea%20infection%20can%20affect%20any%20part%20of%20the%20body.,shampoo%2C%20or%20medicine%20by%20mouth. Tinea barbae:] deɛ ɛyɛ yɛn tiri nwi.

== Nsɔano ==
Ayarehwɛ mu no, wɔma aduro a nipa no bɛnom ne deɛ ɔde bɛsera ɛyam no so nyinaa. Nnuro bi te sɛ terbinafine, fluconazole, anaa itraconazole na ɛdi akotene pa ara wɔ ɛyam ayarehwɛ mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newmanveterinary.com/Facts%20About%20Ringworm.html |title=Facts About Ringworm |access-date=2011-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006180448/http://newmanveterinary.com/Facts%20About%20Ringworm.html |archive-date=2011-10-06 }} Detailed veterinary discussion of animal treatment&lt;/ref&gt;


Beaeɛ A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nyarewa]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Ɛyam]]</text>
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    <title>Presbyterian Mmarimaa Ntoaso Sukuu a Ɛto so Abien</title>
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      <text bytes="18926" sha1="gyvrqt28herwgm1oru6ug3m9pen3e61" xml:space="preserve">Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School (PRESEC) yɛ ntoaso sukuu a wɔde mmofra kɔtra mu. Ɛwɔ Legon, Accra, Ghana. Wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1938 mu, wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no akwankyerɛ ase&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.odadee.net/school|title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMINI PORTAL|date=2016-11-11|access-date=2017-06-20|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111065106/http://www.odadee.net/school|archive-date=2016-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Basel asɛmpatrɛwfo-nyamekyerɛfo, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862–1961), a ɔsom sɛ Synod Ɔkyerɛwfo a odi kan wɔ Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no mu fi 1918 kosi 1932 no de ne bere no dii dwuma de kamfoo ntoaso sukuu no sii hɔ&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135331/http://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html|archive-date=2016-03-28|access-date=2017-06-20|website=Dacb}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sukuu no ne ne nuabea sukuu ahorow, Aburi Mmabaa Ntoaso Sukuu ne Krobo Mmabaa Ntoaso Sukuu wɔ abusuabɔ.

Sukuu no anim wɔ kyɛm a Presbyterian agyiraehyɛde (St Andrew Cross-Scottish frankaa a Switzerland frankaa ahyɛ mu na kanea a ɛredɛw wɔ mfinimfini) a sukuu no asɛmti, &quot;In Lumine Tuo Videbimus Lumen&quot;, a ɛkyerɛ &quot;Wɔ Wo mu.&quot; Hann Yebehu Hann&quot;, a wɔabobɔw wɔ kyɛm no ase. Mfitiaseɛ no na sukuu no wɔ Odumase - Krobo wɔ Ghana Apueeɛ Mantam mu ansa na wɔretu akɔ baabi a ɛwɔ mprempren wɔ Legon, wɔ afe 1968 mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Sukuu dwom no ne &quot;Happy Are We&quot;, J. L. Anang na ɔkyerɛwee na Stephen Appiah Danquah na ɔkyerɛwee&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=40|title=Welcome odadee.org - BlueHost.com|date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918084315/http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=40|archive-date=18 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sukuu no yɛ Ghana Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Quiz nkonimdifo mpɛn awotwe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NSMQ|url=https://nsmq.com.gh/|publisher=nsmq ghana}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔfrɛ wɔn a wɔawie sukuu no sɛ &quot;Ɔdade&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ennin|first=Richard|title=PRESEC Old Students walk with NSMQ winners|url=https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18986099|access-date=2021-03-03|website=gna ghana|language=en|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101170716/https://www.gna.org.gh/1.18986099|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abakɔsɛm
=== Odumase sukuupɔn (1938–1968) . ===
Wofii sukuu no ase wɔ Odumase bere a Presbyterian Asɔre a ɛwɔ Gold Coast no nhomasua ho ɔbenfo bi, E. A. W. Engmann, kɔɔ so hwehwɛɛ na ɔhyɛɛ nkuran sɛ wɔmfa asɔre mmarimaa sukuu nsi hɔ, bere a N. T. Ɔkyerɛwfo gyaee n’asɔre dibea akyi no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=10|title=Welcome odadee.org - BlueHost.com|date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181041/http://www.odadee.org/history/index.php?p=10|archive-date=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi baa mu wɔ 1938 mu bere a mmarimaa 16 ne akyerɛkyerɛfo baanan kuw a edi kan no bae. Engmann ne sukuu panyin a odi kan.

Na Germanfo asɛmpatrɛwfo tra Odumase sukuupɔn no mu, afei na ɛyɛ mfitiase sukuu na afei aban nhwehwɛmu sukuu ansa na ɛrebɛyɛ Presbyterian Mmarimaa Ntoaso Sukuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presbyterian Boys Secondary School - High School in Legon,, Greater Accra,|url=https://www.edusko.com/school/presbyterian-boys-secondary-school|access-date=2024-05-05|website=www.edusko.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sukuu no atetesɛm baako ne &quot;ɔdade&quot; (baobab dua) a ɛwɔ sukuupɔn no mu. Wɔfrɛ sukuu no mu alumnus bi &quot;ɔdade&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Baobab dua no yɛ Ghanafoɔ agyiraeɛhyɛdeɛ a ɛkyerɛ nimdeɛ, ahodeɛ ne ahoɔden. Na wɔhyɛ sukuufo foforo ase wɔ dua yi nan ase a wɔhyɛ mpa so ntama ne anim a wɔde powder ayɛ. Na PRESEC wɔ ha kosii 1968 mu bere a wɔde kɔɔ baabi a ɛwɔ mprempren wɔ Legon, Mile 9 no.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ɔdadeɛ History – ƆDADEƐ|url=https://odadeena.org/history/|access-date=2024-06-15|website=odadeena.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Odadeetree.jpg|thumb|''nnyinade&quot;'' ( baobab dua) .]]

