Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 795 7783072 7782358 2026-05-06T21:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CollageFisica.jpg|thumb]] Iton '''físika''', '''pesiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 283.</ref> o '''pisiká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 288.</ref> (tikang han [[Griyego nga yinaknan|Griyego]], φύσις (''phúsis''), ''"nature"'' ngan φυσικός (''phusikós''), "natural"), an pinaka-''fundamental'' nga [[siyensya natural]], nanginginlabot hiton mga batikan nga mga prinsipyo han [[Universo]]. Iton Físika nanginginlabot hiton mga elementarya nga nakahimo han [[Nature|natural nga kalibutan]] (e.g. ''[[matter]]'', [[enerhiya]], [[espasyo]], ngan [[takna]]) ngan an ira mga interaksyon, pati gihapon han pag-analisar han mga sistema nga naipapahayag hin klaro ha pamulong hinin nga mga prinsipyo. ==Kasaysayan== Nagtikang an Pesika bilang Pilosopiya-natural sadton ''[[Archaic Greece|Archaic period]]'' han [[Greece]] (tuig 650 BCE – 480 BCE). An mga pilosopo sugad kan [[Thales]] naghanap hin ''methodological'' na mga eksplenasyons san mga natural na phenomena. Naghatag sira mga ideya nga ginpasarig san rason ngan obserbasyon, ngan daramo san kanra mga ''hypotheses'' naprubaran san experimento;<ref name="lloyd1970pp108-109">{{harvnb|Lloyd|1970|pp=108–109}}</ref> sugad san [[atomismo]] na naprubaran na tama haros 2000 katuig tikang sa una gin-''propose'' ni [[Leucippus]] ngan [[Democritus]].<ref name="about-atomism">{{Cite web |last=Gill |first=N.S. |title=Atomism - Pre-Socratic Philosophy of Atomism |work=Ancient/Classical History |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2014-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140710140657/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/presocraticphiloso/p/Atomism.htm |url-status= }}</ref> Nagin siyensya an Pesika sadton ''early modern Europe'' san paggamit nira san experimental ngan ''quantitative'' na ''methods'' para ma-diskobre an yana ginkokonsidera na ''[[laws of physics]]''.<ref name="benchaim2004">{{harvnb|Ben-Chaim|2004}}</ref> ==Klasikal na Pesika== [[Paypay:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|thumbnail|Si Isaac Newton(1643-1727), na may dagko na kontribusyon sa Klasikal na Piseka, an 'universal gravitation' ngan 'laws of motion']] Sakob sa Klasikal na pesika an mga tradisyonal na mga sanga sugad san ''[[mechanics]]'', ''[[acoustics]]'', ''[[optika|optics]]'', ''[[thermodynamics]]'', ngan ''[[electromagnetism]]''. Nanginginlabot an Klasikal na mechaniks san mga butang na nagkikiwa ngan ginpapakiwa san pwersa, ngan ginbabahin ini ngadto ha ''statics'', ''kinematics'', ngan ''dynamics''; Ginbabahin liwat an mechanics ngadto ha ''solid mechanics'' ngan ''fluid mechanics''. Sa fluid mechanics sakob an mga sanga na [[hydrostatics]], [[hydrodynamics]], [[aerodynamics]], ngan [[nyumatika|pneumatics]]. ==Moderno na Pesika== An moderno na pesika nagpapakita san iba na konsepto san ''space, time, ngan matter'' na prenesentar san klasikal na pesika. An duha na teoriya na nagdominar sa moderno na pesika amo an ''[[Quantum theory]]'' ngan ''special theory of relativity''. Sakob san moderno na pesika an [[quantum mechanics]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== <div class="reflist"> * {{Cite book |last=Aaboe |first=A. |authorlink=Asger Aaboe | date = 1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |edition=2nd |volume=Volume III |chapter=Mesopotamian Mathematics, Astronomy, and Astrology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-22717-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Allen |first=D. |date=10 Abril 1997 |title=Calculus |publisher=[[Texas A&M University]] |url=http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323194040/https://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/history/calc1/calc1.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Ben-Chaim |first=M. | date = 2004 |title=Experimental Philosophy and the Birth of Empirical Science: Boyle, Locke and Newton |url=https://archive.org/details/experimentalphil0000benc |publication-place=Aldershot |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate]] |isbn=0-7546-4091-4 |oclc=53887772 57202497 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=e6MEnPOhv7cC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Applied Turbulence Modelling in Marine Waters |publisher=Springer |last=Burchard |first=H. | date = 2002 |isbn=3-540-43795-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cho |first=A. |title=Higgs Boson Makes Its Debut After Decades-Long Search |journal=Science |pages=141–143 |volume=337 |date=13 Hulyo 2012 |doi=10.1126/science.337.6091.141 |pmid=22798574 |issue=6091 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Ancient Egyptian Science |volume=Volume 2 |place=Philadelphia |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |last=Clagett |first=M. | date = 1995 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=M.L. |title=Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics |journal=Physical Review Letters | date = 2008 |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=25001–25006 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |url=http://prl.aps.org/edannounce/PhysRevLett.101.250001 |bibcode = 2008PhRvL.101y0001C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite arXiv |last=DØ Collaboration |first=584 co-authors |authorlink=DØ experiment |title=Direct observation of the strange 'b' baryon <math>\Xi_{b}^{-}</math> |date=12 Hunyo 2007 |arxiv=0706.1690 |class=hep-ex |version=v2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |last=Dijksterhuis |first=E.J. |title=The mechanization of the world picture: Pythagoras to Newton |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] | date = 1986 |isbn=978-0-691-08403-9 |ref=harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805141040/http://www.getcited.org/pub/102471397 |date= 5 Agosto 2011 }} * {{Cite web |last=DONUT |authorlink=DONUT |title=The Standard Model |publisher=[[Fermilab]] |date=29 Hunyo 2001 |url=http://www-donut.fnal.gov/web_pages/standardmodelpg/TheStandardModel.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Feynman |first1=R.P. |author1link=Richard Feynman |last2=Leighton |first2=R.B. |last3=Sands |first3=M. | date = 1963 |title=[[The Feynman Lectures on Physics]] |volume=1 |isbn=0-201-02116-1 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Feynman |first=R.P. |authorlink=Richard Feynman |title=[[The Character of Physical Law]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-262-56003-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Godfrey-Smith |first=P. | date = 2003 |title=Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science |url=https://archive.org/details/theoryrealityint0000godf |isbn=0-226-30063-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goldstein |first=S. |title=Fluid Mechanics in the First Half of this Century |journal=Annual Reviews in Fluid Mechanics | date = 1969 |volume=1 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1146/annurev.fl.01.010169.000245 |bibcode = 1969AnRFM...1....1G |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=J.R. |last2=Gribbin |first2=M. |last3=Gribbin |first3=J. |title=Q is for Quantum: An Encyclopedia of Particle Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WzwbAQAAIAAJ | date = 1998 |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] |isbn=978-0-684-85578-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grupen |first=Klaus |title=Instrumentation in Elementary Particle Physics: VIII ICFA School |journal=AIP Conference Proceedings |date=10 Hulyo 1999 |volume=536 |pages=3–34 |doi=10.1063/1.1361756 |arxiv=physics/9906063 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Guicciardini |first=N. | date = 1999 |title=Reading the Principia: The Debate on Newton's Methods for Natural Philosophy from 1687 to 1736 |url=https://archive.org/details/readingprincipia0000guic |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Halpern |first=P. |title=Collider: The Search for the World's Smallest Particles |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JAxLVY96sqsC | date = 2010 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-64391-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Hawking |first1=S. |author1link=Stephen Hawking |last2=Penrose |first2=R. |author2link=Roger Penrose | date = 1996 |title=[[The Nature of Space and Time]] |isbn=0-691-05084-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Holzner |first=S. | date = 2006 |title=Physics for Dummies |url=http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0764554336 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |quote=Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you. |isbn=0-470-61841-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Honderich |first=T. (editor) |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Philosophy]] | date = 1995 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-866132-0 |edition=1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehandboo00morr/page/n469 474]–476 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Kellert |first=S.H. |title=In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems |url=https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] | date = 1993 |isbn=0-226-42976-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=R.A. |title=Tying Up the Solar System With a Ribbon of Charged Particles |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/sci;326/5951/350-a?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=IBEX&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&issue=5951&resourcetype=HWCIT |work=Science |date=16 Oktubre 2009 |volume=326 |issue=5951 |pages=350–351 |accessdate=27 Nobyembre 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Krupp |first=E.C. | date = 2003 |title=Echoes of the Ancient Skies: The Astronomy of Lost Civilizations |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |isbn=0-486-42882-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7rMAJ87WTF0C |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Laplace |first=P.S. |authorlink=Pierre-Simon Laplace |others=Translated from the 6th French edition by Truscott, F.W. and Emory, F.L. | date = 1951 |title=A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities |url=https://archive.org/details/philosophicaless00lapl |location=New York |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Leggett |first=A.J. |title=Superfluidity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | date = 1999 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=S318–S323 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S318 |bibcode = 1999RvMPS..71..318L |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Levy |first=B.G. |title=Cornell, Ketterle, and Wieman Share Nobel Prize for Bose-Einstein Condensates |journal=Physics Today |date= Disyembre 2001 |page=14 |doi=10.1063/1.1445529 |url=http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |volume=54 |issue=12 |bibcode=2001PhT....54l..14L |ref=harv |access-date= 19 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 15 Mayo 2016 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515100141/http://physicstoday.org/journals/doc/PHTOAD-ft/vol_54/iss_12/14_1.shtml?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |title=Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle |url=https://archive.org/details/earlygreekscienc00gerl |last=Lloyd |first=G.E.R. |authorlink=G. E. R. Lloyd |publisher=[[Chatto and Windus]]; [[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=London; New York | date = 1970 |isbn=0-393-00583-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Mastin |first=L. |title=Greek Mathematics - Plato |work=The Story of Mathematics | date = 2010 |url=http://www.storyofmathematics.com/greek_plato.html |accessdate=31 Marso 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Mattis |first=D.C. |title=The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VkNBAQAAIAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |isbn=978-981-238-579-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Maxwell |first=J.C. |authorlink=James Clerk Maxwell | date = 1878 |title=Matter and Motion |url=http://books.google.com/?id=noRgWP0_UZ8C&printsec=titlepage&dq=matter+and+motion |publisher=D. Van Nostrand |isbn=0-486-66895-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Moore |first=J.T. |title=Chemistry For Dummies |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRuP-BbS9xoC |edition=2 | date = 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-00730-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161 |title=Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation |publisher=[[The National Academies Press]] |last1=National Research Council |author1link=United States National Research Council |last2=Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces | date = 1997 |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-05928-2 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Special Relativity |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Pebrero 1996a |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=J.J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author2link=Edmund F. Robertson |title=A History of Quantum Mechanics |work=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]] |date= Mayo 1996b |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |accessdate=1 Abril 2014 |ref=harv |archive-date=28 Oktubre 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028220722/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Oerter |first=R. |title=The Theory of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, the Unsung Triumph of Modern Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1KHuAAAAMAAJ | date = 2006 |publisher=[[Pi Press]] |isbn=978-0-13-236678-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Penrose |first1=R. |author1link=Roger Penrose |last2=Shimony |first2=A. |last3=Cartwright |first3=N. |last4=Hawking |first4=S. |author4link=Stephen Hawking |title=[[The Large, the Small and the Human Mind]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 1997 |isbn=0-521-78572-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Penrose |first=R. |authorlink=Roger Penrose |title=[[The Road to Reality]] | date = 2004 |isbn=0-679-45443-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Rosenberg |first=Alex |title=Philosophy of Science |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-415-34317-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=My View of the World |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1983 |isbn=0-918024-30-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Schrödinger |first=E. |title=The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics |publisher=Ox Bow Press | date = 1995 |isbn=1-881987-09-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Singer |first=C. |title=A Short History of Science to the 19th Century |publisher=Streeter Press | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last1=Stajic |first1=Jelena |last2=Coontz |first2=R. |last3=Osborne |first3=I. |title=Happy 100th, Superconductivity! |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2011-04-08_332_6026/page/189 |journal=Science |date=8 Abril 2011 |volume=332 |issue=6026 |page=189 |doi=10.1126/science.332.6026.189 |bibcode = 2011Sci...332..189S |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=P.L. |last2=Heinonen |first2=O. |title=A Quantum Approach to Condensed Matter Physics |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hyx6BjEX4U8C | date = 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77827-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Thurston |first=H. |title=Early Astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyastronomy0000thur | date = 1994 |publisher=Springer |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Toraldo Di Francia |first=G. |title=The Investigation of the Physical World |url=https://archive.org/details/investigationofp0000tora | date = 1976 |isbn=0-521-29925-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=K.M. |title=Plotting the Future for Computing in High-Energy and Nuclear Physics |url=http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098 |publisher=[[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] |accessdate=18 Oktubre 2012 |date=1 Hunyo 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Young |first1=H.D. |last2=Freedman |first2=R.A. | date = 2014 |edition=13th |title=[[University Physics|Sears and Zemansky's University Physics with Modern Physics Technology Update]] |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |isbn=978-1-29202-063-1 |ref=harv}} </div> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics}} {{Wikibooks|Physics Study Guide}} {{Wikibooks|FHSST Physics}} {{Wikisource portal|Physics}} {{Wikiversity|Category:Physics|Physics}} '''Kasahiran''' <!--Please do not post more links here, they will be taken down as link spam!!--> * [http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Encyclopedia_of_physics Encyclopedia of Physics] at [[Scholarpedia]] * de Haas, Paul, {{Wayback|url=http://home.tiscali.nl/physis/HistoricPaper/|title=Historic Papers in Physics (20th Century)|date=20090826083339}} * [http://www.physicscentral.com/ PhysicsCentral] – Web portal run by the [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society] * [http://www.physics.org/ Physics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902123039/http://physics.org/ |date= 2 Septyembre 2004 }} – Web portal run by the [http://www.iop.org/ Institute of Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} * [http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ ''The Skeptic's Guide to Physics''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207124645/http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/ |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} * [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ Usenet Physics FAQ] – A FAQ compiled by sci.physics and other physics newsgroups * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/ Website of the Nobel Prize in physics] * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ World of Physics] An online encyclopedic dictionary of physics * [http://www.nature.com/naturephysics ''Nature'': Physics] * [http://physics.aps.org/ Physics] announced 17 Hulyo 2008 by the [[American Physical Society]] * {{dmoz|/Science/Physics/Publications/|Physics/Publications}} * [http://physicsworld.com/ Physicsworld.com] – News website from [http://publishing.iop.org/ Institute of Physics Publishing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050838/http://publishing.iop.org/ |date= 12 Hulyo 2012 }} * [http://physlib.com/ Physics Central] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624055123/http://physlib.com/ |date= 24 Hunyo 2013 }} – includes articles on astronomy, particle physics, and mathematics. * [http://www.vega.org.uk/ The Vega Science Trust] – science videos, including physics * [https://archive.org/details/JustinMorganPhysicsLightningTour/ Video: Physics "Lightning" Tour with Justin Morgan] * [http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html 52-part video course: The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html |date= 22 Marso 2013 }} Note: also available at [https://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 01 – Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101214/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6774539130229106025 |date= 27 Oktubre 2012 }} at [[Google Videos]] * [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hframe.html HyperPhysics website] – [[HyperPhysics]], a physics and astronomy mind-map from [[Georgia State University]] '''Mga organisasyon''' * [http://www.aip.org/index.html AIP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012041319/http://www.aip.org/index.html |date= 12 Oktubre 2004 }} – Website of the [[American Institute of Physics]] * [http://www.aps.org/ APS.org] – Website of the [[American Physical Society]] * [http://www.iop.org/ IOP.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521010833/http://www.iop.org/ |date= 21 Mayo 2019 }} – Website of the [[Institute of Physics]] * [http://planetphysics.org/ PlanetPhysics.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121156/http://planetphysics.org/ |date= 25 Pebrero 2009 }} * [http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ Royal Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050604075524/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/ |date=2005-06-04 }} – Although not exclusively a physics institution, it has a strong history of physics * [http://www.spsnational.org/ SPS National] – Website of the [[Society of Physics Students]] [[Kaarangay:Fisika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Fisika]] d4v2fync59wddqptwkt35afbd8plvul 0 1223 7783093 7644937 2026-05-06T21:57:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783093 wikitext text/x-wiki Iton '''panakayan''' (tinatawag gihapon nga '''transportasyon''') amo an padalagan hin mga tawo, mga butang, mga senyal, ug impormasyon tikang hin usa nga lugar ngadto hin iba. An pulong nga transportasyon tikang ha Latin nga mga pulong nga ''trans'' ("tabok") ug ''portare'' ("pagdara"). == Mga Aspeto hin Panakayan == Iton panakayan damo iton mga aspeto: ini hira puyde mabahinbahin ngadto hin tulo: infrastruktura, mga sarakyan, ug mga pagpadalagan o operasyon. Nalalakip hiton infrastruktura an mga ''transport network'' sugad hin kakarsadahan, mga riles hin tren, mga agi-anan ha kalangitan, mga kanal, mga ''pipeline'' ngbp. Iton mga sarakyan sinisiring nga mga ''nasakay'' hiton mga ''network'', sugad hiton mga auto, mga bisikleta, mga bus, mga tren, mga idro. Iton pagpadalagan o mga operasyon amo an nahanunungod han pag-kontrolar han sistema, sugad han mga senyales han trafik ug mga ''ramp meter'', mga ''railroad switch'', ''air traffic control'', ngbp, pati gihapon in mga polisiya sugad in paagi pagbiling kwarta para han sistema (sugad pananglitan, han paggamit hin mga ''toll'' o mga buhis han gasolina). Kon ha haluag nga paglantaw, iton disenyo hiton mga ''network'' amo an trabaho han ''civil engineering'' o inhenyeriya sibil ngan ''urban planning'' (pagplano han sawang). An disenyo han mga sarakyan amo an nahanungod han ''mechanical engineering'' o inhenyeriya mekanikal ug mga ispesyalizado nga mga ''subfield'' sugad han ''nautical engineering'' ug ''aerospace engineering''. An mga operasyon o pagpadalagan ispisyalisado, pero ini bangid trabaho ini han ''operations research'' o ''systems engineering''. == Mga Paagi hin Panakayan == Iton mga paagi o modo amo in mga kombinasyon hin mga ''network'', mga sarakyan, ug operasyon, ngan upod dinhe an pagbaktas, an sistema hin kakarsadahan, sistema han riles, mga sakayan ha kadagatan ug mga moderno nga pagpalupad. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{cite book |author=Bardi, Edward; John Coyle and Robert Novack |title=Management of Transportation |publisher=Thomson South-Western |year=2006 |isbn=0-324-31443-4}} * {{cite book |author=Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl |title=Supply Chain Management |url=https://archive.org/details/supplychainmanag0000chop_c4e3 |publisher=Pearson |year=2007 |isbn=0-13-208608-5}} * {{cite book|author1=Christopher P. Cooper|author2=Rebecca Shepherd|title=Tourism: Principles and Practice|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jzpnQgAACAAJ|accessdate=22 December 2012|year=1998|publisher=Financial Times Prent.Int|isbn=978-0-582-31273-9}} * {{cite book |last=Lay |first=Maxwell G |title=Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=1992 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=flvS-nJga8QC&pg=PR3&lpg=PR3&dq=%22Ways+of+the+world%22+Rutgers+University+Press,+New+Brunswick#PPA6,M1 |isbn=0-8135-2691-4}} * {{cite book |first=Martin |last=Stopford |year=1997 |title=Maritime Economics |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=0-415-15310-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category}} {{Wiktionary|transport|transportation}} {{wikiquote}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/trnsprt.htm Transportation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212816/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/trnsprt.htm |date=2016-03-03 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Science/Technology/Transportation|Transportation}} * [http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/ America On the Move] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805005405/http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/ |date=2011-08-05 }} An online transportation exhibition from the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution * [http://transport.org World Transportation Organization] The world transportation organization (The Non-Profit Advisory Organization) [[Kaarangay:Teknolohiya ngan Siyensya nga Aplikado]] [[Kaarangay:Panakayan| ]] kimyzgz20164cqa9806j0u9h4pd1e7e 0 2542 7783058 7642722 2026-05-06T21:27:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783058 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg|thumb]] It '''Kímika''' (tikang han [[alkimiya]]) amo an [[siyensya]] hin ''[[matter]]'' han [[atom]]iko ngadto han [[molecular]] nga iskala, nga nanginginlabot han mga pagtitirok han mga atom (sugad hin mga [[molecule]], mga [[crystal]], ngan mga [[metal]]). Iton Kimika nanginginlabot hiton kahimo ngan istadistikal nga mga panag-iyahan hinin nga mga istruktura, pat gihapon han mga pagbalyo ngan mga interaksyon hin nga nahihimo han mga materyales nga nabibilngan ha adlaw-adlaw nga panginabuhi. Sumala han moderno nga kímika, iton pisikal nga mga panag-iyahan hin mga materyales gindiditermina hiton hira istruktura ha atomiko nga iskala nga gindiditermina hiton mga panag-iyahan ngan mga enerhiya han mga interaksyon. ==Mga Sanga san chemistry== * [[Physical chemistry]] &ndash; an pag-aram san pisikal ngan "fundamental" na basihan san mga sistema kemikal ngan it mga proseso.<ref>{{Cite journal| author = Herbst, Eric | title = Chemistry of Star-Forming Regions | journal = Journal of Physical Chemistry A | date = 12 Mayo 2005 | volume = 109 | pages = 4017–4029 | issue = 18 | doi = 10.1021/jp050461c | pmid = 16833724| bibcode = 2005JPCA..109.4017H }}</ref> ** Electrochemistry &ndash; sanga san chemistry hitungod san pag'aram san mga reaksyon na nahihitabo san usa na solusyon sa atubangan san usa na "electron conductor" (an "electrode") ngan san "ionic conductor" (an "electrolyte"). ** [[Photochemistry]] &ndash; an pag-aram san mga reaksyon-kemikal na nahihitabo san "absorption" san lamrag san mga "atom" ngan "molecules". * [[Organic chemistry]] &ndash; an pag-aram san struktura, kinaiya, composisyon, mekanismo, ngan reaksyon san "organic compound". An organic compound amo an mga "compound" na may'ada "carbon skeleton". * [[Inorganic chemistry]] &ndash; an pag-aram san mga kinaiya nga mga reaksyon san mga "inorganic compounds". ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Atkins |first1=Peter |authorlink1=Peter Atkins |last2=de Paula |first2=Julio |title=Elements of Physical Chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofphysic0000pete_d6u3 |edition=5th | date = 2009 |origyear=1992 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-922672-6}} *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Burrows |first1=Andrew |last2=Holman |first2=John |last3=Parsons |first3=Andrew |last4=Pilling |first4=Gwen |last5=Price |first5=Gareth |title=Chemistry³ |url=https://archive.org/details/chemistry3introd0000unse | date = 2009 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Italy |isbn=978-0-19-927789-6}} *{{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Housecroft |first1=Catherine E. |last2=Sharpe |first2=Alan G. |title=Inorganic Chemistry |edition=3rd | date = 2008 |origyear=2001 |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |location=Harlow, Essex |isbn=978-0-13-175553-6 |oclc= |zbl= |doi= |id=}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Sister project links|Chemistry}} {{Wikiversity|chemistry|at-link=School:Chemistry|at=The School of Chemistry}} ;Popular reading * Atkins, P.W. ''Galileo's Finger'' ([[Oxford University Press]]) ISBN 0-19-860941-8 * Atkins, P.W. ''Atkins' Molecules'' (Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0-521-82397-8 * Kean, Sam. ''The Disappearing Spoon - and other true tales from the Periodic Table ''(Black Swan) London, 2010 ISBN 978-0-552-77750-6 * [[Primo Levi|Levi, Primo]] ''The Periodic Table'' (Penguin Books) [1975] translated from the Italian by Raymond Rosenthal (1984) ISBN 978-0-14-139944-7 * Stwertka, A. ''A Guide to the Elements'' (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-515027-9 * {{Cite web|title=Dictionary of the History of Ideas|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04|access-date=2015-01-22|archive-date=2008-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310214753/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv1-04|url-status=unfit}} ;Introductory undergraduate text books * Atkins, P.W., Overton, T., Rourke, J., Weller, M. and Armstrong, F. ''Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry'' (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-926463-5 * Chang, Raymond. ''Chemistry'' 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. ISBN 0-07-115221-0. * {{Clayden}} * Voet and Voet ''Biochemistry'' (Wiley) ISBN 0-471-58651-X ;Advanced undergraduate-level or graduate text books * Atkins, P.W. ''Physical Chemistry'' (Oxford University Press) ISBN 0-19-879285-9 * Atkins, P.W. et al. ''Molecular Quantum Mechanics'' (Oxford University Press) * McWeeny, R. ''Coulson's Valence'' (Oxford Science Publications) ISBN 0-19-855144-4 * Pauling, L. ''The Nature of the chemical bond'' (Cornell University Press) ISBN 0-8014-0333-2 * Pauling, L., and Wilson, E. B. ''Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry'' (Dover Publications) ISBN 0-486-64871-0 * Smart and Moore ''Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction'' (Chapman and Hall) ISBN 0-412-40040-5 * Stephenson, G. ''Mathematical Methods for Science Students'' (Longman) ISBN 0-582-44416-0 [[Kaarangay:Kimika| ]] [[Kaarangay:Siyensyas Matematikas, Fisika ngan Naturales|Kimika]] e3bqes5j6vyhqqefaqy4fwd363x9cld 0 4122 7783043 7646349 2026-05-06T21:10:28Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ighubad Iningles}} {{Infobox_Biyograpiya| ngaran=Ludwig van Beethoven| litrato=| surat han ladawan= | petsa han katawo=[[Disyembre]], [[1770]] | lugar han katawo=[[Bonn]], [[Alemanya]] | petsa han kamatayan=[[Marso 26]], [[1827]] | lugar han kamatayan=[[Viena]], [[Austrya]] }} [[File:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|250px|Ludwig van Beethoven (Joseph Karl Stieler, 1820)]] Hi '''Ludwig van Beethoven''' ([[pagbunyag|ginbunyagan]] [[Disyembre 17]], [[1770]] – [[Marso 26]], [[1827]]) usa nga [[Alemanya|Aleman]] nga [[kompositor]] ngan [[piano|pianista]]. Ginkikila hiya nga usa han mga gimaupayi nga kompositor hin [[Europeo nga musika klasikal|musika klasikal]], ngan usa hiya nga importante nga persona han takna han pagbalhin nga nahabutnga han mga takna [[Klasikal nga musika nga era|Klasikal]] ngan [[Romantiko nga musika|Romantiko]] ha musika. An iya kasikat ngan genius nag-inspirar ngan nag-aghat--ngan ha damo nga mga kaso nakapakulba--hin mga sumurunod nga mga henerasyon hin mga kompositor, musikero, ngan mga mananambong. Natawo hiya ha [[Bonn]], [[Alemanya]], binmalhin ngadto ha [[Viena]], [[Austrya]], han mga una nga bahin han iya mga pagka-beynte, ngan didto inmukoy, nag-aram ha ilarom kan [[Joseph Haydn]] ngan dayon nga nagkamay-ada kasikat komo virtuoso nga pianista. Han urhe nga bahin han iya mga pagka-baynte nagtikang an iya pagkabungol, bisan pa nagpadayon pa gihapon hiya paghimo hin mga kilalado nga mga obra maestra han bug-os han iya kinabuhi ngaran sugad ini nga iya kakuri-an, bisan pa man han ka-absoluto an iya pagkabungol. Nagtrabaho hiya komo ''freelance'' nga kompositor, pag-arreglo hin mga ''subscription'' nga mga konserto ngan ginsuporta hiya hin pira nga mga riko nga mga sponsor nga nagkita han iya mga abilidad nga extraordinaryo. ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|colwidth=20em}} ===Cited sources=== *Brandenburg, Sieghard (ed.): ''Ludwig van Beethoven: Briefwechsel. Gesamtausgabe''. 8 vols. Munich: Henle 1996. *{{Cite book|last=Clive|first=Peter|title=Beethoven and His World: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenhisworl0000cliv|location=New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-816672-9|ref=Clive}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven|first=Barry|last=Cooper|authorlink=Barry Cooper (musicologist)|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531331-4|ref=Cooper}} *{{Cite book|first=Milton|last=Cross|author2=Ewen, David|title=The Milton Cross New Encyclopedia of the Great Composers and Their Music|url=https://archive.org/details/miltoncrossencyc01cros|publisher=Doubleday|year=1953|ref=Cross|oclc=17791083|location=Garden City, New Jersey|isbn=0-385-03635-3}} *{{GroveOnline|Ludwig van Beethoven|Kerman, Joseph; Tyson, Alan; Burnham, Scott G|19 May|2014}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: a documentary study|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovendocumen0000land|ref=Landon|first=H. C. Robbins|last=Landon|authorlink=H. C. Robbins Landon|author2=Göllerich, August|publisher=Macmillan|year=1970|oclc=87180|isbn=0-02-567830-2}} *{{Cite book|title=Beethoven: The Music And The Life|url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenmusican00lock|first=Lewis|last=Lockwood|authorlink=Lewis Lockwood|publisher=W. W. Norton|year=2003|ref=Lockwood|isbn=978-0-393-32638-3}} *{{Cite journal|first=Michael|last=Lorenz|authorlink=Michael Lorenz (musicologist)|title=Die 'Enttarnte Elise'. Elisabeth Röckels kurze Karriere als Beethovens 'Elise'"|journal=Bonner Beethoven-Studien|volume=9|year=2011|pages=169–190|url=http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/beethovens_elise/|language=de|access-date=2015-01-15|archive-date=2017-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429201226/http://homepage.univie.ac.at/michael.lorenz/beethovens_elise/|url-status=}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Maynard Solomon|last=Solomon|first=Maynard|title=Beethoven|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780825672682|edition=2nd revised|location=New York|publisher=Schirmer Books|year=2001|isbn=0-8256-7268-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=Glenn (ed)|title=The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-521-58074-9|ref=Stanley}} *{{cite journal | last1 = Steblin | first1 = Rita | authorlink = Rita Steblin | year = 2009 | title = 'A dear, enchanting girl who loves me and whom I love': New Facts about Beethoven's Beloved Piano Pupil Julie Guicciardi | url = | journal = Bonner Beethoven-Studien | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 89–152 }} *Steblin, Rita (2014): "Who was Beethoven’s 'Elise'? A new solution to the mystery." In: The Musical Times 155, pp.&nbsp;3–39. *{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=VQw5AAAAIAAJ|ref=Thayer1|title=The Life of Ludwig Van Beethoven, Vol 1|first=A. W.|last=Thayer|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|author2=Krehbiel, Henry Edward (ed, trans); Deiters, Hermann; Riemann, Hugo|publisher=The Beethoven Association|year=1921|oclc=422583}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Alexander Wheelock Thayer|last=Thayer|first=A. W.|first2=Elliot|last2=Forbes|authorlink2=Elliot Forbes|title=Thayer's Life of Beethoven (2 vols)|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1970|isbn=0-691-02702-1}} ===Iba nga pagkukuhaan=== <!--This section is subject to cleanup for notability. Volumes have been written about Beethoven. Providing the most authoritative, scholarly, and accurate references is our responsibility.--> {{Div col|colwidth=35em}} *[[Theodore Albrecht|Albrecht, Theodore]], and Elaine Schwensen, "More Than Just Peanuts: Evidence for December&nbsp;16 as Beethoven's birthday". ''The Beethoven Newsletter'' 3 (1988) 49, 60–63. *Bohle, Bruce, and Robert Sabin. ''The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians.'' London: J.M. Dent & Sons LTD, 1975. ISBN 0-460-04235-1. *Davies, Peter J. ''The Character of a Genius: Beethoven in Perspective.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. ISBN 0-313-31913-8. *Davies, Peter J. ''Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death.'' Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. ISBN 0-313-31587-6. *[[Tia DeNora|DeNora, Tia]]. "Beethoven and the Construction of Genius: Musical Politics in Vienna, 1792–1803". Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-21158-8. * Dorfmüller, Kurt; Gertsch, Norbert; Ronge, Julia (ed.). Ludwig van Beethoven. Thematisch-bibliographisches Werkverzeichnis. Revidierte und wesentlich erweiterte Neuausgabe des Werkverzeichnisses von Georg Kinsky und Hans Halm. 2 Vols. Munich: Henle, 2014. ISBN 978-3-87328-153-0. *Geck, Martin. ''Beethoven''. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: Haus, 2003. ISBN 1-904341-03-9 (h), ISBN 1-904341-00-4 (p). *Goldschmidt, Harry: ''All About Beethoven's Immortal Beloved. A Stocktaking.'' Transl. John E Klapproth. Charleston, SC: CreateSpace 2013 *{{Cite book | last = Hatten | first = Robert S. | year=1994 | title = Musical Meaning in Beethoven | url = https://archive.org/details/musicalmeaningin0000hatt | publisher = Indiana University Press | location= Bloomington, IN | isbn = 0-253-32742-3}} *Kornyei, Alexius. ''Beethoven in Martonvasar''. Verlag, 1960. OCLC Number: 27056305 *Kropfinger, Klaus. ''Beethoven''. Verlage Bärenreiter/Metzler, 2001. ISBN 3-7618-1621-9. *Martin, Russell. ''Beethoven's Hair''. New York: Broadway Books, 2000. ISBN 978-0-7679-0350-9. *{{cite journal | last1 = Meredith | first1 = William | year = 2005 | title = The History of Beethoven's Skull Fragments | journal = The Beethoven Journal | volume = 20 | pages = 3–46 }} *[[Edmund Morris (writer)|Morris, Edmund]]. ''Beethoven: The Universal Composer.'' New York: Atlas Books / HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-075974-7. *[[Charles Rosen|Rosen, Charles]]. ''The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven.'' Expanded ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1998. ISBN 0-393-04020-8 (hc); ISBN 0-393-31712-9 (pb). *{{Cite book|first=Harvey|last=Sachs|authorlink=Harvey Sachs|title=The Ninth: Beethoven and the World in 1824|url=https://archive.org/details/ninthbeethovenwo0000sach_l9g0|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-22145-5}} *[[Maynard Solomon|Solomon, Maynard]]. ''Late Beethoven: Music, Thought, Imagination.'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-23746-3. *[[J. W. N. Sullivan|Sullivan, J. W. N.]], ''Beethoven: His Spiritual Development'' New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 1927. *Tellenbach, Marie-Elisabeth: ''Beethoven and His "Immortal Beloved" Josephine Brunsvik. Beethoven and His "Immortal Beloved" Josephine Brunsvik.'' (transl. John E Klapproth). CreateSpace 2014. {{Div col end}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Beethoven, Ludwig van}} *{{Commons category-inline|Ludwig van Beethoven}} *[http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php//portal_en Beethoven-Haus Bonn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412091048/http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php/portal_en |date=2017-04-12 }}, official website *[http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/ The Ira F. Brilliant Center for ''Beethoven'' Studies], [http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/research/beethoven_gateway/ The Beethoven Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419155541/http://www.sjsu.edu/beethoven/research/beethoven_gateway/ |date=2017-04-19 }} (San José State University) * {{BBC composer page|beethoven|Beethoven}} *{{Dmoz|Arts/Music/Composition/Composers/B/Beethoven%2C_Ludwig_van/}} *{{gutenberg author | id=Ludwig_van_Beethoven | name=Ludwig van Beethoven}} *{{IMSLP|id=Beethoven, Ludwig van}} *{{ChoralWiki}} *[https://archive.org/search.php?query=mediatype%3A%28texts%29%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20%28subject%3A%22Beethoven%2C%20Ludwig%20van%2C%201770-1827%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Elgar%2C%20Edward%2C%201857-1934%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Elgar%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ludwig%20van%20Beethoven%22%29 Works by or about Ludwig van Beethoven] at [[Internet Archive]] and [[Google Books]] (scanned books original editions color illustrated) *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-107741}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Beethoven, Ludwig van}} [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Beethoven, Ludwig van]] [[Kaarangay:Ludwig van Beethoven| ]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Beethoven, Ludwig van]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1770]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1827]] [[Kaarangay:Mga bungol nga tawo]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Aleman nga kompositor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Romantico nga kompositor]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kompositor ha klasikal nga panahon]] [[Kaarangay:Mga kompositor hin opera]] f2k0i3o7vrotr3ttnhgxniu0iib1f2v 0 6017 7783066 7782289 2026-05-06T21:34:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Israel | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{nobold|{{native name|he|ישראל|italics=off}}}}|{{nobold|{{native name|ar|إسرائيل|italics=off}}}}}} | common_name = Israel | image_flag = Flag of Israel.svg | alt_flag = Centered blue star within a horizontal triband | image_coat = Emblem of Israel.svg | alt_coat = Centered menorah surrounded by two olive branches | symbol_type = Emblem | national_anthem = "[[Hatikvah]]" ("An Paglaum")<br /><br />[[File:Hatikvah instrumental.ogg|center]] | image_map = ISR orthographic.svg | alt_map = Location of Israel (in green) on the globe. | image_map2 = Israel - Location Map (2012) - ISR - UNOCHA.svg | map_caption2 = 1967 nga katubtoban ([[Lunghaw nga Linea (Israel)|Lunghaw nga Linea]]) | capital = [[Jerusalem]] ''([[Status han Jerusalem|limitado&nbsp;nga pagkilala]])''{{refn|group=fn|Pagkilala hin iba nga mga api han UN nga mga estado: [[Australia]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref name="ausj">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-46576716 |title=Australia recognises West Jerusalem as Israeli capital |publisher=BBC |date=15 Disyembre 2018}}</ref> [[Rusya]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement |url=http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182 |website=www.mid.ru |date=6 Abril 2017}}</ref> an [[Czeka nga Republika]] ([[Katundan nga Jerusalem]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241|title=Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date=6 Disyembre 2017|accessdate=6 Disyembre 2017|quote="The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations."}}</ref> [[Honduras]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=29 Agosto 2019}}</ref> [[Guatemala]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/|title=Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén|trans-title=Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem|website=Infobae|date=24 Disyembre 2017|language=es}} Am embahada han Guatemala nahamutang ha Jerusalem kutob han mga 1980 nga dekada, han pagbalhina hiní ngadto ha Tel Aviv.</ref> [[Nauru]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084 |work=Israel National News |date=29 Agosto 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ngan an [[Estados Unidos]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html|title=Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move|newspaper=The New York Times|date=6 Disyembre 2017|access-date=6 Disyembre 2017}}</ref>}} | coordinates = {{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|region:IL-JM_type:city(880000)}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Moderno nga Hebreo|Hebreo]] | languages_type = Mga ginkilala nga mga pinulongan | languages = [[Moderno nga Standard nga Inarabo|Inarabo]]{{refn|group=fn|An Inarabo kasanhi ginkilala nga usá nga buhatonon o opisyal nga pinulongan han Estado han Israel.<ref name=lang1>{{Cite url |title=Arabic in Israel: an official language and a cultural bridge |url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/Culture/Pages/Arabic-in-Israel--an-official-language-and-a-cultural-bridge-18-December-2016.aspx |website=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=18 Disyembre 2016|access-date=8 Agosto 2018}}</ref> Han 2018 [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|ginkilala ini]] nga mayda 'ispisyal nga status han estado' upod han paggamit hiní han mga institusyon han estado nga igpapahayag ha balaod.<ref name=lang2>{{Cite news |title=Israel Passes 'National Home' Law, Drawing Ire of Arabs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/18/world/middleeast/israel-passes-national-home-law.html |work=The New York Times |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=lang3>{{Cite news |last1=Lubell |first1=Maayan |title=Israel adopts divisive Jewish nation-state law |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-politics-law/israel-adopts-divisive-jewish-nation-state-law-idUSKBN1K901V |work=Reuters |date=19 Hulyo 2018}}</ref><ref name=lang4>{{Cite web |title=Press Releases from the Knesset |url=https://knesset.gov.il/spokesman/eng/PR_eng.asp?PRID=13978 |website=Knesset website |date=19 Hulyo 2018 |quote=The Arabic language has a special status in the state; Regulating the use of Arabic in state institutions or by them will be set in law.}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|20.9% [[Arabo nga mga bungtohanon han Israel|Arabo]]|4.8% [[Demograpiko han Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{unbulleted list|74.2% [[Israeli nga mga Hudeo|Hudeo]]|17.8% [[Islam ha Israel|Muslim]]|2.0% [[Kristyanismo ha Israel|Kristyano]]|1.6% [[Druze ha Israel|Druze]]|4.4% [[Relihiyon ha Israel|iba]]<ref name="population_stat2019">{{Cite report|url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf|title=Israel's Independence Day 2019|date=6 Mayo 2019|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|access-date=7 Mayo 2019}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Israelis|Israeli]] | government_type = [[Unitaryo nga parlamentaryo nga republika]] | leader_title1 = [[Mangulo han Israel|Mangulo]] | leader_name1 = [[Reuven Rivlin]] (ראובן ריבלין) | leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Israel|Primer Ministro]] | leader_name2 = [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (בנימין נתניהו) | leader_title3 = [[Talaan hin mga Knesset speaker|Knesset Speaker]] | leader_name3 = [[Yariv Levin]] (יָרִיב לֵוִין) | leader_title4 = [[Korte Supreme han Israel|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Esther Hayut]] (אֶסְתֵּר חַיּוּת) | legislature = [[Knesset]] | sovereignty_type = [[Kaagi han Israel|Paglugaríng]] | established_event1 = [[Israeli nga Pagpasamwak hin Paglugaring|Ginpasamwak]] | established_date1 = 14 Mayo 1948 | established_event2 = [[Israel, Palestine, ngan an Nasyones Unidas|Pag-api han UNO]] | established_date2 = 11 Mayo 1949 | area_km2 = 20,770–22,072 | area_sq_mi = 8,019–8,522 | area_rank = ika-150 | area_footnote = {{ref label|area|a}} | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{data Israel|poptoday|formatnum}}<ref name="cbs_main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 |title=Home page |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=20 Pebrero 2017}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_estimate_year = {{CURRENTYEAR}} | population_estimate_rank = ika-99 | population_census = 7,412,200<ref>{{Cite report |date=2008 |title=Population Census 2008 |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/www/mifkad/mifkad_2008/profiles/rep_e_000000.pdf |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |access-date=27 Disyembre 2016}}</ref><ref name=oecd group=fn/> | population_census_year = 2008 | population_density_km2 = {{pop density|{{data Israel|poptoday}}|22072|km2|prec=0|disp=num}} | population_density_rank= ika-35 | GDP_PPP = $353.645 ka bilyon{{refn|group=fn|name=oecd|An data hin Israeli nga kamolupyohan ngan kanan ekonomiya naglalakip han teritoryo ekonomiko han Israel, upod an Kahigtaasan han Golan, Sinirangan nga Jerusalem ngan mga Israeli nga panimungto ha West Bank.{{sfn|OECD|2011}}<ref>[http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf ''Quarterly Economic and Social Monitor''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009161737/http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf |date= 9 Oktubre 2021 }}, Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: "''When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the 'Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development'... some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights''."</ref>}} | GDP_PPP_rank = ika-54 | GDP_PPP_year = 2019<ref name=imf>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=11&sy=2018&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=436&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |date=Abril 2018 |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 Abril 2018}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $39,106<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank= ika-35 | GDP_nominal = $390.656 billion<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_rank = ika-32 | GDP_nominal_year = 2019<ref name=imf/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $43,199<ref name=oecd group=fn/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-20 | Gini = 42.8 | Gini_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html |title=Distribution of family income – Gini index |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=21 Agosto 2017 |archive-date=4 Hunyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604005151/http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/06/12/afx3810988.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = ika-48 | Gini_year = 2013 | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI = 0.903 | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_rank = ika-22 | HDI_ref = <ref name=oecd group=fn/><ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=Human Development Index and its components |date=2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |accessdate=24 Septyembre 2018}}</ref> |currency = [[Israeli new shekel|Shekel]] ({{rtl-lang|he|₪}}) |currency_code = ILS o NIS |time_zone = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = [[Israel Summer Time|IDT]] |utc_offset_DST = +3 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.il]] |calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Israel|972]] |footnote1 = Diri naglalakip / Naglalakip han [[Kahigtas-an han Golan]] ngan [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]]; see [[Israel#Geography and climate|below]]. |footnote2 = Nalalakip an ngatanan nga mga permanente nga nangungukoy ha Israel proper, ha Kahigtas-an han Golan ngan Sinirangan nga Jerusalem. Naglalakip gihapon han Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]]. Diri lakip an diri-Israeli nga kamolupyohan ha [[West Bank]] ngan ha [[Gaza Strip]]. }} An '''Israel''' ({{Lang-he-n|יִשְׂרָאֵל}}; {{Lang-ar|إِسْرَائِيل}}), nga tinatawag gihapon nga '''Estado han Israel''' (מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל > Medinat Yisra'el; دولة إسرائيل > Dawlat Isrā'īl) usá nga nasod ha [[Katundan nga Asya]], nahamutang ha [[Sinirangan nga Mediterraneo|timugan nga baybayon]] han [[Dagat Mediterraneo]] ngan han amihanan nga baybayon han [[Pula nga Dagat]]. Mayda ini mga [[Mga katubtuban han Israel|katubtuban]] upod haɲ [[Libano]] ha amihan, han [[Sirya]] ha dumagsaan, han [[Hordanya]] ha sidlangan, ngan han [[Ehipto]] ha habagatan. An mga [[Palestino nga mga teritoryo]] han [[West Bank]] ngan [[Gaza Strip]] nahamutang ha sinirangan ngan katundan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/nea/ci/pt |title=Palestinian Territories |publisher=State.gov |date=22 Abril 2008 |accessdate=26 Disyembre 2012}}</ref> Mayda ebidensya an Israel hin sayo nga mga pagbalhin hin mga tawo tikang ha Aprika.<ref>Charles A. Repenning & Oldrich Fejfar, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v299/n5881/abs/299344a0.html ''Evidence for earlier date of 'Ubeidiya, Israel, hominid site''] Nature 299, 344–347 (23 Septyembre 1982)</ref> Mga [[Canaan]]hon nga mga tribo napamatuod ha arkeyolohiya tikang han [[Butnga nga Bronse nga Panahon]],<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Canaan-historical-region-Middle-East Encyclopædia Britannica] nga barasahon han Canaan</ref><ref name="Golden">Jonathan M Golden,[https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&pg=PA3 ''Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction,''] OUP, 2009 pp. 3–4.</ref> samtang an [[Kaagi han kahadto nga Israel ngan Judah|mga Ginhadi-an han Israel ngan Judah]] ginmawás dida han [[Puthaw nga Panahon]].<ref name=Finkelstein>{{Cite book|last1=Finkelstein|first1=Israel|last2=Silberman|first2=Neil Asher|title=The Bible unearthed : archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories|date=2001|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-684-86912-4|edition=1st Touchstone}}</ref><ref name=Pitcher>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229 The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995] Quote: "''For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734-733, are the earliest published to date.''"</ref> Ginbungkag han [[Imperyo Neo-Asiryahanon]] an [[Ginhadi-an han Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] han mga 720 UC.<ref name="Broshi 2001 174">{{Cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url={{Google books|etTUEorS1zMC|page=PA174|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | date = 2001 |page=174 |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6}}</ref> An [[Ginhadi-an han Juda|Juda]] ginsakop ha urhe han [[Yehud (Babilonianhon nga lalawigan)|Babilonianhon]], [[Yehud Medinata|Persiano]] ngan [[Coele-Syria|Hellenistico]] nga mga imperyo ngan dida komo mga autonomo nga mga [[Hudeyo]] nga lalawigan.<ref name=BabylonianChronicles>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |title=British Museum – Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605–594 BCE) |accessdate=30 Oktubre 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archivedate=30 Oktubre 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Berquist2007">{{Cite book|author=Jon L. Berquist|title=Approaching Yehud: New Approaches to the Study of the Persian Period|url={{Google books|X8uK-dZr_BAC|page=PA195|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2007|publisher=Society of Biblical Lit|isbn=978-1-58983-145-2|pages=195–}}</ref> An malinamposon nga [[Rebelyon nga Maccabeo]] nagdangat hin naglulugaríng nga [[Dinastiya Hasmoneo|Hasmoneo nga ginhadi-an]] han mga 110 UC,<ref name="BangScheidel2013">{{Cite book|author1=Peter Fibiger Bang|author2=Walter Scheidel|title=The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean|url={{Google books|GCj09AmtvvwC|page=PA184|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-518831-8|pages=184–187}}</ref> nga han 63 UC nagin kliyente nga estado han [[Republika Romana]] nga ha sunod nagbutáng han [[Dinastiya Herodes]] han 37 UC, ngan han 6 AD naghimo han [[Judea (Romano nga lalawigan)|Romano nga lalawigan han Judea]].<ref name="Malamat1976">{{Cite book|author=Abraham Malamat|title=A History of the Jewish People|url={{Google books|2kSovzudhFUC|page=PA223|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 1976|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39731-6|pages=223–239}}</ref> Nagpadayon an Judea nga usá nga Romano nga lalawigan kutob han waray magmalinamposon nga [[Hudeyo-Romano nga mga gera|Hudeyo nga mga rebelyon]] nga nagdangat hin dako nga pagkabungkag,<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/> an pagpaiwas han Hudeyo nga kamolupyohan<ref name="BangScheidel2013"/><ref name="Aharoni2006">{{Cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Jewish People: An Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99|date=15 Septyembre 2006|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-1886-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewishpeopleillu00ahar_0/page/99 99–]}}</ref> ngan an pagbalhin han ngaran han rehiyon tikang hin ''[[Iudaea]]'' ngadto hin ''[[Syria Palaestina]]''.<ref name="FahlbuschBromiley2005">{{Cite book|author1=Erwin Fahlbusch|author2=Geoffrey William Bromiley|title=The Encyclopedia of Christianity|url={{Google books|C5V7oyy69zgC|page=PA15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}| date = 2005|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5|pages=15–}}</ref> An [[Kaagi hin mga Hudeyo ngan Hudaismo ha Tuna han Israel|pagkaada hin mga Hudeyo han rehiyon]] nagpadayon hin mayda katubtuban ha mga gatostuig. Han ika-7 nga gatostuig AD [[Muslim nga pagsakop han Levante|nakuha an Levante]] tikang han [[Diosesis han Sinirangan|Imperyo Bizantino]] han mga Arabo ngan nagpabilin iní [[Bilad al-Sham|ha Muslim nga pagdumara]] kutob han [[Syahan nga Krusada]] han 1099, nga ginsundan han [[Dinastiya Ayyubid|Ayyubid]] nga pagsakop han 1187. An [[Mamluk nga Sultanato (Cairo)|Mamluk nga Sultanato han Ehipto]] nag-unat han pagdumara hiní han [[Levante]] han ika-13 nga gatostuig kutob hans [[Ottoman–Mamluk nga Gera (1516–17)|pagkalupig hiní han Imperyo Ottoman]] han 1517. Dida han ika-19 nga gatostuig, in nasodnon nga pagmata ha mga Huydeo nagdangat han pagtukod han [[Zionismo|Zionista]] nga pangiwa ha [[Hudeyo nga diaspora|diaspora]] nga ginsundan hin [[Aliyah|mga sunodsunod nga pagmigrar]] ngadto ha [[Ottoman nga Sirya]] ngan ha urhe ha [[Mandato Britaniko han Palestina]]. Han 1947, an [[Nagkakaurusa nga mga Nasod|Nasyones Unidas]] (NU) nagproponer hin [[Plano hin Pagbahin han Palestina]] nga nagrekomenda hin paghimo hin mga naglulugaríng nga Arabo ngan Hudeyo nga mga estado ngan hin [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|gin-internasyonalisar nga Jerusalem]].<ref name="181(II)"/> Ginkarawat an plano han [[Jewish Agency|Hudeyo nga Ahensya]], ngan waray karawta han mga Arabo nga namumuno.<ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200866"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris200875"/><ref name="FOOTNOTEMorris2008396"/> Han sunod nga tuig, an Hudeyo nga Ahensya [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|nagdeklara an paglugaríng]] han Estado han Israel, ngan an sinmunod nga [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|1948 Arabo–Israeli nga Gera]] nagdangat han pag-estableser han Israel dida han kadam-an han kasanhi nga [[Mandatory Palestine|teritoryo han Mandato]], samtang an [[Hordanyano nga pag-anexar han West Bank|West Bank]] ngan [[Protektorado han Tanan-nga-Palestina|Gaza]] nakuha hin mga hagrani nga mga Arabo nga estado.<ref name="Declaration">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 Mayo 1948 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=21 Marso 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317223538/http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx |archivedate=17 Marso 2017 |df= }}</ref> Tikang hadto, an Israel nag-away hin [[Arab–Israeli conflict|pipira nga mga gera]] patok hin mga Arabo nga nasod,<ref name="RoutledgeAtlas">{{Harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=1}}</ref> ngan tikang han [[Unom-ka-Adlaw nga Gera]] han Hunyo 1967 nagkapot hin mga [[Israeli nga Governorato Militar|gin-okupar]] nga mga teritoryo upod an West Bank, [[Kahigtaasan han Golan]] ngan an Gaza Strip (nga ginkikita nga gin-okupar pa gihapon katapos han [[Israeli nga pagbiya tikang ha Gaza|2005 nga pagbiya]], bisan man diri ini ginkakauyonan hin mga legal nga experto).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/page/israel-gaza-debate-map|title=Debate Map: Israel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Israel, Occupied Territories|url=http://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301|doi-broken-date= 31 Disyembre 2019|doi=10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1301}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?|first=Hanne|last=Cuyckens|date=1 Oktubre 2016|journal=Netherlands International Law Review|volume=63|issue=3|pages=275–295|doi=10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1}}</ref>{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation}} Gin-extender han Israel an mga balaod hiní ngadto han Kahigtaasan han Golan ngan ha [[Sinirangan nga Jerusalem]], pero waray ha West Bank.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Question of Palestine & the United Nations|publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information|chapter=The status of Jerusalem|chapter-url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|quote=East Jerusalem has been considered, by both the General Assembly and the Security Council, as part of the occupied Palestinian territory.}}</ref><ref name="Olmertquote">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4856762.stm |title=Analysis: Kadima's big plans |work=BBC News |accessdate=10 Oktubre 2010 |date=29 Marso 2006}}</ref><ref name="HomelandSecurityBorders">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hstoday.us/index.php?id=483&cHash=081010&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=873 |title=Israel's Hard-Learned Lessons |last1=Kessner |first1=BC |date=2 Abril 2006 |publisher=Homeland Security Today |accessdate=26 Abril 2012}}</ref><ref name="TelAvivNotes">{{Cite web |url=http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |title=The Legacy of Undefined Borders |last=Kumaraswamy |first=P.R. |date=5 Hunyo 2002 |publisher=Tel Aviv Notes |accessdate=25 Marso 2013 |archive-date=2019-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603180118/http://www.inss.org.il/publications.php?cat=21&incat=&read=203 |url-status= }}</ref> An pag-okupar han Israel han mga Palestino nga mga teritoryo amo an [[Talaan hin mga okupasyon militar|gimaihai nga militar nga pag-okupar]] ha yana nga mga panahon.{{refn|group=fn|name=occupation|The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be occupying Gaza, the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank|West Bank and East Jerusalem]]. Gaza is still considered to be "[[Military occupation|occupied]]" by the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators, despite the 2005 [[Israeli disengagement from Gaza]], due to various forms of ongoing military and economic control.<ref name=occ/><br />The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see [[Israeli-occupied territories#International views|International views on the Israeli-occupied territories]] and [[Status of territories captured by Israel]].<br />For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g., [[Tibet]]) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article [[Military occupation]].}}<ref name="occhist">See for example:<br />* {{Cite book|title=Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza|last=Hajjar|first=Lisa|publisher=University of California Press|date=2005|isbn=978-0-520-24194-7 |page=96|url={{Google books|mcjoHq2wqdUC|page=PA96|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=''The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.''}}<br />* {{Cite journal|first=Perry|last=Anderson|authorlink=Perry Anderson|title=Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem|date=2001|journal=New Left Review|volume=10 (July–August)|url=https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|quote=longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year|access-date= 11 Abril 2020|archive-date= 1 Oktubre 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330|url-status=dead}}<br />* {{Cite book|first=Saree|last=Makdisi|authorlink=Saree Makdisi|url={{Google books|2dBM3Ago2BAC|page=PA299|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|quote=longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age|title=Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|date=2010|isbn=978-0-393-33844-7}}<br />* {{Cite journal|volume=94|issue=885|date=Spring 2012|journal=International Review of the Red Cross|title=The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel|first=David|last=Kretzmer|authorlink=David Kretzmer|doi=10.1017/S1816383112000446|url=https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf|quote=This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s|pages=207–236}}<br />* {{Citation|title=The Justice of Occupation|quote=Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades|first=Ra'anan|last=Alexandrowicz|date=24 Enero 2012|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html}}<br />* {{Cite book|title=The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law|first=Sharon|last=Weill|url={{Google books|bDnnAgAAQBAJ|page=PA22|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|page=22|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-968542-4|quote=Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that ''rien ne dure comme le provisoire'' A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, {{underline|which is the longest in all occupation's history}} has already entered its fifth decade.}}<br />* Azarova, Valentina. 2017, [http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/israels_unlawfully_prolonged_occupation_7294 Israel's Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework], European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: "June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel's belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history."</ref> Waray pa magresulta hin kataposan nga kasabotan hin kamurayaw in [[Israeli–Palestino nga proseso hin kamurayaw|mga paningkamot]] hin pagsolbad han [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Israeli–Palestino nga pagkadelito]]. Bisan pa man, mga kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel ngan han [[Kasabotan hin Kamurayaw han Ehipto–Israel|Ehipto]] ngan [[Kasabotan hin kamurayaw han Israel–Jordan|Jordan]] ginpirmahan han hiní nga mga nasod. Ha [[Mga Batakan Balaod han Israel|mga Batakan Balaod]], gindedeklara an Israel an iya kalugaringon nga usá nga [[Jewish and democratic state|Hudeyo ngan demokratiko nga estado]] ngan an [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|nasod nga estado han Hudeyo nga katawhan]].<ref name=freedomhouse2008>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |website=Freedom in the World |title=Israel |publisher=Freedom House | date = 2008 |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623025746/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2008/israel |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nasod mayda [[liberal nga demokrasya]] (usá hin duduhá là ha [[Butnga nga Sinirangan ngan Amihan nga Aprika]] nga rehiyon, an ikaduha amo an [[Tunisia]]),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471|work=BBC News|date=23 Nobyembre 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2018|title=Freedom in the World 2018|date=13 Enero 2018|website=freedomhouse.org}}</ref> nga mayda [[Parlamentarya nga sistema|sistema parlamentarya]], [[proporsyonal nga pagrepresenta]], ngan hin [[unibersal nga suffrage]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rummel|1997|p=11}}. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ..., Cyprus, ..., Israel, ..."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=20 Marso 2012 |date=19 Disyembre 2005 |publisher=Freedom House |archive-date=23 Hunyo 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623031255/http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/global-survey-2006-middle-east-progress-amid-global-gains-freedom |url-status=dead }}</ref> An [[Primer Ministro han Israel|primer ministro]] amo it namumuno han [[Gabinete han Israel|kagamhanan]] ngan an [[Knéset]] amo an [[Lehislatura|balayan hin magbabalaod]]. Mayda iní [[Mga demokrapiko han Israel|kamolupyohan]] hin mga 9 ka milyon sumala han 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/latest-population-statistics-for-israel|title=Latest Population Statistics for Israel|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> An Israel usá nga [[dukwag nga nasod]] ngan usá nga api han [[OECD]].<ref name="OECD">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/israel/israelsaccessiontotheoecd.htm |title=Israel's accession to the OECD |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=12 Agosto 2012}}</ref> Iní an mayda han [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha GDP (nominal)|ika-31-nga-gidakoi nga ekonomiya ha nominal GDP]] han kalibotan, ngan an [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|pinakadukwag]] nga nasod [[Talaan hin mga nagpapadayon nga armado nga pagkadelitoarmed conflicts|nga yana mayda pagkadelito]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acleddata.com/curated-data-files/|title=Current conflicts|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Iní an mayda [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha Human Development Index|gihataasi]] nga[[Standard hin pakabuhi ha Israel|standard hin pakabuhi]] ha Butnga nga Sinirangan,<ref name="HDI"/> ngan upod iní han mga igbaw nga nasod han kalibutan ha [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha ihap hin personnel ha militar ngan paramilitar|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga mayda militar nga training]],<ref name=IISS_military>[[#IISS2018|IISS 2018]], pp. 339-340</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha pakakuha hin tertyaryo nga edukasyon|porsentahe hin mga bungtohanon nga nagpakatapos hin grado nga tertyaryo nga edukasyon]],<ref name="OECD_education">{{Cite report |date=15 Septyembre 2016 |title=Education at a Glance: Israel |url=http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |access-date=18 Enero 2017 |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110050434/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/education/education-at-a-glance-2016/israel_eag-2016-63-en |url-status= }}</ref> [[Talaan hin mga nasod ha paggasto ha research ngan development|paggasto ha research ngan development ha porsentahe hin GDP]] ,<ref name="OECD_R&D">{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|title=Research and development (R&D) - Gross domestic spending on R&D - OECD Data|website=data.oecd.org|access-date=10 Pebrero 2016|archive-date=2017-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm|url-status=}}</ref> [[Kababayen-an ha Israel|safety hin kababayen-an]],<ref name=NWW_women>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-safest-countries-in-the-world-for-women-2018-1|title=The 10 safest countries in the world for women|last=Australia|first=Chris Pash, Business Insider|website=Business Insider|access-date=23 Marso 2019}}</ref> [[List of countries by life expectancy|''life expectancy'']],<ref name=OECD_life_expec>{{Cite web|url=https://data.oecd.org/healthstat/life-expectancy-at-birth.htm|title=Health status - Life expectancy at birth - OECD Data|website=theOECD}}</ref> [[Science and technology in Israel|''innovativeness'']],<ref name=Bloomberg_innovation>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/germany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=24 Enero 2019}}</ref> ngan [[World Happiness Report|kalipayan]].<ref name=UN_happiness>{{Cite web|url=http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2018/|title=World Happiness Report 2018|last=Report|first=World Happiness|date=14 Marso 2018|website=World Happiness Report|language=en-US|access-date=26 Pebrero 2019}}</ref> ==Mga hulagway== <br><gallery class=center caption="Israel - יִשְׂרָאֵל"> Jerusalem-Klagemauer-06-2010-gje.jpg|Jerusalem Akko-54-Saeulenkarawanserei-2010-gje.jpg|Akko Safed-Ashkenazi-Synagoge-02-2010-gje.jpg|Safed Nazareth-Katholische Verkuendigungsbasilika-08-2010-gje.jpg|Nazareth Kafarnaum-04-Synagoge-2010-gje.jpg|Kafarnaum Ein Gedi-02-Fels-1985-gje.jpg|Ein Gedi Totes Meer-Kalia Beach-02-2010-gje.jpg|Dead Sea Tel Aviv-Flughafen-10-2010-gje.jpg|Tel Aviv airport </gallery> ==Mga tigaman== {{Mga kasarigan|group=fn}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy|last=Abadi|first=Jacob|isbn=0-7146-5576-7|publisher=Routledge| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Original Story: God, Israel and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/originalstorygod0000bart|last=Barton|first=John|last2=Bowden|first2=Julie |authorlink=John Barton (theologian)|isbn=0-8028-2900-7|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| date = 2004|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book |title=A History of the Jewish People |last=Ben-Sasson |first=Hayim | date = 1985 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39731-6 |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=A History of Israel|last=Bregman|first=Ahron|isbn=0-333-67631-9|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| date = 2002|authorlink=Ahron Bregman|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=World Music: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo|last=Broughton|first=Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2=Mark|last3=Trillo|first3=Richard|isbn=1-85828-635-2|publisher=Rough Guides| date = 1999|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto|url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustcitymak0000cole|last=Cole|first=Tim|isbn=0-415-92968-7| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraser|first=T. G.|title=The Arab-Israeli Conflict|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IBJrQgAACAAJ|accessdate=12 Mayo 2013| date = 2004|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Limited|isbn=9781403913388|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=To Rule Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/torulejerusalem0000frie|last=Friedland|first=Roger|last2=Hecht|first2=Richard|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-520-22092-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinec0000gelv|last=Gelvin|first=James L.|authorlink=James L. Gelvin|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-521-85289-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict|url=https://archive.org/details/routledgeatlasof0000mart|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|isbn=0-415-35900-7| date = 2005|publisher=Routledge|edition=8th|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application|last=Goldreich|first=Yair|isbn=0-306-47445-X| date = 2003|publisher=Springer|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Warfare and the Third World|url=https://archive.org/details/warfarethirdworl0000hark|last=Harkavy|first=Robert E.|last2=Neuman|first2=Stephanie G.| date = 2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=0-312-24012-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook|url=https://archive.org/details/brasseysinternat0000robe|edition=2003|last=Henderson|first=Robert D'A.|publisher=Brassey's Inc.| date = 2003|isbn=1-57488-550-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishstate0000theo_s7e1|last=Herzl|first=Theodor|authorlink=Theodor Herzl|publisher=American Zionist Emergency Council| date = 1946|isbn=0-486-25849-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/israelpalestinia00jaco|last=Jacobs|first=Daniel|publisher=Rough Guides|edition=2nd revised| date = 1998|isbn=1-85828-248-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/societysettlemen0000kell|last=Kellerman|first=Aharon| date = 1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=0-7914-1295-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism|last=Kornberg|first=Jacques|isbn=0-253-33203-6|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1993|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dD-1Nm6NTHQC|last=Lustick|first=Ian|isbn=0-87609-036-6|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations Press| date = 1988|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State|url=https://archive.org/details/israelshigherlaw0000mazi|last=Mazie|first=Steven|publisher=Lexington Books| date = 2006|isbn=0-7391-1485-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Decision Making|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofdecisi0000unse|last=Morçöl|first=Göktuğ|isbn=1-57444-548-0|publisher=CRC Press| date = 2006|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf&nbsp;— A Global Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse|last=Mowlana|first=Hamid|last2=Gerbner|first2=George|last3=Schiller|first3=Herbert I.| date = 1992|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=0-8133-1610-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Roberts (scholar)|title=Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-international-law_1990-01_84_1/page/44|journal=The American Journal of International Law|volume=84|issue=1| date = 1990|pages= 44–103|publisher=American Society of International Law|ref=CITEREFRoberts1990|doi=10.2307/2203016|jstor=2203016}} *{{Cite book|title=A Historical Atlas of Israel|last=Romano|first=Amy|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group| date = 2003|isbn=0-8239-3978-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism|url=https://archive.org/details/economicconseque0000rose|last=Rosenzweig|first=Rafael| date = 1997|publisher=T Brill Academic Publishers|isbn=90-04-09147-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence|url=https://archive.org/details/powerkillsdemocr00rumm|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.| date = 1997|publisher=Transaction Publishers|authorlink=R. J. Rummel|isbn=0-7658-0523-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Understanding Jewish History|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|isbn=0-88125-545-9| date = 1996|publisher=KTAV Publishing House|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East|last=Segev|first=Tom|isbn=9780805070576| date = 2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/landbeyondpromis0000shin|last=Shindler|first=Colin |isbn=1-86064-774-X| date = 2002|publisher=I.B.Tauris Publishers|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia Judaica|last=Skolnik|first=Fred|isbn=0-02-865928-7|publisher=Macmillian| date = 2007|volume=9|edition=2nd|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction|url=https://archive.org/details/deterringamerica0000smit|isbn=0-521-86465-8|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|last=Smith|first=Derek|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/hopefulfilledris00lesl|last=Stein|first=Leslie| date = 2003|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-275-97141-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=The Arabs in Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinisrael00sten|last=Stendel|first=Ori|isbn=1-898723-23-0| date = 1997|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship|last=Stone|first=Russell A.|last2=Zenner|first2=Walter P.|isbn=0-7914-1959-2|publisher=SUNY Press| date = 1994|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|title=Culture and Customs of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000tors|last=Torstrick|first=Rebecca L.|isbn=0-313-32091-8| date = 2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |n=yes |voy=Israel |d=Q801}} ;Gobyerno * [http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english Israel Government Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714035817/http://www.gov.il/firstgov/english |date= 14 Hulyo 2015 }} * [http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/Pages/ISRAEL%20IN%20BRIEF.aspx Israel in Brief] ha [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] * [http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921081748/http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Pages/home.aspx |date= 21 Septyembre 2015 }} han [[Tourism Ministry (Israel)|Israel Tourism Ministry]] * [http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/cw_usr_view_Folder?ID=141 Official website] han [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] * [https://youtube.com/user/Israel/ Israel Official YouTube Channel], [[YouTube]] ;Kasahiran nga Impormasyon *{{CIA World Factbook link|is|Israel}} * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/countries/israel.html Country Guide: Israel] at ''[[The Washington Post]]'' * [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/israel.html Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IL Key Development Forecasts for Israel] from [[International Futures]] ;Mga mapa *{{Wikiatlas}} *{{Osmrelation|1473946}} ;Mga nasumpay nga direktorya *{{GovPubs|israel}} *{{Dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel}} {{Asya}} {{Mediterraneano}} [[Kaarangay:Israel| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] do9hv8th0lwcur23pnfgrg5uak2mf0h 0 8387 7783095 7782363 2026-05-06T22:00:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lugar <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Berlin | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = Estado han Alemanya <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = Berlin skyline 2009wl2.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Berlin.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = DEU Berlin COA.svg | seal_size = 70px | seal_alt = Buhatanon nga Palutop han Berlin | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Berlin in Germany and EU.png | mapsize = 270px | map_alt = | map_caption = Lokasyon ha sulod han [[Unyon Europeo]] ngan [[Alemanya]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Alemanya | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --> <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = SPD | leader_title = Alkalde | leader_name = Michael Müller | leader_title1 = Botos han Bundesrat | leader_name1 = 4 (ha 69) <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = 891.85 | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |elevation_m =34 | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <ref name='HR 2004-04-08'>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2009/09-07-31a.pdf |title=Pressemitteilung vom 31.07.2009 – Nr. 248 |accessdate=2009-07-31 |last=Berlin-Brandenburg |first=Amt fuer Statistik |date=2008-12-31 |work=Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |publisher=Amt fuer Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg |language=German }}</ref> | population_total = | population_as_of = 2008-12-31 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = 3700000 | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = 5000000 | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = Kodigo Postal | postal_code = 10001–14199 | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = 030 | geocode = | iso_code = DE-BE | registration_plate = B <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://www.berlin.de/international/index.en.php berlin.de] / [http://www.3d-stadtmodell-berlin.de/3d/en/seite0.jsp 3D Berlin] | footnotes = }} An '''Berlin''' ([[Iningles]] nga kaluwas: /bɝːˈlɪn/; [[Inaleman]] nga kaluwas: [bɛɐˈliːn]) amo an ulohan nga siyudad ngan usa ha napulo kag-unom ha mga estado han [[Alemanya]]. Tungod ini nga may-ada kadamo nga 3.4 milyones nga katawhan, an Berlin amo in mayayakan nga gidadako-i nga syudad han Alemanya. Ikaduha ini ha kadamo hin popyulasyon nga syudad ngan ikawalo ha kadamo hin popyulasyon ha lugar urbano ha [[Unyon Europeo]]. Nahamutangan ha amihan-sinirangan han Alemanya, ini an nahimo nga sentro han Berlin-Brandenburg nga lugar Metropolitano, nga may-ada 5 milyones nga tawo tikang ha labaw han 190 ka mga nasod. An katunaan han Berlin aada ha Kapatagan han Europa nga naghahatag hin isaktuhay nga klima. Ginpapalibutan han mga [[kagurangan]], kaparkehan, kahardinan, kasalogan ngan kalanawan, an katulo (1/3) han katunaan hini nga siyudad. Siyahan nga naipatik han ika-13 siglo , an Berlin amo an sagunson nga naging ulohan han [[Ginhadian han Prusya]] (1701-1918), an [[Imperyo han Alemanya]] (1871–1918), an [[Republika han Weimar]] (1919–1933) ngan an [[Ikatulo nga Reich]] (1933–1945). Han mga 1920, an Berlin amo an ikatulo ha gidadako-i nga munisipyo ha kalibutan. Kahuman han [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan]], natunga an syudad ha duduha ka bahin; [[Sinirangan nga Berlin]] nga naging ulohan han [[Sinirangan nga Alemanya]] ngan an [[Natondan nga Berlin]] nga naging exclabo han [[Natondan nga Aleman]] nga ginpalibutan han [[Bungbong han Berlin]] (1961–1989). Kahuman han [[Utro nga pag-urusa han Alemanya]] han 1990, an syudad nahibalik an pagiging ulohan han kabug-osan nga Alemanya ngan hini kumarawat hin 147 ka mga langyaw nga embahada. Usa ini ha gidadako-i nga sentro han kultura, politika, medya, ngan syensya ha Europa. An ekonomiya pangunahon nga nakabase ha sektor han serbisyo, nga lakip an dirudilain nga industriya sugad han industriya creatiba, korporasyon hit mga medya, congreso ngan konbensyonan. An Berlin amo an sentro han panakayan han kontinente han mga idro ngan tren, ngan usa ha gibibisita nga destinasyon han torismo ha Unyon Europea. Upod dinhi an iba nga industriya sugad han optoelectronika, inhenyeriya han trapiko, Impormasyon teknolohiya, tambal, biomediko nga inhenyeriya, ngan biyoteknolohiya. Balay ini nga metropolis ha ginkikilala han bug-os nga kalibutan nga mga unibersidad, mga institusyon han panhahalikwat, paugnatay-hin-kusog nga mga panhitabo, mga orkestra, mga museo ngan mga personalidad. == Kaagi == An ngaran ''Berlin'' waray kasabti kun diin nagtikang, pero poydi nakuha ha kadaan nga yinaknan Polabo ''berl-/birl'' - "[[katunggan]]". <br><gallery class="center" caption="Berlin"> Berlin Aussichten vom Dom asv2023-02 img05.jpg Berlin-Fernsehturm-06-Reichstag-2006-gje.jpg Berlin-Spreetour-16-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Aliiertenmuseum-06-2016-gje.jpg Berlin-Bode-Museum-04-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Juedisches Museum-18-Garten des Exils-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Hackesche Hoefe-10-innen-2006-gje.jpg Berlin-Interbau 1957-14-Egon Eiermann-2017-gje.jpg Berlin-Neukoelln-Maybachufer-04-Landwehrkanal-2016-gje.jpg Berlin-120-Dahlem-Dorf-S-Bahnhof-1993-gje.jpg </gallery> == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan|publisher=Edwin Mellen Pr|year=1987|isbn=0-88946-207-0}} * {{cite book|last=Gill|first=Anton|title=A Dance Between Flames: Berlin Between the Wars|publisher=John Murray|year=1993|isbn=0-7195-4986-8}} * {{cite book|last=Gross|first=Leonard|title=The Last Jews in Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/lastjewsinberlin0000gros|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|year=1999|isbn=0-7867-0687-2}} * {{cite book|last=Large|first=David Clay|title=Berlin|url=https://archive.org/details/berlin00larg_0|publisher=Basic Books|year=2001|isbn=0-465-02632-X}} * {{cite book|last=Read|first=Anthony|author2=David Fisher|title=Berlin Rising: Biography of a City|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinrisingbiog00read|publisher=W.W. Norton|year=1994|isbn=0-393-03606-5}} * {{cite book|last=Ribbe|first=Wolfgang|title=Geschichte Berlins|publisher=Bwv – Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|year=2002|isbn=3-8305-0166-8}} * {{cite book|last=Roth|first=Joseph|title=What I Saw: Reports from Berlin 1920–33|publisher=Granta Books|year=2004|isbn=1-86207-636-7}} * {{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Frederick|title=The Berlin Wall: 13 August 1961 – 9 November 1989|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinwall13augu0000tayl|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |year=2007|isbn=0-06-078614-0}} * {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Rory|title=Berlin: Imagine a City|url=https://archive.org/details/berlinimaginecit0000macl|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2014|isbn=978-0-297-84803-5}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Berlin|Berlin}} {{Wikisource1911Enc|Berlin}} * [http://www.berlin.de/en/ Berlin.de] Official website * [http://www.exberliner.com/ Exberliner] Monthly English-language magazine for Berlin {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105122751/http://berlin.unlike.net/ |date=2012-01-05 }} * {{Osmrelation-inline|62422}} {{Estado han Alemanya}} [[Kaarangay:Alemanya]] [[Kaarangay:Berlin]] ooe75aaelwi75rz9s2eykx80jk6fa4h 0 8635 7783044 7782326 2026-05-06T21:12:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kaaba at night.jpg|thumb]] An '''Islam''' in usa nga monoteistico nga relihiyon nga ginsusumat han Qur’an, usa ka texto nga gincoconsiderar han iya mga manurunod nga yinaknan nga pulong han Diyos (Inarabo: الله‎ Allāh), ngan han iya mga tinutdo ngan normatibo nga ehemplo (gintatawag nga Sunnah ngan ginbubug-osan han Hadith) ni Muhammad, nga gincoconsiderar nira nga kataposan nga manaragna han Diyos. An manurunod hin Islam in gintatawag nga Muslim. An mga muslim in natoo nga an Diyos in usa ngan diri maikokompara ngan an iya panuyoan in pagkaada in para hin pagsingba ha Diyos.<ref>See: * {{Cite quran|51|56|style=ref}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html |title=God |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |quote=''For Muslims, God is unique and without equal.'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in natoo nga an Islam in completo ngan panngatanan nga bersyon han syahan nga panoo nga ginsumat ha dirudilain nga panahon ngan lugar hadto pa, lakip an pamaagi kan Abraham, Moses ngan Jesus, kun diin ira gincoconsiderar nga mga propeta.<ref name="People-of-the-Book">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithpeople.html |title=People of the Book |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]|accessdate= 18 Disyembre 2010}}</ref> An mga muslim in nagmimintinar nga an mga kasanhi nga mga mensahe ngan rebelasyon in parte nasaliwanan o nakurakot ha pag-agi han panahon,<ref name="Distorted">See: * Accad (2003): According to Ibn Taymiya, although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible, most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it. * Esposito (1998), pp.6,12* Esposito (2002b), pp.4–5* F. E. Peters (2003), p.9* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Muhammad | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=F. Buhl | coauthors=A. T. Welch }}* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Tahrif | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam Online | author=Hava Lazarus-Yafeh }}</ref> pero gincoconsiderar nga an Qur'an in waray kasasaliwani ngan kataposan nga bersyon han Diyos.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 9780826499448| last = Bennett| first = Clinton| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101]}}</ref> An mga konsepto han relihiyon ngan buruhaton in naglalakip han lima nga harigi han Islam, kun diin an panguna nga mga konsepto ngan buruhaton nga pagsingba, ngan pagsunod han balaod Islamico, in naupod hin haros ngatanan nga aspeto han kinabuhi ngan katiringban, nga nahatag hin mga sagdon ha dirudilain nga mga himangrawon sugad han pagbabangko ngan kaupayan, ngadto ha pakikipaggera ngan an kalikopan.<ref>Esposito (2002b), p.17</ref><ref>See: * Esposito (2002b), pp.111,112,118* {{Cite encyclopedia | title=Shari'ah | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online }}</ref> Ginbabanabanahan nga 75-90% han mga Muslim in Sunni ngan 10-20% in Shia.<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html CIA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211645/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html%20 |date= 24 Disyembre 2018 }} "Sunnis account for over 75% of all muslims" - retrieved 8 Disyembre 2011</ref> Mga 13% han mga Muslim in nag-uukoy ha Indonesia, an gidakoi nga nasod Muslim,<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17">Miller (2009), pp.8,17</ref> 25% ha Salatan nga Asya<ref name="Miller 2009, pp.8,17"/>, 20% ha Butnga Sinirangan<ref>See:* Esposito (2002b), p.21* Esposito (2004), pp.2,43 * Miller (2009), pp.9,19</ref>, 2% ha Butnga nga Asya, 4% ha nagsasalin nga nasod ha Timugan Asya, 15% ha Sub-saharan Africa. Dagko nga komunidad in mabibilngan ha Tsina ngan Rusya, ngan mga bahin han Europa. Nga may-ada labaw ha 1.5 bilyon nga mga manurunod o labaw 22% han kanan kalibutan populasyon han tuig 2009<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA Factbook|accessdate= 8 Disyembre 2010|archive-date= 10 Marso 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310142438/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, An Islam an ikaduha nga pinakadako ngan usa ha mga malaksi-tumubo nga mga relihiyon ha kalibutan.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |title=The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions |publisher=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=14 Mayo 2007 |accessdate= 16 Mayo 2010 |archive-date= 21 Mayo 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Islam-Today">*{{Cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithtoday.html |title=Islam Today |work=[[Islam: Empire of Faith]] (2000) |quote=''Islam, followed by more than a billion people today, is the world's fastest growing religion and will soon be the world's largest...'' |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god.html |title=No God But God |work=Thomas W. Lippman |quote=''Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is a unique religion based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.'' |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/religion/2008/04/07/understanding-islam.html |title=Understanding Islam |work=Susan Headden |publisher=U.S. News & World Report |date=7 Abril 2008 |accessdate= 25 Agosto 2010 }} *{{Cite web |url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |work= |publisher=[[Adherents.com]] |date= |accessdate= 3 Hulyo 2007 |archive-date= 20 Abril 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420064041/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Mga reperensya== ===Mga sinurat=== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}} ===Mga libro ngan peryodiko=== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite journal| last=Accad | first=Martin | title=The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries: AnI Exegetical Inventorial Table (Part I) | journal=Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations | volume=14 | issue=1 | date = 2003 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ahmed | first=Akbar | title=Islam Today: A Short Introduction to the Muslim World | publisher=I. B. Tauris | edition=2.00 | date = 1999 | isbn=978-1-86064-257-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-8264-9944-8| last = Bennett| first = Clinton |authorlink= Clinton Bennett| title = Interpreting the Qur'an: a guide for the uninitiated| url = https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn| date = 2010| page=[https://archive.org/details/interpretingqura0000benn/page/101 101] | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Brockopp | first=Jonathan E. | title=Islamic Ethics of Life: abortion, war and euthanasia | url=https://archive.org/details/islamicethicsofl0000unse | publisher=University of South Carolina press | date = 2003 | isbn=1-57003-471-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Cohen-Mor | first=Dalya | title=A Matter of Fate: The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature | url=https://archive.org/details/matteroffateconc0000cohe | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2001 | isbn=0-19-513398-6 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Curtis | first=Patricia A. | date = 2005 | title=A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations | url=https://archive.org/details/guidetofoodlawsr0000curt | publisher=Blackwell Publishing Professional | isbn=978-0-8138-1946-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | authorlink = John Esposito | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo_e0l3 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2010 | edition=4th | isbn=978-0-19-539600-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0000espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998 | edition=3rd | isbn=978-0-19-511234-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John|coauthors=Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad | title=Muslims on the Americanization Path? | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsonamerica00yvon | date = 2000a | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-513526-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John | date = 2000b | title=Oxford History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00john | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-510799-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002a | title=Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-516886-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| date = 2002b | title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-515713-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Islam]] | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2003 | isbn=0-19-512558-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Esposito | first=John| title=Islam: The Straight Path | url=https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat0001espo | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2004 | edition=3rd Rev Upd | isbn=978-0-19-518266-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar | authorlink=Caesar E. Farah | title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse0005fara | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 1994 | edition=5th | isbn=978-0-8120-1853-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Farah | first=Caesar| title=Islam: Beliefs and Observances | url=https://archive.org/details/islambeliefsobse00fara_0 | publisher=Barron's Educational Series | date = 2003 | edition=7th | isbn=978-0-7641-2226-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Firestone | first=Reuven | title=Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/jihadoriginofhol0000fire | publisher= Oxford University Press | date = 1999 | isbn=0-19-512580-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Ghamidi | first=Javed | authorlink=Javed Ahmed Ghamidi | title=[[Mizan]] | publisher=[[Al-Mawrid|Dar al-Ishraq]] | date = 2001 | oclc=52901690 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Goldschmidt, Jr. | first=Arthur | coauthors=Lawrence Davidson | title=A Concise History of the Middle East | publisher=Westview Press | date = 2005 | edition=8th | isbn=978-0-8133-4275-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Griffith | first=Ruth Marie | coauthors=Barbara Dianne Savage | title=Women and Religion in the African Diaspora: Knowledge, Power, and Performance | publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-8018-8370-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Haddad | first= Yvonne Yazbeck |title= Muslims in the West: from sojourners to citizens| publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] | date = 2002 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hawting| first=G. R. | authorlink= G.R. Hawting | title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 | url=https://archive.org/details/firstdynastyofis0000hawt| publisher=Routledge | date = 2000 | isbn=0-415-24073-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hedayetullah | first=Muhammad | title=Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition | publisher=Trafford Publishing | date = 2006 | isbn=978-1-55369-842-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Hofmann|first1=Murad|title=Islam and Qur'an|url=https://archive.org/details/islamquranintrod0000hofm|edition=| date = 2007|publisher=|location=|isbn=978-1-59008-047-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=[[Bernard Lewis]] | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1 | date = 1977a | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29136-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Holt | first=P. M. | coauthors=Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis | title=Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 2 | date = 1977b | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Hourani | first=Albert | authorlink=Albert Hourani | coauthor=[[Malise Ruthven|Ruthven, Malise]] | title=A History of the Arab Peoples | date = 2003 | publisher=Belknap Press; Revised edition | isbn=978-0-674-01017-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kobeisy | first=Ahmed Nezar | title=Counseling American Muslims: Understanding the Faith and Helping the People | url=https://archive.org/details/counselingameric0000kobe | publisher=Praeger Publishers | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-313-32472-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Kramer | first=Martin | title=Shi'Ism, Resistance, and Revolution | url=https://archive.org/details/shiismresistance0000unse | publisher=Westview Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-8133-0453-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lapidus| first=Ira | title=A History of Islamic Societies | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamic0000lapi_t2d2| publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2002 | edition=2nd | isbn=978-0-521-77933-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | authorlink=Bernard Lewis| title=The Jews of Islam | publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul | date = 1984 | isbn=0-7102-0462-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=The Arabs in History | url=https://archive.org/details/arabsinhistory0000bern | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1993 | isbn=0-19-285258-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/middleeastbriefh0000lewi_o6l1 | publisher=Scribner | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-684-83280-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Islam in History: Ideas, People, and Events in the Middle East | publisher=Open Court | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=What Went Wrong?: The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East | url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcl00lewi | publisher=Harper Perennial | edition=Reprint | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-06-051605-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror | url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofislam00bern | publisher=Random House, Inc., New York | date = 2004 | isbn=978-0-8129-6785-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=0-521-64696-0 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Malik| first=Jamal| coauthors=John R Hinnells, Inc NetLibrary | title=Sufism in the West | publisher= Routledge | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-27408-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Menski | first=Werner F. | title=Comparative Law in a Global Context: The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.340.2men.21172 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=0-521-85859-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Miller | editor-first = Tracy |date=October 2009 | publisher = [[Pew Research Center]] | title = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | accessdate = 24 Septyembre 2013 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Momen | first=Moojan | title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism | publisher=Yale University Press | date = 1987 | isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Nasr | first=Seyed Muhammad | title=Our Religions: The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition (Chapter 7) | publisher=HarperCollins | date = 1994| isbn=0-06-067700-7 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last= Nigosian | first = Solomon Alexander | title=Islam: its history, teaching, and practices| url= https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo | publisher= [[Indiana University Press]]| date = 2004| isbn= | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal| last=Patton | first=Walter M. | title=The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-semitic-languages-and-literatures_1900-04_16_3/page/129 | journal=The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures |date= Abril 1900 | volume=16 | issue=3 | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | isbn=90-04-10314-7 | doi=10.1086/369367 | page=129 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Peters | first=F. E.| title=Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians | url=https://archive.org/details/islamguideforjew00fepe | publisher=Princeton University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-691-11553-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=H. U. |title=Chronology of Islamic History, 570-1000 CE | url=https://archive.org/details/chronologyofisla0000rahm_d9k3 | publisher=Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | edition=3rd | date = 1999 | ref=harv }} * {{Cite book| last=Rippin | first=Andrew | authorlink=Andrew Rippin | title=Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/muslimstheirreli0000ripp | publisher=Routledge | edition=2nd | date = 2001 | isbn=978-0-415-21781-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Sachedina | first=Abdulaziz | title=The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence | publisher=Oxford University Press US | date = 1998 | isbn=0-19-511915-0 | authorlink=Abdulaziz Sachedina | ref=harv}} * Siljander, Mark D. and John David Mann. ''A Deadly Misunderstanding: a Congressman's Quest to Bridge the Muslim-Christian Divide''. First ed. New York: Harper One, 2008. ISBN 978-0-06-143828-8 * {{Cite book| last=Smith | first=Jane I. | title=The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2006 | isbn=978-0-19-515649-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Tabatabae | first=Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors=Seyyed Hossein Nasr (translator) | authorlink=Allameh Tabatabaei | title= Shi'ite Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/shiiteislam0000taba | publisher=Suny press| date = 1979 | isbn=0-87395-272-3 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Teece | first=Geoff | title=Religion in Focus: Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/islam0000teec_a5d6 | publisher=Franklin Watts Ltd | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0-7496-4796-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Trimingham| first=John Spencer | title=The Sufi Orders in Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/sufiordersinisla0000trim_x5k7| publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1998| isbn=0-19-512058-2 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Colin | title=Islam: the Basics | url=https://archive.org/details/islambasics0000turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 2006 | isbn=0-415-34106-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Turner | first=Bryan S. | title=Weber and Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/weberislam0001turn | publisher=Routledge (UK) | date = 1998 | isbn=0-415-17458-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Waines | first=David | title=An Introduction to Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontois0000wain_x5k7 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 2003 | isbn=0-521-53906-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery | authorlink=William Montgomery Watt | title=The Formative Period of Islamic Thought | url=https://archive.org/details/formativeperiodo0000watt | publisher=University Press Edinburgh| date = 1973 | isbn=0-85224-245-X | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Watt | first=W. Montgomery|title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman | publisher=Oxford University Press | edition=New | date = 1974 | isbn=0-19-881078-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Weiss | first=Bernard G. | title=Studies in Islamic Legal Theory | date = 2002 | location=Boston | publisher=Brill Academic publishers | isbn=90-04-12066-1 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ====Mga ensayklopedya==== {{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=William H. McNeill, Jerry H. Bentley, David Christian | encyclopedia=Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History | publisher=Berkshire Publishing Group | date = 2005 | isbn=978-0-9743091-0-1 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Gabriel Oussani|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]| date = 1910|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Paul Lagasse, Lora Goldman, Archie Hobson, Susan R. Norton | encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia | publisher=Gale Group | date = 2000 | edition=6th | isbn=978-1-59339-236-9 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Erwin Fahlbusch, William Geoffrey Bromiley | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Eerdmans Publishing Company, and Brill| date = 2001 | edition=1st| isbn=0-8028-2414-5 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=John Bowden | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 2005 | edition=1st | isbn=0-19-522393-4 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor1-first=P.J. | editor1-last=Bearman | editor1-link=Peri Bearman | editor2-first=Th. | editor2-last=Bianquis | editor3-first =C. E. | editor3-last=Bosworth | editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth | editor4-first=E. | editor4-last=van Donzel | editor5-first=W. P. | editor5-last=Heinrichs | editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | issn=1573-3912 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Richard C. Martin, Said Amir Arjomand, Marcia Hermansen, Abdulkader Tayob, Rochelle Davis, John Obert Voll | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference Books| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8 | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Jane Dammen McAuliffe | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an|Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online]] | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor=Salamone Frank|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals|publisher=Routledge|edition=1st| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-415-94180-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia | editor=Glasse Cyril | encyclopedia=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | publisher=AltaMira Press | date = 2003 | isbn=978-0759101906 | ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar (1980). ''Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim''. Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers. ''N.B''. Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an, and this religion's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures, in order to "dialogue" on the basis of what both faiths really teach. ISBN 0-87123-553-6 * {{Cite book| last=Akyol | first=Mustafa | authorlink=Mustafa Akyol | title=Islam Without Extremes | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutextr0000akyo | publisher=W. W. Norton & Company | edition=1st | date = 2011 | isbn=978-0-393-07086-6}} * {{Cite book| last=Arberry | first=A. J. | authorlink=A. J. Arberry | title=The Koran Interpreted: A Translation | url=https://archive.org/details/koraninterpreted00ajar | publisher=Touchstone | edition=1st | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-684-82507-6}} * Cragg, Kenneth (1975). ''The House of Islam'', in ''The Religious Life of Man Series''. Second ed. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1975. xiii, 145 p. ISBN 0-8221-0139-4 * Hourani, Albert (1991). ''Islam in European Thought''. First pbk. ed. Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1992, cop. 1991. xi, 199 p. ISBN 0-521-42120-9; alternative ISBN on back cover, 0-521-42120-0 * {{Cite book| last=Khan | first=Muhammad Muhsin | authorlink=Muhammad Muhsin Khan | coauthors=Al-Hilali Khan, Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din | title=Noble Quran | date = 1999 | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | edition=1st | isbn=978-9960-740-79-9}} * A. Khanbaghi (2006). ''The Fire, the Star and the Cross: Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran''. I. B. Tauris. * Khavari, Farid A. (1990). ''Oil and Islam: the Ticking Bomb''. First ed. Malibu, Calif.: Roundtable Publications. viii, 277 p., ill. with maps and charts. ISBN 0-915677-55-5 * {{Cite book| last=Kramer (ed.) | first=Martin | authorlink=Martin Kramer | title=The Jewish Discovery of Islam: Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis | url=https://archive.org/details/jewishdiscoveryo0000unse | publisher=Syracuse University | date = 1999 | isbn=978-965-224-040-8}} * {{Cite book| last=Kuban | first=Dogan | title=Muslim Religious Architecture | publisher=Brill Academic Publishers | date = 1974 | isbn=90-04-03813-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard | title=Islam and the West | url=https://archive.org/details/islamwest00lewi_0 | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1994 | isbn=978-0-19-509061-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Lewis | first=Bernard| title=Cultures in Conflict: Christians, Muslims, and Jews in the Age of Discovery | url=https://archive.org/details/culturesinconfli0000lewi | publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1996 | isbn=978-0-19-510283-3}} * {{Cite book| last=Mubarkpuri | first=Saifur-Rahman | title=[[The Sealed Nectar]]: Biography of the Prophet | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2002 | isbn=978-1-59144-071-0}} * {{Cite book| last=Najeebabadi | first=Akbar Shah | title=History of Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofislamvo0000naje | publisher=Dar-us-Salam Publications | date = 2001 | ref=Harv | isbn=978-1-59144-034-5}} * {{Cite book| last=Nigosian | first=S. A. | title=Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices | url=https://archive.org/details/islamitshistoryt0000nigo | publisher=Indiana University Press | date = 2004 | edition=New | isbn=978-0-253-21627-4}} * {{Cite book| last=Rahman | first=Fazlur | authorlink=Fazlur Rahman | title=Islam | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226702810 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date = 1979 | edition=2nd | isbn=0-226-70281-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno | authorlink=Arno Tausch | title=Muslim Calvinism | publisher=Rozenberg Publishers, Amsterdam | date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-90-5170-995-7}} * {{Cite book| last=Tausch | first=Arno| title=What 1.3&nbsp;Billion Muslims Really Think: An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study, Based on the "[[World Values Survey]]". Foreword Mansoor Moaddel, Eastern Michigan University | publisher=Nova Science Publishers, New York| date = 2009 | edition=1st | isbn=978-1-60692-731-1}} * {{Cite book| last=Walker | first=Benjamin | authorlink=Benjamin Walker (author) | title=Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith | url=https://archive.org/details/foundationsofisl0000walk | publisher=Peter Owen Publishers | date = 1998 | isbn=978-0-7206-1038-3}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links |wikt=Islam |commons=Category:Islam |b=Subject:Islam |n=Category:Islam |q=Islam |s=Portal:Islam |v=Islam |voy=Islam |species=no |d=Q432 |m=no|mw=no}} ;Mga pagkukuhaan nga akademiko * [http://www.patheos.com/Library/Islam.html Patheos Library&nbsp;– Islam] * [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ University of Southern California Compendium of Muslim Texts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729180433/http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/home/ |date= 29 Hulyo 2014 }} * [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam Encyclopedia of Islam (Overview of World Religions)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041010144541/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2004 }} * [http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ Ethical Democracy Journal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212113155/http://www.ethicaldemocracy.org/ |date= 12 Disyembre 2011 }} views on Islam, other ethical systems and democracy ;Mga pagkukuhaan ha aada-nga-linya * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9105852/Islam Islam], article at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' * [http://www.friesian.com/islam.htm Islam], article at Friesian.com * [http://ideas.repec.org/p/iza/izadps/dp4459.html Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies], article at Repec/Ideas, [[University of Connecticut]] and IZA, Bonn, on Islam and global value change * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Islam Islam], article at Citizendium ;Mga direktorya *[http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 Islam (Bookshelf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826072931/http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Islam_%28Bookshelf%29 |date= 26 Agosto 2020 }} at [[Project Gutenberg]] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm Islam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326092524/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/islamus.htm |date= 26 Marso 2009 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *[http://islam.uga.edu/ Islam and Islamic Studies Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101104156/http://islam.uga.edu/ |date=2012-01-01 }} from Dr. Alan Godlas, Professor, [[University of Georgia]] [[Kaarangay:Islam| ]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] 58t3nekr596dnxq0dj89ouwmce0j25n 0 8822 7783067 7782404 2026-05-06T21:36:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name=''República Argentina''{{spaces|2}}<small>{{es icon}}</small> |common_name=Argentina |conventional_long_name=Republika Argentina<ref>Article 35 of the {{Cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|title=Constitution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071122155248/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/documentos/constitucion_ingles.pdf|archivedate= 22 Nobyembre 2007|access-date= 19 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live}} gives equal recognition to "United Provinces of the River Plate", "Argentine Republic" and "Argentine Confederation" and authorises the use of "Argentine Nation" in the making and enactment of laws</ref> |image_flag=Flag_of_Argentina.svg |image_coat=Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina.svg |image_map=Argentina (including claimed territories, orthographic projection).svg |map_caption=Orthographic projection of Argentina, including (in light green) the Argentine claims in [[Argentine Antarctica|Antarctica]], the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]. |national_motto=''En unión y libertad''<br />"Ha Pagkaurusa ngan Kagawasan"</small> |national_anthem=''[[Himno Nacional Argention|Himno Nacional Argentino]]'' |official_languages=[[Kinatsila]] |capital=[[Buenos Aires]] |largest_city=capital |ethnic_groups=86.4% [[Europeo nga Argentino|Europeo]] (kaurugan [[Italyano nga Argentino|Italyano]] ngan [[Espanyol nga pag-ukoy ha Argentina|Espanyol]]), 8% [[Mestizo]], 4% [[Arabo nga Argentino|Arabo]] ngan [[Asyano nga Argentino|Sinirangan nga Asyano]], 1.6% [[Amerindian]] <ref name=statesmen/><ref name=encuesta/> |latd=34|latm=36|latNS=S|longd=58|longm=23|longEW=W |government_type=[[Federal republic|Federal]] [[presidential system|presidential republic]] |leader_title1=[[President of Argentina|President]] |leader_name1=[[Don Javier Gerardo Milei]] |leader_title2=[[Vice President of Argentina|Vice President]] |leader_name2=[[Victoria Villarruel]] | leader_title3 = [[Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers]] | leader_name3 = [[Nicolás Posse]] | leader_title4 = [[List of Presidents of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] | leader_name4 = [[Martín Menem]] |leader_title5=[[Supreme Court of Argentina|Supreme Court President]] |leader_name5=[[Carlos Rosenkrantz]] |sovereignty_type=[[Independence]] |sovereignty_note=from Spain |established_event1=[[May Revolution]] |established_date1=25 Mayo 1810 |established_event2=[[Argentine Declaration of Independence|Declared]] |established_date2=9 Hulyo 1816 |area_rank=8th |area_magnitude=1_E12 |area_km2=2766890 |area_sq_mi=1068302 |percent_water=1.1 |population_estimate = 40,134,425<ref name="pop2009" /> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_estimate_rank = 33rd |population_census = 36,260,130 |population_census_year = 2001 |population_density_km2 = 15 |population_density_sq_mi = 38 |population_density_rank = 168th |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP = $566.922 billion<ref name=imf>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=213&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=10&pr.y=18|title=Argentina|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate= 1 Oktubre 2009}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank=23rd |GDP_PPP_per_capita=$14,125<ref name=imf/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=57th |GDP_nominal=$301.331 billion<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_rank=31st |GDP_nominal_year=2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita=$7,508<ref name=imf/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=66th |Gini=49<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=Distribution of family income – Gini index|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate= 1 Septyembre 2009|archive-date= 13 Hunyo 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |Gini_year=2006 |Gini_category=<span style="color:#e0584e;">high</span> |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI = {{Increase}} 0.866<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009]. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 Oktubre 2009.</ref> |HDI_rank = 49th |HDI_category=<span style="color:#090;">high</span> |currency=[[Argentine peso|Peso]] |currency_code=ARS |time_zone=[[Time in Argentina|ART]] |utc_offset=-3 <!-- |time_zone_DST=ART |utc_offset_DST=-2 DST Suspended so far...--> |demonym=Argentine, Argentinian, Argentinean |drives_on=right (trains ride on the left) |cctld=[[.ar]] |calling_code=[[+54]] }} [[Paypay:ViñedoCafayate.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]]] An '''Argentina''' (kaluwas "ar-hen-TI-na"; puyde liwat igsurat ha Winaray nga '''Arhentina'''), nga tinatawag hin opisyal nga '''Republika Argentina''' (puyde liwat '''Republika nga Arhentihanon'''; ha [[Kinatsila]] '''''República Argentina'''''), usa nga nasod ha [[Salatan nga Amerika]] o América del Sur, nga nahimo komo usa nga federasyon hin 23 nga mga lalawigan ngan hin usa nga naglulugaring nga syudad o syudad nga may autonomo. Amo ini an ikaduha nga gidako-i nga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika ngan ika-walo ha kalibutan hin kahaluag hin katunaan ngan amo an gidakoi ha mga nasod nga nayakan hin Kinatsila, bisan man kon an [[Mehiko]], [[Colombia]] ngan [[Espanya]] darudako pa hin katawhan o populasyon. An kahaluag hini ha kontinente amo in 2,766,890 ka kilometro, butnga han kabugkiran han Andes ha katundan ngan han salatan nga Kalawdan Atlantico ha sidlangan ngan salatan. An Argentina ginsasapitan han [[Paraguay]] ngan [[Bolivia]] ha amihanan, han [[Brasil]] ngan [[Uruguay]] ha dumagsaan o amihanan-sidlangan, ngan [[Chile]] ha katundan ngan salatan. An Argentina nag-angkon liwat hin 969,464 ka kilometro han [[Antarctica]], nga tinatawag nga Antartica nga Argentina, nga naglalakip gihapon han mga pag-angkon han Chile (Teritoryo Antarctico Chileno) ngan han [[Reino Unido]] (Teritoryo Antarctico Britanico); an ngatanan nga mga pag-angkon mahitungod han Antarctica ginsuspendir han [[Tratado Antarctico]] han 1961. ==Mga probinsya han Argentina== An mga probinsya o lalawigan han Argentina, upod an ira mga kahaluag ngan katawhan amo an mga nasunod: {| class="toccolours" style="float: auto; text-align:right; font-size:90%; width:100%; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background:F5F5F5; " |- align=center style="background:lavender; font-weight:bold;" ! !! Probinsya!! Kapital !! Katawhan<br /><small>(est. 2008)</small> !! Kahaluag<br /><small>(en km²)</small> !! <small>GSP/PBG ha tagsa kapita<ref>Estimación elaborada por la consultora Abeceb, a septiembre de 2008, en base a indicadores de ingresos, productivos y fiscales (nacionales como provinciales), a precios corrientes. [http://www.google.com.ar/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diadenegocios.com%2Farchivos%2F200809%2Feconomias%2520pciales.doc&ei=BihGSczHOIaeeo31rdoI&usg=AFQjCNFjVRrLTt-Mugm3-fJFx4cg-rwbXw&sig2=YGwheRcMxThoqfMO8AsBWw Informe completo].</ref><br />(U$S, 2008, est.)</small> !! Mapa |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left colspan="2" |'''[[Buenos Aires|Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires]]'''<ref>An Syudad han Buenos Aires usa nga entidad ha ikaduha nga grado konstitusyonal pero diri ini gin-organisa sugad hin lalawigan kondi sugad hin ispisyal nga rehimen (Syudad Autonoma), sugad hin kalugaringon nga probinsya.</ref> || 3.042.581 || 203 || 23.309 || style="background:#F5F5F5;" rowspan=50 | [[Paypay:Argentina politico sin capitales.svg|235px|link=]] |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.svg|30px|link=|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Provincia de Buenos Aires|Provincia<br />de Buenos Aires]]''' || align=left | [[La Plata]] || 15.052.177 || 307.571 || 7.310 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Catamarca.svg|30px|border]]|| style="background:#f0f0f0;" align=left |'''[[Catamarca (probinsya)|Catamarca]]''' || align=left| [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|San Fdo. del Valle<br />de Catamarca]] || 388.416 || 102.602 || 6.009 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chaco.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chaco (probinsya)|Chaco]]''' || align=left| [[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]] || 1.052.185 || 99.633 || 2.015 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Chubut.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Chubut]]''' || align=left| [[Rawson, Chubut|Rawson]] || 460.684 || 224.686 || 15.422 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Córdoba 2014.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)|Córdoba]]''' || align=left| [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]] || 3.340.041 || 165.321 || 6.477 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Corrientes.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Corrientes (probinsya)|Corrientes]]''' || align=left| [[Corrientes, Corrientes|Corrientes]] || 1.013.443 || 88.199 || 4.001 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Entre Ríos.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Entre Ríos (probinsya)|Entre Ríos]]''' || align=left| [[Paraná, Entre Ríos|Paraná]] || 1.255.787 || 78.781 || 5.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Formosa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Formosa (probinsya)|Formosa]]''' || align=left| [[Formosa, Formosa|Formosa]] || 539.883 || 72.066 || 2.879 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Jujuy.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Jujuy (probinsya)|Jujuy]]''' || align=left| [[San Salvador de Jujuy|San Salvador<br />de Jujuy]] || 679.975 || 53.219 || 3.755 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Pampa.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[La Pampa (probinsya)|La Pampa]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]] || 333.550 || 143.440 || 5.987 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de La Rioja.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Provincia de La Rioja, Argentina|La Rioja]]''' || align=left| [[La Rioja (syudad ha Argentina)|La Rioja]] || 341.207 || 89.680 || 4.162 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Mendoza.svg|30px|border]] || align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Mendoza (probinsya)|Mendoza]]''' || align=left| [[Mendoza, Mendoza|Mendoza]] || 1.729.660 || 148.827 || 9.079 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Misiones.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Misiones]]''' || align=left| [[Posadas, Misiones|Posadas]] || 1.077.987 || 29.801 || 3.751 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Neuquen.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Neuquén (probinsya)|Neuquén]]''' || align=left| [[Neuquén, Neuquén|Neuquén]] || 547.742 || 94.078 || 26.273 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia del Río Negro.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Río Negro (probinsya)|Río Negro]]''' || align=left| [[Viedma, Río Negro|Viedma]] || 597.476 || 203.013 || 8.247 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Salta.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Salta (probinsya)|Salta]]''' || align=left| [[Salta, Salta|Salta]] || 1.224.022 || 155.488 || 4.220 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Flag of the San Juan Province.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Juan (probinsya)|San Juan]]''' || align=left| [[San Juan, San Juan|San Juan]] || 695.640 || 89.651 || 5.642 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de San Luis.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[San Luis (probinsya)|San Luis]]''' || align=left| [[San Luis, San Luís|San Luis]] || 437.544 || 76.748 || 5.580 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Cruz.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Cruz (probinsya)|Santa Cruz]]''' || align=left| [[Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz|Río Gallegos]] || 225.920 || 243.943 || 30.496 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santa Fe.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santa Fe (probinsya)|Santa Fe]]''' || align=left| [[Santa Fe, Santa Fe|Santa Fe]] || 3.242.551 || 133.007 || 8.423 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Santiago del Estero.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Santiago del Estero (probinsya)|Santiago del Estero]]''' || align=left| [[Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero|Santiago del Estero]] || 865.546 || 136.351 || 3.003 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tierra del Fuego.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tierra del Fuego (Argentina)|Tierra del Fuego]]''' || align=left| [[Ushuaia]] || 126.212<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas">Diri gin-upod an 980.874 ka km² han Antártida Argentina ngan an las Islas del Atlántico Sur nga okupada han Reino Unido, nga diin an Argentina mayda reclama hin soberaniya, nga nabug-os an kahaluag nga 3.761.274 ka km².</ref> || 21.478 || 20.682 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" | [[Paypay:Bandera de la Provincia de Tucumán.svg|30px|border]]|| align=left style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''[[Tucumán (probinsya)|Tucumán]]''' || align=left| [[San Miguel de Tucumán|San Miguel<br />de Tucumán]] || 1.475.384 || 22.524 || 3.937 |- !style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="6"| |- | align=center style="background:#f0f0f0;" colspan="3" | [[Paypay:Flag of Argentina.svg|30px|border]] '''Bug-os nga Nasod ''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''39.745.613'''<ref name="Malvinas Argentinas" /> || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''2.780.400''' || style="background:#f0f0f0;" | '''8.269''' |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== ;Legal nga mga dokumento {{refbegin}} * {{Citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php|title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation|authors=National Constituent Convention|place=Santa Fe|date=22 Agosto 1994|ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}}}} {{refend}} ;Artikulo {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|publisher=|place=|date=2013|ref=harv|access-date=2015-01-11|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105044340/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. Historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish|journal=Bilingualism: Language and Cognition|volume=7|issue=2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK|date= Agosto 2004|pages=107–119|doi=10.1017/S1366728904001488|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Cruz, Jr.|first1=Arturo|title=Glory Past but Not Forgotten|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_insight-on-the-news_1990-08-06_6_32/page/8|work=Insight on the News|volume=6|issue=32|publisher=News World Communications|place=New York, NY, USA|date=6 Agosto 1990|page=8|ref={{harvid|Cruz|1990}}}} * {{Cite journal|last1=DellaPergola|first1=Sergio|authorlink=Sergio DellaPergola|title=World Jewish Population, 2013|url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3113|format=PDF|volume=113|editor1-last=Dashefsky|editor1-first=Arnold|editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky|editor2-last=Sheskin|editor2-first=Ira|work=The American Jewish Year Book, 2013|publisher=Springer|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands|date=2013|pages=279–358|isbn=978-3319016580|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Marshall|title=What is So Special About Shoebox Halls? Envelopment, Envelopment, Envelopment|url=http://mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|format=PDF|work=Acoustics Today|volume=5|issue=2|publisher=ASA – Acoustical Society of America|date=Abril 2009|pages=21–25|doi=10.1121/1.3182843|ref=harv|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=8 Agosto 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808081005/http://www.mlacoustics.com/PDF/Shoebox.pdf|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Malamud|first=Andrés|title=A Leader Without Followers? The Growing Divergence Between the Regional and Global Performance of Brazilian Foreign Policy|journal=Latin American Politics and Society|volume=53|issue=3|publisher=Institute of Social Sciences of the University of Lisbon|place=Lisbon|edition=Fall 2011|pages=1–24|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Mallimaci|first1=Fortunato|last2=Esquivel|first2=Juan Cruz|last3=Irrazábal|first3=Gabriela|title=Primera Encuesta Sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas En Argentina|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/encuesta1.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=CONICET – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas|place=Buenos Aires|date=26 Agosto 2008|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=Don|title=Argentina: Radio with a Past|work=Monitoring Times|publisher=Grove Enterprises|place=Brasstown, North Carolina, US|date= Enero 1995|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Hussein|title=South African Foreign Policy, Middle Power Leadership and Preventive Diplomacy|url=http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|format=PDF|journal=|publisher=Centre for International Political Studies|place=Pretoria, South Africa|date=1997|ref=harv|access-date=11 Enero 2015|archive-date=19 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419052314/http://www.cips.up.ac.za/files/pdf/uafspublications/South%20African%20foreign%20policy%2C%20middle%20power%20leadership%20and%20preventive%20diplomacy.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{refend}} ;Mga libro {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Abad de Santillán|first=Diego|authorlink=Diego Abad de Santillán|title=Historia Argentina|publisher=Tipográfica Editora Argentina|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1971|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Adler|first1=Emanuel|last2=Greve|first2=Patricia|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=When security community meets balance of power: overlapping regional mechanisms of security governance|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2009|pages=59–84|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Aeberhard|first1=Danny|last2=Benson|first2=Andrew|last3=Phillips|first3=Lucy|title=The rough guide to Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoarge0000aebe_z0y6|publisher=Rough Guides|place=London| date = 2000|isbn=978-1858285696|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Akstinat|first=Björn|title=Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Presse im Ausland|publisher=IMH–Verlag|place=Berlin| date = 2013|language=German|isbn=978-3981515817|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Arbena|first=Joseph|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|contribution=In Search of the Latin American Female Athlete|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2002|pages=219–232|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Arbena|editor-first1=Joseph|editor-last2=LaFrance|editor-first2=David Gerald|title=Sport in Latin America and the Caribbean|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2002|isbn=978-0842028219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=John|title=Evita, First Lady: A Biography of Eva Perón|url=https://archive.org/details/evitafirstlady00john|publisher=Grove Press|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1978|isbn=978-0802134790|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bidart Campos|first=Germán J.|title=Manual de la Constitución Reformada|volume=I|publisher=Ediar|place=Buenos Aires| date = 2005|language=Spanish|isbn=950-5741219|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Harold|title=The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1994|isbn=978-1573225144|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Boughton|first=James M.|title=Tearing Down Walls. The International Monetary Fund 1990–1999|publisher=International Monetary Fund|place=Washington, D. C.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1616350840|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Calvo|first=Carlos|title=Anales históricos de la revolucion de la América latina, acompañados de los documentos en su apoyo. Desde el año 1808 hasta el reconocimiento de la independencia de ese extenso continente|volume=2|publisher=A. Durand|place=Paris| date = 1864|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Crooker|first=Richard A.|title=Argentina|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2009|isbn=978-1438104812|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Crow|first=John A.|title=The Epic of Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/epicoflatinameri00crow|edition=4th|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| date = 1992|isbn=978-0520077232|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Díaz Alejandro|first=Carlos F.|title=Essays on the Economic History of the Argentine Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/essaysoneconomic0000diaz|publisher=Yale University Press|place=New Haven, CT, USA| date = 1970|isbn=978-0300011937|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Dougall|first=Angus|title=The Greatest Racing Driver|publisher=Balboa Press|place=Bloomington, IN, USA| date = 2013|isbn=978-1452510965|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Todd L.|title=Argentina: A Global Studies Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/argentinaglobals0000edwa|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, California| date = 2008|isbn=978-1851099863|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Epstein|first1=Edward|last2=Pion-Berlin|first2=David|title=Broken Promises?: The Argentine Crisis and Argentine Democracy|contribution=The Crisis of 2001 and Argentine Democracy|editor-last1=Epstein|editor-first1=Edward|editor-last2=Pion-Berlin|editor-first2=David|publisher=Lexington Books|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2006|pages=3–26|isbn=978-0739109281|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Fayt|first=Carlos S.|authorlink=Carlos Fayt|title=Derecho Político|volume=I|edition=6th|publisher=Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1985|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501402766|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Fearns|first1=Les|last2=Fearns|first2=Daisy|title=Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina0000fear_l2j3|publisher=Evans Brothers|place=London| date = 2005|isbn=978-0237527594|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ferro|first=Carlos A.|title=Historia de la Bandera Argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1991|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9501406108|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Foster|first1=David W.|last2=Lockhart|first2=Melissa F.|last3=Lockhart|first3=Darrell B.|title=Culture and Customs of Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00fost|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|place=Westport, CT, USA| date = 1998|isbn=978-0313303197|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Ian C.|title=Latino Athletes|url=https://archive.org/details/latinoathletesat00ianc|publisher=Infobase Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2007|isbn=978-1438107844|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Galasso|first=Norberto|authorlink=Norberto Galasso|title=Historia de la Argentina, vol. I&II|publisher=Colihue|place=Buenos Aires| date = 2011|language=Spanish|isbn=978-9505634781|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=Globalization, Power, and Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse|contribution=Culture, Power, and Democracy|editor-last=Plattner|editor-first=Marc|editor2-last=Smolar|editor2-first=Aleksander|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|place=Baltimore, MD, USA| date = 2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/globalizationpow0000unse/page/n3 3]–13|isbn=978-0801865688|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=King|first=John|title=Magical Reels: A History of Cinema in Latin America|url=https://archive.org/details/magicalreelshist0000king_l8g8|series=Critical Studies in Latin American & Iberian Cultures|publisher=Verso|place=London| date = 2000|isbn=978-1859842331|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Kopka|first=Deborah|title=Central & South America|url=https://archive.org/details/centralsouthamer0000kopk|publisher=Lorenz Educational Press|place=Dayton, OH, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-1429122511|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lake|first=David|title=Globalising the Regional, Regionalising the Global|series=Review of International Studies|volume=35|contribution=Regional Hierarchies: Authority and Local International Order|editor-last=Fawn|editor-first=Rick|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2009|pages=35–58|isbn=978-0521759885|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Levene|first=Ricardo|title=Desde la Revolución de Mayo a la Asamblea de 1813–15|series=Historia del Derecho Argentino|volume=IV|publisher=Editorial G. Kraf|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Daniel K.|title=The History of Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofargenti00lewi|series=Palgrave Essential Histories Series|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|place=New York. NY, USA| date = 2003|isbn=978-1403962546|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor-last1=Lewis|editor-first1=M. Paul|editor-last2=Simons|editor-first2=Gary F.|editor-last3=Fennig|editor-first3=Charles D.|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=17th|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics International|place=Dallas, TX, USA| date = 2014|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Paul|title=The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism|url=https://archive.org/details/crisisofargentin0000lewi|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|place=Chapel Hill, NC, USA| date = 1990|isbn=978-0807843567|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992|url=https://archive.org/details/monitoringworlde0000madd|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=Paris| date = 1995|isbn=978-9264145498|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Maddison|first=Angus|authorlink=Angus Maddison|title=The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/worldeconomymill0000angu|publisher=OECD Publishing|place=| date = 2001|isbn=978-9264186545|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Maldifassi|first1=José O.|last2=Abetti|first2=Pier A.|title=Defense industries in Latin American countries: Argentina, Brazil, and Chile|url=https://archive.org/details/defenseindustrie0000mald|publisher=Praeger| date = 1994|isbn=978-0275947293|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Margheritis|first=Ana|title=Argentina's foreign policy: domestic politics and democracy promotion in the Americas|publisher=FirstForumPress|place=Boulder, CO, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-1935049197|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=McCloskey|first1=Erin|last2=Burford|first2=Tim|title=Argentina|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina0000mccl|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|place=Guilford, CT, USA| date = 2006|isbn=978-1841621388|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=McKinney|first=Kevin|title=Everyday geography|url=https://archive.org/details/everydaygeograph0000mcki|publisher=GuildAmerica Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1993|isbn=978-1568650326|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Menutti|first1=Adela|last2=Menutti|first2=María Mercedes|title=Geografía Argentina y Universal|publisher=Edil|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1980|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Michael|title=The Strait of Magellan|series=International Straits of the World|volume=11|editor-last=Mangone|editor-first=Gerard|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishes|place=Dordrecht, The Netherlands| date = 1988|isbn=978-0792301813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mosk|first=Sanford A.|title=People and Issues in Latin American History|volume=II: From Independence to the Present|contribution=Latin America and the World Economy, 1850–1914|editor-last1=Hanke|editor-first1=Lewis|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Jane M.|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishing|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 1990|pages=86–96|isbn=978-1558760189|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Nauright|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Parrish|editor2-first=Charles|title=Sports around the World: History, Culture, and Practice|volume=3|publisher=ABC-CLIO|place=Santa Barbara, California| date = 2012|isbn=978-1598843019|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nierop|first=Tom|title=The Territorial Factor|contribution=The Clash of Civilisations|editor-last=Dijkink|editor-first=Gertjan|editor2-last=Knippenberg|editor2-first=Hans|publisher=Vossiuspers UvA – Amsterdam University Press|place=Amsterdam| date = 2001|pages=51–76|isbn=978-9056291884|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Papadopoulos|first=Anestis|title=The International Dimension of EU Competition Law and Policy|publisher=Cambridge University Press|place=Cambridge, UK| date = 2010|isbn=978-0521196468|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rey Balmaceda|first=Raúl|title=Mi país, la Argentina|publisher=Arte Gráfico Editorial Argentino|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1995|language=Spanish|isbn=84-599-3442-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rivas|first=José Andrés|title=Santiago en sus letras: antología criticotemática de las letras santiagueñas|publisher=Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero|place=Santiago del Estero, SE, Argentina| date = 1989|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Robben|first=Antonius C. G. M.|title=Political Violence and Trauma in Argentina|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|place=Philadelphia, PA, USA| date = 2011|isbn=978-0812203318|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rock|first=David|authorlink=David Rock (historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|url=https://archive.org/details/argentina15161980000rock_m1i9|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, California| date = 1987|isbn=978-0520061781|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC, USA| date = 2009|isbn=978-0786452842|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|url=https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint00khan_810|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/regionaltradeint00khan_810/page/n38 15]–44|isbn=978-0415476737|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.| date = 1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina| date = 1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires| date = 1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|url=https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa| date = 1988|isbn=978-0920494813|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0810874985|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York, NY, USA| date = 2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0816072293|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=Argentina}} ;Gobyerno * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.gob.ar/|name=Argentina|official=yes|language=es}} ;Biyahe ngan turismo * {{external link|url=http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm|name=Argentina Ministry of Tourism|official=yes}} * {{external link|url=http://www.argentina.travel/en|name=National Institute of Tourism Promotion|official=yes}} ;Bawbaw nga paglantaw * {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}} * {{external link|url=http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/|name=Argentina|site=[[Latin American Network Information Center]]}} * {{external link|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm|name=Argentina|site=[[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]]}} * {{external link|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR|name=Key Development Forecasts for Argentina|site=[[International Futures]]}} * {{osmrelation-inline|286393}} * {{Wikipedia books link|Argentina}} * {{Wikiatlas|Argentina}} [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Argentina (Argentinidae)]] 0dgpvfqashjv0ybxrbc5efvvovau8my 0 8847 7783094 7782784 2026-05-06T21:59:53Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = {{lang|es|República de Cuba}} |conventional_long_name = Republika han Cuba |common_name = Cuba |image_flag = Flag of Cuba.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Cuba.svg |symbol_type = Eskudo |image_map = Cuba (orthographic projection).svg | national_motto = <br>{{native phrase|es|"¡Patria o Muerte, Venceremos!"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />{{small|"¡Iroy nga Tuna o Kamatayan, magdadaog hi kitá!!"}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bc.gob.cu/english/cuban_bills.asp |title=Cuban Peso Bills |publisher=Central Bank of Cuba |date=2015 |accessdate=Pebrero 14, 2017 |archive-date= 26 Septyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926193856/http://www.bc.gob.cu/English/cuban_bills.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<br>{{•}}<br>"{{lang|es|[[Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!|¡Trabajadores del mundo, únanse!]]}}"<br />{{small|"¡Mga trabahador han kalibotan, paghiusá!"}} | national_anthem = ''[[La Bayamesa]]''<br />{{raise|0.2em|{{small|''An Bayamesa''&nbsp;}}{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mipais.cuba.cu/cat_en.php?idcat=91&idpadre=83&nivel=2 |title=National symbols |publisher=Government of Cuba |accessdate=Septyembre 7, 2009}}</ref><!--end lower:-->}}<!--end raise:-->}}<br /><center>[[File:Cuban national anthem (abridged version), performed by the U.S. Navy Band.oga]]</center> |official_languages = [[Kinatsila nga yinaknan|Kinatsila]] |demonym = Cubano |ethnic_groups = 65.05% [[Europeo nga etniko nga grupo|Europeo]] ([[Espanyol nga katawhan|Espanyol]], [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]], iba), 10.08% [[Afro-Cubano|Afrikano]] ([[Yoruba nga katawhan|Yoruba]], [[Igbo nga katawyan|Igbo]], iba), 23.84% [[Mulatto]] & [[Mestizo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official 2002 Cuban Census |url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 14 Abril 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414135412/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |capital = [[La Habana]] |latd=23 |latm=8 |latNS=N |longd=82 |longm=23 |longEW=W |largest_city = La Habana |government_type = [[Sosyalista nga Republika]],<br />[[Usa-nga-partido nga estado|Usa-nga-partido]] nga [[estado komunista]] |leader_title1 = [[Konseho han Estado han Cuba|Presidente]] |leader_name1 = [[Miguel Díaz-Canel]] |leader_title2 = [[Konsehon hin mga Ministro han Cuba|Premier]] |leader_name2 = [[Manuel Marrero Cruz]] |area_rank = ika-105 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area = 110,861 |area_km2 = 110,861 |area_sq_mi = 42,803 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = waray bale |population_estimate = 11,423,952<ref name="CIApop">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |access-date= 22 Abril 2009 |archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#People |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = 2008 |population_estimate_rank = ika-73 |population_census = 11,177,743 |population_census_year = 2002 |population_density = 102 |population_density_km2 = 102 |population_density_sq_mi = 264 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ika-97 |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP = $108.2 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba">{{Citation|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|title= Cuba|publisher= CIA World Factbook|accessdate= 6 Abril 2009|archive-date= 10 Pebrero 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $9,500<ref name=CIAfactbookCuba /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal = $55.18 ka bilyon<ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_rank = |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,830<ref name="CIApop"/><ref name="CIAfactbookCuba"/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = | Gini = 38.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2000 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite news |title=Cuba grapples with growing inequality |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |accessdate=21 Hulyo 2013 |newspaper=Reuters |archive-date=17 Septyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917130622/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/04/10/us-cuba-reform-inequality-idUSN1033501920080410 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.775 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI data refers, not the year of publication--> | HDI_change = paghitaas <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990–2014|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/trends|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=15 Disyembre 2015}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ika-68<!--Please see talk page before adding a reference here again--> |sovereignty_type = [[Independensya]] |sovereignty_note = tikang han [[Espanya]] |established_event1 = Gindeklara^c |established_event2 = Gindeklara in Republika |established_event3 = [[Cubano nga Rebolusyon]] |established_date1 = Oktubre 10, 1868 |established_date2 = Mayo 20, 1902<br /> tikang han [[Estados Unidos]] |established_date3 = Enero 1, 1959 |currency = [[Cubano nga peso]] <!--kludge to deal with fact that template expects only one currency per country:-->(<code>[[ISO 4217|CUP]]</code>)<br />[[Cubano nga nababalhin nga peso|Nababalhin nga peso]] ^d |currency_code = CUC |time_zone = |utc_offset = -5 |time_zone_DST = (Natikang hit Marso 11; natapos hit Nobyembre 4) |utc_offset_DST = -4 |drives_on = tuo |cctld = [[.cu]] |calling_code = 53 |footnotes = ^a Sugad han naipakita dida han obverso nga bahin han 1992 nga coin<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonic.net/~figgins/cuba/coin.gif |title=1992 coin |author=Sonic.net| accessdate= 26 Septyembre 2006}}</ref> (Tigamni nga an Kinatsila nga pulong "Patria" usa nga binabayi nga pulong ngan puyde ini maihubad ha Winaray nga "Duyan" o "Lugar nga Natawhan" or "Iroy nga Tuna".)<br />^bAn [[Konstitusyon han Cuba]] nasiring nga an "''Cuba usa nga independyente ngan soberano nga sosyalista nga estado [Artikulo 1] ngan an ngaran han Cubano nga estado amo an Republika han Cuba [Artikuko 2]''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|title=The Cuban constitution|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|author=Government of Cuba|archive-date= 17 Mayo 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517085739/http://www.cubanet.org/ref/dis/const_92_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> An kagamit han "sosyalista nga republika" agod maipahayag an estilo hin pan-gobyernohan ha Cuba haros uniforme, bisan man kon in mga porma hin gobyerno waray unibersal nga ginkakasabotan nga tipolohya. Pananglitan, Atlapedia<ref>{{Cite web| url= http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/cuba.htm |author=Atlapedia|title=Cuba}}</ref> nagdedeskribir hini nga "Unitaryo nga Sosyalista nga Republika"; An ''Encyclopædia Britannica''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|author=Encyclopædia Britannica|authorlink=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Cuba|accessdate= 29 Enero 2007|archive-date= 7 Mayo 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507181811/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-54401|url-status=dead}}</ref> diri nagamit han pulong nga "unitaryo" sugad hit kadam-an nga mga barasahon.<br />^c Ha pagtikang han [[Napulo ka Tuig nga Gyera]].<br />^d Tikang han 1993 tubtob 2004 an [[dolyar han Estados Unidos|U.S. dollar]] gin-gamit upod han peso tubtob han pagsalyo-a han dolyar han nababalhin nga peso. }} An '''Republika han Cuba''' (ha [[Kinatsila]]: '''República de Cuba''') usa nga nasod ha Dagat han Antillas o Dagat Caribe. Ini nga nasod naglalakip han [[Isla han Cuba]], nga amo an gidako-i ngan ikaduha nga gidamo-i hin tawo nga isla han [[Antillas Mayores]], an [[Isla de la Juventud]], ngan pipira nga mga gudti-gudti nga mga puro o isla nga hagrani. [[La Habana]] an gidakoi nga syudad ngan amo an kapital han nasod. An [[Santiago de Cuba]] ngan [[Camagüey]] mga importante liwat nga mga Cubano nga syudad. Mga kilalado liwat nga mga gurugudti nga mga bungto amo an: [[Baracoa]] (nga amo an syahan nga gin-ukyan han Espanyoles ha Cuba), [[Trinidad, Cuba|Trinidad]] (usa nga [[UNESCO nga sityo hin herensya han kalibutan]] ), ngan [[Bayamo]]. An Cuba mayda populasyon nga 11 ka ribo o milyon nga tawo ngan amo an gidamoi hin populasyon nga islahanon nga nasod ha Caribe. An katawhan hini, kultura, ngan mga kustumbre tikang hin mga dirudilain nga mga pinanguhaan sugad han: an mga tuminongnong nga mga [[Taíno]] ngan [[Ciboney]] nga mga tawo; an panahon han [[Espanyol nga Imperyo|pagkolonisar han Espanya]]; an pagdara han [[Pag-uripon ha Espanyol nga Bag-o nga Kalibutan nga mga kolonya|Africano nga mga uripon]]; ngan an kaharani hini han [[Estados Unidos]]. An ngaran nga ''Cuba'' tikang han Taíno nga yinaknan ngan bisan man kon an iksakto nga kahulogan diri klaro, puyde ini mahubad nga "an lugar nga diin an mabinungahon nga tuna damo" (''cubao'' ha orihinal nga Taíno)<ref>www.alfredcarrada.org/notes8.html</ref>, o kundi man an "dako nga lugar" (''coabana'').<ref>members.dandy.net/~orocobix/terms1.htm</ref> An nasodnon nga bukad amo an "[[Hedychium coronarium|flor de mariposa]]" (Bukad han Alibangbang) ngan an nasodnon nga tamsi amo an ''Tocororo'' o an [[Cubano nga Trogon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2 |access-date=2009-03-09 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002259/http://www.dtcuba.com/CubaInfoDetails.aspx?c=9&lng=2%20 |url-status= }}</ref> ==Administratibo nga pagbahinbahin== An Cuba mayda napulo kag upat (14) nga mga lalawigan o probinsya ngan usa nga ispisyal nga munisipalidad (an [[Isla de la Juventud]]). Ini han una mga kabahin hin unom nga darudako nga mga lalawigan: Pinar del Río, La Habana, Matanzas, Las Villas, Camagüey ngan Oriente. An mga yana nga mga pagbahin-bahin baga hin sugad han mga probinsya militar han panahon han Mga Gyera hin Paglugaring ha Cuba, nga diin an mga lugar nga gidako-i hin samok ginbahin-bahin. {| align=center |colspan=4|{{Mapa han Mga Lalawigan han Cuba|Map=Cuba Provinces-map.png|width=500px}} |- |align=right|'''1''' |colspan=3|[[Isla de la Juventud]] (''Puro han Kabatan-on'' o ''Puro han Pagkabata'') |- |align=right|'''2''' |[[Pinar del Río (probinsya)|Pinar del Río]] |align=right|'''9''' |[[Ciego de Ávila (probinsya)|Ciego de Ávila]] |- |align=right|'''3''' |[[La Habana (probinsya)|La Habana]] (''An Habana'') |align=right|'''10''' |[[Camagüey (probinsya)|Camagüey]] |- |align=right|'''4''' |[[La Habana|Ciudad de la Habana]] (''Syudad han Habana'') |align=right|'''11''' |[[Las Tunas (probinsya)|Las Tunas]] |- |align=right|'''5''' |[[Matanzas (probinsya)|Matanzas]] |align=right| '''12''' |[[Granma (probinsya)|Granma]] |- |align=right|'''6''' |[[Cienfuegos (probinsya)|Cienfuegos]] |align=right|'''13''' |[[Holguín (probinsya)|Holguín]] |- |align=right|'''7''' |[[Villa Clara (probinsya)|Villa Clara]] |align=right|'''14''' |[[Santiago de Cuba (probinsya)|Santiago de Cuba]] |- |align=right|'''8''' |[[Sancti Spíritus (probinsya)|Sancti Spíritus]] |align=right|'''15''' |[[Guantánamo (probinsya)|Guantánamo]] |- |} An mga lalawigan ginbahin-bahin pa ngadto hin usa ka gatos kapitoan (170) nga mga [[Mga Munisipyo han Cuba|munisipyo]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} :{{Cite journal |last= Albornoz |first= Sara Carrillo de | date = 2006 |title= On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad |journal= [[BMJ]] |volume= 333 |page= 464 |jstor= 40700096 |ref= harv |doi=10.1136/bmj.333.7566.464}} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2001 |chapter= Rationed Products and Something Else: Food Availability and Distribution in 2000 |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/pdfs/alvarez.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;11 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 305–322 |isbn= 0-9649082-0-4 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907034414/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume11/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Alvarez |first= José |date= 2004 |title= Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation |url= http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FE/FE48000.pdf |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Department of Food and Resource Economics, [[University of Florida]] |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Baklanoff |first= Eric N. |date= 1998 |chapter= Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/31baklanoff.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 260–272 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |editor1-last= Chomsky |editor1-first= Aviva |editor1-link= Aviva Chomsky |editor2-last= Carr |editor2-first= Barry |editor3-last= Smorkaloff |editor3-first= Pamela Maria | date = 2004 |title= The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics |location= Durham,&nbsp;NC |publisher= [[Duke University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8223-3197-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Corbett |first= Ben |date= 2002 |title= This Is Cuba: An Outlaw Culture Survives |url= https://archive.org/details/thisiscubaoutlaw0000corb |publisher= [[Westview Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8133-3826-2 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Crespo |first1= Nicolás |last2= Negrón Díaz |first2= Santos |date= 1997 |chapter= Cuban Tourism in 2007: Economic Impact |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/pdfs/crespo.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;7 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 150–161 |isbn= 0-9649082-6-3 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031509/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume7/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |authorlink= Jorge I. Dominguez |date= 1978 |title= Cuba: Order and Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorderrevolut0000domn |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Belknap Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-17925-7 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 1989 |title= To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy |url= https://archive.org/details/tomakeworldsafef0000domi |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-89325-2 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez1989 }} :{{Cite book |last= Domínguez |first= Jorge I. |date= 2003 |title= A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution |url= http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~jidoming/images/jid_constitution.PDF |location= Coral Gables,&nbsp;FL |publisher= Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, [[University of Miami]] |isbn= 978-1-932385-04-5 |accessdate= 19 Agosto 2012 |ref= CITEREFDomínguez2003 }} :{{Cite book |last= Espino |first= María Dolores |date= 2000 |chapter= Cuban Tourism During the Special Period |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/pdfs/espino.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;10 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= |isbn= 0-9649082-8-X |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907033348/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume10/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite journal |last= Falk |first= Pamela S. |date= 1988 |title= Washing and Havana |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_wilson-quarterly_winter-1988_12_5/page/64 |journal= [[The Wilson Quarterly]] |volume= 12 |issue= 5 |pages= 64–74 |jstor= 40257732 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Feinsilver |first= Julie M. |date= 1989 |title= Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_latin-american-research-review_1989_24_2/page/n4 |journal= Latin American Research Review |volume= 24 |issue= 2 |pages= 1–34 |jstor= 2503679 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |author= Gebru Tareke <!-- Ethiopian names, remember! --> |date= 2009 |title= The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa |url= https://archive.org/details/ethiopianrevolut0000gebr |location= New Haven,&nbsp;CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-14163-4 |ref= CITEREFTareke2009 }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero |authorlink= Piero Gleijeses |date= 1994 |title= 'Flee! The White Giants are Coming!': The United States, the Mercenaries, and the Congo, 1964–1965 |url= http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |journal= [[Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations|Diplomatic History]] |volume= 18 |issue= 2 |pages= 207–237 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1994.tb00611.x |access-date= 12 Enero 2015 |archive-date= 17 Enero 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013342/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/DH%20articles/gleijeses%20flee%20the%20white%20giants.pdf |url-status= dead }} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965 |journal= [[Journal of Latin American Studies]] |volume= 28 |issue= 1 |pages= 159–195 |jstor= 157991 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1996 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x00012670}} :{{Cite journal |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 1997 |title= The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence |journal= Journal of Latin American Studies |volume= 29 |issue= 1 |pages= 45–88 |jstor= 158071 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses1997 |doi=10.1017/s0022216x96004646}} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2002 |title= Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8078-2647-8 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2002 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2010 |chapter= Cuba and the Cold War, 1959–1980 |title= ''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] & [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;II: Crises and Détente |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |pages= 327–348 |isbn= 978-0-521-83720-0 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2010 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gleijeses |first= Piero | date = 2013 |title= Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991 |location= Chapel Hill, NC |publisher= [[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn= 978-1-4696-0968-3 |ref= CITEREFGleijeses2013 }} :{{Cite book |last= Gott |first= Richard |authorlink= Richard Gott |date= 2004 |title= Cuba: A New History |url= https://archive.org/details/cubanewhistory0000gott |location= New Haven, CT |publisher= [[Yale University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-300-10411-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |authorlink= Irving Louis Horowitz | date = 1988 |title= Cuban Communism |url= https://archive.org/details/cubancommunism0000unse_b5h3 |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= Transaction Books |isbn= 0-88738-672-5 |ref= harv }} <!-- :{{Cite book |last= Horowitz |first= Irving Louis |year= 2000 |title= ''In [[Irving Louis Horowitz]] and Jaime Suchlicki,&nbsp;eds.,'' Cuban Communism |edition= 10th |location= New Brunswick,&nbsp;NJ |publisher= [[Transaction Publishers]] |isbn= 978-0-7658-0765-6 |ref= CITEREFHorowitz2000 }} Using the 10th edition, since that's that one that Google Books has and so that is used for convenience links. --> :{{Cite journal |last= Luxenberg |first= Alan H. | date = 1988 |title= Did Eisenhower Push Castro into the Arms of the Soviets? |journal= [[University of Miami|Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs]] |volume= 30 |issue= 1 |pages= 37–71 |jstor= 165789 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Kolko |first= Gabriel |authorlink= Gabriel Kolko | date = 1994 |title= Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[The New Press]] |isbn= 978-1-56584-191-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= McAlister |first= Lyle N. |date= 1984 |title= Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 |url= https://archive.org/details/spainportugalinn0000mcal |location= Minneapolis,&nbsp;MN |publisher= [[University of Minnesota Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8166-1216-1 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pedraza |first= Silvia |date= 2007 |title= Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus |url= https://archive.org/details/politicaldisaffe0000pedr |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-86787-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Pérez-López |first= Jorge F. |date= 1996 |chapter= Cuban Military Expenditures: Concepts, Data and Burden Measures |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/pdfs/23perlopez.fm.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;6 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |location= Washington,&nbsp;DC |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 124–144 |isbn= 0-9649082-5-5 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907032902/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume6/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Ramazani |first= Rouhollah K. | date = 1975 |title= The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz |url= https://archive.org/details/persiangulfstrai0000rama |location= Alphen aan den Rijn |publisher= Sijthoff & Noordhoff |isbn= 90-286-0069-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last1= Roberg |first1= Jeffrey L. |last2= Kuttruff |first2= Alyson |date= 2007 |title= Cuba: Ideological Success or Ideological Failure? |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_human-rights-quarterly_2007-08_29_3/page/779 |journal= [[Human Rights Quarterly]] |volume= 29 |issue= 3 |pages= 779–795 |jstor= 20072822 |ref= harv |doi= 10.1353/hrq.2007.0033 }} :{{Cite book |last= Roy |first= Joaquín |date= 2000 |title= Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaunitedstates0000royj |location= Gainesville,&nbsp;FL |publisher= [[University of Florida Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8130-1760-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scheina |first= Robert L. | date = 2003 |title= Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 |location= Dulles,&nbsp;VA |publisher= Brassey's |isbn= 978-1-57488-449-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Scott |first= Rebecca J. |authorlink= Rebecca J. Scott |date= 2000 |origyear= 1985 |title= Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899 |url= https://archive.org/details/slaveemancipatio0000scot_y7e3 |location= Pittsburgh,&nbsp;PA |publisher= [[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8229-5735-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite journal |last= Smith |first= Wayne S. |authorlink= Wayne Smith (diplomat) | date = 1996 |title= Cuba's Long Reform |journal= [[Foreign Affairs]] |volume= 75 |issue= 2 |pages= 99–112 |jstor= 20047491 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Smith |first1= Kirby |last2= Llorens |first2= Hugo |date= 1998 |chapter= Renaisssance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba |chapterurl= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/pdfs/30smith.pdf |title= Cuba in Transition, Volume&nbsp;8 |url= http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |location= Silver Spring,&nbsp;MD |publisher= [[Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy|ASCE]] |pages= 247–259 |isbn= 0-9649082-7-1 |accessdate= 25 Marso 2013 |ref= harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |date=2014-09-07 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |access-date=2015-01-12 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907030637/http://www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume8/ |url-status= }} :{{Cite book |last= Sweig |first= Julia E. |authorlink= Julia E. Sweig | date = 2004 |origyear= 2002 |title= Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground |edition= New |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Harvard University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-674-01612-5 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh |authorlink= Hugh Thomas (writer) |date= 1997 |title= The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 |url= https://archive.org/details/slavetradestoryo00thom |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn= 978-0-684-81063-8 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Thomas |first= Hugh | date = 1998 |origyear= 1971 |title= Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom |url= https://archive.org/details/cubaorpursuitoff0000thom |edition= updated |location= Cambridge,&nbsp;MA |publisher= [[Da Capo Press]] |isbn= 978-0-306-80827-2 |ref= CITEREFThomas1998 }} :{{Cite book |last= Westad |first= Odd Arne |authorlink= Odd Arne Westad | date = 2012 |title= Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750 |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781847921987 |location= London |publisher= [[The Bodley Head]] |isbn= 978-1-84792-197-0 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last1= Whiteford |first1= Linda M. |last2= Branch |first2=Laurence G. | date = 2008 |title=Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution |location= Lanham, MD |publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn= 978-0-7425-5994-3 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book |last= Wright |first= Irene Aloha |date= 1916 |title= The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586 |url= http://openlibrary.org/works/OL143127W/The_early_history_of_Cuba_1492-1586 |location= New York,&nbsp;NY |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Company]] |ref= harv }} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Cuba}} * [http://www.cubagob.cu/ingles/default.htm Government of Cuba] * {{Wikiatlas|Cuba}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Cuba}} * {{CIA World Factbook link|cu|Cuba}} * [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm Cuba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830044824/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cuba.htm |date= 30 Agosto 2008 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' * {{dmoz|Regional/Caribbean/Cuba}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1203299.stm Cuba profile] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/americas/cuba.jpg Map of Cuba (Political) 1994 C.I.A./Univ. of Texas, Austin] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090508101554/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/23083/welcome-to-cuba Welcome To Cuba] – slideshow by ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine * [http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba fotopedia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809000828/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Cuba |date= 9 Agosto 2010 }}, Selected photos of Cuba *{{Cite web |title=Latin American Studies: United States-Cuba Relations |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba.htm |ref=harv}} * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CU Key Development Forecasts for Cuba] from [[International Futures]] * Salim Lamrani, an interview with [[Ricardo Alarcón]], President of the Cuban Parliament, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_b_1356275.html Cuba Meets the Challenges of the 21st Century, Part I]" ([http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_1_b_1380163.html II], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/-ricardo-alarcon_b_1389348.html III], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_2_b_1397980.html IV], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/salim-lamrani/cuba-meets-the-challenges_3_b_1428680.html V]) ''Huffington Post'', Spring, 2012 [[Kaarangay:Cuba| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ngan teritoryo ha Caribe]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] 7xeabjnhggntiu9ly4740vzpwoag5ro 0 8994 7783090 7782301 2026-05-06T21:55:30Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox panimungto <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Los Angeles | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | other_name = | settlement_type = syudad <!-- transliteration(s) --------> | translit_lang1 = | translit_lang1_type = | translit_lang1_info = | translit_lang1_type1 = | translit_lang1_info1 = | translit_lang1_type2 = | translit_lang1_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang1_type6 / translit_lang1_info6 --> | translit_lang2 = | translit_lang2_type = | translit_lang2_info = | translit_lang2_type1 = | translit_lang2_info1 = | translit_lang2_type2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = | translit_lang2_info2 = <!-- etc., up to translit_lang2_type6 / translit_lang2_info6 --> <!-- images, nickname, motto ---> | image_skyline = New LA Infobox Pic Montage 5.jpg | imagesize = 250px | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | flag_link = | image_seal = | seal_size = | seal_alt = | seal_link = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = <!-- defaults to Logo --> | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = | nickname = L.A., the City of Angels,<ref>{{cite news|title=Atlanta works on its sales pitch: Convention bureau's chief sticks to basics in marketing the city|last=Stafford|first=Leon|work=The Atlanta Journal - Constitution|date=7 Enero 2010|page=1|url=http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l:1103602102&start=4|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011|archive-date=26 Nobyembre 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126202604/http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l%3A1103602102&start=4|url-status=dead}}</ref> Angeltown,<ref>{{cite news|title=A Teflon Metropolis Where No Nicknames Stick|last=Smith|first=Jack|work=Los Angeles Times|date=12 Oktubre 1989|page=1|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-10-12/news/vw-168_1_los-angeles|accessdate=1 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> La-La Land<ref>{{cite web | url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/jacketcopy/2011/03/la-la-land-now-the-dictionary-definition-of-los-angeles.html | title = 'La-La Land,' now the dictionary definition of Los Angeles | publisher = Los Angeles Times | date = 25 Marso 2011 | accessdate = 29 Septyembre 2011}}</ref> | motto = | anthem = <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = <!-- name of a location map as per Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> | pushpin_label = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map1 = | pushpin_label_position1 = | pushpin_label1 = <!-- only necessary if "name" or "official_name" are too long --> | pushpin_map_alt1 = | pushpin_mapsize1 = | pushpin_map_caption1 = | latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS = | longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW = | coor_pinpoint = <!-- to specify exact location of coordinates (was coor_type) --> | coordinates_type = | coordinates_display = inline,title | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Nasod | subdivision_name = Estados Unidos | subdivision_type1 = Estado | subdivision_name1 = California | subdivision_type2 = Condado | subdivision_name2 = [[Condado han Los Angeles, California|Condado han Los Angeles]] <!-- established ---------------> | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date1 = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = | established_date3 = | extinct_title = | extinct_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat_type = <!-- defaults to: Seat --> | seat = | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | parts_style = <!-- list, coll (collapsed list), para (paragraph format) --> | parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> | p1 = | p2 = <!-- etc., up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- government type, leaders --> | government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | government_type = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = <!-- add &nbsp; (no-break space) to disable automatic links --> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 --> <!-- display settings ---------> | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | area_total_sq_mi = <!-- see table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details --> | area_total_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --> | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = | area_blank2_title = | area_blank2_km2 = | area_blank2_sq_mi = | area_note = <!-- elevation -----------------> | elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_max_m = | elevation_max_ft = | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | elevation_min_m = | elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --> | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_density = | population_density_rank = | population_blank1_title = | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi= | population_blank2_title = | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank2_km2 = | population_density_blank2_sq_mi= | population_demonym = <!-- demonym, ie. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --> | population_note = <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = | demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics1_title1 = | demographics1_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics1_title5 / demographics1_info5 --> <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = | demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | demographics2_title1 = | demographics2_info1 = <!-- etc., up to demographics2_title5 / demographics2_info5 --> <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | timezone2 = | utc_offset2 = | timezone2_DST = | utc_offset2_DST = <!-- postal codes, area code ---> | postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | postal2_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal2_code = | area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --> | area_code = | geocode = | iso_code = | registration_plate = <!-- twin cities ---------------> | twin1 = | twin1_country = | twin2 = | twin2_country = <!-- etc., up to twin9 / twin9_country --> <!-- blank fields (section 1) --> | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec1 / blank6_info_sec1 --> <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> | blank_name_sec2 = | blank_info_sec2 = | blank1_name_sec2 = | blank1_info_sec2 = | blank2_name_sec2 = | blank2_info_sec2 = <!-- etc., blank6_name_sec2 / blank6_info_sec2 --> <!-- website, footnotes --------> | website = [http://www.lacity.org/ lacity.org] | footnotes = }} An '''Los Angeles''' nga may-ada populasyon ha 2010 Senso han Estados Unidos nga 3,792,621, in may-ada gidamoi nga katawhan nga syudad ha California, Estados Unidos ngan ikaduha ha gidamoi nga populasyon ha Estados Unidos, kahuman an Syudad han New York. May-ada in kahaluag nga 468.67 milya kwadrado (1,213.8 km2), ngan namumutang ha Salatan nga California. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ;General * {{cite book | author=[[Carey McWilliams (journalist)|Carey McWilliams]] | publisher=Peregrine Smith | title = Southern California: An Island on the Land | url=https://archive.org/details/southerncaliforn00mcwi | edition = 9th | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-87905-007-8}} * {{cite book | author=[[Richard White (historian)|Richard White]] | title = [[It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own]]: A New History of the American West | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | date = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-8061-2567-1}} * {{cite book | author =[[David Rieff]] | title = Los Angeles: Capital of the Third World | url =https://archive.org/details/losangelescapita0000rief | publisher = Touchstone | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-671-79210-7}} * {{cite book | author=[[Peter Theroux]] | title = Translating LA: A Tour of the Rainbow City | url=https://archive.org/details/translatingla00pete | publisher=Norton | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-393-31394-9}} * {{cite book | author=[[Paul Glover]] | title = Los Angeles: A History of the Future | publisher=Greenplanners | date = 1995 | isbn = 978-0-9622911-0-4}} * {{cite book | author=Leonard Pitt & Dale Pitt | title = Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and County | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-520-20530-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Kevin Starr]] and David Ulin | editor = Jim Heimann | title = Los Angeles: Portrait of a City | url = https://archive.org/details/losangelesportra0000unse | publisher = [[Taschen]] America | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-3-8365-0291-7}} ;Architecture and urban theory * {{cite book | author=[[Reyner Banham]] | title = Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four Ecologies | url=https://archive.org/details/losangelesarchit0000banh | publisher=[[University of California Press]] | place = Berkeley | date = 2009 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 978-0-520-26015-3}} * {{cite book | author=[[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]] | title = [[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]] | publisher=Verso | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84467-568-5}} * {{cite book | author=Robert M. Fogelson | title = The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles 1850–1930 | url=https://archive.org/details/fragmentedmetrop0000foge_l1o1 | publisher=University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 1993 | isbn = 978-0-520-08230-4}} * {{cite book | author=Norman M. Klein | title = The History of Forgetting: Los Angeles and the Erasure of Memory | url=https://archive.org/details/historyofforgett0000klei | publisher=Verso | date = 1997 | isbn = 978-1-84467-242-4}} * {{cite book | author = Sam Hall Kaplan | title = L.A. Lost & Found: An Architectural History of Los Angeles | publisher = Hennessey and Ingalls | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-940512-23-8}} * {{cite book | author = Wim de Wit and Christopher James Alexander | title = Overdrive: L.A. Constructs the Future, 1940–1990 | url = https://archive.org/details/overdrivelaconst0000unse | publisher = Getty Publications | date = 2013 | isbn = 978-1-60606-128-2}} ;Race relations * {{cite book|author=Rodolfo Acuña|authorlink=Rodolfo Acuña|title=Anything but Mexican: Chicanos in contemporary Los Angeles|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0lQXqQPNOUcC|accessdate=30 Septyembre 2011| date = 1996|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-031-3}} * {{cite book | author=Lynell George | title = No Crystal Stair: African Americans in the City of Angels | url=https://archive.org/details/nocrystalstairaf0000geor | publisher=Verso | date = 1992 | isbn = 978-0-86091-389-4}} * {{cite book | title = L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present | author = Josh Sides | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-520-24830-4}} * {{cite book | title = Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. | author = Eduardo Obregón Pagán | publisher = The University of North Carolina Press | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8078-5494-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Great Black Way: L.A. in the 1940s and the Last African American Renaissance | url = https://archive.org/details/greatblackwayla00smit | author = R. J. Smith | date = 2007 | publisher = PublicAffairs | isbn = 978-1-58648-521-4}} ;LGBT * {{cite book | title = Gay L. A.: A History of Sexual Outlaws, Power Politics, And Lipstick Lesbians | url = https://archive.org/details/gaylahistoryofse00lill | author = [[Lillian Faderman]] and Stuart Timmons | date = 2006 | publisher = Basic Books | isbn = 0-465-02288-X}} * {{cite book | title = Bohemian Los Angeles: and the Making of Modern Politics | url = https://archive.org/details/bohemianlosangel0000hure | author = Daniel Hurewitz | publisher = University of California Press | place = Berkeley | date = 2007 | isbn = 0-520-24925-9}} ;Environment * {{cite book | author=[[Marc Reisner]] | title = [[Cadillac Desert|Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water]] | publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-14-017824-1}} * {{cite book |title = Smogtown: The Lung-Burning History of Pollution in Los Angeles |url = https://archive.org/details/smogtownlungburn00jaco | author = Chip Jacobs and William Kelly | publisher = Outlook Hardcover | date = 2008 | isbn = 1-58567-860-0 }} ;Arte ngan literatura * {{cite book | editor = David L. Ulin | title = Writing Los Angeles: A Literary Anthology | url = https://archive.org/details/writinglosangele0000unse | publisher=[[Library of America]] | date = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-931082-27-3}} * {{cite book | title = Pop L.A.: Art and the City in the 1960s | author = Cécile Whiting | place = Berkeley | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-520-25634-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Los Angeles|voy=Los Angeles}} {{Spoken Wikipedia|LosAngelesPart1.ogg|2011-10-08}} * {{Official website|www.lacity.org}} * [http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 Los Angeles Then and Now] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709164512/http://life.time.com/?attachment_id=4004 |date=2014-07-09 }}&nbsp;– slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]'' {{California}} [[Kaarangay:Los Angeles, California]] [[Kaarangay:California]] 60y0t4vvpvbic046z1f060slygnxhhn 0 9066 7783065 7782383 2026-05-06T21:33:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783065 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Nokota Horses cropped.jpg|right|thumb|300 px|Kabayo]] An '''kabayo'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 149.</ref> ([[Iningles]]: ''horse'') amo an usa nga hayop nga kaurupod han pamilya [[Equidae]]. == Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|60em}} *{{cite book|author= Anthony, David W.|chapter= Bridling Horse Power: The Domestication of the Horse|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|author= Apperson, George Latimer and Martin Manser|title= Dictionary of Proverbs|url= https://archive.org/details/wordsworthdictio0000appe|publisher= Wordsworth Editions|year= 2006|isbn= 1-84022-311-1}} *{{cite book|author=Bartlett, Virginia K.|title=Keeping House: Women's Lives in Western Pennsylvania, 1790–1850|url=http://books.google.com/?id=L2KtMgwNL3cC&pg=PA35|year=1994|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]]|isbn=0-8229-5538-5|oclc=30978921}} *{{cite book|author=Becker, Marty, Audrey Pavia, Gina Spadafori, Teresa Becker|title=Why Do Horses Sleep Standing Up?: 101 of the Most Perplexing Questions Answered About Equine Enigmas, Medical Mysteries, and Befuddling Behaviors|publisher=HCI|year=2007|isbn=0-7573-0608-X|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qvz62nMkQLYC&pg=PA23}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Belknap, Maria |title=Horsewords: The Equine Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/horsewordsequine0000mari_z9o4_2nded |edition=Second |publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |location=North Pomfret, VT |year=2004 |isbn=1-57076-274-0}} *{{cite book |author= Bennett, Deb|title= Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship|url= https://archive.org/details/conquerorsrootso0000benn|edition= First|publisher= Amigo Publications, Inc.|location= Solvang, California|year= 1998 |isbn=0-9658533-0-6 |oclc= 39709067}} *{{cite book |author=Bongianni, Maurizio |title=Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year= 1987|isbn=0-671-66068-3 }} *{{cite book |title= The Manual of Horsemanship of the British Horse Society and the Pony Club |url= https://archive.org/details/manualofhorseman00pony |author= British Horse Society |year= 1966 |edition= 6th edition, reprinted 1970 |publisher= British Horse Society |location= Kenilworth, UK |isbn= 0-9548863-1-3 }} *{{cite book|title=The USDF Guide to Dressage|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9NNobNYAiroC&pg=PA272|author=Bryant, Jennifer Olson and George Williams|publisher=Storey Publishing|year=2006|isbn=1-58017-529-5}} * {{cite book|author= Budiansky, Stephen|title= The Nature of Horses|url= https://archive.org/details/natureofhorsesex00budi|publisher= Free Press|location= New York:NY|year= 1997|isbn= 0-684-82768-9|oclc= 35723713}} *{{cite book|author= Bush, Karen and Julian Marczak|title= The Principles of Teaching Riding: The Official Manual of the Association of British Riding Schools|publisher= David & Charles|year= 2005|isbn= 0-7153-1902-7|url= http://books.google.com/?id=uCQYEduHy8cC&pg=PA58|oclc= 224946044}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Campbell, B.N. |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-p7ZF9KW8-MC&printsec=frontcover#PPA111,M1 |title=National Gambling Impact Study Commission Final Report (1999) |publisher=DIANE Publishing |location=Darby, PA |year=2001 |isbn=0-7567-0701-3 }} *{{cite book|author= Chamberlin, J. Edward|title= Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations|url= https://archive.org/details/horsehowhorsehas0000cham_n2o8|publisher= Bluebridge|location= New York, NY|year= 2006|isbn= 0-9742405-9-1|oclc= 61704732}} *{{cite book|author=Collins, Tony, John Martin, Wray Vamplew|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NWu6sLJn7-kC&pg=PA174|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|location=London, UK|isbn=0-415-35224-X|oclc=57005595}} *{{cite book |author=DeFilippis, Chris |title=The Everything Horse Care Book |url=https://archive.org/details/everythinghorsec0000defi |publisher=Adams Media |location=Avon, MA |year=2006 |isbn=1-59337-530-1 |oclc=223814651 }} *{{cite encyclopedia |author=Dohner, Janet Vorwald |editor= Dohner, Janet Vorwald |title=Equines: Natural History |encyclopedia=Historic and Endangered Livestock and Poultry Breeds |year=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=Topeka, KS |pages=400–401 | isbn = 978-0-300-08880-9 }} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=Horses|url=https://archive.org/details/horses0000hart |edition=Second American |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= New York, NY|year=2002 |isbn=0-7894-8982-1 |oclc=50798049}} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Elwyn Hartley |title=The Encyclopedia of the Horse |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |location= London, UK|year=1994 |isbn=1-56458-614-6 |oclc=29670649}} *{{cite book |author=Edwards, Gladys Brown |title=The Arabian: War Horse to Show Horse |publisher=Rich Publishing|year=1973 |edition=Revised Collectors |isbn=}} *{{cite book |author= Ensminger, M. E.|title= Horses and Horsemanship: Animal Agricultural Series|url= https://archive.org/details/horseshorsemansh0000ensm|edition= Sixth|publisher= Interstate Publishers|location= Danville, IN|year= 1990|isbn=0-8134-2883-1 |oclc= 21977751}} *{{cite book|author= Ensminger, M.E.|title= Horses and Tack|url= https://archive.org/details/horsestack0000ensm|edition= Revised|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Company|location= Boston, MA|year= 1991|isbn= 0-395-54413-0|oclc= 21561287}} *{{cite book|author= Evans, J.|title= The Horse|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716718116|edition= Second|publisher= Freeman|location= New York, NY|year= 1990|isbn= 0-7167-1811-1|oclc= 20132967}} *{{cite book|author= Evans, James Warren|url= http://books.google.com/?id=QofYEVPeIBUC&pg=PA56|title= Horse Breeding and Management|publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences|location= Amsterdam|year= 1992|isbn= 0-444-88282-0|oclc= 243738023}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author=Fear, Sally|title=New Forest Drift: A Photographic Portrait of Life in the National Park|publisher= Perspective Photo Press|year= 2006|isbn=0-9553253-0-7}} *{{cite book|author= Fort, Matthew|title= Eating Up Italy: Voyages on a Vespa|url= https://archive.org/details/eatingupitalyvoy0000fort|publisher= Centro Books|location= London, UK|year= 2005|isbn= 0-00-721481-2|oclc= 60419304}} *{{cite book|author=Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles|title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xSeEWjQCTIAC&pg=PA202|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc|year=2007|isbn=1-60239-001-0}} *{{cite book|author=Giffin, M.D., James M. and Tom Gore, D.V.M.|title=Horse Owner’s Veterinary Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/horseownersveter0002giff|edition=Second|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York|year=1998|isbn=0-87605-606-0|oclc=37245445}} *{{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Draught Horses as Singles and Pairs|title=The Working Horse Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/workinghorsemanu0000unse|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0-85236-401-6|origyear=1998|year=2000|oclc=40464050}} *{{cite book|author=Gifford, Angela|chapter=Working Horses in Forestry|title=The Working Horse Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/workinghorsemanu0000unse|publisher=Farming Press|location=Tonbridge, UK|isbn=0-85236-401-6|origyear=1998|year=2000|oclc=40464050}} *{{cite book|author= Hairston, Rachel and Madelyn Larsen|title= The Essentials of Horsekeeping|publisher= Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|year= 2004|isbn= 0-8069-8817-7|location= New York, NY|url= http://books.google.com/?id=vSBwbz7FozYC&pg=PA77|oclc= 53186526}} *{{cite book |last=Hammond |first=Gerald |title=The Language of Horse Racing |url=http://books.google.com/?id=CJ4zH2P_6mMC&printsec=frontcover |year=2000 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |isbn=1-57958-276-1 |oclc=44923115 }} *{{cite book|author= Harris, Susan E.|title= Horse Gaits, Balance and Movement|url= https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h0z5|publisher= Howell Book House|location= New York|year= 1993|isbn= 0-87605-955-8|oclc= 25873158}} *{{cite book|author=Harris, Susan E.|title=The United States Pony Club Manual of Horsemanship: Basics for Beginners&nbsp;– D Level|url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstatespony0000harr_k8v6|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York, NY|year=1994|isbn=0-87605-952-3}} *{{cite book |author= Hedge, Juliet and Don M. Wagoner|title= Horse Conformation: Structure, Soundness and Performance|url= https://archive.org/details/horseconformatio0000unse|publisher= Globe Pequot|location=Guilford, CT|year= 2004|isbn= 1-59228-487-6 |oclc= 56012597}} *{{cite book|author=Howlett, Lorna and Philip Mathews|title=Ponies in Australia|publisher=Philip Mathews Publishers|location=Milson's Point, NSW|isbn=0-908001-13-4|year=1979}} *{{cite book|author=Hurd, Edward Payson (translator)|title=Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines|year=1886|location=New York, NY|publisher=W. Wood & Company|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3LerRZoRT68C&printsec=frontcover}} *{{cite book |last=Kreling |first=Kai |title=Horses' Teeth and Their Problems: Prevention, Recognition, and Treatment |url=http://books.google.com/?id=3q1LINmOkOIC&pg=PA117-IA1 |year=2005 |publisher=Globe Pequot |location=Guilford, CT |isbn=1-59228-696-8 |chapter=The Horse's Teeth |oclc=59163221 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book |author= MacGregor, Arthur|title= Bone, Antler, Ivory and Horn: Technology of Skeletal Materials Since the Roman Period|publisher= Barnes & Noble|location= Totowa, NJ|year= 1985 |isbn=0-389-20531-1 |oclc= 11090630}} *{{cite book|author= Matossian, Mary Kilbourne|url= http://books.google.com/?id=LkRATLisN0sC&pg=PA43|title= Shaping World History: Breakthroughs in Ecology, Technology, Science, and Politics|publisher= M.E. Sharpe|location= Armonk, NY|year= 1997|isbn= 0-585-02397-2|oclc= 156944228}} *{{cite book |author= McBane, Susan|title= A Natural Approach to Horse Management|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780413623706|publisher= Methuen|location= London|year= 1992|isbn= 0-413-62370-X |oclc= 26359746}} *{{cite book |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc00susa |last=McBane |first=Susan |year=1997 |publisher=Wellfleet Press |location=Edison, NJ |isbn=0-7858-0604-0 |oclc=244110821 }} *{{cite book|author= Mettler, John J. Jr.|title= Horse Sense: A Complete Guide to Horse Selection and Care|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesensecomple1989mett|publisher= Storey Communications, Inc.|location= Pownal, VT|year= 1989|isbn= 0-88266-549-9|oclc= 19324181}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Lynn R.|title=Work Horse Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/workhorsehandboo0000mill|publisher=Small Farmer's Journal Inc.|location=Sisters, OR|origyear=1981|year=2000|edition=First Edition, Fifteenth Impression|isbn=0-9607268-0-2|oclc=234277549}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Robert M.|title=Understanding the Ancient Secrets of the Horse's Mind|publisher=Russell Meerdink Company Ltd|location=Neenah, WI|year=1999|isbn=0-929346-65-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5Qat2gs43owC&pg=PA28|oclc=42389612}} *{{cite book|author=Miller, Robert M. and Rick Lamb|title=Revolution in Horsemanship and What it Means to Mankind|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutioninhors0000mill|publisher=Lyons Press|location=Guilford, Connecticut|year=2005|isbn=1-59228-387-X|oclc=57005594}} *{{cite book|title=A Basic Guide to Horse Care and Management|url=https://archive.org/details/basicguidetohors0000mill|author=Mills, Bruce and Barbara Carne|year=1988|publisher=Howell Book House|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-87605-871-3|oclc=17507227}} *{{cite book |author=Myers, Jane |url=http://books.google.com/?id=-gAgchKMXdkC&printsec=frontcover |title=Horse Safe: A Complete Guide to Equine Safety |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |location=Collingwood, UK |year=2005 |isbn=0-643-09245-5 |oclc=65466652 }} *{{cite book |last=Ockerman |first=Herbert W. |author2=Hansen, Conly L. |title=Animal By-product Processing & Utilization |accessdate=2008-04-20 |year=2000|publisher=CRC Press |location= Lancaster, PA|isbn=1-56676-777-6 |oclc=43685745}} *{{cite book|author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter= Horse Hunters of the Ice Age|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|author= Olsen, Sandra L.|chapter= In the Winner's Circle: The History of Equestrian Sports|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book|title=Tibet: the secret continent|author=Peissel, Michel|year=2002|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-30953-8|page=36|url=http://books.google.com/?id=6sFWvuBug8IC&pg=PA36}} *{{cite book |author=Price, Steven D. |author2=Shiers, Jessie |title=The Lyons Press Horseman's Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/lyonspresshorsem0000pric |publisher=Lyons Press |location=Guilford, CT |year=2007 |edition=Revised |isbn=978-1-59921-036-0}} *{{cite book |author=Price, Steven D.; Spector, David L..; Gail Rentsch; Burn, Barbara B. (editors) |title=The Whole Horse Catalog: Revised and Updated |url=https://archive.org/details/wholehorsecatalo0000unse |edition=Revised |publisher=Fireside |location=New York |year=1998 |isbn=0-684-83995-4 }} *{{cite book|author= Prince, Eleanor F. and Gaydell M. Collier|title= Basic Horsemanship: English and Western|url= https://archive.org/details/basichorsemanshi00prin|publisher= Doubleday|location= New York, NY|year= 1974|isbn= 0-385-06587-6|oclc= 873660}} *{{cite book|author=Self, Margaret Cabell|title=Riding Simplified|url=http://books.google.com/?id=iUTm7aD1Mf8C&pg=PA55|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|year=2005|isbn=1-4191-0087-4}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{cite book|author=Sellnow, Les|title=Happy Trails: Your Complete Guide to Fun and Safe Trail Riding|url=http://books.google.com/?id=bOUTZgrGD6QC&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Eclipse Press|isbn=1-58150-114-5|oclc=56493380}} *{{cite book |author=Smith, BP |title=Large Animal Internal Medicine|url=https://archive.org/details/largeanimalinter0000unse |publisher=Mosby|location=St. Louis, MO|year=1996 |edition=Second |isbn=0-8151-7724-0 |oclc=33439780}} *{{cite book|author= Sponenberg, D. Phillip|chapter= The Proliferation of Horse Breeds|title= Horses Through Time|url= https://archive.org/details/horsesthroughtim00olse|edition= First|publisher= Roberts Rinehart Publishers|location= Boulder, CO|year= 1996|isbn= 1-57098-060-8|oclc= 36179575}} *{{cite book |author=Thomas, Heather Smith |title=Storey's Guide to Training Horses: Ground Work, Driving, Riding |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetotr0000thom |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-58017-467-1}} *{{cite encyclopedia|author=Thorson, Juli S. |title=Rugged Lark |editor= Martindale, Cathy and Kathy Swan (editors) |encyclopedia= Legends 7: Outstanding Quarter Horse Stallions and Mares |publisher=Western Horseman |location= Colorado Springs, CO |year=2006 |isbn=0-911647-79-1 }} *{{cite book|author=Tozer, Basil|title=The horse in history|url=http://books.google.com/?id=9-grAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=horses+in+mythology#v=onepage&q=horses%20in%20mythology&f=false|publisher=Methuen|year=1908|location=London|oclc=2484673}} *{{cite book|author=Vogel, Colin B.V.M|title=The Complete Horse Care Manual|url=https://archive.org/details/completehorsecar0000voge|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc.|location=New York, NY|year=1995|isbn=0-7894-0170-3|oclc=32168476}} *{{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Eileen |title=Horse Stable And Riding Arena Design |url=http://books.google.com/?id=c3dGxSY6E54C&pg=PA215 |year=2006 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Armes, IA |isbn=0-8138-2859-7 |chapter=Fence Planning |oclc=224324847 }} *{{cite book |author=Whitaker, Julie |author2=Whitelaw, Ian |title=The Horse: A Miscellany of Equine Knowledge |url=https://archive.org/details/horsemiscellanyo0000whit |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=2007 |isbn=0-312-37108-X }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Equus ferus caballus}} {{wikispecies|Equus caballus}} {{wikiquote|Horses}} *{{Britannica|272156}} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23060993 "Ancient horse bone yields oldest DNA sequence"] mdptwad72lxpzj09rfvjptdpqkmnjv5 0 9573 7783101 7781598 2026-05-06T22:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">{{lang|pt|''República Federativa do Brasil''}} {{pt icon}}</span> |conventional_long_name = <span style="line-height:1.33em;">Republika Federatiba han Brasil</span> |common_name = Brasil |image_flag = Flag of Brazil.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Brazil.svg |symbol_type = Coat of arms |national_motto = ''"Ordem e Progresso"''<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"Order and Progress"</small> |national_anthem = [[Brazilian National Anthem|Hino Nacional Brasileiro]]<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"Brazilian National Anthem"</small> |other_symbol_type = [[Seal (device)|National seal]] |other_symbol = [[National Seal of Brazil|Selo Nacional do Brasil]] [[File:National Seal of Brazil (color).svg|15px]]<br /><small>{{pt icon}}<br />"National Seal of Brazil"</small> |image_map = Brazil (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Brasília]] |latd=15 |latm=45 |latNS=S |longd=47 |longm=57 |longEW=W |largest_city = [[São Paulo]] |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |ethnic_groups = |demonym = Brazilian |government_type = [[Presidential system|Presidential]] [[Federal republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Brazil|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Jair Bolsonaro]] |leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Brazil|Vice-President]] |leader_name2 = [[Hamilton Mourão]] |leader_title3 = [[List of Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|President of the Chamber of Deputies]] |leader_name3 = [[Arthur Lira]] |leader_title4 = [[President of the Senate of Brazil|President of the Senate]] |leader_name4 = [[Rodrigo Pacheco]] |leader_title5 = [[Supreme Federal Court (Brazil)#Chief Justice|Chief Justice]] |leader_name5 = [[Luiz Fux]] |legislature = [[National Congress of Brazil|National Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate of Brazil|Federal Senate]] |lower_house = [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] |sovereignty_type = [[Brazilian Declaration of Independence|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Portugal]] |established_event1 = [[Empire of Brazil|Declared]] |established_date1 = 7 Septyembre 1822 |established_event2 = [[Empire of Brazil|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 29 Agosto 1825 |established_event3 = [[República Velha|Republic]] |established_date3 = 15 Nobyembre 1889 |established_event4 = [[Constitution of Brazil|Current constitution]] |established_date4 = 5 Oktubre 1988 |area_rank = 5th |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_km2 = 8514877 |area_sq_mi = 3287597 |percent_water = 0.98 |area_label = Total |population_estimate = 198,272,890<ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazil 2009 Estimate] IGBE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2 Enero 2010.</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 5th |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_census = 200,087,291 |population_census_year = 2007 |population_density_km2 = 22 |population_density_sq_mi = 57 |population_density_rank = 182nd |EPI = 86 |EPI_rank = 17 |EPI_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP = $2.384.207 trillion |GDP_PPP_rank = 9th |GDP_PPP_year = 2009 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $30,455 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 27th |GDP_nominal = $2.012.539 trillion (2008)<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">"[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf World Development Indicators database]" (PDF file), World Bank, 7 Oktubre 2009.