=== Legon campus (1968 to date) ===
Wɔ September 1968 mu no, sukuupɔn foforo a ɛwɔ Legon wɔ Ghana Sukuupɔn sukuupɔn no atifi fam apuei pɛɛ wɔ Mile 9 no, gyee ne sukuufo a wodi kan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=OUR HISTORY {{!}} Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School|url=https://preseclegon.edu.gh/our-history-modern/|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026072428/https://preseclegon.edu.gh/our-history-modern/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔ sukuupɔn foforo no mu no, ɛkɔɔ so sɛ mmarimaa ntoaso sukuu a wɔde mmofra kɔtra mu kosii 1970 mfe no mfinimfini bere a wɔmaa adesuakuw a ɛto so asia no kɔɔ soro kɔɔ Ɔman Nyansahu Kɔlege no. Wogyee mmea sukuufo kɔɔ adesuakuw a ɛto so asia no mu kakraa bi fi September 1975. Wɔkɔɔ so yɛɛ sukuufo kuw no fa kosii June 1996 bere a kuw a etwa to no fii hɔ no.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Senior High Schools in Ghana: LEGON PRESEC (Part 2)|url=http://african-research.com/research/education/history-of-senior-high-schools-in-ghana-presec-legon-part-2/|last1=Amoako|first1=Henry Kwadwo|date=2020-04-30|website=African Research Consult|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-24|archive-date=2024-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913142928/https://african-research.com/research/education/history-of-senior-high-schools-in-ghana-presec-legon-part-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Legon sukuupɔn no fii ase wɔ sukuufo ahɔhodan anan mu. Wɔde Presbyterian akannifo a wɔda nsow din too abiɛsa din sɛ Kwansa Fie, Ɔkyerɛwfo Fie ne Engmann Fie. Wɔde Krobo Odumasefoɔ din too deɛ ɛtɔ so nnan no Akro Fie. Afie abien a edi hɔ a wosii ne Riis Fie ne Labone Fie. Bere a wowiee National Science College adan no, wɔde Ako-Adjei Fie ne Owusu-Parry Fie kaa ho (wɔtoo nea etwa to no din de Senior Prefect a odi kan no din too so). Ofie foforo, House 9, gyee wɔn a wodii kan tenaa mu wɔ September 2010 mu ne ofie foforo, House 10 nso.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMNI PORTAL|url=https://www.odadee.net/school|access-date=2024-05-05|website=www.odadee.net|archive-date=2017-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174159/http://www.odadee.net/school|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sukuudan no mu ==
Afie a ɛwɔ hɔ

Kwansa Fie

Ɔkyerɛwfo Fie

Engmann Fie a ɛwɔ hɔ

Akro Fie

Riis Fie a ɛwɔ hɔ

Labone Fie

Ako-Adjei Fie

Owusu-Parry Fie

Ofie 9. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so

P. T. A. Fie

14 Kurow no

== Apam no ==
Presbyterian Mmarimaa Ntoaso Sukuu, PRESEC ne wɔn mfɛfo Presbyterian Mmabaa sukuu, Aburi Mmabaa Ntoaso Sukuu, ABUGISS, ayɛ apam a ɛkɔ so. Wɔfrɛ apam no sɛ PRE-GISS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title=Aburi Girls loses to their alliance Presec-Legon in The Sharks Quiz opener|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Aburi-Girls-loses-to-their-alliance-Presec-Legon-in-The-Sharks-Quiz-opener-728228|access-date=2021-03-03|website=ghanaweb|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gbagbo|first=Julitta|date=2016-04-25|title=12 SCHOOLS IN GHANA WITH THE STRONGEST ALLIANCE GROUPS|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2016/04/25/12-schools-in-ghana-with-the-strongest-alliance-groups/campus|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Kuulpeeps - Ghana Campus News and Lifestyle Site by Students|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Odade Radio so ==
Wɔ December 2021 mu no, afe 1981 afe kuw a ɛyɛ sukuu no mu adesuafoɔ a wɔawie sukuu no de intanɛt radio dwumadibea bi a wɔfrɛ no Odade Radio sii hɔ sɛ ɛbɛsom sukuu no ne ne sukuufoɔ a wɔawie ne afoforɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ eyi ne Senior High School a edi kan wɔ Ghana a ɛwɔ n’ankasa radio dwumadibea&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Berk|first1=Kwesi|title=Presec Legon:Odade3 Alumni Launch First Ever Radio Station On Campus|url=https://news247gh.com/presec-legon-odade3-alumni-launch-first-ever-radio-station-on-campus/|website=News247gh|access-date=1 April 2022|date=29 December 2021|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104065504/https://news247gh.com/presec-legon-odade3-alumni-launch-first-ever-radio-station-on-campus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Presec Legon's Old Students Launch First Ever Radio Station On Campus|url=https://adehyemotion.com/presec-legons-old-students-launch-first-ever-radio-station-on-campus/|website=Adehyemotion|access-date=1 April 2022|date=27 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227192054/https://adehyemotion.com/presec-legons-old-students-launch-first-ever-radio-station-on-campus/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wɔhyehyɛɛ dwumadibea no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a asuafo no ani begye nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ ho adesua te sɛ nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ, nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ, mfoninitwa ne nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ sohwɛ ho kɛse. Ɛsan nso boa sukuu no nwomasua dwumadiɛ ne wɔn a wɔawie sukuu no afotuo nhyehyɛeɛ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PRESEC-LEGON becomes the first and only secondary school in Africa to have a radio station. - Ghanamma.com|url=https://www.ghanamma.com/2021/12/27/presec-legon-becomes-the-first-and-only-secondary-school-in-africa-to-have-a-radio-station/|website=www.ghanamma.com|access-date=1 April 2022|date=27 December 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228003711/https://www.ghanamma.com/2021/12/27/presec-legon-becomes-the-first-and-only-secondary-school-in-africa-to-have-a-radio-station/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Radio dwumadibea no sohwɛfo a odi kan ne John Addo-Fening a ofi 1981 alumnus a ɔsan yɛ Rite 90.1 FM radio dwumadibea no Adwumayɛfo Panyin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Afari|first1=Mark|date=2 March 2022|title=PRESEC-Legon holds Career Day as part of Odadeɛ Commemorative Week - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/presec-legon-holds-career-day-as-part-of-odade%C9%9B-commemorative-week/|access-date=1 April 2022|website=|publisher=The Multimedia Group}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nneɛma a wɔapaw a wɔatumi ayɛ ==

=== 1990 mfe no mu ===
PRESEC taa nyaa GCE O-level ne A-level aba a eye sen biara no mu biako ansa na wɔresakra ɔman no sɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe no akɔ BECE ne WASSCE.

Wɔ afe 1995 mu no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ Ghana National Science and Maths Quiz akansi a ɛto so abien no mu. PRESEC Southern Sector Champions, dii Opoku Ware Sukuu, Northern Sector Champions so nkonim wɔ Final of Finals mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS &amp;#124; Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School|url=https://preseclegon.edu.gh/1906-2/|access-date=2020-06-05|publisher=Preseclegon Education Ghana|archive-date=2019-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807193915/https://preseclegon.edu.gh/1906-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ 1999 mu no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ WAEC (West African Examinations Council) Excellence Awards ason no mu anan wɔ ankorankoro mmɔdenbɔ a eye sen biara wɔ sɔhwɛ a etwa to a wɔyɛe wɔ ntoaso sukuu bɛboro 500 mu no ho.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== 2000 mfe no mu ===
Wɔ afe 2002 mu, wɔ Ɔman Amanyɔ Mmara Nsɛmmisa a Ɔman Bagua a Ɛhwɛ Ɔmanfo Nhomasua So hyehyɛe no mu no, PRESEC Ɔmanfo Nhomasua Kuw no puei sɛ wodii nkonim wɔ akansi no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ afe 2003 mu no, PRESEC san yɛɛ adwuma a wɔyɛe wɔ afe 1995 mu no denam Opoku Ware Sukuu a wodii so nkonim wɔ Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Quiz akansi no mu no so. Akyiri yi wobuu osuani bi a ofi saa kuw a wodii nkonim no mu sɛ ɔyɛɛ adwuma a eye sen biara wɔ WAEC (West African Examinations Council) SSSCE sɔhwɛ ahorow mu saa afe no nyinaa mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ 1 July 2006 no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Nsɛmmisa mu ne mprɛnsa so. Wɔmaa sukuu no akansi nkonimbo no maa keeps. PRESEC dii St. Peter’s Secondary School a na wɔrebɔ wɔn ho ban saa bere no so nkonim wɔ nea etwa to no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ 16 June 2008 no, PRESEC puei sɛ nkonimdifoɔ wɔ Ɔman Title of NIIT ICT Expert 2008 wɔ Kumasi, berɛ a wɔdii ɔmantam no mu akansifoɔ so nkonim akyi: St. James Seminary SHS, Sunyani (Brong-Ahafo), Opoku Ware School, Kumasi (Ashanti Mantam), [[:en:St. Augustine's College (Cape Coast)|St. Augustine's College]], [[:en:Cape Coast|Cape Coast]] ([[:en:Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]]) ne Baidoo Bonsoe SHS, [[:en:Sekondi-Takoradi|Takoradi]] ([[:en:Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region]])a sukuu ahorow 78 na wɔresi akan nso wɔ ɔmantam no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://preseclegon.edu.gh/1906-2/|title=AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS {{!}} Presbyterian Boys' Secondary School|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-25|archive-date=2019-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807193915/https://preseclegon.edu.gh/1906-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ 8 July 2008 no, PRESEC dii nkonim wɔ Ɔman Nyansahu ne Nkontaabu Nsɛmmisa mu ne mpɛn anan. Sukuu no dii Opoku Ware Sukuu so nkonim wɔ nea etwa to no mu. Eyi ne mprɛnsa so a PRESEC adi Opoku Ware so nkonim wɔ nea etwa to no mu&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;.

Wɔ 24 June 2009 no, ɛnyɛ sɛ PRESEC dii nkonim wɔ nsɛmmisa akansi no mu ne mpɛn anum nko, na mmom wɔbɛyɛɛ sukuu a edi kan a ɛbɔɔ wɔn abodin sɛ Ɔman Nkonimdifo no ho ban yiye. PRESEC dii Achimota Sukuu so nkonim wɔ nea etwa to no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== 2010 mfeɛ no mu ===
Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, PRESEC asuafoɔ mmienu gyinaa Ghana ananmu na wɔnyaa kɔbere nkonimboɔ wɔ International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO) a wɔyɛɛ no ​​Abuja, Nigeria, wɔ aman 35 a ɛwɔ wiase nyinaa mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ afe 2010 mu no, wɔhyɛɛ osuani bi anuonyam wɔ WASSCE 2009 Excellence Awards Ceremony, sɛ Ɔkannifoɔ a Ɔsen Biara wɔ Nyansahu Dwumadie no mu, Ɔman Ɔkannifoɔ a Ɔsen Biara ne afei Ɔkannifoɔ a Ɔsen Biara wɔ Afrika Atɔeɛ fam; na osuani bi yɛɛ Overall Best wɔ Adwumayɛ Nhyehyɛe no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ 13 May 2011 no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ VRA 50th Anniversary Inter-Schools Debate Competition mu a wɔdii Mfantsipim Sukuu so nkonim wɔ akansi no awiei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ September 2011 mu no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ Sprite Ball Inter-Schools Basketball Championship mu, na wɔdii nkonim wɔ akansifoɔ a wɔrebɔ wɔn ho ban, Achimota Sukuu so 10-8 wɔ awieɛ no mu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ 2 September 2011 no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ &quot;Coke Hit Single&quot; a edi kan no mu. Akansie no de nnwom ho nimdeɛ a ɛfiri ntoaso sukuu akɛseɛ 32 mu a wɔsii akan sɛ wɔbɛgye abodin a ɛtwa toɔ a ɛne &quot;Coke Hit Single&quot; - ntoaso sukuu nnwom ho nimdeɛ a ɛsen biara wɔ Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Wɔ Oforisuo 2013 mu, wɔ WASSCE 2012 Excellence Awards mu no, wɔbuu osuani bi atɛn sɛ Ɔkannifoɔ a Ɔsen Biara wɔ General Arts Program mu wɔ West African Examinations Council (West African Examinations Council) sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛe wɔ West African sub-region no nyinaa mu wɔ afe a Badwa no kyerɛw ne dodoɔ a ɛkyɛn so ‘pɛn’ a wɔadu ne fata a ɛsua koraa a wɔfata ma abasobɔdeɛ a ɛkyɛn so no mu, kyerɛ sɛ 8 grade A1s - (530 wɔ abatoɔfoɔ 174,385 a wɔtenaa May/June WASSCE wɔ afe 2012 mu no mu ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