</ref> |GDP_nominal_rank = 8th<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org" /> |GDP_nominal_year = 2009 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $29,737 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 26rd |Gini = 37.3<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2009/08/03/materia.2009-08-03.3509162052/view |title=Desigualdade e pobreza continuaram caindo no Brasil mesmo com crise, revela Ipea — Agência Brasil - EBC |publisher=Agenciabrasil.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2009-10-29 |archive-date=2009-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014112520/http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2009/08/03/materia.2009-08-03.3509162052/view |url-status= }}</ref> |Gini_year = 2009 |Gini_category = |HDI = 0.926<ref name=HDI09>{{cite web|title=Table H: Human development index 2007 and its components|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-10-05|publisher=UNDP| author=UNDP Human Development Report 2009}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 31th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <span style="color:#090;"> very high</span> |currency = [[Brazilian real|Real]] (R$) |currency_code = BRL |time_zone = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]] |utc_offset = [[UTC-2|-2]] to [[UTC-4|-4]] |time_zone_DST = [[Time in Brazil#Summer time|BRST]] |utc_offset_DST = [[UTC-2|-2]] to [[UTC-4|-4]] |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Common Era|CE]]) |drives_on = right |cctld = [[.br]] |calling_code = [[+55]] }}An '''Brasil''' nga an opisyal nga ngaran '''Republika Federativa han Brasil''' (ha [[Pinortuges]]: '''República Federativa do Brasil''') amo an usa ka nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika. An kapital han nasod amo an [[Brasília]]. ==Talaan han mga Estado han Brasil== {| float="left" class="infobox" |{{Brazil Labelled Map|float=left}} |} [[File:States of Brazil.svg|thumb|right|An karuhaan kag unom nga mga [[Mga estado han Brasil|estado]] ngan an [[Distrito Federal han Brasil|Distrito Federal]] han Brasil]] {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" ! [[Bandera]] ! [[Estado]] ! [[ISO 3166-2:BR|Panhalipot]] ! [[Kapital]] ! [[Kahaluag]] (km²) ! [[Ihap han Popyulasyon]] (2005) ! [[Kadakmol han Popyulasyon]] (2005) |- | [[File:Bandeira do Acre.svg|45px|border]] | [[Acre (Estado)|Acre]] | AC | [[Rio Branco, Acre|Rio Branco]] | {{Nts|152581.4}} | {{Nts|656043}} | {{Nts|4.30}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Alagoas.svg|45px|border]] | [[Alagoas (Estado)|Alagoas]] | AL | [[Maceió, Alagoas|Maceió]] | {{Nts|27767.7}} | {{Nts|3015912}} | {{Nts|108.61}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Amapá.svg|45px|border]] | [[Amapá (Estado)|Amapá]] | AP | [[Macapá, Amapá|Macapá]] | {{Nts|142814.6}} | {{Nts|594587}} | {{Nts|4.16}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Amazonas.svg|45px|border]] | [[Amazonas (Estado)|Amazonas]] | AM | [[Manaus, Amazonas|Manaus]] | {{Nts|1570745.7}} | {{Nts|3232330}} | {{Nts|2.05}} |- | [[File:Bandeira da Bahia.svg|45px|border]] | [[Bahia (Estado)|Bahia]] | BA | [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] | {{Nts|564692.7}} | {{Nts|13815334}} | {{Nts|24.46}} |- | [[File:Bandeira Estado Ceara Brasil.svg|45px|border]] | [[Ceará (Estado)|Ceará]] | CE | [[Fortaleza, Ceará|Fortaleza]] | {{Nts|148825.6}} | {{Nts|8097276}} | {{Nts|54.40}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Distrito Federal.svg|45px|border]] | [[Distrito Federal han Brasil|Distrito Federal]] | DF | [[Brasília]] | {{Nts|5822.1}} | {{Nts|2333108}} | {{Nts|400.73}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Espírito Santo.svg|45px|border]] | [[Espírito Santo (Estado)|Espírito Santo]] | ES | [[Vitória, Espírito Santo|Vitória]] | {{Nts|46077.5}} | {{Nts|3408365}} | {{Nts|73.97}} |- | [[File:Flag of Goiás.svg|45px|border]] | [[Goiás (Estado)|Goiás]] | GO | [[Goiânia, Goiás|Goiânia]] | {{Nts|340086.7}} | {{Nts|5619917}} | {{Nts|16.52}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Maranhão.svg|45px|border]] | [[Maranhão (Estado)|Maranhão]] | MA | [[São Luís, Maranhão|São Luís]] | {{Nts|331983.3}} | {{Nts|6103327}} | {{Nts|18.38}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Mato Grosso.svg|45px|border]] | [[Mato Grosso (Estado)|Mato Grosso]] | MT | [[Cuiabá, Mato Grosso|Cuiabá]] | {{Nts|903357.9}} | {{Nts|2803274}} | {{Nts|3.10}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Mato Grosso do Sul.svg|45px|border]] | [[Mato Grosso do Sul (Estado)|Mato Grosso do Sul]] | MS | [[Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul|Campo Grande]] | {{Nts|357125.0}} | {{Nts|2264468}} | {{Nts|6.34}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Minas Gerais.svg|45px|border]] | [[Minas Gerais (Estado)|Minas Gerais]] | MG | [[Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais|Belo Horizonte]] | {{Nts|586528.3}} | {{Nts|19237450}} | {{Nts|32.79}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Pará.svg|45px|border]] | [[Pará (Estado)|Pará]] | PA | [[Belém, Pará|Belém]] | {{Nts|1247689.5}} | {{Nts|6970586}} | {{Nts|5.58}} |- | [[File:Bandeira da Paraíba.svg|45px|border]] | [[Paraíba (Estado)|Paraíba]] | PB | [[João Pessoa, Paraíba|João Pessoa]] | {{Nts|56439.8}} | {{Nts|3595886}} | {{Nts|63.71}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Paraná.svg|45px|border]] | [[Paraná (Estado)|Paraná]] | PR | [[Curitiba, Paraná|Curitiba]] | {{Nts|199314.9}} | {{Nts|10261856}} | {{Nts|51.48}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Pernambuco.svg|45px|border]] | [[Pernambuco (Estado)|Pernambuco]] | PE | [[Recife, Pernambuco|Recife]] | {{Nts|98311.6}} | {{Nts|8413593}} | {{Nts|85.58}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Piauí.svg|45px|border]] | [[Piauí (Estado)|Piauí]] | PI | [[Teresina, Piauí|Teresina]] | {{Nts|251529.2}} | {{Nts|3006885}} | {{Nts|11.95}} |- | [[File:Bandeira Estado RiodeJaneiro Brasil2.svg|45px|border]] | [[Rio de Janeiro (Estado)|Rio de Janeiro]] | RJ | [[Rio de Janeiro]] | {{Nts|43696.1}} | {{Nts|15383407}} | {{Nts|352.05}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Rio Grande do Norte.svg|45px|border]] | [[Rio Grande do Norte (Estado)|Rio Grande do Norte]] | RN | [[Natal, Rio Grande do Norte|Natal]] | {{Nts|52796.8}} | {{Nts|3003087}} | {{Nts|56.88}} |- | [[File:Bandeira Estado RioGrandedoSul Brasil.svg|45px|border]] | [[Rio Grande do Sul]] | RS | [[Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul|Porto Alegre]] | {{Nts|281748.5}} | {{Nts|10845087}} | {{Nts|38.49}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Rondônia.svg|45px|border]] | [[Rondônia (Estado)|Rondônia]] | RO | [[Porto Velho, Rondônia|Porto Velho]] | {{Nts|237576.2}} | {{Nts|1534594}} | {{Nts|6.46}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Roraima.svg|45px|border]] | [[Roraima (Estado)|Roraima]] | RR | [[Boa Vista, Roraima|Boa Vista]] | {{Nts|224299.0}} | {{Nts|391317}} | {{Nts|1.74}} |- | [[File:Bandeira Santa Catarina.svg|45px|border]] | [[Santa Catarina (Estado)|Santa Catarina]] | SC | [[Florianópolis, Santa Catarina|Florianópolis]] | {{Nts|95346.2}} | {{Nts|5866568}} | {{Nts|61.53}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo.svg|45px|border]] | [[São Paulo (Estado)|São Paulo]] | SP | [[São Paulo]] | {{Nts|248209.4}} | {{Nts|40442795}} | {{Nts|162.93}} |- | [[File:Bandeira de Sergipe.svg|45px|border]] | [[Sergipe (Estado)|Sergipe]] | SE | [[Aracaju, Sergipe|Aracaju]] | {{Nts|21910.3}} | {{Nts|1967761}} | {{Nts|89.81}} |- | [[File:Bandeira do Tocantins.svg|45px|border]] | [[Tocantins (Estado)|Tocantins]] | TO | [[Palmas, Tocantins|Palmas]] | {{Nts|277620.9}} | {{Nts|1305728}} | {{Nts|4.70}} |- |} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * Azevedo, Aroldo. ''O Brasil e suas regiões''. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. {{pt icon}} * Barman, Roderick J. ''Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.'' Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 *[[C. R. Boxer|Boxer, Charles R.]]. ''O império marítimo português 1415–1825''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0292-9 {{pt icon}} * Bueno, Eduardo. ''Brasil: uma História''. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 85-08-08213-4 * Calmon, Pedro. ''História da Civilização Brasileira''. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. {{pt icon}} * Carvalho, José Murilo de. ''D. Pedro II''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. {{pt icon}} * Coelho, Marcos Amorim. ''Geografia do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. {{pt icon}} * Diégues, Fernando. ''A revolução brasílica''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. {{pt icon}} *''[[Barsa (encyclopedia)|Enciclopédia Barsa]]''. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. {{pt icon}} * Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. ''Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)'', 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 85-7326-308-3 {{pt icon}} *[[Elio Gaspari|Gaspari, Elio]]. ''A ditadura envergonhada''. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 85-359-0277-5 {{pt icon}} * Janotti, Aldo. ''O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lyra, Heitor. ''História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3''. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. {{pt icon}} * Lustosa, Isabel. ''D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter''. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 85-359-0807-2 {{pt icon}} * Moreira, Igor A. G. ''O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil''. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. {{pt icon}} * Munro, Dana Gardner. ''The Latin American Republics; A History''. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. * Peres, Damião (1949) ''O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade'' Porto: Portucalense. {{pt icon}} * Scheina, Robert L. ''Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. ISBN 0-87021-295-8. * Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. ''As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos''. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 85-7164-837-9. {{pt icon}} *[[Thomas Skidmore|Skidmore, Thomas E]]. ''Uma História do Brasil''. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. {{pt icon}} ISBN 85-219-0313-8 * Souza, Adriana Barreto de. ''Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento''. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. {{pt icon}} ISBN 978-85-200-0864-5. * Vainfas, Ronaldo. ''Dicionário do Brasil Imperial''. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 85-7302-441-0 {{pt icon}} * Vesentini, José William. ''Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil''. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. {{pt icon}} * Vianna, Hélio. ''História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república'', 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. {{pt icon}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|30em}} *{{cite book |author=Alves, Maria Helena Moreira |title=State and Opposition in Military Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/stateoppositioni0000alve |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press | date = 1985}} *{{cite book |author=Amann, Edmund |title=The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso |publisher=World Development (pp.&nbsp;1805–1819) | date = 1990}} *{{cite web |title=Background Note: Brazil |publisher=US Department of State |url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm |accessdate=16 Hunyo 2011}} *{{cite book |author=Bellos, Alex |title=Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life |url=https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing plc | date = 2003}} *{{cite book |author=Bethell, Leslie |title=Colonial Brazil |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP | date = 1991}} *{{cite book |author=Costa, João Cruz |title=A History of Ideas in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin00cost |location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press | date = 1964}} *{{cite book |author=Fausto, Boris |title=A Concise History of Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP | date = 1999}} *{{cite book |author=Furtado, Celso |title=The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times | date = 1963 |url=https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000furt |location=Berkeley, California |publisher=University of California Press}} *{{cite book |author=Leal, Victor Nunes |title=Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521214882 |location=Cambridge |publisher=CUP | date = 1977}} *{{cite book |author=Malathronas, John |title=Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul |url=https://archive.org/details/brazillifebloods0000mala |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale | date = 2003}} *{{cite book |author=Martinez-Lara, Javier |title=Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change |publisher=Macmillan | date = 1995}} *{{cite book |author=Prado Júnior, Caio |title=The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialbackgrou00praduoft |location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=University of California Press | date = 1967}} *{{cite book |author=Schneider, Ronald |title=Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse |publisher=Boulder Westview | date = 1995}} *{{cite book |author=Skidmore, Thomas E. |title=Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought |url=https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1974}} *{{cite book |author=Wagley, Charles |title=An Introduction to Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobr0000wagl_k5a3 |location=New York, New York |publisher=Columbia University Press | date = 1963}} *{{cite book |title=The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/worldalmanacbook00kevi |location=New York, NY |publisher=World Almanac Books | date = 2006}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=Brazil}} *[http://www.visitbrasil.com/index.html?__locale=en Official Tourist Guide of Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716234855/http://www.visitbrasil.com/index.html?__locale=en |date=2012-07-16 }} *[http://www.brasil.gov.br/?set_language=en Brazilian Federal Government] *[http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/ Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics] *[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm Brazil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705053556/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/brazil.htm |date=2008-07-05 }} at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' *{{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Brazil}} *[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/brtoc.html Country Profile] from the U.S. [[Library of Congress]] (1997) *[http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/BHC_ITN/1961/10/12/X12106101/ Video report on Brazil in 1961] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403200034/http://www.itnsource.com/en/shotlist/BHC_ITN/1961/10/12/X12106101/ |date=2015-04-03 }} *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1227110.stm Brazil] from the [[BBC News]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=BR Key Development Forecasts for Brazil] from [[International Futures]] *[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552509 Democracy in Brazil] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives] *{{Wikisource-inline|CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil}} *{{osmrelation-inline|59470}} {{Commons category|Brazil}} [[Kaarangay:Brasil| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga nasod ha Salatan nga Amerika]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] clu6tltem4jizj7wplbmxqjv5ojdsy5 0 11402 7783063 7782428 2026-05-06T21:31:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name=Istanbul | native_name=''İstanbul'' | native_name_lang=tr | settlement_type=Munisipyo metropolitano | official_name=Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | image_skyline=Istanbul collage 5j.jpg | image_caption=Clockwise from top: View of [[Golden Horn]] between [[Galata]] and [[Sarayburnu|Seraglio Point]] including the [[Historic Areas of Istanbul|historic areas]]; [[Maiden's Tower]]; a [[Istanbul nostalgic tramways|nostalgic tram]] on [[İstiklal Avenue]]; [[Levent]] business district with [[Dolmabahçe Palace]]; [[Ortaköy Mosque]] in front of the [[Bosphorus Bridge]]; and [[Hagia Sophia]]. | image_alt=See caption | imagesize=300px | image_blank_emblem= | blank_emblem_type=Tatak han Munisipyo Metropolitano han Istanbul | blank_emblem_size=110px | pushpin_map=Turkey | pushpin_map_caption=Namumutang ha Turkiya | pushpin_map_alt=Turkey, with Istanbul pinpointed at the northwest along a thin strip of land bounded by water | pushpin_mapsize=300px | latd=41|latm=00|lats=49|latNS=N | longd=28|longm=57|longs=18|longEW=E | coordinates_region=TR | subdivision_type=Country | subdivision_name=[[Turkey]] | subdivision_type1=[[Geographical regions of Turkey|Region]] | subdivision_name1=[[Marmara Region|Marmara]] | subdivision_type2=[[Provinces of Turkey|Province]] | subdivision_name2=[[Istanbul Province|Istanbul]] | leader_party=[[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AKP]] | leader_title=Mayor | leader_name=[[Ekrem İmamoğlu]] | established_title=Established | established_date= | established_title1=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Byzantium]] | established_date1=c. 660 BC{{efn|name=byz-date}} | established_title2=&nbsp;-&nbsp;[[Constantinople]] | established_date2=330 AD | established_title3=&nbsp;-&nbsp;Istanbul | established_date3=1930 (officially){{efn|name=name-1930|The name of the city was officially changed to its present name of Istanbul in 1930, but the name has been in use since even before the 1453 [[Fall of Constantinople|Ottoman conquest]].}} | parts_type=Districts | parts=[[List of districts of Istanbul|39]] | area_metro_km2=5461 | area_metro_mi2=2063 | area_metro_footnotes={{efn|name=city-area}} | population_total=14,025,646 | population_as_of=31 Disyembre 2015 | population_footnotes=<ref name=citypolution.de>{{Cite web|title=Turkey: Provinces and Major Cities|quote=The population of the Turkish cities and provinces according to census results and latest register-based tabulations|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Turkey-C20.html|website=www.citytpopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=31 Disyembre 2014|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All urban agglomerations of the world with a population of 1 million inhabitants or more|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|website=www.citypopulation.de|publisher=Citypopulation|date=1 Abril 2015|accessdate=26 Hunyo 2015}}</ref><ref name="Population of Turkey">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=18616|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2015|date=31 Disyembre 2015|accessdate=28 Enero 2016}}</ref> | population_rank=[[List of cities in Turkey|1st in Turkey]]<br>[[List of cities proper by population|6th in the world]] | population_density_km2= | population_demonym=Istanbulite(s)<br/>([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''İstanbullu(lar)'') | timezone=[[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset=+2 | timezone_DST=[[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST=+3 | postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] | postal_code=34000 to 34850 | area_code=0212 <small>(European side)</small> <br/>0216 <small>(Asian side)</small> | registration_plate= 34 | website={{URL|http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx|Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality}} }} An '''Istanbul''' (/ˌɪstænˈbʊl/ o /ˌɪstænˈbuːl/ o /ɪˈstænbʊl/; Tinurkiya: İstanbul [isˈtɑnbuɫ]), ha kasaysayan kilala gihapon komo Constantinople ngan Byzantium, amo an may gidadakoi nga populasyon nga syudad ha Turkey ngan han mao nga nasod sentro han ekonomiya, kultura ngan kasaysayan. An Istanbul usa nga transcontinental nga syudad ha Eurasia, namumutang ha may Estrecho han Bosphorus (nga nagbubulag han Europa ngan Asya) ha butnga han [[Dagat Marmara]] ngan [[Itom nga Dagat]]. An sentro han pankomersyohan ngan pankasaysayan in namumutang ha may Europeo nga dapit ngan (1/3) kat-tulo han iya populasyon in namumutang naman ha may Asyano nga bahin.<ref name="wctr281">{{harvnb|WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|2004|p=281}}</ref> An syudad in sentro han pagdudumara han Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (nga cotermino han Lalawigan han Istanbul), kun diin may-ada populasyon nga 14.7 milyones nga molupyo.<ref name=citypolution.de/> An Istanbul in usa ha kanan kalibutan may pinakadamo nga tawo nga syudad ngan nagraranggo liwat hin kanan kalibutan ika-7 ha may pinakadamo nga molupyo ngan gidadakoi nga syudad han Europa. [[Paypay:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg|950px|center|syudad han Istanbul]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin|27em}} *{{Cite book|last=ʻAner|first=Nadav|date=2005|editor-last=Pergola|editor-first=Sergio Della|editor2-last=Gilboa|editor2-first=Amos|editor3-last=Ṭal|editor3-first=Rami|title=The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute Planning Assessment, 2004–2005: The Jewish People Between Thriving and Decline|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishpeoplepoli0000unse|publisher=Gefen Publishing House Ltd|location=Jerusalem|isbn=978-965-229-346-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Athanasopulos|first=Haralambos|title=Greece, Turkey, and the Aegean Sea: A Case Study in International Law| date = 2001|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=978-0-7864-0943-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Barnes|first=Timothy David|title=Constantine and Eusebius|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineeuseb00barn|date=1981|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Norman H.|editor-last=Baynes|editor-first=Norman H.|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry S. L. B|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.462718|date=1949|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-674-16531-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Boyar|first1=Ebru|last2=Fleet|first2=Kate|title=A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-13623-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan M.|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture: Delhi to Mosque|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA315|accessdate=11 Abril 2013|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|page=1|quote=Whatever the prehistoric antecedents of Istanbul, the continuous historical development of the site began with the foundation of a Greek colony from Megara in the mid-7th century BCE...|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brink-Danan|first=Marcy|title=Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey: The Other Side of Tolerance| date = 2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|series=New Anthropologies of Europe|location=Bloomington, Ind.|isbn=978-0-253-35690-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Brummett|first=Palmira Johnson|title=Image and Imperialism in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911|url=https://archive.org/details/imageimperialism0000brum| date = 2000|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-7914-4463-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Cantor|first=Norman F.|title=Civilization of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationofmi0000norm|date=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-092553-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Çelik|first=Zeynep|title=The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_T4MUpP6zCuIC|date=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Calif., & Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-08239-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Chamber of Architects of Turkey|title=Architectural Guide to Istanbul: Historic Peninsula| date = 2006|volume=1|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey, Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=978-975-395-899-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=Tertius|title=Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census|url=https://archive.org/details/fourthousandyear0000chan|date=1987|publisher=St. David's University Press|location=Lewiston, N.Y.|isbn=978-0-88946-207-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Connell|first=John| date = 2010|title=Medical Tourism|series=CAB Books|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Dahmus|first=Joseph|date=1995|title=A History of the Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea0000dahm|publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7607-0036-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Linda Kay|last2=Gitlitz|first2=David Martin|title=Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia|volume=1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.| date = 2002|isbn=978-1-57607-004-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Sélincourt|first=Aubery|title=The Histories|url=https://archive.org/details/histories00hero|series=Penguin Classics|editor-last=Marincola|editor-first=John M|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-044908-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=De Souza|first=Philip|title=The Greek and Persian Wars, 499-386 B.C| date = 2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-96854-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Dumper|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Stanley|editor2-first=Bruce E.|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse|date=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Düring|first=Bleda S.|title=The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies| date = 2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-14981-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Efe|first1=Recep|last2=Cürebal|first2=Isa|chapter=Impacts of the "Marmaray" Project (Bosphorus Tube Crossing, Tunnels, and Stations) on Transportation and Urban Environment in Istanbul|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|url=https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun|date=2011|editor-last=Brunn|editor-first=Stanley D|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-90-481-9919-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/engineeringearth00brun/page/715 715]–34|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|title=Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923| date = 2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-465-02396-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=Istanbul: The Imperial City| date = 1996|publisher=Viking|location=New York|isbn=978-0-670-85972-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara|url=https://archive.org/details/companionguideto0000free_x9y4|date=2000|publisher=Companion Guides|location=Woodbridge, Eng.|isbn=978-1-900639-31-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|title=A History of Ottoman Architecture| date = 2011|publisher=WIT Press|location=Southampton, Eng.|isbn=978-1-84564-506-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal|last=Georgacas|first=Demetrius John | date = 1947 |title=The Names of Constantinople |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=78 |pages=347–67 |doi=10.2307/283503 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press |jstor=283503|ref=harv }} *{{Cite book|last1=Göksel|first1=Aslı|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia| date = 2005|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|series=Comprehensive Grammars|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Eng.|isbn=978-0-415-21761-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Göktürk|editor-first=Deniz|editor2-last=Soysal|editor2-first=Levent|editor3-last=Türeli|editor3-first=İpek| date = 2010|title=Orienting Istanbul: Cultural Capital of Europe?|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-58011-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|title=The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/severanschangedr0000gran|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-12772-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Timothy E.|title=A History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti0000greg_2ndedi|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-4051-8471-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Gül|first=Murat|title=The Emergence of Modern Istanbul: Transformation and Modernisation of a City| date = 2012|publisher=IB.Tauris|location=London|edition=Revised Paperback Edition|isbn=978-1780763743|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Harter|first=Jim|title=World Railways of the Nineteenth Century: A Pictorial History in Victorian Engravings| date = 2005|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-0-8018-8089-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Holt|editor-first=Peter M.|editor2-last=Lambton|editor2-first=Ann K. S.|editor3-last=Lewis|editor3-first=Bernard|title=The Cambridge History of Islam|volume=1A| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29135-4|edition=illustrated, reprint|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Isaac|first=Benjamin H.|title=The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest| date = 1986|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-06921-3|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Kapucu|first1=Naim|last2=Palabiyik|first2=Hamit|title=Turkish Public Administration: From Tradition to the Modern Age|series=USAK Publications|volume=17|publisher=USAK|location=Ankara| date = 2008|isbn=978-605-4030-01-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Karpat|first=Kemal H.|title=The Gecekondu: Rural Migration and Urbanization|url=https://archive.org/details/gecekondururalmi0000karp|date=1976|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-20954-0|edition=illustrated|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Keyder|editor-first=Çağlar| date = 1999|title=Istanbul: Between the Global and the Local|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=978-0-8476-9495-2|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=King|first=Charles| date = 2014|title=Midnight at the Pera Palace, The birth of modern Istanbul|publisher=Norton & Cy|location=|isbn=9780393089141-|ref=}} *{{Cite book|last1=Klimczuk|first1=Stephen|last2=Warner|first2=Gerald|date=2009|title=Secret Places, Hidden Sanctuaries: Uncovering Mysterious Sights, Symbols, and Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/secretplaceshidd0000klim|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4027-6207-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Knieling|first1=Jörg|last2=Othengrafen|first2=Frank|title=Planning Cultures in Europe: Decoding Cultural Phenomena in Urban and Regional Planning|series=Urban and Regional Planning and Development|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd|location=Surrey, Eng.|isbn=978-0-7546-7565-5| date = 2009|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor-last=Köksal|editor-first=Özlem|title=World Film Locations: Istanbul|publisher=Intellect Books|location=Bristol, Eng.| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84150-567-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Köse|first=Yavuz|editor-last=Atabaki|editor-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Brockett|editor2-first=Gavin|chapter=Vertical Bazaars of Modernity: Western Department Stores and Their Staff in Istanbul (1889–1921)|title=Ottoman and Republican Turkish Labour History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-521-12805-6|pages=91–114|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M.| date = 1984|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey|publisher=E.J. Brill|location=Leiden, the Neth.|isbn=978-90-04-07070-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Limberis|first=Vasiliki|title=Divine Heiress: The Virgin Mary and the Creation of Christian Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/divineheiressvir0000limb|date=1994|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-09677-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Lister|first=Richard P.|title=The Travels of Herodotus| date = 1979|publisher=Gordon & Cremonesi|location=London|isbn=978-0-86033-081-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce Alan|last2=Ágoston|first2=Gábor| date = 2009|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Social Development|date=October 2010|publisher=Stanford University|location=Stanford, Calif.|url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf|accessdate=5 Hulyo 2012|format=pdf|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |date=2012-09-15 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |access-date=11 Enero 2015 |archive-date=15 Septyembre 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915115325/http://ianmorris.org/docs/social-development.pdf |url-status=unfit }} *{{Cite book|last1=Mossberger|first1=Karen|last2=Clarke|first2=Susan E.|last3=John|first3=Peter|title=The Oxford Handbook of Urban Politics|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_d9x2|series=Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-536786-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|title=Architecture, Ceremonial, and Power: The Topkapi Palace in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|url=https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci|date=1991|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-262-14050-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|contribution= From Byzantine Constantinople to Ottoman Kostantiniyye|editor-last=ölcer|editor-first=Nazan|title=From Byzantion to Istanbul|publisher=SSM|location=Istanbul| date = 2010|isbn=978-605-4348-04-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa| date = 2010|title=Public Sentinel: News Media & Governance Reform|publisher=World Bank Publications|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-8213-8200-4|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|title=Istanbul, Turkey|series=OECD Territorial Reviews| date = 2008|publisher=OECD Publishing|location=Paris|isbn=978-92-64-04371-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=Oxford Business Group| date = 2009|title=The Report: Turkey 2009|publisher=Oxford Business Group|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-1-902339-13-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Papathanassis|first=Alexis|date=2011|title=The Long Tail of Tourism: Holiday Niches and Their Impact on Mainstream Tourism|url=https://archive.org/details/longtailoftouris0000unse|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8349-3062-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Quantic|first=Roy| date = 2008|title=Climatology for Airline Pilots|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-470-69847-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reinert|first=Stephen W.|editor-last=Mango|editor-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium| date = 2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, Eng.|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter=Fragmentation (1204–1453)|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Reisman|first=Arnold|title=Turkey's Modernization: Refugees from Nazism and Atatürk's Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeysmoderniza0000reis|date=2006|publisher=New Academia Publishing, LLC|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-9777908-8-3|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Roebuck|first=Carl|title=Ionian Trade and Colonization|url=https://archive.org/details/ioniantradecolon0000carl| date = 1959|series=Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89005-528-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Room|first=Adrian|title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites|url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom|date=2006|publisher=McFarland & Company|location=Jefferson, N.C.|edition=2nd|isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Rôzen|first=Mînnā|title=A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul: The Formative Years, 1453–1566| date = 2002|publisher=BRILL|location=Leiden, the Neth.|edition=illustrated|isbn=978-90-04-12530-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Sanal|first=Aslihan|editor-last=Fischer|editor-first=Michael M. J.|editor2-last=Dumit|editor2-first=Joseph|date=2011|title=New Organs Within Us: Transplants and the Moral Economy|url=https://archive.org/details/neworganswithinu0000sana|series=Experimental Futures|edition=illustrated|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Chapel Hill, N.C.|isbn=978-0-8223-4912-9|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Schmitt|first=Oliver Jens|title=Levantiner: Lebenswelten und Identitäten einer ethnokonfessionellen Gruppe im osmanischen Reich im "langen 19. Jahrhundert" | date = 2005|publisher=Oldenbourg|location=München|language=German|isbn=978-3-486-57713-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Stanford J.|last2=Shaw|first2=Ezel K.|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|volume=2| date = 1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=978-0-521-29166-8|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taşan-Kok|first=Tuna|title=Budapest, Istanbul, and Warsaw: Institutional and Spatial Change|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V|location=Delft, the Neth.| date = 2004|isbn=978-90-5972-041-1|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jane|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveller's Guide: Includes Iznik, Bursa and Edirne|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialistanbul0000tayl|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|location=New York|date=2007|isbn=978-1-84511-334-6|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last1=Tigrek|first1=Sahnaz|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül| date = 2011|editor-last=Kibaroğlu|editor-first=Ayșegül|editor2-last=Scheumann|editor2-first=Waltina|editor3-last=Kramer|editor3-first=Annika|title=Turkey's Water Policy: National Frameworks and International Cooperation|chapter=Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York|isbn=978-3-642-19635-5|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|editor=Time Out Guides|title=Time Out Istanbul|url=https://archive.org/details/timeoutistanbul0000unse|publisher=Time Out Guides|location=London|date=2010|isbn=978-1-84670-115-3|ref={{sfnRef|Time Out Guides|2010}}}} *{{Cite book|last=Turan|first=Neyran|editor1-last=Sorensen|editor1-first=André|editor2-last=Okata|editor2-first=Junichiro|title=Megacities: Urban Form, Governance, and Sustainability|series=Library for Sustainable Urban Regeneration|publisher=Springer|location=London & New York| date = 2010|pages=223–42|chapter=Towards an Ecological Urbanism for Istanbul|isbn=978-4-431-99266-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|author=WCTR Society; Unʼyu Seisaku Kenkyū Kikō|title=Urban Transport and the Environment: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/urbantransporten0000unse_l6o6|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-08-044512-0|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wedel|first=Heidi| date = 2000|editor1-last=Ibrahim|editor1-first=Ferhad|editor2-last=Gürbey|editor2-first=Gülistan|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-8258-4744-9|pages=181–93|ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|last=Wynn|first=Martin|title=Planning and Urban Growth in Southern Europe|series=Studies in History, Planning, and the Environment|publisher=Mansell|location=Los Altos, Calif.| date = 1984|isbn=978-0-7201-1608-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Istanbul}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Home.aspx Official website of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality] * [http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ Official website of the Istanbul Governorship] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061222171620/http://english.istanbul.gov.tr/ |date=2006-12-22 }} * [http://sehirrehberi.ibb.gov.tr/Map.aspx?&scl=6&cx=88707&cy=96189&ap=uydu&lng=en Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Interactive aerial photos (maps) of Istanbul from 1946, 1966, 1982, and 2005] * [http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Live views of major landmarks in Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704072848/http://www.ibb.gov.tr/en-US/Organization/MunicipalHistory/Pages/Live_City_View_in_Istanbul.aspx |date=2015-07-04 }} * [http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality: Istanbul Bulteni Magazine official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222203756/http://www.istanbulbulteni.com/ |date=2012-02-22 }} [[Kaarangay:Mga syudad, bungto ngan baryo ha Turkeya]] [[Kaarangay:Istanbul]] 5vs2943rtsa8nnke5hitr723g21uc3y 0 14624 7783061 7782320 2026-05-06T21:28:57Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783061 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Imperyo Bizantino''' o Sinirangan Imperyo Romano, nga kilala han mangurukoy hini nga an Imperyo Romano, an Imperyo han mga Romano ([[Griniyego]]:Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn), Romania (Ῥωμανία, Rhōmanía), o Romais (Ῥωμαΐς Rhōmaís), amo an nagsunod han Imperyo Romano han Butnga nga mga Panahon, nga nagpapalibot ha kapital hini nga [[Constantinople]] (han una Bizantium, yana Istanbul), ngan gindudumara han mga imperador nga namana tikang han mga imperador Romano. ==Mga reperensya== === Syahan nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last=Choniates|first=Nicetas|authorlink=Nicetas Choniates|title=Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History by D.C. Munro (Series 1, Vol 3:1)|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|pages=15–16| date = 1912|chapter=The Sack of Constantinople (1204)|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cinnamus|first=Ioannes|authorlink=John Kinnamos|title=Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus|url=https://archive.org/details/deedsofjohnmanue0000kinn|location=New York and West Sussex|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1976|isbn=0-231-04080-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|author=Eusebius|authorlink=Eusebius of Caesaria|title=Life of Constantine (Book IV)|publisher=[[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]]|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.i.i.html}} * {{Cite book|author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|authorlink=Geoffrey of Villehardouin|title= Chronicles of the Crusades (translated by Margaret R. Shaw)|publisher=Penguin Classics| date = 1963|isbn=0-14-044124-7|chapter=The Conquest of Constantinople|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Komnene|first=Anna|authorlink=Anna Komnene|title=The Alexiad (translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes)|publisher=Internet Medieval Sourcebook|chapter=Books X-XIII|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION|date=1928|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413122745/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/annacomnena-alexiad00.html#INTRODUCTION |date=2020-04-13 }} * {{Cite book|editor-last=Seeck|editor-first=Otto|title=Notitia Dignitatum; accedunt Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae Laterculi Prouinciarum|location=Berlin|publisher=Weidmann| date = 1876|url=http://archive.org/details/notitiadignitat00silvgoog|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} === Segundaryo nga pagkukuhaan === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|first=Agustí|last=Alemany|title=Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2000|pages=170–243|isbn=90-04-11442-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ahrweiler|first=Hélène|last2=Laiou|first2=Angeliki E.|author1-link=Helene Ahrweiler|author2-link=Angeliki Laiou|title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesoninterna0000unse|chapter=Preface|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks| date = 1998|isbn=0-88402-247-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Anastos|first=Milton V.| date = 1962|title=The History of Byzantine Science. Report on the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium of 1961|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|issn=0070-7546|volume=16|pages=409–411| doi=10.2307/1291170|jstor=1291170|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Angold|first=Michael|title=The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire10000ango|location=London|publisher=Longman| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-582-29468-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Antonucci|first=Michael| date = 1993|title=War by Other Means: The Legacy of Byzantium|journal=History Today|volume=43|issue=2|pages=11–13|issn=0018-2753|url=http://www.historytoday.com/michael-antonucci/war-other-means-legacy-byzantium|accessdate=21 Mayo 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Sophocles Evangelinus|last=Apostolides|title=Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods|location=Hildesheim|publisher=Georg Olms| date = 1992|isbn=3-487-05765-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bayless|first=William N.| date = 1976|title=The Treaty with the Huns of 443|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-philology_summer-1976_97_2/page/176|journal=The American Journal of Philology|volume=97|pages=176–179|jstor=294410|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Baynes|first=Norman Hepburn| date = 1912|title=The Restoration of the Cross at Jerusalem|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1912-04_27_106/page/287|doi=10.1093/ehr/XXVII.CVI.287|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=27|issue=106|issn=0013-8266|pages=287–299|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|editor1-last=Baynes|editor1-first=Norman Hepburn|editor2-last=Moss|editor2-first=Henry St. Lawrence Beaufort|title=Byzantium: An Introduction to East Roman Civilization|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumintrodu00baynrich|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press| date = 1948|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Baynes|first=Spencer|chapter=Vlachs|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th|location=New York| date = 1907|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beaton|first=Roderick|title=The Medieval Greek Romance|url=https://archive.org/details/medievalgreekrom0000beat|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1996|isbn=0-415-12032-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Beckwith|first=John|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Art|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|origyear=1970| date = 1993|isbn=0-300-05296-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Béhar|first=Pierre|title=Vestiges d'Empires: La Décomposition de l'Europe Centrale et Balkanique|location=Paris|publisher=Éditions Desjonquères| date = 1999|isbn=2-84321-015-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Benz|first=Ernst|title=The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life| date = 1963|location=Piscataway|publisher=Aldine Transaction|isbn=978-0-202-36298-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Q5Z_evECb1UC|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bideleux|first1=Robert|last2=Jeffries|first2=Ian|title=A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeastern0000bide|location=New York and London|publisher=Routledge| date = 1998|isbn=0-415-16111-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Birkenmeier|first=John W.|title=The Development of the Komnenian Army: 1081–1180|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill| date = 2002|isbn=90-04-11710-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Blume|first=Fred H.|editor-last=Kearley|authorlink=Fred H. Blume|editor-first=Timothy|title=Annotated Justinian Code| date = 2008|url=http://www.uwyo.edu/lawlib/blume-justinian/index.html|location=Laramie|publisher=University of Wyoming|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bray|first=R. S.|title=Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History|url=https://archive.org/details/armiesofpestilen0000bray|publisher=James Clarke| date = 2004|isbn=0-227-17240-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|chapter=The Continuity of Hellenism in the Byzantine world: Appearance or Reality?|pages=[https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6/page/110 111]–128|editor1-last=Winnifrith|editor1-first=Tom|editor2-last=Murray|editor2-first=Penelope|title=Greece Old and New|url=https://archive.org/details/greeceoldnew0000unse_o7v6| date = 1983|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-333-27836-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Browning|first=Robert|title=The Byzantine Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow|location=Washington, DC|publisher=The Catholic University of America Press| date = 1992|isbn=0-8132-0754-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bryce|first=James|title=Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1|publisher=H. Frowde| date = 1901|isbn=1-4021-9046-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brooke|first=Zachary Nugent|title=A History of Europe, from 911 to 1198|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropef0000broo|location=London|publisher=Methuen| date = 1962|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Thomas S.|title=A History of Ostrogoths|location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1991|isbn=0-253-20600-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bury|first=John Bagnall|authorlink=J. B. Bury|title=History of the Later Roman Empire|location=London|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1923|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|last2=Philotheus|title=The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century: With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos| date = 1911|location=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Bury|first1=John Bagnall|title=The Early History of the Slavonic Settlements in Dalmatia, Croatia, & Serbia|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1920|url=http://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofsl00consrich|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Cameron|first=Averil|authorlink=Averil Cameron| date = 1979|title=Images of Authority: Elites and Icons in Late Sixth-century Byzantium|doi=10.1093/past/84.1.3|journal=Past and Present|volume=84|issue=1|page=3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 14: Late antiquity| date = 2000|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor=Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins and Michael Whitby|chapter=Vandal and Byzantine Africa|pages=552–569|isbn=0-521-32591-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantines|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantines0000came| date = 2006|location=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-4051-9833-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|script-title=el:Οι Βυζαντινοί|location=Athens|publisher=Psychogios| date = 2009|language=Greek [translation of Cameron 2006]|isbn=978-960-453-529-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|title=The Byzantine and Islamic Early Near East I: Problems in the Literary Source Material| date = 1992|publisher=Darwin|editor=Averil Cameron and Lawrence I. 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Laiou|chapter=Writing the Economic History of Byzantium|pages=3–8|url=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/EHB01-Writing%20the%20economic%20history%20of%20Byzantium.pdf|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114212/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/EHB01-Writing%20the%20economic%20history%20of%20Byzantium.pdf |date= 30 Septyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book|last1=Lapidge|first1=Michael|last2=Blair|first2=John|last3=Keynes|first3=Simon |title=The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/blackwellencyclo0000unse_e6a8|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell| date = 1998|isbn=0-631-22492-0|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lenski|first=Noel| date = 1999|title=Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|issn=0022-4995|volume=42|pages=413–465|doi= 10.1163/1568520991201687|jstor=3632602|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Louth|first=Andrew|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (Volume I)|editor=Paul Fouracre and Rosamond McKitterick|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-521-36291-1|chapter=The Byzantine Empire in the Seventh Century|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Lowe|first=Steven|author2=Baker, Martin|title=The Seljuqs of Rum|url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm|accessdate=9 Hulyo 2007|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm&date=2007-07-22+04:56:02|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2007|ref=harv|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Madden|first=Thomas F.|authorlink=Thomas Madden|title=Crusades: The Illustrated History|url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesillustra0000thom|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press| date = 2005|isbn=0-472-03127-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)| date = 2002|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Medieval Constantinople: Built Environment and Urban Development|pages=529–537|url=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb20-cp|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114407/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb20-cp |date= 30 Septyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book|last=Magdalino|first=Paul|title=The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos, 1143–1180|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2002|isbn=0-521-52653-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=Η Αυτοκρατορία της Νέας Ρώμης ["Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome"]|location=Athens|publisher=Educational Institution of the National Bank of Greece| date = 2007|language=Greek [translated from the original by Dimitris Tsoungarakis]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril A.|authorlink=Cyril Mango|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2002|isbn=0-19-814098-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite web|last=Markham|first=Paul|title=The Battle of Manzikert: Military Disaster or Political Failure?|work=De Re Militari|url=http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_spanier/Teaching/documents/TheBattleofManzikert.pdf|date=1 Agosto 2005|accessdate=19 Mayo 2007|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Matschke|first=Klaus-Peter|title=The Economic History of Byzantium (Volume 2)| date = 2002|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|editor=Angeliki E. Laiou|chapter=Commerce, Trade, Markets, and Money: Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries|pages=771–806|url=http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late|ref=harv}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930114138/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/the-economic-history-of-byzantium/ehb37-trade-late |date= 30 Septyembre 2013 }} * {{Cite book|last=McDonnell|first=Myles Anthony|title=Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/romanmanlinessvi0000mcdo|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-521-82788-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Meier|first=William N.| date = 2003|title=Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand|issue=142|pages=273–300|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|jstor=20191600|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|authorlink=John Meyendorff|title=The Byzantine Legacy in the Orthodox Church|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelegacyi0000meye| date = 1982|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-913836-90-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Millar|first=Fergus|title=A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450)|url=https://archive.org/details/greekromanempire00ferg|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|publisher=University of California Press| date = 2006|isbn=0-520-24703-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=William|title=Monemvasia|journal=The Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=27| date = 1907|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni27sociuoft|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Moravcsik|first=Gyula|title=Byzantium and the Magyars| date = 1970|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Hakkert|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Mousourakis|first=George|title=The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalinstit0000mous|location=Burlington and Hampshire|publisher=Ashgate| date = 2003|isbn=0-7546-2114-6|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Neumann|first=Iver B.| date = 2006|title=Sublime Diplomacy: Byzantine, Early Modern, Contemporary|journal=Millennium: Journal of International Studies |volume=34|issue=3|pages=865–888|issn=1569-2981|ref=harv|doi=10.1177/03058298060340030201}} * {{Cite book|last1=Neubecker|first1=Ottfried|last2=Brooke-Little|first2=John Philip|title=Heraldry: Sources, Symbols and Meaning|publisher=Time Warner| date = 1997|isbn=0-316-64141-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Neville|first=Leonora Alice|title=Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950–1100|url=https://archive.org/details/authorityinbyzan0000nevi|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2004|isbn=0-521-83865-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicol|first=Donald MacGillivray|title=The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453|url=https://archive.org/details/lastcenturiesofb0000nico|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1993|isbn=0-521-43991-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=A Short History of Byzantium|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofby0000norw_l9m6|location=Ringwood, Vic.|publisher=Penguin| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-14-025960-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Nystazopoulou-Pelekidou|first=Maria| date = 1970|title=Συμβολή εις την χρονολόγησιν των Αβαρικών και Σλαβικών επιδρομών επί Μαυρικίου (582–602) (μετ' επιμέτρου περί των Περσικών πολέμων) [=Contribution to the chronology of Avar and Slav raids during the reign of Maurice (582–602), with an excursus about the Persian Wars"]|language=Greek|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=2|pages=145–206|accessdate=10 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627021404/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/649/567|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Obolensky|first=Dimitri|authorlink=Dimitri Obolensky|title=Byzantium and the Slavs|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumslavs0000obol| date = 1994|location=Yonkers|publisher=St Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=0-88141-008-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Oikonomides|first=Nikos| date = 1999|title=L᾽"Unilinguisme" Officiel de Constantinople Byzantine|url=http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|journal=Byzantina Symmeikta|issn=1105-1639|volume=13|pages=9–22|accessdate=11 Marso 2012|ref=harv|archive-date=27 Hunyo 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627030100/http://www.byzsym.org/index.php/bz/article/view/857/753|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Ostrogorsky|first=George|authorlink=George Alexandrovič Ostrogorsky|title=History of the Byzantine State|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Rutgers University 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1982|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-28926-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Fall of Constantinople, 1453|url=https://archive.org/details/fallofconstantin0000runc| date = 1990|isbn=0-521-39832-0|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Last Byzantine Renaissance|url=https://archive.org/details/lastbyzantineren0000runc|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1970|isbn=0-521-07787-7|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ryan|first=Herbert J.|title=The College Student's Introduction to Theology|url=https://archive.org/details/collegestudentsi00chap| date = 1993|publisher=Liturgical Press|chapter=The Church in History|editors=Christopher Key Chapple and Thomas P. 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M.|title=Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking| date = 1977|isbn=90-04-04855-3|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Watson|first=Bruce|title=Sieges: A Comparative Study|url=https://archive.org/details/siegescomparativ0000wats| date = 1993|location=Westport|publisher=Praeger|isbn=0-275-94034-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Weitzmann|first=Kurt|authorlink=Kurt Weitzmann|title=The Icon|url=https://archive.org/details/icon0000unse_w3g2| date = 1982|location=London|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=0-237-45645-1|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=Herbert George|authorlink=H. G. Wells|title=A Short History of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwo00welluoft|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1922|isbn=0-06-492674-5|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Whittow|first=Mark|title=The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofbyzantiu0000whit|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1996|isbn=0-520-20496-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|authorlink=Christopher Wickham|title=The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780670020980|location=New York|publisher=Viking| date = 2009|isbn=0-670-02098-2|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Robert Lee| date = 1948|title=Romania: The Latin Empire of Constantinople|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1948-01_23_1/page/1|journal=Speculum|volume=23|issue=1|pages=1–34|jstor=2853672|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wroth|first=Warwick|title=Catalogue of the Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum| date = 1908|publisher=British Museum Dept. of Coins and Medals|isbn=1-4021-8954-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|last1=Ahrweiler|first1=Hélène|last2=Aymard|first2=Maurice|title=Les Européens| date = 2000|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann|isbn=2-7056-6409-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Angelov|first=Dimiter|title=Imperial Ideology and Political Thought in Byzantium (1204–1330)| date = 2007|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-85703-1}} * Baboula, Evanthia, Byzantium, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book | author= Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/188784|title=The glory of Byzantium: art and culture of the Middle Byzantine era, A.D. 843-1261 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | date = 1997 | isbn=978-0-8109-6507-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Haldon|first=John|title=The Byzantine Wars: Battles and Campaigns of the Byzantine Era|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantiumhistory0000hald| date = 2001|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=Tempus Publishing|isbn=0-7524-1795-9}} * {{Cite book|last=Hussey|first=J. M.|title=The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol.&nbsp;IV: The Byzantine Empire| date = 1966|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press}} * Jeffreys, Elizabeth, Byzantine Literature, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. ISBN 1610691776 * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|authorlink=Steven Runciman|title=Byzantine Civilisation|url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinecivilis0000stev| date = 1966|location=London|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)]] Limited|isbn=1-56619-574-8}} * {{Cite book|last=Runciman|first=Steven|title=The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his Reign|origyear=1929| date = 1990|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-06164-4}} * {{Cite book|last=Toynbee|first=Arnold Joseph|title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/constantineporph0000toyn|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1972|isbn=0-19-215253-X}} {{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes}} {{refend|2}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{Wikisource portal}} {{wiktionary|Byzantine}} * {{In Our Time|Byzantine Empire|p00547j9|Byzantine_Empire}} * [http://www.roman-emperors.org/ De Imperatoribus Romanis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913043304/http://www.roman-emperors.org/ |date= 13 Septyembre 2020 }}. Scholarly biographies of many Byzantine emperors. * [http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ 12 Byzantine Rulers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718092221/http://www.anders.com/lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers/ |date= 18 Hulyo 2016 }} by Lars Brownworth of [[The Stony Brook School]]; audio lectures. [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/education/31education.html NYTimes review]. * [http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928094312/http://www.cit.gu.edu.au/~s285238/Roman/RomanEmpire.html |date=2009-09-28 }} (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime). * [http://www.byzantinemuseum.gr/en/ Byzantine & Christian Museum] === Mga pag-aram hin Bizantino, pagkukuhaan ngan bibliograpiya === * Fox, Clinton R. [http://www.romanity.org/htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm What, If Anything, Is a Byzantine? (Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410123427/http://www.doaks.org/Byzantine.html Byzantine studies homepage] at [[Dumbarton Oaks]]. Includes links to numerous electronic texts. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ Byzantium: Byzantine studies on the Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008060507/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/ |date=2014-10-08 }}. Links to various online resources. * [http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html Translations from Byzantine Sources: The Imperial Centuries, c. 700–1204] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107172532/http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/trans.html |date= 7 Nobyembre 2011 }}. Online sourcebook. * [http://www.deremilitari.org/ De Re Militari]. Resources for medieval history, including numerous translated sources on the Byzantine wars. * [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814170022/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1c.html |date=2014-08-14 }}. Numerous primary sources on Byzantine history. * [http://www.univie.ac.at/byzantine/ Bibliography on Byzantine Material Culture and Daily Life]. Hosted by the [[University of Vienna]]; in English. * [http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/greek-resources-constantinople.asp Constantinople Home Page]. Links to texts, images and videos on Byzantium. * [http://graal.org.ua/en/theodoro-principality Byzantium in Crimea: Political History, Art and Culture]. * [http://www.oeaw.ac.at/byzanz/ Institute for Byzantine Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (with further resources and a repository with papers on various aspects of the Byzantine Empire)] a3mbcdycahq9pt7e19y1obt04um9jqs 0 14629 7783076 7782324 2026-05-06T21:46:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | bgcolour = #EEDD82 | name = Leonardo da Vinci | image = Leonardo da Vinci - Self-Portrait - WGA12798.jpg | caption = [[Self-portrait (Leonardo da Vinci)|Self-portrait in red chalk]], circa 1512 to 1515<ref group="nb">This drawing in red chalk is widely (though not universally) accepted as an original [[self-portrait]]. The main reason for hesitation in accepting it as a portrait of Leonardo is that, to modern eyes, the subject appears to be of a greater age than Leonardo ever achieved. It is possible that Leonardo drew this picture of himself deliberately aged, specifically for Raphael's portrait of him in [[The School of Athens]].</ref> [[Royal Library of Turin]] | birth_name = Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci | birth_date = {{birth date|1452|4|15|mf=y }} | birth_place = [[Vinci, Italy]], near [[Florence]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1519|5|2|1452|4|15|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Amboise]], France | nationality = Italian | field = Many and diverse fields of the arts and sciences | movement = [[High Renaissance]] | works = ''[[Mona Lisa]]'', ''[[The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci)|The Last Supper]]'', ''[[Vitruvian Man|The Vitruvian Man]]'' | signature = Firma de Leonardo Da VInci.svg }} Hi '''Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci''' o '''Leonardo da Vinci''' (15 Abril, 1452 – 2 Mayo, 1519) amo an usa ka makarit nga Italyano. Usa hiya nga syentipiko, matematiko, inhinyero, imbentor, anatomista, pintor, skultor, arkitekto, botanista, musikero ngan manunurat. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist|colwidth=30em|group="nb"}} {{reflist|25em}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book | author = Daniel Arasse| title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000aras| publisher = Konecky & Konecky | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-56852-198-7}} * {{cite book | author = Michael Baxandall | title = Painting and Experience in Fifteenth Century Italy | url = https://archive.org/details/paintingexperien00baxa | year = 1974 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-881329-5}} * {{cite book | author = Fred Bérence | title = Léonard de Vinci, L'homme et son oeuvre | publisher = Somogy | year = 1965 | id = Dépot légal 4° trimestre 1965}} * {{cite book | author = Luciano Berti | title = The Uffizi | year = 1971 | publisher = Scala}} * {{cite book | author = Liana Bortolon| title = The Life and Times of Leonardo | publisher = Paul Hamlyn, London | year = 1967 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Hugh Brigstoke| title = The Oxford Companion the Western Art | url = https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_r1z5| publisher = U.S.: Oxford University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-19-866203-3}} * {{cite book | author = Gene A. Brucker| title = Renaissance Florence | url = https://archive.org/details/renaissanceflore00bruc| publisher = Wiley and Sons| year = 1969 | isbn = 0-471-11370-0}} * {{cite book | author = Fritjof Capra | title = The Science of Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceofleonard00capr | publisher = Doubleday | location = U.S. | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0-385-51390-6}} * {{cite book | author = Cennino Cennini | title = Il Libro Dell'arte O Trattato Della Pittui | publisher = BiblioBazaar | location = U.S. | year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-103-39032-8}} * {{cite book | author = Angela Ottino della Chiesa| title = The Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/completepainting0000leon| publisher = Penguin Classics of World Art series | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-14-008649-8}} * {{cite book | author = Simona Cremante | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Artist, Scientist, Inventor | publisher = Giunti | year = 2005 | isbn = 88-09-03891-6 (hardback)}} * {{cite book | author = Frederich Hartt| title = A History of Italian Renaissance Art | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofitalian0000hart_h8b7| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-500-23136-2}} * {{cite book | author = Michael H. Hart | title = [[The 100]] | publisher = Carol Publishing Group | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-8065-1350-0 (paperback)}} * {{cite book | author = Martin Kemp| title = Leonardo | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo00kemp| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 2004 | isbn = 0-19-280644-0}} * {{cite book| author = Mario Lucertini, Ana Millan Gasca, Fernando Nicolo | title = Technological Concepts and Mathematical Models in the Evolution of Modern Engineering Systems| url = https://archive.org/details/technologicalcon0000unse | work = | publisher = Birkhauser| year = 2004| isbn = 3-7643-6940-X}} * {{cite book | author = John N. Lupia| title = The Secret Revealed: How to Look at [[Italian Renaissance Painting]] | publisher = Medieval and Renaissance Times, Vol. 1, no. 2 (Summer, 1994): 6–17 | issn = 1075-2110}} * {{cite book | author = Andrew Martindale| title = The Rise of the Artist | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofartistinmi0000mart_a6t2| publisher = Thames and Hudson | year = 1972 | isbn = 0-500-56006-4}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Machiavelli, Leonardo and the Science of Power | url = https://archive.org/details/machiavellileona0000mast | publisher = University of Notre Dame Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-268-01433-7}} * {{cite book | author = [[Roger Masters]] | title = Fortune is a River: Leonardo Da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-452-28090-7}} * {{cite book | author = Charles D. O'Malley and J. B. de C. M. Sounders | title = Leonardo on the Human Body: The Anatomical, Physiological, and Embryological Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. With Translations, Emendations and a Biographical Introduction | publisher = Henry Schuman, New York | year = 1952 | id = }} * {{cite book | author = Charles Nicholl | title = Leonardo da Vinci, The Flights of the Mind | publisher = Penguin | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-14-029681-6}} * {{cite book | author = Sherwin B. Nuland| title = Leonardo Da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000nula| publisher = Phoenix Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-7538-1269-X}} * {{cite book | author =A.E. Popham | title = The Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci | publisher = Jonathan Cape | year = 1946 | isbn = 0-224-60462-7}} * {{cite book | author =Shana Priwer & Cynthia Phillips | title = The Everything Da Vinci Book: Explore the Life and Times of the Ultimate Renaissance Man | publisher = Adams Media | year = 2006 | isbn = 1-59869-101-5}} * {{cite book | author = Ilan Rachum| title = The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'' | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780706408577| publisher = Octopus | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7064-0857-8}} * {{cite book | author = [[Jean Paul Richter]] | title = The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/notebooksofleona01leon | publisher = Dover | year = 1970 | isbn = 0-486-22572-0}} volume 2: ISBN 0-486-22573-9. A reprint of [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5000 the original 1883 edition]. * {{cite book | author = Marco Rosci| title = Leonardo | publisher = Bay Books Pty Ltd| year = 1977 | isbn = 0-85835-176-5}} * {{cite book | author = Paolo Rossi| title = The Birth of Modern Science | url = https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernsci0000ross| publisher = Blackwell Publishing| year = 2001 | isbn = 0-631-22711-3}} * {{cite book | author = Bruno Santi | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavinci0000unse_r9r4 | publisher = Scala / Riverside | year = 1990}} * {{cite book |author = Theophilus | title = On Divers Arts |url = https://archive.org/details/ondiversartstrea00theo | publisher = University of Chicago Press | location=U.S. |year = 1963 | isbn = 978-0-226-79482-2}} * {{cite book | author = Jack Wasserman | title = Leonardo da Vinci | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardo0000leon | publisher = Abrams | year = 1975 | isbn = 0-8109-0262-1}} * {{cite book | author = [[Giorgio Vasari]]| title = Lives of the Artists'' | publisher = Penguin Classics, trans. George Bull 1965| year = 1568 | isbn = 0-14-044164-6}} * {{Cite book | first = Hugh Ross | last = Williamson | title = Lorenzo the Magnificent | url = https://archive.org/details/lorenzomagnifice0000ross | year = 1974 | publisher = Michael Joseph | isbn = 0-7181-1204-0}} * {{cite book | author = Emanuel Winternitz | title=Leonardo Da Vinci As a Musician | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincia0000wint | year=1982 | publisher=Yale University Press | location=U.S. | isbn=978-0-300-02631-3}} * {{cite book | author = Alessandro Vezzosi | title = Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Man | url = https://archive.org/details/leonardodavincir0000vezz | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd, London | year = 1997 (English translation) | isbn = 0-500-30081-X}} * {{cite book | author = Frank Zollner | title = Leonardo da Vinci: The Complete Paintings and Drawings | publisher = Taschen | year = 2003 | isbn = 3-8228-1734-1 (hardback)}} [The chapter "The Graphic Works" is by Frank Zollner & Johannes Nathan]. {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Leonardo da Vinci}} * {{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} * [http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ Leonardo da Vinci and ''the Virgin of the Rocks'', A different point of view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703103754/http://leonardovirginoftherocks.blogspot.com/ |date=2018-07-03 }} * {{gutenberg author|Leonardo_da_Vinci}} * {{gutenberg|no=7785|name=Leonardo da Vinci'' by Maurice Walter Brockwell'}} * [http://www.sacred-texts.com/aor/dv/index.htm Complete text & images of Richter's translation of the Notebooks] * [http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/l/leonardo/ Web Gallery of Leonardo Paintings] * [http://www.drawingsofleonardo.org/ Drawings of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1860869,00.html Da Vinci Decoded] Article from ''[[The Guardian]]'' * [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 The true face of Leonardo Da Vinci?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626075636/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/235 |date=2008-06-26 }} * [http://www.ivu.org/history/davinci/hurwitz.html Leonardo da Vinci's Ethical Vegetarianism] * [http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-Notebooks-of-Leonardo-Da-Vinci-Complete1.php The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/leonardo Leonardo da Vinci at BBC Science] * [http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ Selected 'prophecies' from Volume II of the notebooks (translated)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506203820/http://davincideluge.blogspot.com/ |date=2016-05-06 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//15thCentury/Leonardo/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515203249/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries/15thCentury/Leonardo/ |date=2012-05-15 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Leonardo da Vinci in .jpg and .tiff format. * [http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/leonardo-da-vinci-anatomist Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomist] The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace, Friday, 4 May 2012 to Sunday, 7 October 2012. High-resolution anatomical drawings. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120629053406/http://news.yahoo.com/famous-leonardo-self-portrait-critical-condition-144805263.html Yahoo news, Leonardo's Self-portrait in critical condition] {{DEFAULTSORT:Leonardo Da Vinci}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1452]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1519]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Pintura|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Arte|Vinci, Leonardo da]] [[Kaarangay:Leonardo da Vinci]] mai97vb7pq1rg8y2yo0dp8wd6o6oljf 0 14649 7783082 7781902 2026-05-06T21:49:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783082 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''patík''' (Iningles:Drawing) (Pambansa:Guhit) <ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 280.</ref> o '''pagpatik''' (Iningles:Tattoo) (Sinugbu:Atihan) amo an pamagi hin pagpadamo hit teksto o imahe, kasagaran [[tinta]] ha papel, nga ginagamitan hin makina. Agsub ini an guin susurat pina-agi hin [[Banit]] para maging pirmi sa [[panit]] han tawu. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book | first = Gill | last = Saunders |author2=Miles, Rosie | title = Prints Now: Directions and Definitions | url = https://archive.org/details/printsnowdirecti0000saun | publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum | date = May 1, 2006 | isbn = 1-85177-480-7 }} * Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). ''Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries''. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p. *{{cite book | first = Alexander | last = Nesbitt | title = The History and Technique of Lettering | url = https://archive.org/details/historytechnique0000nesb | publisher=Dover Books | year = 1957 }} *{{cite book | last = Steinberg | first = S.H. | title = Five Hundred Years of Printing | url = https://archive.org/details/fivehundredyears00stei_0 | location = London and Newcastle | publisher=The British Library and Oak Knoll Press | year = 1996 }} *{{cite book | last = Gaskell | first = Philip | title = A New Introduction to Bibliography | location = Winchester and Newcastle | publisher=St Paul's Bibliographies and Oak Knoll Press | year = 1995 }} *[[Elizabeth L. Eisenstein]], ''The Printing Press as an Agent of Change'', Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 pages, ISBN 0-521-29955-1 *[[Marshall McLuhan]], ''The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man'' (1962) Univ. of Toronto Press (1st ed.); reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul ISBN 0-7100-1818-5 *Tam, Pui-Wing ''The New Paper Trail'', ''The Wall Street Journal Online'', February 13, 2006 Pg.R8 *{{Cite journal |last=Tsien|first=Tsuen-Hsuin|series=Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Chemistry and Chemical Technology |volume= 5 part 1|title=Paper and Printing|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1985 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} *Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi No. 11 Jang Young Sil by Baek Sauk Gi. Copyright 1987 Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd. Pg. 61. *{{Cite journal | first = Joseph | last = Moxon | title = Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing | date= 1683-84 | edition = ed. Herbert Davies & Harry Carter. New York: Dover Publications, 1962, reprint | postscript = <!--None--> | ref = harv }} *{{Cite journal | first = Caleb | last = Stower | title =The Printer's Grammar | year= 1808 | edition = London: Gregg Press, 1965, reprint | postscript = <!--None--> | ref = harv }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category|Printing}} *[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303/rec/1 Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures], an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF) *[http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb Centre for the History of the Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624072331/http://www.hss.ed.ac.uk/chb/ |date=2008-06-24 }} *[http://www.childrenofthecode.org/Tour/c5/davinci.htm Children of the Code – Online Video: The DNA of Science, The Alphabet and Printing] *[http://www.planet-typography.com/directory/histoire.html Planet Typography – history of printing] – selection of international sites dedicated to the history of printing *[http://www.gain.net Printing Industries of the Americas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824121828/http://www.gain.net/ |date=2019-08-24 }} – national trade association for printers and companies in the graphic arts *[http://printwiki.org/ Printwiki] *[http://www.gutenberg-museum.de/index.php?id=19&language=e The development of book and printing]. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany) *[http://www.bpsnet.org.uk BPSnet British Printing Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201161645/http://www.bpsnet.org.uk/ |date=2015-02-01 }} *[http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1964&Itemid=157 Taiwan Culture Portal: Ri Xing Type Foundry－ preserving the true character of Chinese type] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524122807/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1964&Itemid=157 |date=2011-05-24 }} *[http://digitalcollections.library.ubc.ca/cdm/landingpage/collection/mathison A collection of printing materials from the 19th Century] – Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr., The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. - UBC Library Digital Collections *[http://www.printmuseum.org/ International Printing Museum, Carson, California, Web site] *[http://www.museumofprinting.org/ Museum of Printing, Andover, MA, Web site] np0jpemxp2jyv2j1uxt63dlxbnb53q8 0 14971 7783091 7772394 2026-05-06T21:56:05Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783091 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GreatBarrierReef-EO.JPG|thumb]] An '''Dungganan nga Makaurulang nga Monbón''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Great Barrier Reef'', [[Kinatsila]]: ''Gran barrera de coral'', [[Tinag-alog]]: ''Bahura ng Dakilang Salubid'') amo an gidadako-i nga sistema han ay ang bahura koral ha kalibutan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{cite book|last = Hopley|url=http://books.google.com/?id=omr72hD6dvQC|first = David|author2= Smithers, Scott G.|author3= Parnell, Kevin E.|title = The geomorphology of the Great Barrier Reef: development, diversity, and change|year = 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-85302-8}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book |last=Bell |first=Peter |title=AIMS: The First Twenty-five Years |year=1998 |publisher=Australian Institute of Marine Science |location=Townsville |isbn=978-0-642-32212-8}} *{{Cite book |last = Bowen |first = James |author2=Bowen, Margarita |title = The Great Barrier Reef : history, science, heritage |url = https://archive.org/details/greatbarrierreef0000bowe |year = 2002 |publisher=Cambridge : Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-82430-3 }} *{{Cite journal |last=Done |first=T.J. |year=1982 |title=Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_coral-reefs_1982-10_1_2/page/95 |journal=Coral Reefs |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=95–107 |doi=10.1007/BF00301691 }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/research_publications|title=Research Publications|publisher=[[Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority]]|access-date=2015-02-01|archive-date=2011-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153935/http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/research_publications|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite book|last=Hutchings|first=Pat|author2=Kingsford, Mike|author3= Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove|title=[[The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management]]|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2008|isbn=978-0-643-09557-1}} *{{Cite book |last = Lucas |first = P.H.C. ''et al.'' |title = The outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area |url = https://archive.org/details/outstandingunive0000unse |year = 1997 |publisher=Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority |isbn = 0-642-23028-5 }} *{{Cite book |editor= Mather, P.; Bennett, I. |title = A Coral Reef Handbook: A Guide to the Geology, Flora and Fauna of the Great Barrier Reef |url= https://archive.org/details/coralreefhandboo0000unse |edition = 3rd |year = 1993 |publisher=Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd |location = Chipping North |isbn = 0-949324-47-7 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons-inline|Great Barrier Reef}} *{{cite web|url=http://adventure.howstuffworks.com/great-barrier-reef.htm|title=How the Great Barrier Reef Works|publisher=howstuffworks.com}} *{{Wikivoyage-inline|Great Barrier Reef}} *[http://environment.gov.au/heritage/places/world/great-barrier-reef/index.html World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef] *[http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority] *[http://www.reef.crc.org.au/ CRC Reef Research Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302111314/http://www.reef.crc.org.au/ |date=2014-03-02 }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse/reef/reef1_flash.html|title=Dive into the Great Barrier Reef|publisher=National Geographic}} *[http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/stories/2014/08/18/4067593.htm Battle for the Reef] - [[Four Corners (TV program)|Four Corners]] - [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC.au]] *[http://panique.com.au/trishansoz/barrier/great-barrier-reef.html The Great Barrier Reef - Queensland, Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026052146/http://panique.com.au/trishansoz/barrier/great-barrier-reef.html |date=2016-10-26 }} {{Coord|18|17|10|S|147|42|00|E|scale:2500000|display=title}} injf479roknpib5lxbuf5kw536vnsx8 0 15059 7783092 7591475 2026-05-06T21:56:42Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Antonín Dvořák | image = Dvorak1.jpg | caption = Composer Antonín Dvořák | image_size = 250px | background = non_performing_personnel | birth_name = Antonín Leopold Dvořák | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1841|9|8|mf=y}} |birth_place = [[Nelahozeves]], [[Bohemia]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|5|1|1841|9|8|mf=y}} |death_place = [[Prague]], [[Bohemia]] | origin = Czech | instrument = organist, violinist | genre = [[Classical music|classical]], [[romantic (music)|romantic]] | occupation = Composer | years_active = 1859–1904 }} Hi '''Antonín Dvořák''' (giharanii nga kaluwas ha Winaray: "AN-to-nin DVOR-chak") (natawo [[Nelahozeves]] Septyembre 8 1841; namatay [[Praga]] Mayo 1 1904) usa nga manunurat hin kanta nga [[Czeka]]. ==Mga reperensya== '''Pinanbasaran''' {{reflist}} '''Mga pagkukuhaan''' {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last=Beckerman|first=Michael B.|title=Dvořák and His World|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|ISBN=0-691-03386-2}} *{{cite book|last=Beckerman|first=Michael B.|title=New Worlds of Dvořák: Searching in America for the Composer's Inner Life|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldsofdvora0000beck|year=2003|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=New York|ISBN=0-393-04706-7}} *{{cite book|last=Burghauser|first=Jarmil|title=Antonín Dvořák|publisher=Bärenreiter Supraphon; Koniasch Latin Press|location=Prague|year=2006|isbn=80-86791-26-2|language=Czech}} * Burghauser, Jarmil (1960, 1966, 1996), ''Antonin Dvořák Thematický Katalog'' [Thematic Catalogue], Export Artia (1960); Bārenreiter Supraphon (1966,1996), Prague, in Czech, with notes in German and English. Includes a bibliography, co-edited by Dr. John Clapham and Dr. W. Pfannkuch, and a Survey of Life and Work. If there is a reference to one edition and the reader has access only to another edition, the catalogue numbers such as B.178 for the New World Symphony will probably be more useful than page numbers. Similarly, in the chronology of Dvořák's life, one may search by year (and date) rather than page number. *{{cite book|last=Butterworth|first=Neil|title=Dvořák, his life and times|url=https://archive.org/details/dvorakhislifetim0000butt|year=1980|publisher=Midas Books|ISBN=0-859-36142-X}} *{{cite book|last=Brown|first=A. Peter|title=The symphonic repertoire, Volume 3, Part 1|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington|isbn=0-253-33488-8|pages=410–436|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vRI_PGC_IBEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *Clapham, John (1966,1969,1979), ''Antonín Dvořák, Musician and Craftsman'', London, St. Martin's Press or Faber&Faber (1966), MacMillan (reprinting 1969), ISBN 0-333-23111-2 or St. Martin's, ISBN 0312045158; 1979, Newton Abbot (England), David and Charles, ISBN 0-7153-7790-6. The 1979 edition will be referred to as "UK" to distinguish it from the author's other biography of Dvořák published in 1979 in the US (Norton). *{{cite book|last=Clapham|first=John|title=Dvořák|url=https://archive.org/details/dvorak00clap|year = 1979|publisher = W. W. Norton|location = New York|isbn=0-393-01204-2}} * Clapham, John (1995), 'Dvořák, Antonín (Leopold)', in ''The [[New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', ed. Stanley Sadie. London:MacMillan ISBN 0-333-23111-2. Vol. 5, pp.&nbsp;765–792. *{{cite book |title=Československý hudební slovník I. A-L |last=Černušák |first=Gracián (ed.) |coauthors=Štědroň, Bohumír; Nováček, Zdenko (ed.) |year=1963 |publisher=Státní hudební vydavatelství |location=Prague |language=Czech|isbn= |page= |url=}} *{{cite book|last=Dvořák|first=Antonín|coauthors=Šourek, Otakar (preface)|title=Biblické písně|publisher=Editio Bärenreiter|location=Prague|year=2009|isbn=979-0-2601-0463-1|language=Czech, German, English, French}} *Gal, Hans (1971), ''Johannes Brahms: His Work and Personality'', translated by Joseph Stein, Knopf, New York. *{{cite book|last=Goepp|first=Philip Henry|title=Symphonies and their meaning: Third series: Modern symphonies|year=1913|publisher=J. B. Lippincott Company|location=Philadelphia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dOMvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q&f=false}} *{{cite book|last=Honolka|first=Kurt|title=Dvořák|year=2004|publisher=Haus Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-904341-52-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAVSQlZr-i4C}} *{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Joseph|title=Dvořák in America: In Search of the New World|url=https://archive.org/details/dvorkinamericain00horo|year=2003|publisher=Cricket Books|ISBN=0-812-62681-8}} *{{cite book|title=Dvořák: Romantic Music's Most Versatile Genius|url=https://archive.org/details/dvorakromanticmu0000hurw|last=Hurwitz|first=David|year=2005|series=Unlocking the Masters|publisher=Amadeus Press|location=Milwaukee|ISBN=1-574-67107-3}} *{{cite book|last=Peress|first=Maurice|title=Dvorák to Duke Ellington: A Conductor Explores America's Music and Its African American Roots|url=https://archive.org/details/dvoraktodukeelli00pere|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|ISBN=0-19-509822-6}} *{{cite book|last=Schönzeler|first=Hans-Hubert|title=Dvořák|url=https://archive.org/details/dvorak0000scho|year=1984|publisher=Marion Boyars Publishers|location=London, New York|ISBN=0-7145-2575-8}} * Smaczny, Jan. (2003) 'Grand Opera Amongst the Czechs' in ''The Cambridge Companion to Grand Opera'' ed. David Charlton, pp.&nbsp;366–382. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052-164683-3 *Ŝourek, Otakar; Bartos, František; Hanuš, Jan; Berkovec, Jiři; Čubr, Anton; Pokorný, Antonín; Šolc, Karel, eds.: Antonín Dvořák, ''Requiem'' [Score], Supraphon, Artia, Prague, 1976. *{{cite book|last=Steinberg|first=Michael|title=The Symphony: A Listener's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/symphonylistener00stei|year=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|ISBN=0-19-506177-2}} *{{cite book|last=Taruskin|first=Richard|title=Music in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/musicinnineteent0000rich|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|ISBN=978-019-538483-3}} *Tibbets, John C. (ed.) (1993), ''Dvořák in America'', Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, ISBN 0-931340-56-X *Yoell, John H. (1991), ''Antonín Dvořák on Records'', New York: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-27367-7 {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{wikisource author|Antonín Dvořák}} {{wikiquote}} {{Commons}} * [http://www.antonin-dvorak.cz/ Comprehensive Dvořák site] * {{Gutenberg author | id=Dvorák,+Antonín | name=Antonín Dvorák}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091018201111/http://geocities.com/WestHollywood/Park/4586/aldfr.html List of Dvořák's works] * {{BBC composer page|dvorak|Dvořák}} * [http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=cent;cc=cent;rgn=full%20text;idno=cent0048-3;didno=cent0048-3;view=image;seq=0351;node=cent0048-3%3A5 Dvořák on Schubert] "The Century", Volume 0048 Issue 3 (July 1894) * [http://homepage.mac.com/rswinter/DirectTestimony/home.html Collection of news articles and correspondence about Dvořák's stay in America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109214621/http://homepage.mac.com/rswinter/DirectTestimony/home.html |date=2004-01-09 }} * [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Dvorak%20AND%20mediatype:audio Antonín Dvořák] Recordings at the [[Internet Archive]] * <span class="plainlinks">[[:scores:Category:Dvořák, Antonín|Free scores by Dvořák]]</span> in the [[International Music Score Library Project]] *{{MutopiaComposer|DvorakA}} * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22Anton%2BDvorak%22 References to Dvorak in European historic newspapers] via [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/ The European Library] {{DEFAULTSORT:Dvorak, Antonin}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1841]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1904]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Dvorak, Antonin]] [[Kaarangay:Musika|Dvorak, Antonin]] [[Kaarangay:Republika Czeka|Dvorak, Antonin]] ss1t7mfmq6mjae38os9xg16xgwr0oee 0 15071 7783073 7782297 2026-05-06T21:42:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birthname = Vladimir Ilyich Lenin <small><div class="center">Владимир Ильич Ленин</div></small> |image = |image_size = 210px |caption = Lenin in 1920 |nationality =[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]<br>[[Russia]]n |religion = None ([[atheist]]) |office= Chairman of the [[Council of People's Commissars|Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union]]<br><small>([[Premier of the Soviet Union]]) |term_start = 30 Disyembre 1922 |term_end = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor = Position created |successor = [[Alexey Rykov]] |office2 = [[List of Premiers of the Russian SFSR|Chairman]] of the [[Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR]] |term_start2 = 8 Nobyembre 1917 |term_end2 = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor2 = Position created |successor2 = [[Alexey Rykov]] |office3 = Informal leader of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party]] |term_start3 = 17 Nobyembre 1903 |term_end3 = 21 Enero 1924 |predecessor3 = Position created |successor3 = [[Joseph Stalin]]<br /><small>(as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]])</small> | office4 = Full member of the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Politburo]] | term_start4 = 25 Marso 1919 | term_end4 = 21 Enero 1924 |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1870|4|22|df=y}} |birthname = Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ({{lang-ru|link=no|Владимир Ильич Ульянов}}) |birth_place = [[Simbirsk]], [[Russian Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1924|1|21|1870|4|22|df=y}} (stroke) |death_place = [[Gorki Leninskiye|Gorki]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |resting_place = [[Lenin's Mausoleum]], Moscow, [[Russian Federation]] |profession = Lawyer, [[revolutionary]], politician |spouse = [[Nadezhda Krupskaya]] (1898–1924) |party = [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]<br />[[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (bolsheviks)]] |a.k.a. = Nikolai Lenin, N. Lenin, V. I. Lenin |signature = Unterschrift_Lenins.svg }} [[File:Time Life Picture of Vladimir Lenin, Oct. 1921.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Vladimir Ilyich Lenin''' ([[Rinusyan]]: Владимир Ильич Ленин) (22 Abril 1870 - 21 Enero 1924), natawo nga '''Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov''' ngan agsob tawagon nga V.I. Lenin o Lenin, hiya in usa nga Ruso nga rebolusyonaryo, pinuno han [[Bolshevik]], politiko nga komunista, panguna nga pinuno han rebolusyon Oktubre, ngan syahan nga pinuno han Unyon Sovyet. ===Bibliograpiya=== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |title=The Life of Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeoflenin0000loui_i9g1 |last=Fischer |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Fischer | date = 1964 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-1842122303 |ref=Fis64}} * {{cite book |title=Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary |url=https://archive.org/details/leninportraitofp0000rice |last=Rice |first=Christopher | date = 1990 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn=978-0304318148 |ref=Ric90}} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} *{{Cite journal |author =Blackledge, Paul |date = 3 Hulyo 2006 |title = What was done |journal = [[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]] |issue = 111 |publisher = [[Socialist Workers Party (Britain)]] |location = London |issn = 1754-4653 |url = http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=218&issue=111 |accessdate = 25 Hunyo 2010 }} A review of Lars T Lih, Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context *{{Cite book |last=Cliff |first=Tony |authorlink=Tony Cliff |title=Building the Party: Lenin, 1893–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/buildingpartylen0000clif |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] | date = 1986 |isbn=1-931859-01-9}} *{{Cite book |last=Felshtinsky |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Felshtinsky |title=Lenin and His Comrades: The Bolsheviks Take Over Russia 1917–1924 |publisher=Enigma Books | date = 2010 |isbn=1-929631-95-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Fischer |first=Louis |authorlink=Louis Fischer |title=The Life of Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-ALX-860 |publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group|Orion Publishing Co.]] | date = 2001 |isbn=1-84212-230-4 }} *{{Cite book |last=Gellately |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Gellately |title=Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe |url=https://archive.org/details/leninstalinhitle0000gell |publisher=[[Knopf]] | date = 2007 |isbn=1-4000-4005-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Gooding |first=John |title=Socialism In Russia: Lenin and His Legacy, 1890–1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/socialisminrussi0000good |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] | date = 2002 |isbn=0-333-97235-X}} *{{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Hill (historian) |title=Lenin and the Russia Revolution |publisher=[[Pelican Books|Pelican Books Ltd.]] | date = 1971 |isbn=978-0-14-021297-6}} *{{Cite book |author=[[Leszek Kołakowski|Kolakowski, Leszek]] and Falla, P. S. |title=Main Currents of Marxism |url=https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma0000koak |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | date = 2005 |isbn=0-393-06054-3}} *{{Cite book |last=Leggett |first=George |title=The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | date = 1987 |isbn=0-19-822862-7}} *{{Cite book |last1=Lih |first1=Lars T. |title=Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context | date = 2008 |origyear=2006 |publisher=[[Haymarket Books]] |location= Chicago |isbn=978-1-931859-58-5 |lastauthoramp=&}} *{{Cite book |last=Lenin |first=Vladimir |title=Revolution at the Gates: A Selection of Writings from February to October 1917 by V. I. Lenin |publisher=[[Pelican Books|Verso Books]] | date = 2002 |isbn=1-85984-661-0}} *{{Cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=L89oAAAAMAAJ |last1=Pannekoek |first1=Anton |last2=Richey |first2=Lance Byron |title=Lenin as Philosopher |authorlink=Antonie Pannekoek |publisher=[[Marquette University Press]] | date = 2003 |isbn=0-87462-654-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Payne |first=Robert |authorlink=Pierre Stephen Robert Payne |title=The Life And Death Of Lenin |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] | date = 1967 |isbn=0-671-41640-5}} *{{Cite book |last=Pipes |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Pipes |title=The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] | date = 1999 |isbn=0-300-07662-2}} *{{Cite book |last=Rappaport |first=Helen |authorlink=Helen Rappaport |title=Conspirator: Lenin in Exile |url=https://archive.org/details/conspiratorlenin0000rapp_u4e4 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0-465-01395-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Service (historian) |title=Lenin: A Biography |publisher=[[Belknap Press]] | date = 2002 |isbn=0-674-00828-6}} *{{Cite book |last=Shub |first=David |title=Lenin: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/leninbiography0000shub |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] | date = 1965 |isbn=0-14-020809-7}} *{{Cite journal |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold J. Toynbee |title=A Centenary View of Lenin |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1970-07_46_3/page/490 |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=490–500 |month=July | date = 1970 |doi=10.2307/2613225|jstor=2613225 |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]}} *{{Cite book |last=Trotsky |first=Leon |authorlink=Leon Trotsky |title=On Lenin: Notes Towards a Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/onleninnotestowa0000trot |publisher=[[Harrap]] | date = 1971 |isbn=0-245-50302-1}} *{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Robert C. |authorlink=Robert C. Tucker |title=The Lenin Anthology |url=https://archive.org/details/leninanthology00leni |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] | date = 1975 |isbn=0-393-09236-4}} *{{Cite book |last=Volkogonov |first=Dmitri |authorlink=Dmitri Volkogonov |title=Lenin: A New Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/leninnewbiograph0000volk |publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]] | date = 2006 |isbn=0-02-933435-7}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Vladimir Lenin}} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-67085}} *[http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/Index.html Marx2Mao.org]{{spaced ndash}}Lenin Internet Library *[https://youtube.com/watch?v=-l53FPENoAU Lenin's speech (video)]{{spaced ndash}}Lenin's speech with subtitles *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1939/xx/lenin02.html Article on Lenin written by Trotsky for the Encyclopædia Britannica] *[http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/index.htm Reminiscences of Lenin by N. K. Krupskaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060404061700/http://www2.cddc.vt.edu/marxists/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/index.htm |date=2006-04-04 }} *[http://www.lenin.fi/uusi/uk/index.htm The Lenin Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929050332/http://www.lenin.fi/uusi/uk/index.htm |date=2013-09-29 }} in [[Tampere]], Finland *[http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/hisfram1.htm Lenin and the First Communist Revolutions] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/bio/index.htm Lenin Internet Archive Biography] includes interviews with Lenin and essays on the leader *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/bryant/works/1923-mom/lenin.htm Mirrors of Moscow: Nikolai Lenin] by [[Louise Bryant]] *[http://debs.indstate.edu/z77n5_1918.pdf Nicolai Lenin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165958/http://debs.indstate.edu/z77n5_1918.