2016 - Wɔpaw Ghana Mmarahyɛ Bagua no Kasafo, Aaron Mike Ocquaye (Class of 1962), ne Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mufo 15 a wɔyɛ alumni, sɛ wɔmmɛyɛ Fourth Republic Mmarahyɛ Bagua a ɛto so 7 no.

Wɔ December 2019 mu no, PRESEC sukuuni bi gyinaa Ghana ananmu na onyaa Dwetɛ Abasobɔde wɔ International Junior Science Olympiad (IJSO) a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ Doha, Qatar - bere a edi kan a Ghanani bi nyaa Dwetɛ Abasobɔde wɔ Olympiad no mu; ɛde besi saa bere no, na wɔn a wɔadi kan anya nkonimbo a wofi Ghana no adi Kɔbere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=IJSO 2019 QATAR ; A Glorious Recap|url=https://studentsblogh.wordpress.com/2020/03/20/ijso-2019-qatar-a-glorious-recap/|access-date=2021-11-24|website=GCIHS Students Blog|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020 mfeɛ no mu ===
Wɔ 8 Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2020 no, sukuu no dii nkonim wɔ Ɔman Nkontaabu ne Nyansahu Nsɛmmisa akansi no mu ne mprenu so denam Alisadel College ne Opoku Ware Senior High School a wɔdii nkonim wɔ awieɛ no mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=NSMQ 2020: Presec ends decade-long drought after outsmarting Adisco and OWASS to win 6th trophy|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/nsmq-2020-presec-ends-decade-long-drought-after-outsmarting-adisco-and-owass-to-win-6th-trophy/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=MyJoyOnline.|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ March 2022 mu no, wɔbuu osuani bi sɛ ɔyɛ WASSCE kandifoɔ a ɔdi mu wɔ Ghana nyinaa na ɔnyaa nkonimboɔ a ɛtɔ so mmienu wɔ West Africa wɔ WAEC 2021 International Excellence Awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-15|title=Ghanaian candidate from PRESEC places 2nd at International Excellence Awards for WASSCE 2021|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghanaian-candidate-from-PRESEC-places-2nd-at-International-Excellence-Awards-for-WASSCE-2021-1491350|access-date=2022-03-19|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2023-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928231026/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Ghanaian-candidate-from-PRESEC-places-2nd-at-International-Excellence-Awards-for-WASSCE-2021-1491350|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1970-01-01|title=Kwame Brako Asante Performs as Best Student in Ghana &amp; 2nd Best in West Africa in WASSCE 2021 Exams|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/education/frencheducationgh/Kwame-Brako-Asante-Performs-as-Best-Student-in-Ghana-2nd-Best-in-West-Africa-in-WASSCE-2021-Exams-2264|access-date=2022-03-19|website=GhanaWeb|language=en|archive-date=2022-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319050900/https://www.ghanaweb.com/education/frencheducationgh/Kwame-Brako-Asante-Performs-as-Best-Student-in-Ghana-2nd-Best-in-West-Africa-in-WASSCE-2021-Exams-2264|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ 26 Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2022 no, PRESEC dii Prempeh College ne Adisadel College so nkonim ma wɔdii nkonim wɔ NSMQ akansi no mu ne mpɛn ason.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

PRESEC dii nkonim wɔ The Sharks Quiz akansi mu wɔ afe 2020 ne 2023 mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Sharks Quiz.|url=https://thesharksquiz.com/index.html|access-date=2023-10-31|website=Marcus Oldham College|language=en-AU|archive-date=2025-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917171714/https://thesharksquiz.com/index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ 30 Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2023 no, PRESEC dii Achimota Sukuu ne Opoku Ware Sukuu so nkonim de dii nkonim wɔ NSMQ akansi no mu ne mpɛn awotwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=October 30, 2023|title=Presec Legon wins #NSMQ for the 8th time|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/education/watch-nsmq2023-grand-finale-presec-legon-opoku-ware-and-achimota-compete-for-ultimate-prize.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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    <title>Tetrapleura tetraptera</title>
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'''Tetrapleura tetraptera''' yɛ nhwiren a ɛwɔ Fabaceae abusua mu a ɛwɔ Afrika Atɔe fam ne Afrika Mfinimfini.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Margaret Steentoft |title=Flowering Plants in West Africa |date=1988-06-09 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdzr7NNWZv0C |publisher=Cambridge University Press |language=en |isbn= |access-date=2024-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔfrɛ no prekese (anaa, prɛkɛsɛ aka soup perfume) wɔ [[Twi]] kasa a ɛwɔ [[Gaana|Ghana]] mu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Paul Osei-Tutu |title=Hidden Forestry Revealed: Characteristics, Constraints and Opportunities for Small and Medium Forest Enterprises in Ghana |date=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZ9_pC-SlmwC |publisher=IIED |language=en |isbn= |access-date=2024-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔsan frɛ no uhio (uhiokrihio) wɔ Nigeria Igbo kasa mu. 

Wɔde dua no di dwuma wɔ akwan pii so. Wobu ne hua a ɛyɛ dɛ no sɛ ɛsom bo, na wɔde ne aba no hyɛ nnuan te sɛ Banga sopa mu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Thomas E. Kyei |title=Our Days Dwindle: Memories of My Childhood Days in Asante |date=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWBmAAAAMAAJ |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |language=en |isbn= |access-date=2024-07-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wɔtaa de no yɛ nnuan ahorow esiane ne huam nti.                  

                  [[File:Tetrapleura_tetraptera_MHNT.BOT.2017.10.22.jpg|thumb|270x270px|''Tetrapleura tetraptera'' ]]
[[File:Tetrapleura_tetraptera_(Prekese).jpg|thumb]]                                                                        

== Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ==
Ɛyɛ dua a ne nhaban yɛ kɔkɔɔ a ne tenten betumi adu mita 25, na ne dua dua dua no yɛ nketenkete na ɛteɛ, na ne dua no yɛ kɔkɔɔ a ne ho yɛ huam. N'ahaban yɛ nkatabo abien, na emu biara wɔ nkatabo 12 kosi 24. Nhomawa no tenten betumi adu sɛntimita 2  na ne tɛtrɛtɛ nso betumi adu sɛntimita 1, na ɛyɛ nketenkete a ne tenten yɛ tenten kosi ne tɛtrɛtɛ mu, na ne ti ne ne ti nyinaa yɛ nketenkete.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Player_list |date= |url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116145335/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Aduaba no taa kyekyere nkorabata no ano, na aba no mu no, aba no yɛ tuntum anaa kɔkɔɔ. 

Ɛwɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]] Atɔe fam, efi [[Senegal]] wɔ Afrika Atɔe fam kɔsi Sudan ne [[Konya|Kenya]] ne anafo fam kɔsi [[Tanzania]] ne [[Angola]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schumach. &amp; Thonn.) Taub. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:521134-1 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707062436/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:521134-1 |archive-date=2024-07-07 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;                 

== Beaɛ A Menyaa Mmoaa Fii ==</text>
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    <title>Ocimum canum</title>
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'''''Ocimum americanum''''' a yɛnim no sɛ  as '''American basil''', '''lime basil''',&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=Ocimum americanum var. americanum JCU Australia |date=19 October 2015 |url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/discover-nature-at-jcu/plants/nq-weeds-by-scientific-name2/ocimum-americanum-var.-americanum |access-date=7 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa '''hoary basil''',&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=402305 |access-date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  wɔ borɔfo kasa mu no yɛ ahaban soronko bi a, epue afe afe. Ɛka  Lamiaceae nnua abusuakuo kɛseɛ no bo. Ɛwɔ mu sɛ edin a ɛda so no kyerɛ sɛ ɛfiri Amerika deɛ, nanso, n'ase ankasa firi [[Africa]],  Indian Subcontinent, [[China]], ne  Asaia atɔeɛ fam. Edin Amerika no deɛ, ɛnka hwee. Wɔaduadua bi wɔ  Queensland, Christmas Island ne America fa baabi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=136802|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&amp;taxon_id=200019913 Flora of China Vol. 17 Page 296, &lt;big&gt;灰罗勒&lt;/big&gt; hui luo le, ''Ocimum americanum'' Linnaeus, Cent. Pl. 1, 15. 1755. ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Berhaut, J. (1975). Flore illustrée du Sénégal 4: 1-625. Gouvernement du Sénégal, Ministère du développement rural direction des eaux et forêta, Dakar.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Boulvert, Y. (1977). Catalogue de la Flore de Centrafrique 2(1): 1-85. ORSTOM, Bangui.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George, A.S., Orchard, A.E. &amp; Hewson, H.J. (eds.) (1993). Oceanic islands 2. Flora of Australia 50: 1-606. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hokche, O., Berry, P.E. &amp; Huber, O. (eds.) (2008). Nuevo Catalogo de la Flora Vascular de Venezuela: 1-859. Fundación Instituto Botanico de Venezuela.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Figueiredo, E. &amp; Smith, G.F. (2008). Plants of Angola. Strelitzia 22: 1-279. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Khanam, M. &amp; Hassan, M.A. (2008). Lamiaceae. Flora of Bangladesh 58: 1-161. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Paton, A.J., Bramley, G., Ryding, O., Polhill, R., Harvey, Y., Iwarsson, M., Willis, F., Phillipson, P., Balkwill, K., Lukhoba, C., Otiend, D &amp; Harley (2009). Lamiaceae (Labiatae). Flora of Tropical East Africa: 1-430.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ocimum americanum L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316218-2|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Plants of the World Online|language=en|archive-date=2026-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20261024103425/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316218-2|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ne Bɔberɛ ==
Ɛyɛ dua ketewa merɛmerɛɛmerɛ bi a ɛyi ne ho afe afe. Biribi a ɛte sɛ enwi wowɔ ne dua ho bebree. Ɛnyini a,  ne tenten tumi yɛ  40&amp;nbsp;cm. Ɛwɔ nhwiren mfitaamfitaa a ɛne ahabanmono adi afra. Nhwiren no bobɔ ho bebree.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ne nhini no tumi wura asase no mu kɔ akyire pa ara.