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} His Life and Work by G. Zinovieff, [[Indiana State University]] *[http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/memoir/Robins/Robins4.htm The Personality and Power of Nikolai Lenin] From Raymond Robins' Own Story by William Hard (1920) *[http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/leaders/profile/lenin.html TIME 100: V.I. Lenin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425120012/http://205.188.238.181/time/time100/leaders/profile/lenin.html |date=2011-04-25 }} by [[David Remnick]], 13 Abril 1998 *{{YouTube|6ybDtm93e4c|Re: Lenin in color – high quality edition}} *[http://mnweekly.ru/local/20090115/55364151.html The Ghosts of Lenin Abound] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726143223/http://mnweekly.ru/local/20090115/55364151.html |date=2011-07-26 }} by ''The Moscow News Weekly'', 15 Enero 2009 *[http://www.themilitant.com/2010/7416/741650.html Lenin's Fight to Defend Working-class Power and Revolutionary Internationalism] by ''[[The Militant]]'' *[http://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/trains/russia06.htm Lenin's Funeral Train] in its own museum next to [[Paveletsky Rail Terminal]] * {{gutenberg author|id=Vladimir_Ilyich_Lenin_(1870–1924)|name=Vladimir Ilyich Lenin}} * [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/museum/musframe.htm Museum of Communists] ** [http://econfaculty.gmu.edu/bcaplan/museum/his1e.htm Vladmir Lenin] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm Marxists.org Lenin Internet Archive]{{spaced ndash}}Extensive compendium of writings, a biography, and many photographs ===Mga pinili nga binuhatan=== : Main website [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/cw/index.htm Lenin's Works] * [http://www.marxists.org/romana/audio/index.htm Lenin's Speeches on Gramophone Records] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1899/devel/index.htm The Development of Capitalism in Russia] *''[[What is to be Done? (pamphlet)|What is to be Done?]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/onestep/index.htm One Step Forward, Two Steps Back] *[http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1904/sep/15a.htm Reply by N. Lenin] to [[Rosa Luxemburg]] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/index.htm Two Tactics of Social-Democracy in the Democratic Revolution] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/index.htm Materialism and Empirio-Criticism] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/oct/16.htm The Right of Nations to Self-Determination] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism] *''[[The State and Revolution]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/dec/25.htm How to Organise Competition?] *''The [[April Theses]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/apr/04.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/oct/10.htm The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky] *''[[Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder]]'' [http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/lwc/index.htm] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm Lenin's ''Testament''] *[http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1923/mar/05.htm Lenin's last letter to Stalin] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20101230035234/http://politazbuka.ru/biblioteka/marksizm/562-lenin-vladimir-polnoe-sobranie-sochineniy-5-izdanie.html Lenin's ''Complete Collected Works''], in 55 volumes. (Russian) [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1870|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1924|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Rusya|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Lenin, Vladimir]] [[Kaarangay:Vladimir Lenin]] hsxo0yllz4kp1300kn0qeooi3lmpu7f 0 15105 7783053 7651146 2026-05-06T21:22:27Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{iba nga kagamit|Bato (pansayod)|iba nga mga kagamit han Bato}} [[Paypay:Kärnyxa av flinta, Nordisk familjebok.jpg|thumb]] An '''panahon han bato''' amo an hadto nga panahon nga an katawhan nagamit hin butang nga hinimo tikang ha bato. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Lawrence | last=Barham | first2=Peter | last2=Mitchell | title=The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers | date = 2008 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Cambridge World Archaeology}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Miriam | last=Belmaker | title=Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis) | date=March 2006 | publisher=Paleoanthropology Society | url=http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044435/http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf |date=2011-04-30 }} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | title=The Prehistory of Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofafri00clar | series=Ancient People and Places, Volume 72 | location=New York; Washington | publisher=Praeger Publishers | date = 1970}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | last=Deacon | first=Hilary John | first2=Janette | last2=Deacon | date = 1999 | title=Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age | url=https://archive.org/details/peopleofpastarch0000hjde | location=Walnut Creek, Calif. [u.a.] | publisher=Altamira Press}} * {{cite book | ref=harv | first=Salvatore | last=Piccolo | title=Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily | location=Abingdon (UK)| publisher=Brazen Head Publishing | date = 2013}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv |editor-last=Camps i Calbet |editor-first=Marta | editor2-first=Parth R. | editor2-last=Chauhan | date = 2009 | title=Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations | location=New York | publisher=Springer |first=Michael J. | last=Rogers | first2=Sileshi | last2=Semaw | contribution=From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record}} * {{Cite book| ref=harv |last=Schick|first=Kathy D.|coauthors=Nicholas Toth|title=Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology| url=https://archive.org/details/makingsilentston00schi |publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York| date = 1993|isbn=0-671-69371-9}} * {{Cite book | ref=harv | first=John J. | last=Shea | contribution=Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal | pages=47–64 | editor-first=John G. | editor-last=Fleagle | editor2-first=John J. | editor2-last=Shea | editor3-first=Frederick E. | editor3-last=Grine | editor4-first=Andrea L. | editor4-last=Boden | editor5-first=Richard E, | editor5-last=Leakey | title=Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia | date = 2010 | location=Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York | publisher=Springer}} {{refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Scarre|first=Christopher (ed.)| date = 1988|title=Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology|url=https://archive.org/details/pastworldstimesa0000unse|publisher=Times Books|location=London|isbn=0-7230-0306-8}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} {{Americana Poster}} * {{cite web | title=The Stone Age | url=http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm | first=Robert A. | last=Giusepi | date = 2000 | publisher=History World International | accessdate=22 Pebrero 2011 | archive-date=26 Hunyo 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626045040/http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Hand-axes | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | accessdate=22 Pebrero 2011 | archive-date=17 Marso 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317061830/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Habitats | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | accessdate=22 Pebrero 2011 | archive-date=17 Marso 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081415/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | url-status=dead }} * {{cite web | title=PanAfrican Archaeological Association | url=http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/ | accessdate=28 Pebrero 2011 | archive-date=2018-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526123624/http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php | url-status= }} * {{cite web | title=Society of Africanist Archaeologists | url=http://www.safa.rice.edu/ | accessdate=3 Marso 2011 | archive-date=17 Abril 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417165203/http://safa.rice.edu/ | url-status= }} * {{cite web | title=The ASA | url=http://www.theasa.org/ | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth}} a7gbebyhqpvs233k64tfudpezzx1nm9 0 15126 7783048 7782552 2026-05-06T21:18:11Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Nicolaus Copernicus | image = Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg | image_size = | caption = Portrait, 1580, [[Toruń]] Old Town City Hall | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1473|2|19}} | birth_place = [[Toruń|Thorn]] (Toruń), [[Royal Prussia]], [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1543|5|24|1473|2|19}} | death_place = [[Frombork|Frauenburg]] (Frombork), [[Prince-Bishopric of Warmia]], Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland | field = [[matematika]], [[astronomiya]], [[Balaud Kanoniko|balaud kanoniko]], medicine, economics | alma_mater = [[Jagiellonian University|Kraków University]]<br>[[Bologna University]]<br>[[University of Padua]]<br>[[University of Ferrara]] | known_for = [[Heliocentrism]]<br>[[Monetae cudendae ratio|Copernicus' Law]] | influences = | societies = | prizes = | religion = Roman Catholic | footnotes = | signature= Nicolaus Copernicus signature (podpis Mikołaja Kopernika).svg }} Hi '''Nicolaus Copernicus''' o '''Nicolás Copérnico''' (ha Pinolako: '''Mikołaj Kopernik'''; ha Inaleman: ''Nikolaus Kopernikus'') (19 Pebrero 1473 – 24 Mayo 1543) amo an gisyasyahani nga astronomo nga nagpasamwak nga an adlaw amo an aada ha butnga han sistema solar. Hiya nagtipa han mga nabaruan han iya panahon nga an kalibutan amo an butnga han kalangitan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book | title = The World of Copernicus | author=Armitage, Angus | publisher=Mentor Books | date= 1951 | isbn= | location= New York, NY | ref= Reference-Armitage-1951}} * {{cite book |author=Armitage, Angus |title=Copernicus, the founder of modern astronomy |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusfounde0000armi |publisher=Dorset Press |date=1990 |isbn=978-0-88029-553-6}} * {{cite book|ref=harv | title=The development of mathematics |url=https://archive.org/details/developmentofmat0000bell_x2o8 | last=Bell | first=Eric Temple | authorlink=Eric Temple Bell | publisher=Dover Publications | date=1992 | origyear=1940 | location=New York | isbn=978-0-486-27239-9}} * {{cite book | title = The Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of His Birth, 1473–1973'' | author=Bieńkowska, Barbara | publisher=Springer | date = 1973 | isbn = 90-277-0353-1}} *{{cite book|author=Marian Biskup|title=Regesta Copernicana: (calendar of Copernicus' papers).|language=Polish|date=1973|publisher=Ossolineum}} *{{cite book|author=Martin Carrier|title=Nikolaus Kopernikus|date=2001|publisher=C.H.Beck|isbn=978-3-406-47577-1}} * {{cite book | title= The Church's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth | author=Coyne, George V., S.J. | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 340–59)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Coyne-2005}} * {{cite book |last=Danielson |first=Dennis Richard |title=The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcopernicang00dani |publisher=Walker & Company |location=New York |date=2006 |ref=harv |isbn=0-8027-1530-3 }} * [[Norman Davies|Davies, Norman]], ''[[God's Playground|God's Playground: A History of Poland]]'', 2 vols., New York, Columbia University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-231-04327-9. * Dobrzycki, Jerzy, and Leszek Hajdukiewicz, "Kopernik, Mikołaj", ''[[Polski słownik biograficzny]]'' (Polish Biographical Dictionary), vol. XIV, Wrocław, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]], 1969, pp.&nbsp;3–16. * {{cite book | title= A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler | last= Dreyer | first= John Louis Emil | authorlink= J. L. E. Dreyer | publisher=Dover Publications | date= 1953 | origyear= 1905 | url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofplaneta00dreyuoft | location= New York, NY | ref=Reference-Dreyer-1953}} * {{cite book | title= The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo's Trial | author=Fantoli, Annibale | others= In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 117–49)]] | date= 2005 | ref=Reference-Fantoli-2005}} * {{cite book | title = The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History | url = https://archive.org/details/galileoaffair00uisi | author=Finocchiaro, Maurice A. | publisher=University of California Press | date = 1989 | location = Berkeley, California | isbn = 0-520-06662-6 | ref = Reference-Finocchiaro-1989}} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Gagne-2005">{{cite web |title = Texts from ''The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History'' edited and translated by Maurice A. Finocchiaro |author = Gagné, Marc |publisher = West Chester University course ESS 362/562 in History of Astronomy |date = 2005 |accessdate = 15 Enero 2008 |url = http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013053/http://astro.wcupa.edu/mgagne/ess362/resources/finocchiaro.html |archivedate = 30 Septyembre 2007 |url-status = dead }} (Extracts from [[#Reference-Finocchiaro-1989|Finocchiaro (1989)]]) *{{cite book|author1=Pierre Gassendi|author2=Olivier Thill|title=The Life of Copernicus 1473–1543|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofcopernicus0000pier|date=September 2002|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59160-193-7}} * {{cite book | title = The Book Nobody Read | author=[[Owen Gingerich|Gingerich, Owen]] | publisher=William Heinemann | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-434-01315-3 | location = London | ref = Reference-Gingerich-2004}} * {{cite book |last=Goddu |first=André |title=Copernicus and the Aristotelian tradition |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands |ref=harv |isbn=978-90-04-18107-6 }} * {{cite book | title = The Rise of Scientific Europe, 1500–1800 | url = https://archive.org/details/riseofscientific0000unse_d7c7 | author=Goodman, David C. |author2=Russell, Colin A. | publisher=Hodder Arnold H&S | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-340-55861-X}} * {{cite book |last= Heath |first= Sir Thomas |authorlink= T.L. Heath |title= Aristarchus of Samos, the ancient Copernicus ; a history of Greek astronomy to Aristarchus, together with Aristarchus's Treatise on the sizes and distances of the sun and moon : a new Greek text with translation and notes |url= http://www.archive.org/details/aristarchusofsam00heatuoft |date= 1913 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= London |ref= Reference-Heath-1913}} *{{cite book|author=Alan W. Hirshfeld|title=Parallax: The Race to Measure the Cosmos|date=1 Mayo 2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-7133-7}} * {{cite book | title = Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo | author=Heilbron, John L. | others = In [[#Reference-McMullin-2005|McMullin (2005, pp. 279–322)]] | date = 2005 | ref = Reference-Heilbron-2005}} * {{cite book|author=Michael Hoskin|title=The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy|date=18 Marso 1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57600-0}} * {{cite book|author=Lonnie Johnson|title=Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195100716|date=28 Septyembre 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-802607-5}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Sleepwalkers]]: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe | last=Koestler | first=Arthur | author-link=Arthur Koestler | publisher=Grosset & Dunlap | date = 1963 | origyear = 1959 | isbn = 0-448-00159-4 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Koestler-1963}} Original edition published by Hutchinson (1959, London) * {{cite book|author=Arthur Koestler|title=The Sleepwalkers|date=1968|publisher=Macmillan}} * {{cite book | title = Nicolaus Copernicus zum 500. Geburtstag | author=Koeppen, Hans et al. | publisher=Böhlau Verlag | date = 1973 | isbn = 3-412-83573-0}} * {{cite book | title = The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus – Kepler – Borelli | author=[[Alexandre Koyré|Koyré, Alexandre]] | publisher=Cornell University Press | date = 1973 | isbn = 0-8014-0504-1 | location = Ithaca, NY | ref = Reference-Koyre-1973}} * {{cite book | title = [[The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought]] | author=[[Thomas Kuhn|Kuhn, Thomas]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1957 | oclc = 535467 | location = Cambridge, MA | ref = Reference-Kuhn-1957}} * {{Cite journal | last = Lindberg | first = David C. | author-link = David C. Lindberg | last2 = Numbers | first2 = Ronald L. | author2-link = Ronald L. Numbers | title = Beyond War and Peace: A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_church-history_1986-09_55_3/page/338 | journal=Church History | volume = 55 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–354 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1986 | doi = 10.2307/3166822 | postscript = . | jstor = 3166822}} * {{cite book | title= From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy | url= https://archive.org/details/fromeudoxustoein0000lint | author=Linton, Christopher M. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date= 2004 | location= Cambridge | isbn= 978-0-521-82750-8 | ref=Reference-Linton-2004}} * {{cite book|author=Carlo Malagola|title=Della vita e delle opere di Antonio Urceo detto Codro: studi e ricerch|url=https://archive.org/details/dellavitaedelle02malagoog|date=1878|publisher=Fava e Garagnani}} * {{cite book| title= Manetho Ptolemy [[Tetrabiblos]] | author1= Manetho | author2= Ptolemy | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by W.G.Waddell and F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Waddell&Robbins-1964 }} * {{cite book | title = The Church and Galileo | author=McMullin, Ernan, ed. | publisher=University of Notre Dame Press | date = 2005 | location = Notre Dame, IN | isbn = 0-268-03483-4 | ref = Reference-McMullin-2005}} * [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz, Czesław]], ''The History of Polish Literature'', second edition, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1969, ISBN 0-520-04477-0. * [[Stephen Mizwa|Mizwa, Stephen]], ''Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543–1943'', Kessinger Publishing, 1943. * {{cite book |author=Moore, Patrick |title=The great astronomical revolution 1543–1687 and the Space Age epilogue |date=1994 |publisher=Albion |isbn=978-1-898563-18-1}} * {{cite book| title= Tetrabiblos | last= Ptolemy | first= Claudius | others= Loeb Classical Library edition, translated by F.E.Robbins PhD | date= 1964 | origyear= 1940 | location= London | publisher=William Heinemann | ref= Reference-Robbins-1964 }} * <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Rabin-2005">{{cite web | title = ''Copernicus'' | author=Rabin, Sheila | publisher=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2005 edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.) | date = 2005 | accessdate =26 Mayo 2008 | url = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2005/entries/copernicus/}} * {{cite book |author=Repcheck, Jack |title=Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicussecret00repc |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |date=2007 |isbn=0-7432-8951-X }} * {{cite book | title = Copernicus and his Successors | url = https://archive.org/details/copernicushissuc0000rose | author=Rosen, Edward | publisher=Hambledon Press | date = 1995 | isbn = 1-85285-071-X | location = London | ref = Reference-Rosen-1995}} * {{cite book | title = Three Copernican Treatises:The Commentariolus of Copernicus; [[The Letter against Werner]]; The Narratio Prima of Rheticus | author=Rosen, Edward (translator) | publisher=Dover Publications | edition = Second Edition, revised | date = 2004 | origyear = 1939 | isbn = 0-486-43605-5 | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Rosen-2004}} * {{cite book | title = Inventing the Flat Earth—Columbus and Modern Historians | author=[[Jeffrey Burton Russell|Russell, Jeffrey Burton]] | publisher=Praeger | date = 1997 | origyear = 1991 | isbn = 0-275-95904-X | location = New York, NY | ref = Reference-Russell-1997}} *{{cite book|title=The Review of the Polish Academy of Sciences|date=1973|publisher="Ossolineum", the Polish Academy of Sciences Press}} *{{cite book|author=Josh Sakolsky|title=Copernicus And Modern Astronomy|url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusmodern0000sako|date=1 Oktubre 2004|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-0305-1}} * {{cite book| title= The Crime of Galileo | url= https://archive.org/details/crimeofgalileo0000unse | first=Giorgio | last=de Santillana | authorlink= Giorgio de Santillana | origyear= 1955 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | date= 1976 | type=Midway reprint | location = Chicago, Ill | isbn= 0-226-73481-1 | ref= Reference-Santillana-1976}} * {{cite book | title = East Central Europe in the Middle Ages 1000–1500 | url = https://archive.org/details/eastcentraleurop0003sedl | author=Sedlar, Jean W. | publisher=University of Washington Press | isbn = 0-295-97290-4 | date = 1994}} *{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Somervill|title=Nicolaus Copernicus: Father Of Modern Astronomy|date=1 Enero 2005|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0812-8}} *{{cite book|author=Daniel Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State: 1386–1795|url=https://archive.org/details/polishlithuanian0000ston|date=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5}} * {{cite book | title = The Lord of Uraniborg | first= Victor E. | last= Thoren | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-521-35158-8 | location = Cambridge | ref = thoren-1990}} (A biography of Danish astronomer and alchemist [[Tycho Brahe]].) *{{cite book|author=Manfred Weissenbacher|title=Sources of Power: How Energy Forges Human History|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofpowerho0002weis|date=September 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35626-1}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Nicolaus Copernicus}} ;Primarya nga Kuruhaan *{{gutenberg author| id=Nicolaus+Copernicus | name=Nicolaus Copernicus}} *[http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html De Revolutionibus, autograph manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728153447/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/revol/titlpg_e.html |date=2005-07-28 }} – Full digital facsimile, Jagiellonian University *{{pl icon}} [http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 Polish translations of letters written by Copernicus in Latin or German] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018072646/http://domwarminski.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19 |date=2015-10-18 }} *[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721202608/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//16thCentury/Copernicus/ |date=2013-07-21 }} High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus in .jpg and .tiff format. ;Kasahiran *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Copernicus}} *[http://www.visittorun.pl/index.php?strona=6 Copernicus in Torun] *[http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/ Nicolaus Copernicus Thorunensis] by the [http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/project/ Copernican Academic Portal] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm Nicolaus Copernicus Museum in Frombork] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041009151823/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang01.htm |date=2004-10-09 }} *Portraits of Copernicus: [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9913250/ Copernicus's face reconstructed]; [http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183826/http://www-groups.dcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Copernicus.html |date=2007-09-27 }}; [http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} *[http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html Copernicus and Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121212438/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/coperastrol.html |date=2009-01-21 }} – Cambridge University: Copernicus had – of course – teachers with astrological activities and his tables were later used by astrologers. *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry] *[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=10340 Find-A-Grave profile for Nicolaus Copernicus] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4405958.stm 'Body of Copernicus' identified] – BBC article including image of Copernicus using facial reconstruction based on located skull *[http://www.skyscript.co.uk/copernicus.html Copernicus and Astrology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222040257/http://www.skyscript.co.uk/copernicus.html |date=2008-12-22 }} *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm Nicolaus Copernicus on the 1000 Polish Zloty banknote.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205031910/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money2.htm |date=2009-02-05 }} *Parallax and the Earth's orbit [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograpde/parallax.gif] *Copernicus's model for Mars [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f08.jpg] *Retrograde Motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/02f27.jpg] *Copernicus's explanation for retrograde motion [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f04.jpg] *Geometry of Maximum Elongation [http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/fix/student/images/04f07.jpg] *Copernican Model [http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html] *[http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm Portraits of Nicolaus Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013153447/http://www.frombork.art.pl/Ang10.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} ;Mahitungod han ''De Revolutionibus'' *[http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/theories/copernican_system.html The Copernican Universe from the De Revolutionibus] *[http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full De Revolutionibus, 1543 first edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314004048/http://digital.lib.lehigh.edu/planets/cop.php?num=F.1&exp=false&lang=lat&CISOPTR=0&limit=cop&view=full |date=2009-03-14 }} – Full digital facsimile, Lehigh University *[http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html The front page of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618090048/http://www.hao.ucar.edu/Public/education/bios/derevolutionibus.html |date=2006-06-18 }} *[http://webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html The text of the De Revolutionibus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306173547/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/year-text-Copernicus.html |date=2015-03-06 }} *[http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html A java applet about Retrograde Motion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227150804/http://www.flex.com/~jai/astrology/retrograde.html |date=2009-02-27 }} *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/CALCOLATORE%20DI%20ANTIKYTHERA.htm The Antikythera Calculator (Italian and English versions)] *[http://www.giovannipastore.it/ISTRUZIONI.htm Pastore Giovanni, ''Antikythera e i Regoli calcolatori'', Rome, 2006, privately published] ;Legasiya *{{it icon}} [http://www.bo.astro.it/dip/Museum/italiano/sto1_08.html Copernicus in Bologna] – in Italian *[http://www.npr.org/display_pages/features/feature_1746110.html Chasing Copernicus: The Book Nobody Read] – Was One of the Greatest Scientific Works Really Ignored? All Things Considered. [[NPR]] *[http://www.bede.org.uk/copernicus.htm Copernicus and his Revolutions] – A detailed critique of the rhetoric of De Revolutionibus *[http://www.columbia.edu/~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.1.html Article which discusses Copernicus's debt to the Arabic tradition] ;Mga premyo * [http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html Nicolaus Copernicus Prize, founded by the City of Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425004549/http://pau.krakow.pl/index.php/en/2008031765/Prizes-by-PAU/Page-2.html |date=2009-04-25 }}, awarded since 1995 ;Aleman-Polako nga pagburubligay *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} German-Polish "Copernicus Prize" awarded to German and Polish scientists ([http://www.dfg.de/en/funded_projects/prizewinners/copernicus_award/index.html DFG website]) ([http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award FNP website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008004146/http://www.fnp.org.pl/programmes/overview_of_programmes/the_copernicus_award |date=2012-10-08 }}) *{{en icon}} {{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.buero-kopernikus.org/en/home/31/0/0 Büro Kopernikus – An initiative of German Federal Cultural Foundation] *{{de icon}} {{pl icon}} [http://www.bkherne.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=272 German-Polish school project on Copernicus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090910/http://www.bkherne.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=304&Itemid=272 |date=2014-04-07 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Copernicus, Nicolaus}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1473]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1543]] [[Kaarangay:Nicolaus Copernicus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] [[Kaarangay:Astronomiya|Copernicus, Nicolaus]] lf3xk9c4otqreaximx8vftrfy3gq7g1 0 15128 7783068 7770475 2026-05-06T21:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Euclid | image = Scuola di atene 07.jpg | caption = Euclid ha kan [[Raphael Sanzio|Raphael]] ''[[Eskwelahan han Atena]]'' | birth_date = Waray kasabti | death_date = Waray kasabti | residence = [[Alexandria]], [[Hellenistic Egypt|Egypt]] | ethnicity = [[Greek people|Greek]] | field = [[Mathematics]] | known_for = [[Euclidean geometry]] <br />[[Euclid's Elements|Euclid's ''Elements'']] }} Hi '''Eukleides''' o '''Euklides''' (Griniyego: '''Εὐκλείδης''' — ''Eukleídēs''; Ininglis: '''Euclid'''; Kinatsila: '''Euclides'''), fl. 300 BC, kilala liwat nga '''Eukleides han Alexandria''', hiya an usa ka Griyego nga matematiko ngan agsob kinikilala nga "Amay han Heometrya". ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== *{{cite web|title=Euclid (Greek mathematician)|url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194880/Euclid|accessdate=2008-04-18|year=2008|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc}} *Artmann, Benno (1999). ''Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics''. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-387-98423-2. *{{cite book|last=Ball|first=W.W. Rouse|authorlink=W. W. Rouse Ball|title = A Short Account of the History of Mathematics|origyear=1908|url=https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball|edition=4th|year=1960|publisher= Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-20630-0|pages =[https://archive.org/details/shortaccountofhi0000ball/page/50 50]–62}} *{{cite book|first=Carl B.|last=Boyer|authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye|edition=2nd| publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| year=1991|isbn=0-471-54397-7}} *{{cite book|authorlink=T. L. Heath|last=Heath|first=Thomas (ed.)|year=1956|origyear=1908|title=The Thirteen Books of Euclid's Elements|volume=1|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-60088-2}} *Heath, Thomas L. (1908), "[http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Euc.+1 Euclid and the Traditions About Him] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127080511/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ |date=2010-01-27 }}", in Euclid, ''Elements'' (Thomas L. Heath, ed. 1908), '''1''':1–6, at [http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ Perseus Digital Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127080511/http://perseus.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ |date=2010-01-27 }}. *Heath, Thomas L. (1981). ''A History of Greek Mathematics'', 2 Vols. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-24073-8 / ISBN 0-486-24074-6. *[[Morris Kline|Kline, Morris]] (1980). ''Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502754-X. *{{MacTutor Biography|id=Euclid|title=Euclid of Alexandria}} *[[Proclus]], ''A commentary on the First Book of Euclid's Elements'', translated by Glenn Raymond Morrow, Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0-691-02090-7. *{{cite book|first=Dirk J.|last=Struik|title=A Concise History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000stru_m6j1| year=1967| publisher=Dover Publications | isbn=486-60255-9}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=DeLacy|first=Estelle Allen|title=Euclid and Geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/immortalsofscien0000este|year=1963|publisher=Franklin Watts|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Knorr|first=Wilbur Richard|title=The Evolution of the Euclidean Elements: A Study of the Theory of Incommensurable Magnitudes and Its Significance for Early Greek Geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofeucli0000knor|year=1975|publisher=D. Reidel|location=Dordrecht, Holland|isbn=90-277-0509-7}} *{{cite book|last=Mueller|first=Ian|title=Philosophy of Mathematics and Deductive Structure in Euclid's Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofmath0000muel|year=1981|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=0-262-13163-3}} *{{cite book|last=Reid|first=Constance|title=A Long Way from Euclid|url=https://archive.org/details/longwayfromeucli0000cons|year=1963|publisher=Crowell|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Szabó|first=Árpád|title=The Beginnings of Greek Mathematics|year=1978|publisher=D. Reidel|location=Dordrecht, Holland|isbn=90-277-0819-3|others=A.M. Ungar, trans}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Euclid}} *[http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/java/elements/elements.html Euclid's Elements], All thirteen books, with interactive diagrams using Java. [[Clark University]] *[http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/euclid.html Euclid's Elements] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419015035/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/euclid.html |date=2014-04-19 }}, with the original Greek and an English translation on facing pages (includes PDF version for printing). [[University of Texas]]. *[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/21076/21076-pdf Euclid's Elements, books I-VI], in English pdf, in a Project Gutenberg Victorian textbook edition with diagrams. *[http://euclides.org Euclid's Elements], All thirteen books, in several languages as Spanish, Catalan, English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Italian, Russian and Chinese. *[http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/eucgeo/index.html ''Elementa Geometriae''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508221706/http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/eucgeo/index.html |date=2015-05-08 }} 1482, Venice. From [[Rare Book Room]]. *[http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/eucmsd/index.html ''Elementa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220004319/http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/eucmsd/index.html |date=2016-02-20 }} 888 AD, Byzantine. From [[Rare Book Room]]. *[http://www.mathopenref.com/euclid.html Euclid biography by Charlene Douglass] With extensive bibliography. *[http://www.wilbourhall.org Texts on Ancient Mathematics and Mathematical Astronomy] PDF scans (Note: many are very large files). Includes editions and translations of Euclid's ''Elements'', ''Data'', and ''Optica'', Proclus's ''Commentary on Euclid'', and other historical sources. {{DEFAULTSORT:Eukleides}} [[Kaarangay:Eukleides| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han ika-4 nga gatostuig UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han ika-3 nga gatostuig UC]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Heyometriya]] a2e484b71u7sv9orza2l3h8avs3t7al 0 15178 7783060 7782365 2026-05-06T21:28:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sayantista | name = Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) | image = Carl von Linné.jpg | image_size = 240px | alt = Portrait of Linnaeus on a brown background with the word "Linne" in the top right corner | caption = ''Carl von Linné'', [[Alexander Roslin]], 1775.<br />Pagpintar ha lana ngadto ha<br />koleksyon hin ritrato ha [[Kastilyo Gripsholm]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1707|5|23}}<ref group=note name=birthdate>Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha tuig 1707 han 13 Mayo ([[Kalendaryo Suwediko|Istilo Suwediko]]) o 23 Mayo sumala han moderno nga kalendaryo. Sumala han [[kalendaryo Julian]] naman, hiya in natawo ha 12 Mayo. (Blunt 2004, p. 12)</ref> | birth_place = [[Råshult]], parokya han Stenbrohult (yana ha sulod han [[Munisipyo han Älmhult]]), Suwesya | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1778|1|10|1707|5|23}} | death_place = ([[estado (tuna)|Estado]]) han Hammarby, Parokya han Danmark (gawas han Uppsala), Suwesya | residence = [[Suwesya]] | citizenship = | nationality = Swedeno | ethnicity = | religion = [[Luteranismo|Luteran]] | fields = [[Botaniya]]<br />[[Biyolohiya]]<br />[[Zoolohiya]] | workplaces = | alma_mater = [[Unibersidad Lund]]<br />[[Unibersidad Uppsala]]<br />[[Unibersidad han Harderwijk]] | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = [[Taxonomiya (biyolohiya)|Linnaeanhon nga taksonomiya]]<br />Ekolohiya<br />[[Botaniya]] | author_abbrev_bot = L. | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = Linne autograph.png.svg | signature_alt = Carl v. Linné | footnotes = <br />[[File:Linne CoA.jpg|center|240px]]<center>An [[coat of arms]] ni Carl von Linné.</center> }} Hi '''Carl Linnaeus''' (23 Mayo 1707 – 10 Enero 1778), kilala gihapon han iya pagtahod nga ngaran nga '''Carl von Linné''', in uska Swedeno nga botanista, magtarambal ngan zoolohista, nga naglatag han mga pondasyon han moderno nga iskima han binomial nga pag-ngaran. Hiya an sinisiring nga amay han moderno nga taksonomiya, ngan hiya liwat an sinisiring nga usa ha mga amay han moderno nga ekolohiya. Kadam-an han iya mga sinurat in nakalatin, ngan an iya ngaran ha Linatin in '''Carolus Linnæus''' (katima han tuig 1761 nagin '''Carolus a Linné'''). Hi Linnaeus in natawo ha horon nga dapit han Småland, ha salatan nga Suwesya. Hi Linnaeus in kinmarawat han iya kadam-an nga hiruhitaas nga pag-aram ha Unibersidad han Uppsala, ngan nagtikang pagtutdo ha botaniya ngada han tuig 1730. Inmukoy hiya ha langyaw han butnga nga mga tuig 1735 ngan 1738, kun diin hiya in nag-aram ngan iya liwat ginpapatik an syahan nga edisyon han iya Systema Naturae ha Nederlandes. Binmalik liwat hiya ha Suwesya, kun diin hiya in naging propesor hin medisina ngan botaniya ha Uppsala. Han dekada 1740, hiya in makadamo ginpabiyahe palibot ha Suwesya para makabiling ngan makapag-angay-angay hin mga tanaman ngan kahayopan. Han mga dekada 1750 ngan 60, hiya in nagpadayon pangolekta ngan pangalisipika hin mga kahayopan, tanaman ngan mga mineral ngan nagpapatik hin pipira nga mga bolyum. Han takna han iya kamatayon, hiya in usa ha mga gindadayawan nga sayantista ha Europa. An Swisa nga pilosopo nga hi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] in nagpadangat hin mensahe ha iya: "Sidngi hiya nga waray ako nababaroan nga tawo nga mas labaw ha iya dinhi ha tuna." An Aleman nga manunurat nga hi [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in nagsurat: "Labot la kanda Shakespeare ngan Spinoza, waray gud ako nababaroan ha nagkamatay nga mas nakaimpluwensiya ha akon." An Swedeno nga awtor nga hi [[August Strindberg]] in nagsurat: "Ha ungod la, hi Linnaeus in usa maniniday nga nahitabo la nga naturalista". Ha iba liwat nga mga pagdayaw, hi Linnaeus in gintatawag nga Princeps botanicorum (Prinsipe han mga Botanista), "An Pliny han Amihanan," ngan "An Ikaduha nga Adan". Ha botaniya, an pagpahalipot han ngaran hin awtor nga gingagamit para pagtudlok kan Linnaeus komo otoridad han kanan mga species nga mga ngaran in L. An kan Linnaeus lawas amo an type specimen han species nga Homo sapiens, sumala han International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, tungod an nag-uusahan nga specimen nga iya gin-adman, ha takna han pagsurat han paghulagway han species, in hiya kalugaringon la ngahaw. ==Biyograpiya== ===Unhan nga bahin han kinabuhi=== ====Pagkabata==== [[File:LA2-Rashult-2.jpg|thumb|right|Natawhan nga lugar ni Linnaeus ha [[Råshult]]]] Hi Carl Linnaeus in natawo ha baryo han [[Råshult]] ha [[Småland]], Suwesya han 23 Mayo 1707. Hiya an suhag nira Nils Ingemarsson Linnaeus ngan Christina Brodersonia. An iya amay an syahan han ira lahi nga ginmamit hin permamente nga apelyido. San-o ito, an iya kanuno-nunoan in ginmamit han patronimiko nga sistema han pagngaran han mga nasod Eskandinabya: an iya amay in ginngaranan nga Ingemarsson sunod han iya amay Ingemar Bengtsson. Han takna nga hi Nils in ginkarawat ha [[Unibersidad han Lund]], kinahanglan niya nga kumuha hin apelyido. Iya gingamit an Linatan nga ngaran Linnæus tikang ha higante nga puno han [[linden]] , nga tinmubo ha ira panimalay.<ref name="Blunt12">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 12.</ref> Ini nga ngaran in ginbaybay nga lakip an [[æ]] nga ligatura. Han natawo hi Carl, ginngaranan hiya nga Carl Linnæus, nga upod an iya amay apelyido. An anak in permi liwat ginbabaybay ini nga maylakip nga æ nga ligatura, mapakinamot man nga pagsurat han dokumento ngan mapaimprenta.<ref name="Blunt13">[[#Blunt|Blunt (2004)]], p. 13.</ref> An kan Carl patronimiko in Nilsson unta, magawas nga Carl Nilsson Linnæus. ==Mga kasarigan== {{Mga kasarigan|group=note}} {{Mga kasarigan}} ===Bibliograpiya=== {{Refbegin|32em}} *{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Margaret J. |title=Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeusfath00ande |date=1997 |publisher=[[Enslow Publishers]] |location=United States |isbn=978-0-89490-786-9 |ref=Anderson }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=N54GuRxlgrMC |date=2001 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Blunt2001 }}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book |last=Blunt |first=Wilfrid |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |url=http://books.google.com/?id=FRH_EMhQYhYC |date=2004 |publisher=[[Frances Lincoln]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-7112-2362-2 |ref=Blunt }} *{{Cite book |last=Bontius |first=J. |authorlink=Jacobus Bontius |date=1658 |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/39776 |chapter=Historiae naturalis & medicae Indiae Orientalis libri sex |pages=1–226 |editor=[[Willem Piso|Gulielmo Piso]] |title=De Indiæ Utriusque re naturali et medica libri quatuordecim. Quorum contenta pagina sequens exhibet |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elzevier |ref=Bontius }} *{{Cite book |last=Braziel |first=Jana Evans |chapter=Genre, race, erasure: a genealogical critique of "American" autobiography |pages=[https://archive.org/details/erasingpublicmem0000unse/page/34 35]–70 |title=Erasing Public Memory: Race, Aesthetics, and Cultural Amnesia in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/erasingpublicmem0000unse |editor=Joseph A. Young & Jana Evans Braziel | date = 2007 |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |isbn=978-0-88146-076-6 |ref=Braziel}} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=G. |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg | date = 1975 |title=''Homo sapiens'' L. studien: Carl von Linné naturuppfattning och människolära |location=Uppsala |publisher=Almquist and Wiksell |ref=Broberg1975}} *{{Cite journal |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2008 |title=The Dragonslayer |journal=[[Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek]] |volume=29 |issue=1–2 |pages=29–43 |url=http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |ref=Broberg2008 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=12 Enero 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130112063158/http://dpc.uba.uva.nl/tvs/vol29/nr01/art03 |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite book |last=Broberg |first=Gunnar |title=Carl Linnaeus |url=https://archive.org/details/carllinnaeus0000brob |authorlink=Gunnar Broberg |date=2006 |publisher=[[Swedish Institute]] |location=Stockholm |isbn=978-91-520-0912-3 |ref=Broberg }} * {{Cite book | last1=Davis | first1=P. H. | last2=Heywood | first2=V. H. | date = 1973 | title=Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy | location=Huntington, New York | publisher=Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company | ref=Davis }} *{{Cite book |last=Frängsmyr |first=Tore |last2=Lindroth |first2=Sten |last3=Eriksson |first3=Gunnar |last4=Broberg |first4=Gunnar |title=Linnaeus, the man and his work |url=http://books.google.com/?id=RrKiQgAACAAJ&dq=Linnaeus+the+man+and+his+works |date=1983 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn=978-0-7112-1841-3 |ref=Frängsmyr }} *{{Cite book |last=Frodin |first=D. G. |date=2001 |title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: an Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists, and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-79077-2 |chapter=The evolution of floras |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27 |pages=24–51 |ref=Frodin }} *{{Cite book |last1=Gribbin |first1=Mary |last2=Gribbin |first2=John |title=Flower Hunters |url=http://books.google.com/?id=yDC7gu-sCMsC |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-956182-7 |ref=Gribbin }} *{{Cite book |editor1-last=McNeill |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=F. R. Barrie, H. M. Burdet, V. Demoulin, D. L. Hawksworth, K. Marhold, D. H. Nicolson, J. Prado, P. C. Silva, J. E. Skog, J. H. Wiersema & N. J. Turland | date = 2006 |title=[[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (Vienna Code) |series=Regnum Vegetabile |volume=146 |publisher=A. R. G. Gantner Verlag |isbn=978-3-906166-48-3 |ref=ICBN}} *{{Cite book |last=Keevak |first=Michael | date = 2011 |title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-0-691-14031-5 |ref=Keevak}} *{{Cite book |last=Koerner |first=Lisbet |title=Linnaeus: Nature and Nation |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeusnaturena00koer_0 | date = 1999 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=Harvard |isbn=978-0-674-09745-2 |ref=Koerner}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1735 |title=Systema naturae, sive regna tria naturae systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species |pages=1–12 |location=Leiden |publisher=Haak |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15373 |ref=L1735 }} *{{Cite book |last1=Linnaeus |first1=Carolus |coauthors=Hendrik Engel & Maria Sara Johanna Engel-Ledeboer | date = 1964 |origyear=1735 |title=[[Systema Naturae]] |edition=facsimile of the 1st |location=Nieuwkoop, Netherlands |publisher=B. de Graaf |oclc=460298195 |ref=Engel}} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1758 |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=1 |edition=[[10th edition of Systema Naturae|10th]] |pages=[1–4], 1–824 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN362053006 |ref=L1758 }} *{{Cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carolus |date=1771 |title=Mantissa plantarum altera generum editionis VI et specierum editionis II |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |pages=[1–7], 144–588 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm |ref=L1771 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |date=2011-09-30 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=30 Septyembre 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930150525/http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/spa/Libro.php?Libro=947 |url-status= }} *{{Cite book |last=Loring Brace |first=C. |date=2005 |title="Race" is a Four Letter Word. The Genesis of the Concept |url=https://archive.org/details/raceisfourletter0000brac |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-517351-2 |ref=Loring }} *{{Cite book |last=Marks |first=Jonathan |chapter=Ten facts about human variation |title=Human Evolutionary Biology |editor1-last=Muehlenbein |editor1-first=Michael |date=2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-87948-4 |pages=265–276 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3NRf_8gwmO8C&pg=PA265 |ref=Marks }} *{{Cite journal |last=Östholm |first=Hanna |date=2007 |title=The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his Birth |editor=Mary J. Morris and Leonie Berwick |chapter=Making memorials: early celebrations of Linnaeus |volume=Special Issue No. 8 |pages=35–44 |journal=The Linnean |publisher=Newsletter and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London |url=http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |ref=Östholm |access-date=30 Hulyo 2012 |archive-date=17 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717202527/http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Linnean/Special_Issue_8_-_The_Linneaen_Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |last=Quammen |first=David |authorlink=David Quammen |date=Hunyo 2007 |title=The Name Giver |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine|National Geographic]] |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |accessdate=3 Abril 2010 |ref=Quammen |archive-date=2010-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415180613/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/06/linnaeus-name-giver/david-quammen-text/1 |url-status= }} * {{Cite book | last1=Reveal | first1=James L. | last2=Pringle | first2=James S. | date = 1993 | chapter=7. Taxonomic Botany and Floristics" | title=Flora of North America | volume=1 | location=New York & Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-505713-9 | ref=Reveal }} *{{Cite book | last=Simpson | first=George Gaylord | date=1961 | title=Principles of Animal Taxonomy | url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofanim0000simp_h9n2 | location=New York & London | publisher=Columbia University Press | ref=Simpson }} </ref> *{{Cite book |last=Slotkin |first=J. S. | date = 1965 |title=Readings in early Anthropology |publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]] |chapter=The Eighteenth Century |pages=175–243 |ref=Slotkin}} *{{Cite journal |last=Sprague |first=T. A. | date = 1953 |title=Linnaeus as a nomenclaturist |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=40–46 |doi=10.2307/1217339 |jstor=1217339 |ref=Sprague}} *{{Cite book |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |authorlink=Clive A. Stace | date = 1991 |title=Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics |url=https://archive.org/details/planttaxonomybio0000cliv |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-42785-2 |ref=Stace}} *{{Cite book |last=Stafleu |first=Frans A. |authorlink=Frans Stafleu | date = 1971 |title=Linnaeus and the Linnaeans: the Spreading of their Ideas in Systematic Botany, 1735–1789 |url=https://archive.org/details/linnaeuslinnaean0000staf |location=Utrecht |publisher=[[International Association for Plant Taxonomy]] |isbn=978-90-6046-064-1 |ref=Stafleu}} *{{Cite journal |last=Stearn |first=W. T. |authorlink=William T. Stearn | date = 1959 |title=The Background of Linnaeus' Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology |journal=[[Systematic Zoology]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=4–22 |ref=Stearn}} *{{Cite book |last=Stöver |first=Dietrich Johann Heinrich |title=The life of Sir Charles Linnæus |url=http://books.google.com/?id=ogwXAAAAYAAJ |editor=Joseph Trapp | date = 1794 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-19-850122-0 |ref=Stöver}} *{{Cite book |author=Van den Hoek, C., D. G. Mann & H. M. Jahns | date = 2005 |title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-30419-1 |ref=Hoek}} *{{Cite journal |last=Veitch |first=H. J. |authorlink=Harry Veitch | date = 1897 |title=''Nepenthes'' |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society]] |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=226–262 |ref=Veitch}} *{{Cite book |title=The Evolution of Modern Humans in Africa: a Comprehensive Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofmoder0000will_l3i1 |last=Willoughby |first=Pamela | date = 2007 |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |isbn=978-0-7591-0119-7 |ref=Willoughby}} *{{Cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Don E. |author2=DeeAnn M. Reeder | date = 2005 |title=[[Mammal Species of the World]]: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference |volume=1 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[JHU Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0 |ref=Wilson}} *{{Cite book |author=Windelspecht, Michael | date = 2002 |title=Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 17th century |url=https://archive.org/details/groundbreakingsc0000wind |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-31501-5 |ref=Windelspecht}} {{Refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== *{{Cite book |author=C. L. Brightwell | date = 1858 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/lifeoflinnaeus00brigiala |title=A Life of Linnaeus |location=London |publisher=J. Van Voorst}} *{{Cite book |author=Lys de Bray | date = 2001 |title=The Art of Botanical Illustration: A history of classic illustrators and their achievements |url=https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artofbotanicalil0000debr/page/62 62]–71 |publisher=Quantum Publishing Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-1-86160-425-5}} *{{Cite book |author=Edmund Otis Hovey | date = 1908 |url=http://www.archive.org/details/bicentenaryofbir00hoveiala |title=The Bicentenary of the Birth of Carolus Linnaeus |location=New York |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences}} *{{Cite book |author=Sverker Sörlin & Otto Fagerstedt |title=Linné och hans apostlar | date = 2004 |isbn=978-91-27-35590-3 |publisher=Natur och kultur/Fakta |location=Stockholm |language=Swedish}} *{{Cite book |author=J. L. P. M. Krol | date = 1982 |chapter=Linnaeus' verblijf op de Hartekamp |title=Het Landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede |location=Heemstede |isbn=978-90-70712-01-3 |language=Dutch}} *{{Cite book |editor=Lars Hansen |title=The Linnaeus Apostles – Global Science & Adventure |series=8 vols. 11 books |location=London & Whitby |publisher=The IK Foundation & Company | date = 2007–2011 |isbn=978-1-904145-26-4}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Carl von Linné}} ''Mga biograpiya'' * [http://www.linnaeus.uu.se/online/index-en.html Biography] at the Department of Systematic Botany, [[Uppsala University|University of Uppsala]] * [http://linnean.org/index.php?id=47 Biography] at The Linnean Society of London * [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/linnaeus.html Biography] from the [[University of California Museum of Paleontology]] * A four minute [https://youtube.com/watch?v=Gb_IO-SzLgk biographical video] from the London [[Natural History Museum]] on YouTube * [http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/tl-2/browse.cfm?vol=3#page/87 Biography] from Taxonomic Literature, 2nd Edition. 1976-2009. ''Kuruhaan'' * {{gutenberg author| id=Carl_von_Linné| name=Carl von Linné}} * [http://www.linnaeus.info The Linnaeus Apostles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174247/http://www.linnaeus.info/ |date= 15 Disyembre 2018 }} * [http://www.linnean-online.org/ The Linnean Collections] * [http://linnaeus.c18.net/ The Linnean Correspondence] * [http://goran.waldeck.se/Ento3E.htm Linnaeus' Disciples and Apostles] * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml The Linnaean Dissertations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616073944/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Library/LinnaeanDiss.shtml |date= 16 Hunyo 2010 }} * [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/botany/fbo/welcome.html.en Linnean Herbarium] * [http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ The Linnæus Tercentenary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912071812/http://www.linnaeus2007.se/ |date= 12 Septyembre 2016 }} * [http://biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/825 Works by Carl von Linné] at the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]] ''Lain'' * Linnaeus was depicted by [[Jay Hosler]] in a parody of ''Peanuts'' titled "[http://www.jayhosler.com/Charlie.jpg Good ol' Charlie Darwin]". * The [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7133/index.html 15 March 2007 issue] of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' featured a picture of Linnaeus on the cover with the heading "Linnaeus's Legacy" and devoted a substantial portion to items related to Linnaeus and Linnaean taxonomy. * A [[tattoo]] of Linnaeus' [http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ definition of the order Primates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202022413/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/loom/2010/03/06/what-is-man-science-tattoo/ |date= 2 Disyembre 2010 }} mentioned by [[Carl Zimmer]] * ''[[Ginkgo biloba]]'' [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/harderwijk.htm tree at the University of Harderwijk], said to have been planted by Linnaeus in 1735 {{DEFAULTSORT:Linnaeus, Carl}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1707]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1778]] [[Kaarangay:Carl Linnaeus| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Suwesya]] houy2te7n9q33xog7q5dv33387k3i1x 0 15210 7783069 7782304 2026-05-06T21:37:13Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint | name=Augustine of Hippo| birth_date={{Birth date|354|11|13|df=y}} | death_date={{Death date and age|430|8|28|354|11|13|df=y}} | feast_day=August 28 ([[Western Christianity]])<br />June 15 ([[Eastern Christianity]])<br />November 4 ([[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]]) | venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<br />[[Assyrian Church of the East]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<br />[[Lutheranism]]<br />[[Aglipayan Church]] | image=Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg | imagesize=250px | caption=Portrait by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], 17th century | birth_place=[[Thagaste]], [[Numidia]] (now [[Souk Ahras]], [[Algeria]]) | death_place=[[Hippo Regius]], [[Numidia]] (now modern-day [[Annaba]], Algeria) | titles=Bishop, Philosopher, Theologian | attributes=child; dove; pen; shell, pierced heart, holding book with a small church, bishop's staff, miter | patronage=[[Brewery|brewers]]; [[Printer (publisher)|printers]]; [[theologians]]<br />[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]; [[Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]; | influences= [[Saint Monica]], [[Plotinus]], [[Ambrose]], [[Anthony the Great]], [[Saint Paul]], [[Cyprian]], [[Plato]] | influenced= [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Calvin]], [[Martin Luther]], [[René Descartes]], [[Cornelius Jansen]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Antonio Negri]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Saint Bonaventure]], [[Benedict XVI]], [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], [[R. C. Sproul]] | [[Tanza, Cavite]] Ida, [[Philippines]]; [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]; [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]; [[Superior, Wisconsin]]; [[Tucson, Arizona]]; [[Avilés|Avilés, Spain]]; [[John Calvin]] | major_works=''[[Confessions of St. Augustine]]''<br />''[[City of God (book)|City of God]]''<br />''[[On Christian Doctrine]]'' | major_shrine=[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]], Italy }} Hi '''Agustin han Hipona''' o '''Augustine han Hippo''' ([[Linatin]]: ''Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis'') (Nobyembre 13, 354 – Agosto 28, 430), obispo han Hippo Regius, kilala liwat nga San Agustin, hiya amo an usa ka Berber nga pilosopo ngan teyolohiyano. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == *{{cite book|title=Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation|year=1978|publisher=Newman Press|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|title=The Essential Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialaugusti00augu_0|year=1974|publisher=Hackett|location=Indianapolis|edition=2nd|editor=Vernon Joseph Bourke}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine and the Trinity | authorlink = Lewis Ayres | author = Ayres, Lewis | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-83886-3 }} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Augustine's Quest of Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinsquestof0000unse|year=1945|publisher=Bruce|location=Milwaukee}} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Wisdom From St. Augustine|year=1984|publisher=Center for Thomistic Studies|location=Houston}} *{{cite journal |author= Brachtendorf J | issue=1997 |title= Cicero and Augustine on the Passions|journal= Revue des Études Augustiniennes |volume= 43|pages= 289–308 |id= {{hdl|2042/23075}} }} * {{cite book | title = Augustine of Hippo | url = https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo00pete_0 | authorlink = Peter Brown (historian)| author = Brown, Peter | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-520-00186-9 }} *{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Cormac | title=St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality | journal=Communio | year=1990 | volume=IV | issue=17 | publisher= | url=http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | doi= | pages=545–565 | access-date=2012-07-30 | archive-date=2021-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133313/http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | url-status=dead }} *{{cite book | last = Burnaby | first = John | title = Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine |year=1938| publisher = The Canterbury Press Norwich | isbn = 1-85311-022-1 }} *{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Mary T.|authorlink=Mary T. Clark|title=Augustine| year=1994|publisher=Geoffrey Chapman|isbn=978-0-225-66681-6}} *{{cite book|last=Deane|first=Herbert A.|title=The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalsociali0000dean|year=1963|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=Augustinian Trinitarianism and Existential Theology | journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1979 | volume=III | pages=111–159}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=What is Augustinian "Sapientia"?| journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1988 | volume=XII | pages=61–67}} * {{cite book |author=Fitzgerald, Allan D., O.S.A., General Editor |title=Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinethrough0000unse |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. | location = Grand Rapids | year=1999 | isbn = 0-8028-3843-X}} * Ferguson, Everett, ''Christianity in relation to Jews, Greeks, and Romans'', Taylor & Francis (1999), ISBN 0-8153-3069-3 *{{cite book|last=Gilson|first=Etienne|authorlink=Étienne Gilson|title=The Christian Philosophy of St. Augustine|year=1960|publisher=Random House|location=New York|others=L. E. M. Lynch, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Lawless|first=George P.|title=Augustine of Hippo and His Monastic Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo0000lawl|year=1987|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=LeMoine|editor1-first=Fannie|editor2-first=Christopher|editor2-last=Kleinhenz|series=Garland Medieval Casebooks|volume=9|title=Saint Augustine the Bishop: A Book of Essays|location=New York|publisher=Garland|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Lubin|first=Augustino|title=Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini - chorographica et topographica descriptio|location=Paris|year=1659|url=http://www.cassiciaco.it/ITA/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |date=2005-03-21 }} * {{cite book | last = Mackey | first = Louis|authorlink=Louis H Mackey | title = Faith Order Understanding: Natural Theology in the Augustinian Tradition | publisher = PIMS | location = Totonto | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-88844-421-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Thought | url = https://archive.org/details/zdanh_test_031_storyofthought00brya | publisher = The Quality Paperback Bookclub | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-4455-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Philosophy: The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph00mage | publisher = DK Pub | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-7994-X }} *{{cite book|title=Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark|year=1972|publisher=Anchor|location=Garden City, NY|editor=Markus, R. A.}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine0000matt | author = Matthews, Gareth B. | publisher = Blackwell | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-631-23348-2}} *{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Ronald H|title=The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/lightofmind0000nash|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Wiener | editor-first = Philip | title = Dictionary of the History of Ideas | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-684-13293-1|volume=3 | chapter = Platonism in the Renaissance | chapterurl=http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64 | last = Nelson | first = John Charles | pages = 510–15 (vol. 3) | quote=''(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...) '' }} *{{cite book|last=O'Daly|first=Gerard|title=Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesphilos0000odal|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} * {{cite book | last = O'Donnell | first = James | authorlink=James J. O'Donnell |title = Augustine: A New Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt | publisher = ECCO | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-06-053537-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|authorlink=Elaine Pagels|title=Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72232-7}} * {{cite book |author=Plumer, Eric Antone, |title=Augustine's Commentary on Galatians |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinescommen0007augu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 | isbn = 0-19-924439-1}} * {{cite book | title = Saint Augustine the Algerian | author = Pollman, Karla | publisher = Edition Ruprecht | location = Göttingen | year = 2007|isbn=3-89744-209-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Pottier|first=René|title=Saint Augustin le Berbère |publisher=Fernand Lanore|year=2006|isbn=2-85157-282-2|language=French}} * ''Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament'' (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35. * {{cite book | last = Ruickbie | first = Leo | authorlink=Leo Ruickbie|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic/page/57 57]–8|title = Witchcraft out of the Shadows | url = https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic | publisher = Robert Hale | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7090-7567-7 }} *{{cite book|last=Starnes|first=Colin| authorlink=Colin Starnes|title=Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I-IX|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesconver0000star|year=1990|publisher=Wilfred Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario}} * {{cite book | last = Tanquerey | first = Adolphe| authorlink=Adolphe Tanquerey | title = The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on [[Ascetical theology|Ascetical]] and Mystical Theology | publisher = Tan Books & Publishers | location = Rockford, IL | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89555-659-6|pages=37)}} * {{cite book |title= S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia |last= Trapè |first= A. |location= Rome|publisher= Città Nuova |year=1990 | series = Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 | volume = I - Natura e Grazia | page = 422 | isbn= 88-311-3402-7}} * {{cite book | last = von Heyking | first = John | title = Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World | url = https://archive.org/details/augustinepolitic0000heyk | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8262-1349-9 }} * {{cite book |author=Weiskotten, Herbert T. |title=The Life of Saint Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama |publisher= Evolution Publishing | location = Merchantville, NJ | year=2008 | isbn = 1-889758-90-6}} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A.| first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-8232-1105-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A. | first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Rule | publisher = Augustinian Press | location = Villanova | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-941491-06-4 }} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Augustinus}} ;Kasahiran * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html "St. Augustine, Bishop and Confessor, Doctor of the Church"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life and Writings of St. Augustine of Hippo: Bishop & Doctor of the Christian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814235413/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html |date=2014-08-14 }} * [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/ Augustine of Hippo] edited by [[James J. O'Donnell]] – texts, translations, introductions, commentaries, etc. * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo/Augustine's_Theory_of_Knowledge Augustine's theory of knowledge] * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html St. Augustine page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804043726/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html |date=2012-08-04 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm "The Life of St. Austin, or Augustine, Doctor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001836/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm |date=2012-08-04 }} from the Caxton translation of the ''Golden Legend'' * [http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctor-gratiae.html David Lindsay: Saint Augustine - Doctor Gratiae] ;Bibliograpiya * [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php Augustine of Hippo] at EarlyChurch.org.uk – extensive bibliography and on-line articles * {{worldcat id|lccn-n80-126290}} ;Mga iginbuhat ni Agustin * [http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/ St. Augustine] at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM Aurelius Augustinus] at "IntraText Digital Library" – texts in several languages, with concordance and frequency list * [http://www.augustinus.it Augustinus.it] – Latin and Italian texts * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0354-0430-_Augustinus,_Sanctus.html Sanctus Augustinus] at Documenta Catholica Omnia – Linatin * [http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html City of God, Confessions, Enchiridion, Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192235/http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html |date=2021-03-09 }} audio books * {{cite book |author= Saint Augustine |title= The Happy Life; Answer to Sceptics; Divine Providence and the Problem of Evil; Soliloquies |url= http://books.google.ru/books?id=u4EJZWrmqgkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= [[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location= USA |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8132-1551-8 }} ;Biograpiya ngan kritisismo * {{sep entry|augustine|Saint Augustine|Michael Mendelson}} * [http://www.augnet.org/ Order of St Augustine] * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx Blessed Augustine of Hippo: His Place in the Orthodox Church] * [http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ Augustine's World: An Introduction to His Speculative Philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110934/http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ |date=2010-05-28 }} by [[Donald Burt]], OSA, member of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Order]], [[Villanova University]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Agustin han Hipona}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 354]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 430]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] ixdiyx2rm52r0zyarl1v1e8iug9wu7s 0 15214 7783086 7749324 2026-05-06T21:52:48Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = Western Philosophy | era = [[17th-century philosophy]] | color = #B0C4DE | image = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg | image_size = 245px | caption = Portrait after [[Frans Hals]], 1648<ref>Russell Shorto. ''Descartes' Bones.'' (Doubleday, 2008) p. 218; see also The Louvre, Atlas Database, http://cartelen.louvre.fr</ref> | name = René Descartes | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1596|03|31}} | birth_place = [[La Haye en Touraine]], Touraine (present-day [[Descartes, Indre-et-Loire|Descartes]], Indre-et-Loire), [[Kingdom of France|France]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|03|31}} | death_place = [[Stockholm]], [[Swedish Empire|Sweden]] | nationality = [[French people|French]] | school_tradition = [[Cartesianism]], [[Rationalism]], [[Foundationalism]] | religion = Roman Catholic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm |title=René Descartes |publisher=Newadvent.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-30 |quote=...preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority.}}</ref> | main_interests = [[Metaphysics]], [[Epistemology]], [[Mathematics]] | influences = [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Ibn al-Haytham|Alhazen]], [[Ghazali]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Marenbon |first=John |authorlink=John Marenbon |title=Medieval Philosophy: an historical and philosophical introduction |page=174 |publisher=[[Routledge]] | date = 2007 |url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415281133/ |ISBN=978-0-415-28112-6}} ISBN 978-0-415-28113-3</ref> [[Averroes]], [[Avicenna]], [[Anselm of Canterbury|Anselm]], [[St. Augustine]], [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]], [[William of Ockham|Ockham]], [[Francisco Suárez|Suarez]], [[Marin Mersenne|Mersenne]], [[Sextus Empiricus]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Duns Scotus]] {{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} | influenced = Most philosophers after including: [[Michel Aflaq|Aflaq]], [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], [[Antoine Arnauld|Arnauld]], [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]], [[Blaise Pascal|Pascal]], [[John Locke|Locke]], [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[Henry More|More]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Edmund Husserl|Husserl]], [[Léon Brunschvicg|Brunschvicg]], [[Slavoj Žižek|Žižek]], [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]], [[Jason Stanley|Stanley]], [[Dirck Rembrantsz van Nierop]], [[Émile Durkheim|Durkheim]] | notable_ideas = [[Cogito ergo sum]], [[Methodic Doubt|method of doubt]], [[Cartesian coordinate system]], [[Cartesian dualism]], [[ontological argument]] for the existence of Christian God; [[Folium of Descartes]] | signature = Firma Descartes.svg }} Hi '''René Descartes''' (31 Marso 1596 – 11 Pebrero 1650), agsob liwat tawagon nga Renatus Cartesius (Linatin), usa hya nga Franses nga pilosopo, matematiko, syentipiko ngan manunurat nga nag-ukoy haros han iya kalagas nga kinabuhi ha [[Nederlandes]]. Ginagnayan hiya nga "Amay han Kabag-ohan nga Pilosoiya" ngan kadam-an han Katundan nga pilosopiya, mga baton ha iya mga sinurat, nga kutob yana tim-os nga ginaadman. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Tinirok nga binuhatan === {{refbegin}} *1983. ''Oeuvres de Descartes'' in 11 vols. Adam, Charles, and Tannery, Paul, eds. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin. This work is traditionally cited with the initials ''AT'' (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus ''ATVII'' refers to ''Oeuvres de Descartes'' volume 7. === Tinirok nga Iningles nga paghubad === *1955. ''The Philosophical Works'', E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans. Dover Publications. This work is traditionally cited with the initials ''HR'' (for Haldane and Ross) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus ''HRII'' refers to volume 2 of this edition. *1988. ''The Philosophical Writings Of Descartes'' in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press. === Uusa nga binuhatan === [[File:Principia philosophiae.tif|thumb|''Principia philosophiae'', 1685]] *1618. ''Compendium Musicae''. *1628. ''[[Rules for the Direction of the Mind]]''. *1637. ''[[Discourse on the Method]]'' ("Discours de la Methode"). An introduction to ''Dioptrique'', ''Des Météores'' and ''La Géométrie''. Original in French, because intended for a wider public. *1637. ''[[La Géométrie]]''. Smith, David E., and Lantham, M. L., trans., 1954. ''The Geometry of René Descartes''. Dover. *1641. ''[[Meditations on First Philosophy]]''. Cottingham, J., trans., 1996. Cambridge University Press. Latin original. Alternative English title: ''Metaphysical Meditations''. Includes six ''Objections and Replies''. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional ''Objection and Reply'' and a ''Letter to Dinet''. [http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827231748/http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/intro.html |date=2006-08-27 }} *1644. ''Les Principes de la philosophie''. Miller, V. R. and R. P., trans., 1983. ''Principles of Philosophy''. Reidel. *1647. ''Comments on a Certain Broadsheet''. *1647. ''[[The Description of the Human Body]]''. *1648. ''Conversation with Burman''. *1649. ''[[Passions of the Soul]]''. Voss, S. H., trans., 1989. Indianapolis: Hackett. Dedicated to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia. === Sekondarya nga literatura === *{{cite book|last=Boyer|first=Carl|date=1985|title=A History of Mathematics|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema0000boye|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02391-3}} *{{cite book|last=Carriero|first=John| date = 2008|title=Between Two Worlds|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13561-8}} *{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=Desmond|authorlink=Desmond Clarke| date = 2006|title=Descartes: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesbiograp0000clar|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-82301-3}} *{{cite book|last=Costabel|first=Pierre| date = 1987|title=René Descartes – Exercices pour les éléments des solides |location=Paris|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=2-13-040099-X}} *{{cite book|last=Cottingham|first=John | date = 1992|title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36696-8}} *{{cite book|last=Duncan|first=Steven M.| date = 2008|title=The Proof of the External World: Cartesian Theism and the Possibility of Knowledge|location=Cambridge |publisher=James Clarke & Co|id=ISBN 978-0-227-17267-4 http://www.lutterworth.com/jamesclarke/jc/titles/proofew.htm}} *Farrell, John. "Demons of Descartes and Hobbes." ''Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau'' (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7. *{{cite book|last=Garber|first=Daniel|date=1992|title=Descartes' Metaphysical Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesmetaphy0000garb|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-28219-8}} *{{cite book|last=Garber|first=Daniel|coauthors=Michael Ayers|date=1998|title=The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/nlsiu.190.9.gar.II.14700|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-53721-5}} *{{cite book|last=Gaukroger|first=Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Gaukroger|date=1995|title=Descartes: An Intellectual Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesintelle0000gauk|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-823994-7}} *Giuseppe Leone, [Il quarto centenario dalla nascita di Cartesio (1596)], Una "ragione" per l'Europa Unita, in "Ricorditi di me...", su Lecco 2000, Aprile 1996. *{{cite book|last=Grayling|first=A.C.|date=2005|title=Descartes: The Life and times of a Genius|url=https://archive.org/details/descarteslifetim0000gray|location=New York|publisher=Walker Publishing Co., Inc.|isbn=0-8027-1501-X}} *Gillespie, A. (2006). Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.'[http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618050955/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0011/0112/Gillespie_Descartes_demon_a_dialogical_analysis_of_meditations_on_first_philosophy.pdf |date=2010-06-18 }} Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781. *[[Martin Heidegger]] [1938] (2002) ''The Age of the World Picture'' in [http://books.google.com/books?id=QImd2ARqQPMC&pg=PA66 ''Off the beaten track''] *{{cite book|last=Keeling|first=S. V.|date=1968|title=Descartes|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KS-096-056|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|id=ISBN}} *{{cite book|last=Melchert|first=Norman|date=2002|title=The Great Conversation: A Historical Introduction to Philosophy|url=https://archive.org/details/greatconversatio00norm|location=New York|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=0-19-517510-7}} *Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord.), ''Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007'''' *{{cite book|last=Ozaki|first=Makoto| date = 1991|title=Kartenspiel, oder Kommentar zu den Meditationen des Herrn Descartes|location=Berlin |publisher=Klein Verlag.|isbn=3-927199-01-X}} *Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, ''Vindicación del cartesianismo radical'', Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010. *{{cite book|last=Schäfer|first=Rainer| date = 2006|title=Zweifel und Sein – Der Ursprung des modernen Selbstbewusstseins in Descartes' cogito| location=Wuerzburg|publisher=Koenigshausen&Neumann|isbn= 3-8260-3202-0}} *Serfati, M., 2005, "Geometria" in [[Ivor Grattan-Guinness]], ed., ''Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics''. Elsevier: 1–22. *{{cite book|last=Sorrell|first=Tom| date = 1987|title=Descartes|location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press.|isbn=0-19-287636-8}} *{{cite book |last=Vrooman |first=Jack Rochford |title=René Descartes: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/renedescartesbio00vroo |publisher=Putnam Press |date=1970 }} *{{cite journal |first1=Richard A. |last1=Watson |authorlink1=Richard Watson (philosopher) |title=René Descartes |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc |date=31 Marso 2012 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes |accessdate=31 Marso 2012 }} *{{cite book|last=Naaman-Zauderer|first=Noa|date=2010|title=Descartes' Deontological Turn: Reason, Will and Virtue in the Later Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/descartesdeo_naam_2010_000_10456381|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76330-1}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|René Descartes}} '''Bidyo''' *[https://youtube.com/watch?v=44h9QuWcJYk ''Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on "Men of ideas"''] * {{Find a Grave|8404}} '''Kasahiran''' {{Div col|cols=2}} *[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html Detailed biography of Descartes] *{{ws|"[[s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/René Descartes|René Descartes]]" in the 1913 ''Catholic Encyclopedia''}} *[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416151301/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} *[http://www.earlymoderntexts.com More easily readable versions of ''Meditations'', ''Objections and Replies'', ''Principles of Philosophy'', ''Discourse on the Method'', Correspondence with Princess Elisabeth, and ''Passions of the Soul''.] *[http://www.freewebs.com/dqsdnlj/d.html 1984 John Cottingham translation of ''Meditations'' and ''Objections and Replies''.] *[http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/modlangfrench/20/ René Descartes (1596–1650)] Published in ''Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition'' (1996) *[http://www.laphilosophie.fr/livres-de-Descartes-texte-integral.html Original texts of René Descartes in French] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830120821/http://www.laphilosophie.fr/livres-de-Descartes-texte-integral.html |date=2011-08-30 }} at La Philosophie *[http://www.archive.org/details/descartesphiloso010838mbp Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith] at [[archive.org]] *[http://www.archive.org/details/studiesincartes00smitgoog Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith] at [[archive.org]] *[http://www.archive.org/details/philosophicalwor005524mbp The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934)] at [[archive.org]] *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-61201}} *{{IMSLP|id=Descartes, René}} *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/descarte/ René Descartes (1596—1650): Overview(IEP)] *[http://www.iep.utm.edu/descmind/ René Descartes:The Mind-Body Distinction(IEP)] *[http://philosophy.uwaterloo.ca/MindDict/cartesianskepticism.html Cartesian skepticism(DEP)] {{Div col end}} '''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''' {{Div col|cols=2}} *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes/ René Descartes] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-epistemology/ Descartes' Epistemology] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ethics/ Descartes' Ethics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/ Descartes' Life and Works] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/ Descartes' Modal Metaphysics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/ Descartes' Ontological Argument] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pineal-gland/ Descartes and the Pineal Gland] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-physics/ Descartes' Physics] *[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ideas/ Descartes' Theory of Ideas] {{Div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Descartes, Rene}} [[Kaarangay:René Descartes| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1596]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1650]] gtem1bqsu94e4x36a7frmfh6myh1ckb 0 15271 7783077 7697545 2026-05-06T21:46:31Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Publius Vergilius Maro | image = Vergilius.jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = Depiction of Virgil, 3rd-century AD,<ref name=JMZ>{{cite book|title=The Virgilian tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/virgiliantraditi0000unse |first=Jan M. |last=Ziolkowski |year=2008 |place=Yale University}}</ref><br />"Monnus-Mosaic", Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier | pseudonym = | birth_date = October 15, 70 BC | birth_place = [[Virgilio, Lombardy|Andes]], [[Cisalpine Gaul]], [[Roman Republic]] | death_date = September 21, 19 BC (age 50) | death_place = [[Brundisium]], [[Apulia]], [[Roman Empire]] | occupation = [[Poet]] | nationality = [[Roman Empire|Roman]] | period = | genre = [[Epic poetry]], [[didactic poetry]], [[pastoral poetry]] | subject = | movement = [[Augustan poetry]] | influences = [[Homer]], [[Callimachus]], [[Ennius]], [[Lucretius]], [[Theocritus]] | influenced = [[Ovid]], [[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucan]], [[Statius]], [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]], [[Ludovico Ariosto|Ariosto]], [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], [[John Milton|Milton]], [[John Keats|Keats]], [[Henry David Thoreau|Thoreau]], [[Jorge Luis Borges|Borges]], [[Seamus Heaney|Heaney]] | signature = }} Hi '''Publius Vergilius Maro''' (ha Kinatsila: '''Publio Virgilio Marón''') nga kilalado ha halipot nga '''Virgilio''' (ha Iningles: '''Virgil''' o '''Vergil''') (Oktubre 15, 70 BC – Septyembre 21, 19 BC) usa nga maniniday nga Romano. Tulo han iya mga sinurat nga kilalado amo an ''Bucólicas'' (kilalado liwat nga ''Eglogas''), ''Geórgicas'' ngan an ''Eneida'' (Aeneid). == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Virgil}} * '''Mga tinirok nga buhat''' ** [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=P.+Vergilius+Maro Works of Virgil] at the [[Perseus Digital Library]] *** Latin texts, translations and commentaries *** ''[[Aeneid]]'' translated by T. C. Williams, 1910 *** ''Aeneid'' translated by John Dryden, 1697 *** ''Aeneid'', ''[[Eclogues]]'' and ''[[Georgics]]'' translated by J. C. Greenough, 1900 ** [http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilEclogues.html Works of Virgil] at Theoi Project *** ''Aeneid'', ''Eclogues'' and '' Georgics'' translated by H. R. Fairclough, 1916 ** [http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/virgil/index.htm Works of Virgil] at Sacred Texts *** ''Aeneid'' translated by John Dryden, 1697 *** ''Eclogues'' and ''Georgics'' translated by J.W. MacKail, 1934 ** [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/verg.html P. Vergilius Maro] at [[The Latin Library]] *** Latin texts ** {{gutenberg author | id=Virgil | name=Virgil}} *** Latin texts *** ''Aeneid'' translated by E. Fairfax Taylor, 1907 *** ''Aeneid'', ''Georgics'' and ''Eclogues'' translated by (unnamed) *** ''[http://virgil.org/appendix/moretum.htm Moretum ("The Salad")]'' Scanned from Joseph J. Mooney (tr.), ''The Minor Poems of Vergil: Comprising the Culex, Dirae, Lydia, Moretum, Copa, Priapeia, and Catalepton'' (Birmingham: Cornish Brothers, 1916). ** [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT392.HTM Virgil's works]: text, concordances and frequency list. ** {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-14062}} * '''Biograpiya''' ** [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/suet-vergil.html Suetonius: The Life of Virgil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001050143/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/suet-vergil.html |date=2012-10-01 }}, an English translation. ** [http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/donatus_vita.html Vita Vergiliana], Aelius Donatus' ''Life of Virgil'' in the original Latin. ** [http://www.virgil.org/vitae/a-donatus.htm Virgil.org: Aelius Donatus' ''Life of Virgil'' translated into English by David Wilson-Okamura] ** Project Gutenberg edition of [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/10960 Vergil&mdash;A Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828005036/http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/10960 |date=2008-08-28 }}, by Tenney Frank. ** [http://www.lateinforum.de/vergil.htm Vergilian Chronology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222085305/http://www.lateinforum.de/vergil.htm |date=2007-02-22 }} (in German). * '''Komentaryo''' ** [http://www.tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25345-2589259,00.html "A new Aeneid for the 21st century"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316043447/http://www.tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25345-2589259,00.html |date=2009-03-16 }}. A review of Robert Fagles's new translation of the ''Aeneid'' in the [http://www.the-tls.co.uk TLS], February 9, 2007. ** [http://www.virgil.org/bibliography Virgil in Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance: an Online Bibliography] ** [http://www.virgilmurder.org Virgilmurder] (Jean-Yves Maleuvre's website setting forth his theory that Virgil was murdered by Augustus) ** [http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/AV/ The Secret History of Virgil], containing a selection on the magical legends and tall tales that circulated about Virgil in the Middle Ages. ** [http://thoughtcast.org/casts/virgils-georgics Interview] with Virgil scholar Richard Thomas and poet David Ferry, who recently translated the "[[Georgics]]", on [[Thoughtcast|ThoughtCast]] ** [http://vergil.classics.upenn.edu/vergilius/ The Vergilian Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406084012/http://vergil.classics.upenn.edu/vergilius/ |date=2009-04-06 }}. * [http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid1.htm SORGLL: ''Aeneid'', Bk I, 1-49; read by Robert Sonkowsky] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001956/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid1.htm |date=2012-10-02 }} * [http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid04.htm SORGLL: ''Aeneid'', BK IV, 296-396; read by Stephen Daitz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227140428/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/aeneid04.htm |date=2012-02-27 }} [[Kaarangay:Virgilio| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 70 UC]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 19 UC]] n4jgpx0mu8po9ei84tbzbf5b78b1006 0 17193 7783057 7782345 2026-05-06T21:26:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk |nationality=[[Turkey|Turkish]] |image=Ataturk1930s.jpg |imagesize=250px |caption=Atatürk in 1930's |birth_date=19 Mayo 1881 <small>([[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's personal life#Birth date|Conventional]]. This date was adopted by the president himself for official purposes in the absence of precise knowledge concerning the real date.)</small> |birth_place=[[Thessaloniki|Salonica]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (present-day [[Thessaloniki]], Greece) |death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1938|11|10|1881|5|19}} |death_place=[[Dolmabahçe Palace]]<br />[[Istanbul]], Turkey |restingplace=[[Anıtkabir]]<br />[[Ankara]], Turkey |signature=Signature of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.svg |party=[[Committee of Union and Progress]], [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] |spouse=[[Lâtife Uşaklıgil]] (1923–25) |order=[[List of Presidents of Turkey|1st]] [[President of Turkey|President of the Republic of Turkey]] |term=29 Oktubre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|10|29|1938|11|10}}) |successor=[[İsmet İnönü]] |primeminister=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]]<br />[[İsmet İnönü]]<br />[[Celâl Bayar]] |order2=[[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|1st Prime Minister of Turkey]] |term2=3 Mayo 1920 – 24 Enero 1921<br />({{age in years and days|1920|5|3|1921|1|24}}) |successor2=[[Fevzi Çakmak]] |order3=[[List of Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey|1st Speaker of the Parliament of Turkey]] |term3=24 Abril 1920 – 29 Oktubre 1923<br />({{age in years and days|1920|4|24|1923|11|29}}) |successor3=[[Ali Fethi Okyar]] |order4=[[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|1st Leader of the Republican People's Party]] |term4=9 Septyembre 1923 – 10 Nobyembre 1938<br />({{age in years and days|1923|9|9|1938|11|10}}) |successor4=[[İsmet İnönü]] <!--Military service--> |allegiance={{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1893-1919)<br /> {{flag|Turkey}} (1921-1923) |branch=Army |rank=[[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]] ([[Field Marshal]]) |unit= |commands=[[19th Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|19th Division]] – [[XVI Corps (Ottoman Empire)|16th Corps]] – [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]] – [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]] – [[Yildirim Army Group]] – [[commander-in-chief]] of [[Turkish Army#History|Army]] of the [[Grand National Assembly of Turkey|Grand National Assembly]] |battles=[[Battle of Tobruk (1911)|Tobruk]] – [[Landing at Anzac Cove|Anzac Cove]] – [[Battle of Chunuk Bair|Chunuk Bair]] – [[Battle of Scimitar Hill|Scimitar Hill]] – [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]] – [[Battle of Bitlis|Bitlis]] – [[Battle of Sakarya|Sakarya]] – [[Battle of Dumlupınar|Dumlupınar]] |awards=[[List of awards of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|List (24 medals)]] |footnotes=<div style="float: left;">[[Paypay:timeline icon.svg|50px|External Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Batakan:Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Graphical Timeline]]</div> <div style="margin-left: 87px;">[[Timeline of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Detailed Chronology]]</div> }} '''Mustafa Kemal Atatürk''' (1881-1938) amo an naging siyahan nga mangulo han [[Turkeya|Republika han Turkeya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{Refbegin}} ;Mga imprenta *{{Cite book|last=Ahmad|first=Feroz|title=The Making of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmoderntu00ahma|publisher=Routledge|location=London; New York| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-415-07835-1}} *{{Cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Harold Courtenay|title=Grey Wolf, Mustafa Kemal: An Intimate Study of a Dictator|publisher=Books for Libraries Press|location=Freeport, NY| date = 1972|isbn=978-0-8369-6962-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Atillasoy|first=Yüksel|title=Atatürk: First President and Founder of the Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturkfirstpres0000atil|publisher=Woodside House|location=Woodside, NY| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-9712353-4-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk|url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb_d2o8|publisher=Arrow|location=London| date = 1988|isbn=978-0-09-953950-6}} *{{Cite book|last=Barlas|first=Dilek|title=Statism and Diplomacy in Turkey: Economic and Foreign Policy Strategies in an Uncertain World, 1929–1939|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|location=New York| date = 1998|isbn=978-90-04-10855-4}} *{{Cite book|last=Cleveland|first=William L|title=A History of the Modern Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00will|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-8133-4048-7}} *{{Cite book|last=Doğan|first=Çağatay Emre|title=Formation of Factory Settlements Within Turkish Industrialization and Modernization in 1930s: Nazilli Printing Factory|location=Ankara|publisher=Middle East Technical University| date = 2003|oclc=54431696|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Huntington|first=Samuel P.|authorlink=Samuel P. Huntington|title=[[Political Order in Changing Societies]]|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.; London| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-300-11620-5}} *{{Cite book|last=İğdemir|first=Uluğ|coauthors=Mango, Andrew (translation)|title=Atatürk|publisher=Turkish National Commission for UNESCO|location=Ankara| date = 1963|oclc=75604149|pages=165–170}} *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|authorlink=Afet İnan|title=Atatürk Hakkında Hatıralar ve Belgeler|publisher=Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları|location=Istanbul| date = 2007|isbn=9944-88-140-1 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (1) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}|language=Turkish}}<!-- published in July 2007, not yet on Worldcat. possibly newest edition for {{OCLC|79910449}}--> *{{Cite book|last=İnan|first=Ayşe Afet|coauthors=Sevim, Ali; Süslü, Azmi; Tural, M Akif|title=Medeni bilgiler ve M. Kemal Atatürk'ün el Yazıları|location=Ankara|publisher=AKDTYK Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi| date = 1998|isbn=978-975-16-1276-2|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation|url=https://archive.org/details/atatrkrebirthofn0000patr|publisher=Phoenix Press| date = 2003|location=London|isbn=978-1-84212-599-1|oclc=55516821}} *{{Cite book|last=Kinross|first=Patrick|title=The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow| date = 1979|location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Landau|first=Jacob M|title=Atatürk and the Modernization of Turkey| date = 1983|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=978-0-86531-986-8}} *{{Cite book|last=Lengyel|first=Emil|title=They Called Him Atatürk|publisher=The John Day Co|location=New York| date = 1962|oclc=1337444}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr|origyear=1999|edition=Paperback| date = 2002|publisher=Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc|location=Woodstock, NY|isbn=1-58567-334-X}} *{{Cite book|last=Mango|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Mango|title=Atatürk|publisher=John Murray|location=London| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7195-6592-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Saikal|first=Amin|coauthors=Schnabel, Albrecht|title=Democratization in the Middle East: Experiences, Struggles, Challenges|location=Tokyo|publisher=United Nations University Press| date = 2003|isbn=978-92-808-1085-1|url=http://books.google.com/?id=qFhU3kWXLvEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=ataturk+and+islam}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Stanford Jay|authorlink=Stanford J. Shaw|coauthors=Shaw, Ezel Kural|title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge; New York| date = 1976–1977|isbn=978-0-521-21280-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Spangnolo|first=John|title=The Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani| date = 1992|publisher=Middle East Centre, St. Antony's College|location=Oxford|oclc=80503960|isbn=978-0-86372-164-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Tunçay|first=Mete|title=Mesaî : Halk Şûrâlar Fırkası Programı, 1920|location=Ankara|publisher=Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi| date = 1972|oclc=1926301|language=Turkish}} *{{Cite book|last=Tüfekçi|first=Gürbüz D|title=Universality of Atatürk's Philosophy|location=Ankara|publisher=Pan Matbaacılık| date = 1981|oclc=54074541}} *{{Cite book|last=Yapp|first=Malcolm|title=The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp|publisher=Longman|location=London ; New York| date = 1987|isbn=978-0-582-49380-3}} *{{Cite book|last=Webster|first=Donald Everett|title=The Turkey of Atatürk; Social Process in the Turkish Reformation| date = 1973|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-404-56333-2}} *{{Cite book|last=Zürcher|first=Erik Jan|title=Turkey: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/turkeymodernhist0000zrch|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London; New York| date = 2004|isbn=978-1-85043-399-6}} ;Journals *{{Cite journal|last=Eastham|first=J. K.|journal=The Economic Journal|title=The Turkish Development Plan: The First Five Years|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1964|month=March|pages=132–136|volume=74|issue=298|issn=0013-0133|doi=10.2307/2228117|jstor=2228117}} *{{Cite journal|last=Emrence|first=Cem|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|title=Turkey in Economic Crisis (1927–1930): A Panaromic Vision|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2003-10_39_4/page/67|location=London|publisher=F. Cass.| date = 2003|pages=67–80|volume=39|issue=4|issn=0026-3206|doi=10.1080/00263200412331301787}} *{{Cite journal|last=Omur|first=Aslı|journal=Turkish Times| date = 2002|month=December|title=Modernity and Islam: Experiences of Turkish Women|volume=13|issue=312|issn=1043-0164|url=http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2007|archive-date=7 Oktubre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007232154/http://www.theturkishtimes.com/archive/02/12_01/c_women.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite journal|last=Özelli|first=M. Tunç|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|title=The Evolution of the Formal Educational System and its Relation to Economic Growth Policies in the First Turkish Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1974-01_5_1/page/77|issn=0020-7438|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=London|volume=5|issue=1|pages=77–92|month=January| date = 1974|jstor=162345}}<!