== Ne Dwumadie ==
Wɔde yɛ biribi sɔkyee a ɛyɛ hwam.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Lime Basil Information and facts Specialty Produce|url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Lime_Basil_14046.php|access-date=7 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E-Prosea Detail|url=http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&amp;id=582|access-date=2021-08-12|website=proseanet.org|archive-date=2021-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812160314/http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea_detail.php?frt=&amp;id=582|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dua no ankasa nso tumi sa yadeɛ pii&lt;ref name=&quot;w&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.herbsociety.org/factsheets/Basil%20Guide.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319013711/http://www.herbsociety.org/factsheets/Basil%20Guide.pdf|archive-date=2015-03-19|access-date=2014-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beaeɛ a Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Nkyekyεmu:Nnua]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Nnuro]]</text>
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'''Synedrella nodiflora''' a wɔtaa frɛ no Cinderella nwura, yɛ afifide a ɛyɛ nhabannuru a efi Amerika mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew nanso atrɛw akɔ wiase mmeae ahorow, a [[Gaana|Ghana]] ka ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=NParks {{!}} Synedrella nodiflora |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/2/5275 |access-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. {{!}} Species |url=https://portal.wiktrop.org/species/show/320 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ɛka Asteraceae abusua no ho na wonim no sɛ enyin ntɛmntɛm na ɛyɛ nea ɛkɛntɛn nwura ne ndua ahorow so.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7388545/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Discover Nature |title=Synedrella nodiflora |date= |url=https://www.jcu.edu.au/discover-nature-at-jcu/plants/nq-weeds-by-common-name/synedrella-nodiflora}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Beaɛ a wɔhu no ==
Wɔ Ghana no, saa nwura yi abu so titiriw wɔ kuayɛ nsase, akwan ho, ne mmeae afofor, baabi a ɛne afifide ne nnɔbae a wɔdua no si akan. Etumi nyin wɔ asase ahorow ne wim tebea ahorow mu, na ɛboa ma ɛtrɛw wɔ mmeae a osu tɔ na owia bɔ kɛse wɔ wiase nyinaa. Wɔ [[Abibrem|Afrika]], Asia, ne Pacific nsupɔw so no, wɔtaa hu no wɔ mmeae a owia hann ne nsu pii wɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:252024-1 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202142326/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:252024-1 |archive-date=2024-12-02 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sua pii ==

* [[Hyptis pectinata]] 
* [[Jatropha curcas]] 
* [[Justicia flava]] 
* [[Kalanchoe pinnata]]
* [[Khaya senegalensis]] 
* [[Kigelia africana]]

== Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii ==


[[Category:Ghanafo]]
[[Category:Asante Twi kasa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talbotiella gentii</title>
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'''Talbotiella gentii''' yɛ [[Kwaeɛ|kwae]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;ɛ mu dua a ɛnso pii na ɛka  Fabaceae abusua no ho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Talbotiella gentii - Useful Tropical Plants |url=https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Talbotiella+gentii |access-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Talbotiella gentii Hutch. &amp; Greenway {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520165-1 |language=en |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172718/https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:520165-1 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saa dua yi wɔ Ghana na wonim no sɛ ɛntrɛ ntɛntɛm ɛwɔ abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom mu beaeɛ ahorow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Talbotiella gentii |url=https://inaturalist.nz/taxa/444211-Talbotiella-gentii |language=en |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172723/https://inaturalist.nz/taxa/444211-Talbotiella-gentii |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=essai |title=Conservation of Talbotiella gentii in Ghana |date=2020-04-02 |url=https://fondationfranklinia.org/en/talbotiella-gentii-ghana/ |language=en-US |access-date=2024-07-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ho asɛm ==
John Hutchinson, [[Ngyiresi|British]] afifide ho nimdefo a wagye din, a ɔboaa kɛse ma wɔkyekyɛɛ Afrika afifide mu no na odii kan kaa su yi ho asɛm.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Wohu Talbotiella gentii wɔ Ghana nkutoo, titiriw wɔ kwae a ɛyɛ kusuu a nhaban a awo fa bi wɔ mu. Dua no wɔ beae pɔtee bi a enyin, titiriw wɔ kwae a wɔakora so wɔ Volta Mantam mu, a Atewa Range Kwae a Wɔakora So ka ho.

== Haw ==
Amanaman Ntam Kuw a Ɛhwɛ Abɔde So (IUCN) de Talbotiella gentii aka nnua a  ehia ahobanmmɔ kɛse no ho esiane sɛ ne nkyekyɛmu sua koraa ne sɛeye a na nkurɔfo rekɔ do ɛsɛe n'atrae no. Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛde ne nkwa nna ho asiane ba ne nnua a wotwa, kuayɛ mu ntrɛwmu, ne nneɛma a wotu, a ɛma atrae no mu paapae na ɛsɛe.

== Sua pii ==

* [[Hyptis pectinata]]
* [[Jatropha curcas]]
* [[Justicia flava]]
* [[Kalanchoe pinnata]]
* [[Khaya senegalensis]]
* [[Kigelia africana|Kigelia africa]]

== Beaɛ a menyaa mmoa fii ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Nkyekyεmu:Ghanafo]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Asante Twi kasa]]</text>
      <sha1>fv538vtlcnn9bche009uy5e3m9uwhyi</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nkitahodie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>201048</id>
      <parentid>200471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T15:36:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="1523" sha1="dapc01uhtgehbz29d8thh8de5qor7ag" xml:space="preserve">Nkitahodie ne nkɔmmɔdie a akɔ so wɔ nnipa bi ntam. Nkitahodie bɛkɔ so a, ɛyɛ a na ɛnam nnipa mmienu so, ɛyɛ deɛ ɔde asɛm no nam ɛnna deɛ ɔretie asɛm no, na ɛno ara ne sɛ nnipa mmienu no reda nsenkyerɛnne bi adi na saa nsenkyerɛnne yi tumi yɛ kasa anaa mfoni, ɛtumi nso yɛ nnipa nsenkyerɛnne anaa deɛ yɛhwɛ.[https://www.neliti.com/publications/600861/ensuring-quality-students-learning-outcomes-in-english-language-instruction-thro] Ansa na nkitahodie bɛsi pi no, ɛyɛ a na ɛnam nsenkyerɛne bi a aniwa, nnipadua, dede bi nnipa nne tumi yɛ so ansa na asi pi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20251006214633/https://kb.osu.edu/items/3398597a-afb3-52f6-ac4f-bc9bccf9e72a]