-- jstor is not accessible to everyone --> *{{Cite journal|last=Stone|first=Norman|journal=The National Interest|authorlink=Norman Stone|title=Talking Turkey|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_national-interest_fall-2000_61/page/66|location=New York|publisher=National Affairs, Inc| date = 2000|pages=66|volume=61|issn=0884-9382}} *{{Cite journal|last=Volkan|first=Vamik D.|journal=Psychoanalytic Study of Society|title=Immortal Atatürk – Narcissism and Creativity in a Revolutionary Leader|publisher=Psychohistory Press|location=New York| date = 1981|volume=9|issn=0079-7294|pages=221–255|oclc=60448681}} *{{Cite journal|last=Wolf-Gazo|first=Ernest|journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey|title=John Dewey in Turkey: An Educational Mission|publisher=American Studies Association of Turkey|location=Ankara, Turkey| date = 1996|volume=3|issn=1300-6606|pages=15–42|url=http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|access-date=2012-07-31|archive-date=2009-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327060825/http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~jast/Number3/Gazo.html|url-status=dead}} *{{Cite news|title=Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|url=http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|work=TP Editors|pages=7–8|accessdate=29 Abril 2008|archive-date=30 Abril 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430154105/http://www.teknikportal.com/mustafa-kemal-ataturk-hayati-basarilari-t9870.0.html|url-status=}} *{{Cite news|title=The Burial of Atatürk|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|work=Time Magazine|pages=37–39|date=23 Nobyembre 1953|accessdate=7 Agosto 2007|archive-date=23 Agosto 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823204249/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,860125,00.html|url-status=dead}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk}} *[http://bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html Memorial room in Bitola (Monastir)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091504/http://www.bitolatourist.info/things/museum/ataturk.html |date=2009-06-14 }} * {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.651784|name=Incredible Turk (1958)}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal}} [[Kaarangay:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1881]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1938]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal]] 03msubi9a6y2qsur2giu9u6xcnfeqe6 0 17202 7783081 7651727 2026-05-06T21:49:09Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |birth_name = Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle | image = De Gaulle-OWI.jpg | imagesize = 200px | order2 = Mangulo han [[Mga Kusog nga Gawasnon nga Franses]] | term_start2 = 18 Hunyo 1940 | term_end2 = 3 Hulyo 1944 | predecessor2 = [[Ikatulo nga Republika Fransesa]] | successor2 = [[Kagamhanan nga Probisyonal han Republika Fransesa]] | order3 = Mangulo han [[Kagamhanan nga Probisyonal han Republika Fransesa]] | term_start3 = 20 Agosto 1944 | term_end3 = 20 Enero 1946 | predecessor3 = [[Philippe Pétain]] <small><br />(komo hefe han estado han [[Vichy nga Fransya]])</small><br />[[Pierre Laval]] <small>(komo hefe han kagamhanan)</small> | successor3 = [[Félix Gouin]] | order4 = [[Primer Ministro han Fransya]] | term_start4 = 1 Hunyo 1958 | term_end4 = 8 Enero 1959 | president4 = [[René Coty]] | predecessor4 = [[Pierre Pflimlin]] | successor4 = [[Michel Debré]] | order7 = [[Ministro han Depensa (Fransya)|Ministro han Depensa]] | term_start7 = 1 Hunyo 1958 | term_end7 = 8 Enero 1959 | president7 = [[René Coty]] | primeminister7 = Charles de Gaulle | predecessor7 = [[Pierre de Chevigné]] | successor7 = [[Pierre Guillaumat]] | order = [[Mangulo han Fransya|Mangulo han Republika Fransesa]]<br />[[Mga Mag-Prinsipe han Andorra|Igkasi-Prinsipe han Andorra]] | term_start = 8 Enero 1959 | term_end = 28 Abril 1969 | primeminister = [[Michel Debré]] (1959–1961)<br />[[Georges Pompidou]] (1962–1968)<br />[[Maurice Couve de Murville]] (1968–1969) | predecessor = [[René Coty]] | successor = <small>[[Alain Poher]] ([[interim]])</small><br />[[Georges Pompidou]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1890|11|22|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lille]], [[Ikatulo nga Republika Fransesa|Fransya]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1970|11|9|1890|11|22|df=y}} | death_place = [[Colombey-les-Deux-Églises]], [[Fransya]] | spouse = [[Yvonne de Gaulle]] | children = [[Philippe de Gaulle|Philippe]] <br /> Élisabeth <br /> [[Anne de Gaulle|Anne]] | occupation = Militar | party = [[Rally han Franses nga Katawhan]] (1947–1955)<br />[[Union pour la nouvelle République|Unyon para han bag-o nga Republika]] (1958–1968)<br />[[Unyon hin mga Demokrata para han Republika]] (1968–1970) | religion = [[Katolisismo Romano]] | signature = Charles de Gaulle Signature 2.svg | allegiance = [[Franses nga Kusog Armado]], <br />[[Kusog nga Gawasnon nga Franses]] | branch = [[Franses nga Army]] | serviceyears = 1912-1944 |rank = [[Brigadier nga heneral (Fransya)|Brigadier nga heneral]] |unit = Infantry |commands = Manguna han Gawasnon nga Franses |battles = [[Pag-awayan han Verdun]], [[Pag-awayan han Somme]], [[Pag-awayan han Fransya]], [[Pag-awayan han Dakar]] }} Hi '''Charles-André-Joseph-Marie de Gaulle''' (Nobyembre 22, 1890 - Nobyembre 9, 1970) usá nga Franses nga opisyal han army ngan tawo-ha-estado nga nanguna han Gawasnon nga Franses nga mga Pwersa patok han Nazi nga Alemanya ha [[Ikaduha nga Gera han Kalibotan|Ikaduha nga Gyera Pankalibotan]] ngan nangulo han Probisyona nga Kagamhanan han Republika Fransesa tikang han 1944 kutob 1946 basi mahibalik an demokrasya ha Fransya. Han 1958 ha butnga han Gyera Algerya, binalik hiya tikang hin pagretiro han paghimo ha iya nga Primer Ministro ni Mangulo [[René Coty]]. Gin-otro pagsurat niya an Konstitusyon han Fransya ngan gintukod and Ikalima nga Republika katapos han pag-aprobahan ini hin referendum. Napili hiyá nga [[Mangulo han Fransya]] ha urhe nga bahin hadto nga tuig, nga diin iya ginkaptan ini kutob han iya pagbiya hin puwesto han 1969. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Biographies=== * Cogan, Charles. ''Charles de Gaulle: A Brief Biography with Documents.'' (1995). 243 pp. * {{cite book|title=De Gaulle|last=Crawley|first=Aidan|year=1969|publisher=The Literary Guild|place=London|asin=B000KXPUCK}} * Fenby, Jonathan. ''The General: Charles de Gaulle and The France He Saved'' (2010) * Lacouture, Jean. ''De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944'' (1984; English ed. 1991), 640pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Gaulle-Rebel-1890-1944-Norton-Paperback/dp/0393309991/ref=pd_sim_b_title_1 excerpt and text search]; vol 2. ''De Gaulle: The Ruler 1945–1970'' (1993), 700pp, The standard scholarly biography, * {{cite book|last=Ledwidge|first=Bernard|title=De Gaulle|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0297779524|publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson|place=London|year=1982|isbn=0-297-77952-4}} * Shennan, Andrew. ''De Gaulle'' (1993) 200pp * Williams, Charles. ''The Last Great Frenchman: A Life of General De Gaulle'' (1997), 560pp [http://www.amazon.com/Last-Great-Frenchman-General-Gaulle/dp/0471180718/ excerpt and text search] ===Politics=== * Berstein, Serge, and Peter Morris. ''The Republic of de Gaulle 1958–1969'' (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Republic-Gaulle-1958-1969-Cambridge-History/dp/0521272394/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1205076945&sr=1-7 excerpt and text search] * Cameron, David R. and Hofferbert, Richard I. "Continuity and Change in Gaullism: the General's Legacy." ''American Journal of Political Science'' 1973 17(1): 77–98. Issn: 0092-5853, a statistcial analysis of the Gaullist voting coalition in elections 1958–73 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0092-5853%28197302%2917%3A1%3C77%3ACACIGT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N Abstract in Jstor] * Cogan, Charles G. "The Break-up: General de Gaulle's Separation from Power," ''Journal of Contemporary History'' Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1992), pp.&nbsp;167–199, re: 1969 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28199201%2927%3A1%3C167%3ATBGDGS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-K in JSTOR] * Furniss,Edgar J., Jr. ''De Gaulle and the French Army.'' (1964) * Gough, Hugh and Horne, John, eds. ''De Gaulle and Twentieth-Century France.'' (1994). 158 pp. essays by experts * Hauss, Charles. ''Politics in Gaullist France: Coping with Chaos'' (1991) [http://www.questia.com/read/23380015 online edition] * Hoffmann, Stanley. ''Decline or Renewal? France since the 1930s'' (1974) [http://www.questia.com/read/14783192 online edition] * Jackson, Julian. "General de Gaulle and His Enemies: Anti-Gaullism in France Since 1940," ''Transactions of the Royal Historical Society'' 6th Ser., Vol. 9 (1999), pp.&nbsp;43–65 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3679392 in JSTOR] * Merom, Gil. "A 'Grand Design'? Charles de Gaulle and the End of the Algerian War," ''Armed Forces & Society''(1999) 25#2 pp: 267-287 [http://afs.sagepub.com/content/25/2/267.short online ] * Nester, William R. ''De Gaulle’s Legacy: The Art of Power in France’s Fifth Republic'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014) * Northcutt, Wayne. ''Historical Dictionary of the French Fourth and Fifth Republics, 1946–1991'' (1992) * Pierce, Roy, "De Gaulle and the RPF—A Post-Mortem," ''The Journal of Politics'' Vol. 16, No. 1 (Feb. 1954), pp.&nbsp;96–119 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3816%28195402%2916%3A1%3C96%3ADGATRP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W in JSTOR] * Rioux, Jean-Pierre, and Godfrey Rogers. ''The Fourth Republic, 1944–1958'' (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1989) * Shepard, Todd. ''The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France.'' (2006). 288 pp. * Williams, Philip M. and Martin Harrison. ''De Gaulle's Republic'' (1965) [http://www.questia.com/read/54328775 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215639/http://www.questia.com/read/54328775 |date=2011-06-28 }} ===Foreign policy=== * Bozo, Frédéric. ''Two Strategies for Europe: De Gaulle, the United States and the Atlantic Alliance'' (2000) *Cogan, Charles G. Oldest ''Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France since 1940'' (Greenwood, 1994) * Costigliola, Frank. ''France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II'' (1992) * Gordon, Philip H. ''A Certain Idea of France: French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy'' (1993) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107405557 online edition] * Grosser, Alfred. ''French foreign policy under De Gaulle'' (Greenwood Press, 1977) * Karnow, Stanley (1983) Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking ISBN 0140265473 * Kolodziej, Edward A. ''French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur'' (1974) [http://www.questia.com/read/9120986 online edition] * Logevall, Fredrik. "De Gaulle, Neutralization, and American Involvement in Vietnam, 1963–1964," ''The Pacific Historical Review'' Vol. 61, No. 1 (Feb. 1992), pp.&nbsp;69–102 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0030-8684%28199202%2961%3A1%3C69%3ADGNAAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8 in JSTOR] * Mahan, E. ''Kennedy, De Gaulle and Western Europe.'' (2002). 229 pp. * Mangold, Peter. ''The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle.'' (2006). 275 pp. * Martin, Garret Joseph. ''General de Gaulle's Cold War: Challenging American Hegemony, 1963–1968'' (Berghahn Books; 2013) 272 pages * Moravcsik, Andrew. "Charles de Gaulle and Europe: The New Revisionism." ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' (2012) 14#1 pp: 53–77. * Nuenlist, Christian. ''Globalizing de Gaulle: International Perspectives on French Foreign Policies, 1958–1969'' (2010) * Newhouse, John. ''De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons'' (New York: Viking Press, 1970) * Paxton, Robert O. and Wahl, Nicholas, eds. ''De Gaulle and the United States: A Centennial Reassessment.'' (1994). 433 pp. * White, Dorothy Shipley. ''Black Africa and de Gaulle: From the French Empire to Independence.'' (1979). 314 pp. ===Ideas and memory=== * Cerny, Philip G. ''The Politics of Grandeur: Ideological Aspects of de Gaulle's Foreign Policy.'' (1980). 319 pp. * Clague, Monique. "Conceptions of Leadership: Charles de Gaulle and Max Weber," ''Political Theory'' Vol. 3, No. 4 (Nov. 1975), pp.&nbsp;423–440 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/190838 in JSTOR] * Converse, Philip E., et al. ''De Gaulle and Eisenhower: The public image of the victorious general'' (1961), public opinion pols in US and France * Hoffmann, Stanley. "The Hero as History: De Gaulle's War Memoirs" in Hoffman ''Decline or Renewal? France since the 1930s'' (1974) pp 187–201 [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14783192# online edition] * Johnson, Douglas. "The Political Principles of General de Gaulle," ''International Affairs'' Vol. 41, No. 4 (Oct. 1965), pp.&nbsp;650–662 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0020-5850%28196510%2941%3A4%3C650%3ATPPOGD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR] * Mahoney, Daniel J. ''De Gaulle: Statesmanship, Grandeur, and Modern Democracy.'' (1996). 188 pp. intellectual history * Mahoney, Daniel J. "A 'Man of Character': The Statesmanship of Charles de Gaulle," ''Polity'' Vol. 27, No. 1 (Autumn 1994), pp.&nbsp;157–173 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-3497%28199423%2927%3A1%3C157%3AA%22OCTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-T in JSTOR] * Morrisey, Will. "Reflections on De Gaulle: Political Founding in Modernity." (2002). 266 pp. intellectual history * Pedley, Alan. '' As Mighty as the Sword: A Study of the Writings of Charles de Gaulle'' (1996) 226pp ===World War II=== * Berthon, Simon. ''Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle''. (2001). 356 pp. * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Breuer|first=William B.|authorlink=William Breuer|title=Unexplained Mysteries of World War II|edition=2008|year=2008|publisher=Book Sales, Inc|isbn=9780785822530}} <small>- Total pages: 238 </small> * Funk, Arthur Layton. ''Charles de Gaulle: The Crucial Years, 1943–1944'' (1959) [http://www.questia.com/read/58600747 online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628215323/http://www.questia.com/read/58600747 |date=2011-06-28 }} * Keegan, John (1994) [1982] ''Six Armies in Normandy: From D-Day to the Liberation of Paris ''. New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140235426 * [[François Kersaudy|Kersaudy, Francois]]. ''Churchill and De Gaulle'' (2nd ed 1990) 482pp * {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Picknett|first=Lynn|last2=Prince|first2=Clive|last3=Prior|first3=Stephen|title=Friendly fire: the secret war between the allies|url=https://archive.org/details/friendlyfiresecr0000pick|edition=2005|year=2005|publisher=Mainstream|isbn=9781840189964}} <small>- Total pages: 512 </small> * Pratt, Julius W. "De Gaulle and the United States: How the Rift Began," ''History Teacher'' (1968) 1#4 pp.&nbsp;5–15 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3054237 in JSTOR] * Rossi, Mario. "United States Military Authorities and Free France, 1942–1944," ''The Journal of Military History'' Vol. 61, No. 1 (Jan. 1997), pp.&nbsp;49–64 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2953914 in JSTOR] * Weinberg, Gerhard L. ''Visions of Victory: The Hopes of Eight World War II Leaders.'' (2005). 292 pp. chapter on de Gaulle == Mga reperensya == * Aussaresses, General Paul (2010). ''The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955–1957''. New York: Enigma Books, ISBN 978-1-929631-30-8. * {{Cite book|title=De Gaulle|last=Crawley|first=Aidan|year=1969|publisher=The Literary Guild|location=London|asin=B000KXPUCK}} * [[Régis Debray]] (1994) ''[http://dvd-copy.com/books/Biography-Autobiography/Charles-De-Gaulle/0860914526/free_online.htm Charles de Gaulle: Futurist of the Nation]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}'' translated by John Howe, Verso, New York, ISBN 0-86091-622-7; a translation of Debray, Régis (1990) ''A demain de Gaulle'' Gallimard, Paris, ISBN 2-07-072021-7 * [[Jonathan Fenby|Fenby, Jonathan]]. ''The General: Charles de Gaulle and The France He Saved''. Simon and Schuster, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84737-392-2 * {{Cite book | last = Haine | first = W. Scott | title = Culture and Customs of France | url = https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000hain | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-313-32892-7}} * {{Cite book | last = Saha | first = Santosh C. | title = Perspectives on Contemporary Ethnic Conflict: Primal Violence or the Politics of Conviction? | url = https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonco0000unse_f4y7 | publisher = Lexington Books | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-7391-1085-3}} * {{Cite book | last = Speer | first = Albert | title = Inside the Third Reich | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1997 | location = New York | isbn = 0-684-82949-5}} * [[Dimitri Kitsikis]], ''L'attitude des Etats-Unis à l'égard de la France, de 1958 à 1960''. Revue française de science politique, 1966, vol.16, no.4. == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Sister project links|wikt=no|v=no|n=no|voy=no}} * [http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/ Fondation Charles-de-Gaulle] * [http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2762/Charles_De_Gaulle News, speech excerpts and quotations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117091258/http://www.quotationsbook.com/authors/2762/Charles_De_Gaulle |date=2006-11-17 }} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-41762}} * [http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=10 Speeches (in original French) collected by the Charles de Gaulle foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207055615/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=10 |date=2008-12-07 }} * [http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=87 Biographical elements from the Charles de Gaulle foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114165941/http://www.charles-de-gaulle.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=87 |date=2008-11-14 }} * [http://www.memorial-charlesdegaulle.fr/en/index.html Mémorial Charles de Gaulle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220133548/http://www.memorial-charlesdegaulle.fr/en/index.html |date=2012-02-20 }} {{Mga Mangulo han Estado han Fransya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gaulle, Charles}} [[Kaarangay:Charles de Gaulle| ]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1890]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1970]] elqpwqfx8vcwyqkq64uxx3f5kfy358e 0 17269 7783064 7773317 2026-05-06T21:31:44Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783064 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Johann Sebastian Bach 1746.jpg|thumb]] Hi '''Johann Sebastian Bach''' (natawo Eisenach, 25 Marso 1685; namatay Leipzig, 28 Hulyo 1750) amo an giuupayi nga kompositor han iya panahon. Usa hiya nga Aleman nga kompositor ngan organista. Nagukoy hiya ha urhi nga parte han panahon han Barroco. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== * {{Cite book |last=Boyd |first=Malcolm |title=Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/bach0000boyd_r9y5 |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-514222-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Bach's World |url=https://archive.org/details/bachsworld0000chia |first=Jan |last=Chiapusso |authorlink=Jan Chiapusso |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Scarborough, Ontario |year=1968 |isbn=0-253-10520-X}} * {{Cite book |last1=David |first1=Hans T. |last2=Mendel |first2=Arthur |last3=Wolff |first3=Christoph |authorlink2=Arthur Mendel |authorlink3=Christoph Wolff |lastauthoramp=y |year=1998 |title=The New Bach Reader: A Life of Johann Sebastian Bach in Letters and Documents |location=New York |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=0-393-31956-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Donington |first=Robert |authorlink=Robert Donington |title=Baroque Music: Style and Performance: A Handbook |url=https://archive.org/details/baroquemusicstyl00robe |year=1982 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |location=New York |isbn=0-393-30052-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Geck |first=Martin |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00geck |location=Orlando |publisher=[[Harcourt (publisher)|Harcourt]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-15-100648-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of an Era |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb0000geir |first=Karl |last=Geiringer |authorlink=Karl Geiringer |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=1966 |isbn=0-19-500554-6}} * {{Cite book |title=Worship Wars in Early Lutheranism: Choir, Congregation, and Three Centuries of Conflict |first=Joseph |last=Herl |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=0-19-515439-8}} * {{Cite book |last=Herz |first=Gerhard |year=1985 |title=Essays on J.S. Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/essaysonjsbach0000herz |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |publisher=UMI Research Press |isbn=978-0835719896}} * {{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Richard |title=The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/creativedevelopm0000jone |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-19-816440-8}} * {{Cite book |title=Beethoven im eigenen Wort |last=Kerst |first=Friedrich |language=de |year=1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenimeige01kersgoog |publisher=Schuster & Loeffler |location=Berlin}} * {{Cite book |title=Basically Bach: A 300th Birthday Celebration |url=https://archive.org/details/basicallybach3000000kupf |first=Herbert |last=Kupferberg |location=New York |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] Book Company |year=1985 |isbn=0-07-035646-7}} * {{Cite book |title=Luther's Liturgical Music |url=https://archive.org/details/luthersliturgica0000leav |first=Robin A. |last=Leaver |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=[[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-8028-3221-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Russell H. |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: An Introduction to His Life and Works |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb00mile |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1962 |oclc=600065}} * {{Cite book |title=Beethoven: the Universal Composer |url=https://archive.org/details/beethovenunivers0000morr_z1g5 |last=Morris |first=Edmund |authorlink=Edmund Morris (writer) |year=2005 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |location=New York |isbn=0-06-075974-7}} * {{Cite book |last=Rich |first=Alan |authorlink=Alan Rich |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: Play by Play |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb0000rich |location=San Francisco |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=1995 |isbn=0-06-263547-6}} * {{Cite book |last1=Schenk |first1=Erich |last2=Winston |first2=Richard |last3=Winston |first3=Clara |lastauthoramp=y |title=Mozart and his times |location=New York |publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |year=1959 |oclc=602180}} * {{Cite book |last=Schulenberg |first=David |title=The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach |location=New York |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-97400-3}} * {{Cite book |title=J. S. Bach |volume=Volume 1 |last=Schweitzer |first=Albert |location=New York |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1935 |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachvolume1002520mbp |authorlink=Albert Schweitzer}} * {{Cite book |title=Stories Behind the World's Great Music |last=Spaeth |first=Sigmund |year=1937 |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesbehindthe010040mbp |publisher=Whittlesey House |location=New York |authorlink=Sigmund Spaeth}} * {{Cite book |last=Spitta |first=Philipp |authorlink=Philipp Spitta |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685–1750 |volume=Volume 2 |location=London |publisher=[[Novello & Co]] |year=1899 |url=https://archive.org/details/johannsebastianb02spituoft}} * {{Cite book |title=George Frideric Handel: A Music Lover's Guide to His Life, His Faith & the Development of Messiah and His Other Oratorios |last=Van Til |first=Marian |year=2007 |publisher=WordPower Publishing |location=Youngstown, NY |isbn=0-9794785-0-2}} * {{Cite book |first=Peter |last=Williams |title=The Life of Bach |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-53374-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |authorlink=Christoph Wolff |title=Bach: Essays on his Life and Music |url=https://archive.org/details/bachessaysonhisl0000wolf |year=1991 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=0-674-05926-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |title=Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-19-816534-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Wolff |first=Christoph |year=1983 |title=The New Grove Bach Family |url=https://archive.org/details/newgrovebachfami0000unse |location=London |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |isbn=0-333-34350-6}} == Dugang nga barasahon == * {{Cite book |last=Baron |first=Carol K. |title=Bach's Changing World: Voices in the Community |url=https://archive.org/details/bachschangingwor0000unse |location=Rochester, NY |publisher=[[University of Rochester Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=1-58046-190-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Dörffel |first=Alfred |authorlink=Alfred Dörffel |title=Thematisches Verzeichnis der Instrumentalwerke von Joh. Seb. Bach |language=de |location=Leipzig |publisher=[[Edition Peters|C.F. Peters]] |year=1882 |url=https://archive.org/details/thematischesverz00dr}} ''N.B''.: First published in 1867; superseded, for scholarly purposes, by [[Wolfgang Schmieder]]'s complete thematic catalog, but useful as a handy reference tool for only the instrumental works of Bach and as a partial alternative to Schmieder's work. * {{Cite book |last=Eidam |first=Klaus |title=The True Life of J. S. Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/truelifeofjsbach0000eida |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=2001 |isbn=0-465-01861-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Gardiner |first=John Eliot |authorlink=John Eliot Gardiner |title=Music in the Castle of Heaven: A Portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/musicincastleofh0000john |year=2013 |location=London |publisher=[[Allen Lane (imprint)|Allen Lane]] |isbn=978-0-7139-9662-3}} * {{Cite book |last=Hofstadter |first=Douglas |authorlink=Douglas Hofstadter |title=[[Gödel, Escher, Bach |Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-465-02656-7}} * {{Cite book |first=André |last=Pirro |authorlink=André Pirro |title=The Aesthetic of Johann Sebastian Bach |url=https://archive.org/details/aestheticofjohan0000pirr |origyear=1907 |year=2014 |location=Lanham, Maryland |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |isbn=978-1-4422-3290-7}} * {{Cite book |title=J.S. Bach as Organist: His Instruments, Music, and Performance Practices |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachasorganist0000unse |last1=Stauffer |first1=George B. |last2=May |first2=Ernest |lastauthoramp=y |location=Bloomington |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=1986 |isbn=0-253-33181-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Peter |title=J.S. Bach: A Life in Music |url=https://archive.org/details/jsbachlifeinmusi0000will |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=0-521-87074-7}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * [http://www.classicalmusicdb.com/composers/view/5 List of Works by Johann Sebastian Bach] at the Classical Music DB * [http://www.jsbach.org/ The J.S. Bach Home Page – JSBach.org], by [[Jan Hanford]]—extensive information on Bach and his works; huge and growing database of user-contributed recordings and reviews * [http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ J.S. Bach bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206234331/http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ |date=2006-02-06 }}, by Yo Tomita of Queen's Belfast—especially useful to scholars * [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ Bach-Cantatas.com], by Aryeh Oron—information on the cantatas as well as other works * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/bachindex.html Canons and Fugues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505102859/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/bachindex.html |date=2009-05-05 }}, by Timothy A. Smith—various information on these contrapuntal works * [http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc.html Fugues of the Well-Tempered Clavier] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103013435/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~tas3/wtc.html |date=2005-01-03 }}: Interactive scores calibrated to recordings by David Korevaar and analysis by Tim Smith. * [http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/wolff/ Bach manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924044132/http://athome.harvard.edu/programs/wolff/ |date=2012-09-24 }} – video lectures by [[Christoph Wolff]] on the Bach family's hidden manuscripts archive ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|b=no|n=no|v=no}} {{wikisourcelang|de|Johann Sebastian Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * [http://www.jsbach.org/ J.S. Bach Home Page], by Jan Hanford—extensive information on Bach and his works; database of recordings and user reviews * [http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ Bach Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206234331/http://www.mu.qub.ac.uk/~tomita/bachbib/ |date=2006-02-06 }}, by Yo Tomita of Queen's University Belfast—especially useful to scholars * [http://www.bach-cantatas.com/ Bach Cantatas Website], by Aryeh Oron—information on the cantatas as well as other works * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-21425}} * [http://www.academia.edu/5210832/18th_Century_Quotes_on_J.S._Bach_s_Temperament 18th Century Quotes on J.S. Bach's Temperament]—Bach's tuning and temperament '''Mga score''' * {{Cantorion|composers/72/Johann_Sebastian_Bach|Johann Sebastian Bach}} * {{ChoralWiki}} * {{IMSLP|id=Bach, Johann Sebastian|cname=Johann Sebastian Bach}}—the ''{{lang|de|Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe}}'' volumes split up into individual works, plus other editions '''Mga recording''' <!-- Please do not put here sites which contain one media file only --> * [http://allofbach.com/en/ All of Bach] website with a growing number of recordings by the [[Netherlands Bach Society]] and guest musicians * [http://www.blockmrecords.org/bach/index.htm The complete organ works of Bach] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810092257/http://www.blockmrecords.org/bach/index.htm |date=2016-08-10 }} performed by [[James Kibbie]] on German Baroque organs * {{BBC composer page|bach|J.S. Bach}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bach, Johann Sebastian}} [[Kaarangay:Johann Sebastian Bach| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1685]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1750]] t7enfbltdg71mv2fc8odzxinhmbtle1 0 17270 7783088 7773562 2026-05-06T21:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Olympic flag.svg|thumb]] An '''Pamulay Olimpiko''' usa nga paugnatay-hin-kusog nga nanhihitabo ha iba-iba nga syudad kada upat ka tuig. {| class="wikitable" !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! colspan="6" rowspan="9" | |- ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos de Branu |- !1896 |I edición |Atenes |Grecia |- !1900 |II edición |París |Francia |- !1904 |III edición |Saint Louis |Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !''1906'' |''Xuegos Intercalaos'' |''Atenes'' | ''Grecia'' |- !1908 |IV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu |- !1912 |V edición |Estocolmu |Suecia |- !1916 |VI edición |Berlín |Alemaña |- | colspan="4" |<small>Suspendíos pola Primer Guerra Mundial</small> ! rowspan="7" | !Añu !Eventu ! colspan="2" |See ! rowspan="53" | |- !1920 |VII edición |Amberes |Bélxica ! colspan="4" |Xuegos Olímpicos d'Iviernu |- !1924 |VIII edición |París |Francia !1924 |I edición |Chamonix | Francia |- !1928 |IX edición |Ámsterdam |Países Baxos !1928 |II edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1932 |X edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1932 |III edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1936 |XI edición |Berlín |Alemaña !1936 |IV edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- !1940 |XII edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1940 |V edición |Garmisch-Partenkirchen | Alemaña |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1944 |XIII edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! !1944 |VI edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- | colspan="9" |<small>Suspendíos pola Segunda Guerra Mundial</small> |- !1948 |XIV edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu ! rowspan="19" | !1948 |VII edición |Sankt Moritz | Suiza |- !1952 |XV edición |Ḥélsinki |Finlandia !1952 |VIII edición |Oslu | Noruega |- !1956 |XVI edición |Melbourne |Australia !1956 |IX edición |Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italia |- !1960 |XVII edición |Roma |Italia !1960 |X edición |Squaw Valley | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1964 |XVIII edición |Tokiu |Xapón !1964 |XI edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1968 |XIX edición |Ciudá de Méxicu |Méxicu !1968 |XII edición |Grenoble | Francia |- !1972 |XX edición |Múnich |Alemaña !1972 |XIII edición |Sapporo | Xapón |- !1976 |XXI edición |Montréal |Canadá !1976 |XIV edición |Innsbruck | Austria |- !1980 |XXII edición |Moscú |XRSS !1980 |XV edición |Lake Placid | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !1984 |XXIII edición |Los Angeles |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1984 |XVI edición |Sarayevu | Bosnia y Herzegovina |- !1988 |XXIV edición |Seúl |Corea del Sur !1988 |XVII edición |Calgary | Canadá |- !1992 |XXV edición |Barcelona |España !1992 |XVIII edición |Albertville | Francia |- !1996 |XXVI edición |Atlanta |Estaos Xuníos d'América !1994 |XIX edición |Lillehammer | Noruega |- !2000 |XXVII edición |Sydney |Australia !1998 |XX edición |Nagano | Xapón |- !2004 |XXVIII edición |Atenes |Grecia !2002 |XXI edición |Salt Lake City | Estaos Xuníos d'América |- !2008 |XXIX edición |Beixín |China !2006 |XXII edición |Torino | Italia |- !2012 |XXX edición |Londres |Reinu Xuníu !2010 |XXIII edición |Vancouver | Canadá |- !2016 |XXXI edición |Rio de Janeiro |Brasil !2014 |XXIV edición |Sochi | Rusia |- !2020 |XXXII edición |Tokiu |Xapón |} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Cite web|last=Beaster-Jones|first=Jayson|title=Commodification|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/view/10.1093/acref/9780195314281.001.0001/acref-9780195314281-e-1827.|work=The Grove Dictionary of American Music|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=15 Marso 2014| date = 2013}} * {{Cite book|last=Brownell|first=Susan|chapter=Introduction: Bodies before Boas, Sport before the Laughter Left|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1}} * {{Cite book | title = Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement | last1 = Buchanon | first1 = Ian | last2 = Mallon | first2 = Bill | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-8108-5574-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fH3hD3MkIMYC&pg=PR101&dq=commercialization+of+the+olympic+games | accessdate =20 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Burkert | first = Walter | authorlink = Walter Burkert | date = 1983 | title = Homo Necans | url = https://archive.org/details/homonecansanthro0000burk | chapter = Pelops at Olympia | publisher = University of California Press | isbn = 978-0-520-05875-0 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=CBC Sports|title=Olympic Inukshuk Irks Inuit Leader|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympic-inukshuk-irks-inuit-leader-1.548870|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|date=26 Abril 2005}} * {{Cite book|last=Cooper|first=Karen Coody|title=Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900759110891|date=2008|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0759110892}} * {{Cite book | title = Global entertainment media | last = Cooper-Chen | first = Anne | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, New Jersey | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8058-5168-7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=1Su8jRiVVdoC&pg=PA228&dq=tv+influence+on+olympic+games#PPA230,M1 | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last1 = Coubertin | first1 = Pierre de | authorlink = Pierre de Coubertin | last2 = Philemon | first2 = Timoleon J. | last3 = Politis | first3 = N.G. | last4 = Anninos | first4 = Charalambos | title = The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 | work = The Olympic Games in 1896 – Second Part | publisher = Charles Beck | format = PDF | location = Athens | date = 1897 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527211831/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf |date=27 Mayo 2008 }} * {{Cite book | last = Crowther | first = Nigel B. | date = 2007 | chapter = The Ancient Olympic Games | title = Sport in Ancient Times | url = https://archive.org/details/sportinancientti0000crow_y8b3 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-275-98739-8 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Architecture of Greece | last = Darling | first = Janina K. | date = 2004 | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-0-313-32152-8 | chapter = Panathenaic Stadium, Athens | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4F-v35--l_gC&dq=Panathenaic+Stadium,+Averoff,+Constantine | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Amber R.|title=Hauntings: Representations of Vancouver's disappeared women|date=2009|url=http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf|accessdate=30 Marso 2010|format=Doctoral thesis}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407203347/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/thesescanada/vol1/AEU/TC-AEU-529.pdf |date=2014-04-07 }} * {{Cite book | last = Eassom | first = Simon | date = 1994 | title = Critical Reflections on Olympic Ideology | publisher = The Centre for Olympic Studies | location = Ontario | isbn = 978-0-7714-1697-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement | last1 = Findling | first1 = John E. | last2 = Pelle | first2 = Kimberly D. | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport CT | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-313-32278-5 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=QmXi_-Jujj0C&pg=PA283&dq=winter+games+at+the+1912+summer+olympics | accessdate =30 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Gershon | first = Richard A. | title = Telecommunications Management:Industry structures and planning strategies | date = 2000 | publisher = Lawrence Erlbaum Associates | location = Mahwah, NJ | isbn = 978-0-8058-3002-6 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=H3cu_PFsFYwC&pg=PA17&dq=1998+winter+olympics | accessdate =21 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Golden | first = Mark | date = 2009 | chapter = Helpers, Horses, and Heroes | title = Greek Sport and Social Status | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-71869-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Government of Canda|title=The Four Host First Nations – Canada 2010|url=http://www.canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=Canada's Games|date=23 Disyembre 2009|archive-date=21 Disyembre 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221110257/http://canada2010.gc.ca/invsts/hnationsh/030401-eng.cfm|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Girginov | first1 = Vassil | last2 = Parry | first2 = Jim | date = 2005 | title = The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games | publisher = Routledge | location = | isbn = 978-0-415-34604-7 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vxAmyvh0ZsQC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Hill|first=Gord|title=The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book|url=https://archive.org/details/anticapitalistre0000hill|date=2012|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=978-1-55152-444-3}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | title = Olympic Charter | author = International Olympic Committee | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate =19 Septyembre 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/2011072307003/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_122.pdf | archivedate = 23 Hulyo 2011 | ref = {{sfnRef|Olympic Charter|2007}} }} * {{Cite web|last=International Olympic Committee|title=All Games since 1896|url=http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games|accessdate=20 Pebrero 2013}} * {{Cite book | last1 = Krüger | first1 = Arnd | last2 = Murray | first2 = William J. | date = 2003 | title = The Nazi Olympics: sport, politics and appeasement in the 1930s | publisher = University of Illinois Press | isbn = 978-0-252-02815-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=s5ntIQv0W5IC | accessdate =3 Hulyo 2012 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Jeff|title=Hyper-Hush Surrounds 2010 Games Mascots 'Til Tuesday|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Vancouver Sun|date=24 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104214413/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=5336f700-2921-444b-a6fb-8deb8a787975|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lindsay|first=Hillary Bain|title=Stolen Games: 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Has Become the Battle Cry for Indigenous Resistance to the Vancouver Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=4 Abril 2007|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407102601/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1099|url-status=}} * {{Cite news|last=Lopez|first=Franklin|title=Vancouver Activists Greet Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony with People's Summit, Protest|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/2/12/olympics|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=Democracy Now!|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Manuel|first=Arthur|title=Vancouver Olympics Can't Hide Canada's Dismal Record on Indigenous Peoples|url=http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|accessdate=16 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Georgia Straight|date=25 Enero 2010|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080659/http://www.straight.com/news/arthur-manuel-vancouver-olympics-cant-hide-canadas-dismal-record-indigenous-peoples|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = Rome 1960 | url = https://archive.org/details/rome1960olympics00mara | last = Maraniss | first = David | date = 2008 | publisher = Simon & Schuster | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4165-3407-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Matthews | first = George R. | date = 2005 | title = America's first Olympics: the St. Louis games of 1904 | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = | isbn = 978-0-8262-1588-8 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WKRUmep515oC&lpg=PP1&dq=America's%20first%20Olympics%3A%20the%20St.%20Louis%20games%20of%201904&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q=liverpool&f=false | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Heather Andrews|title=Olympic committee blunders with Inuit-inspired logo|url=http://go.galegroup.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&sort=RELEVANCE&inPS=true&prodId=CPI&userGroupName=sfu_z39&tabID=T004&searchId=R1&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&contentSegment=&searchType=AdvancedSearchForm&currentPosition=1&contentSet=GALE%7CA191264469&&docId=GALE{{!}}A191264469&docType=GALE&role=|work=Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date= Mayo 2005}} * {{Cite news|last=National Geographic|title=Olympic Logo No 'Friend' to Some|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/photogalleries/100212-vancouver-2010-winter-olympics-logo-ilanaaq/#/vancouver-english-bay-inukshuk_12792_600x450.jpg|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=National Geographic|date=12 Pebrero 2010}} * {{Cite news|last=Nuytten|first=Jesse|title=Olympic Emblem Design Meaningful to Canadians|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Epoch Times|date=29 Abril 2005|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085425/http://www.theepochtimes.com/news/5-4-29/28309.html|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|chapter=Indigenous Peoples and Canadian-Hosted Olympic Games|title=Aboriginal Peoples and Sport in Canada|date=2012|publisher=UBC Press|location=Vancouver|isbn=9780774824231|editor=Janice Forsyth and Audrey R. Giles}} * {{Cite journal|last=O'Bonsawin|first=Christine M.|title='No Olympics on stolen native land': contesting Olympic narratives and asserting indigenous rights within the discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games|journal=Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics|date=2010|volume=13|issue=1|pages=143–156|doi=10.1080/17430430903377987}} * {{Cite web | url = http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5gKmnnDyw?url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_658.pdf | archivedate = 26 Abril 2009 | title = The Olympic Games in Antiquity | author = Olympic Museum | publisher = International Olympic Committee | date = 2007 | format = PDF | accessdate = 2 Pebrero 2009 | ref = harv | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite news|last=Paley|first=Dawn|title='No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Resonates Across Canada|url=http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|accessdate=30 Marso 2014|date=16 Marso 2010|agency=The Media Co-op|archive-date=7 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085106/http://www.mediacoop.ca/audio/3057|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book|last=Parezo|first=Nancy J.|chapter=A 'Special Olympics': Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pausanias | authorlink = Pausanias (geographer) | others = translated by W. H. S. Jones and H. A. Ormerud | title = Description of Greece | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 | chapter = Elis 1 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160&query=book%3D%235 | volume= Vol. 2 | date = 1 Enero 1926 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = W. Heinemann | location = London | oclc= 10818363 | isbn = 978-0-674-99207-8 | accessdate =9 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Peavy|first=Linda|chapter=Leaving the Whites…Far Behind Them: The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|author2=Ursula Smith|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | author = Pindar | authorlink = Pindar | others = translated by William H. Race | title = Olympian Odes | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&query=head%3D%231 | chapter = Olympian 10 | chapterurl = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162&layout=&loc=O.+10.1 | date = 1997 | series = Loeb Classical Library | publisher = Harvard University Press | isbn = 978-0-674-99564-2 | accessdate =25 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Doping:Athletes and Drugs | last = Porterfield | first = Jason | date = 2008 | publisher = Rosen Publishing Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4042-1917-5 | page = 15 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YXWa6ll5GxoC&pg=PA15&dq=Hans-Gunnar+Liljenwall, | accessdate = 30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite news|last=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report, The|title=No Olympics on Stolen Native Land|url=http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|newspaper=Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report|date=25 Hulyo 2010|archive-date=8 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408025637/http://rhhr.org/2010/07/25/no-olympics-on-stolen-native-land/|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Richardson | first = N.J. | date = 1992 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | editor=Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K. | isbn = 978-0-521-23347-7 | chapter = Panhellenic Cults and Panhellenic Poets | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Nqbz8Emo3PIC&pg=PA223 | accessdate =2 Pebrero 2013 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Mega-Events and Modernity | last = Roche | first = Maurice | publisher = Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group | location = New York | date = 2000 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=aldh2YTO7XQC&printsec=copyright&dq=spartakiads+and+the+olympics | isbn = 978-0-415-15711-7 | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite news|last=Rolbin-Ghanie|first=Maya|title='It's All About The Land': Native Resistance to the Olympics|url=http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|accessdate=2 Marso 2014|newspaper=The Dominion|date=1 Marso 2008|archive-date=27 Hulyo 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727034649/http://www.dominionpaper.ca/articles/1738|url-status=}} * {{Cite journal | last = Shachar | first = Ayelet | date = 2011 | title = Picking Winners: Olympic Citizenship and the Global Race for Talent | journal = Yale Law Journal | volume = 120 | issue = 8 | pages = 2088–2139 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Olympics at the Millennium | last1 = Schaffer | first1 = Kay | last2 = Smith | first2 = Sidonie | publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Jersey | date = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2819-9 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=nMzYdZpk8qMC&printsec=copyright&dq=olympics | accessdate =30 Enero 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book|last=Schantz|first=Otto J.|chapter=Pierre de Coubertin's Concepts of Race, Nation, and Civilization|title=The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism|date=2008|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln and London|isbn=978-0-8032-1098-1|editor=Susan Brownell}} * {{Cite book | title = The Commercialisation of sport | last = Slack | first = Trevor | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-7146-8078-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Kd7ieYncwxIC&pg=PA192&dq=television+and+the+olympic+games | accessdate =31 Marso 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Fifth Century BC | last = Spivey | first = Nigel Jonathan | date = 2004 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-280433-4 | chapter = Olympia: the Origins | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Statistics Canada|title=Aboriginal Population, City of Vancouver - 2001 Census|url=http://vancouver.ca/commsvcs/socialplanning/initiatives/aboriginal/images/demographics.jpg|accessdate=31 Marso 2010| date = 2001}} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 1999 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | url = https://archive.org/details/ancientolympicga00swad | publisher = University of Texas Press | isbn = 978-0-292-77751-4 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Swaddling | first = Judith | date = 2000 | title = The Ancient Olympic Games | edition = 2 | publisher = University of Texas Press | location = Austin | isbn = 978-0-292-70373-5 | oclc = 10759486 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=2-HQMnDiLqIC | accessdate =6 Hunyo 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = Sport and leisure cultures | last = Tomlinson | first = Alan | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis MN | date = 2005 | isbn = 978-0-8166-3382-1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=JphFoBnq2R8C&pg=PA14&dq=olympic+games+television+ratings | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games|title=Vancouver 2010 Mascots Introduced to the World|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|work=Canadian NewsWire|accessdate=10 Marso 2014|date=27 Nobyembre 2007|archive-date=13 Abril 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144945/http://www.newswire.ca/en/story/128683/vancouver-2010-mascots-introduced-to-the-world|url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal | last = Weiler | first = Ingomar | date = 2004 | title = The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin | journal = European Review | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | ref = harv }} * {{Cite web|last=Wonders|first=Karen|title=Development: Human Rights Abuse|url=http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|accessdate=31 Marso 2014|page=First Nations - Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026085724/http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm|url-status=}} * {{Cite book | title = Social Issues in Sport | last = Woods | first = Ron | publisher = Human Kinetics | location = Champaign IL | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7360-5872-8 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=Krclca7m_z0C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=television+ratings+decline+olympic+games+torino | accessdate =2 Abril 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = A Brief History of the Olympic Games | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 2004 | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | isbn = 978-1-4051-1130-0 | chapter = The Beginnings | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | title = The Modern Olympics: A Struggle for Revival | url = https://archive.org/details/modernolympicsst0000youn | last = Young | first = David C. | date = 1996 | location = Baltimore | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | isbn = 978-0-8018-7207-5 | ref = harv }} {{refend}} ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last = Buchanan | first = Ian | authorlink = | title = Historical dictionary of the Olympic movement | url = https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00buch_0 | date = 2001 | publisher = Scarecrow Presz | location = Lanham | isbn = 978-0-8108-4054-6 }} * {{Cite book | last = Kamper | first = Erich | authorlink = |author2=Mallon, Bill | title = The Golden Book of the Olympic Games | date = 1992 | publisher = Vallardi & Associati | location = Milan | isbn = 978-88-85202-35-1 }} * {{Cite book | last = Preuss | first = Holger | authorlink = |author2=Marcia Semitiel García | title = The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 | url = https://archive.org/details/economicsofstagi0000preu | date = 2005 | publisher = Edward Elgar Publishing | location = | isbn = 978-1-84376-893-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Simson | first = Vyv | authorlink = |author2=Jennings, Andrew | title = Dishonored Games: Corruption, Money, and Greed at the Olympics | url = https://archive.org/details/dishonoredgamesc0000sims | date = 1992 | publisher = S.P.I. Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56171-199-4 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | authorlink = David Wallechinsky | title = The Complete Book of the Summer Olympics, Athens 2004 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookof00wall | date = 2004 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-32-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Wallechinsky | first = David | title = The Complete Book of the Winter Olympics, Turin 2006 Edition | url = https://archive.org/details/completebookofwi0000wall_2006 | date = 2005 | publisher = SportClassic Books | location = | isbn = 978-1-894963-45-9 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{official website|http://www.olympic.org/}} * [http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/08/04/sports/olympics/20080804_MEDALCOUNT_MAP.html New York Times Interactive of all the medals in the Modern Olympics] * [http://www.insidethegames.biz/ insidethegames – the latest and most up to date news and interviews from the world of Olympic, Commonwealth and Paralympic Games] * [http://www.aroundtherings.com/ ATR – Around the Rings – the Business Surrounding the Olympics] * [http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/ GamesBids.com – An Authoritative Review of Olympic Bid Business (home of the BidIndex™)] * [http://www.databaseolympics.com/index.htm Database Olympics] * [http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 History of Olympics to the Present Day] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313013906/http://ezine.pk/?Olympic-Games--From-History-of-Olympics-to-the-Present-Day&id=820 |date= 13 Marso 2013 }} * [http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en Dicolympic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929095743/http://www.dicolympic.com/?s=&l=en |date= 29 Septyembre 2008 }} – Dictionary about the Games from Olympia to Sochi 2014 * [http://www.olympicgameswinners.com/ Reference book about all Olympic Medalists of all times] * [http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com Days left until the next Olympic Games | The Olympic Games Countdown | 2012 | Sochi 2014 | Rio 2016 | PyeongChang 2018 | Istanbul, Tokyo or Madrid 2020?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428231147/http://www.theolympicgamescountdown.com/ |date= 28 Abril 2022 }} * [http://www.olympics-records.com/ Olympic and Asian games records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420084550/http://www.olympics-records.com/ |date= 20 Abril 2018 }} 764pdosblqq46ua2gss4qwg5r4kjasj 0 17282 7783080 7749347 2026-05-06T21:48:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783080 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rom (IT), Kolosseum -- 2024 -- 0610.jpg|thumbnail]] An '''Coliseo''' ([[Linatin]]: '''Colosseum'''; Initalyano: ''Colosseo'') nga gintawag ha syahan nga '''Ampiteatro Flavio''' (Linatin: '''Amphitheatrum Flavium'''; Initalyano ngan Kinatsila: ''Anfiteatro Flavio'') usa nga dako nga ampiteatro ha syudad han Roma. Gintukod ini ha kabutngaan han 70-72 AD ngan 80 AD. Hi Emperador Vespasian an nagpatikang pagtukod ngan hi Emperador Titus an nagtapos. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} === Bibliograpiya === {{refbegin}} *{{Cite book| first=Filippo | last=Coarelli | authorlink=Filippo Coarelli | year=1989 | title=Guida Archeologica di Roma | url=https://archive.org/details/guidaarcheologic0000coar | publisher=Arnoldo Mondadori Editore | location=Milano | isbn=88-04-11896-2}} *{{Cite book| first=Keith | last=Hopkins | authorlink=Keith Hopkins |author2=Beard, Mary |authorlink2=Mary Beard (classicist) | year=2005 | title=The Colosseum | url=https://archive.org/details/colosseum00hopk | publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] | location=Cambridge, MA | isbn=0-674-01895-8}} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commons|Colosseum}} * [http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/colosseum Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217115144/http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/en/archaeological-site/colosseum |date=2014-02-17 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.the-colosseum.net/idx-en.htm The colosseum] Unofficial information website * [http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/r/images/roman_colosse.cutaway.gif Cross-section view of the Colosseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714174438/http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/r/images/roman_colosse.cutaway.gif |date=2007-07-14 }} * [http://www.lauralee.com/news/romanplants.htm The flora of the Colosseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805205927/http://www.lauralee.com/news/romanplants.htm |date=2012-08-05 }} * [http://rome.arounder.com/it/monumenti/colosseo/colosseum-by-night.html Virtual tour of the Colosseum] * [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/gladiators/colosseum.html LacusCurtius entry on the Colosseum] * [http://www.freereservation.com/roma2/17.htm Photos of the Colosseum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314123946/http://www.freereservation.com/roma2/17.htm |date=2012-03-14 }} * [http://ancientrome.ru/art/artworken/result.htm?alt=Coliseum&pnumber=20 Views of the Flavian Amphitheatre (Coliseum)] [[Kaarangay:Roma]] [[Kaarangay:Italya]] b5490qnix958mnzsgiv7t2zdq57y2v0 0 17466 7783075 7782430 2026-05-06T21:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = James Cook | image = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg | caption = James Cook, portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}, [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]] | birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|7 November|1728|27 October}} | birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], (in present-day [[Middlesbrough]]) Yorkshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}} | death_place = Hawaii | education = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]] | occupation = Explorer, navigator, cartographer | title = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] | spouse = Elizabeth Batts | parents = James Cook, Grace Pace | children = James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook | nationality = British | signature = James Cook Signature.svg | website = }} Hi '''Kapitan James Cook''', (Oktubre 27, 1728 - Pebrero 14, 1779) usa nga Inglis nga eksplorador, navigador ngan cartograpo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Bibliograpiya === *{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=John Cawte|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|authorlink=John Cawte Beaglehole|publisher=[[A & C Black]]|date=1974|isbn=0-7136-1382-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Collingridge|first=Vanessa|authorlink=Vanessa Collingridge|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll|date=February 2003|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-09-188898-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=0-393-06259-7|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Robin|title=Captain James Cook and his times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4|publisher=Taylor & Francis|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery|date=1999|publisher=Sasquatch Books|isbn=1-57061-215-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sl57oHrVXGoC|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Horwitz|title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before|url=https://archive.org/details/intoblueboldlygo0000horw|date=October 2003|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-6455-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|date=1994|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|authorlink=Richard Hough|isbn=0-340-82556-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t9u3|last=Kemp|first=Peter|first2=I. C. B. |last2=Dear|date=2005|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-860616-1|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|date=1788|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035955/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/ |date=2012-04-26 }} *{{cite book|authorlink=Frank McLynn|last=McLynn|first=Frank|date=2011|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11421-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Moorhead|first=Alan|date=1966|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840|publisher=H Hamilton|isbn=0-241-90757-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|authorlink=Gananath Obeyesekere|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1992|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-05752-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789982012584|publisher=Princeton University Press|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1997|isbn=978-0-691-05752-1|quote=With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb|first=Nigel|last=Rigby|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Pieter|date=2002|publisher=National Maritime Museum, London UK|isbn=0-948065-43-5|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Robson|first=John|date=2004|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=0-7593-1011-4|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768|first=John|last=Robson|date=2009|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742231099|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Islands of history|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Marshall David|last=Sahlins|authorlink= Marshall David Sahlins|date=1985|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=How "Natives" Think: About Captain Cook, for example|url=https://archive.org/details/hownativesthinka0000sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|last=Sahlins|first=Marshall David|date=1995|isbn=978-0-226-73368-5}} *{{cite book|title=The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000bake|last=Sidney|first=John Baker|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|date=1981|isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=James Cook Maritime Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/jamescookmaritim0000stam|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press|last=Stamp|first= Tom and Cordelia|date=1978|location=Whitby|isbn=0-905355-04-0|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Bryan|title=[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]|publisher=Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England|isbn=0-393-02018-5|date=2001|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=A. R.|title=Historic Heraldry of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn|date=1972|publisher=Phillimore & Co Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-85033-022-9|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark "Endeavour" 1768–71|first=W. J. L.|last=Wharton|date=1893|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ |date=2012-03-22 }} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book|last=Aughton|first=Peter|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage|publisher=Cassell & Co.|date=2002|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36236-3|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Philip|title=James Cook: The Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-043647-2|quote=Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67|ref=harv}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Forster|editor-first=Georg|title=A Voyage Round the World|editor-link=Georg Forster|date=1986|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7|ref=harv|quote=Published first 1777 as: ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''}} *{{Citation | last1=Hawkesworth | first1=John | authorlink1=John Hawkesworth (book editor) | last2=Byron | first2=John | authorlink2=John Byron | last3=Wallis | first3=Samuel | authorlink3=Samuel Wallis | last4=Carteret | first4=Philip | authorlink4=Philip Carteret | last5=Cook | first5=James | authorlink5=James Cook | last6=Banks | first6=Joseph | authorlink6=Joseph Banks | title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq | publication-date=1773 | publisher=London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell | accessdate=1 Enero 2015 }}, [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I], [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II-III] *{{cite book |authorlink=Andrew Kippis|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog|publisher=[[George Newnes]], London & [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York|date=1904|ref=harv}} *Richardson, Brian. (2005) ''Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World'' University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0. *Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) ''Captain Cook: His Artists — His Voyages'' The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney *Thomas, Nicholas ''The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook''. Walker & Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 (2003) *{{cite journal|last=Villiers |first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Villiers|date=Summer 1956–57|title=James Cook, Seaman|journal=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–16}} *Villiers, Alan John, ''Captain James Cook'' Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape (1983) *{{cite book|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Glyndwr|editor-link=Glyndwr Williams|title=Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society|location=London}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=no |by=no |lcheading=Cook, James, 1728–1779 }} {{Commons|James Cook|James Cook}} {{Commons category|James Cook|Category:James Cook}} {{Wikisource|Author:James Cook|Author:James Cook}} *[http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ Captain Cook Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121204140923/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ |date=2012-12-04 }} *[http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax] ===Biographical dictionaries=== *[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm 'Cook, James (1728–1779)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 1, [[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]], 1966, pp.&nbsp;243–4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043105/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm |date=2009-03-09 }} *[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=1817 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] *{{DNZB|title=James Cook biography|id=1C25|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]'' ===Journals=== *[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329203108/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ |date=2006-03-29 }}, as kept by James Cook&nbsp;– digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]] *[http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project]: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage. *[http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at the [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre] *{{gutenberg author| id=James+Cook | name=James Cook}} *{{librivox author|James+Cook}} *[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Log book of Cook's second voyage]: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library ===Collections and museums=== *[http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000346/http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ |date=2011-11-20 }} Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook. *[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023173221/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 |date=2013-10-23 }} *{{NRA|P6407}} *[http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm James Cook Birthplace Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }} *[http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm Cook's manuscript maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031025752/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm |date=2013-10-31 }} of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1728]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1779]] [[Kaarangay:James Cook| ]] 9jxrd70ywly3dsx5cokt5k2bqj7vkpg 0 17485 7783071 7782295 2026-05-06T21:41:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint |name=Juana han Arko<br>Juana de Arco<br>Joan of Arc<br>Jeanne d'Arc |birth_date= ca. 1412 |death_date=30 May 1431 (aged 19) |feast_day=30 May |parents= Jacques d'Arc and Isabelle de Vouthon |venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]] |image=Joan of Arc miniature graded.jpg |imagesize = 200px |caption=Painting, ca. 1485. An artist's interpretation, since the only known direct portrait has not survived. (Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, Paris, AE II 2490) |birth_place=[[Domrémy-la-Pucelle|Domrémy]], [[Duchy of Bar]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |access-date=2012-07-19 |archive-date=2013-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602171425/http://www.chemainustheatrefestival.ca/season_saint_timeline.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |death_place=[[Rouen]], France <br>(then [[The Dual-Monarchy of England and France|controlled by England]]) |titles=Santa |beatified_date=18 April 1909 |beatified_place=[[Notre Dame de Paris]] |beatified_by=[[Papa Pío X]] |canonized_date=16 May 1920 |canonized_place=[[St. Peter's Basilica]], Rome |canonized_by=[[Papa Benedicto XV]] |patronage= France [[File:Coat of Arms of Jeanne d'Arc.svg|22px]]; martyrs; captives; military personnel; people ridiculed for their piety; prisoners; soldiers, women who have served in the [[WAVES]] (Women Appointed for Voluntary Emergency Service); and [[Women's Army Corps]] }} Hi '''Santa Juana han Arko''' (ha Frinanses: '''Jeanne d'Arc'''; ha Kinatsila: ''Juana de Arco''; ha Ininglis: ''Joan of Arc'') (1412 – 30 Mayo 1431) amo an usa ka nasodnon nga bayani han [[Fransya]] ngan usa ka santa Katolika. ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{Cite book|last=DeVries|first=Kelly|title=Joan of Arc: A Military Leader|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780750918053|publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |year=1999 |isbn=0-7509-1805-5 |oclc=42957383 |authorlink=Kelly DeVries}} * {{Cite book|first=Richard C. |last=Famiglietti|title=Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI 1392–1420|url=https://archive.org/details/royalintriguecri0000fami |publisher=AMS Press|location=New York |series=AMS studies in the Middle Ages, 9 |year=1987|isbn=0-404-61439-6}}<!-- Was "Pernoud and Clin". --> * {{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith |first=Edward |title=Joan of Arc |url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarc0000luci |year=1976 |publisher=Allen Lane |location=Bristol |isbn=0-7139-0857-2}} * {{Cite book|last=Oliphant |first=Mrs. (Margaret) |title=Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death |isbn=978-1404310865 |series=Heroes of the Nations |date=June 2002 (Web page: November 2003) |origyear=1896 |publisher=IndyPublish.com |url=http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html}} * {{cite book |title=Joan of Arc: Her Story |last=Pernoud |first=Régine |coauthors=Marie-Véronique Clin |others=translated and revised by Jeremy duQuesnay Adams; edited by Bonnie Wheeler |year=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |isbn=9780312214425 |url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312214421/#reader-link |oclc=39890535}}<!-- Added, but references may actually refer to Famiglietti. --> ==Dugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Biographies *{{Cite book|author=Anon|title=The First Biography of Joan of Arc with the Chronicle Record of a Contemporary Account|url=http://www.smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf|others=trans. Rankin, Daniel & Quintal, Claire}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |date=2011-07-09 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |access-date=2020-12-30 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709132031/http://smu.edu/ijas/texts/joan.pdf |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Jeanne d'Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjeannedar0000wpba|editor=Barrett, W.P.|publisher=Gotham house|location=New York|year=1932|oclc=1314152}} *{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=Polly Schoyer|title=Beyond the Myth: The Story of Joan of Arc|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondmyth00poll|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-397-32422-7|oclc=20319268}} *{{Cite book|last=de Quincey|first=Thomas|title=The English Mail-Coach and Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/7mjnc10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Fraioli|first=Deborah|title=Joan of Arc: The Early Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcearlyde0000debo|publisher=Boydell Press,|location=London|year=2002|isbn=0-85115-880-3|oclc=48680250}} *{{Cite book|last=France|first=Anatole|title=The Life of Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19488|authorlink=Anatole France}} *{{Cite book|last=Gower|first=Ronald Sutherland|title=Joan of Arc|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16933/16933.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Heimann|first=Nora|title=Joan of Arc in French Art and Culture (1700–1855): From Satire to Sanctity|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcinfrenc0000heim|publisher=Ashgate|location=Aldershot|year=2005|isbn=0-7546-5085-5}} *{{Cite book|last1=Heimann|first1=Nora|last2=Coyle|first2=Laura|title=Joan of Arc: Her Image in France and America|publisher=Corcoran Gallery of Art in association with D Giles Limited|location=Washington, DC|year=2006|isbn=1-904832-19-9}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc|publisher=ED. Artus Bertrand|location=Paris|year=1817|oclc=8443774|url=http://openlibrary.org/details/histoiredejeanne01lebr|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last=Le Brun de Charmettes|first=Philippe-Alexandre|title=L`ORLEANIDE,POEME NATIONAL EN VINGT-HUIT CHANTS|editor=Smith, Audin|location=Paris|year=1821|authorlink=Philippe-Alexandre Le Brun de Charmettes|language=French}} *{{Cite book|title=Le procès de condamnation et le procès de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc. L'histoire en appel.|publisher=Éditions Denoël|location=Paris|year=1959|oclc=1823703|others=trans. Oursel, Raymond}} *{{Cite book|last=Meltzer|first=Francoise|title=For Fear of the Fire: Joan of Arc and the Limits of Subjectivity|url=https://archive.org/details/forfearoffirejoa0000melt|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|year=2001|isbn=0-226-51982-1|oclc=46240234|authorlink=Françoise Meltzer}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=The Retrial of Joan of Arc; The Evidence at the Trial For Her Rehabilitation 1450–1456|url=https://archive.org/details/retrialofjoanofa00pern|publisher=Harcourt, Brace and Company|location=New York|year=1955|oclc=1338471|others=trans. J.M. Cohen}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=[[Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses]]|publisher=Scarborough House|location=London|year=1994|isbn=0-8128-1260-3|oclc=31535658|others=trans. E. Hymans}} *{{Cite book|last=Pernoud|first=Régine|title=Jeanne d'Arc: La Reconquête de la France|url=https://archive.org/details/jeannedarc0000rgin|publisher=Gallimard|year=1995|isbn=2-07-040230-4|oclc=39883861|language=French}} *{{Cite book|last1=Pernoud|first1=Régine|last2=Clin|first2=Marie-Véronique|title=Joan of Arc: Her Story|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcherstor00pern|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|location=New York|year=1999|isbn=0-312-22730-2|oclc=39890535|others=trans. Jeremy Duquesnay Adams}} *{{Cite book|title=Procès de condamnation et de réhabilitation de Jeanne d'Arc dite la Pucelle. Publiés pour la première fois d'après les manuscrits de la Bibliothèque nationale, suivis de tous les documents historiques qu'on a pu réunir et accompagnés de notes et d'éclaircissements.|editor=Quicherat, Jules-Étienne-Joseph|publisher=Johnson|location=New York|year=1965|volume=1–5|oclc=728420|language=French|origyear=1841–1849}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book|last=Richey|first=Stephen W.|title=Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanofarcwarrior0000rich|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport, CT|year=2003|isbn=0-275-98103-7|oclc=52030963}} *{{Cite book |author=Romm F. |title=Загадки Орлеанской девы |trans_title=Mysteries of The Maid of Orleans |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |year=2008 |publisher=ENAS |location=Moscow |language=Russian }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |date=2012-03-10 }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |access-date=2012-07-31 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174657/http://enas.ru/npp/chep/zhanna-800.htm |url-status= }} *{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald|title=Joan : the mysterious life of a heretic who became a saint|url=https://archive.org/details/joanmysteriousli00spot|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|location=San Francisco|year=2007|isbn=0-06-081517-5|oclc=84655969}} *{{Cite book|title=The trial of Joan of Arc : being the verbatim report of the proceedings from the Orleans manuscript|url=https://archive.org/details/trialofjoanofarc0000wssc|publisher=Folio Society|location=London|year=1956|oclc=1182797|others=trans. Scot, W.S.}} {{Refend}} {{Refbegin|30em}} ;Nahisusumpay nga mga kasaysayan *{{Cite book|last=Allmand|first=C.|title=The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300&nbsp;– 1450|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearsware0000allm|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1988|isbn=0-521-31923-4 }} *{{Cite book|last=Davis|first=H.W.C|title=Medieval Europe|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/mdvlp10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Guizot|first=François Pierre Guillaume|title=A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times|volume=3|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt}} *{{Cite book|author1-link=John Henry Haaren|last1=Haaren|first1=John Henry|last2=Poland|first2=A.B.|title=Famous Men of the Middle Ages|url=http://www.authorama.com/famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Lacroix|first=Paul|title=Manners, Custom and Dress During the Middle Ages and During the Renaissance Period|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/10940/10940.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Lingard|first=John|title=The History of England|url=http://www.authorama.com/history-of-england-1.html}} *{{Cite book|last=Perroy|first=Edouard|title=The Hundred Years War|publisher=Capricorn Books|location=New York|year=1965|others=trans. W.B. Wells}} *{{Cite book|last=Pollard|first=A.F.|title=The History of England: A Study in Political Evolution|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext04/hstng10.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Power|first=Eileen Edna|title=Medieval People|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13144/13144.txt}} *{{Cite book|last=Vauchez|first=André|title=Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/sainthoodinlater0000vauc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=1997|isbn=0-521-44559-0|others=trans. Jean Birrell}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commonscat|Jeanne d'Arc}} <!--- Please add new links in alphabetical order. Please be careful: this list concentrates on sites with scholarly research value. ---> *[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08409c.htm "Blessed Joan of Arc" (written before her canonization)]—1919 version of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' *[http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/ Archive of Joan of Arc materials] *[http://www.medailles-jeannedarc.fr Médailles Jeanne d’Arc], Exonumia: Medallions devoted to Joan of Arc *[http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdjoan.htm Garden of Praise&nbsp;– Joan of Arc] *[http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=295 Catholic Online Saints] *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106457/Saint-Joan-of-Arc "Joan of Arc"]—''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'' article *[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/musee.jeannedarc/indexanglais.htm Site of the Joan of Arc Museum] in Rouen, France. *[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/10/AR2008101001919.html?hpid=features1&hpv=national "A Stirring Icon of Girl Power: A Father and a Daughter Follow the Trail of Joan of Arc"]—Article in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' by Steve Hendrix, 12 Oct 2008. *[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=115658726523943724797.00047c4d04ab4d36b169f&t=h&z=11 Joan of Arc's Loire Valley Battles] on [[Google Maps]] [[Kaarangay:Juana han Arko| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1410 nga dekada]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1431]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Relihiyon]] [[Kaarangay:Fransya]] k3qri4xtcpbu1mbbekeqt53ovle9npp 0 17513 7783070 7782313 2026-05-06T21:38:33Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aztecempirelocation.png|thumb]] An pulong nga '''Aztec''' amo an natudlok ha grupo etniko ha butnga nga Mehiko, labi na an grupo han mga Nahuatl it yinaknan nga nakaagom hin kusog politikal ngan militar ha dako nga parte han Mesoamerika han ika 14, ika 15 ngan ika 16 siglo, panahon nga gintatawag nga Urhi nga pagkatapos han panahon Klasiko han Mesoamerikano kaagi. Agsob an pulong nga "Aztec" natudlok gud la ha mga tawo han Tenochtitlan, nga nakabutang ha isla ha Sapa o Danaw Texcoco, nga gintatawag it ira kalugaringon nga Mexica Tenochca or Colhua-Mexica. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}<!-- BEGIN biblio format. If indent param. is used, Pls use a colon (:) instead of asterisk (*) for bullet markers in the references list. --> :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances |authorlink=Frances Berdan| date = 1982|title=The Aztecs of Central Mexico: An Imperial Society |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsofcentralm0000berd |series=Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology|location=New York|publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart & Winston]]|isbn=0-03-055736-4 |oclc=7795704}} :{{Cite book |author=Berdan, Frances F. |authorlink=Frances Berdan |coauthors=[[Richard E. Blanton]], [[Elizabeth Hill Boone]], Mary G. Hodge, [[Michael E. Smith]], and Emily Umberger | date = 1996 |title=Aztec Imperial Strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecimperialstr00unse |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |isbn=0-88402-211-0 |oclc=27035231}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 1989 |title=Incarnations of the Aztec Supernatural: The Image of Huitzilopochtli in Mexico and Europe |series=Transactions of the American Philosophical Society |volume=79 part 2 |location=Philadelphia, PA |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |isbn=0-87169-792-0 |oclc=20141678}} :{{Cite book |author=Boone, Elizabeth Hill |authorlink=Elizabeth Hill Boone | date = 2000 |title=Stories in Red and Black: Pictorial Histories of the Aztec and Mixtec |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinredblac0000boon |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-70876-9 |oclc=40939882}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1982 |title=Quetzalcoatl and the Irony of Empire: Myths and Prophecies in the Aztec Tradition |url=https://archive.org/details/quetzalcoatliron0000carr |location=Chicago, IL |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-09487-1 |oclc=0226094871}} :{{Cite book |author=Carrasco, David | date = 1999 |title=City of Sacrifice: The Aztec Empire and the Role of Violence in Civilization |url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsacrificea0000carr |location=Boston, MA |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=0-8070-4642-6 |oclc=41368255}} :Carrasco, Pedro (1999) ''The Tenochca Empire of Ancient Mexico: The Triple Alliance of Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan''. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3144-6. :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 1: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=225 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2921-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin, Domingo de San Antón Muñón |authorlink=Chimalpahin | date = 1997 |origyear=c.1621 |title=Codex Chimalpahin, vol. 2: society and politics in Mexico Tenochtitlan, Tlatelolco, Texcoco, Culhuacan, and other Nahua altepetl in central Mexico; the Nahuatl and Spanish annals and accounts collected and recorded by don Domingo de San Antón Muñón Chimalpahin Quauhtlehuanitzin (continued) |others=[[Arthur J.O. Anderson]] and Susan Schroeder (eds. and trans.), Susan Schroeder (general ed.), Wayne Ruwet (manuscript ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=226 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn= 978-0-8061-2950-1 |oclc=36017075}} :{{Cite book |author=Clendinnen, Inga |authorlink=Inga Clendinnen | date = 1991 |title=Aztecs: An Interpretation|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecsinterpreta00clen |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-40093-7 |oclc=22451031}} :{{Cite book |author=Davies, Nigel |authorlink=Nigel Davies (historian)| date = 1973 |title=The Aztecs: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/aztecshistory0000davi_d2o4 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-12404-9 |oclc=805418}} :{{Cite book |author=Díaz del Castillo, Bernal |authorlink=Bernal Díaz del Castillo | date = 1963 |origyear=1632 |title=[[Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva España|The Conquest of New Spain]] |edition=6th printing (1973)|others=[[J. M. Cohen]] (trans.) |series=Penguin Classics|publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |location=Harmondsworth, England|isbn=0-14-044123-9 |oclc=162351797}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán | date = 1971 |origyear=1574–79 |title=Book of the Gods and Rites ''and'' The Ancient Calendar |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofgodsritesa0000dura |others=Translated and edited by Fernando Horcasitas and [[Doris Heyden]], with a Foreword by [[Miguel León-Portilla]] |edition=translation of ''Libro de los dioses y ritos'' and ''El calendario antiguo'', 1st English |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=102 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-0889-4 |oclc=149976}} :{{Cite book |author=Durán, Diego |authorlink=Diego Durán|origyear=c.1581 | date = 1994 |title=The History of the Indies of New Spain |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindieso0000dura |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans., annot., and introd.) |series=Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 210 |edition=Translation of ''Historia de las Indias de Nueva-España y Islas de Tierra Firme'', 1st English|location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2649-3 |oclc=29565779}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie| date = 1989 |title=The Aztec Kings: the Construction of Rulership in Mexica History |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1095-4 |oclc=19353576}} :{{Cite book |author=Gillespie, Susan D. |authorlink=Susan D. Gillespie | date = 1998 |chapter=The Aztec Triple Alliance: A Postconquest Tradition |title=Native Traditions in the Postconquest World, A Symposium at Dumbarton Oaks 2nd through 4th October 1992 |chapterurl=http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |format=[[PDF]] Reprint |editor=[[Elizabeth Hill Boone]] and Tom Cubbins (eds.) |publisher=[[Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] |location=Washington D.C. |pages=233–263 |isbn=0-88402-239-0 |oclc=34354931 |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221181058/http://www.doaks.org/Native/trad09.pdf |date= 21 Pebrero 2007 }} : Graulich, Michel (1997) ''Myths of Ancient Mexico''. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2910-7. : Gruzinski, Serge (1992). ''The Aztecs: The Rise and Fall of an Empire''. New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-2821-3. :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross| date = 1985 |title=Trade, Tribute, and Transportation: The Sixteenth-Century Political Economy of the Valley of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AJE-553|series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=171 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1911-X |oclc=11469622}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1988 |title=Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecwarfareimpe0000hass |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=188 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2121-1 |oclc=17106411}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig| date = 1992 |title=War and Society in Ancient Mesoamerica |url=https://archive.org/details/warsocietyinanci0000hass |location=Berkeley|publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07734-2 |oclc=25007991}} :{{Cite book |author=Hassig, Ross |authorlink=Ross Hassig | date = 2001 |title=Time, History, and Belief in Aztec and Colonial Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/timehistorybelie0000hass |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-73139-6 |oclc=44167649}} :{{Cite journal |author=Kaufman, Terrence |authorlink=Terrence Kaufman | date = 2001 |title=The history of the Nawa language group from the earliest times to the sixteenth century: some initial results |url=http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |version=Revised March 2001 |publisher=Project for the Documentation of the Languages of Mesoamerica |accessdate= |archive-date= 19 Enero 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119013512/https://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/Nawa.pdf |url-status=dead }} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.) |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1992 |origyear=1959 |title=The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/brokenspearsa00leon |others=[[Ángel María Garibay K.]] (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.)|edition=Expanded and updated edition|publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |isbn=0-8070-5501-8}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 1963 |title=Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Náhuatl Mind |edition=translation and adaptation of: ''La filosofía náhuatl'', 1st [1990] pbk reprint|series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=67|others=Jack Emory Davis (trans.) |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-2295-1 |oclc=23373512}} :{{Cite book |author=León-Portilla, Miguel |authorlink=Miguel León-Portilla | date = 2002 |title=Bernardino de Sahagun, First Anthropologist |url=https://archive.org/details/bernardinodesaha0000leon |others=Mauricio J. Mixco (trans.) |edition=Originally published as Bernardino de Sahagún: Pionero de la Antropología ©1999, UNAM. |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=0-8061-3364-3 |oclc=47990042}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1991 |title=Nahuas and Spaniards: Postconquest Mexican History and Philology |series=UCLA Latin American studies vol. 76, Nahuatl studies series no. 3|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] and UCLA Latin American Center Publications|location= Stanford and Los Angeles, California |isbn=0-8047-1953-5 |oclc=23286637}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) | date = 1992 |title=The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/nahuasafterconqu0000lock |location=Stanford, California |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=0-8047-1927-6 |oclc=24283718|ref=CITEREFLockhart1992}} :{{Cite book |author=Lockhart, James |authorlink=James Lockhart (historian) |author2=ed. and trans. | date = 1993 |title=We People Here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico |series=Repertorium Columbianum |volume=1 |location=Berkeley |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-07875-6 |oclc=24703159}} {{en icon}} {{es icon}} {{nah icon}} :{{Cite book |author=López Austin, Alfredo |authorlink=Alfredo López Austin | date = 1997 |title=Tamoanchan, Tlalocan: Places of Mist |series=Mesoamerican Worlds series|others=translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano |location=Niwot |publisher=[[University Press of Colorado]] |isbn=0-87081-445-1 |oclc=36178551}} : López Luján, Leonardo (2005) ''The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan''. Revised ed. Translated by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano and Thelma Ortiz de Montellano. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. ISBN 0-8263-2958-6. :{{Cite book |author=Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo |authorlink=Eduardo Matos Moctezuma | date = 1988 |title=The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan |url=https://archive.org/details/greattempleofazt0000mato_p3a0 |series=New Aspects of Antiquity series |others=[[Doris Heyden]] (trans.)|location=New York |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |isbn=0-500-39024-X |oclc=17968786}} : Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo (1988) ''The Great Temple of the Aztecs''. Thames and Hudson, New York. ISBN 0-500-39024-X. :{{Cite book |author=Miller, Mary |authorlink=Mary Miller |author2=[[Karl Taube]] | date = 1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317}} :{{Cite journal |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. |date= Hunyo 1983 |title=Counting Skulls: Comment on the Aztec Cannibalism Theory of Harner-Harris |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=pp.403–406 |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=[[American Anthropological Association]] |doi=10.1525/aa.1983.85.2.02a00130 |issn=0002-7294 |oclc=1479294}} :{{Cite book |author=Ortiz de Montellano, Bernard R. | date = 1990 |title=Aztec Medicine, Health, and Nutrition |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecmedicinehea0000orti |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]] |isbn=0-8135-1562-9|oclc=20798977}} :{{Cite book |author=Prescott, William H. |authorlink=William H. Prescott | date = 1843 |title=History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes |url=http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html |format=online reproduction, Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library |location=New York |publisher=Harper and Brothers |oclc=2458166}} :{{Cite book |author=Restall, Matthew |authorlink=Matthew Restall | date = 2004 |title=[[Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest]] |edition=1st pbk edition|location=Oxford and New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-517611-1 |oclc=56695639}} :{{Cite book |author=Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernando |authorlink=Hernando Ruiz de Alarcón | date = 1984 |origyear=1629 |title=Treatise on the Heathen Superstitions and Customs That Today Live Among the Indians Native to This New Spain, 1629 |edition=original reproduction and translation of: ''Tratado de las supersticiones y costumbres gentílicas que oy viven entre los indios naturales desta Nueva España'', first English |others=translated & edited by [[J. Richard Andrews]] and [[Ross Hassig]] |series=Civilization of the American Indian series |number=164 |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=0-8061-1832-6 |oclc=10046127}} {{nah icon}} {{en icon}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1950–82 |origyear=ca. 1540–85 |title=[[Florentine Codex|Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain]], 13 vols. in 12 |edition=translation of ''Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España'' |others=[[Charles E. Dibble]] and [[Arthur J. O. Anderson|Arthur J.O. Anderson]] (eds., trans., notes and illus.) |series=vols. I-XII |location=Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City |publisher=[[School of American Research]] and the [[University of Utah Press]] |isbn=0-87480-082-X |oclc=276351}} :{{Cite book |author=Sahagún, Bernardino de |authorlink=Bernardino de Sahagún | date = 1997 |origyear=ca.1558–61 |title=[[Primeros Memoriales]] |others=[[Thelma D. Sullivan]] (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with [[H.B. Nicholson]], [[Arthur J.O. Anderson]], [[Charles E. Dibble]], [[Eloise Quiñones Keber]], and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.) |series=Civilization of the American Indians series |volume=200, {{nowrap|part 2}} |location=Norman |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |isbn=978-0-8061-2909-9 |oclc=35848992}} :{{Cite book |author=Schroeder, Susan |authorlink=Susan Schroeder | date = 1991 |title=Chimalpahin and the Kingdoms of Chalco |location=Tucson |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |isbn=0-8165-1182-9 |oclc=21976206}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith | date = 1984 |title=The Aztlan Migrations of Nahuatl Chronicles: Myth or History? |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-84-Aztlan.pdf |format=[[PDF]] online facsimile |journal=[[Ethnohistory (journal)|Ethnohistory]] |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=pp.153–186 |location=Columbus, OH |publisher=[[American Society for Ethnohistory]] |doi=10.2307/482619|issn=0014-1801 |oclc=145142543|ref=CITEREFSmith1984}} :{{Cite book |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 1997|title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0002smit |edition=first |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=0-631-23015-7 |oclc=48579073|ref=CITEREFSmith1997}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. |authorlink=Michael E. Smith|date= Mayo 2005 |title=City Size in Late Post-Classic Mesoamerica |url=http://www.public.asu.edu/%7Emesmith9/1-CompleteSet/MES-05-CitySize.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=pp.403–434 |location=Beverley Hills, California |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |issn=0096-1442 |oclc=1798556 |accessdate= |doi=10.1177/0096144204274396}} :{{Cite journal |author=Smith, Michael E. and [1] |authorlink=Michael E. Smith| date = 2001 |title=The Archaeological Study of Empires and Imperialism in Pre-Hispanic Central Mexico |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=20|pages=245–284 |doi=10.1006/jaar.2000.0372}} :{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Smith, Michael E, "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire", ''Scientific American''.]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} :{{Cite book|author=Soustelle, Jacques|authorlink=Jacques Soustelle| date = 1961|title=Daily Life of the Aztecs:On the Eve of the Spanish Conquest |others=Patrick O’Brian (Trans.)|location=London|publisher=Phoenix Press |isbn=1-84212-508-7 |oclc=50217224}} :{{Cite book |author=Taube, Karl A. |authorlink=Karl Taube | date = 1993 |title=Aztec and Maya Myths |edition=4th University of Texas printing |location=Austin |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=0-292-78130-X |oclc=29124568}} :{{Cite book |author=Townsend, Richard F. | date = 2000 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd edition, revised |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-28132-7 |oclc=43337963}} :{{Cite book |author=Zantwijk,Rudolph van | date = 1985|title=The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecarrangement0000zant |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=0-8061-1677-3 |oclc=11261299 }} ;;Panguna nga pagkukuhaan : Berdan, Frances F. and Patricia Reiff Anawalt (1997) ''The Essential [[Codex Mendoza]]''. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-20454-9. : [[Hernán Cortés|Cortés, Hernan]] (1987) ''Letters from Mexico''. New Ed. edition. Translated by [[Anthony Pagden]]. Yale University Press, New Haven. ISBN 0-300-03724-4. : [[Bernal Diaz del Castillo|Díaz del Castillo, Bernal]] (1963) ''The Conquest of New Spain''. Translated by J. M. Cohen. Penguin, New York. ISBN 0-14-044123-9. : Díaz, Gisele and Alan Rogers (1993) ''The [[Codex Borgia]]: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript''. Dover Publications, New York. ISBN 0-486-27569-8. : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1971) ''Book of the Gods and Rites and The Ancient Calendar''. Translated by Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ASIN B000M4OVSG. ISBN 0-8061-1201-8 (1977 Ed. edition). : [[Diego Durán|Durán, Fray Diego]] (1994) ''The History of the Indies of New Spain''. Translated by Doris Heyden. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. ISBN 0-8061-2649-3. : Garganigo ''et al.'', (2008) ''Huellas de las Literaturas Hispanoamerica''. 3 edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. (Note, this source in Spanish). ISBN 0-13-195846-1. : Zorita, Alonso de (1963) ''Life and Labor in Ancient Mexico: The Brief and Summary Relation of the Lords of New Spain''. Translated by Benjamin Keen. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick. ASIN B000INWUNE. ISBN 0-8061-2679-5 (1994 paperback). {{refend}}<!-- END biblio format style --> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikisource1911Enc|Aztecs}} {{Commons category|Aztec}} * [http://mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ Aztecs at Mexicolore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728095835/http://www.mexicolore.co.uk/aztecs/ |date=2013-07-28 }}: constantly updated educational site specifically on the Aztecs, for serious students of all ages. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027042348/http://geocities.com/architecture_aztec_america Aztec Architecture] * [http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/maaztec.html Aztecs / Nahuatl / Tenochtitlan]: Ancient Mesoamerica resources at [[University of Minnesota Duluth]] * [http://www.history-aztec.com Aztec history, culture and religion] B. Diaz del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico (tr. by A. P. Maudsley, 1928, repr. 1965) * [http://www.hist.umn.edu/~rmccaa/mxpoprev/table2.htm Demographic Disaster in Mexico 1519-1595] at the Department of History at the [[University of Minnesota]] * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/azbib.html Michael E. Smith's student bibliography on the Aztecs]. *{{PDFlink|[http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/MES-05-SciAm-.pdf Article: "Life in the Provinces of the Aztec Empire]|538&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 550931 bytes -->}} * [http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/tlahuica.html Tlahuica Culture Home Page (an Aztec group from Morelos, Mexico)] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20030227.shtml "The Aztecs-looking behind the myths"] on [[BBC Radio 4]]’s [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In Our Time'']] featuring Alan Knight, Adrian Locke and Elizabeth Graham * [http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm Pre-columbian Aztec Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219221511/http://worldmuseumofman.org/aztecartifacts1.htm |date= 19 Pebrero 2010 }}: photographs of Aztec tools and weapons n4ddtbjbacgvwe68y3xu3s576xu18hn 0 17516 7783055 7748312 2026-05-06T21:24:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict |conflict = Hundred Years' War |image = [[File:Hundred Years' War montage.jpg|300px|Hundred Years' War]] |caption = {{nowrap|Clockwise, from top left: [[John of Bohemia]] at the [[Battle of Crécy]],}}<br />{{nowrap|English and Franco-Castilian fleets at the [[Battle of La Rochelle]],}}<br />[[Henry V of England|Henry V]] and the English army at the [[Battle of Agincourt]],<br />[[Joan of Arc]] rallies French forces at the [[Siege of Orléans]] |date = 1337–1453 (116 years) |place = France, the [[Low Countries]], England, Spain |result = '''[[Hundred Years' War (1337–60)|Edwardian War]]''' (1337–1360):<br> English victory <br> '''[[Hundred Years' War (1369–89)|Caroline War]]''' (1369–1389): <br> French victory '''[[Hundred Years' War (1415–53)|Lancastrian War]]''' (1415–1453): <br>French victory; House of Valois maintains the throne of France |territory = England gains the [[Pale of Calais]] but loses all other continental territory |combatant1=[[File:Blason France moderne.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of France|France]]<br/>[[File:Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] |combatant2=[[File:Royal Arms of England (1399-1603).svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of England|England]]<br/>[[File:Blason fr Bourgogne.svg|22px]] [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]] |strength1 = |strength2 = |casualties1 = High |casualties2 = High |notes = }} An '''Uskagatos ka Tuig nga Gyera''' amo an ginaragwayan han Fransya ngan Inglatera ha urhi nga [[Panahon han Kabutngaan]]. Nagpadayon ini ha 116 ka tuig tikang 1337 ngadto ha 1453. An gyera nagtikang kay hi Charles IV han Fransya namatay ha 1328 nga waray anak nga lalaki ngan hi Edward III han Inglatera natuo nga mayda hiya katungod nga mamana an korona han Fransya tikang ha iya iroy. An Fransya diri naayon hin langyaw nga hadi, hi Philip VI han Fransya nagyakan nga hiya dapat an maging hadi kay it babaye diri puydi makapagpamana hin katungod maghadi nga ighahatag ha ira mga anak. An duha nga nasod nag-away tungod ini nga diri pagkaarasya. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|last=Backman|first=Clifford R|title=The Worlds of Medieval Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsofmedieval00back|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York| date = 2003|isbn=0-1953-3527-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Bartlett|first=Robert|title=England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075 -1225|url=https://archive.org/details/englandundernorm00bart_0| date = 2000|editor=J.M.Roberts|publisher=OUP|location=London|isbn=978-0-19-925101-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Brissaud|first=Jean|editor-last=Garner|editor-first=James W. Tr|title=History of French Public Law|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffrenchp00bris_0|series=The Continental Legal History series. 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Vol 1.|others=F. G. Richmond Translator| publisher=Macmilan Company|location =New York| date = 1930|url= http://www.questia.com/read/98573239}} * {{Cite book|last=Harris|first=Robin|title=Studies in History 71: Valois Guyenne|url=https://archive.org/details/valoisguyennestu0000harr|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge, Surrey| date = 1994|isbn=0-86193-226-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Hattendorf|editor1-first=John B|editor2-last=Unger|editor2-first=Richard W|title=War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance|publisher=The Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge| date = 2003|isbn=0-85115-903-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first1=Urban T|last1=Holmes, Jr|first2= Alexander H|last2= Schutz|title= A History of the French Language, Revised ed|location=Columbus, OH|publisher= Harold L. Hedrick|url=http://www.questia.com/read/82238646| date = 1948 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite paper|last=Jones|first=Robert|title= Re-thinking the origins of the Irish Hobelar|publisher=Cardiff School of History and Archaeology|location=Cardiff|url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/share/resources/CHP%202008.1%20Jones.pdf| date = 2008|accessdate=8 Abril 2013|ref=harv}} * Lambert, Craig L. "Edward III’s siege of Calais: A reappraisal," ''Journal of Medieval History'' (2011) 37#3 pp 231–342 * {{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Cristopher|title=This Sceptred Isle:55BC-1901|url=https://archive.org/details/thissceptredisle0000leec|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=0-140-26133-8|location=London| date = 1998 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Emmanuel Le Roy|last= Ladurie|others=Alan Sheridan Translator|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VT9rIMQFt2MC&pg=PA32&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false|title= The French peasantry, 1450–1660|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and LA| date = 1987|isbn= 0-520-05523-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Lowe|first=Ben|title=Imagining Peace: History of Early English Pacifist Ideas |url=https://archive.org/details/imaginingpeacehi0000lowe|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|location=University Park PA| date = 1997|isbn=0271016892 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Ian|last=Mortimer|title=The Fears of Henry IV: the Life of England's Self-Made King|url=https://archive.org/details/fearsofhenryivli0000mort|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-844-13529-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first=Robin|last= Neillands|title=The Hundred Years War, Revised ed.|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0000neil|location=London|publisher= Routledge| date = 1990|isbn= 0-415-26131-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Nicolle|first=David|title=The Fall of English France 1449–53|publisher=Osprey Publishing|location=Colchester, Essex| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-84908-616-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Ormrod|first=W Mark|title=Edward III|publisher=Yale University Press|location=London| date = 2001|isbn=978-0-30-011910-7 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Le Patourel|first=John|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Michael|title=Feudal Empires:Norman and Plantagenet|publisher=Hambledon Continuum| date = 1984|location=London|isbn=0-907628-22-2|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aGlLTOOeBG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=treaty+of+br%C3%A9tigny&source=bl&ots=gT0ExAQS42&sig=EnglcrqXyhO7etEuonGwmC8D9gQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HyNiUP6vOqWr0QWfvYCQAw&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=paris&f=false|accessdate=26 Septyembre 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Powicke|first=Michael|title=Military Obligation in Medieval England|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_O8-BHZ-162|publisher=OUP|location=Oxford| date = 1962|isbn=0-198-20695-X|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Preston|first1=Richard|first2=Sydney F. |last2=Wise |first3=Herman O. |last3=Werner|title= Men in arms: a history of warfare and its interrelationships with Western society. 5th Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/meninarmshistory0000pres_x3u4| date = 1991|location=Beverley MA|publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc|isbn=0-03-033428-4 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=English Monarchs: Edward I|authorlink=Michael Prestwich|publisher=University of California|location=Berkeley and LA| date = 1988|isbn=0-520-06266-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=The Three Edwards: War and State in England 1272–1377|url=https://archive.org/details/threeedwardswars0000pres_g5j1|publisher=Routledge|location=London| date = 2003|isbn=0-203-60713-9|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Prestwich|first=Michael|title=Plantagenet England|url=https://archive.org/details/plantagenetengla00pres_0|editor=J.M.Roberts|publisher=OUP|location=Oxford| date = 2005|isbn=978-0-19-922687-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Previte-Orton|first=C.W|title=The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge| date = 1978|isbn=0-521-20963-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Rogers|editor-first=Clifford J|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Vol. 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford| date = 2010|isbn=978-0-19-533403-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Sumption|first=Jonathan|title=The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle|url=https://archive.org/details/hundredyearswar0002sump|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location = Philadelphia| date = 1991|isbn=0-8122-1655-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Turchin|first=Peter|title=Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall|publisher= Princeton University| date = 2003|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-11669-5 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Vauchéz|editor-first=Andre|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle ages. Volume 1|publisher=James Clark|location=Cambridge| date = 2000|isbn=1-57958-282-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=de Venette|first=Jean|editor1-last=Newall|editor1-first=Richard A|title=The Chronicle of Jean de Venette. Translated by Jean Birdsall|publisher=Columbia University Press| date = 1953|location=New York |ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Wagner|first=John A|title=Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport CT| date = 2006|isbn=0-313-32736-X |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book|first= Bruce|last= Webster|title= The Wars of the Roses|url= https://archive.org/details/warsofroses0000webs|publisher= UCL Press|location=London| date = 1998|isbn=1-85728-493-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=Derek|title=The Plantagenets. The Kings that made Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/plantagenetsking0000wils|publisher=Quercus|location=London| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-85738-004-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Hundred Years' War}} * [http://www.lebrelblanco.com/15.htm The Hundred Years War and the History of Navarre] * [http://www.maisonstclaire.org/timeline/timeline.html Timeline of the Hundred Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190111/http://www.maisonstclaire.org/timeline/timeline.html |date=2013-09-27 }} * [http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/hundred_years_war.html The Hundred Years' War (1336–1565) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson], University of Kansas Emeritus * [http://www.hyw.com The Hundred Years' War information and game] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020913074800/http%3A//www.hyw.com/ |date=2002-09-13 }} * [http://www.yecompaynyeofcheualrye.com/ The Company Of Chivalry: Re-enactment Society at the time of the 100 Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828202302/http://www.yecompaynyeofcheualrye.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }} * Jean Froissart, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html "On The Hundred Years War (1337–1453)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804224552/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/froissart1.html |date=2011-08-04 }} from the [[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]] * [http://www.medievalsoldier.org/index.php Online database of Soldiers serving in the Hundred Years War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218112948/http://www.medievalsoldier.org/index.php |date=2015-02-18 }} 10k7ludnjxrznvat4vf58zv4nio6712 0 17517 7783098 7782369 2026-05-06T22:02:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox former country | conventional_long_name = Mongol Empire | native_name = ''Ikh Mongol Uls'' | common_name = Mongolian Empires | continent=Eurasia |country=Great Eurasian Steppe, modern Mongolia |status=Empire | image_flag = <!--Discuss on the talk page before adding a flag image. This article cannot use fictional or anachronistic flags, and any addition must be well-cited by verifiable third-party reliable sources.--> | flag = | flag_type = | image_map = Mongol Empire map 2.gif | caption = Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294. | capital = {{unbulleted list |class=nowrap | {{smaller|1206–35{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Avarga]] | {{smaller|1235–60{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Karakorum]]&thinsp;<ref group="note">Founded in 1220 and served as capital from 1235 to 1260.</ref> | ''{{resize|75%|1260–1368{{nbsp|2}}}}{{smaller|[[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]}}''&thinsp;{{lower|0.2em|<ref group="note">Following the death of [[Möngke Khan]] in 1259, no one city served as capital. Dadu (Khanbaliq), modern-day [[Beijing]], was the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] capital between 1271 and 1368.</ref>}} }} | common_languages = {{hlist |[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] |[[Chinese language|Chinese]] |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] |[[Iranian languages|Iranian]]}} | religion = {{hlist |[[Tengrism]] |[[Buddhism]] |<br/>[[Islam]] |[[Christianity]]}} | government_type = [[Elective monarchy]] | title_leader = [[Great Khan]] | year_leader1=1206–1227 |leader1=Genghis Khan | year_leader2=1229–1241 |leader2=Ögedei Khan | year_leader3=1246–1248 |leader3=Güyük Khan | year_leader4=1251–1259 |leader4=Möngke Khan | year_leader5=1260–1294 |leader5=Kublai Khan | year_leader6=1333–1370 |leader6=[[Toghan Temür|Toghan Temür Khan]] | legislature = ''[[Kurultai]]'' | event_start={{nowrap|[[Genghis Khan]] proclaims<br/>the "Great Mongolian State"}} |year_start=1206 | event1=Death of Genghis Khan |date_event1=1227 | event2=''[[Pax Mongolica]]'' |date_event2=1210–1350 | event3=Empire fragments |date_event3=1260–1264 | event_end=Fall of [[Yuan dynasty]] |year_end=1368 | event_post={{nowrap|Collapse of the<br/>[[Chagatai Khanate]]}} |date_post=1687 |stat_area1 = 33000000 |stat_year1 = 1279 | currency = Various&thinsp;<ref group="note">Including coins such as [[dirham]]s and paper currencies based on silver (''[[sukhe]]'') or silk, or the later [[Chao (currency)|Chao]] currency of the [[Yuan dynasty]].</ref> | p1=Khamag Mongol |flag_p1=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p2=Tatar confederation |flag_p2=Asia 1200ad.jpg | p3=Khwarazmian Empire{{!}}{{nowrap|Khwarazmian Empire}} |flag_p3=Khwarezmian Empire 1190 - 1220 (AD).PNG | p4=Kara-Khitan Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Kara-Khitan Khanate}} |flag_p4=KaraKhitaiAD1200.png | p5=Jīn Dynasty |flag_p5=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p6=Song Dynasty |flag_p6=Sung Dynasty 1141.png | p7=Western Xia |flag_p7=Song-Liao-Xixia-1111.png | p8=Abbasid Caliphate |flag_p8=Abbasids850.png | p9=Nizari Ismaili state |flag_p9=Alamut.png | p10=Kievan Rus' |flag_p10=Kievan-rus-1015-1113-(en).png | p11=Volga Bulgaria |flag_p11=VolgaBulgaria1200.png | p12=Cumania |flag_p12=State of Cuman-Kipchak (13.) tr.png | p13=Alania |flag_p13= | p14=Kingdom of Dali |flag_p14=Map of China 1142.jpg | p15=Kimek Khanate |flag_p15=Қимақтар.png | p16=Sultanate of Rum |flag_p16=Flag of Sultanate of Rum.svg | s1=Chagatai Khanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Chagatai Khanate}} |flag_s1=ChagataiKhanate1300.png | s2=Golden Horde |flag_s2=GoldenHorde1300.png | s3=Ilkhanate |flag_s3=Ilkhanate in 1256–1353.PNG | s4=Yuan Dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Yuan Dynasty}} |flag_s4=Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png | s5=Mongolian Khaganate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mongolian Khaganate}} |flag_s5=Mongolia_XVI.png | s6=Timurid dynasty{{!}}{{nowrap|Timurid dynasty}} |flag_s6=TimuridEmpire1400.png | s7=Anatolian Beyliks{{!}}{{nowrap|Anatolian Beyliks}} |flag_s7= | s8=Mamluk Sultanate{{!}}{{nowrap|Mamluk Sultanate}} |flag_s8= | s9=Grand Duchy of Lithuania{{!}}{{nowrap|Grand Duchy of Lithuania}} |flag_s9=Alex_K_Grundwald_flags_1410-03.svg | s10=Kingdom of Poland (1025-1385){{!}}{{nowrap|Kingdom of Poland}} |flag_s10=Alex_K_Kingdom_of_Poland-flag.svg | today = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title=40 countries |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{flag|Armenia}} |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{flag|Belarus}} |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{flag|Bulgaria}} |{{flag|China}} |{{flag|Croatia}} |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{flag|Georgia}} |{{flag|Hong Kong}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{flag|India}} |{{flag|Iran}} |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{flag|Kazakhstan}} |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{flag|Laos}} |{{flag|Lithuania}} |{{flag|Macau}} ([[Special administrative region]] of [[China]]) |{{flag|Moldova}} |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{flag|North Korea}} |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{flag|Poland}} |{{flag|Romania}} |{{flag|Russia}} |{{flag|Serbia}} |{{flag|Slovenia}} |{{flag|South Korea}} |{{flag|Syria}} |{{flag|Tajikistan}} |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{flag|Uzbekistan}} }} |{{flag|Vietnam}} }} An '''Imperyo Mongol''' amo an imperyo ha ika 13 ngan ika 14 siglo nga it teritoryo naunat tikang ha Asya pakadto ha Sidlangan Europa. Amo ini an gidadakoi nga sunodsunod nga imperyo ha kaagi han kalibutan; nga nagtikang ha pagtarampo han mga tribo Mongol ngan Turkiya ha kabag-ohan nga Mongolia, nga dumako tungod hin mga pagsakop, kahuman hi [[Genghis Khan]] natawag nga tagapamuno han tanan nga Mongo ha 1206. Ha gihahataasi nga ginabut han mga Mongol, naunat ini tikang ha Danube ngado ha Dagat han Hapoon ngan tikang ha Artiko pakadto ha Camboja, nga ha tanan mayda 33.0 ka ribo o milyones km² (ha 1279), katlima (1/5) han tuna han Kalibutan, nga nasakop han 100 ka ribo adto nga panahon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} === Mga pagkukuhaan === * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Mongol Imperialism: The Policies of the Grand Qan Möngke in China, Russia, and the Islamic Lands, 1251-1259 |isbn=978-0520055278| date = 1987|publisher=University of California Press}} * {{Cite book |author=Allsen, Thomas T.|title=Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia| date = 2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60270-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Amitai-Preiss, Reuven|title=Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolsmamluksma0000amit| date = 1995|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-46226-6}} * {{Cite book |author=Atwood, Christopher P.|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo| date = 2004|location=New York, USA|publisher=Facts on File, Inc.|isbn=0-8160-4671-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Barfield, Thomas Jefferson| date = 1992|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-1-55786-324-9|title=The perilous frontier: nomadic empires and China}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0318-1|last=Burgan|first=Michael|title=Empire of the Mongols|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofmongols0000burg_h9c4| date = 2005|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Diamond, Jared |authorlink=Jared Diamond| date = 1997|title=Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies |url=https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa0000diam |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co.|location=New York, USA|isbn=978-0393317558}} * {{Cite book |author=Finlay, Robert|title=The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimartcultur0000finl|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, California, USA| date = 2010|isbn=978-0-520-24468-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Foltz, Richard C.|authorlink=Richard Foltz |title=Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/religionsofsilkr0000rich|location=New York, USA|publisher=St. Martin's Press| date = 1999|isbn=0-312-23338-8}} * {{Cite book |author=Franke, Herbert|editors=Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John King|title=Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368|volume=6|work=The Cambridge History of China|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA| date = 1994 |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Grousset, Rene|authorlink=René Grousset|title=The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (translated from French by Naomi Walford).|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA |publisher=Rutgers University Press| date = 1970}} * {{Cite book |author=Halperin, Charles J.|title=Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History|url=https://archive.org/details/russiagoldenhord0000halp|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 1985|isbn=0-253-20445-3|location=Bloomington, Indiana, USA}} * {{Cite book|author=Howorth, Henry H.|title=History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part I: The Mongols Proper and the Kalmuks|location=New York, USA|publisher=Burt Frankin| date = 1965 (reprint of London edition, 1876)}} * {{Cite book |author=Hull, Mary.|title=The Mongol Empire (World History Series)|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolempire00hull| date = 1997|publisher=Greenhaven Press|ISBN=978-1560063124}} * {{Cite journal |author=Jackson, Peter|title=The dissolution of the Mongol Empire|journal=[[Central Asiatic Journal]]|volume=XXXII| date = 1978|pages=208–351}} * {{Cite book |last=Jackson| first=Peter |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History| date = 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK; New York, USA|isbn=0-521-54329-0}} * {{Cite book |author=Jackson, Peter |authorlink=Peter Jackson (historian)|location=Harlow, UK; New York, USA |title=The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410|url=https://archive.org/details/mongolswest122110000jack | date = 2005|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-0-582-36896-5}} * {{Cite book |author=Lane, George|title=Daily life in the Mongol empire|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinmongo0000lane| date = 2006|isbn=978-0-313-33226-5|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Genghis Khan: Life, death and resurrection |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanlifed0000manj_u0e8|isbn=978-0-312-36624-7| date = 2004|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Man, John|title=Kublai Khan: from Xanadu to superpower|url=https://archive.org/details/kublaikhanfromxa0000manj|publisher=Bantam Books| date = 2007 |isbn=978-0-553-81718-8}} * {{Cite journal |author=Morgan, David|authorlink=David Morgan (historian)|title=The Mongols and the Eastern Mediterranean: Latins and Greeks in the Eastern Mediterranean after 1204|editors=Arbel, B.; et al. |journal=[[Mediterranean Historical Review]]|volume=4|issue=1|date= Hunyo 1989 |page=204 |doi=10.1080/09518968908569567|issn=0951-8967|publisher=Routledge|location=Tel Aviv, Illinois, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Morgan, David|title=The Mongols|edition=2nd| date = 2007|publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, Massachusetts, USA; Oxford, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-1-4051-3539-9}} * {{Cite book |author=Prawdin, Michael (pseudonym for Charol, Michael)|authorlink=Michael Prawdin|date=1940/1961|publisher=Collier-Macmillan Canada|title=Mongol Empire |isbn=1-4128-0519-8|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Ratchnevsky, Paul|editor=Haining, Thomas Nivison (translator)|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell| date = 1993|isbn=978-0631189497|title=Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy|url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhan00paul}} * {{Cite book |author=Rossabi, Morris|title=China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|publisher=University of California Press| date = 1983|isbn=0-520-04383-9|location=Berkeley, California, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6191-6|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia| date = 2010|location=Lanham, Maryland, USA}} * {{Cite book |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7|last=Saunders|first=John Joseph|title=The history of the Mongol conquests| date = 2001|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA}} * {{Cite book |author=Rybatzki, Volker|title=The Early Mongols: Language, Culture and History|isbn=978-0933070578| date = 2009|publisher=Indiana University}} * {{Cite book |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-84383-596-7 |editors=Rogers, Clifford J.; [[Kelly DeVries|DeVries, Kelly]]; France, John |title=[[Journal of Medieval Military History]]|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK |volume=8 |date= Nobyembre 2010|chapter=Numbers in Mongol Warfare|author=Sverdrup, Carl |chapter-url = http://books.google.com/?id=4jHEwSc2gEMC&pg=PA109&dq=devries+mongols#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book |author=Vladimortsov, Boris|title=The Life of Chingis Khan|publisher=B. Blom| date = 1969}} * {{Cite book |author=Weatherford, Jack| date = 2004 |title=Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/genghiskhanmaki00jack|location=New York, USA |publisher=Three Rivers Press |isbn=0-609-80964-4}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Brent, Peter. ''The Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan: His Triumph and his Legacy''. Book Club Associates, London. 1976. * {{Cite book|last1=Buell|given1=Paul D.| date = 2003|title=Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire|publisher=The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|isbn=0-8108-4571-7}} * May, Timothy. "The Mongol Art of War." Westholme Publishing, Yardley. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59416-046-2 / ISBN 1-59416-046-5 * May, Timothy. ''The Mongol Conquests in World History'' (Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2012) 319 pages * Rossabi, Morris. ''The Mongols: A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0199840892 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Mongol Empire}} * [http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h11mon.htm Genghis Khan and the Mongols] * [http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire The Mongol Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905104711/http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=The_Mongol_Empire |date=2012-09-05 }} * [http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html Mongols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509082004/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/intro.html |date= 9 Mayo 2005 }} * [http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/mongols/ The Mongols in World History] * [http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm The Mongol Empire for students] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012315/http://elibrary.sd71.bc.ca/subject_resources/socials/mogolempire.htm |date= 27 Nobyembre 2020 }} * [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm Paradoxplace Insight Pages on the Mongol Emperors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915123046/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Civilizations/Mongols/Mongols.htm |date= 15 Septyembre 2017 }} * [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html William of Rubruck's Account of the Mongols] * [http://steppes.proboards23.com/index.cgi?board=board18&action=print&thread=1167258099 Mongol invasion of Rus (pictures)] * [http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#Mongol Worldwide Death Toll] * [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=758258 Mongol Empire Google Earth]{{Dead link|date= Agosto 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} 13vn5dkto71d7nib0uyzy7nhoac5b3h 0 17530 7783045 7782407 2026-05-06T21:14:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|thumb]] An '''Rebolusyon Industiyal''' amo an panahon ha urhi ika 18 siglo ngadto ha unhan ika 19 siglo nga dagko nga pagbag-o an nanhitabo ha [[pag-uma]], [[paghimo hin produkto]], pagmina, ngan mga sarakyan nga dako an epekto ha socioekonomiya ngan kultura nga kabutangan ha Britanya. An mga pagbag-o nagkalat didto ha [[Europa]], [[Amihanan nga Amerika]], ngan ha uruurhi, ha kabug-usan han kalibutan. ==Mga reperensya== ===Bibliograpiya=== *{{Cite journal |last=Ashton |first=Thomas S. |authorlink=T. S. Ashton |title=The Industrial Revolution (1760–1830) |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1948 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=77198082 |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{Cite book |editor-last=Berlanstein |editor-first=Lenard R. |title=The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London and New York |year=1992 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 |postscript= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090606062924/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107622068 |date=2009-06-06 }} *{{Cite journal |first=J. H. |last=Clapham |title=An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820–1850 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1926 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=83597738 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Clapham, J. H. ''The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914'' (1936) *{{Cite book |last=Clark|first=Gregory |title=A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/farewelltoalmsbr00clar|publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2007 |isbn=0-691-12135-4 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |first=M. J. |last=Daunton |title=Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1700–1850 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1995 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100599398 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Dunham |first=Arthur Louis |title=The Industrial Revolution in France, 1815–1848 |publisher=Exposition Press |publication-place=New York |year=1955 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14880719 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} *{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00295_21.x |title=Farm to factory: a reinterpretation of the Soviet industrial revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_economic-history-review_2004-11_57_4/page/794 |year=2004 |author=Gatrell, Peter |journal=The Economic History Review |volume=57 |page=794 |issue=4 }} *{{cite book |last=Griffin |first=Emma |title=Short History of the British Industrial Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofbr0000grif |year=2010 |publisher=Palgrave }} * Haber, Ludwig. ''The Chemical Industry During the Nineteenth Century: A Study of the Economic Aspect of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America'' (1958); ''The Chemical Industry: 1900–1930: International Growth and Technological Change'' (1971) *{{Cite journal |first=Margaret C.|last=Jacob |title=Scientific Culture and the Making of the Industrial West |url=https://archive.org/details/scientificcultur0000jaco|publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-place=Oxford, UK |year=1997 |postscript= }} * {{cite book |last=Kindleberger |first=Charles Poor |title=A Financial History of Western Europe |url=http://books.google.com/?id=PFgIE7_eYwwC |publisher=Oxford University Press US |year=1993 |isbn=0-19-507738-5 | ref=harv}} *{{Cite journal |first=Herbert |last=Kisch |title=From Domestic Manufacture to Industrial Revolution The Case of the Rhineland Textile Districts |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=78932320 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Kornblith, Gary. ''The Industrial Revolution in America'' (1997) *{{cite book |title=The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present |last=Landes |first= David S. |authorlink= David Landes |year= 1969 |publisher =Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |location= Cambridge, New York |isbn= 0-521-09418-6 |pages= | postscript = <!--None--> | ref=harv}} * McNeil, Ian, ed. ''An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology'' (1996), 1063pp [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Technology-Routledge-Companion-Encyclopedias/dp/0415147921/ excerpt and text search] *{{Cite journal |first=Angus|last=Maddison |authorlink=Angus Maddison |title=The World Economy: Historical Statistics |url=https://archive.org/details/worldeconomyhist0000madd|publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) |publication-place=Paris |year=2003 |postscript= }} *{{cite web |first=Paul |last=Mantoux |authorlink=Paul Mantoux |title=The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century |origyear=1928 |year=1961 |edition=First English translation 1928 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2009-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414155421/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22792856 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |first=Constance |last=McLaughlin Green |title=''Holyoke, Massachusetts: A Case History of the Industrial Revolution in America |publisher=Yale University Press |publication-place=New Haven, CT |year=1939 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8893044 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210135307/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o |url-status= }} * Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. ''The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850-1914'' (1977) * Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. ''The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780-1870'' (1973) *{{cite web |last=Mokyr |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Mokyr |title=The British Industrial Revolution: An Economic Perspective |year=1999 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2009-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526200327/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98674232 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=More |first=Charles |title=Understanding the Industrial Revolution |publisher=Routledge |publication-place=London |year=2000 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814041034/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102816164 |url-status= }} * Olson, James S. ''Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in America'' (2001) *{{Cite journal |first=Sidney |last=Pollard |title=Peaceful Conquest: The Industrialization of Europe, 1760–1970 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094623/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=23488627 |url-status= }} * Rider, Christine, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920'' (2 vol. 2007) *{{Roe1916}} *{{Cite journal |authorlink=Neil Smelser |last=Smelser|first=Neil J. |title=Social Change in the Industrial Revolution: An Application of Theory to the British Cotton Industry |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1959 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=55370383 |postscript= }} * Staley, David J. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the History of Invention and Technology'' (3 vol 2011), 2000pp *{{Cite journal |last=Stearns |first=Peter N. |title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Westview Press |year=1998 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413094115/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6967400 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |first=Vaclav |last=Smil |title=Energy in World History |publisher=Westview Press |year=1994 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718112416/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=94468450 |url-status= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Snooks|first=G.D. |title=Was the Industrial Revolution Necessary? |publication-place=London |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Szostak |first=Rick |title=The Role of Transportation in the Industrial Revolution: A Comparison of England and France |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |publication-place=Montreal |year=1991 |url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 |postscript= |access-date=2015-01-22 |archive-date=2007-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718105023/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101607770 |url-status= }} * {{cite book |last=Timbs |first=John |title=Stories of Inventors and Discoverers in Science and the Useful Arts: A Book for Old and Young |url=https://archive.org/details/storiesinventor00timbgoog |year=1860 |publisher=Harper & Brothers | ref = harv}} *{{Cite book |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold |authorlink=Arnold Toynbee |title=Lectures on the Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century in England |url=http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |year=1884 |isbn=1-4191-2952-X |postscript= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182004/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/toynbee/indrev |date=2016-03-03 }} *{{Cite journal |last=Uglow|first=Jenny |authorlink=Jenny Uglow |title=The Lunar Men: The Friends who made the Future 1730–1810 |url=https://archive.org/details/lunarmenfriendsw0000uglo|publisher=Faber and Faber |publication-place=London |year=2002 |postscript= }} *{{Cite journal |last=Usher|first=Abbott Payson |title=An Introduction to the Industrial History of England |year=1920 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |url=http://books.google.com/?id=WiQEAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1- |postscript= }} ===Historiography=== * Chambliss, William J. (editor), ''Problems of Industrial Society'', Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, December 1973. ISBN 978-0-201-00958-3 *Hawke, Gary. "Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution" in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault, eds. ''The Industrial Revolution and British Society'' (1993) pp 54–78 *{{cite journal |title=Review of The Cambridge Economic History of Britain (edited by Roderick Floud and Paul Johnson) |year=2004 |url=http://deirdremccloskey.org/articles/floud.php |author=McCloskey, Deirdre |journal=Times Higher Education Supplement |volume=15 (January) }} ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Industrial revolution}} {{wikiquote}} {{Wikiversity|at-link=How_things_work_college_course/Industrial_Revolution_quiz|at=the Industrial Revolution (Quiz)}} *{{dmoz|Society/History/By_Time_Period/Eighteenth_Century/Industrial_Revolution/}} *[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Industrial Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831051624/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/modsbook14.html |date=2009-08-31 }} *[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/scottishhistory/enlightenment/features_enlightenment_industry.shtml BBC History Home Page: Industrial Revolution] *[http://www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk/ National Museum of Science and Industry website: machines and personalities] *[http://www.galbithink.org/fw.htm Factory Workers in the Industrial Revolution] *[http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm Revolutionary Players website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308154827/http://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/home.stm |date=2006-03-08 }} *[http://www.history.com/topics/industrial-revolution The Industrial Revolution]—Articles, Video, Pictures, and Facts *[http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html ''Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living''] by Clark Nardinelli – the debate over whether standards of living rose or fell. *[http://www.dingdongcounthouse.org.uk The History of the Count House of Ding Dong Mine, Cornwall where Richard Trevithick carried out his first experiments with high pressure steam] *[http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 "The Day the World Took Off" Six part video series from the University of Cambridge tracing the question "Why did the Industrial Revolution begin when and where it did."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118112031/http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270 |date=2013-01-18 }} 0u344xnstfl3tdz3tmvhrios15j4ze4 0 17562 7783062 7782395 2026-05-06T21:30:25Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783062 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg|frameless|upright|right]] [[File:Femen 1.jpg|frameless|upright|right]] [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|frameless|upright|right]] An '''peminismo''' amo an usa ka guis politikal nga may panuyuan ha paghatag hin patas nga mga katungod ngan balaodnon nga proteksyon para ha kababayen-an. Upod ini han durudilain nga pagkiwa, teyorya, ngan mga pilosopiya, ngatanan may kalabotan han mga isyu han pagkakaiba han kalalakin-an ha kababayen-an; ngan pagduso han pagkapatas han kababayen-an; ngan pagkampanya para ha katungod ngan interes han kababayenhan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{cite book | last = Assiter | first = Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter | title = Pornography, feminism, and the individual | url = https://archive.org/details/pornographyfemin0000assi | publisher = Pluto Press | location = London Winchester, Mass | date = 1989 | isbn = 9780745303192 }} * {{cite book |last=DuBois |first=Ellen Carol |title=Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage |url=https://archive.org/details/harriotstantonbl0000dubo | date = 1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn. |isbn=0-300-06562-0}} * {{cite book |last=Flexner |first=Eleanor |title=Century of Struggle: The Woman's Rights Movement in the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/century_fle_1996_00_7206 |publisher=The Belknap Press | date = 1996 |isbn=978-0-674-10653-6}} * {{cite book |authorlink=Robin Truth Goodman |last=Goodman |first=Robin Truth |title=Feminist Theory in Pursuit of the Public: Women and the 'Re-Privatization' of Labor |url=https://archive.org/details/feministtheoryin0000good |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2010}} * Hewlett, Sylvia Ann (1986). ''A Lesser Life: the Myth of Women's Liberation in America''. First ed. New York: W. Morrow and Co. ISBN 0-688-04855-2 * Lyndon, Neil (1992). ''No More Sex Wars: the Failures of Feminism''. London: Mandarin, 1993, cop. 1992. ISBN 0-7493-1565-2 * {{cite journal |doi=10.1353/jowh.2004.0036 |title='In Labor Alone is Happiness': Women's Work, Social Work, and Feminist Reform Endeavors in Wilhelmine Germany—A Transatlantic Perspective |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-womens-history_2004_16_4/page/127 | date = 2004 |last1=Schroder |first1=Iris |last2=Schuler |first2=Anja |journal=Journal of Women's History |volume=16 |pages=127–47}} * Richard, Janet Radcliffe (1980). ''The Sceptical Feminist: a Philosophical Enquiry'', in series, ''Pelican Books''. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books, 1982, cop. 1980. Without ISBN * {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/09699089800200034 |title=The archigenderic territories: Mansfield park and a handful of dust | date = 1998 |last1=Mathur |first1=Piyush |journal=Women's Writing |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=71–81}} * Mitchell, Brian (1998). ''Women in the Military: Flirting with Disaster''. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. xvii, 390 p.&nbsp;0-89526-376-9 * {{cite book |last=Stansell |first=Christine |title=The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/feministpromise10000stan | date = 2010 |isbn= 978-0-679-64314-2 }} * Steichen, Donna (1991). ''Ungodly Rage: the Hidden Face of Catholic Feminism''. San Francisco, Calif.: Ignatius Press. ISBN 0-89870-348-4 * {{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Doris |last2=O'Hare |first2=Carol |title=Jailed for Freedom: American Women Win the Vote |url=https://archive.org/details/jailedforfreedom00stev | date = 1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-25-2}} * {{cite book |last=Wheeler |first=Marjorie W. |title=One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/onewomanonevoter00spru | date = 1995 |publisher=NewSage Press |location=Troutdale, OR |isbn=0-939165-26-0}} * {{cite web |title=Interface volume 3 issue 2: Feminism, women's movements and women in movement |url=http://www.interfacejournal.net/2011/12/interface-volume-3-issue-2-feminism-womens-movements-and-women-in-movement/ |date=13 Disyembre 2011}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary|feminism|feminist}} {{Wikiversity|Women's Studies}} {{Commons|Feminism}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes |lcheading=Feminism}} === Mga artikulo === * {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=Feminism |short=x}} * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Feminism |short=x}} === Mga listahan=== * [http://www.feminist.com/resources/links/ Feminist.com directory] * [http://www.feministvoices.com/ Psychology's Feminist Voices] * [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-topics/ ''Topics in Feminism''], at the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] === Tools === * [http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php Feminist Perspectives Scale] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828032933/http://personality-testing.info/tests/FPS.php |date=2016-08-28 }} from [http://pwq.sagepub.com/content/22/3/317.full.pdf Henley, Meng, O'Brien, McCarthy, and Sockloskie (1998).]{{Dead link|date=May 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} === Multimedia ngan mga dokumento === * {{In Our Time|Feminism|p00545b0|Feminism}} * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 ''Early Video on the Emancipation of Women''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125151820/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=78523 |date=2011-11-25 }}, documentary filmed ca. 1930, which includes footage from the 1890s * [http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010135158/http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/wlm/ |date=2011-10-10 }}, Special Collections Library, Duke University 51zsevntm2pikumxez1rfoc953x7z35 0 17579 7783099 7648982 2026-05-06T22:02:45Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:A small cup of coffee.JPG|thumb]] An '''kape''' usa nga irimnom nga tikang ha liso han tanom nga kape. ==Kitaa Gihapon== * [[Seminte]] * [[Matte]] ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book |last=Allen |first=Stewart Lee |title=The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History |url=https://archive.org/details/devilscupcoffeed0000alle |publisher=[[Random House]] | date = 1999 |location=Soho |isbn=1-56947-174-6 |ref=CITEREFAllen1999}} * {{Cite book |last=Bersten |first=Ian |title=Coffee, Sex & Health: A History of Anti-coffee Crusaders and Sexual Hysteria |url=https://archive.org/details/coffeesexhealthh0000unse |publisher=Helian Books | date = 1999 |location=Sydney |isbn=0-9577581-0-3 |ref=CITEREFBersten1999}} * {{Cite book | date = 1987 |title=Coffee |editor1-last=Clarke |editor1-first=Ronald James |editor2-last=Macrae |editor2-first=R |publisher=Elsevier Applied Science |location=Barking, Essex |volume=2: Technology |isbn=1-85166-034-8 |ref=CM}} * {{Cite book |title=Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage |url=https://archive.org/details/coffeebotanybioc0000mncl |editor1-last=Clifford |editor1-first=M. N. |editor2-last=Wilson |editor2-first=K. C. |publisher=AVI Publishing |location=Westport, Connecticut | date = 1985 |isbn=0-7099-0787-7 |ref=CW}} * {{Cite book |title=Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology |first1=Sally |last1=Ganchy |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group | date = 2009 |isbn=1-4358-5066-1}} <!-- also isbn=978-1-4358-5066-8 --> * Hünersdorff, Richard von & Hasenkamp, Holger G. (2002) ''Coffee: a bibliography : a guide to the literature on coffee'' London: Hünersdorff * {{Cite book |last=Jacob |first=Heinrich Eduard |title=Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity |url=http://books.google.com/?id=bdxpPwAACAAJ |publisher=Burford Books | date = 1998 |location=Short Hills, N.J. |isbn=978-1-58080-070-9 |ref=CITEREFJacob1998}} * {{Cite book |last=Kummer |first=Corby |date=19 Agosto 2003 |title=The Joy of Coffee: The Essential guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying |url=http://books.google.com/?id=qNLrJqgfg7wC |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |location=Boston |isbn=0-618-30240-9 |ref=CITEREFKummer2003}} * Luttinger, Nina and Dicum, Gregory. ''The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry from Crop to the Last Drop''(Bazaar Book, 2006) * {{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words: A Country-by-country Tour of Words that have Shaped our Language |first=Allan A |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin | date = 1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=4O0W5XyQVCYC&pg=PA123}} * {{Cite book |last=Pendergrast |first=Mark |title=Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World |publisher=Texere |location=London | date = 2001 |origyear=1999 |isbn=1-58799-088-1 |ref=CITEREFPendergrast2001}} * Rao, Scott. ''The Professional Barista's Handbook''. * {{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/1358863X13480258 |title=Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function: The Ikaria Study | date = 2013 |last1=Siasos |first1=G. |last2=Oikonomou |first2=E. |last3=Chrysohoou |first3=C. |last4=Tousoulis |first4=D. |last5=Panagiotakos |first5=D. |last6=Zaromitidou |first6=M. |last7=Zisimos |first7=K. |last8=Kokkou |first8=E. |last9=Marinos |first9=G. |last10=Papavassiliou |first10=A. G. |last11=Pitsavos |first11=C. |last12=Stefanadis |first12=C. |journal=Vascular Medicine |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=55–62 |pmid=23509088}} * {{Cite journal |author=Siasos G, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C |title=Effects of habitual coffee consumption on vascular function |journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=606–607 | date= Pebrero 2014 |pmid=24184234 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1642|last2=Tousoulis |last3=Stefanadis }} * {{Cite book| title=Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee |first=Ricardo M |last=Souza |publisher=シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社 | date = 2008 |isbn=978-1-4020-8719-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wsX5i56JXI0C |ref=CITEREFSouza2008}} * {{Cite book |last1=Weinberg |first1=Bennett Alan |last2=Bealer |first2=Bonnie K |title=The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug | date = 2001 |isbn=0-415-92722-6 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qyz5CnOaH9oC&pg=PA3 |ref=CITEREFWeinbergBealer2001}} * Weissman, Michaele. ''God in a Cup: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Coffee'' ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons}} {{wiktionary}} * {{Cite web | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/on-one-greek-island-a-caffeinated-secret-to-long-life.html | title=The Secret May Be in the Coffee | first=Sindya N. | last=Bhanoo | date= 25 Marso 2013 | publisher=[[New York Times]] | accessdate=4 Disyembre 2013}} * {{Cite web|last=Osterweil|first=Neil|title=Coffee and Your Health|url=http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/features/coffee-new-health-food|work=WebMD |accessdate=24 Nobyembre 2010}} * Benjamin Joffe-Walt and Oliver Burkeman, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 16 Septyembre 2005, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/food/Story/0,2763,1571608,00.html "Coffee trail"]—from the Ethiopian village of Choche to a London coffee shop. {{Coffee-stub}} 03niv94vja7h29slxfk5lbztsp067ek 0 17595 7783085 7782293 2026-05-06T21:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783085 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Rebolusyon ha Kultura''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution''; Yinano nga Tsinino: 无产阶级文化大革命, Nahigaraan nga Tsinino: 無產階級文化大革命; pinyin: Wúchǎn Jiējí Wénhuà Dà Gémìng) in usa ka pultikal nga kampanya ha Tsina nga ginpatikangan han pinuno han Partido Komunista han Tsina, ni Mao Zedong para mawara an mga kaaway ngan mapagbag-o an sosyudad han Tsina. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Mga reperensya== * [http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Li-Peng,-the-%E2%80%9Cbutcher-of-Tiananmen,%E2%80%9D-was-%E2%80%9Cready-to-die%E2%80%9D-to-stop-the-student-turmoil-18592.html "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil"]. ''AsiaNews.it''. 2003. Retrieved 21 Agosto 2011. *{{cite journal |last=ALLÈS |first=ÉLISABETH |last2=CHÉRIF-CHEBBI |first2= LEÏLA|last3=HALFON |first3= CONSTANCE-HÉLÈNE|others=Translated from the French by Anne Evans| date = 2003|title=Chinese Islam: Unity and Fragmentation |url= http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/31-1_007.pdf |journal= Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions |publisher= Keston Institute |issn=0963-7494|volume= 31|issue= 1 |pages=7–35 |doi= 10.1080/0963749032000045837 |accessdate=9 Hunyo 2014}} * Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. [http://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=zhou+enlai&hl=en&ei=wBkuTdKyB4H_8AaJucigAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life'']. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on 12 Marso 2011. * Chan, A; ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''; University of Washington Press (1985) * {{cite book |title= Inside the Cultural Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-DHQ-224 |last= [[Chen, Jack]] | date = 1975 |publisher= Scribner |isbn= 0-02-524630-5 |nopp=|ref=Cha75}} * {{cite book |title= The Chinese Cultural Revolution: A History |last= Clark, Paul | date = 2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |location= Cambridge and New York |isbn= 978-0-521-87515-8 |nopp=|ref=Cla08}} * Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223806/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/MF04Ad01.html |date=2016-03-03 }}> on 16 Hunyo 2011. * Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" ''Asia Times Online''. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at <http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624083748/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HE19Ad01.html |date=2011-06-24 }}> on 15 Hunyo 2011. * {{cite book |title= The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution |last= Gao, Mobo | date = 2008 |publisher= Pluto Press |location= London |isbn= 978-0-7453-2780-8|nopp=|ref=Gao08}} Retrieved at <http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103094507/http://www.strongwindpress.com/pdfs/EBook/The_Battle_for_Chinas_Past.pdf |date=2012-11-03 }}> on 2 Septyembre 2012 * {{cite book |title= The Politics of the Chinese Cultural Revolution|url= https://archive.org/details/politicsofchines0000leeh|last= Lee, Hong Yong | date = 1978 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley |isbn=0-520-03297-7 |nopp=|ref=Lee78}} * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Last Revolution |url= https://archive.org/details/maoslastrevoluti00macf |last= [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael | date = 2006 |publisher= Harvard University Press |isbn= 978-0-674-02332-1 |nopp=|ref=Har08}} * {{cite book |title= Mao's Revolution and the Chinese Political Culture |last= Solomon, Richard H. | date = 1971 |publisher= University of California Press |location= Berkeley and Los Angeles |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Sol71}} * Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). ''The Search for Modern China'', New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4. * {{cite book |title= Enemies of the People: The Ordeal of Intellectuals in China's Great Cultural Revolution|last= Thurston, Anne F. | date = 1988 |publisher= Harvard University Press |location= Cambridge |isbn= |nopp=|ref=Thu88}} * Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". ''Pacific Affairs''. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40022499> on 11 Marso 2011. * Zhao Ziyang. ''[[Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]]''. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0 ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Kasahiran=== * Michael Schoenhals, ed., ''China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party'' (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. An East Gate Reader). xix, 400p. ISBN 1-56324-736-4. * Richard Curt Kraus. ''The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction''. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 9780199740550. * [[Roderick MacFarquhar|MacFarquhar, Roderick]] and Schoenhals, Michael. ''Mao's Last Revolution''. [[Harvard University Press]], 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3 * {{cite book |title=Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/turbulentdecadeh0000yanj |author= Jiaqi Yan, Gao Gao |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press |edition= 1st | date = 1996 |isbn=978-0824816957 }} * Morning Sun, "Bibliography," [http://www.morningsun.org/library Morningsun.org] Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution. ===Specific topics=== * {{cite book |title= Art in Turmoil: The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 1966-76 |editor= Richard King |publisher=University of British Columbia Press | date = 2010 |isbn=978-0774815437 }} * Andreas, Joel (2009). ''Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class''. Stanford: Stanford University Press. * Chan, Anita. 1985. ''Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation''. Seattle: University of Washington Press. * Leese, Daniel (2011). ''Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in the Cultural Revolution''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * Zheng Yi. [[Scarlet Memorial: Tales Of Cannibalism In Modern China]]. [[Westview Press]], 1998. ISBN 0-8133-2616-8 * Yang, Guobin. 2000. ''China's Red Guard Generation: The Ritual Process of Identity Transformation, 1966–1999''. PhD diss., [[New York University]]. * [[Fox Butterfield]], ''China: Alive in the Bitter Sea'', (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution. * [[Jung Chang|Chang, Jung]] and [[Jon Halliday|Halliday, Jon]]. ''[[Mao: The Unknown Story]].'' Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. ISBN 0-224-07126-2 * {{cite book |title= Rhetoric of the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Impact on Chinese Thought, Culture, and Communication |author= Xing Lu |publisher=University of South Carolina Press | date = 2004 |isbn=978-1570035432 }} * [[Ross Terrill]],''The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong'' Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4. * Wu, Yiching (2014). ''The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ===Mga komentaryo=== * [[Simon Leys]] (penname of [[Pierre Ryckmans]]) ''Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1979). ISBN 0-8052-8069-3 * [[Simon Leys]]. ''Chinese Shadows'' (1978). ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics'' (1986). ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1. * [[Simon Leys]]. ''The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution'' (1977; revised 1981). ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.). *Liu, Guokai. 1987. ''A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution''. edited by Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. ===Fictional treatments=== * Sijie Dai, translated by Ina Rilke, ''Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress'' (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2001). 197p. ISBN 0-375-41309-X * Xingjian Gao, translated by Mabel Lee, ''One Man's Bible: A Novel'' (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 450p. * Hua Gu, ''A Small Town Called Hibiscus'' (Beijing, China: Chinese Literature: distributed by China Publications Centre, 1st, 1983. Panda Books). Translated by Gladys Yang. 260p. Reprinted: San Francisco: China Books. * Hua Yu, ''To Live: A Novel'' (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). Translated by Michael Berry. 250p. * Ying Chang Compestine, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/revolution-is-not-a-dinner-party-a-novel/oclc/77333486/viewport ''Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party : A Novel.''] (New York: Holt, 2007). ISBN 0805082077. Young adult novel. ===Mga sinurat panhinumdoman han mga Tsino nga partisipante=== * Liu Ping, ''[[My Chinese Dream - From Red Guard to CEO]]'' (San Francisco, June 2012). 556 pages ISBN 9780835100403 * [[Nien Cheng]], ''[[Life and Death in Shanghai]]'' (Grove, May 1987). 547 pages ISBN 0-394-55548-1 * [[Jung Chang]], ''Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). 524 p.&nbsp;{{LCCN|91020696}} * Heng Liang Judith Shapiro, ''Son of the Revolution'' (New York: Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1983). * Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, ''Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution'' (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1987). * Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, ''Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution'' [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986). * [[Bo Ma]], ''Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution'' (New York: Viking, 1995). Translated by Howard Goldblatt. * Guanlong Cao, ''The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996). * [[Ji-li Jiang]], ''Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution'' (New York: HarperCollins, 1997). * [[Anchee Min]], ''[[Red Azalea]]'' (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). ISBN 1-4000-9698-7. * Rae Yang, ''Spider Eaters : A Memoir'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). * Weili Ye, Xiaodong Ma, ''Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution'' (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). * Lijia Zhang, "Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China (New York: Atlas & Co, Distributed by Norton, 2007). * [[Emily Wu]], ''Feather in the Storm'' (Pantheon, 2006). ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1. * Xinran Xue, ''The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices '' (Chatto & Windus, 2002). Translated by Esther Tyldesley. ISBN 0-7011-7345-9 * [[Ting-Xing Ye]], [[Leaf In A Bitter Wind]] (England, Bantam Books, 2000) * Zhang Xianliang, Grass Soup, ISBN 0-7493-9774-8 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|n=no|v=Modern China: China since 1945 and the Modern World|q=no|s=no|b=VCE History Revolutions/Chinese Revolution}} *[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. The Cultural Revolution] *[http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html History of The Cultural Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429003300/http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html |date=2007-04-29 }} *[http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)] *[http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977] *[http://www.morningsun.org/ Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution] and the [http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html# photographs] of the subject available from the film's site. *[http://www.chinese-memorial.org/ Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution] *[http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317040851/http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm |date=2011-03-17 }} by Dave Pugh *[http://www.cnd.org/CR/english/articles/violence.htm "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"] by [[Youqin Wang]] *[http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/06/world/a-tale-of-red-guards-and-cannibals.html A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals] by [[Nicholas D. Kristof]]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 6 Enero 1993. c8ekt5g2jhf23hx8l01ss583k8dxeou 0 17625 7783097 7782371 2026-05-06T22:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emblem-favorites.svg|thumb|200px|Pula nga [[kasing-kasing]] - Tigaman hit higugma]] [[File:1873_Pierre_Auguste_Cot_-_Spring.jpg|thumb|Pierre Auguste Cot (1873)]] An '''higugma'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 116.</ref> (Iningles:Loved) (Pambansa:Minahal) amo an ginaabat o ginaagihan mahitungod han paghatag hin makusog nga palangga o palandong ngan pagiging awil ha usa ka tawo o butang. 1. '''ABUGHO'''<br /> Abugho,tunok iton han gugma ta, Yoyang<br /> Abugho, sakit ito han at’ kalag, Yoyang<br /> Abugho, nagagamit nala tungod tigaman nga waray<br /> Ako na usa gugma nga uroy<br /> Bisan la kita sumiplat hin waray sulod, Yoyang<br /> Asay pa ba kon magpahunit upod hin kiro , Yoyang<br /> Aadto ha kasingkasing in nagkukulog, Yoyang<br /> Pagpakulogon ko kay an akon.<br /> 2. '''Alas Nueve Y Medya'''<br /> Las nueve y media kon di an gab-i daw katutnga na<br /> Ngan ha imo tambu-anan aadi nagsusumpa, nagsusumpa<br /> Kundi ha urhi saymo igbalos an paglingo<br /> Tungod han gugmang kinabuhi baya ko.<br /> Kun di kay sa-ad man nimo Iday<br /> Nga uunungan mo gud<br /> Tubtub han im kamatay<br /> Hinuhulat ko nga ikaw mahahabaro manta<br /> Ha urhi nga adlaw<br /> Pagtuman hadlot sa-ad ta.<br /> 3. '''BALITAW'''<br /> L- Solibang ko ngay-an hi ikaw daraga<br /> Ako uli tawo nga waray asawa<br /> Kon magkakauyon inin at fortuna<br /> Masaka ha padi, mapa-esposada.<br /> B- Pastilan gad, Idoy, iton nga gugma mo <br /> Putsa gadla anay dahon hin banana<br /> Kon magpakiana hi Nanay Tatay mo<br /> Sidnga la nga hipon pinaka pudiot mo.<br /> L- Pastilan gad, Iday, ayao hin baribad<br /> Kay nagtitidugang it akon karuyag<br /> Akon igpanangil it pisi nga linubag <br /> Mag raraputas gudla diri mababadbad.<br /> B- Iton imo baba nga naglalabura <br /> Nga nag yiyinakan hin puros la buwa<br /> Kon di ko kahadlok, kahadlok hin gaba<br /> L- Bisan ka gad, Iday, igsulod hin kahon <br /> Takpan hin maupay nga diri kita-on <br /> Maghihimo ako barina nga dagum<br /> Palalatayan ko magtam-is nga pulong.<br /> B- Palipak dao, Idoy, baga ka in aming <br /> Salit nadiri gud it ak’ kasingkasing<br /> It nadidiri-an hit’ ak’ kasingkasing <br /> Di ka ngan’ ma-aram magtanum hin saging.<br /> L- Kon amo lat it’ dinidirian <br /> Mag uuma ako hin kahiluagan <br /> Magtatanum ako saging nga lakatan <br /> Sab-a, costa, baloy, tindok ug bangaran<br /> B- Pastilan gad, Idoy, ayao pag ginu-ol <br /> Kay makakawang la it’ ‘im mga pulong<br /> It dinidiri-an hit akon pariente <br /> Tawo ka hin adlaw, nalupadka hin gab-i.<br /> 4. '''DINUMDUM KO IKAW'''<br /> Kon harapit na adlaw, matunod <br /> Ngan haimo hirayo ako,<br /> Nagputok an kakulba ha dughan<br /> Ngan an kamingaw assay gud dako;<br /> Pagtikang han panuro han tun-og<br /> Ha bukad, nga dahon panhumog,<br /> Inin luha daw burabod<br /> Waray hunong hin pagtubod.<br /> Kon nadangat an an gab-i<br /> Nadugang an kamingaw<br /> Labis kon nabati<br /> Panhuni han kalaw;<br /> Pagpula han sidlangan <br /> Pagpunias han adlaw<br /> Ngan pagkalpad han maya<br /> Dinumdum ko ikaw.<br /> Nainup koha inmagi nga adla<br /> In himaya nga hingpit gayud<br /> Labi a/na kon upod ka pagtan-aw<br /> Han kapusok han mga balud;<br /> Kundi ay, nadungang an kasamdong<br /> Ngan an lipay nangingiba-iba<br /> Ha kakulop ngan an paglaum<br /> Ibaligya mo ha iba.<br /> Salit pagsalidsalid.<br /> Han mapawa nga adlaw<br /> Ha higtaas nga bukid<br /> Taup an kasilaw;<br /> Han panhuni han gangis<br /> Upod an kamingaw<br /> Duyog ha pagtangis<br /> Dinumdum ko ikaw.<br /> 4. '''GIN-HILOM KO'''<br /> Gin-hilom ko an pagbati<br /> Han basuni nga ak guin inantos, ahay<br /> Hain daw la an himaya<br /> Nga testigos han langit, han tuna, ahay<br /> Nag siring ka nga la-omi<br /> Hadton gugma nga diri mabalhin<br /> Kay an kalipay ngahangyap han dughan<br /> Nga guin lala-oman han akon kalag.<br /> 5. '''GUGMA''' <br /> Inin kinabuhi amo an burabod han mga pagturaw<br /> Kay dinhi ha tuna an mga kasakit waray gud paghuraw<br /> Amo la an gugma aton guin lina-oman tambal han kabangis <br /> Han kanan kabuhi bugtong nga hinungdan nga amo an pagtangis<br /> An dughan kon may bido, may masakit han at kalag<br /> Labi na kon kulop na han adlaw pag halag<br /> An luha nga magtin-aw namimiyog ha mata<br /> Kondi tungod an gugma nagmamalipay kita<br /> May gugma han pagtawa<br /> May gugma han pagtu-ok<br /> An turaw gugma man<br /> Paglaum say pa-man<br /> May gugma han pagharoy<br /> An lipay gugma gad<br /> Kahiblun han panhayhay<br /> Kon an gugma waray<br /> An matam-is nga gugma <br /> Say ha aton nag-agak<br /> Ha haluag nga dagat<br /> Han kurit ngatanan <br /> Han kaparong han lamrag<br /> Didto na ha lubnganaw<br /> Waray gad ka-ubos<br /> Gugma an tubos.<br /> 6. '''HINGANDOY'''<br /> Bisan diin ak’ pahuway<br /> Bian diin ak nga siok<br /> An matahum mo nga dagway<br /> Ha dumdum ko naluok<br /> Butnga han panmurobout<br /> Butnga han pag-aampo<br /> An im’ ladawan ha akon bout<br /> Say nagtitinaputapo.<br /> Ambot kon aanhon ko<br /> Ambot kon mag-aano<br /> Hin paghingandoy ako napupuno<br /> An akon guinmahal<br /> Hin hingpit ugh in tikos<br /> Hinihigugma ko hin tim-os.<br /> 7. '''MAG-ASAWA KAMI'''<br /> Mag-asawa kami nga diri kuri-an<br /> Masukot mag-away, madali hiolo-an<br /> Bisan la an taklap guin didiscusyonan<br /> Danay may balbagay hin hakatdayonan<br /> Haluag an am oma nga waray gud tanum<br /> Salit ministibles an am pakalamon<br /> Kon hain an punsyon alla hay que comer<br /> Kay ini nga kakablas no kay porque tener<br /> May ganados kami, an am ayam an yatot<br /> Que hacienda en total amas que kapatan<br /> Con Molino en lugar ngan ua nga bukatat<br /> Que una hacienda tambien hin mga lakatan<br /> Haluag an am oma nga waray gud tanum<br /> Salit ministibles an am pakalamon<br /> Kon hain an punsyon alla hay que comer<br /> Kay ini nga kakablas no kay porque tener<br /> Ha amon tuna urog it kugon nga tanum<br /> Guin liguid-ligiran hin mga kalungkogong<br /> Un poco de haropay, mucho amorsecos<br /> Kay ito kan apoy iguin togon<br /> 7. '''PANHAYHAY'''<br /> Hadto imo ako guin saaran, saad nga sugad hin inop<br /> Budhi kay waray ka pagtuman hadton guin lala-oman, ay<br /> Hinin kalag na lingo<br /> Salit mga mata kay hupong na, rutay rutay ha mga pagtu-ok<br /> Pabay-e nga manhayhay an gugma ha sakob hinin dughan, ay<br /> Nga hin pagturaw tugob<br /> Waray ako pamamaladong nga maabuti ini nga adlaw<br /> Nga ako magmamasamdong panumdum hadton nanaglabay<br /> Paghitukso han higugma, pagsulog han mga luha<br /> Imo man talingoha, ay, nga ako mamatay<br /> Guin pug-an mo an kasingkasing an ngatanan nga pagmayoyo<br /> Imo man la nagy-an tuyo an pagdarahog nga mabangis<br /> Pamati-a an panhayhay, pagpahingutas hin aganay<br /> Han makalit nga gugma, ay, nga ak guin tatangis<br /> Gugma, kay imo man ak guinlingo<br /> Gugma nga waray ka pa-id<br /> Gugma, kay imo man ak guinlingo<br /> Kay bis’ diri ako mabuhi, ay<br /> Ha pag-antos iga-id.<br /> 8. '''SMAILING'''<br /> (Babae) Bisan ka gud, idoy, maguro-smailing<br /> Kay dinidire ka hit ak kasingkasing<br /> An dinidire-an hit ak kasing-kasing<br /> Kay di ka ma-aram nagtanum hin saguing<br /> (Lalaki)Ma-aram gad ako magtanum hin saguing<br /> Pero waray bunga, puros la saring-sing<br /> Guin tututdo-an ako nira Nanay Tatay<br /> Pagkabikab han tuna, paglubong han saguing<br /> == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |last=Chadwick|first=Henry|title=Saint Augustine Confessions|url=https://archive.org/details/confessions0000augu_f9h1|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-283372-3}} * {{cite book |last=Fisher|first=Helen|title=Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/whywelove00hele|isbn=0-8050-6913-5}} * {{cite journal |author=Giles, James|title=A theory of love and sexual desire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-for-the-theory-of-social-behaviour_1994-12_24_4/page/339|year=1994|journal=Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour|volume=24|pages=339–357|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5914.1994.tb00259.x|issue=4}} * {{cite book |last=Kierkegaard|first=Søren|title=Works of Love|url=https://archive.org/details/worksoflove0000kier_c2m5|location=New York City|publisher=Harper Perennial Modern Classics|year=2009|isbn=978-0-06-171327-9}} * {{cite book |last=Oord|first=Thomas Jay|title=Defining Love: A Philosophical, Scientific, and Theological Engagement|url=https://archive.org/details/defininglovephil0000oord|location=Grand Rapids, MI|publisher=Brazos|year=2010|isbn=978-1-58743257-6}} * {{cite book |last=Singer|first=Irving|title=The Nature of Love|volume=(in three volumes)|publisher=Random House|year=1966|edition= v.1 reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984|isbn=0-226-76094-4}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=A triangular theory of love|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-review_1986-04_93_2/page/119|year=1986|journal=Psychological Review|volume=93|pages=119–135|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.93.2.119|issue=2}} * {{cite journal |author=Sternberg, R.J.|title=Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1987-11_102_3/page/331|year=1987|journal=Psychological Bulletin|volume=102|pages=331–345|doi=10.1037/0033-2909.102.3.331|issue=3}} * {{cite book |last=Tennov|first=Dorothy|title=Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lovelimerence00tenn|location=New York|publisher=Stein and Day|year=1979|isbn=0-8128-6134-5}} * {{cite book |author=Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd|title=The World of Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood|edition=5th|year=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|pages=[https://archive.org/details/masteringworldof00wood/page/402 402]–403|isbn=0-205-35868-3}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wiktionary|I love you}} * {{Commons category-inline|Love}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|love}} * {{Wikiversity-inline|Have a Happy Relationship}} [[kaarangay:Higugma]] 4vvd4bxiwb2arb0e2m6gveed4ic8d1k 0 17634 7783054 6277224 2026-05-06T21:23:29Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783054 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''siday'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 337. </ref> amo an usa ka porma hin arte ngan panurat. == Pinanbasaran == {{reflist}} ==Kitaa Gihapon== [[Paragsiday]] [[Waraynon nga literatura|Waraynon nga Literatura]] ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource index}} {{Wiktionary|poetry}} {{Commonscat|Poetry}} * {{cite book|author=Brooks, Cleanth|authorlink=Cleanth Brooks|title=The Well Wrought Urn: Studies in the Structure of Poetry|url=https://archive.org/details/wellwroughturnst0000broo|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|year=1947}} * {{cite book|author=Finch, Annie|title=A Poet's Ear: A Handbook of Meter and Form|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-472-05066-6}} * {{cite book|author=Fry, Stephen|authorlink=Stephen Fry|title=[[The Ode Less Travelled: Unlocking the Poet Within]]|publisher=Arrow Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-09-950934-9}} * {{cite book|author=Pound, Ezra|authorlink=Ezra Pound|title=ABC of Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/abcofreading0000ezra_n2s7|publisher=Faber|year=1951}} * {{cite book|editors=Preminger, Alex; Brogan, Terry VF; Warnke, Frank J|title=The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics|edition=3rd|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-02123-6}} * {{cite book|author=Iturat, Isidro|title=[http://www.indrisos.com/ensayosyarticulos/poeticsisidroiturat.htm Poetics]|publisher=Indrisos.com|year=2010}} ===Mga antolohiya=== * {{cite book|editors=Ferguson, Margaret; Salter, Mary Jo; Stallworthy, Jon|title=[[The Norton Anthology of Poetry]]|publisher=W. W. Norton & Co|edition=4th|year=1996|isbn=0-393-96820-0}} * {{cite book|editor=Gardner, Helen|title=[[New Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1950]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-19-812136-9}} * {{cite book|editor=Larkin, Philip|title=[[The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1973}} * {{cite book|editor= Yeats, WB|title=[[Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1936}} [[Kaarangay:siday]] gxoymcxnabey14okagj9xhwz9nufcsu 0 17756 7783089 7782316 2026-05-06T21:54:18Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783089 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LampFlowchart.svg|thumb]] Ha matematika, pagihap, lingwistika, an '''algoritmo''' amo an surundan nga naghahatag hin solusyon ha usa ka problema nga agsob gamiton ha pagkalkula ngan pag proseso hin mga datos. == Pinanbasaran == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mga reperensya== {{refbegin|30em}} * Axt, P. (1959) On a Subrecursive Hierarchy and Primitive Recursive Degrees, ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'' 92, pp.&nbsp;85–105 * Bell, C. Gordon and Newell, Allen (1971), ''Computer Structures: Readings and Examples'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. ISBN 0-07-004357-4. * {{cite book|last=Bellah|first=Robert Neelly|year=1985|authorlink=Robert N. Bellah|title=Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life| location=Berkeley| isbn=978-0-520-25419-0|publisher=University of California Press|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=XsUojihVZQcC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|author1-link=Andreas Blass|first1=Andreas|last1=Blass|author2-link=Yuri Gurevich|first2=Yuri|last2=Gurevich|year=2003|url=http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/164.pdf|title=Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions|journal= Bulletin of European Association for Theoretical Computer Science|volume= 81}} Includes an excellent bibliography of 56 references. * {{cite book| last1 = Boolos| first1 = George| last2 = Jeffrey| first2 = Richard| title = Computability and Logic| url = https://archive.org/details/computabilitylog0000bool_r8y9| edition = 4th| origyear = 1974| year = 1999| publisher = Cambridge University Press, London| isbn = 0-521-20402-X| ref = harv| author1-link = George Boolos| author2-link = Richard Jeffrey }}: cf. Chapter 3 ''Turing machines'' where they discuss "certain enumerable sets not effectively (mechanically) enumerable". * {{cite book| last = Burgin| first = Mark| title = Super-Recursive Algorithms| url = https://archive.org/details/superrecursiveal0000burg| year = 2004| publisher = Springer| isbn = 978-0-387-95569-8 }} * Campagnolo, M.L., [[Cris Moore|Moore, C.]], and Costa, J.F. (2000) An analog characterization of the subrecursive functions. In ''Proc. of the 4th Conference on Real Numbers and Computers'', Odense University, pp.&nbsp;91–109 * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|journal=The American Journal of Mathematics|volume=58|pages= 345–363|year=1936a|doi=10.2307/2371045|issue=2|jstor=2371045}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;89ff. The first expression of "Church's Thesis". See in particular page 100 (''The Undecidable'') where he defines the notion of "effective calculability" in terms of "an algorithm", and he uses the word "terminates", etc. * {{Cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936b|pages=40–41|doi=10.2307/2269326|issue=1|jstor=2269326}} {{cite journal|last=Church|first=Alonzo|title=Correction to a Note on the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume=1|year=1936|pages=101–102|doi=10.2307/2269030|issue=3|jstor=2269030}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;110ff. Church shows that the Entscheidungsproblem is unsolvable in about 3 pages of text and 3 pages of footnotes. * {{cite book| last = Daffa'| first = Ali Abdullah al-| title = The Muslim contribution to mathematics| year = 1977| publisher = Croom Helm| location = London| isbn = 0-85664-464-1 }} * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = The Undecidable: Basic Papers On Undecidable Propositions, Unsolvable Problems and Computable Functions| url = https://archive.org/details/undecidablebasic0000davi| year = 1965| publisher = Raven Press| location = New York| isbn = 0-486-43228-9 }} Davis gives commentary before each article. Papers of [[Gödel]], [[Alonzo Church]], [[Alan Turing|Turing]], [[J. Barkley Rosser|Rosser]], [[Kleene]], and [[Emil Post]] are included; those cited in the article are listed here by author's name. * {{cite book| last = Davis| first = Martin| authorlink = Martin Davis| title = Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer| year = 2000| publisher = W. W. Nortion| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32229-7 }} Davis offers concise biographies of [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]], [[George Boole|Boole]], [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]], [[Georg Cantor|Cantor]], [[David Hilbert|Hilbert]], Gödel and Turing with [[John von Neumann|von Neumann]] as the show-stealing villain. Very brief bios of [[Joseph-Marie Jacquard]], [[Babbage]], [[Ada Lovelace]], [[Claude Shannon]], [[Howard Aiken]], etc. * {{DADS|algorithm|algorithm}} * {{cite journal|title= Evolution and moral diversity |author=Dean, Tim |journal=Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication|year=2012|volume=7}} * {{cite book| last = Dennett| first = Daniel| authorlink = Daniel Dennett| title = Darwin's Dangerous Idea| url = https://archive.org/details/darwinsdangerous0000denn_c9g4| year = 1995| publisher = Touchstone/Simon & Schuster| location = New York| isbn = 0-684-80290-2 }} * [[Yuri Gurevich]], [http://research.microsoft.com/~gurevich/Opera/141.pdf ''Sequential Abstract State Machines Capture Sequential Algorithms''], ACM Transactions on Computational Logic, Vol 1, no 1 (July 2000), pages 77–111. Includes bibliography of 33 sources. * {{cite book| last1=Hertzke| first1=Allen D.|last2=McRorie|first2=Chris| year=1998|editor1-last=Lawler| editor1-first=Peter Augustine| editor2-last=McConkey|editor2-first=Dale|chapter=The Concept of Moral Ecology|title=Community and Political Thought Today|location =Westort, CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene|title=General Recursive Functions of Natural Numbers|journal=Mathematische Annalen|volume=112|pages=727–742|url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|year=1936|doi=10.1007/BF01565439|issue=5|access-date=2015-01-30|archive-date=2014-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903092121/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/index.php?id=11&PPN=GDZPPN002278499&L=1|url-status=dead}} Presented to the American Mathematical Society, September 1935. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;237ff. Kleene's definition of "general recursion" (known now as mu-recursion) was used by Church in his 1935 paper ''An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory'' that proved the "decision problem" to be "undecidable" (i.e., a negative result). * {{Cite journal|last=Kleene|first=Stephen C.|authorlink=Stephen Kleene |title= Recursive Predicates and Quantifiers|journal=American Mathematical Society Transactions|volume=54|pages=41–73|year=1943 |doi= 10.2307/1990131|issue=1|jstor=1990131}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;255ff. Kleene refined his definition of "general recursion" and proceeded in his chapter "12. Algorithmic theories" to posit "Thesis I" (p.&nbsp;274); he would later repeat this thesis (in Kleene 1952:300) and name it "Church's Thesis"(Kleene 1952:317) (i.e., the [[Church thesis]]). * {{cite book| last = Kleene| first = Stephen C.| authorlink = Kleene| title = Introduction to Metamathematics| edition = Tenth Edition 1991| year = 1952|edition=First| publisher = North-Holland Publishing Company| isbn = 0-7204-2103-9 }} Excellent—accessible, readable—reference source for mathematical "foundations". * {{cite book| last = Knuth| first = Donald| authorlink = Donald Knuth| title = Fundamental Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 1997| publisher = Addison–Wesley| location = Reading, Massachusetts| isbn = 0-201-89683-4 }} * {{Cite book|last=Knuth|first=Donald|authorlink=Donald Knuth|title=Volume 2/Seminumerical Algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming First Edition|publisher=Addison–Wesley|location=Reading, Massachusetts|year=1969|isbn= }} * Kosovsky, N. K. ''Elements of Mathematical Logic and its Application to the theory of Subrecursive Algorithms'', LSU Publ., Leningrad, 1981 * {{Cite journal|last=Kowalski|first=Robert|authorlink=Robert Kowalski|title=Algorithm=Logic+Control|journal=[[Communications of the ACM]]|volume=22|issue=7|pages=424–436|year=1979|doi=10.1145/359131.359136}} * [[A. A. Markov]] (1954) ''Theory of algorithms''. [Translated by Jacques J. Schorr-Kon and PST staff] Imprint Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954 [i.e., Jerusalem, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, 1961; available from the Office of Technical Services, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington] Description 444 p.&nbsp;28&nbsp;cm. Added t.p. in Russian Translation of Works of the Mathematical Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, v. 42. Original title: Teoriya algerifmov. [QA248.M2943 Dartmouth College library. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, number OTS 60-51085.] * {{cite book| last = Minsky| first = Marvin| authorlink = Marvin Minsky| title = Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines| url = https://archive.org/details/computationfinit0000marv| edition = First| year = 1967| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ| isbn = 0-13-165449-7 }} Minsky expands his "...idea of an algorithm—an effective procedure..." in chapter 5.1 ''Computability, Effective Procedures and Algorithms. Infinite machines.'' * {{Cite journal|last=Post|first=Emil|authorlink=Emil Post|title=Finite Combinatory Processes, Formulation I |journal=The Journal of Symbolic Logic |volume=1 |year=1936 |pages=103–105 |doi=10.2307/2269031 |issue=3 |jstor=2269031}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;289ff. Post defines a simple algorithmic-like process of a man writing marks or erasing marks and going from box to box and eventually halting, as he follows a list of simple instructions. This is cited by Kleene as one source of his "Thesis I", the so-called [[Church–Turing thesis]]. * {{Cite book|last=Rogers, Jr|first=Hartley|title=Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_026268051|publisher=The MIT Press|year=1987|isbn=0-262-68052-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Rosser|first=J.B.|authorlink=J.B. Rosser|title=An Informal Exposition of Proofs of Godel's Theorem and Church's Theorem|journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic|volume= 4 |year=1939}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;223ff. Herein is Rosser's famous definition of "effective method": "...a method each step of which is precisely predetermined and which is certain to produce the answer in a finite number of steps... a machine which will then solve any problem of the set with no human intervention beyond inserting the question and (later) reading the answer" (p.&nbsp;225–226, ''The Undecidable'') * {{cite book |last=Santos-Lang |first=Christopher |year=2014 |editor1-first=Simon |editor1-last=van Rysewyk |editor2-first=Matthijs |editor2-last=Pontier |title=Machine Medical Ethics |publisher=Springer |location=Switzerland |pages=111–127 |chapter=Moral Ecology Approaches to Machine Ethics |url=http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-08108-3_8 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208131430/http://grinfree.com/MoralEcology.pdf |date=2015-02-08 }} * {{Cite book|last=Scott|first=Michael L.|title=Programming Language Pragmatics |url=https://archive.org/details/programminglangu0000scot_i7d2|edition=3rd |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann Publishers/Elsevier|year=2009|isbn=978-0-12-374514-9}} * {{cite book| last = Sipser| first = Michael| title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation| url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoth00sips| year = 2006| publisher = PWS Publishing Company| isbn = 0-534-94728-X }} * {{cite book |last=Sober |first=Elliott |last2=Wilson |first2=David Sloan |year=1998 |title=Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior |url=https://archive.org/details/untoothersevolut00sobe |location=Cambridge |publisher=Harvard University Press}} * {{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Harold S.|title=Introduction to Computer Organization and Data Structures|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoco0000ston_s4o5|edition=1972|publisher=McGraw-Hill, New York|isbn=0-07-061726-0|year=1972}} Cf. in particular the first chapter titled: ''Algorithms, Turing Machines, and Programs''. His succinct informal definition: "...any sequence of instructions that can be obeyed by a robot, is called an ''algorithm''" (p.&nbsp;4). * {{cite book| last = Tausworthe| first = Robert C| title = Standardized Development of Computer Software Part 1 Methods| url = https://archive.org/details/standardizeddeve0000taus| year = 1977| publisher = Prentice-Hall, Inc.| location = Englewood Cliffs NJ| isbn = 0-13-842195-1 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=On Computable Numbers, With An Application to the Entscheidungsproblem|journal=[[Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society]], Series 2|volume=42|pages= 230–265 |year=1936–37|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 }}. Corrections, ibid, vol. 43(1937) pp.&nbsp;544–546. Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;116ff. Turing's famous paper completed as a Master's dissertation while at King's College Cambridge UK. * {{Cite journal|last=Turing|first=Alan M.|authorlink=A. M. Turing|title=Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals|journal=Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society|volume=45|pages=161–228|year=1939|doi=10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161}} Reprinted in ''The Undecidable'', p.&nbsp;155ff. Turing's paper that defined "the oracle" was his PhD thesis while at Princeton USA. * {{Cite book | first1 = Wendell | last1 = Wallach | first2 = Colin | last2 = Allen |date=November 2008 | title = Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong | url = https://archive.org/details/moralmachinestea0000wall | isbn = 978-0-19-537404-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = USA | ref = harv}} * [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] (2006), [http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/documents/2100_2106_02.htm ''2106.02 **>Mathematical Algorithms: 2100 Patentability''], Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP). Latest revision August 2006 === Mga segundarya nga reperensya === * {{cite book| last = Bolter| first = David J.| title = Turing's Man: Western Culture in the Computer Age| url = https://archive.org/details/turingsmanwester0000bolt| edition = 1984| year = 1984| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill NC| isbn = 0-8078-1564-0 }}, ISBN 0-8078-4108-0 pbk. * {{cite book| last = Dilson| first = Jesse| authorlink = Dilson| title = The Abacus| url = https://archive.org/details/abacusworldsfirs0000dils| edition = (1968,1994)| year = 2007| publisher = St. Martin's Press, NY| isbn = 0-312-10409-X }}, ISBN 0-312-10409-X (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = van Heijenoort| first = Jean| authorlink = van Heijenoort| title = From Frege to Gödel, A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931| url = https://archive.org/details/fromfregetogdels0000jean| edition = (1967)| year = 2001| publisher = Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA| isbn = 0-674-32449-8 }}, 3rd edition 1976[?], ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.) * {{cite book| last = Hodges| first = Andrew| title = Alan Turing: The Enigma| url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingenigma00hodg| edition = (1983)| year = 1983| publisher = Simon and Schuster, New York| isbn = 0-671-49207-1 }}, ISBN 0-671-49207-1. Cf. Chapter "The Spirit of Truth" for a history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. {{refend}} == Padugang nga barasahon == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book| author = Jean Luc Chabert| title = A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0116404090940| year = 1999| publisher = Springer Verlag| isbn = 978-3-540-63369-3 }} * {{cite book| title = Algorithmics.: The Spirit of Computing.| year = 2004| publisher = Addison-Wesley| isbn = 978-0-321-11784-7 }} * [[Donald Knuth|Knuth, Donald E.]] (2000). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html Selected Papers on Analysis of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701190647/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/aa.html |date=2017-07-01 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * Knuth, Donald E. (2010). ''[http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html Selected Papers on Design of Algorithms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716225848/http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/da.html |date=2017-07-16 }}''. Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information. * {{cite book| last = Berlinski| first = David| title = The Advent of the Algorithm: The 300-Year Journey from an Idea to the Computer| year = 2001| publisher = Harvest Books| isbn = 978-0-15-601391-8 }} * {{cite book|author = Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein| title = Introduction To Algorithms, Third Edition| year = 2009| publisher = MIT Press | isbn =978-0262033848 }} {{refend}} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{wiktionary}} {{wikibooks|Algorithms}} {{WVD}} * {{springer|title=Algorithm|id=p/a011780}} * {{dmoz|Computers/Algorithms/|Algorithms}} * {{MathWorld | urlname=Algorithm | title=Algorithm}} * [http://www.nist.gov/dads/ Dictionary of Algorithms and Data Structures]—[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] * [http://www.softpanorama.org/Algorithms/index.shtml Algorithms and Data Structures by Dr Nikolai Bezroukov] ; Mga repositoryo han Algorithmo * [http://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~algorith/ The Stony Brook Algorithm Repository]—[[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.netlib.org/ Netlib Repository]—[[University of Tennessee]] and [[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] * [http://calgo.acm.org/ Collected Algorithms of the ACM]—[[Association for Computing Machinery]] * [http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/sgb.html The Stanford GraphBase] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206222112/http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/%7Eknuth/sgb.html |date=2015-12-06 }}—[[Stanford University]] * [http://www.combinatorica.com/ Combinatorica]—[[University of Iowa]] and [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]] * [http://www.algorithmic-solutions.com/ Library of Efficient Datastructures and Algorithms (LEDA)]—previously from [[Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik]] * [http://www.keithschwarz.com/interesting/ Archive of Interesting Code] * [http://allmyalgorithms.org A semantic wiki to collect, categorize and relate all algorithms and data structures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210083145/http://allmyalgorithms.org/ |date=2024-12-10 }} ; Lecture notes * [http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe//teaching/algorithms/ Algorithms Course Materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329060052/http://compgeom.cs.uiuc.edu/~jeffe/teaching/algorithms/ |date=2007-03-29 }}. Jeff Erickson. [[University of Illinois]]. ; Community * [https://plus.google.com/communities/101392274103811461838 Algorithms] on [[Google+]] [[Kaarangay:Mga algoritmo]] 72h1nzjbpe8bjtvkp3slnka94yyd3b2 0 17823 7783083 7642581 2026-05-06T21:50:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lightning over Oradea Romania zoom.jpg|thumb]] Ha [[pisika]], an enerhiya (tikang ha [[Griniyego]] ἐνέργεια - energeia, "aktibidades, operasyon", tikang ha ἐνεργός - energos, "aktibo, may ginhihimo" o kusog, amo an usa ka eskalar nga pisikal nga sukol nga nagpapasabot hin kadamo hin nabuhat nga puydi himoan han [[puwersa]]. An [[Kalayu]] in uska enerhiya. Sa Pambansang Wika: Enerhiya ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|first=G. N. |last=Alekseev|title=Energy and Entropy |url=https://archive.org/details/EnergyAndEntropy | date = 1986 |publisher=Mir Publishers |location=Moscow }} * {{cite book|title=Light and Matter|last=Crowell|first=Benjamin| date = 2011|origyear=2003|publisher=Light and Matter|location=Fullerton, California|url=http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/lm/ch11/ch11.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501170408/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/lm/ch11/ch11.html |date=2013-05-01 }} * {{cite web|last=Ross|first=John S. |title=Work, Power, Kinetic Energy |url=http://www.physnet.org/modules/pdf_modules/m20.pdf|work=Project PHYSNET|publisher=Michigan State University|date=23 Abril 2002}} * {{Cite book|author=Smil, Vaclav|title=Energy in nature and society: general energetics of complex systems |url=https://archive.org/details/energyinnatureso0000smil| date = 2008 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, USA |isbn=0-262-19565-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Walding, Richard,&nbsp; Rapkins, Greg,&nbsp; Rossiter, Glenn |title=New Century Senior Physics |date=1999-11-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn=0-19-551084-4}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|Energy}} {{Z148}} *{{Dmoz|Science/Technology/Energy|Energy}} [[kaarangay:enerhiya]] 3x9a026l8aub6y61x49b88pyxtiuwz7 0 17958 7783050 7782333 2026-05-06T21:20:07Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 3 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name=Abraham Lincoln |image=Abrahamlincoln.jpg{{!}}border |alt=An iconic black and white photograph of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders. |caption=An 1863 nga [[daguerreotype]] ni Lincoln, ha panuigon nga 54. |order=[[List of Presidents of the United States|ika-16]] |office=Mangulo han Estados Unidos |vicepresident=[[Hannibal Hamlin]] <small>(1861–1865)</small> <br />[[Andrew Johnson]] <small>(1865)</small> |term_start=Marso 4, 1861 |term_end=Abril 15, 1865 |predecessor=[[James Buchanan]] |successor=[[Andrew Johnson]] |office2=Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Illinois]]'s [[Illinois' 7th congressional district|7th]] district |district2= |term_start2=March 4, 1847 |term_end2=March 4, 1849 |predecessor2=[[John Henry (representative)|John Henry]] |successor2=[[Thomas L. Harris|Thomas Harris]] |state_house3=Illinois |office3 = [[Illinois House of Representatives|Member of the Illinois House of Representatives]] |term_start3=December 1, 1834 |term_end3=1842 |birth_date={{birth date|1809|2|12}} |birth_place=[[Hodgenville, Kentucky]], U.S. |death_date={{death date and age|1865|4|15|1809|2|12}} |death_place=[[Petersen House (Washington, D.C.)|Petersen House]],<br />Washington D.C., U.S. |restingplace= [[Lincoln Tomb|Lincoln's Tomb]], [[Oak Ridge Cemetery]]<br />[[Springfield, Illinois]], U.S. |nationality= American |party=[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] <small>(1834–1854)</small><br />[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] <small>(1854–1865)</small><br />[[National Union Party (United States)|National Union]] <small>(1864–1865)</small> |spouse=[[Mary Todd Lincoln|Mary Todd]] |children=[[Robert Todd Lincoln]]<br />[[Edward Baker Lincoln]]<br />[[William Wallace Lincoln|Willie Lincoln]]<br />[[Tad Lincoln]] |religion=[[Abraham Lincoln and religion|See: Abraham Lincoln and religion]] |profession=[[Lawyer]]<br />[[Politician]] |signature=Abraham Lincoln 1862 signature.svg |signature_alt=Cursive signature in ink |branch=Illinois Militia |serviceyears= 3 months <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} |rank= {{Plainlist}} * [[Captain (United States)|Captain]] <br> {{small|(April 21, 1832 – May 27, 1832)}} * [[Private (United States)|Private]] <br> {{small|(May 28, 1832 – July 10, 1832)}} {{small|OBS:.}} Discharged from his command and re-enlisted as a Private. |battles=[[Black Hawk War]] }} Hi '''Abraham Lincoln''' (Pebrero 12, 1809 – Abril 15, 1865) amo an napulo kag-unom, nga Mangulo han [[Estados Unidos]] (Marso 4, 1861 – Abril 15, 1865). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|15em}} ==Bibliograpiya== ===Cited in footnotes=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite journal|last=Adams|first=Charles F.|date= Abril 1912|title=The Trent Affair|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1912-04_17_3/page/540|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=17|issue=3|pages=540–562|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|jstor=1834388|doi=10.2307/1834388}}<!--|doi=10.2307/1834388}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=1178496|title=Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff|url=https://archive.org/details/hallecklincolnsc0000step|authorlink=Stephen E. Ambrose|last=Ambrose|first=Stephen E.|publisher=Louisiana State University Press| date = 1962}} * {{Cite book|ref=Baker|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|title=Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company| date = 1989|isbn=978-0-393-30586-9}} * {{Cite book|oclc=518824|title=Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnhi00illinc|editor1-link=Roy Basler|editor1-first=Roy Prentice|editor1-last=Basler|publisher=World Publishing| date = 1946}} * Roy P. Basler, ed. ''The collected works of Abraham Lincoln'' (Rutgers U.P., 1953) vol 5 * {{Cite book|ref=Belz|last=Belz|first=Herman|title=Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnco00herm|publisher=Fordham University Press| date = 1998|isbn=978-0-8232-1769-4}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Belz|first=Herman|editor1-first=Bruce|editor1-last=Frohnen|editor2-first=Jeremy|editor2-last=Beer|editor3-first=Jeffrey O|editor3-last=Nelson|encyclopedia=American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia |title=Lincoln, Abraham| date = 2006|publisher=ISI Books|isbn=978-1-932236-43-9|quote=|ref=}} * {{Cite journal|last=Bennett Jr|first=Lerone|authorlink=Lerone Bennett, Jr. |date= Pebrero 1968|title=Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?|journal=Ebony|volume=23|issue=4|publisher=Johnson Publishing|issn=0012-9011|url=http://books.google.com/?id=H84DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Cite book|ref=Blue|last=Blue|first=Frederick J.|title=Salmon P. Chase: a life in politics|url=https://archive.org/details/salmonpchaselife0000blue|publisher=The Kent State University Press| date = 1987|isbn=0-87338-340-0}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Boritt1997|last=Boritt|first=Gabor S.|title=Why the Civil War Came|url=https://archive.org/details/whycivilwarcame0000unse_m1s6|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511376-1}} --> * {{Cite book|isbn=0-252-06445-3|title=Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolneconomics0000bori|authorlink=Gabor Boritt|ref=Boritt1994|last=Boritt|first=Gabor|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 1994|origyear=1978}} * {{Cite book|ref=Bulla|last1=Bulla|first1= David W.|author2=Gregory A. Borchard|title=Journalism in the Civil War Era|url=https://archive.org/details/journalismincivi0008bull| date = 2010|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing Inc.|isbn=1-4331-0722-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Carwardine|first=Richard J.|authorlink=Richard Carwardine|date=Winter 1997|title=Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=18|issue=1|pages=27–55 |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|issn=|oclc= |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091124091750/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/18.1/carwardine.html |archivedate= 24 Nobyembre 2009}} * {{Cite book|ref=Carwardine|first=Richard|last=Carwardine|title=Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincoln0000carw|publisher=Pearson Education Ltd| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-582-03279-8 }} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-691-09173-0|title=The War Was You and Me: Civilians in The American Civil War|last=Cashin|first=Joan E.|publisher=Princeton University Press| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Chesebrough|last=Chesebrough|first=David B.|title=No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow|url=https://archive.org/details/nosorrowlikeours0000ches|publisher=Kent State University Press| date = 1994|isbn=978-0-87338-491-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cox|last=Cox|first=Hank H.