Nkitahodie ne ɔkwan a yɛfa so te asɛm bi ase san de di dwuma. Ɛne sɛ woreda adwempɔ bi adi ne nkɔmmɔ twetwe a akɔ so wɔ nnipakuo bi ntam. Yɛbɛtumi nso aka sɛ nkitahodie yɛ sɛ woreda adwene bi anaa atenka bi adi anaa sɛ wode asɛm bi rema nnipa bi. Nkitahodie so yi a, na yɛbɛtumi aka sɛ nkitahodi yɛ sɛ wode nsɛmhia bi anaa asɛm bi reko beaɛ bi anaa sɛ wode nsanhia bi rema nnipakuo bi.[https://web.archive.org/web/20250702141317/https://wikious.com/en/Oxford_English_Dictionary]

== Baabi a menyaa mmoa firiiɛ ==
1.https://www.neliti.com/publications/600861/ensuring-quality-students-learning-outcomes-in-english-language-instruction-thro

2.https://kb.osu.edu/items/3398597a-afb3-52f6-ac4f-bc9bccf9e72a

3.https://web.archive.org/web/20250702141317/https://wikious.com/en/Oxford_English_Dictionary</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nsaman Krataa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17668</id>
    <revision>
      <id>201049</id>
      <parentid>200951</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-05T15:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10377</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
      <origin>201049</origin>
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      <text bytes="875" sha1="pw93k3sdg7yypoer56a4mrxyf3km2bb" xml:space="preserve">Nsaman krataa yɛ kɔɔto krataa a wɔde hyɛ asɛnnie ase wɔ mmara kwan so.[https://legalempiregh.com/how-do-i-make-a-will-in-ghana/] Saa nkrataa yi na wɔde kɔma nea wɔabɔ no kwaadu no sɛ nea ɔde n'asem abɛdan asɛnnibea bi de no aba asɛnnibea.[https://web.archive.org/web/20260806194140/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/acts/willsact.pdf] 

Ɛhwɛ sɛ nea wɔabɔ no kwaadu no bɛba abɛpii so sɛ ɔne kwaadubɔfoɔ no bɛtwe wɔ asɛm a ɔde abɛdan asɛnnibea no.[https://www.ahaspora.com/the-final-testament-6-facts-about-wills-in-ghana/]

== Baabi A Menyaa Mmoa Firiiɛ ==
1.[https://legalempiregh.com/how-do-i-make-a-will-in-ghana/ How do I make a will in Ghana? in Ghana – Legal Empire]

2.https://web.archive.org/web/20260806194140/https://judicial.gov.gh/jsweb/acts/willsact.pdf

3.https://www.ahaspora.com/the-final-testament-6-facts-about-wills-in-ghana/</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Schmalkalden</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18207</id>
    <revision>
      <id>201069</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T09:13:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K7yz3</username>
        <id>22268</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''Schmalkalden''' yɛ kurow bi a ɛwɔ Germany man Thüringen mu. Kurow no wɔ nnipa bɛyɛ 19,000 na ɛwɔ Schmalkalden-Meiningen [[Mansini|mansin]] mu. Ɛne Thüringen Kwaeɛ hyeɛ.  ''Hochschule Schmalkalden'' yɛ sukuu kɛseɛ bi a ɛde Bachelor ne Master adesua (bere nyinaa ne bere fã) ne adesua a wɔyɛ bere a wɔreyɛ adwuma nso ma. Nhwehwɛmu ne nkyerɛkyerɛ no twe adwene kɛse si MINT so (= Akontaabu, [[Kɔmputa]], Abɔde ho [[Nyansahufoɔ|nyansahu]] ne Mfiri...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>201069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2495" sha1="f5l86sz9sygese02g9h68ifur23tipg" xml:space="preserve">'''Schmalkalden''' yɛ kurow bi a ɛwɔ Germany man Thüringen mu. Kurow no wɔ nnipa bɛyɛ 19,000 na ɛwɔ Schmalkalden-Meiningen [[Mansini|mansin]] mu. Ɛne Thüringen Kwaeɛ hyeɛ.

''Hochschule Schmalkalden'' yɛ sukuu kɛseɛ bi a ɛde Bachelor ne Master adesua (bere nyinaa ne bere fã) ne adesua a wɔyɛ bere a wɔreyɛ adwuma nso ma. Nhwehwɛmu ne nkyerɛkyerɛ no twe adwene kɛse si MINT so (= Akontaabu, [[Kɔmputa]], Abɔde ho [[Nyansahufoɔ|nyansahu]] ne Mfiridwuma). Wɔ awɔwbere semester 2023/2024 mu no, na asuafoɔ 2,580 na wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Programmes |date= |url=https://www.hs-schmalkalden.de/en/studying/programmes |publisher=Hochschule Schmalkalden |language=en |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Elisabeth Klinikum Schmalkalden'' yɛ ayaresabea kɛseɛ bi a ɛma ayaresa a ɛho hia wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ayaresa nhyehyɛeɛ mu, na ɛwɔ adwumayɛfoɔ bɛboro 300. Ne nkyɛn no, Ayaresa ne Akwahosan Dwumadibea (MVZ) ne asa a wɔyɛ dialysis nso wɔ hɔ. Sɛ wɔka mmeaeɛ abiɛsa yi bom a, wɔyɛ ɔmantam no mu ayaresa ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ ketewa bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=7. Thüringer Krankenhausplan |date= |url=https://www.tmasgff.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Gesundheit/Dateien/Krankenhaus/thueringer_krankenhausplan_stand_januar2020.pdf |year=2020 |publisher=Freistaat Thüringen |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ Schmalkalden no, adwumakuw bi a wɔfrɛ no Thüringer Waldquell Mineralbrunnen wɔ hɔ. Ɛno na ɛyɛ Vita Cola. Wɔ Germany apuei fam no, Vita Cola wɔ gua no mu kyɛfa a ɛto so mmienu, Coca-Cola akyi. Nanso, wɔ Thüringen mantam mu no, ɛno na ɛdi kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last= |title=Schmalkalden: Thüringer Waldquell verkauft wieder mehr Vita Cola |date=2018-03-07 |url=https://www.mdr.de/thueringen/sued-thueringen/schmalkalden-meiningen/thueringer-waldquell-bilanz-vita-cola-100.html |work= |publisher=MDR |language=de-DE |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhyehyɛeɛ ==