|title=Lincoln And The Sioux Uprising of 1862|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsiouxupri0000coxh|publisher=Cumberland House Publisher| date = 2005|isbn=978-1-58182-457-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Cummings|last1=Cummings|first1=William W.|author2=James B. Hatcher|title=Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps| date = 1982|publisher=Scott Publishing Company|isbn=0-89487-042-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dennis|title=Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: an American Calendar|url=https://archive.org/details/redwhitebluelett00denn|last=Dennis|first=Matthew|publisher=Cornell University Press| date = 2002|isbn=978-0-8014-7268-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Diggins|title=The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism|url=https://archive.org/details/lostsoulofameric0000digg_j5p6|last=Diggins|first=John P.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1986|isbn=0-226-14877-7}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87580-359-3|oclc=|title=Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race|last=Dirck|first=Brian R.|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press| date = 2007}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dirck|last=Dirck|first=Brian|title=Lincoln the Lawyer|publisher=University of Illinois Press| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-252-07614-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald1948|title=Lincoln's Herndon|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsherndon00dona|authorlink=David Herbert Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|publisher=A. A. Knopf| date = 1948|oclc=186314258}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 1996|origyear=1995|isbn=978-0-684-82535-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Donald2|first=David Herbert|last=Donald|title=Lincoln Reconsidered|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnreconside00dona_0| date = 2001|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-375-72532-6}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=Frederick Douglass|ref=Douglass|first=Frederick|last=Douglass|title=The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass| date = 2008|publisher=Cosimo Classics|isbn=1-60520-399-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Edgar|first=Walter B.|last=Edgar|title=South Carolina: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/southcarolinahis0000edga| date = 1998|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-255-4}} * {{Cite journal|last=Fish|first=Carl Russell|authorlink=Carl Russell Fish |date= Oktubre 1902|title=Lincoln and the Patronage|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1902-10_8_1/page/53|journal=American Historical Review|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–69|publisher=American Historical Association|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1832574|doi=10.2307/1832574}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner|authorlink=Eric Foner|last=Foner|first=Eric |title=Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War| date = 1995|origyear=1970|isbn=978-0-19-509497-8|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{Cite book|ref=Foner2|last=Foner|first= Eric|title=[[The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery]]|publisher=W.W. Norton| date = 2010|isbn= 978-0-393-06618-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Goodwin|first=Doris Kearns|last=Goodwin|authorlink=Doris Kearns Goodwin|title=Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good|isbn=0-684-82490-6| date = 2005|publisher=Simon & Schuster}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-253-34567-7|oclc=|title=The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/darkestdawnlinco0000good|last=Goodrich|first=Thomas|publisher=Indiana University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|oclc=428674|title=The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois|chapter=Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman|last=Graebner|first=Norman|publisher=University of Illinois Press | date = 1959}} * {{Cite book|ref=Grimsley|title=The Collapse of the Confederacy|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0803221703|last=Grimsley|first=Mark|publisher=University of Nebraska Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-8032-2170-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo1999|authorlink=Allen C. Guelzo|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnre0000guel|isbn=0-8028-3872-3| date = 1999|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans Publishing}} * {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2004|isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5|oclc=|title=Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsemancipa00guel|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|publisher=Simon & Schuster| date = 2004}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE* {{Cite book|ref=Guelzo2009|last=Guelzo|first=Allen C.|title=Lincoln: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=0-19-536780-4}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Handy|first= James S.|last=Handy|title=Book Review: Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman|publisher=Northwestern University Law Publication Association| date = 1917 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison1935|oclc=3512772|last=Harrison|first=J. Houston|title=Settlers by the Long Grey Trail| date = 1935|publisher=J.K. Reubush}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harrison2000|last=Harrison|first=Lowell Hayes|title=Lincoln of Kentucky|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnofkentuck0000harr|publisher=University Press of Kentucky| date = 2000 |isbn=0-8131-2156-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Harris|last=Harris|first=William C.|title=Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsrisetopr0000harr|isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9|publisher=University Press of Kansas| date = 2007 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Havers|last=Havers|first=Grant N.|title=Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnpoliticso00have|isbn=0-8262-1857-1|publisher=University of Missouri Press| date = 2009 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler2|title=Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000unse_u8v1|editors=Heidler, David S.; Jeanne T. Heidler| date = 2000|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company, Inc|isbn=978-0-393-04758-5 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Heidler|last=Heidler|first=David Stephen|title=The Mexican War|url=https://archive.org/details/mexicanwar0000heid| date = 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32792-6}} * {{Cite journal|last=Hofstadter|first=Richard|authorlink=Richard Hofstadter |date= Oktubre 1938|title=The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1938-10_44_1/page/50|journal=American Historical Review|volume=44|issue=1|pages=50–55|publisher=American Historical Association|jstor=1840850|doi=10.2307/1840850}} * {{Cite book|ref=Holzer|first=Harold|last=Holzer|title=Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President| date = 2004|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Jaffa|first=Harry V.|last=Jaffa|title=A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War|url=https://archive.org/details/newbirthoffreedo00jaff| date = 2000|isbn=0-8476-9952-8|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-19-804006-4|oclc=|title=To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880|authorlink=Robin Kelley|last1=Kelley|first1=Robin D. G.|author2=Lewis, Earl|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2005}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lamb|editors=Lamb, Brian; Susan Swain|title=Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse|publisher=PublicAffairs| date = 2008|isbn=978-1-58648-676-1}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lupton|first=John A.|date=Oktubre 2006|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment|journal=Illinois Heritage|volume=9|issue=5|page=34|publisher=The Illinois State Historical Society|issn=|oclc=|url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|access-date=2015-01-14|archive-date=2016-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html|url-status=}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|authorlink=Reinhard H. Luthin|ref=Luthin|first=Reinhard H.|last=Luthin|title=The First Lincoln Campaign|isbn=978-0-8446-1292-8|year=1944|publisher=Harvard University Press }} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Luthin|first=Reinhard H. |date= Hulyo 1994|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff|journal=American Historical Review|volume=49|issue=4|pages=609–629|oclc=|jstor=1850218|doi=10.2307/1850218}} * McClintock, Russell. ''Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession'' (2008) [https://www.questia.com/library/117296123/lincoln-and-the-decision-for-war-the-northern-response online] * {{Cite book|ref=Mansch|last=Mansch|first=Larry D.|title=Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0000mans|publisher=McFarland| date = 2005|isbn=0-7864-2026-X}} * {{Cite book|authorlink=George McGovern|ref=McGovern|last=McGovern|first=George S.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcgo|publisher=Macmillan| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3}} * {{Cite book|ref= McKirdy|last= McKirdy|first= Charles Robert|title= Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case| date = 2011|publisher= Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn= 978-1-60473-987-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson1992|last=McPherson|first=James M.|authorlink=James M. McPherson|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnse0000jame| date = 1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507606-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson2|title=[[Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era]]|last=McPherson|first=James M.| date = 1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516895-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=McPherson5|last=McPherson|first=James M.|title=Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincoln00mcph| date = 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537452-0}} *{{Cite book|authorlink=Mark E. Neely, Jr.|ref=Neely |last=Neely |first=Mark E. |title=The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1992|pages=3–31|url=https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties}} --> * {{Cite journal|last=Neely Jr.|first=Mark E.|date= Disyembre 2004|title=Was the Civil War a Total War?|journal=Civil War History|volume=50 |issue=4|pages=434–458|issn=|oclc= |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/civil_war_history/v050/50.4neely.html |doi=10.1353/cwh.2004.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Nevins|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/ordealofunion0001unse|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1947–71|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}} ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1950|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857–1861 2 vol|url=https://archive.org/details/emergenceoflinco02nevi|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1950|isbn=978-0-684-10416-4}}, also published as vol 3–4 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' ** {{Cite book|ref=Nevins1960|last=Nevins|first=Allan|title=The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861–1865|url=https://archive.org/details/warfortheunionvo010196mbp|publisher=Scribner's| date = 1960–1971|isbn=978-1-56852-297-5}}; also published as vol 5–8 of ''Ordeal of the Union'' * {{Cite book|ref=Nichols|last=Nichols|first=David A.|title=Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific|editor=Richard W. Etulain|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2010|isbn=0-8093-2961-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Noll|last=Noll|first=Mark|title=America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/americasgodfromj0000noll|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2000|isbn=0-19-515111-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Oates|last=Oates|first=Stephen B.|authorlink=Stephen B. Oates|title=With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-06-092471-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Paludan|last=Paludan|first=Phillip Shaw|title=The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofabra00palu|isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9| date = 1994|publisher=University Press of Kansas}} * {{Cite journal|last=Parrillo|first=Nicholas |date= Septyembre 2000|title=Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War|journal=Civil War History|volume=46|issue=3|pages=227–253|publisher=Kent State University Press|issn=|oclc=|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_civil-war-history_2000-09_46_3/page/227|doi=10.1353/cwh.2000.0073}} * {{Cite book|ref=Pessen|last=Pessen|first=Edward|title=The Log Cabin Myth: The Social Backgrounds of American Presidents|url=https://archive.org/details/logcabinmythsoci0000pess|publisher=Yale University Press| date = 1984|isbn=0-300-03166-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Peterson|last=Peterson|first=Merrill D.|title=Lincoln in American Memory|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-19-509645-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Potter|last1=Potter|first1=David M.|author2=Don Edward Fehrenbacher|title=The impending crisis, 1848–1861|url=https://archive.org/details/impendingcrisis00pott|publisher=HarperCollins| date = 1976|isbn=978-0-06-131929-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Prokopowicz|last=Prokopowicz|first=Gerald J.|title=Did Lincoln Own Slaves?|url=https://archive.org/details/didlincolnownsla0000prok_r9u3|publisher=Vintage Books| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-307-27929-3}} * {{Cite book|oclc=748479|ref=Randall1947|last=Randall|first=James G.|authorlink=James G. Randall|title=Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman| date = 1947|publisher=Dodd, Mead}} * {{Cite book|oclc=5852442|ref=Randall|last1=Randall|first1=J.G.|author2=Current, Richard Nelson|series=Lincoln the President|volume=IV|title=Last Full Measure|publisher=Dodd, Mead| date = 1955}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Reinhart|last=Reinhart|first=Mark S.|title=Abraham Lincoln on Screen|publisher=McFarland|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7864-3536-4}} --> * {{Cite book|oclc=6579822|ref=Sandburg|last=Sandburg|first=Carl |title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnpr0002carl| date = 1926|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Company}} * {{Cite book|ref=SandburgPW2002|last=Sandburg| first=Carl|title=Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| date = 2002|isbn=0-15-602752-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2000|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnfo00schw| date = 2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-74197-0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Schwartz2009|last=Schwartz|first=Barry|title=Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnin0000schw|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 2009|isbn=978-0-226-74188-8}} * {{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=Kenneth|date= Septyembre 1948|title=Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-quarterly_1948-09_21_3/page/326|journal=The New England Quarterly|volume=21|issue=3|pages=326–341|publisher=The New England Quarterly, Inc.|issn=|jstor=361094|doi=10.2307/361094}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE * {{Cite book|ref=Scott|last=Scott|title=Scott 2006 Classic Specialized Catalogue|publisher=Scott Pub. Co.|year=2005|isbn=0-89487-358-X}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Sherman|last=Sherman|first=William T.|title=Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman|publisher=BiblioBazaar| date = 1990|isbn=1-174-63172-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=Simon|last=Simon|first=Paul|title=Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnspreparat0000simo|publisher=University of Illinois| date = 1990|isbn=0-252-00203-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=Smith|last=Smith|first=Robert C.|title=Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same| date = 2010|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=Steers|last=Steers|first=Edward|title=The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnassassina0000stee|publisher=Harper Collins| date = 2010|isbn=0-06-178775-2}} * {{Cite book| last=Striner| first=Richard| title=Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery| url=https://archive.org/details/fatherabrahamlin0000stri| date = 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-518306-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Tagg|title=The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President|first=Larry|last=Tagg|publisher=Savas Beatie| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-932714-61-6}} * {{Cite book|ref=Taranto|last1=Taranto|first1=James|author2=Leonard Leo|title=Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House|publisher=Simon and Schuster| date = 2004|isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5}} * {{Cite journal|last=Tegeder|first=Vincent G.|date= Hunyo 1948|title=Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West|journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=35|issue=1|pages=77–90|publisher=Organization of American Historians|issn=|oclc=|jstor=1895140|doi=10.2307/1895140}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{cite book|isbn=978-0-8071-3231-9|oclc=|title=Inside the Confederate Nation: Essays in Honor of Emory M. Thomas|url=|authorlink=Emory M. Thomas|last= Thomas|first=Emory M.|editor1-first=Lesley J.|editor1-last=Gordon|editor2-first=John C.|editor2-last=Inscoe|publisher=Louisiana State University Press|year=2007}} --> * {{Cite book|ref=Thomas|first=Benjamin P.|last=Thomas|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnbi0000thom_k6f1|publisher=Southern Illinois University| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-925436-21-4|oclc=|title=The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnfuneraltr0000tros|last=Trostel|first=Scott D.|publisher=Cam-Tech Publishing| date = 2002}} * {{Cite book|ref=Vorenberg|last=Vorenberg|first=Michael|title=Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment|url=https://archive.org/details/finalfreedomcivi0000vore|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2001|isbn=978-0-521-65267-4}} * {{Cite book|ref=White|last=White, Jr.|first=Ronald C.|title=A. Lincoln: A Biography|publisher=Random House, Inc| date = 2009|isbn=978-1-4000-6499-1}} * {{Cite book|ref=Wills|first=Garry|last=Wills|authorlink=Garry Wills|title=[[Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America]]|isbn=0-671-86742-3| date = 1993|publisher=Simon & Schuster }} * {{Cite book|ref=Wilson|first=Douglas L.|last=Wilson|publisher=Knopf Publishing Group|title=Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/honorsvoicetrans0000wils_d8n4| date = 1999|isbn=978-0-375-70396-6 }} * {{Cite book|ref=Winkle|last=Winkle|first=Kenneth J.|title=The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln|url=https://archive.org/details/youngeagleriseof0000wink| date = 2001|publisher=Taylor Trade Publications|isbn=978-0-87833-255-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Zarefsky|authorlink=David Zarefsky|isbn=978-0-226-97876-5|title=Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolndouglassl0000davi|last=Zarefsky|first=David S.|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1993}} * {{Cite journal|last=Zilversmit|first=Arthur| date = 1980|title=Lincoln and the Problem of Race: A Decade of Interpretations|journal=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=2|issue=11|pages=22–24|publisher=Abraham Lincoln Association|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720234453/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/2/zilversmit.html|archivedate= 20 Hulyo 2011|ref=}} {{Refend}} <!-- NOT CITED IN ARTICLE *{{Cite book|ref=Miller |first=William Lee |last=Miller |title=Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnsvirtuese00mill |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-40158-X |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf }} --> ===Historiograpiya=== * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-58182-369-1|title=One Hundred Essential Lincoln Books|url=https://archive.org/details/100essentiallinc0000burk|last=Burkhimer|first=Michael|publisher=Cumberland House|location=| date = 2003}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-393-06756-9|title=Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393067569|last=Foner|first=Eric|publisher=W.W. Norton |location=| date = 2008}} * Manning, Chandra, "The Shifting Terrain of Attitudes toward Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation," ''Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association,'' 34 (Winter 2013), 18–39. * Smith, Adam I.P. "The 'Cult' of Abraham Lincoln and the Strange Survival of Liberal England in the Era of the World Wars," ''Twentieth Century British History,'' (Dec 2010) 21#4 pp 486–509 * Spielberg, Steven; Goodwin, Doris Kearns; Kushner, Tony. "Mr. Lincoln Goes to Hollywood," ''Smithsonian'' (2012) 43#7 pp 46–53. ===Dugang nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-8018-8993-6|title=Abraham Lincoln: A Life ''(2 volumes)''|authorlink=Michael Burlingame (historian)|last=Burlingame|first=Michael|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-87249-400-8|title=Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership|url=https://archive.org/details/lincolnblackfree00coxl|authorlink=LaWanda Cox |last=Cox|first=LaWanda|publisher=University of South Carolina Press |location=| date = 1981}} * Green, Michael S. ''Lincoln and the Election of 1860'' (Concise Lincoln Library) [http://www.amazon.com/Lincoln-Election-1860-Concise-Library/dp/0809330350/ excerpt and text search] * {{Cite book|author=Holzer, Harold|title=Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter 1860–1861|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=34cVaFHdgMMC| date = 2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-8947-4}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-1-59420-191-2|title=Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief|url=https://archive.org/details/triedbywarabraha00mcph|last=McPherson|first=James M.|publisher=Penguin Press |location=| date = 2008}} * {{Cite book|author=Miller, Richard Lawrence|title=Lincoln and His World: The Rise to National Prominence, 1843–1853|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=c1odBTiRSJcC| date = 2011|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5928-5}}, vol 3. of detailed biography * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-306-80209-6|title=The Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnen0000neel_o4t9|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Da Capo Press| date = 1984}} * {{Cite book|isbn=978-0-674-51125-5|title=The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America |url=https://archive.org/details/lastbesthopeofea0000neel|last=Neely|first=Mark E|publisher=Harvard University Press| date = 1994}} * {{Cite book|isbn=|oclc=4183070|title=Lincoln the President ''(4 volumes)''|last=Randall|first=James G.|publisher=Dodd, Mead |location=| date = 1945–1955}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Abraham Lincoln | b=no | n=no | q=Abraham Lincoln | s=Author:Abraham Lincoln|v=no|voy=no|species=no|d=no|display=Abraham Lincoln}} * [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/ The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln] * {{CongBio|L000313}} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/alhtml/alhome.html Mr. Lincoln's Virtual Library] * [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130624231258/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?the-government-is-about-to-fall-into-our-hands-1860-abraham-lincoln |date=2013-06-24 }} Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/prespoetry/al.html Poetry written by Abraham Lincoln] * [http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319053819/http://www.alplm.org/AboutUs/AbouttheFoundation.aspx |date= 19 Marso 2015 }} Springfield, Illinois * [http://www.papersofabrahamlincoln.org/ The Papers of Abraham Lincoln] documentary editing project * {{US patent |6469 |US PATNo. 6,469}}—''Manner of Buoying Vessels''—A. Lincoln—1849 * [http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 National Endowment for the Humanities Spotlight&nbsp;– Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210055506/http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470 |date= 10 Disyembre 2017 }} * [http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ The Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111050304/http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/ |date=2025-01-11 }} * [http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508095428/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/ |date=1999-05-08 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/lincoln/ Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725003410/http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16 Abraham Lincoln] at [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'' * [http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx C-SPAN's ''Lincoln 200 Years''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902043119/http://legacy.c-span.org/Series/Lincoln-200-Years.aspx |date= 2 Septyembre 2011 }} * [http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ Facts about Abraham Lincoln] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304152804/http://interesting-facts.com/abraham-lincoln-facts/ |date=2015-03-04 }} * [http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/stern-lincoln/ The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana] From the Collections at the Library of Congress * [http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/search?query=%22abraham%20lincoln%22 References to Lincoln in European historic newspapers] * {{Gutenberg author | id=Lincoln,+Abraham | name=Abraham Lincoln}} * {{Internet Archive author}} * {{Librivox author |id=2233}} {{Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lincoln, Abraham}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1809]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1865]] [[Kaarangay:Abraham Lincoln]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Mga Mangulo han Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Estados Unidos|Lincoln, Abraham]] [[Kaarangay:Illinois|Lincoln, Abraham]] aa5bthm4nokzis793vn60a6nskmc4lg 0 17985 7783056 7652333 2026-05-06T21:25:03Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BH LMC.png|thumb]] An '''Itom nga luho''' amo an usa ka butang ha [[sangkalibutan]] nga makusog an butong han gravidad, nga biskan it [[lamrag]] diri makagawas. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ;Popular nga barasahon * {{Cite book| last1=Ferguson | first1=Kitty|title=Black Holes in Space-Time| url=https://archive.org/details/blackholesinspac0000ferg |publisher=Watts Franklin|date=1991|isbn=0-531-12524-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first1=Stephen |last1=Hawking |author1-link=Stephen Hawking|title=[[A Brief History of Time]]|publisher=Bantam Books, Inc|date=1988|isbn=0-553-38016-8|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|first1=Stephen |last1=Hawking |author1-link=Stephen Hawking |first2=Roger |last2=Penrose |author2-link=Roger Penrose |title=The Nature of Space and Time |date=1996 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-03791-4 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LstaQTXP65cC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Melia |first1=Fulvio | author1-link=Fulvio Melia |title=The Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy| url=https://archive.org/details/blackholeatcente0000meli |publisher=Princeton U Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-691-09505-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Melia | first1=Fulvio |title=The Edge of Infinity. Supermassive Black Holes in the Universe| url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofinfinitysu00meli |publisher=Cambridge U Press|date=2003|isbn=978-0-521-81405-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Pickover | first1=Clifford|title=Black Holes: A Traveler's Guide|publisher=Wiley, John & Sons, Inc|date=1998|isbn=0-471-19704-1}} * {{Cite book| last1=Thorne | first1=Kip S. |author-link=Kip Thorne|title=[[Black Holes and Time Warps]]|publisher=Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc|date=1994|isbn=0-393-31276-3|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last=Wheeler |first=J. Craig|title = Cosmic Catastrophes| url=https://archive.org/details/cosmiccatastroph0000whee_f9s6 |edition = 2nd|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2007|isbn = 0-521-85714-7 |ref=harv}} ;Mga textbook ngan monograpo para pan-gamit ha unibersidad * {{Cite book|last1=Carroll |first1=Sean M. |title=Spacetime and Geometry |url=https://archive.org/details/spacetimegeometr0000sean |date=2004 |publisher=Addison Wesley |isbn=0-8053-8732-3 |ref=harv}}, the lecture notes on which the book was based are available for free from Sean Carroll's [http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll/notes/ website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613183600/http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll/notes/ |date=2007-06-13 }}. * {{Cite book|last1=Carter |first1=B. |authorlink1=Brandon Carter |date=1973 |chapter=Black hole equilibrium states |title=Black Holes |editor-last=DeWitt |editor-first=B. S. |editor1-link=Bryce De Witt |editor2-last=DeWitt |editor2-first=C. |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Chandrasekhar | first1=Subrahmanyan |authorlink1=Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |title=Mathematical Theory of Black Holes|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=1999|isbn=0-19-850370-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Frolov |first1=V. P. |last2=Novikov |first2=I. D. |date=1998 |title=Black hole physics |url=https://archive.org/details/blackholephysics0000frol |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last1=Frolov |first1=Valeri P. |last2=Zelnikov |first2=Andrei |title=Introduction to Black Hole Physics |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2011 |location=Oxford |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r_l5AK9DdXsC&lpg=PA34 |isbn=978-0-19-969229-3 |zbl=1234.83001 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Hawking |first1=S. W. |last2=Ellis |first2=G. F. R. |authorlink1=Stephen Hawking |title=Large Scale Structure of space time |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1973 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QagG_KI7Ll8C |isbn=0-521-09906-4|ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Melia |first1=Fulvio |author1-link=Fulvio Melia|title=The Galactic Supermassive Black Hole| url=https://archive.org/details/galacticsupermas0000meli |publisher=Princeton U Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-691-13129-0 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Taylor | first1=Edwin F. |last2=Wheeler | first2=John Archibald |author2-link=John Archibald Wheeler | title=Exploring Black Holes| url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-AHU-256 |publisher=Addison Wesley Longman | date=2000|isbn=0-201-38423-X |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book|last1=Thorne | first1=Kip S. |last2=Misner | first2=Charles |last3=Wheeler | first3=John |author1-link=Kip Thorne |author2-link=Charles W. Misner| author3-link=John Archibald Wheeler |title=Gravitation|url=https://archive.org/details/gravitation0000misn |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company|date=1973|isbn=0-7167-0344-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wald | first=Robert M. |author-link=Robert Wald |title=General Relativity |publisher=University of Chicago Press |date=1984 |isbn=978-0-226-87033-5 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9S-hzg6-moYC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book| last1=Wald | first1=Robert M. |title=Space, Time, and Gravity: The Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes|publisher= University of Chicago Press| date=1992|isbn=0-226-87029-4 |ref=harv}} ;Mga review paper * {{cite journal|last1=Gallo|first1=Elena|last2=Marolf|first2=Donald|doi=10.1119/1.3056569|title=Resource Letter BH-2: Black Holes|date=2009|page=294|issue=4|volume=77|journal=American Journal of Physics|arxiv=0806.2316|bibcode = 2009AmJPh..77..294G|ref=harv }} * {{cite arXiv |eprint=0511217 |last1=Hughes|first1=Scott A. |title=Trust but verify: The case for astrophysical black holes |class=hep-ph |date=2005}} Lecture notes from 2005 [[SLAC]] Summer Institute. ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=no|commons=Category:Black holes|b=General Astronomy/Black holes/Introduction}} * {{In Our Time|Black Holes|p00547f4|Black_Holes}} * [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]: "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-singularities/ Singularities and Black Holes]" by Erik Curiel and Peter Bokulich. * "[http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Black_hole Black hole]" on Scholarpedia. * [http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/ Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull]—Interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute * [http://apod.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) on Black Holes] * "[http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schwp.html Schwarzschild Geometry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980118051503/http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schwp.html |date=1998-01-18 }}" * [http://library.thinkquest.org/C007571/english/advance/core8.htm Advanced Mathematics of Black Hole Evaporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017061255/http://library.thinkquest.org/C007571/english/advance/core8.htm |date=2012-10-17 }} * [http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/home.html Hubble site] ;Mga video * [http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso0846b/ 16-year long study tracks stars orbiting Milky Way black hole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040925044354/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/index.php Movie of Black Hole Candidate from Max Planck Institute] [[Kaarangay:Mga itom nga buho]] cybmsaupebxwnwezz0cwcxbp7w1gteq 0 17999 7783079 7752922 2026-05-06T21:47:10Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783079 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GilgameshTablet.jpg|thumb]] An '''Epiko ni Gilgamesh''' amo an usa ka siday epiko tikang ha Hadto nga Mesopotamia nga usa ha ginsyasyahani nga kilala nga buhat han mga panurat literatura. ==Mga reperensya== ===Pinanbasaran=== {{Reflist|3}} ===Bibliograpiya=== ====Mga paghubad han Epiko==== * {{cite book |author=Jastrow, M. and Clay, A |title=An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic: On the Basis of Recently Discovered Texts| year=1920}} * {{cite book |author=Sandars, N. K |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh (Penguin Epics)|url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse_f4b8 | location= London | publisher= Penguin | year=2006 | isbn=0-14-102628-6}}: re-print of the Penguin Classic translation (in prose) by N. K. Sandars 1960 (ISBN 014044100X) without the introduction. * {{cite book |author=Mason, Herbert |title=Gilgamesh: A Verse Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshversena0000maso_l9v4 |location=Boston |publisher=Mariner Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-618-27564-9}} First published in 1970 by Houghton Mifflin; Mentor Books paperback published 1972. * {{cite book |author=Kovacs, Maureen Gallery, transl. with intro. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |location=Stanford University Press |publisher=Stanford, California |year=1985,1989 |isbn=0-8047-1711-7}} Glossary, Appendices, Appendix (Chapter XII=Tablet XII). A line-by-line translation (Chapters I-XI). * {{cite book |author=Ferry, David |title=Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewrend00ferr |year=1993 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |isbn=0-374-52383-5 |authorlink=David Ferry (poet)}} * {{cite book | author=Jackson, Danny |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh | url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgamesh0000unse |location=Wauconda, IL |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=0-86516-352-9}} * {{cite book |author=[[Simo Parpola|Parpola, Simo]], with Mikko Luuko, and Kalle Fabritius |title=The Standard Babylonian, Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://archive.org/details/standardbabyloni0000unse |publisher=The [[Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project]] |year=1997 |isbn=951-45-7760-4}}: (Volume 1) in the original Akkadian cuneiform and transliteration; commentary and glossary are in English * {{cite book |author=George, Andrew R., trans. & edit. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh; The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian.|url=https://archive.org/details/epicofgilgameshb0000unse_k8l3 |publisher=Penguin |location=England |year=2000 |isbn=0-14-044721-0}} * {{cite book |author=Foster, Benjamin R., trans. & edit. |title=The Epic of Gilgamesh |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393975161 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |year=2001 |isbn=0-393-97516-9}} * {{cite book |author=George, Andrew R., trans. & edit. |title=The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=England |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-814922-0}} * {{cite book |author=Mitchell, Stephen |title=Gilgamesh: A New English Version |url=https://archive.org/details/gilgameshnewengl0000mitc |location=New York |publisher=Free Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-6164-X |authorlink=Stephen Mitchell (translator)}} ====Analisis han Epiko==== * {{cite book |last = Jacobsen |first = Thorkild |authorlink = Thorkild Jacobsen |title = The Treasures of Darkness, A History of Mesopotamian Religion |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 1976 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=pD17nsgWQBoC&dq=%22The+Treasures+of+Darkness,+A+History+of+Mesopotamian+Religion%22&pg=PP1&ots=xIB1vOkUgr&sig=48BSBQDrKwEWbD_1_tlIU7hkc0Y&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result |isbn = 0-300-01844-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Tigay |first = Jeffrey H. |title = The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic |publisher = [[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |year = 1982 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=HzYOAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic%22&dq=%22The+Evolution+of+the+Gilgamesh+Epic%22&num=100&client=opera&pgis=1 |isbn = 0-8122-7805-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Kluger |first = Rivkah |title = The Gilgamesh Epic: A Psychological Study of a Modern Ancient Hero |publisher = Daimon |year = 1991 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=oALOCGuQHK0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=gilgamesh&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UICgUJcqqbfQAZ_NgYAO&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBjgK |isbn = 3-85630-523-8 }} * {{cite book |last = West |first = Martin Litchfield |authorlink = Martin Litchfield West |title = The East Face of Helicon: West Asiatic Elements in Greek Poetry and Myth |publisher = Clarendon Press |year = 1997 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=wuHeHQAACAAJ&dq=%22The+East+Face+of+Helicon%22&num=100&client=opera |isbn = 0-19-815042-3 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{cite book |last = Best |first = Robert |title = Noah's Ark and the Ziusudra Epic |publisher = Eisenbrauns |year = 1999 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=VVjXAAAAMAAJ&q=noah's+ark+and+the+ziusudra+epic&dq=noah's+ark+and+the+ziusudra+epic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7yckUsjXFKTl4AOi5YCYAw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA |isbn = 0-9667840-1-4 }} * {{cite book |last = Damrosch |first = David |title = The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh |publisher = [[Henry Holt and Company|Henry Holt and Co.]] |year = 2007 |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6jJQLrJXrakC&pg=PP1&dq=%22The+Buried+Book:+The+Loss+and+Rediscovery+of+the+Great+Epic+of+Gilgamesh%22&num=100&client=opera&sig=ACfU3U19bQtV0FbzQHz00tu38-cpnaTj3g |isbn = 0-8050-8029-5 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{commons category}} {{wikiquote}} * Translations of the legends of Gilgamesh in the [[Sumerian language]] can be found in Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Fluckiger-Hawker, E, [[Eleanor Robson|Robson, E.]], and Zólyomi, G., ''[http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210062657/http://www-etcsl.orient.ox.ac.uk/ |date=2008-12-10 }}'', Oxford 1998–. ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5# Gilgamesh and Huwawa], version A ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5.1# Gilgamesh and Huwawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909075934/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.5.1 |date=2010-09-09 }}, version B ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.2# Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven] ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1# Gilgamesh and Aga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009114709/http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.1 |date=2016-10-09 }} ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.4# Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the nether world] ** [http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.8.1.3# The death of Gilgamesh] * [http://www.jasoncolavito.com/epic-of-gilgamesh.html The 1901 full text translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh by William Muss-Arnolt] * {{Gutenberg|no=11000|name=An Old Babylonian Version of the Gilgamesh Epic by Anonymous}}, edited by Morris Jastrow, translated by Albert T. Clay * [http://public.wsu.edu/~gened/orpheus/orpheus_gilgamesh.htm Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805175724/https://public.wsu.edu/~gened/orpheus/orpheus_gilgamesh.htm |date=2020-08-05 }} by Richard Hooker (wsu.edu) *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/reginald-campbell-thompson-translation/ The Epic of Gilgamesh, Complete Academic Translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515171703/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/reginald-campbell-thompson-translation/ |date=2014-05-15 }} by [[Reginald Campbell Thompson|R. Campbell Thompson]] *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/maureen-gallery-kovacs-translation/ The Epic of Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515171700/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/maureen-gallery-kovacs-translation/ |date=2014-05-15 }} by Kovacs, M.G., *[http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/robert-temple-translation/ He Who Saw Everything: Verse Translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810090839/http://king-of-heroes.co.uk/the-epic-of-gilgamesh/robert-temple-translation/ |date=2013-08-10 }} by Temple, R.K.G., [[Kaarangay:Epiko ni Gilgamesh]] m37auww30sl9cyjccowbwqsl6jl4xqa 0 18001 7783046 7782408 2026-05-06T21:15:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783046 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:504px-Pinguiculagrandiflora1web.jpg|thumb]] An '''Botaniká'''<ref>Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 46.</ref> , '''Botany''', syensya han tanom, phytolohiya, o biyolohiya han tanom amo an sanga han biyolohiya ngan an pag-aram syentipiko han kinabuhi han tanom ngan pag-uswag hini. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Bibliograpiya== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Acharya | first1 = Deepak | last2 = Anshu | first2 = Shrivastava | title = Indigenous Herbal Medicines: Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices | date = 2008 | isbn = 81-7910-252-1 | publisher = Aavishkar Publishers | location = Jaipur, India}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Addelson|2003}} | last = Addelson | first = Barbara | url = http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414/ | title = Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers | publisher = Botanical Gardens Conservation International | date = Disyembre 2003 | accessdate = 8 Hunyo 2013 | archive-date = 23 Mayo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523155525/http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |date=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |url=https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily0000ande |publication-place=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5 }} * {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last1=Armstrong |first1=G. 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S. | pages = 1| last2 = Sprague }} * {{Cite journal |last=Stace |first=Clive A. |date=2010a |title=Classification by molecules: What's in it for field botanists? |journal=Watsonia |volume=28 |url=http://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |accessdate=6 Hulyo 2013 |ref=harv |archive-date=26 Hulyo 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726104027/https://www.watsonia.org.uk/Wats28p103.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book| ref = harv |last=Stace |first=Clive | date = 2010b |title=New Flora of the British Isles |edition=3rd |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-70772-5}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Starr|first=Cecie|title=The Unity and Diversity of Life|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299|date=2009|edition=AP|publisher=Brooks/Cole, Cenpage Learning|location=Belmomt, California|isbn=978-1-111-58097-1|http://books.google.com/books?id=dAyuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA299}}{{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last1=Stewart |first1=Wilson Nichols |last2=Rothwell |first2=Gar W. |date=1993 |title=Paleobiology and the Evolution of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanyevolu0000stew |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-38294-6 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv |last1=Stover|first1=R. H.|last2=Simmonds|first2=N. W. |title=Bananas | url = https://archive.org/details/bananas0000stov |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow, England | date = 1987 |isbn=978-0-582-46357-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Sumner|first=Judith|title=The Natural History of Medicinal Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof0000sumn|publisher=Timber Press|location=New York|date=2000|isbn=0-88192-483-0}} * {{Cite journal| ref = harv |last1=Sun|first1=Yuh-Ju|last2=Forouhar|first2=Farhad|last3=Li Hm|first3=Hsou-min|last4=Tu|first4=Shuh-Long|last5=Yeh|first5=Yi-Hong|last6=Kao|first6=Sen|last7=Shr|first7=Hui-Lin|last8=Chou|first8=Chia-Cheng|last9=Chen|first9=Chinpan |last10=Hsiao|first10=Chwan-Deng|title=Crystal Structure of Pea Toc34, a Novel GTPase of the Chloroplast Protein Translocon|journal=Nature Structural Biology| date = 2002|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.1038/nsb744|pmid=11753431| pages = 95–100}} * {{Cite journal |ref= harv |last= Sussex |first= I. |date= 2008 |title= The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology |journal= The Plant Cell |volume= 20 |issue= 5 |doi= 10.1105/tpc.108.058735 |url= http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1189.full.pdf+html |format= PDF |pmid= 18515500 |pmc= 2438469 |pages= 1189–98 }} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Taiz | first1 = Lincoln | last2 = Zeiger | first2 = Eduardo | edition = 3rd | title = Plant Physiology | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-87893-823-0 | publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA}} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Takaichi|first=Shinichi|title=Carotenoids in Algae: Distributions, Biosyntheses and Functions|journal=Marine Drugs|date= Hunyo 2011|volume=9|issue=12|doi=10.3390/md9061101|pmc=3131562|pages=1101–1118}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Tansley| first1 = A. G.| title =The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts | journal = Ecology|publisher=Ecological Society of America |location=Washington, D.C. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 284| date = 1935|doi = 10.2307/1930070|jstor=1930070}} * {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Taylor |first=T.N. |last2=Taylor |first2=E.L. |last3=Krings |first3=M. |date=2009 |title=Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/paleobotanybiolo0000tayl |edition=2nd |publication-place=Amsterdam; Boston |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373972-8 }} * {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Thompson|first1=James E.|last2=Fry|first2=Stephen C.| date = 2001|title=Restructuring of Wall-bound Xyloglucan by Transglycosylation in Living Plant Cells|journal=The Plant Journal |publisher=John Wiley & Sons| location = West Sussex, England|volume=26 |issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01005.x|pmid=11359607|pages=23–34}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Waggoner|2001}} | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html | last = Waggoner | first = Ben | date = 2001 | title = University of California Museum of Paleontology | publisher = University of California-Berkeley | accessdate = 27 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Went|first1=F. W.|last2=Thimann|first2=K. V.|date=1937|title=Phytohormones|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|url=http://ia700408.us.archive.org/33/items/phytohormones00went/phytohormones00went.pdf|format=PDF}} * {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Willis| first1 = A. J.| title =The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically | journal =Functional Ecology|publisher=British Ecological Society|location=London| volume = 11 | issue =2 | date = 1997|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x | pages = 268}} * {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Woese et al.|1977}} | last1 = Woese | first1 = C. R. | last2 = Magrum | first2 = W. E. | last3 = Fox | first3 = L. J. | last4=Wolfe | first4 = G. E. | last5 = Woese | first5 = R. S. | title = An Ancient Divergence Among the Bacteria | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 9 | pages = 305–311 | issue = 4 |date= Agosto 1977 | pmid = 408502 | doi = 10.1007/BF01796092}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Yaniv | first1 = Zohara | last2 = Bachrach | first2 = Uriel | title = Handbook of Medicinal Plants | date = 2005 | isbn = 1-56022-994-2 | publisher = Haworth Press | location = Binghampton, NY}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 =Yates|first1= F.|last2= Mather|first2= K. | date = 1963|title=Ronald Aylmer Fisher 1890–1962|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=9|jstor=769423}} * {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | last2 = Hopf | first2 = Maria | title = Domestication of Plants in the Old World | url = https://archive.org/details/domesticationofp0003zoha | date = 2000 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford }} * {{Cite journal| ref={{sfnRef|Arabidopsis Genome Initiative|2000}}| author=The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative| title=Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2000-12-14_408_6814/page/796| journal=Nature| publisher=Nature Publishing Group| location=London| date=2000| volume=408| doi=10.1038/35048692| pmid=11130711| issue=6814| pages=796–815}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Plant Hormones|2013}} | url = https://agrikaido.com/plant-hormones/auxins/ | title = Auxins | publisher = Plant Hormones, Long Ashton Research Station, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council | accessdate = 15 Hulyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Center for Biotechnology Information|2004}} | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/primer/genetics_cell.html | title = A Basic Introduction to the Science Underlying NCBI Resources | date = 30 Marso 2004 | publisher = National Center for Biotechnology Information | accessdate = 5 Marso 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Online Etymology Dictionary|2012}} | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=botany&searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | date = 2012 | accessdate = 24 Pebrero 2012 }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Museum of Wales|2007}} | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = 4 Hulyo 2007 | accessdate = 19 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 29 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Science Foundation|1989}} | url = http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=120 | title = Katherine Esau | publisher = National Science Foundation | date = 1989 | accessdate = 26 Hunyo 2013 }} * {{Cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Botanical Society of America|2013}}|url=http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|title=Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems|publisher=Botanical Society of America|accessdate=25 Hunyo 2013|archive-date=1998-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131020409/http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|url-status=}} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Cleveland Museum of Natural History|2012}} | url = https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | title = Paleobotany | publisher = Cleveland Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 30 Hulyo 2014 | archive-date = 2014-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074831/https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of California-Davis|2012}} | url = http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | title = Physical Map of ''Brachypodium'' | publisher = University of California-Davis | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 24 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105534/http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | url-status = dead }} * {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}} | url = http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/earth.html | title = Plants and Life on Earth | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | date = 2009 | accessdate = 10 Marso 2012 }} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikibooks|Botany}} {{Commons category|Botany}} {{Wikisource portal|Botany}} {{WVD}} {{refbegin|30em}} * {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}} * [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=3 Enero 2011 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation * [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&lang=en%2F |date=31 Enero 2012 }} from Catholic University of Leuven * [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network] * [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091149/http://plants.usda.gov/index.html |date=2010-12-02 }} * [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany] * [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library {{refend}} [[Kaarangay:Botanika]] 1m6elsuv7mu5ixx68q7vjnozk2bktbu 0 18006 7783078 7773902 2026-05-06T21:46:50Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ottoman sultan |Sultan_Name= Sulemian I |title=[[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of]] [[Ottoman Empire|the Ottoman Empire]]<br />[[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]<br />[[Caliph|Islamic Caliph]]<br />[[Amir al-Mu'minin]] |image_portrait= EmperorSuleiman.jpg |image_tugra= Tughra of Suleiman I the Magnificent.svg |caption= Suleyman I attributed to school of [[Titian]] c.1530 |reign= 1520–1566 (46 years) |Military= Growth of the Ottoman Empire |coronation= 30 September 1520 |name = Suleiman the Magnificent<br />سلطان سليمان اول |full name= Suleiman bin Selim bin Bayezid bin Mehmed bin Murad bin Mehmed bin Bayezid bin Murad bin Orhan bin Osman bin Ertuğrul |before= [[Selim I]] |after= [[Selim II]] |suc-type= Heir Apparent |consort= [[Hürrem Sultan]] | =[[Roxelana|Hürrem Sultan]] (Roxelana) |issue= [[Shahzade Mahmud]] (1511–1521)<br /> [[Shahzade Mustafa]] (1515–1553)<br /> [[Shahzade Mehmed]] (1523–1543)<br /> [[Mihrimah Sultana]] (1524–1578)<br /> [[Selim II]] (1525–1574)<br /> [[Şehzade Beyazıt|Shahzade Bayezid]] (1527–1561)<br /> [[Shahzade Cihangir]] (1535–1553)<br /> |royal house= [[House of Osman]] |father= [[Selim I]] |mother= [[Ayşe Hafsa Sultan]] |birth_date={{birth date|1494|11|06|df=y}} |birth_place=[[Trabzon]] |death_date= 5/6 September 1566 (aged 71) |death_place=[[Szigetvár]], [[Hungary]] |burial_place=[[Süleymaniye Mosque]], [[Constantinople]]<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol.7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; ''Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire...''</ref><ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul Britannica, Istanbul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218080707/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul |date=2007-12-18 }}:''When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930.''</ref> (present day [[Istanbul]]) |spouse 2= [[Haseki]] [[Hürrem Sultan]] <br />[[Mahidevran Sultan]] |religion=[[Sunni Islam]] |}} Hi '''Suleiman I''' (Tinurkiya Otomano: سليمان Sulaymān, Tinurkiya: Süleyman; agsob igtawag nga ''Kanuni Sultan Süleyman'') (6 Nobyembre 1494 – 5/6/7 Septyembre 1566), amo an ikanapulo ngan gihahalaba-i nga namuno nga Sultan han Imperyo Otomano, tikang 1520 kutob ha iya kamatay han 1566. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} == Mga reperensya == ;Nakaimprenta nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite book |last=Ahmed|first=Syed Z|title=The Zenith of an Empire : The Glory of the Suleiman the Magnificent and the Law Giver |url=https://archive.org/details/zenithofempiregl0000ahme|year=2001 |publisher=A.E.R. Publications |isbn=978-0-9715873-0-4}} *{{cite book |last=Atıl |first=Esin |title=The Age of Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent|year=1987 |publisher=National Gallery of Art |location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-0-89468-098-4}} *{{cite journal|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|title=The Golden Age of Ottoman Art|accessdate=2007-04-18|journal=Saudi Aramco World|year=1987|month=July/August|volume=38|issue=4|pages=24–33|issn=1530-5821|location=Houston, Texas|publisher=Aramco Services Co|last=Atıl|first=Esin|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609191610/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198704/the.golden.age.of.ottoman.art.htm|url-status=}} *{{cite book |last=Barber|first=Noel|authorlink=Noel Barber|title=Lords of the Golden Horn : From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk |url=https://archive.org/details/lordsofgoldenhor0000barb|publisher=Pan Books|location=London|year=1976 |isbn=978-0-330-24735-1}} *{{cite book |last=Clot | first=André | authorlink=André Clot |title=Suleiman the Magnificent : The Man, His Life, His Epoch|year=1992 |publisher=[[Saqi Books]] |location=London|isbn=978-0-86356-126-9}} * Garnier, Edith ''L'Alliance Impie'' Editions du Felin, 2008, Paris ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 [http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818015845/http://www.neopodia.mobi/20090519-histoire-renaissance-alliance-impie-francois-1er-ier-ottoman-soliman-suleyman-charles-quint-forces-en-presence |date=2009-08-18 }} *{{cite book |last=Greenblatt |first=Miriam |title=Süleyman the Magnificent and the Ottoman Empire |year=2003|publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-7614-1489-6}} *{{cite book |last=Imber|first=Colin|title=The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomanempire1300000imbe|year=2002 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |isbn=978-0-333-61386-3}} *{{cite book |last=Kinross|first=Patrick|authorlink=John Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross|title=The Ottoman centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/ottomancenturies00kinr|publisher=Morrow |year=1979 |location=New York|isbn=978-0-688-08093-8}} *{{cite journal|journal=International journal of Middle East studies|last=Labib|first=Subhi|title=The Era of Suleyman the Magnificent: Crisis of Orientation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1979-11_10_4/page/435|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|month=November|year=1979|pages=435–451|volume=10|issue=4|issn=0020-7438}} *{{cite book |last=Lamb|first=Harold|authorlink=Harold Lamb |title=Suleiman, the Magnificent, Sultan of the East|url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanthemagni001564mbp|location=Garden City, N.Y. |publisher=Doubleday |year=1951 |oclc=397000 |isbn=1-4067-7271-2}} *{{cite book |last=Levey|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Levey |title=The World of Ottoman Art |url=https://archive.org/details/worldofottomanar0000leve_n0z4|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1975 |isbn=0-500-27065-1}} *{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard|authorlink=Bernard Lewis |title=What Went Wrong? : Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response|url=https://archive.org/details/whatwentwrongcla0000lewi |year=2002|publisher=Phoenix|location=London |isbn=978-0-7538-1675-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mansel |first=Phillip |title=Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924|url=https://archive.org/details/constantinopleci0000mans |year=1998|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |isbn=978-0-312-18708-8}} *{{cite book |last=Merriman|first=Roger Bigelow |title=Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520–1566|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.87496|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1944|oclc=784228 |isbn=1-4067-7272-0}} *{{cite journal|journal=National geographic|last=Severy|first=Merle |title=The World of Süleyman the Magnificent |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Geographic Society |month=November |year=1987 |pages=552–601 |volume=172|issue=5 |issn=0027-9358}} *{{cite book |last=Sicker|first=Martin |title=The Islamic World In Ascendancy : From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicworldinas0000sick|year=2000 |publisher=Praeger |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-275-96892-2}} *{{cite journal |title=Suleiman The Lawgiver |accessdate=2007-04-18 |journal=Saudi Aramco World |year=1964 |month=March/April |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=8–10 |issn=1530-5821 |location=Houston, Texas |publisher=Aramco Services Co |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |archive-date=2007-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513164833/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196402/.suleiman.the.lawgiver..htm |url-status= }}</div> ;Aada-ha-linya nga kuruhaan <div class="references-small"> *{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/794.html|title=1548-49|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/67/795.html|title=1553-55|accessdate=2007-04-18|work=The Encyclopedia of World History|year=2001|archive-date=2009-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130012437/http://bartleby.com/67/795.html|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.womeninworldhistory.com/sample-10.html |title=A 400 Year Old Love Poem|accessdate=2007-04-18 |work=Women in World History Curriculum Showcase}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|title=Suleiman The Magnificent|accessdate=2007-04-18|first=Mark|last=Embree|year=2004|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930054118/http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/embree/embree.htm|archivedate=2006-09-30|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309091926/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|title=Suleyman the Magnificent Poet|archivedate=2006-03-09|url=http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/JulyAug/N6.htm|accessdate=2007-04-18|last=Halman|first=Talat|year=1988|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|title=The History of Malta|accessdate=2007-04-27|first=|last=|year=2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501155037/http://www.malta.com/about-malta/history-of-malta.html|archivedate=2007-05-01|url-status=live}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.turkcebilgi.net/kim-kimdir/m/muhibbi-kanuni-sultan-suleyman-31612.html |title=Muhibbî (Kanunî Sultan Süleyman) |accessdate=2008-01-13 |work=Türkçe Bilgi—Kim kimdir? |language=Turkish }} *{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D6163EF935A15752C0A961948260|title=The Age of Sultan Suleyman |accessdate=2007-08-09 |first=John |last=Russell|date=2007-01-26|publisher=New York Times}} *{{cite web|url=http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|title=Suleiman I|accessdate=2008-04-17|first=Malcolm|last=Edward Yapp|work=Microsoft Encarta|year=2007|archive-date=2008-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071213/http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575054_2/Suleiman_I.html|url-status=dead}} </div> *A Guide to Ottoman Bulgaria" by Dimana Trankova, Anthony Georgieff and Professor Hristo Matanov; published by Vagabond Media, Sofia, 2011 [[www.vagabond.bg/ottomanbulgaria]] == Dugang nga barasahon == <div class="references-small"> *[[Alum Bati]], "Harem Secrets", Trafford, 2008, ISBN=1-4251-5750-5 *{{cite book |last=Bridge |first=Anthony|title=Suleiman the Magnificent, Scourge of Heaven |url=https://archive.org/details/suleimanmagnific0000brid |year=1983 |location=New York |publisher=F. Watts |oclc=9853956 |isbn=0-88029-169-9}} *{{cite book |last=Downey |first=Fairfax Davis |title=The Grand Turke, Suleyman the Magnificent, sultan of the Ottomans |year= |publisher=Minton, Balch & Company |location=New York|oclc=25776191}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |last=Hooker |first=Richard |title=The Ottomans: Suleyman |accessdate=2007-09-02 |archive-date=1999-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117031057/http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/OTTOMAN/SULEYMAN.HTM |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book |last=Lybyer|first=Albert Howe|title=The government of the Ottoman empire in the time of Suleiman the Magnificent |url=https://archive.org/details/governmentottom01lybygoog|year=1913 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=Harvard University Press |oclc=1562148 |isbn=0-404-14681-3}} </div> *[[André Clot]] ''Soliman Le Magnifique'', Fayard, Paris, 1983, 469 p.&nbsp;ISBN 2-213-01260-1 == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Suleiman I}} * [http://ansiklopedika.org/Kanuni Detailed information about Suleiman the Magnificent on Ansiklopedika.org]{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} {{tr}} *[http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 Sultan Suleyman Tomb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224133530/http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/eserler.asp?action=eserDetay&ID=77 |date=2007-12-24 }} *[http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm Portraits and Tughra of Suleiman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614160210/http://paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Genl%20Images/Single%20Frames/Suleiman.htm |date=2006-06-14 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Suleiman 01}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1494]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1566]] [[Kaarangay:Imperyo Otomano]] [[Kaarangay:Turkeya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Suleiman 01]] [[Kaarangay:Politika|Suleiman 01]] cjgbrxcm47lvraysr1yaz8wihso74gf 0 18017 7783102 7782397 2026-05-07T00:55:20Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783102 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''semikonduktor''' amo an usa ka solido kun diin gindugngan hin iba nga butang para makontrol an pag-agi han elektrisidad. Usa ini na grupo sin mga materyales na an electrikal na ''conductivity'' napabutnga san mga ''conductor'' (sugad san [[copper]]) ngan mga ''insulator''. An Semiconduktor an pundasyon san moderno na ''[[elektronika|electronics]]'', sakob na an mga [[transistor]], ''solar cell'', ''light-emitting diode (LED)'', ''quantum dot'' ngan digital ngan analog na ''integrated circuits''. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== *{{cite book| author=A. A. Balandin and K. L. Wang |year=2006|title= Handbook of Semiconductor Nanostructures and Nanodevices (5-Volume Set)|publisher= American Scientific Publishers| isbn= 1-58883-073-X}} *{{cite book|author=[[Simon Sze|Sze, Simon M.]]|title=Physics of Semiconductor Devices (2nd ed.)|publisher=John Wiley and Sons (WIE)|year=1981| isbn=0-471-05661-8}} *{{cite book|author=Turley, Jim|title=The Essential Guide to Semiconductors|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialguideto00turl_0|publisher=Prentice Hall PTR|year=2002|isbn=0-13-046404-X}} *{{cite book|author=Yu, Peter Y.; Cardona, Manuel|title=Fundamentals of Semiconductors : Physics and Materials Properties|publisher=Springer|year=2004|isbn=3-540-41323-5}} *{{cite book| author= Sadao Adachi |year=2012|title= The Handbook on Optical Constants of Semiconductors: In Tables and Figures |publisher= World Scientific Publishing| isbn= 9-789-81440597-3}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== *[http://science.howstuffworks.com/diode.htm Howstuffworks' semiconductor page] *[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/semcn.html Semiconductor Concepts at Hyperphysics] *Calculator for the [http://www.stevesque.com/calculators/intrinsic-carrier-concentration/ intrinsic carrier concentration] in silicon *Semiconductor OneSource [http://www.semi1source.com/shof/ Hall of Fame] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091009135303/http://www.semi1source.com/shof/ |date=2009-10-09 }}, [http://www.semiconductorglossary.com/ Glossary] *[http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/ Principles of Semiconductor Devices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213122751/http://ece-www.colorado.edu/~bart/book/book/ |date=2009-02-13 }} by Bart Van Zeghbroeck, [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]]. An online textbook] *[http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/index.htm US Navy Electrical Engineering Training Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606111842/http://www.tpub.com/content/neets/14179/index.htm |date=2004-06-06 }} *[http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html NSM-Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306114230/http://www.ioffe.rssi.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html |date=2009-03-06 }} Physical Properties of Semiconductors] *[http://www.semiconductor-scout.com/manufacturer/semiconductor-manufacturer.html Semiconductor Manufacturer List] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826143426/http://www.semiconductor-scout.com/manufacturer/semiconductor-manufacturer.html |date=2009-08-26 }} *[http://nanohub.org/topics/EduSemiconductor ABACUS] : Introduction to Semiconductor Devices – by [[Gerhard Klimeck]] and Dragica Vasileska, online learning resource with simulation tools on [[nanoHUB]] *[http://www.organicsemiconductors.com Organic Semiconductor page]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *[http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/semiconductors/index.php DoITPoMS Teaching and Learning Package- "Introduction to Semiconductors"] *[http://www.etsp-engineering.com/1330022518orv_Semiconductor_Hubs_2012.pdf Semiconductor R&D Talent Locations report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718024529/http://www.etsp-engineering.com/1330022518orv_Semiconductor_Hubs_2012.pdf |date=2015-07-18 }} oz2v1rsqor8h6u9t3jnibmvss2ye76g 0 18059 7783059 7781968 2026-05-06T21:27:36Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Hans Christian Andersen | image = Hans Christian Andersen by Thora Hallager 1869.jpg | caption = Photograph taken by [[Thora Hallager]], 1869 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1805|4|2|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Odense]], [[Funen]], [[Kingdom of Denmark and Norway]] (modern [[Denmark]]) | death_date = {{Death date and age|1875|8|4|1805|4|2|df=y}} | death_place = [[Copenhagen]], Kingdom of Denmark | death_cause = Liver cancer | occupation = Writer | language = Danish | nationality = Danish | genre = [[Children's literature]], [[travel literature|travelogue]] | influences = [[Ludvig Holberg]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[Heinrich Heine]], [[The Brothers Grimm]] | signature = Hans Christian Andersen Signature.svg }} Hi '''Hans Christian Andersen''' (2 Abril 1805 – 4 Agosto 1875) amo an usa ka taga Dinamarka nga manunurat ngan magsiriday. ==Mga libro nga iya sinurat== {{div col|3}} * [[The Angel (fairy tale)|The Angel]] (1843) * [[The Bell (fairy tale)|The Bell]] * [[The Emperor's New Clothes]] (1837) * [[The Fir-Tree]] (1844) * [[The Galoshes of Fortune]] (1838) * [[The Happy Family (fairy tale)|The Happy Family]] * [[The Ice-Maiden]] (1863) * [[It's Quite True!]] * [[The Little Match Girl]] (1845) * [[The Little Mermaid]] (1837) * [[Little Tuck]] * [[The Nightingale (fairy tale)|The Nightingale]] (1843) * [[The Old House (fairly tale)|The Old House]] * [[The Princess and the Pea]] (1835) * [[The Red Shoes (fairy tale)|The Red Shoes]] (1845) * [[Ole Lukøje|Sandman]] (1841) * [[Several Things]] (1837) * [[The Shadow (fairy tale)|The Shadow]] (1847) * [[The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep]] (1845) * [[The Snow Queen]] (1844) * [[The Steadfast Tin Soldier]] (1838) * [[The Story of a Mother]] (1847) * [[The Swineherd]] (1841) * [[Thumbelina]] (1835) * [[The Tinderbox]] (1835) * [[The Ugly Duckling]] (1843) * [[The Wild Swans]] (1838) {{div col end}} ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *{{Cite book|title=Fairy Tales |last=Andersen |first=Hans Christian |editor=Jackie Wullschläger |year=2005 |origyear=2004 |publisher=Viking |location=New York|isbn=0-670-03377-4 |others=Tiina Nunnally|postscript=.}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: A New Life |last=Andersen |first=Jens |year=2005 |origyear=2003 |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |location=New York, Woodstock, and London |isbn=978-1-58567-737-5 |others=Tiina Nunnally |postscript=.}} *{{cite book|last=Bredsdorff|first=Elias|title=Hans Christian Andersen: the story of his life and work 1805-75|year=1975|publisher=Phaidon|isbn=0-7148-1636-1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HZg9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA168|accessdate=4 April 2012|ref=harv}} * Stig Dalager, ''Journey in Blue'', historical, biographical novel about H.C.Andersen, Peter Owen, London 2006, McArthur & Co., Toronto 2006. * [[Ruth Manning-Sanders]], ''Swan of Denmark: The Story of Hans Christian Andersen'', Heinemann, 1949 * [[Rictor Norton|Norton, Rictor]] (ed.) ''My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries''. Leyland Publications, San Francisco. 1998 ISBN 0-943595-71-1 * {{cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: Danish Writer and Citizen of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000sven_p2b0 |last=Rossel |first=Sven Hakon |publisher=Rodopi |year=1996 |isbn=9-051-83944-8 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=The King's Ballet Master |url=https://archive.org/details/kingsballetmaste0000unse |last=Terry |first=Walter |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |location=New York |year=1979 |isbn=0-396-07722-6 |postscript=.}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Life of a Storyteller |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000wull |last=Wullschläger |first=Jackie |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2002 |origyear=2000 |isbn=0-226-91747-9 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |title=Hans Christian Andersen: The Misunderstood Storyteller |url=https://archive.org/details/hanschristianand0000zipe |last=Zipes |first=Jack |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York and London |isbn=0-415-97433-X |postscript=.}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{sisterlinks|Hans Christian Andersen|s=Author:Hans Christian Andersen|n=no|v=no|wikt=no|}} *{{OL author|OL25931A}} *[https://archive.org/stream/storyofmylif00ande#page/n17/mode/2up ''The Story of My Life''] (1871) by Hans Christian Andersen - English *[http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk Hans Christian Andersen Information Odense] *[http://www.hcandersen-homepage.dk/?page_id=14071 Hans Christian Andersen biography] *[https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3AHans%20Christian%20Andersen%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Hans Christian Andersen] at [[Internet Archive]]. Scanned, color illustrated first editions. *{{worldcat id|lccn-n97-16738}} *[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/04/arts/04hans.html And the cobbler's son became a princely author] Details of Andersen's life and the celebrations. *[http://www.andersen.sdu.dk/index_e.html The Hans Christian Andersen Center] - contains many Andersen's stories in Danish and English *The Hans Christian Andersen Museum in Odense has a large digital collection of Hans Christian Andersen [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/klip/billedstart.asp?language=en papercuts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308023347/http://hca.museum.odense.dk/klip/billedstart.asp?language=en |date=2014-03-08 }}, [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/tegning/billedstart.asp?language=en drawings] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706135443/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/tegning/billedstart.asp?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} and [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/portraet/billedstart.asp?language=en portraits] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706135515/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/portraet/billedstart.asp?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} - You can follow his [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/rejser/index.aspx?language=en travels] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120706140909/http://museum.odense.dk/andersen/rejser/index.aspx?language%3Den |date=2012-07-06 }} across Europe and explore his [http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/nyhavn/nyhavnuk.asp Nyhavn study] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103013125/http://www.museum.odense.dk/andersen/nyhavn/nyhavnuk.asp |date=2010-01-03 }}. *The [http://www.omsd.dk/themes/hc_andersen_uk/uk_hc_andersen_main_frame.htm Orders and Medals Society of Denmark] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051120004806/http://www.omsd.dk/themes/hc_andersen_uk/uk_hc_andersen_main_frame.htm |date=2005-11-20 }} has descriptions of Hans Christian Andersen's Medals and Decorations. * [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/114.html Jean Hersholt Collections of Hans Christian Andersen] From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Andersen, Hans Christian}} [[Kaarangay:Hans Christian Andersen| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1805]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1875]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Literatura]] [[Kaarangay:Dinamarka]] 3ni5kxj6bjngz5py2c0kkar5qzkkq88 0 18244 7783051 7770188 2026-05-06T21:20:58Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783051 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Taj Mahal Trio MQ2007-a.jpg|thumb|350px|Taj Mahal Blues Trio]] [[Paypay:W. C. Handy - The "St. Louis Blues" - First page.jpg|thumb]] An '''blues''' amo an ngaran nga ginhatag para ha mga musika nga ginhimo han komunidad Aprikano-Amerika ha Salatan han Estados Unidos ha kataposan han ika 19 siglo. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensya== * {{cite journal|author=Barlow, William|title=Cashing In|journal=Split File: African Americans in the Mass Media| date = 1993|page=31}} * Bransford, Steve. [http://southernspaces.org/2004/blues-lower-chattahoochee-valley "Blues in the Lower Chattahoochee Valley"] ''Southern Spaces'' 2004 * {{cite book|author=Clarke, Donald|title=The Rise and Fall of Popular Music|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofpopula00clar|publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]]| date = 1995|isbn=978-0-312-11573-9}} * {{cite book|title=Nothing But the Blues: The Music and the Musicians|url=https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn|editor=[[Lawrence Cohn]]|publisher=Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.)| date = 1993|isbn=978-1-55859-271-1}} * {{cite book|author=Dicaire, David|title=Blues Singers: Biographies of 50 Legendary Artists of the Early 20th Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bluessingersbiog0000dica|publisher=McFarland| date = 1999|isbn=978-0-7864-0606-7}} * {{cite book|author=Ewen, David|title=Panorama of American Popular Music|url=https://archive.org/details/panoramaofameric00ewen|publisher=Prentice Hall| date = 1957|isbn=978-0-13-648360-1}} * {{cite book|author=Ferris, Jean|title=America's Musical Landscape|url=https://archive.org/details/americasmusicall0000ferr|publisher=Brown & Benchmark| date = 1993|isbn=978-0-697-12516-3}} * {{cite book|author=Garofalo, Reebee|title=Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA|url=https://archive.org/details/rockinoutpopular00garo_0|publisher=Allyn & Bacon| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-205-13703-9}} * {{cite book|author=Herzhaft, Gérard, Paul Harris and, Brigitte Debord|title=Encyclopedia of the Blues|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl00herz|publisher=[[University of Arkansas Press]]| date = 1997|isbn=978-1-55728-452-5}} * {{cite book|author=Komara, Edward M.|title=Encyclopedia of the blues|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofbl0001unse|publisher=Routledge| date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-415-92699-7}} * {{cite book|author= Kunzler, Martin|title=Jazz Lexikon|url= https://archive.org/details/jazzlexikon1aaba0002kunz|publisher=Rohwolt Taschenbuch Verlag| date = 1988|isbn=978-3-499-16316-6|language=German}} * {{cite book|author=Morales, Ed|title=The Latin Beat|url=https://archive.org/details/latinbeatrhythms00mora_0|publisher=[[Da Capo Press]]| date = 2003|isbn=978-0-306-81018-3}} * {{cite book|author=[[Paul Oliver|Oliver, Paul]] and Richard Wright|title=[[Blues Fell This Morning|Blues fell this morning: Meaning in the blues]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1990|isbn=978-0-521-37793-5}} * {{cite book|first=Robert|last=Palmer|authorlink=Robert Palmer (author/producer)|title=Deep Blues|url=https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palme|publisher=Viking| date = 1981|pages=[https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palme/page/310 310] pages|isbn=978-0-670-49511-5}} * {{cite book|author=Schuller, Gunther|title=Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development|url=https://archive.org/details/earlyjazzitsroot0000schu|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 1968|isbn=978-0-19-504043-2}} * {{cite book|author=Southern, Eileen|title=The Music of Black Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900393971414|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]| date = 1997|isbn=978-0-393-03843-9}} * {{cite news|url=http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/08/15/INGMC85SSK1.DTL|title=Muslim Roots of the Blues|work=[[SFGate]]|accessdate=24 Agosto 2005|first=Jonathan|last=Curiel|date=15 Agosto 2004|archive-date=5 Septyembre 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050905161734/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2004%2F08%2F15%2FINGMC85SSK1.DTL|url-status=dead}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Brown, Luther. [http://southernspaces.org/2006/inside-poor-monkeys "Inside Poor Monkey's"], ''[[Southern Spaces]]'', 22 Hunyo 2006. * Dixon, Robert M.W., and John Godrich (1970). ''Recording the Blues''. London: Studio Vista. 85 p., amply ill. SBN 289-79829-9 * {{cite book|first=Giles|last=Oakley|title=The Devil's Music: a History of the Blues|publisher=BBC|location=London| date = 1976|page=287|isbn=978-0-563-16012-0|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eVaedQMqi2UC&printsec=frontcover}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925215947/http://books.google.com/books?id=eVaedQMqi2UC&printsec=frontcover |date=2014-09-25 }} * {{cite book|first=Charles|last= Keil|origyear=1966| date = 1991|title=Urban Blues|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago, IL|pages= 255 + ix + 8pp of plates|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yl-8ihykkQ8C&printsec=frontcover|isbn=978-0-226-42960-1}} * {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Oliver|authorlink=Paul Oliver|title=The Story Of The Blues|edition=new|publisher=Northeastern University Press| date = 1998|page=212|isbn=978-1-55553-355-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=11dltCqYvZIC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book|first=Paul|last=Oliver|authorlink=Paul Oliver|title=Conversation with the Blues, Volume 1| date = 1965|publisher=Horizon Press|page=217|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8180-1223-5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YS0Vva57m8UC&printsec=frontcover}} * {{cite book|first=Mike|last=Rowe|title=Chicago Breakdown|url=https://archive.org/details/chicagobreakdown0000rowe|publisher=Eddison Press| date = 1973|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chicagobreakdown0000rowe/page/n229 226] pages|isbn=978-0-85649-015-6}} * {{cite book|first=Jeff Todd|last=Titon|title=Early Downhome Blues: a Musical and Cultural Analysis|edition=2nd|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]| date = 1994|pages=318 pages|isbn=978-0-8078-4482-3|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yPKlxdCBmk0C&printsec=frontcover}} * Welding, Peter, and Toby Brown, jt. eds. (1991). ''Bluesland: Portraits of Twelve Major American Blues Masters'', in series, ''Dutton Book[s].'' New York: Penguin Group. 253, [2] p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. ISBN 0-525-93375-1 ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Sister project links|Blues|v=no|n=no|b=no|q=no|s=no}} * {{dmoz|Arts/Music/Styles/B/Blues}} * [http://www.loc.gov/folklife/onlinecollections.html The American Folklife Center's Online Collections and Presentations] * [http://www.wirz.de/music/american.htm American Music]: An almost comprehensive collection of historical blues recordings. * [http://www.yearoftheblues.org/radio/index.asp The Blues Radio Series] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201194012/http://www.yearoftheblues.org/radio/index.asp |date=2014-02-01 }} * [http://www.BlueShoeProject.org/ The Blue Shoe Project - Nationwide (U.S.) Blues Education Programming] * [http://www.pbs.org/theblues/ "The Blues"], documentary series by [[Martin Scorsese]], aired on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] * [http://www.blues.org/ The Blues Foundation] * [http://www.deltabluesmuseum.org/ The Delta Blues Museum] * [http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/music_in_poetry/index.html The Music in Poetry]&nbsp;– [[Smithsonian Institution]] lesson plan on the blues, for teachers * [http://www.wirz.de/music/american.htm American Music]: Archive of artist and record label discographies sgrdb4xj26eg4enkud2v36aozoee3k9 0 123143 7783052 7652052 2026-05-06T21:21:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific_prefix= |name = Angela Merkel |image = Angela Merkel. Tallinn Digital Summit.jpg |office = [[Kansilyer han Alemanya]] |president = {{plainlist| *[[Horst Köhler]] *[[Christian Wulff]] *[[Joachim Gauck]] *[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]]}} |1blankname = {{nowrap|Sugbong-Kansilyer}} |1namedata = {{plainlist| *[[Franz Müntefering]] *[[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] *[[Guido Westerwelle]] *[[Philipp Rösler]] *[[Sigmar Gabriel]] *[[Olaf Scholz]]}} |term_start = 22 Nobyembre 2005 |term_end = |predecessor = [[Gerhard Schröder]] |successor = |office1 = [[Namuno han Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano]] |1blankname1 = {{nowrap|Maghirilom nga Kasahiran}} |1namedata1 = {{plainlist| *[[Ruprecht Polenz]] *[[Laurenz Meyer]] *[[Volker Kauder]] *[[Ronald Pofalla]] *[[Hermann Gröhe]] *[[Peter Tauber]] *[[Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer]]<!-- Numbering to elevate Sec Gen above Deputy Leader -->}} |deputy2 = {{plainlist| *[[Volker Bouffier]] *[[Christian Wulff]] *[[Ursula von der Leyen]] *[[Annette Schavan]] *[[Julia Klöckner]] *[[Norbert Röttgen]] *[[Armin Laschet]] *[[Thomas Strobl]]}} |term_start1 = 10 Abril 2000 |term_end1 = 7 Disyembre 2018 |predecessor2 = [[Wolfgang Schäuble]] |successor2 = [[Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer]] |office3 = Namuno han [[CDU/CSU|CDU/CSU nga Grupo]] ha [[Bundestag]] |deputy3 = [[Michael Glos]] |term_start3 = 22 Septyembre 2002 |term_end3 = 21 Nobyembre 2005 |predecessor3 = [[Friedrich Merz]] |successor3 = [[Volker Kauder]] |office4 = Maghirilom nga Kasahiran han [[Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano han Alemanya|Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano]] |leader4 = [[Wolfgang Schäuble]] |term_start4 = 7 Nobyembre 1998 |term_end4 = 10 Abril 2000 |predecessor4 = [[Peter Hintze]] |successor4 = [[Ruprecht Polenz]] |office5 = [[Federal nga Ministro han Kalibongan, Pagkonserba han Kalibongan, Pagtukod ngan Safety hin Nuklear|Ministro para han Kalibongan, Pagkonserba han Kalibongan ngan Safety hin Nuklear]] |chancellor5 = [[Helmut Kohl]] |term_start5 = 17 Nobyembre 1994 |term_end5 = 26 Oktubre 1998 |predecessor5 = [[Klaus Töpfer]] |successor5 = [[Jürgen Trittin]] |office6 = [[Federal nga Ministro hin mga Butang hin Pamilya, Senyor nga mga Bungtohanon, Kababayin-an ngan Kabatan-on|Ministro para hin Kababayin-an ngan Kabatan-on]] |chancellor6 = [[Helmut Kohl]] |term_start6 = 18 Enero 1991 |term_end6 = 17 Nobyembre 1994 |predecessor6 = [[Ursula Lehr]] |successor6 = [[Claudia Nolte]] |office7 = Api han [[Bundestag]] |term_start7 = 22 Septyembre 2013 |term_end7 = |constituency7 = [[Vorpommern-Rügen – Vorpommern-Greifswald I]] |successor7 = |term_start8 = 18 Enero 1991 |term_end8 = 22 Septyembre 2013 |constituency8 = [[Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen (electoral nga distrito)|Stralsund – Nordvorpommern – Rügen]] |birth_name = Angela Dorothea Kasner |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|7|17|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Hamburg]], [[Katundan nga Alemanya]] |death_date = |death_place = |party = {{plainlist| *[[Democratiko nga Pagmata]] (1989–1990) *[[Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano = (Alemanya)|Unyon Demoratiko Kristyano]] (1990–present)}} |spouse = {{plainlist| *{{marriage|Ulrich Merkel|1977|1982|end=divorced}} *{{marriage|[[Joachim Sauer]]<br />|1998|}}}} |alma_mater = {{plainlist| *[[Unibersidad Leipzig]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]]) *[[Aleman nga Akademya hin mga Siyensya ha Berlin]] ([[Doktor hin Pilosopiya|Ph.D.]])<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2013/0920/Angela-Merkel-her-bio-in-brief | title=Angela Merkel: Her bio in brief| journal=Christian Science Monitor| date=20 Septyembre 2013}}</ref>}} |signature = Angela Merkel Signature.svg }} Hi '''Angela Dorothea Merkel''' ({{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla ˈmɛɐ̯kl̩|lang}};{{efn| Ha Inaleman, ginluluwás an iya apelyido nga {{IPA-de|ˈmɛɐ̯kl̩|}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor=[[Max Mangold|Mangold, Max]] |title=Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch |edition=6th | date = 1995 |publisher=Dudenverlag |language=de |isbn=978-3411209163 |page=548 |quote='''Merkel''' {{IPA|ˈmɛrkl̩}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Krech, Eva-Maria |editor2=Stock, Eberhard |editor3=Hirschfeld, Ursula |editor4=Anders, Lutz Christian |title=Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch |url=https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec |edition=1st |publisher=Walter de Gruyter | date = 2009 |isbn=978-3110182026 |page=[https://archive.org/details/deutschesausspra00krec/page/739 739]| quote='''Merkel''' {{IPA|mˈɛʶkl̩}}|display-editors=etal}}</ref> Mayda dirudilain nga mga paagi hin pagluwás han ngaran nga ''Angela'' ha Inaleman. An ''Duden Pronunciation Dictionary''<ref name="Duden 6">{{cite book |editor=Mangold, Max |title=Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch |edition=6th | date = 1995 |publisher=Dudenverlag |language=de |isbn=978-3411209163 |page=156 |quote='''Angela''' {{IPA|ˈaŋɡela}} ''auch:'' {{IPA|aŋˈɡeːla}}.<!--no mention of ˈaŋɡəla -->}}</ref> naglilista hin {{IPA-de|ˈaŋɡela|}} ngan {{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla|}}. Sumalá han nagsurat han iya biyograpiya, hi Merkel nakaruyag han pagluwas nga diin an pagpakusog didâ han ikaduhá nga laton-tiringgan<ref name="Langguth50">{{cite book |last=Langguth |first=Gerd |title=Angela Merkel |url=https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6 |publisher=dtv |location=Munich |language=de |isbn=3423244852 | date = 2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/angelamerkel0000lang_a8v6/page/50 50] |quote=Merkel wollte immer mit der Betonung auf dem 'e' Angela genannt werden. (Pirme karuyag ni Merkel nga igluwás an iya syahan nga ngaran nga an pagpakusog didâ han 'e'.)}}</ref> ({{IPA-de|aŋˈɡeːla|}} nga mayda halaba na {{IPA|/eː/}}).}} ''{{née}}'' '''Kasner'''; natawo 17 Hulyo 1954) usá nga Aleman nga politiko nga nag-aalagad nga [[Kansilyer han Alemanya|Kansilyer]] han [[Alemanya]] tikang han 2005. Nag-alagad hiyá nga namuno han butnga-tuo nga [[Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano han Alemanya|Unyon Demokratiko Kristyano]] (UDK) tikang 2000 kutob 2018.<ref>[http://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/DE/Artikel/2017/09/2017-09-25-nach-der-bundestagswahl.html Nagpapadayon an kagamhanan nga akting nga kagamhanan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115133211/https://www.bundeskanzlerin.de/Content/DE/Artikel/2017/09/2017-09-25-nach-der-bundestagswahl.html |date=2017-11-15 }}, bundeskanzlerin.de, 24 Oktubre 2017</ref> Damo an nagsiring nga hi Merkel amo an ''[[de facto]]'' nga namumuno han [[Unyon Europea]],<ref name=":4" /> an pinakagamhanan nga babaye ha kalibotan,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women// |title=The World's Most Powerful Women 2018 |website=Forbes |language=en |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2018 |archive-date=2019-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918064215/https://www.forbes.com/lists/power-women/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ngan hin damo nga mga komentarista nga namumuno han [[Gawasnon nga Kalibotan]].<ref name=":5">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/merkel-from-austerity-queen-to-leader-of-free-world/ |title=Merkel: From austerity queen to ‘leader of free world’ |last=AFP |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2018}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |url=https://nordic.businessinsider.com/merkel-is-stepping-back-experts-warn-the-coming-storm-is-powerful-2018-10/ |title=German Chancellor Angela Merkel, the newly christened 'leader of the free world,' is preparing to step back from politics — and experts say 'the coming storm is ... quite powerful'|date=29 Oktubre 2018|website=nordic.businessinsider.com|accessdate=30 Disyembre 2018}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/29/europe/merkel-career-intl/index.html |title=For years, Angela Merkel saw off all challengers. Now, she's preparing to step aside |last=Clarke |first=Hilary |date=30 Oktubre 2018 |work=CNN |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2018}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/5a61606ff1f84923b0ebed4015f62550 |title=Merkel won't seek a 5th term as German chancellor |last=Moulson |first=Geir |last2=Rising |first2=David |date=29 Oktubre 2018 |website=AP NEWS |accessdate=30 Disyembre 2018}}</ref><!--Discuss on talk before changing the preceding sentence.--> ==Mga tigaman== {{notelist}} ==Mga kasarigan== {{reflist}} {{turok}} {{Mga kasarigan}} {{Authority control}} {{Commons category}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Merkel, Angela}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1954]] [[Kaarangay:Alemanya]] 919rd2mfk35s9y4m5ne4naiz0o07x6k 0 130050 7783100 7772894 2026-05-06T22:03:35Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783100 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''teyorya han ihap''' in bahin han matematika. Ini in nagbabaton kon ano an dirudilain nga ihap, ano it ira may-ada na kinaiya, ngan mga pamaagi kon diin hira magagamitan. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== {{refbegin|30em}} <!--Small font--> * {{Cite book |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |author-link=Tom M. Apostol | date = 1976 |title=Introduction to analytic number theory |series=Undergraduate texts in mathematics |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-90163-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Il64dZELHEIC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Apostol |first=Tom M. |author-link= |year=n.d. |title=An introduction to the theory of numbers |series=(Review of Hardy & Wright.) Mathematical Reviews (MathSciNet) MR0568909 |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn= |url=http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/ |ref=harv |access-date=2015-02-01 |archive-date=2012-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731035922/http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/ |url-status= }} (Subscription needed) * {{Cite journal |last=Becker |first=Oskar | date = 1936 |author-link=Oskar Becker |author2-link= |language=German |title=Die Lehre von Geraden und Ungeraden im neunten Buch der euklidischen Elemente |journal=Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik |series=Abteilung B:Studien |volume=3 |pages=533&ndash;53 |location=Berlin |publisher=J. Springer Verlag |isbn= |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Boyer |first=Carl Benjamin |last2=Merzbach |first2=Uta C. | date = 1991 |author-link=Carl Benjamin Boyer |author2-link= |title=A History of Mathematics |edition=2nd |origyear=1968 |location=New York |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-54397-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmathema00boye |ref=harv}} [https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMathematics 1968 edition] at archive.org * {{Cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Walter Eugene (trans.) <!--|last2=Aryabhata |author2-link=Aryabhata--> | date = 1930 |title=The Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa: An ancient Indian work on mathematics and astronomy |publisher=University of Chicago Press |url=http://www.archive.org/details/The_Aryabhatiya_of_Aryabhata_Clark_1930 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Colebrooke |first=Henry Thomas | date = 1817 |author-link=Henry Thomas Colebrooke |title=Algebra, with arithmetic and mensuration, from the Sanscrit of Brahmegupta and Bháscara. |location=London |publisher=J. Murray |url=http://www.archive.org/details/algebrawitharith00brahuoft |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Davenport |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Davenport | date = 2000 |last2=Montgomery |first2=Hugh L. |author2-link=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) |title=Multiplicative number theory |edition=revised 3rd |series=Graduate texts in mathematics |volume=74 |location= |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-95097-6 |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Harold M. |author-link=Harold Edwards (mathematician) |date= Nobyembre 1983 |title=Euler and quadratic reciprocity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mathematics-magazine_1983-11_56_5/page/285 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=56 |issue=5 |pages=285–291 |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |isbn= |ref=harv |jstor=2690368 |doi=10.2307/2690368}} * {{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Harold M. | date = 2000 |origyear=1977 |title=Fermat's Last Theorem: a genetic introduction to algebraic number theory |journal= |edition=reprint of 1977 |series=Graduate texts in mathematics |volume=50 |publisher=Springer Verlag |isbn=978-0-387-95002-0 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_IxN-5PW8asC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Fermat |first=Pierre de | date = 1679 |authorlink=Pierre de Fermat |language=French & Latin |title=Varia Opera Mathematica |location=Toulouse |publisher=Joannis Pech |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fvZaAAAAQAAJ |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Friberg |first=Jöran |date= Agosto 1981 |author-link= |author2-link= |title=Methods and traditions of Babylonian mathematics: Plimpton 322, Pythagorean triples and the Babylonian triangle parameter equations |journal=Historia Mathematica |volume=8 |issue=3 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn= |pages=277–318 |ref=harv |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(81)90069-0}} * {{Cite book |last=von Fritz |first=Kurt |editor1-last=Christianidis |editor1-first=J. | date = 2004 |chapter=The discovery of incommensurability by Hippasus of Metapontum |title=Classics in the History of Greek Mathematics |location=Berlin |publisher=Kluwer (Springer) |isbn=978-1-4020-0081-2 |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Gauss |ref={{harvid|Gauss, Disqu. Arith.||}} |first=Carl Friedrich |last2=Waterhouse |first2=William C. (trans.) | date = 1966 |author-link=Carl Friedrich Gauss |author2-link= |title=Disquisitiones Arithmeticae |origyear=1801 |location= |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-96254-2 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8LcK_CwzMpQC}} * {{Cite web |last=Goldfeld |first=Dorian M. |authorlink=Dorian M. Goldfeld | date = 2003 |title=Elementary proof of the prime number theorem: a historical perspective |url=http://www.math.columbia.edu/~goldfeld/ErdosSelbergDispute.pdf |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Goldstein |first=Catherine |author-link= |last2=Schappacher |first2=Norbert |author2-link= | date = 2007 |editor1-last=Goldstein |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Schappacher |editor2-first=N. |editor3-last=Schwermer |editor3-first=Joachim |chapter=A book in search of a discipline |title=The Shaping of Arithmetic after Gauss' "Disquisitiones Arithmeticae" |location=Berlin & Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-20441-1 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IUFTcOsMTysC |pages=3–66 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Granville |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Granville | date = 2008 |editor1-last=Gowers |editor1-first=Timothy |editor1-link=Timothy Gowers |editor2-last=Barrow-Green |editor2-first=June |editor3-last=Leader |editor3-first=Imre |editor3-link=Imre Leader |chapter=Analytic number theory |title=The Princeton Companion to Mathematics |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-11880-2 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZOfUsvemJDMC&pg=PA332 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Guthrie|1920}} |last2=Guthrie |first2=K. S. (trans.) |author1-link=Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie | date = 1920 |last1=Porphyry |first1= |author1-link=Porphyry (philosopher) |chapter= |title=Life of Pythagoras |location=Alpine, New Jersey |publisher=Platonist Press |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/porphyry_life_of_pythagoras_02_text.htm}} * {{Cite book |last=Guthrie |first=Kenneth Sylvan | date = 1987 |author-link=Kenneth Sylvan Guthrie |title=The Pythagorean Sourcebook and Library |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=Phanes Press |isbn=978-0-933999-51-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/pythagoreansourc0000guth |ref=harv}} *{{Cite book | last1=Hardy | first1=Godfrey Harold | author1-link=G. H. Hardy | last2=Wright | first2=E. M. | title=[[An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers]] | origyear=1938 | url= | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | edition=Sixth | isbn=978-0-19-921986-5 | mr=2445243 | date = 2008 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Heath |first=Thomas L. | date = 1921 |authorlink=Thomas Little Heath |title=A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume 1: From Thales to Euclid |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=http://www.archive.org/details/historyofgreekma01heat |ref=harv}} <!-- Alternative Info - Google limited preview |year=1981 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC |isbn=0-486-24073-8, 9780486240732 --> * {{Cite book <!