* Asbach
* Grumbach
* Mittelschmalkalden ne Haindorf bom
* Mittelstille ne Breitenbach bom
* Möckers
* Springstille
* Wernshausen ne Niederschmalkalden ne Helmers bom

[[File:Schmalkalden_Stadtgliederung.png|frameless|480x480px]]

== Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow ==

* [https://schmalkalden.de Kurow no wɛbsaet]
* [https://hs-schmalkalden.de Sukuupɔn Schmalkalden no wɛbsaet]
* [https://www.elisabeth-klinikum.de Ayaresabea kɛseɛ Elisabeth]

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Kuro]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Gyaaman]]</text>
      <sha1>f5l86sz9sygese02g9h68ifur23tipg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>201070</id>
      <parentid>201069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-06T09:22:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>K7yz3</username>
        <id>22268</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>201070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2567" sha1="k2s107ku3cljx463q768ibd9f7x54as" xml:space="preserve">'''Schmalkalden''' yɛ kurow bi a ɛwɔ Germany man Thüringen mu. Kurow no wɔ nnipa bɛyɛ 19,000 na ɛwɔ Schmalkalden-Meiningen [[Mansini|mansin]] mu. Ɛne Thüringen Kwaeɛ hyeɛ.

''Hochschule Schmalkalden'' yɛ sukuu kɛseɛ bi a ɛde Bachelor ne Master adesua (bere nyinaa ne bere fã) ne adesua a wɔyɛ bere a wɔreyɛ adwuma nso ma. Nhwehwɛmu ne nkyerɛkyerɛ no twe adwene kɛse si MINT so (= Akontaabu, [[Kɔmputa]], Abɔde ho [[Nyansahufoɔ|nyansahu]] ne Mfiridwuma). Wɔ awɔwbere semester 2023/2024 mu no, na asuafoɔ 2,580 na wɔakyerɛw wɔn din wɔ hɔ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Programmes |date= |url=https://www.hs-schmalkalden.de/en/studying/programmes |publisher=Hochschule Schmalkalden |language=en |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Elisabeth Klinikum Schmalkalden'' yɛ ayaresabea kɛseɛ bi a ɛma ayaresa a ɛho hia wɔ ɔmanfoɔ ayaresa nhyehyɛeɛ mu, na ɛwɔ adwumayɛfoɔ bɛboro 300. Ne nkyɛn no, Ayaresa ne Akwahosan Dwumadibea (MVZ) ne asa a wɔyɛ dialysis nso wɔ hɔ. Sɛ wɔka mmeaeɛ abiɛsa yi bom a, wɔyɛ ɔmantam no mu ayaresa ne akwahosan ho nhyehyɛeɛ ketewa bi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=7. Thüringer Krankenhausplan |date= |url=https://www.tmasgff.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Gesundheit/Dateien/Krankenhaus/thueringer_krankenhausplan_stand_januar2020.pdf |year=2020 |publisher=Freistaat Thüringen |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wɔ Schmalkalden no, adwumakuw bi a wɔfrɛ no Thüringer Waldquell Mineralbrunnen wɔ hɔ. Ɛno na ɛyɛ Vita Cola. Wɔ Germany apuei fam no, Vita Cola wɔ gua no mu kyɛfa a ɛto so mmienu, Coca-Cola akyi. Nanso, wɔ Thüringen mantam mu no, ɛno na ɛdi kan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last= |title=Schmalkalden: Thüringer Waldquell verkauft wieder mehr Vita Cola |date=2018-03-07 |url=https://www.mdr.de/thueringen/sued-thueringen/schmalkalden-meiningen/thueringer-waldquell-bilanz-vita-cola-100.html |work= |publisher=MDR |language=de-DE |access-date=2026-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhyehyɛeɛ ==

* Schmalkalden ne Aue, Näherstille, Reichenbach, Volkers, Weidebrunn bom
* Asbach
* Grumbach
* Mittelschmalkalden ne Haindorf bom
* Mittelstille ne Breitenbach bom
* Möckers
* Springstille
* Wernshausen ne Niederschmalkalden, Helmers bom

[[File:Schmalkalden_Stadtgliederung.png|frameless|480x480px]]

== Abɔnten so nkitahodi ahorow ==

* [https://schmalkalden.de Kurow no wɛbsaet]
* [https://hs-schmalkalden.de Sukuupɔn Schmalkalden no wɛbsaet]
* [https://www.elisabeth-klinikum.de Ayaresabea kɛseɛ Elisabeth]

== Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Nkyekyεmu:Kuro]]
[[Nkyekyεmu:Gyaaman]]</text>
      <sha1>k2s107ku3cljx463q768ibd9f7x54as</sha1>
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