--|ref={{harvid|Hopkins|1990| --> |last=Hopkins |first=J. F. P. |editor1-last=Young |editor1-first=M. J. L. |editor2-last=Latham |editor2-first=J. D. |editor3-last=Serjeant |editor3-first=R. B. | date = 1990 |author-link= |author2-link= |chapter=Geographical and navigational literature |title=Religion, learning and science in the `Abbasid period |series=The Cambridge history of Arabic literature |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32763-3 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite web |last=Huffman |first=Carl A. |editor1-last=Zalta |editor1-first=Edward N. |date=8 Agosto 2011 |title=Pythagoras |work=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |edition=Fall 2011 |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2011/entries/pythagoras/ |accessdate=7 Pebrero 2012 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Iwaniec |first=Henryk |author-link=Henryk Iwaniec |last2=Kowalski |first2=Emmanuel |author2-link= | date = 2004 |title=Analytic number theory |series=American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publications |volume=53 |location=Providence, RI, |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=0-8218-3633-1 |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Jowett|1871}} |last2=Jowett |first2=Benjamin (trans.) |author1-link=Plato | date = 1871 |last1=Plato |title=Theaetetus |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/theatu.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709194524/http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/theatu.html |date= 9 Hulyo 2011 }} * {{Cite book |last=Lam |first=Lay Yong |last2=Ang |first2=Tian Se | date = 2004 |author-link=Lam Lay Yong |author2-link= |title=Fleeting Footsteps: Tracing the conception of arithmetic and algebra in ancient China |edition=revised |location=Singapore |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-238-696-0 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fGYmpWE5UZgC |ref=harv}} * {{ cite book | last = Long | first = Calvin T. | date = 1972 | title = Elementary Introduction to Number Theory | url = https://archive.org/details/elementaryintrod0000long_m1z0_2ndedi | edition = 2nd | publisher = [[D. C. Heath and Company]] | location = Lexington | lccn = 77171950 }} * {{Cite book |last=Mahoney |first=M. S. | date = 1994 |author-link= |title=The mathematical career of Pierre de Fermat, 1601–1665 |edition=Reprint, 2nd |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03666-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=My19IcewAnoC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref = {{harvid|Milne|2014}} |last = Milne |first =J. S. | date = 2014 |title = Algebraic number theory |publisher = Available at www.jmilne.org/math }} * {{Cite book |last=Montgomery |first=Hugh L. |author-link=Hugh Montgomery (mathematician) | date = 2007 |last2=Vaughan |first2=Robert C. |author2-link=Bob Vaughan |title=Multiplicative number theory: I, Classical Theory, |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84903-6 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nGb1NADRWgcC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Morrow|1992}} |last=Morrow |first=Glenn Raymond (trans., ed.) | date = 1992 |author-link= |last2=Proclus |author2-link=Proclus |title=A commentary on Book 1 of Euclid's Elements |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-02090-7 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JZEHj2fEmqAC&pg=PA52}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mumford |first=David |title=Mathematics in India: reviewed by David Mumford |journal=Notices of the American Mathematical Society |date=Marso 2010 |volume=57 |issue=3 |page=387 |issn=1088-9477 |url=http://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf |ref=harv |access-date=2015-02-01 |archive-date=2023-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403074524/https://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf |url-status= }} * {{Cite book |last=Neugebauer |first=Otto E. | date = 1969 |author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer |title=The exact sciences in antiquity |edition=corrected reprint of the 1957 |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-22332-2 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JVhTtVA2zr8C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Neugebauer & Sachs|1945}} |last=Neugebauer |first=Otto E. |last2=Sachs |first2=Abraham Joseph |last3=Götze |first3= Albrecht | date = 1945 |author-link=Otto E. Neugebauer |author2-link=Abraham Sachs |title=Mathematical cuneiform texts |series=American Oriental Series |volume=29 |location= |publisher=American Oriental Society etc. |isbn= |url=}} * {{Cite web |last=O'Grady |first=Patricia |date= Septyembre 2004 |title=Thales of Miletus |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/thales/ |publisher=The Internet Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |ref=harv |accessdate=7 Pebrero 2012}} * {{Cite journal |ref={{harvid|Pingree|1968}} |last=Pingree |first=David |last2=Ya'qub |first2=ibn Tariq |author1-link=David Pingree |author2-link=Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq | date = 1968 |title=The fragments of the works of Ya'qub ibn Tariq |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=26 |isbn= |url=}} * {{Cite journal |ref={{harvid|Pingree|1970}} |last=Pingree |first=D. |last2=al-Fazari |first2= | date = 1970 |author-link= |author2-link=al-Fazari |title=The fragments of the works of al-Fazari |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=28 |isbn= |url=}} *{{Cite book |last=Plofker |first=Kim | date = 2008 |title=Mathematics in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |editor1-last=Qian |editor1-first=Baocong | date = 1963 |language=Chinese |title=Suanjing shi shu (Ten mathematical classics) |location=Beijing |publisher=Zhonghua shuju |isbn= |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/53797787/Jigu-Suanjing%E3%80%80%E7%B7%9D%E5%8F%A4%E7%AE%97%E7%B6%93-Qian-Baocong-%E9%8C%A2%E5%AF%B6%E7%90%AE |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Rashed |first=Roshdi |last2= |first2= | date = 1980 |author-link= |author2-link= |chapter= |title=Ibn al-Haytham el le théorème de Wilson |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archive-for-history-of-exact-sciences_1980_22_4/page/305 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=305–321 |doi=10.1007/BF00717654 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Robson |first=Eleanor | date = 2001 |title=Neither Sherlock Holmes nor Babylon: a reassessment of Plimpton 322 |volume=28 |journal=Historia Mathematica |issue=28 |pages=167–206 |location= |publisher=Elsevier |isbn= |doi=10.1006/hmat.2001.2317 |url=http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/people/robson/neither-sherlock.pdf |ref=harv |access-date= 1 Pebrero 2015 |archive-date= 21 Oktubre 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021070742/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/people/robson/neither-sherlock.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite book |last=Sachau |first=Eduard |author-link=Eduard Sachau |last2= |first2=̄Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, Bīrūni |author2-link= Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī | date = 1888 |title=Alberuni's India: An account of the religion, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy and astrology of India, Vol. 1 |location=London |publisher=Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. |url=http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sachau%2C%20Eduard%2C%201845-1930 |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Serre |first=Jean-Pierre | date = 1996 |origyear=1973 |author-link=Jean-Pierre Serre |author2-link= |title=A course in arithmetic |series=Graduate texts in mathematics |volume=7 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-90040-7 |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Smith |first=D. E. |author-link= | date = 1958 |title=History of Mathematics, Vol I |location=New York |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn= |url= |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Tannery|Henry|1891}} |last=Tannery |first=Paul |author1-link=Paul Tannery |last2=Henry |first2=Charles (eds.) |author2-link=Charles Henry (librarian) | date = 1891 |last3=Fermat |first3=Pierre de |author3-link=Pierre de Fermat |language=French & Latin |chapter= |title=Oeuvres de Fermat |series=(4 Vols.) |volume= |location=Paris |publisher=Imprimerie Gauthier-Villars et Fils |url=https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat01ferm}} [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat01ferm Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat02ferm Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat03ferm Volume 3] [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdefermat04ferm Volume 4 (1912)] * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|Taylor|1818}} |last2=Taylor |first2=Thomas (trans.) |author2-link=Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist) | date = 1818 |last1=Iamblichus |first1= |author1-link=Iamblichus |title=Life of Pythagoras or, Pythagoric life |location=London |publisher=J. M. Watkins |isbn= |url=http://www.aurumsolis.info/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=1%3Aiamblichus-the-pythagorean-life&id=19%3Awritings-from-the-founders&Itemid=143&lang=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721184914/http://www.aurumsolis.info/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&download=1%3Aiamblichus-the-pythagorean-life&id=19%3Awritings-from-the-founders&Itemid=143&lang=en |date= 21 Hulyo 2011 }} For other editions, see [[Iamblichus#List of editions and translations]] * {{Cite book |last=Truesdell |first=C. A. |author-link=Clifford Truesdell | date = 1984 |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |editor1-last=Hewlett |editor1-first=John (trans.) |editor1-link= |chapter=Leonard Euler, supreme geometer |title=Leonard Euler, Elements of Algebra |series= |edition=reprint of 1840 5th |volume= |issue= |location=New York |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-0-387-96014-2 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mkOhy6v7kIsC |ref=harv}} This Google books preview of ''Elements of algebra'' lacks Truesdell's intro, which is reprinted (slightly abridged) in the following book: * {{Cite book |last=Truesdell |first=C. A. |author-link=Clifford Truesdell | date = 2007 |last2= |first2= |author2-link= |editor1-last=Dunham |editor1-first=William |editor1-link= |chapter=Leonard Euler, supreme geometer |title=The Genius of Euler: reflections on his life and work |series=Volume 2 of MAA tercentenary Euler celebration |location=New York |publisher=Mathematical Association of America |isbn=978-0-88385-558-4 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M4-zUnrSxNoC |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Varadarajan |first=V. S. |author-link= | date = 2006 |title=Euler through time: a new look at old themes |location= |publisher=American Mathematical Society |isbn=978-0-8218-3580-7 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CYyKTREGYd0C |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal |last=Vardi |first=Ilan |title=Archimedes' cattle problem |date= Abril 1998 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=305–319 |isbn= |url=https://www.cs.drexel.edu/~crorres/Archimedes/Cattle/cattle_vardi.pdf |ref=harv |doi=10.2307/2589706}} * {{Cite book |ref={{harvid|van der Waerden|1961}} |last=van der Waerden |first=Bartel L. |last2=Dresden |first2=Arnold (trans) | date = 1961 |author-link=Bartel Leendert van der Waerden |author2-link= |title=Science Awakening |volume=Vol. 1 or Vol 2 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= |url=}} <!-- Alternative Google books limited preview url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S_T6Pt2qZ5YC& Translated by Peter Huber Publisher Springer, 1974 ISBN 90-01-93103-0, ISBN 978-90-01-93103-2 --> * {{Cite book |last=Weil |first=André | date = 1984 |author-link=André Weil |title=Number theory: an approach through history – from Hammurapi to Legendre, |location=Boston |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=978-0-8176-3141-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XSV0hDFj3loC |ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== * {{Springer |title=Number theory |id=p/n067940}} * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * [http://www.numbertheory.org/ Number Theory Web] [[Kaarangay:Teyorya hin ihap]] 6k7ammwuluwaasrz2grs4otatw4wke3 0 866328 7783042 7033545 2026-05-06T17:27:09Z JackyM59 65736 Photograph updated 7783042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Odonata|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Neurothemis terminata'' | status = LC | image = Straight-edge red parasol (Neurothemis terminata) male Koror.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Odonata]] | familia = [[Libellulidae]] | genus = [[Neurothemis]] | species = '''Neurothemis terminata''' | binomial = Neurothemis terminata | binomial_authority = | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | superfamilia = [[Libelluloidea]] | synonyms = | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} An '''''Neurothemis terminata'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Odonata]]. An ''Neurothemis terminata'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Neurothemis]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Libellulidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[diri gud kababarak-an]].<ref name = "iucn"/> ==Subspecies== Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:<ref name = "COL"/> * ''N. t. obscura'' * ''N. t. terminata'' ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/neurothemis+terminata/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "source">''Odonata: Catalogue of the Odonata of the World''. Tol J. van , 1 Agosto 2008</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2009|id= 158657|title= Neurothemis terminata|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Neurothemis terminata}} {{Wikispecies|Neurothemis terminata|''Neurothemis terminata''}} [[Kaarangay:Neurothemis]] 5oimnbqs4qywaj35lgt0wv4bprcc79y 0 895026 7783103 7572226 2026-05-07T06:47:07Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Timema_californicum_(Santa_Lucia_Range,_California).jpg with [[File:Timema_(Santa_Lucia_Range,_California).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · 7783103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Insecta|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Timema cristinae'' | status = | image = Timema (Santa Lucia Range, California).jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Phasmida]] | familia = [[Timematidae]] | genus = [[Timema]] | species = '''Timema cristinae''' | binomial = Timema cristinae | binomial_authority = [[Joyce Winifred Vickery|Vickery]], 1993 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | synonyms = }} An '''''Timema cristinae'''''<ref name = "col172125"/><ref name = "col172284"/><ref name = "col172294"/><ref name = "col297086"/><ref name = "col297104"/><ref name = "col297110"/><ref name = "col297111"/><ref name = "col297112"/><ref name = "col297113"/><ref name = "col297114"/><ref name = "col297115"/><ref name = "col297116"/><ref name = "col297117"/><ref name = "col297118"/><ref name = "col297119"/> in uska species han [[Insecta]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Joyce Winifred Vickery]] hadton 1993. An ''Timema cristinae'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Timema]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Timematidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/timema+cristinae/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col172125">Otte & Brock (2005) , Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world, The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1-414</ref> <ref name = "col172284">Brock (1999) The amazing world of stick and leaf-insects, Amateur Entomologist, Amateur Entomologists Society (Amateur Entomologist) 26:1-165; 40 pp color plates</ref> <ref name = "col172294">Arment [Ed.] (2006) , Stick Insects of the Continental United States and Canada: species and early studies, Coachwhip Publications, Landisville, Pennsylvania</ref> <ref name = "col297086">Vickery (1993) Revision of Timema Scudder (Phasmatodea: Timematodea) including three new species, Canadian Entomologist 125:657-692</ref> <ref name = "col297104">Bartman & Brock (1995) Observations on the appearance and behaviour of species of the stick-insect genus Timema Scudder (Phasmida: Timematodea), Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society 54:197-203, pl. 95S-T</ref> <ref name = "col297110">Tilgner, Kiselyova & McHugh (1999) A morphological study of Timema christinae Vickery with implications for the phylogenetics of Phasmida, Mitteilungen des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin, Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschr</ref> <ref name = "col297111">Sandoval & Nosil (2005) Counteracting Selective Regimes and Host Preference Evolution in .Ecotypes of Two Species of Walking-Sticks, Evolution 59(11):2405-2413</ref> <ref name = "col297112">Sandoval (1994) Differential visual predation on morphs of Timema cristinae (Phasmatodea: Timemidae) and its consequences for host range, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (Biol. Journ. Linnean Soc.) 52:341-356</ref> <ref name = "col297113">Sandoval (1994) The effects of the relative geographic scales of gene flow and selective morph frequencies in the Walking-Stick Timema cristinae, Evolution 48(6):1866-1879</ref> <ref name = "col297114">Nosil, Crespi & Sandoval (2002) Host-plant adaptation drives the parallel evolution of reproductive isolation, Nature 417(6887):440-443</ref> <ref name = "col297115">Nosil, Crespi & Sandoval (2003) Reproductive isolation driven by the combined effects of ecological adaptation and reinforcement, Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences B 270(1527):1911-1918</ref> <ref name = "col297116">Nosil (2005) The role of selection and gene flow in the evolution of sexual isolation in Timema walking sticks and other orthopteroids, Journal of Orthoptera Research (Jour. of Orthoptera Res.) 14(2):247-253</ref> <ref name = "col297117">Nosil & Crespi (2006) Experimental evidence that predation promotes divergence in adaptive radiation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America (PNAS)</ref> <ref name = "col297118">Nosil, Sandoval & Crespi (2006) The evolution of host preference in allopatric vs. parapatric populations of Timema cristinae walking-sticks, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 19(3):929-942</ref> <ref name = "col297119">Nosil, Crespi, Sandoval & Kirkpatrick (2006) Migration and the genetic covariance between habitat preference and performance, American Naturalist 167(3):66-78</ref> <ref name = "source">''PhasmidaSF: Phasmida Species File ''. Brock P., 14 Abril 2010</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Timema]] hbg7xucoleip0fl28z375rt9jybiyck 0 895033 7783104 7738001 2026-05-07T06:47:09Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Timema_californicum_(Santa_Lucia_Range,_California).jpg with [[File:Timema_(Santa_Lucia_Range,_California).jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · 7783104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Insecta|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Timema californicum'' | status = | image = Timema (Santa Lucia Range, California).jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Phasmida]] | familia = [[Timematidae]] | genus = [[Timema]] | species = '''Timema californicum''' | binomial = Timema californicum | binomial_authority = Scudder, S.H., 1895 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | synonyms = ''Timema californica'' <small>Scudder, S.H., 1895</small><ref name = "col172295"/><ref name = "col172300"/><ref name = "col172689"/><ref name = "col172811"/><ref name = "col297097"/><ref name = "col297102"/> }} An '''''Timema californicum'''''<ref name = "col172295"/><ref name = "col172300"/><ref name = "col172689"/><ref name = "col172811"/><ref name = "col297097"/><ref name = "col297102"/><ref name = "col172125"/><ref name = "col172151"/><ref name = "col172166"/><ref name = "col172177"/><ref name = "col172294"/><ref name = "col172329"/><ref name = "col297086"/><ref name = "col297088"/><ref name = "col297094"/><ref name = "col297095"/><ref name = "col297096"/><ref name = "col297098"/><ref name = "col297099"/><ref name = "col297100"/><ref name = "col297101"/> in uska species han [[Insecta]] nga ginhulagway ni Scudder, S.H. hadton 1895. An ''Timema californicum'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Timema]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Timematidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/timema+californicum/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col172125">Otte & Brock (2005) , Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world, The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 1-414</ref> <ref name = "col172151">Kirby (1904) , A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. 1. Orthoptera Euplexoptera, Cursoria et Gressoria. (Forficulidae, Hemimeridae, Blattidae, Mantidae, Phasmidae), The Trustees of the British Museum, London 1:1-501</ref> <ref name = "col172166">Otte (1978) The primary types of Orthoptera (Saltatoria, Mantodea, Phasmatodea and Blattodea) at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.) 130:26-87</ref> <ref name = "col172177">Redtenbacher (1906) Phasmidae Areolatae, Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden 1:1-180, pls 1-6</ref> <ref name = "col172294">Arment [Ed.] (2006) , Stick Insects of the Continental United States and Canada: species and early studies, Coachwhip Publications, Landisville, Pennsylvania</ref> <ref name = "col172295">Caudell (1903) The Phasmidae, or Walkingsticks, of the United States, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 26:863-885</ref> <ref name = "col172300">Arnett (1985) , American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. First edition., Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York</ref> <ref name = "col172329">Scudder, S.H. (1895) Summary of the U. S. Phasmidae, Canadian Entomologist 27(2):29-30</ref> <ref name = "col172689">Caudell (1903) Note on Phasmidae, Entomological News 14:314-316</ref> <ref name = "col172811">Caudell (1913) Notes on Nearctic Orthopterous insects 1. Nonsaltatorial forms, Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44:595-614</ref> <ref name = "col297086">Vickery (1993) Revision of Timema Scudder (Phasmatodea: Timematodea) including three new species, Canadian Entomologist 125:657-692</ref> <ref name = "col297088">Tinkham (1942) A new californian species of Timema (Phasmodea: Timemidae) with zoogeographical notes, Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences (Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci.) 41(2):72-79. pl. 14</ref> <ref name = "col297094">Helfer (1963) , How to know the grasshoppers, cockroaches, and their allies, Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa, USA 1-354</ref> <ref name = "col297095">Hebard (1937) Studies in Orthoptera which occur in North America, north of the Mexican boundary. VII. Notes and a new species of Timema, and a new race of Diapheromera velii, (Phasmidae), Transactions of the American Entomological Society 63:347-354</ref> <ref name = "col297096">Hebard (1920) The genus Timema Scudder, with the description of a new species (Orthoptera, Phasmidae, Timeminae), Entomological News 31(5):127-132</ref> <ref name = "col297097">Kristensen (1975) The phylogeny of hexapod 'orders'. A critical review of recent accounts, Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch 13:1-44</ref> <ref name = "col297098">Sokoloff (2002) Biological information on a northern California walking stick, Tribolium Information Bulletin 42:239-253</ref> <ref name = "col297099">Weissman & Rentz (1977) The Orthoptera of Stanford University's Jasper Ridge and neighboring Palo Alto, California, Wasman Journal of Biology 35:87-114</ref> <ref name = "col297100">Gustafson (1966) Biological observations on Timema californica (Phasmoidea: Phasmidae), Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.) 59(1):59-61</ref> <ref name = "col297101">Henry, L.M. (1937) Biological notes on Timema californica Scudder, Pan-Pacific Entomologist 13(3):137-141</ref> <ref name = "col297102">Strohecker (1951) Three new species of North American Orthoptera, Annals of the Entomological Society of America (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.) 44(2):169-172</ref> <ref name = "source">''PhasmidaSF: Phasmida Species File ''. Brock P., 14 Abril 2010</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Timema]] 75qshqmct2vbd845bd8apnzfs14drwf 0 1982954 7783084 7757136 2026-05-06T21:50:54Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William Hogarth - Gin Lane.jpg|thumb|[[William Hogarth]]: Gin Lane]] An '''arkoholismo''' amo an mga [[sakit]] nga hinimo tikang ha [[arkohol]] nga may labaw ha usa. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book | last = Galanter | first = Marc | editor = | title = Alcohol Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults: Epidemiology, Neurobiology, Prevention, Treatment | url = https://archive.org/details/recentdevelopmen17gala | edition = | year = 2005 | publisher = Kluwer Academic/Plenum | location = New York, NY | isbn = 0-306-48625-3 | oclc = 133155628 56653179 57724687 71290784 }} * {{Cite book | last = Hedblom | first = Jack H. | editor = | title = Last Call: Alcoholism and Recovery | url = https://archive.org/details/lastcallalcoholi00hedb | edition = | year = 2007 | publisher = [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] | location = Baltimore, MD | isbn = 978-0-8018-8677-5 | oclc = 237901552 77708730 }} * National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "[http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2Etiology&NaturalHistory/Module2.html Etiology and Natural History of Alcoholism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211133510/https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/Social/Module2Etiology%26NaturalHistory/Module2.html |date=2018-12-11 }}". * The Online Resource for Addiction Recovery, Addiction Treatment & Addiction help. "[http://www.addictionrecovery.com Addiction Recovery]". * {{Cite book | last = O'Farrell | first = Timothy J. and William Fals-Stewart | editor = | title = Behavioral Couples Therapy for Alcoholism and Drug Abuse | url = https://archive.org/details/behavioralcouple0000ofar | edition = | year = 2006 | publisher = Guilford Press | location = New York, NY | isbn = 1-59385-324-6 | oclc = 64336035 }} * Pence, Gregory, "Kant on Whether Alcoholism is a Disease," Ch. 2, ''The Elements of Bioethics'', McGraw-Hill Books, 2007 ISBN 0-07-313277-2. * {{Cite book | last = Plant | first = Martin A. and Moira Plant | title = Binge Britain: Alcohol and the National Response | url = https://archive.org/details/bingebritainalco0000plan | edition = | year = 2006 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, UK; New York, NY | isbn = 0-19-929940-4 | pages = | chapter = | chapterurl = | oclc = 238809013 64554668 }} * {{Cite book | last = Smart | first = Lesley | editor = | title = Alcohol and Human Health | url = https://archive.org/details/alcoholhumanheal0000unse | edition = | year = 2007 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, UK | isbn = 978-0-19-923735-7 | oclc = 163616466 }} * {{Cite book | last = Sutton | first = Philip M. | editor = Michael L. Coulter, Stephen M. Krason, Richard S. Myers, and Joseph A. Varacalli | title = Encyclopedia of Catholic Social Thought, Social Science, and Social Policy | edition = | year = 2007 | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, MD; Toronto, Canada; Plymouth, UK | isbn = 978-0-8108-5906-7 | pages = 22–24 | chapter = Alcoholism and Drug Abuse | chapterurl = }} * Thompson, Warren, MD, FACP. "[http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic98.htm Alcoholism]." Emedicine.com, 6 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-02. {{Refend}} qav3afzqldg0zh330eu4k6c2ta1aoi1 0 2338292 7783105 7571794 2026-05-07T07:25:02Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Starr-071024-9753-Tillandsia_polystachia-habit-Enchanting_Floral_Gardens_of_Kula-Maui_(24266905074).jpg with [[File:Starr_071024-9753_Tillandsia_polystachia.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplic 7783105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Liliopsida|date=2014-09}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Tillandsia polystachia'' | status = | image = Starr 071024-9753 Tillandsia polystachia.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Poales]] | familia = [[Bromeliaceae]] | genus = [[Tillandsia]] | species = '''Tillandsia polystachia''' | binomial = Tillandsia polystachia | binomial_authority = ([[Carl von Linné|L.]]) [[Carl von Linné|L.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Tillandsia angustifolia'' <small>[[Olof Swartz|Sw.]]</small><br>''Renealmia polystachia'' <small>[[Carl von Linné|L.]]</small><br>''Platystachys polystachia'' <small>([[Carl von Linné|L.]]) [[Johann Georg Beer|Beer]]</small> }} An '''''Tillandsia polystachia'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Liliopsida]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Carl von Linné]], ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni [[Carl von Linné]]. An ''Tillandsia polystachia'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Tillandsia]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Bromeliaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9755185|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">L., 1762 ''In: Sp. Pl. ed. 2 : 410''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Tillandsia polystachia|''Tillandsia polystachia''}} [[Kaarangay:Tillandsia]] i9l685s8gwx4tr9newdb5rtt0322isx 0 2869422 7783087 7782300 2026-05-06T21:53:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lightning.0257.jpg|thumb]] An '''Interaksyon han electromagnetico''' in usa ha upat nga yano nga interaksyon han nature. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== ===Mga pagkukuhaan ha web === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite web | last = Nave | first = R. | title = Electricity and magnetism | url = http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/emcon.html#emcon | work=HyperPhysics | publisher=Georgia State University | accessdate = 12 Nobyembre 2013 | postscript = <!--None--> }} {{Refend}} ===Lecture notes=== {{Refbegin}} *{{Cite web |last=Lewin |first=Walter |first2=John |last2=Belcher |first3=Peter |last3=Dourmashkin |title=8.02SC Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism |date=Fall 2010 |url=http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010 |work=MIT OpenCourseWare |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |accessdate=12 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-date=4 Nobyembre 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104124102/http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-02sc-physics-ii-electricity-and-magnetism-fall-2010/ |url-status=dead }} * {{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Littlejohn |url=http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/radnmatt.pdf |title=Emission and absorption of radiation |work=Physics 221B: Quantum mechanics |publisher=University of California Berkeley |date=Spring 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112061551/http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/radnmatt.pdf |url-status= }} * {{Cite web |first=Robert |last=Littlejohn |url=http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/hamclassemf.pdf |title=The Classical Electromagnetic Field Hamiltonian |work=Physics 221B: Quantum mechanics |publisher=University of California Berkeley |date=Spring 2011 |accessdate=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112061548/http://bohr.physics.berkeley.edu/classes/221/1011/notes/hamclassemf.pdf |url-status= }} {{Refend}} ===Mga textbook=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Electricity and Modern Physics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontofi0000benn |edition=2nd|author=G.A.G. Bennet|publisher=Edward Arnold (UK)| date = 1974|isbn=0-7131-2459-8}} * {{Cite book | last = Dibner | first = Bern | title = Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism | publisher = Literary Licensing, LLC | date = 2012 | isbn =9781258335557}} * {{Cite book | author=Durney, Carl H. and Johnson, Curtis C. | title=Introduction to modern electromagnetics | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontomo0000durn | publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] | date = 1969 |isbn=0-07-018388-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Fleisch|first=Daniel|title=A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsguidetom0000flei| date = 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-70147-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Electromagnetism|edition=2nd|author=I.S. Grant, W.R. Phillips, Manchester Physics|publisher=John Wiley & Sons| date = 2008|isbn=978-0-471-92712-9}} * {{Cite book | last = Griffiths | first = David J. | title = Introduction to Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel0ed3grif | edition = 3rd | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-13-805326-X | authorlink = David J. Griffiths}} * {{Cite book | last = Jackson | first = John D. | title = Classical Electrodynamics | url = https://archive.org/details/classicalelectro0000jack_e8g9 |author-link=John David Jackson (physicist) |edition = 3rd | publisher = Wiley | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-471-30932-X}} * {{Cite book| last =Moliton| first =André| title = Basic electromagnetism and materials| publisher =Springer-Verlag New York, LLC| date = 2007| location = New York City| work =430 pages| url =http://books.google.com/?id=2kPAIlxjDJwC&printsec=copyright&q=fundamental | isbn =978-0-387-30284-3}} * {{Cite book | author=Purcell, Edward M. | authorlink = Edward Mills Purcell | title=Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2 (2nd ed.) | publisher=McGraw-Hill | date = 1985 | isbn=0-07-004908-4}} * {{Cite book | author=Rao, Nannapaneni N. | title=Elements of engineering electromagnetics (4th ed.)| publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] | date = 1994 |isbn=0-13-948746-8}} * {{Cite book | last = Rothwell | first = Edward J. | last2 = Cloud |first2=Michael J. | title = Electromagnetics | publisher = CRC Press | date = 2001 | isbn = 0-8493-1397-X}} * {{Cite book | last = Tipler | first = Paul | title = Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Light, Electricity and Magnetism | edition = 4th | publisher = W. H. Freeman | date = 1998 | isbn = 1-57259-492-6}} * {{Cite book | last = Wangsness | first = Roald K. | last2 = Cloud |first2=Michael J. | title = Electromagnetic Fields (2nd Edition) | url = https://archive.org/details/electromagneticf0000wang | publisher = Wiley | date = 1986 | isbn = 0-471-81186-6}} {{Refend}} ===Mga pankasahiran nga reperensya=== {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Concepts of Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/conceptsofmodern00unse|edition=4th|author=A. Beiser|publisher=McGraw-Hill (International)| date = 1987|isbn=0-07-100144-1}} * {{Cite book|title=Physics with Modern Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/physicswithmoder0000gree|author=L.H. Greenberg|publisher=Holt-Saunders International W.B. Saunders and Co| date = 1978|isbn=0-7216-4247-0}} * {{Cite book|pages=12–13| author=R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg| title=Encyclopaedia of Physics| publisher=VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer|edition=2nd| date = 2005| isbn=978-0-07-025734-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Principles of Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys0000mari|author=J.B. Marion, W.F. Hornyak|publisher=Holt-Saunders International Saunders College| date = 1984|isbn=4-8337-0195-2}} * {{Cite book|title=The Physics of Vibrations and Waves|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsofvibrati0003pain|edition=3rd|author=H.J. Pain|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, | date = 1983|isbn=0-471-90182-2}} * {{Cite book|page=| author=C.B. Parker| title=McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/mcgrawhillencycl1993park| publisher=McGraw Hill|edition=2nd| date = 1994| isbn=0-07-051400-3}} * {{Cite book |author=R. Penrose| title=[[The Road to Reality]]| publisher= Vintage books| date = 2007 | isbn=0-679-77631-1}} * {{Cite book|page=| author=P.A. Tipler, G. Mosca| title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics|url=https://archive.org/details/physicsforscient0000tipl| publisher=W.H. Freeman and Co|edition=6th| date = 2008| isbn=9-781429-202657}} * {{Cite book| author=P.M. Whelan, M.J. Hodgeson| title=Essential Principles of Physics| url=https://archive.org/details/essentialprincip0000patr| publisher=John Murray|edition=2nd| date = 1978 | isbn=0-7195-3382-1}} {{Refend}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=no |about=yes |label=Electromagnetism}} * {{Cite web | last = Oppelt | first = Arnulf | date = 2 Nobyembre 2006 | title = magnetic field strength | url = http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/magnetic-field-strength | accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2007 | postscript = <!--None--> | archive-date = 7 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061805/http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/magnetic-field-strength | url-status = }} * {{Cite web | title = magnetic field strength converter | url = http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/magnetic-field-strength.html | accessdate = 4 Hunyo 2007 | postscript = <!--None--> }} * [http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/ElectromagneticForce.html Electromagnetic Force] - from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics * {{Cite news|url=http://www.livescience.com/976-ties-bind-atoms-weaker-thought.html |title=Ties That Bind Atoms Weaker Than Thought |newspaper=LiveScience.com |first=Sara |last=Goudarzi |date=2006-08-15 |accessdate=2013-11-12}} * [http://www.quarked.org/askmarks/answer5a.html Quarked Electromagnetic force] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226032456/http://www.quarked.org/askmarks/answer5a.html |date=2013-12-26 }} - A good introduction for kids * {{YouTube|HcPDc23ZLEs|The Deflection of a Magnetic Compass Needle by a Current in a Wire (video)}} * [http://www.gcsescience.com/pme.htm Electromagnetism abridged] p8cfsb1ilrqv57bfhisydvmp0yrz6cl 0 2873126 7783049 7646351 2026-05-06T21:19:02Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 2 books for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783049 wikitext text/x-wiki Iton '''heyograpiya pantawo''' in uska sanga han syensya pankatiringban nga nag-aaram han kalibutan, iya katawhan, mga komunidad ngan mga kultura nga may pagduon ha relasyon han ngan han espasyo ngan lugar. ==Pinanbasaran== {{reflist}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * {{Cite book | last=Blij, Harm Jan | first=De | authorlink=Harm de Blij| coauthors= | title=Geography: realms, regions, and concepts | url=https://archive.org/details/geographyrealmsr0000debl | year=2008 | publisher=John Wiley | location=Hoboken, NJ | isbn=978-0-470-12905-0 | pages=}} * {{Cite book|editor=Clifford, N.J.; Holloway, S.L.; Rice, S.P.; Valentine, G.|title=Key Concepts in Geography|year=2009|edition=2nd|publisher=SAGE|location=London|isbn=978-1-4129-3021-5}} * {{Cite book | author=Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Envisioning human geographies | year=2004 | publisher=Arnold | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-72013-4 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Cloke, Paul J.; Crang, Phil; Crang, Philip; Goodwin, Mark | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Introducing human geographies | url=https://archive.org/details/introducinghuman0000unse_2ed |edition=2nd| year=2005 | publisher=Hodder Arnold | location=London | isbn=978-0-340-88276-4 | pages=}} * {{Cite book |last1= Crang|first1= Mike|authorlink1=Mike Crang|last2= Thrift|first2= Nigel J.|authorlink2=Nigel Thrift| title=Thinking space |url= https://archive.org/details/thinkingspace0000unse| year=2000 | publisher=Routledge | location=London | isbn=978-0-415-16016-2 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Daniels, Peter; Bradshaw, Michael; Shaw, Denis J. B.; Sidaway, James D. | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=An Introduction to Human Geography: issues for the 21st century | url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohu002edunse_n7b4 |edition=2nd| year= 2004| publisher=Prentice Hall | location= | isbn=978-0-13-121766-9 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Flowerdew, Robin; Martin, David | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Methods in human geography: a guide for students doing a research project | url=https://archive.org/details/methodsinhumange0000unse_u1j3 |edition=2nd| year=2005 | publisher=Prentice Hall | location=Harlow | isbn=978-0-582-47321-8 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | author=Gregory, Derek; Martin, Ron G.; Smith, Graham | authorlink= | coauthors= | title=Human geography: society, space and social science | year=1994 | publisher=Macmillan | location=Basingstoke | isbn=978-0-333-45251-6 | pages=}} * {{Cite book | last=Harvey | first=David D. | authorlink=David Harvey (geographer)| coauthors= | title=Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference | url=https://archive.org/details/justicenaturegeo0000harv | year= 1996| publisher=Blackwell Pub | location= | isbn=978-1-55786-680-6 | pages=}} * {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=R.J.|title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |edition=5th |publisher=Blackwell Publishers, London |year=2009}} * {{cite book|last=Johnston|first=R.J|title=Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World |publisher=Blackwell Publishers, London |year=2002}} * {{Cite book | author=Moseley, William W.; Lanegran, David A.; Pandit, Kavita| title=The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings | year=2007| publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited | location=Malden, MA| isbn=978-1-4051-4922-8}} * {{Cite book|editor=Peet, Richard|title=Modern Geographical Thought|url=https://archive.org/details/moderngeographic0000peet|year=1998|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-55786-378-2}} * {{cite book|last=Soja|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Soja|title=Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/postmoderngeogra0000soja_d2c8|publisher=Verso, London |year=1989}} [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya]] 33bduxf4m0iqpuentfonjhdvllh04en 0 2879741 7783096 7782413 2026-05-06T22:01:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tawo|name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|image=JFKJr2.jpg|caption=Kennedy greets invited guests at the [[HBO]] <br>and [[Imagine Entertainment]] premiere held <br>at the [[Kennedy Space Center]] in 1998.|birth name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|birth_name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.|birth date={{birth date|1960|11|25}}|birth_date={{birth date|1960|11|25}}|birth place=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|birth_place=[[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.|death date={{death date and age|1999|7|16|1960|11|25}}|death_date={{death date and age|1999|7|16|1960|11|25}}|death_place=[[Atlantic Ocean]], off the coast of [[Martha's Vineyard]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.|death cause=[[John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash|Plane crash]]|death_cause=[[John F. Kennedy Jr. plane crash|Plane crash]]|alma mater=[[Brown University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small><br>[[New York University]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>|alma_mater=[[Brown University]] <small>([[A.B.]])</small><br>[[New York University]] <small>([[Juris Doctor|J.D.]])</small>|occupation=Journalist, lawyer, magazine publisher|religion=[[Roman Catholic]]|spouse={{marriage|[[Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy]]<br>|1996}}|parents=[[John F. Kennedy]]<br>[[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]]|relations=''See [[Kennedy family]]''|relatives=''See [[Kennedy family]]''|signature=John_Kennedy_Jr._Signature.svg}}'''John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr.''' (Nobyembre 25, 1960 – Julyo 16, 1999), ginkikilalan gihapon nga hi '''JFK Jr. '''o hi '''John John''', usa nga abogado, journalist, and magazine publisher. Hiya nala an nasasalin nga lalaki na anak ni [[Mangulo han Estados Unidos|President]] [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] ngan First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, ngan burubata nga bugto ni Caroline Kennedy. Pinatay an iya tatay ugsa hiya magtulo ka-anyos. Tikang han iya pagkabata, hi Kennedy daan na hiya tisirikat, ngan nasikat hiya bilang usa nga pigura han Manhattan. Nag-iskwela ha pagka-abogado, nagtrabaho ha New York City Assistant District Attorney ha sakob han upat ka-anyos. Han 1995, gin-abrihan niya an ''George'' magazine, gamit han iya political ngan celebrity status para sumikat ini. Namatay hi Kennedy upod an iya asawa nga hi Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy ngan iya magurang na hi Lauren ha the crash han guti-ay nga eroplano nga iya gin-drive-an. Unta, ig-bibilin ni Kennedy hi Lauren ha Martha's Vineyard ugsa kumadto han kasal han iya patod Rory Kennedy ha Hyannis Port. ==White House nga mga Tu-ig== John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. gin anak ha Georgetown University Hospital han Nobyambre 25, 1960, duha kasimana katapos maging elected president an iya tatay. May-ada hiya bugto na upat ka-anyos nga burubata ha iya na hi  Arabella. Mayada hia ate na hi Caroline, ngan namatay na bugto na hi Patrick. An iya agnay na "John-John", kay tikang ha usa nga reporter nga nagkamali han bati han iya ngaran bilang "John-John", pero diri ini ginagamit han iya pamilya.<ref name="CNN">[http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/politics/kennedy.html Kennedy Year in Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513233029/http://www.cnn.com/interactive/specials/9912/yearinreview.passages/content/politics/kennedy.html |date=2006-05-13 }} [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN CNN].</ref> Umukoy hi John Jr. ha [[Busag nga Balay|White House]] ugsa hiya mamatay, ngan naging sikat kutob han iya kamatay. Ginpatay an iya tatay mgada han Nobyembre 22, 1963, nga an state funeral kay gin kada han iya kaadlawan ha sakob han tulo ka-adlaw. An naging iconic na pigura han 1960s, an iya pag-salute ha iya tatay habang ginbabaktas an iya kaba-ong tikang St. Matthew's Cathedral.<ref name="FamousPictures">{{Cite web|date=2007-07-22|url=http://www.famouspictures.org/jfk-jr-salutes-jfk/|title=Famous Pictures Magazine – JFK Jr salutes JFK|publisher=Famous Pictures Magazine|accessdate=2013-05-21|last=Lucas|first=Dean}}</ref> Nagpadayon la gehapon an pamilya nga mag-celebrete han kaadlawan ni John Jr., para ipakita na bisan namatay an ira padre de pamilya mabubuhi la gihapon hira han tahimik.<ref>Leamer, p. 1.</ref> ==Pagpapakasal utro han iya Nanay== Pagkatapos patay-a han iya tatay, bumalin hira ha Upper East Side han [[Manhattan]] sakob New York City upod an iya nanay nga kabugto-an. Han 1967, gin-dara hira han ira na nanay ha Ireland, kun ngain nakikilala han iya nanay hi President [[Éamon de Valera]] ngan gin-bisita an  ancestral home ni Kennedy ha Dunganstown.<ref name="Heymann145146">Heymann, pp. 145-146.</ref> Katapos patay-a an iya uncle na hi Robert  han 1968, gumawas hira han United States, nayakan na: "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are targets ..... I want to get out of this country."<ref name="NYT obit">{{Cite news|last=Seely, Katherine|author=Seely, Katherine|date=19 Hulyo 1999|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html?pagewanted=all|accessdate=8 Nobyembre 2009}}</ref> Ha pareho nga tu-ig, inasawa han iya nanay an usa nga Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, ngan umukoy hira han pribado nga isla han Skorpios. Nayakan na gin-consider ni Kennedy an iya ikaduha nga amay bilang usa nga tuyaw.<ref>Davis, p. 690.</ref> han 1971, bumalik an pamilya ha white house. an anak ni President [[Richard Nixon]] naghatag han  tour ha mga Kennedy upod an iya dati nga kwarto, gin-pakita ni Nixon an Resolute desk kun ngain hiya nagmumulay han una. Kamatay han iy ikaduha nga tatay han 1975, ginbaya-an niya hi Kennedy han $25,000,pero na-ayos hadto han ira nanay para makakuha han $ 20 million ka dolyar para ha iya ngan ha iya mga anak.<ref name="BaltimoreSun">{{Cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|date=18 Hulyo 1999|title=A life lived in celebrity|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-18/news/9907180015_1_barlow-john-fitzgerald-kennedy-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis/2|publisher=Baltimore Sun|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2015-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505034513/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-07-18/news/9907180015_1_barlow-john-fitzgerald-kennedy-jacqueline-kennedy-onassis/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Han 1976, hi Kennedy nga an iya kapaturan bumisita han gin-lindol ha Rabinal in Guatemala, nagbulig hira han pangayad nga makasaradang han pagka-on. Nayakan an ira padre ngadto nga "they ate what the people of Rabinal ate and dressed in Guatemalan clothes and slept in tents like most of the earthquake victims", dugang pa "did more for their country's image" ha Guatemala "than a roomful of ambassadors."<ref name="Leigh195">Leigh, pp. 195-196.</ref> Pagtung-tung niya han 16 nagtapos an iya Secret Service protection.<ref name="Leigh137">Leigh, p. 137.</ref> Han summer han 1978, nag trabaho hiya ha wrangler ha Wyoming.<ref>Landau, p. 77.</ref> Ugsa kumadto ha [[Unibersidad Brown|Brown University]], ginupdan niya an iya nanay ha Africa. Ha usa nga pioneering course, gin-sagib niya an usa ka-grupo, nga nawara ha sakob han duha ka adlaw nga waray dara nga pagla-on o tubig, nagda-og han point para leadership.<ref>Leigh, p. 235.</ref> han 1979, an John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum gin-dedicated, ngan ha kauna-unahan nga beses ng speech hi Kennedy, gin-recite niya an poem ni Stephen Spender na "I Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great".<ref>Leigh, p. 251.</ref> ==Edukasyon== Nag-attendar hi Kennedy ha damu nga private nga eskwelahan ha New York, una ha Saint David's School tapos ha Collegiate, kun nga-in niya gin tapos an iya tenth-grade, ngan nagtapos han highschool ha Phillips Academy Andover, Massachusetts. Pagkatapos paka-graduate, kumadto hiya ha [[Unibersidad Brown|Brown University]] kun ngain nag-major hiya han American studies.<ref>Leigh, pp. 236-237.</ref> Dinhi bumulig hiya han pag-tindog han usa ka discussion group nga nag-fofocuse ha contemporary issues sugad han [[apartheid]] ha South Africa, gun control, ngan civil rights. Ginbisita an South Africa han usa ka summer break, ginharangan hiya han apartheid, ngan gin-arrange niya para an U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young nga magyakan tunkol hini nga nahihitabo ha Brown.<ref>Landau, p. 78.</ref> Han iya Junior year ha Brown, Bumalin hiya ha usa ka balay nga gawas han campus kun diin mayaada hiya kalungon,<ref>Landau, p. 82.</ref> Ngan tumambay ha usa ka-bar na tagiya ni Howard Stein. Bumulig hi Kennedy ha usa nga fraternity na Phi Psi,  an Rhode Island Alpha Chapter of national Phi Kappa Psi fraternity kutob 1978.<ref>Robert T. Littell, ''The Men We Became: My Friendship With John F. Kennedy, Jr.'' (St. Martin's Press 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=8lfKFx22v7UC&pg=PA4&dq=Kennedy+%22Phi+Psi%22&hl=en&ei=uCl7TvDWGeP50gHri_3kAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Phi%20Psi%22&f=false passim].</ref> nakagraduate han 1983 nga may bachelor's degree ha American studies, ngan nagtrabaho ha India nga umukoy hiya ha University of Delhi, kun nga-in niya nakilala hi [[Nanay Teresa|Mother Teresa]]. Nagtrabaho gihapon hiya ha mga Kennedy special interest projects, upod an the East Harlem School ha Exodus House ngan Reaching Up. ==Uro-aga na Karera== Pagkatapos han 1984 Democratic Convention ha San Francisco, bumalik hi Kennedy ha New York ngan nakakakuha han $20,000 kadatu-ig ha position ha Office of Business Development, kun nga-in an iya agaron natuod na "in the same crummy cubbyhole as everybody else. I heaped on the work and was always pleased."<ref name="mgross.com">{{Cite web|url=http://mgross.com/writing/profiles/jfk1/|title=Favorite Son|date=20 Marso 1989|publisher=New York Magazine|first=Michael|last=Gross|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919195904/https://mgross.com/writing/profiles/jfk1/|url-status=}}</ref> Tikang1984 tikadto 1986, nagtrabaho hiya ha New York City Office of Business Development ngan nagsilbi nga deputy director han 42nd Street Development Corporation han 1986, nag-nenegotiate han mga developers ngan city agencies. Han 1988, naging summer associate ha Manatt, Phelps, Rothenberg & Phillips, usa nga Los Angeles law firm nga mayada madig-on na pagkaurugpod ha Democratic part. Dinhi nagtrabaho hiya para kan Charlie Manatt, kan iya uncle Ted Kennedy roommate han eskwela pa ==Pag-arte== Usa ha iya mga passions ang pag-arte (bumulig hiya ha mga plays ha Brown.) I gin-himu nga karera ang pag-aarte, pero na diri an iya nanay.<ref name="A&E Biography">A&E Biography</ref>Ha Augusto 4, 1985, Um-arte hiya ha usa nga invitation-only audience ha Irish Theater ngadto ha west side han Manhattan. Executive director han the Irish Arts Center, Nye Heron,nagyakan na hi Kennedy "one of the best young actors I've seen in years".<ref name="Bly279">Bly, p. 279.</ref> Director ni Kennedy, Robin Saex nagyakan na "He has an earnestness that just shines through." An iya pinakadako na role kay usa nga fictionalized version han iya sarili ha the season eight episode of sitcom ''Murphy Brown'', gintawag na 'Altered States'. hini nga episode binisita ni Kennedy hi Brown ha iya office para i-promote an magazine na iya pinapublish. ==Activity han Pamilya== Gin-adress ni Kennedy an 1988 Democratic National Convention, upod an iya uncle na hi Senator Ted Kennedy. Ginamit niya an inaugural address han iya tatay, tinatawag niya nga "a generation to public service", ngan naka-receive han two-minute standing ovation.<ref name="NYTimesDeath">{{Cite news|last=Selye|first=Katherine Q.|date=19 Hulyo 1999|title=John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir To a Formidable Dynasty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> Yakan han Republican consultant na hi Richard Viguerie, diri niya nahihinumduman bisan usa han speech pero maupay kuno an ka-deliver, yakan pa niya "I think it was a plus for the Democrats and the boy. He is strikingly handsome."<ref name="Wadler1988">{{Cite news|last=Wadler|first=Joyce|date=12 Septyembre 1988|title=The Sexiest Kennedy|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099904,00.html}}</ref> Binuligan ni Kennedy an iya patod na hi Patrick J. Kennedy ha iya campanya para ha usa ka posisyon ha Rhode Island House of Representatives pa-agi han pagbibisita han opisina.<ref>Bly, p. 297.</ref> Lumingkod hiya ha gawas han usa ka polling booth ngan nagpapictuce upod han mga "would-be" voters. Gumana han duro an polaroid ploy nga campanya asya ginamit utro ni Patrick J. Kennedy han 1994. ==Nonprofit work, graduation tikang ha law school== Tikang han 1989, ginbuligan ni Kennedy an Reaching up, usa ka nonprofit group nga nag-proprovide han educational ngan iba nga opurtunidad para ha mga workers nga nabulig han mga tawo nga may kapansanan. William Ebenstein, executive director han Reaching Up, nagyakan na, "He was always concerned with the working poor, and his family always had an interest in helping them." Han 1989, nakakuha han J.D. degree tikang ha New York University School of Law hi Kennedy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Heymann|first=Clemens David| date = 2007|title=American Legacy: The Story of John & Caroline Kennedy|url=https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst0000cdav|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanlegacyst0000cdav/page/322 323]|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=0-7434-9738-4|ISBN=0-7434-9738-4}}</ref> Bumagsak hiya han bar exam makaduha,ugsa makapasar han Julyo 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blow|last2=Bradley, Richard|author2=Bradley, Richard|first=Richard| date = 2002|title=American Son: A Portrait of John F. Kennedy, Jr.|url=https://archive.org/details/americansonportr00blow|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americansonportr00blow/page/16 17]|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-98899-0|ISBN=0-312-98899-0}}</ref> Nagsaad hi Kennedy pagkatapos han ikaduha nga makapasar na hiya bisan pa mag-95 ka-anyos pa hiya, pero bisan man waray hiya pakapasar ha ikatulo magging prosecutor man la gihapon hiya ha Manhattan district attorney's office, kun ngain hiya makagtrabaho ha sakob han upat ka-anyos<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 Nobyembre 1990|title=John F. Kennedy Jr. Passes Bar Exam|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-11-04/news/mn-5683_1_john-f-kennedy-jr|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Spoto|first=Donald| date = 2000|title=Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis: A Life|url=https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jacquelinebouvie00spot_0/page/329 330]|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0-312-97707-7|ISBN=0-312-97707-7}}</ref> hann Augusto 29, 1991, Nagdaog hiya han iya syahan nga kaso.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Ronald|date=30 Agosto 1991|title=Prosecutor Kennedy Wins First Trial, Easily|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/08/30/nyregion/prosecutor-kennedy-wins-first-trial-easily.html|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> Han summer 1992, nagtrabaho hiya bilang usa ka journalist ha ''The New York Times'' para magsurat ha articolo tungkol han iya kayaking expedition tikadto ha Aland Archipelago, kun nga-in iya gin sagib an iya sankay han nag-capsized an iya kayak.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Andersen|first=Christopher| date = 2014|title=The Good Son: JFK Jr. and the Mother He Loved|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781476775562/page/266 266]–267.|publisher=Gallery Books|isbn=978-1476775562|ISBN=978-1476775562}}</ref> Naisipan niya magtindog han magazine upon an iya sakay, public relations magnate Michael J. Berman - plano nga yakan han iya nanay ng delikado. Ngada han libro han 2001 ''The Day John Died'', ginsurat ni Christopher Andersen na hi Jacqueline kay nahadlok namamatay an iya anak ha eroplano, ngan nagpakiana kan Maurice Tempelsman "to do whatever it took to keep John from becoming a pilot".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 Hulyo 2000 <!-- year per pub date of "new" book mentioned in source -->|title=Book: JFK. Jr's Death Foretold|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=91891&page=1|publisher=ABC News}}</ref> ==Politics== Ginpakianahan hi Kennedy kun naruyag hiya magkandidato pero yakan niya diri. Natuod hi Ted Kennedy nga politics an kan Johon Destiny, Ngan pinirit hiya nga kumandidato makadamo. Ha usa nga burutusay nayakan na hi John Kennedy Jr. an pinakasikat na democrat ha New York. Nayakan na  makarida unta hi John ha Senate han 2000 para balyuan an usa ka retiring Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.{{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed|date=March 2017}} Pero pagtika-iha nayakan liwat hira nga kandidato hiya para ka governor para makalaban hi George Pataki. {{Citation needed|reason=Citation needed|date=March 2017}} ==''George'' magazine== Han 1995, gintindug ni Kennedy ngan Michael Berman an ''George'', usa ka glossy, politics-as-lifestyle ngan fashion monthly,kun ngain 50 porsyento han share kay hiya an nakapot. Kennedy officially launched the magazine at a news conference in Manhattan on September 8, and joked that he had not seen so many reporters in one place since he failed his first bar exam. Kada issue nga aadto kay sinurat ni Kennedy,<ref name="Sumner">{{Cite book|last=Sumner|first=David E.| date = 2010|title=The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900|url=https://archive.org/details/magazinecenturya0000sumn|pages=[https://archive.org/details/magazinecenturya0000sumn/page/201 201]|publisher=Peter Lang International Academic Publishers|isbn=978-1433104930|ISBN=978-1433104930}}</ref> nga natuod nga it politics "accessible by covering it in an entertaining and compelling way" Nga magpapa-agi "popular interest and involvement" nga sumunod. Na-interview na ni Kennedy hira Louis Farrakhan, [[Billy Graham]], Garth Brooks ngan damo pa nga iba.<ref name="Landau100-102">Landau, pp. 100-102.</ref> Nagyakan an Conservative commentator na hi Ann Coulter na ''George'' kay "truly a political magazine, not a Democratic magazine". Nayakan an Coulter nga na hanga adto hi Kennedy ha iya kayt tungod han iya gisurat nga articolo laban ha usa ka congressman han fourth district of Columbia, nayakan gihapon an babaye nga gintuyaw kuno hira ni Kennedy nga "predictable bore" ngada han katungod na waray hiya ebidensya.<ref>Coulter, pp. 317-318.</ref> An syahan nga isue ka litrato ni Cindy Crawford Kunuhay hi [[George Washington]] nakasulot han wig ngan ruffled shirt. Depensa ni Kennedy para han cover "political magazines should look like Mirabella."<ref name="Landau99">Landau, p. 99.</ref> In July 1997, ''Vanity Fair'' had published a profile of Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani claiming that the mayor was sleeping with his press secretary (which both parties denied). Although tempted to follow up on this story, Kennedy decided against it.<ref>Blow, pp. 174-175.</ref> The same month, Kennedy wrote about meeting [[Nanay Teresa|Mother Teresa]], declaring that the "three days I spent in her presence was the strongest evidence this struggling Catholic has ever had that God exists."<ref name="Sumner"/> Han Septyembre 1997 an issue han ''George'' kay nag-cento ha mga temptation, upod nganhi an kapaturan ni Kennedy na hira, Michael LeMoyne Kennedy Ngan Joseph P. Kennedy II. Hi Michael ka gin acusahan nga may relasyon han bata nga yaya han anak, habang hi Joe kay gin acusahan nga nangastigo han iya dati nga asawa. Yakan ni John nga an iya kapaturan kay naging "poster boys for bad behaviour" - Damu an natuog nga ini an syahan na gumawas nga isue nga usa ka Kennedy gin labtan an usa pa ka Kennedy. Igintry ini pagpakita na an mga yakan han media kay diri patas kay mga Kennedy hira.<ref name="Andersen, p. 316">Andersen, p. 316.</ref> Pero iniba niya an yakan han tatay ni John, "Ask not what you can do for your cousin, but what you can do for his magazine."<ref>Leigh, pp. 322-323.</ref> === Magazine decline === Uru-aga han 1997, naka-ada han dako nga problema hi Kennedy and Berman, Nga nagresulta ha mas damo nga mga problema. Waray pag-iha gin baligya ni Berman an iya share han companya, ngan inako ni Kennedy an mga responsibilidad ni Berman. Bisan an companya nalulugi na, an pag lakat ni Berman kay nagresulta ha malaksi nga paghabubo han ira mga baligya.. David Pecker, CEO han Hachette Filipacchi Magazines, Nga partner han ''George'', nayakan na kan Kennedy kuno sala kay na diri hiya mag "take risks as an editor, despite the fact that he was an extraordinary risk taker in other areas of his life." yakan ni Pecker, "He understood that the target audience for ''George'' was the eighteen-to-thirty-four-year-old demographic, yet he would routinely turn down interviews that would appeal to this age group, like [[Diana, Prinsesa han Wales|Princess Diana]] or John Gotti, Jr., to interview subjects like Dan Rostenkowski or [[Vo Nguyen Giap]], an obscure North Vietnamese general."<ref name="Heymann438">Heymann, p. 438.</ref> Di pala naiha ugsa hiya mamatay, Plano hadto ni Kennedy nga magset-up han series of online chats para ha 2000 nga presidential candidates. Tumugot an [[Microsoft]] Nga hira an ma hatag han technolohiya ngan kwarta kabalyo han pag-advertise ha ''George''.<ref name="Blow274">Blow, p. 274.</ref> Katapos niya kamatay, gin palit ni Hachette an ''George'',<ref name="media">Bercovici, Jeff (2001). </ref> pero nagsara gihapon in han 2001.<ref name="cnn">[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0101/06/rs.00.html "Reliable Sources: 'George' Folds"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418152349/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0101/06/rs.00.html |date=2016-04-18 }}.</ref> ==Personal Nga Kinabuhi== Han namatay an nanay ni Kennedy na hi Jacqueline ngadto han Mayo 19, 1994, sinuportahan niya an iya bugto na hi Caroline, nga mas gusto han pribado nga lamay, na diri ha iya Uncle Ted, Ngan naruyag han respeto tikang publico han ira mga pribado nga kinabuhi. Asawa ni Caroline na hi Edwin Schlossberg ngan Maurice Tempelsman ( sangkay ni Jackie) kay sinusuportahan hiya.<ref>Heymann, p. 387.</ref> Katapos han lubong ha  Arlington National Cemetery, Hiya ngan an iya bugto nagsagawa han mga guti nga mga yakan. Binisita niya an iya tatay nga aniya uncle Bobby ugsa lumakat upod han iya bugto.<ref>Leigh, p. 351.</ref> Masnaging close hiya ngan an iya bugto katapos ka matay han ira nanay; an iraskim, with Kennedy telling his worrying sister that he planned to live to "a ripe old age."<ref name="Andersen4-5">Andersen, pp. 4-5.</ref> ==Relationships== Usa ka lama an gin da-os para kan Kennedy han 23 Hulyo 1999 ha Church of St. Thomas More, usa ka church  nga pirmi gin-aatendaran han pamilya Kennedy. An invitation-only service kay gin attenderan han damu nga tawo, upod hi Presidente Bill Clinton, nga nagpresentar han mga litrato han mag asawa han ira pagbisita han usa katu-ig.<ref>Landau, p. 23.</ref> Ngada han last will and testament ni Kennedy nayakan nga tanan nga iya gamit kamakukuha ni Caroline nga iya bugto, Dapat kuno nga parantay an makukuha han mga anak ni Caroline, 14 hira ng magtuturunga. ==Legacia== John F. Kennedy Jr. kauna-unaha nga anak han President-elect of the United States. Han ika-50th annibersaryo han assassination han tatay ni John Jr. Nobyebre 22, 1963, an ''New York Daily News'' kay nagpakita han mga sikat na picture han three-year-old Kennedy nga nag-salute ha iya tatay ha kaba-ong. Photographer Dan Farrell, nga kumuha han litrato, tinawag niya nga "the saddest thing I've ever seen in my whole life".<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 Nobyembre 2013|title=Daily News' iconic photo of JFK Jr.'s salute to dad's coffin still haunts|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/daily-news-photo-jfk-jr-s-salute-dad-haunts-article-1.1520240|publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref> Han 2000, Reaching Up, usa ka organisasyon nga gin tindog ni Kennedy han 1989, nakipagtrabaho ha City University of New York para itindog an John F. Kennedy, Jr. Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/hhs/jfkjrinstitute.html|title=JFK, JR. INSTITUTE FOR WORKER EDUCATION|access-date=2017-03-10|archive-date=2015-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522065830/http://www.cuny.edu/about/administration/offices/hhs/jfkjrinstitute.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> han Septyembre 19, 2003, an ARCO Forum ha Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government kay gin-ngaranan nga the John F. Kennedy Jr. Forum of Public Affairs. usa ka-actibo na membro han mga Forum events, membro gihapon hi Kennedy han IOP's Senior Advisory Committee sakob han kinsi ka-anyos. An uncle ni Kennedy na hi Senator Ted Kennedy, nagyakan na nga magsisimbolo ini nga koneksyon ni Kennedy ngada is tatay ngan kabugtuan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kicenuik|first=Kimberly A.|date=22 Septyembre 2003|title=ARCO Forum at IOP Renamed In Honor of John F. Kennedy Jr.|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/9/22/arco-forum-at-iop-renamed-in/|publisher=The Harvard Crimson}}</ref> ==References== {{Mga kasarigan|30em}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1960]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1999]] 06sd04d0ihwjyisgt5oipowk06t4e6c 0 2886262 7783074 7650245 2026-05-06T21:43:22Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783074 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi '''Esarhadon'''<ref>''Baraan nga Biblia: An Maupay nga Sumat Para ha Imo'' (Biblia nga Ginhubad ha Pinulongan nga Samarenyo) Samarenyo Popular Version SPV 050 P PBS 2003-1 Philippine Bible Society 1978</ref> nga an ngaran puyde liwat masurat nga '''Esar-hadon'''<ref>''An Baraan nga Kasuratan'' Samarenyo Bible SAM 054 PBS 2000-1 Philippine Bible Society 1983</ref>, '''Esarhaddon''', '''Essarhaddon{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica||p=}}''', '''Assarhaddon{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Iranica||p=}}''' ngan '''Ashurhaddon{{Sfn|Cunliffe|2015|p=514}}''' ([[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: ''Aššur-aḫa-iddina'''{{Sfn|Postgate|2014|p=250}}''''', nangangahulogan nga "Hi [[Ashur (dyos)|Ashur]] naghátag ha akon hin bugto nga lalaki"'''{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica||p=}}'''), amo in hadi han [[Imperyo nga Neo-Asiriahonon]] tikang han kamatay han iya amay nga hi [[Senaquerib]] han 681 UC kutob han iya kamatay han 669 BC. Hiyá an ikatulo nga hadi han [[Sargonid nga dinastiya]]. Kilalado hi Esarhadon tungod han iya pagsakop han [[Kahadto nga Ehipto|Ehipto]] han 671 BC'''{{Sfn|Encyclopaedia Britannica||p=}}''', nga naghimo han iya imperyo nga gidako-i nga imperyo nga nakita han kalibutan ngan tungod han iya pagtukod hin pagbalik han [[Babilonia]], nga ginbungkag han iya amay.'''{{Sfn|Mark|2014|p=}}''' ==Mga tigaman== <references group="n"></references> ==Mga pinambasaran== {{Reflist|20em}} === Ginkutlo nga bibliograpiya === * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=ibF6DwAAQBAJ&dq=Sin-apla-iddina&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Southern Mesopotamia in the time of Ashurbanipal|last=Ahmed|first=Sami Said|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG| date = 2018|isbn=978-3111033587|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFAhmed2018}} *{{Cite journal|last=Barcina Pérez|first=Cristina|date=2012|title=Display Practices in the Neo-Assyrian Period|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/44225|journal=Universiteit Leiden - Research Master in Assyriology|publisher=|volume=|issue=|pages=|ref=CITEREFBarcina_Pérez2016|via=}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&dq=Ashur-nadin-shumi&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|last=Bertman|first=Stephen|publisher=OUP USA| date = 2005|isbn=978-0195183641|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFBertman2005}} *{{Cite book|url=https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2004-0-25603-8&isbn=9781315011660&format=googlePreviewPdf|title=The History of Esarhaddon|last=Budge|first=Ernest A.|publisher=Routledge|date=2007|orig-year=1880|isbn=978-1136373213|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFBudge1880}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214052513/https://content.taylorfrancis.com/books/download?dac=C2004-0-25603-8&isbn=9781315011660&format=googlePreviewPdf |date=2021-12-14 }} *{{Cite book|url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/knpp/downloads/cole_machinist_saa13intro.pdf|title=Letters From Priests to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal|last=Cole|first=Steven W.|publisher=Helsinki University Press| date = 1998|isbn=978-1575063294|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFColeMachinist1998|first2=Peter|last2=Machinist}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=osQ9CgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Ashurhaddon%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean: The Birth of Eurasia|last=Cunliffe|first=Barry W.|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2015|isbn=978-0199689170|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFCunliffe2015}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=aUASZTL71iEC&dq=esarhaddon+%22paranoid%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Buried Book: The Loss and Rediscovery of the Great Epic of Gilgamesh|last=Damrosch|first=David|publisher=Henry Holt and Company| date = 2007|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFDamrosch2007|isbn=978-0805087253}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=HHmOAgAAQBAJ&dq=Esarhaddon+%22died+at+Harran%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt|last=David|first=Anthony E.|publisher=Routledge| date = 2002|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFDavid2002|asin=B000FBFIY2}} *{{Cite book|url=|title=New Bible Dictionary|last=Douglas|first=J. D.|publisher=Wm Eerdmans Publishing| date = 1965|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFDouglas1965}} *{{Cite journal|last=Ephʿal|first=Israel|date=2005|title=Esarhaddon, Egypt, and Shubria: Politics and Propaganda|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/JCS40025994|journal=Journal of Cuneiform Studies|publisher=University of Chicago Press|volume=57|issue=1|pages=99–111|ref=CITEREFEphʿal2005|via=}}{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} *{{Cite journal|last=Fales|first=Frederick Mario|date=2012|title=After Ta'yinat: The New Status of Esarhaddon's ''Adê'' for Assyrian Political History|url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-assyriologie-2012-1-page-133.htm?contenu=resume|journal=Presses Universitaires de France|publisher=|volume=106|issue=1|pages=133–158|ref=CITEREFFales2012|via=}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&lpg=PA125&dq=abdi+milkutti+Sanduarri&pg=PA125&redir_esc=y&hl=sv#v=onepage&q=abdi%20milkutti%20Sanduarri&f=false|title=The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 3 Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC|last=Grayson|first=A. K.|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1970|isbn=978-3111033587|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFGrayson1970|chapter=Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon (704–669 BC)}} * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=1ek4DwAAQBAJ&dq=Word+of+the+king%27s+daughter+to+Libbali-%C5%A1arrat&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Women's Writing of Ancient Mesopotamia|last=Halton|first=Charles|last2=Svärd|first2=Saana|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2017|isbn=978-1107052055|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFHaltonSvärd2017}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=Cw89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA124&dq=Shamash-shum-ukin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L2snVfeLCsTmsAWk0IGgAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Shamash-shum-ukin&f=false|title=Ancient Babylonia|last=Johns|first=C. H. W.|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 1913|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFJohns1913}} *{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isaiahamongancie0117jong|title=Isaiah among the Ancient Near Eastern Prophets: A Comparative Study of the Earliest Stages of the Isaiah Tradition and the Neo-Assyrian Prophecies|last=Jong|first=Matthijs|publisher=BRILL| date = 2007|isbn=9789004161610|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFJong2007}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=bF_bAgAAQBAJ&dq=esarhaddon+%22paranoid%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Sennacherib at the Gates of Jerusalem: Story, History and Historiography|last=Kalimi|first=Isaac|publisher=Brill| date = 2014|isbn=978-9004265615|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFKalimiRichardson2014|last2=Richardson|first2=Seth}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=MLYjCwAAQBAJ&dq=esarhaddon+%22paranoid%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Royal Apologetic in the Ancient Near East|last=Knapp|first=Andrew|publisher=SBL Press| date = 2015|isbn=978-0884140740|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFKnapp2015}} *{{Cite book|url=https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria|title=Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End|last=Luckenbill|first=Daniel David|publisher=University of Chicago Press| date = 1927|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFLuckenbill1927}} *{{Cite journal|last=MacGinnis|first=J. D. A.|date=1988|title=Ctesias and the Fall of Nineveh|url=https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12326/illinoisclassica131988MACGINNIS.pdf?sequence=2|journal=Illinois Classical Studies|publisher=University of Illionis Press|volume=13|issue=1|pages=37–42|ref=CITEREFMacGinnis1988|via=|access-date=2020-01-19|archive-date=2017-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815090743/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/12326/illinoisclassica131988MACGINNIS.pdf?sequence=2|url-status=}} *{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhyPOmOzZhoC|title=Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther|last=McConville|first=J. G.|date=1985|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=|isbn=978-0664245832|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFMcConville1985}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&dq=%22A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-b%C4%81ni-apli%22&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List|last=Miller|first=Douglas B.|publisher=Eisenbrauns| date = 1996|isbn=0931464862|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFMillerShipp1996|last2=Shipp|first2=R. Mark}} *{{Cite book|title=Prophets and Prophecy in the Ancient Near East|last=Nissinen|first=Martti|publisher=Brill| date = 2003|isbn=978-90-04-12691-6|ref=CITEREFNissinen2003}} *{{Cite journal|last=Novotny|first=Jamie|date=2009|title=Family Ties: Assurbanipal’s Family Revisited|url=https://journal.fi/store/article/view/52460|journal=Studia Orientalia Electronica|publisher=|volume=106|issue=|pages=167–177|ref=CITEREFNovotnySingletary2009|via=|last2=Singletary|first2=Jennifer}} *{{Cite book|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI8714110/|title=Symbols of Power: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy (681-669 BC)|last=Porter|first=Barbara N.|publisher=University of Pennsylvania| date = 1987|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFPorter1987}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=J6toY--R430C&hl=sv&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=Images, Power, and Politics: Figurative Aspects of Esarhaddon's Babylonian Policy|last=Porter|first=Barbara N.|publisher=American Philosophical Society| date = 1993|isbn=9780871692085|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFPorter1993}} *{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.se/books?id=KDcUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-a%E1%B8%ABa-iddina&source=bl&ots=a-IpEdrwCP&sig=ACfU3U3-W5spRyRifRqu2CGQFWsEDaELig&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiSmryAu4PmAhWIw6YKHVB0A28Q6AEwBHoECBIQAQ#v=onepage&q=A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-a%E1%B8%ABa-iddina&f=false|title=Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria|last=Postgate|first=Nicholas|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date = 2014|isbn=978-1107043756|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFPostgate2014}} *{{Cite journal|last=Radner|first=Karen|date=2003|title=The Trials of Esarhaddon: The Conspiracy of 670 BC|url=https://repositorio.uam.es/handle/10486/3476|journal=ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad|publisher=Universidad Autónoma de Madrid|volume=6|pages=165–183|ref=CITEREFRadner2003|via=}} *{{Cite journal|last=Radner|first=Karen|date=2012|title=After Eltekeh: Royal Hostages from Egypt at the Assyrian Court|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316233295_After_Eltekeh_Royal_Hostages_from_Egypt_at_the_Assyrian_Court|journal=Stories of long ago. Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf|publisher=Ugarit-Verlag|volume=|pages=471–479|ref=CITEREFRadner2012|via=}} *{{Cite book|title=Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientassyriave0000radn|last=Radner|first=Karen|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2015|isbn=978-0-19-871590-0|location=|pages=|ref=CITEREFRadner2015}} *{{Cite book|url=https://www.atour.com/education/pdf/Knut-L-Tallquist-AssyrianPersonalNames.pdf|title=Assyrian Personal Names|last=Tallqvist|first=Knut Leonard|publisher=August Pries| date = 1914|isbn=|location=Leipzig|pages=|ref=CITEREFTallqvist1914}} *{{Cite journal|last=Widmer|first=Marie|date=2019|title=Translating the Seleucid βασίλισσα. Notes on the titulature of Stratonice in the Borsippa cylinder|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/greece-and-rome/article/translating-the-seleucid-notes-on-the-titulature-of-stratonice-in-the-borsippa-cylinder/EC3A0F86331A96DAAA09A865CDEE9CAA|journal=Greece & Rome|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=66|issue=2|pages=264–279|ref=CITEREFWidmer2019|via=}} === Mga ginkuto ha web === * {{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Esarhaddon|title=Esarhaddon|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=22 Nobyembre 2019|ref=CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assarhaddon-assur-aha-iddin-english-usually-esarhaddon-king-of-assyria-680-69-b|title=Assarhaddon|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Nobyembre 2019|ref=CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Iranica}} *{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_fall_of_nineveh.aspx|title=Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (616-609 BC)|last=|first=|date=|website=The British Museum|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017232651/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_fall_of_nineveh.aspx|archive-date=17 Oktubre 2015|access-date=17 Oktubre 2015|ref=CITEREFThe_British_Museum}} *{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Ashurbanipal/|title=Ashurbanipal|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2009|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 Nobyembre 2019|ref=CITEREFMark2009}} *{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient.eu/Esarhaddon/|title=Esarhaddon|last=Mark|first=Joshua J.|date=2014|website=Ancient History Encyclopedia|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=23 Nobyembre 2019|ref=CITEREFMark2014}} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Esarhaddon}} * An kan [[Daniel David Luckenbill]] ''[https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/publications/misc/ancient-records-assyria-and-babylonia-volume-2-historical-records-assyria Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End]'', nga mayda mga paghubad hin damo han mga ginpasurat ni Esarhadon. {{turók}} [[Kaarangay:Mesopotamia]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Politika]] 0q6wghy67l2byt1qae8j58m8t18kuec 0 2886549 7783047 7782367 2026-05-06T21:16:55Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Add 1 book for verifiability (20260506)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 7783047 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mga music video== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Other performer(s) credited ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Direktor ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |"The Box" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other">{{harvnb|Friedlander|2012|p=39}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Simple" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Long Shot" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"A Cup of Coffee" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"It's Okay to Believe" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Diamonds" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ballard, Glen|[[Glen Ballard]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Promotional music video filmed for an unreleased album that Perry worked on with Ballard. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="other" /> |- ! scope="row" |"Thinking of You" (Original version) |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|May, Walter|Walter May}} | style="text-align:left;" |Uses a cross-cutting technique to compare two relationships. |<ref name="Jo2011">{{harvnb|Berry|2011|pp=14–20}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Ur So Gay]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|May, Walter|Walter May}} | style="text-align:left;" |A low-budget video in which two dolls play the roles of Perry and her boyfriend during the video. |<ref name="Jo2011" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[I Kissed a Girl]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Burza, Kinga|[[Kinga Burza]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features Perry and various flamboyantly-dressed women dancing to the song. [[DJ Skeet Skeet]] and a then-unknown [[Kesha]] appear in the music video. |<ref>{{harvnb|Montgomery|2011|pp=33}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hot n Cold]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Ferguson, Alan|[[Alan Ferguson (director)|Alan Ferguson]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Stars Perry as a bride about to get married to her fiancé, Alexander, who flees the altar before saying his vows. Perry's parents Keith Hudson and Mary Perry appear in the video, as well as [[Shannon Woodward]] and [[Jadyn Maria]] who play bridesmaids. |<ref>{{harvnb|Montgomery|2011|pp=113}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Thinking of You (Katy Perry song)|Thinking of You]]" (Commercial version) |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Matsoukas, Melina|[[Melina Matsoukas]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays a young woman whose lover was killed in France during [[World War II]] and reminisces of times with her deceased lover. [[Matt Dallas]] plays Perry's soldier boyfriend. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greenblatt|first1=Leah|title=Music video roundup|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2009/01/16/music-video-roundup|accessdate=8 Agosto 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=16 Enero 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108081749/http://www.ew.com/article/2009/01/16/music-video-roundup|archivedate=8 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Waking Up in Vegas]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Kahn, Joseph|[[Joseph Kahn]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Follows Perry and her love interest while they are in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]]. Through gambling, they win a large amount of money, only to lose it all and argue. [[Joel David Moore]] stars as Perry's lover. [[Penn and Teller]], [[Daniel Negreanu]], Gavin, and [[George J. Maloof, Jr.]] make cameos in the video. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowling|first1=Kristian|title=The Complete Guide to Katy Perry's Music Videos|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/the-complete-guide-to-katy-perrys-music-videos-20110622/waking-up-in-vegas-2009-0664045|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=22 Hunyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728010110/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/the-complete-guide-to-katy-perrys-music-videos-20110622/waking-up-in-vegas-2009-0664045|archivedate=28 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Starstrukk]]" |2009 |[[3OH!3]] |{{Sort|Klasfeld, Marc|[[Marc Klasfeld]] and [[Steve Jocz]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |3OH!3 sit at a fountain and retrieve coins that have been thrown in, causing women to begin pursuing them. In other scenes, Perry and 3OH!3 sing together in front of the fountain. During her verse, Perry dances underneath the fountain at night. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kreps|first1=Daniel|title=Behind 3OH!3's "Starstrukk" Video|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/06/04/behind-3oh3s-starstrukk-video|accessdate=20 Hulyo 2015|work=Rolling Stone|date=6 Abril 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611172341/http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/06/04/behind-3oh3s-starstrukk-video|archivedate=11 Hunyo 2009}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[If We Ever Meet Again]]" |2010 |[[Timbaland]] |{{Sort|Allen, Paul "Coy"|[[Paul "Coy" Allen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Follows an art thief and a jewellery thief. Perry and Timbaland sing and dance together in a black room. Both thieves are arrested by police. At the end of the video, the thieves retrieve the stolen items. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vena|first1=Jocelyn|title=Katy Perry, Timbaland Watch Crime Spree Unfold In New Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1629950/katy-perry-timbaland-watch-crime-spree-unfold-in-new-video/|publisher=[[MTV News]]|accessdate=20 Hulyo 2015|date=19 Enero 2010|archive-date=2017-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622155651/http://www.mtv.com/news/1629950/katy-perry-timbaland-watch-crime-spree-unfold-in-new-video/|url-status=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[California Gurls]]" |2010 |[[Snoop Dogg]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|[[Mathew Cullen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Takes place in the fictional land of Candyfornia. Perry frees various women held in candy-related traps. She defeats Snoop Dogg's army of [[gummy bears]] using a whipped-cream bra. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'California Gurls' Video: So Sweet It Hurts|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1641591/katy-perrys-california-gurls-video-so-sweet-it-hurts/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=15 Hunyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813042138/http://www.mtv.com/news/1641591/katy-perrys-california-gurls-video-so-sweet-it-hurts/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Teenage Dream (Katy Perry song)|Teenage Dream]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Lemoine, Yoann|[[Yoann Lemoine]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in Perry's hometown of [[Santa Barbara, California]] and features her friends. She drives in a car with a boyfriend before going to the beach. At the end of the video, the couple swim in a pool and kiss underwater. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dinh|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'Teenage Dream' Video: Watch A Steamy Sneak Peek!|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1645192/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-video-watch-a-steamy-sneak-peek/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=5 Hulyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813033608/http://www.mtv.com/news/1645192/katy-perrys-teenage-dream-video-watch-a-steamy-sneak-peek/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Firework (song)|Firework]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Meyers, Dave|[[Dave Meyers (director)|Dave Meyers]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed in [[Budapest]]. There are various shots of young people from around the city tackling their insecurities. At the end, Perry and the youth of the city dance in the courtyard of [[Buda Castle]] as fireworks burst from their chests. Perry dedicated the video to the [[It Gets Better Project]]. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mapes|first1=Jillian|title=Katy Perry Dedicates Leaked 'Firework' Video to LGBT Campaign|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/952410/katy-perry-dedicates-leaked-firework-video-to-lgbt-campaign|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=28 Oktubre 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719045440/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/952410/katy-perry-dedicates-leaked-firework-video-to-lgbt-campaign|archivedate=19 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[E.T. (song)|E.T.]]" |2011 |[[Kanye West]] |{{Sort|Sigismondi, Floria|[[Floria Sigismondi]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |West floats around in a spacecraft, while Perry portrays an alien who lands on an abandoned planet [[Earth]]. She approaches a robot which turns into a human male, with whom Perry walks into the distance with. Perry's love interest in the video is played by [[Shaun Ross (model)|Shaun Ross]]. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goodman|first1=William|title=Katy Perry Debuts Otherworldly Video ft. Kanye|url=https://www.spin.com/2011/03/katy-perry-debuts-otherworldly-video-ft-kanye/|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=31 Marso 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721065047/https://www.spin.com/2011/03/katy-perry-debuts-otherworldly-video-ft-kanye/|archivedate=21 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Klasfeld, Marc|[[Marc Klasfeld]] and Danny Lockwood}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays nerdy teenager Kathy Beth Terry. In a flashback, Kathy Beth Terry hears a party going on from [[Rebecca Black]]'s house. Black pulls her inside and gives her a makeover. The entire gathering eventually moves to Terry's house. Stars Rebecca Black as herself, [[Darren Criss]] as Aaron Christopherson, [[Kevin McHale (actor)|Kevin McHale]] as Everett McDonald, [[Corey Feldman]] and [[Debbie Gibson]] as Kathy Beth Terry's parents, Kirk and Tiffany Terry, [[Kenny G]] as Uncle Kenny, and [[Hanson (band)|Hanson]] as themselves. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Kyle|title=Katy Perry's 'Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)' video welcomes Rebecca Black, Corey Feldman, Hanson to the party of the year: Watch it here|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/06/13/katy-perry-last-friday-night-video|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=13 Hunyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723082030/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/06/13/katy-perry-last-friday-night-video|archivedate=23 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)|The One That Got Away]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Sigismondi, Floria|[[Floria Sigismondi]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Begins with Perry as an elderly woman who reminisces of her former lover and the couple's argument, resulting in her boyfriend leaving. Her old boyfriend is seen driving away, before accidentally driving off a cliff. Perry's older self approaches the cliff and holds hands with a vision of him, before he disappears and she sadly walks away. Stars [[Diego Luna]] as Perry's deceased former lover. |<ref>{{cite news|title=Katy Perry grows prematurely old in new video|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8885897/Katy-Perry-grows-prematurely-old-in-new-video.html|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=12 Nobyembre 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820001550/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/8885897/Katy-Perry-grows-prematurely-old-in-new-video.html|archivedate=20 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Part of Me (Katy Perry song)|Part of Me]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Mor, Ben|Ben Mor}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry witnesses her boyfriend cheating on her with a co-worker. She sees a sign encouraging women to become [[Marines]]. She enlists in the Marine Corps, and goes through vigorous training. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schillaci|first1=Sophie|title=Katy Perry Joins the Marines in 'Part of Me' Music Video|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/katy-perry-part-of-me-music-video-marines-303014|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 Marso 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704145539/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/katy-perry-part-of-me-music-video-marines-303014|archivedate=4 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Wide Awake (Katy Perry song)|Wide Awake]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Datis, Tony T.|Tony T. Datis}} | style="text-align:left;" |Starts with Perry going to her dressing room, which changes into a labyrinth with various obstacles. She eventually reaches the exit and escapes. The setting changes back to Perry's dressing room, before she rises on stage to perform. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry’s ‘Wide Awake’ Video: Five Key Scenes|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1687787/katy-perry-wide-awake-scenes/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|date=19 Hunyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813042136/http://www.mtv.com/news/1687787/katy-perry-wide-awake-scenes/|archivedate=13 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Roar (song)|Roar]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Hall, Grady|Grady Hall and Mark Kudsi}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman whose plane crashes into a deserted island. Her boyfriend is attacked by a tiger which Perry tames at the end of the video. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Montgomery|first=James|title=Katy Perry Was 'Game for Anything' on 'Roar' Video|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1713628/katy-perry-roar-directors-interview/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206070358/http://www.mtv.com/news/1713628/katy-perry-roar-directors-interview/|archivedate=6 Pebrero 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Unconditionally]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Bonacorso, Brent|Brent Bonacorso}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features scenes of Perry singing in the snow, as well as being hit by a car and on fire which are used to symbolize the feeling of [[unconditional love]]. |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Kevin|title=Katy Perry is Indestructible in 'Unconditionally' Video|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5793326/katy-perry-is-indestructible-in-unconditionally-video-watch|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=20 Nobyembre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223004053/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/5793326/katy-perry-is-indestructible-in-unconditionally-video-watch|archivedate=23 Pebrero 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Who You Love]]" |2013 |[[John Mayer]] |{{Sort|Muller, Sophie|[[Sophie Muller]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Features scenes of various couples riding a mechanical bull as Perry and Mayer sing together, before they ride it themselves with fireworks raining down behind them. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Strecker|first=Erin|title=John Mayer and Katy Perry debut video for 'Who You Love'|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/17/john-mayer-katy-perry-who-you-love-video|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=17 Disyembre 2013|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132352/http://www.ew.com/article/2013/12/17/john-mayer-katy-perry-who-you-love-video|archivedate=24 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Dark Horse (Katy Perry song)|Dark Horse]]" |2014 |[[Juicy J]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|Mathew Cullen}} | style="text-align:left;" |Set in [[Memphis, Egypt]] in [[Ancient Egypt]]. Stars Perry as Katy Pätra (inspired by Egyptian pharaoh [[Cleopatra]]) who is approached by multiple suitors attempting to win her heart, all of whom she turns into dust or otherwise eradicates. Perry dances on a stripper pole during Juicy J's verse. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothman|first=Lily|title=There’s a Very Good Reason Why Katy Perry’s "Dark Horse" Video Is Set in Ancient Egypt|url=http://time.com/9233/katy-perry-dark-horse-egypt/|date=21 Pebrero 2014|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307111435/http://time.com/9233/katy-perry-dark-horse-egypt/|archivedate=7 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Birthday (Katy Perry song)|Birthday]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Mark Klasfeld and Danny Lockwood | style="text-align:left;" |Perry portrays five characters (an elderly woman named Goldie, a Jewish [[Master of ceremonies|MC]] named Yosef Shulem, a clown named Kriss, an animal trainer named Ace, and a face-painter named Princess Mandee) at several birthday parties, whose guests are oblivious to her real identity. Stunts are then staged (such as a car crash outside a party and Perry dropping a cake on a man) to elicit reactions and Perry takes off her disguise at a young girl's party. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cosman|first1=Ben|title=Katy Perry's 'Birthday,' or Time for a Music Video Intervention|url=http://www.thewire.com/entertainment/2014/04/after-birthday-katy-perry-needs-a-music-video-intervention/361185/|accessdate=17 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]|date=24 Abril 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722011948/http://www.thewire.com/entertainment/2014/04/after-birthday-katy-perry-needs-a-music-video-intervention/361185/|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[This Is How We Do]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Joel Kefali | style="text-align:left;" |Features [[Minimalism (visual arts)|minimalistic]] scenes of Perry enacting many of the activities described in the song, integrated with scenes of Perry and dancers relaxing by the pool and wearing outfits inspired by [[Piet Mondrian]]. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Brenna|title=Katy Perry's 'This Is How We Do' Video is Here and -- Wait, is That Pee-Wee Herman?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1884962/katy-perry-this-is-how-we-do-video/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=2 Agosto 2014|date=31 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802195403/http://www.mtv.com/news/1884962/katy-perry-this-is-how-we-do-video/|archivedate=2 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Rise (Katy Perry song)|Rise]]" |{{n/a|None}} |Paul Gore | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is shown struggling to get a parachute to fly as she travels through canyons and water. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Legaspi|first1=Althea|title=Watch Katy Perry's Empowering 'Rise' Video|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-katy-perrys-empowering-rise-video-w432073|accessdate=5 Agosto 2016|work=Rolling Stone|date=4 Agosto 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807024501/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/watch-katy-perrys-empowering-rise-video-w432073|archivedate=7 Agosto 2016}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Chained to the Rhythm]]" |2017 |[[Skip Marley]] |{{Sort|Cullen, Mathew|[[Mathew Cullen]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Filmed at [[Six Flags Magic Mountain]] in [[California]], Perry and the other attendees dance their way through the seemingly perfect amusement park, oblivious to the world around them. The video alludes to political climate within the United States. |<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7694364/katy-perry-trippy-futuristic-chained-to-the-rhythm-video-watch|title=Katy Perry Goes Back to the Future in Trippy 'Chained to the Rhythm' Video: Watch|magazine=Billboard|date=21 Pebrero 2017|accessdate=21 Pebrero 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Bon Appétit (song)|Bon Appétit]]" |2017 |[[Migos]] |{{Sort|De Cuir, Dent|Dent De Cuir}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is prepared and served by chefs including [[Roy Choi]] as a meal while singing her lyrics and Migos watches while rapping their verses. At the end of the video, Perry kidnaps the dinner guests instead. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hautman|first1=Nicholas|title=Katy Perry Is the Main Course in Eerie New 'Bon Appetit' Video With Migos: Watch|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7793006/katy-perry-bon-appetit-video-migos|accessdate=18 Mayo 2017|work=Billboard|date=12 Mayo 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516000942/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7793006/katy-perry-bon-appetit-video-migos|archivedate=16 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Feels (song)|Feels]]" |2017 |[[Calvin Harris]], [[Pharrell Williams]], and [[Big Sean]] |{{Sort|Nava, Emil|[[Emil Nava]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is shown on an island with Harris, Williams, and Sean and sings her lyrics while relaxing in a meadow. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Logan|first1=Elizabeth|title=Katy Perry, Calvin Harris, Pharrell, and Big Sean Are Deserted Together in New Video for 'Feels'|journal=[[W (magazine)|W]]|date=27 Hunyo 2017|url=https://www.wmagazine.com/story/katy-perry-video-feels|accessdate=27 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Swish Swish]]" |2017 |[[Nicki Minaj]] |{{Sort|Meyers, Dave|[[Dave Meyers (director)|Dave Meyers]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays on a basketball team called "The Tigers" competing against the opposing team called "The Sheep", while Minaj performs during the game's halftime show. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bell|first1=Sadie|title=Here Are All the Cameos From Katy Perry's 'Swish Swish' Music Video|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7941788/katy-perry-swish-swish-video-cameos|magazine=Billboard|accessdate=24 Agosto 2017|date=24 Agosto 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Feels" (Second video) |2017 |Calvin Harris, Pharrell Williams, and Big Sean |Emil Nava | style="text-align:left;" |Perry, Harris, Williams, and Sean are featured as a band playing the song in front of a live audience. |<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2017/08/27/calvin-harris-pharrell-katy-perry-big-sean-feels-video-2/|magazine=Rap-Up|date=27 Agosto 2017|accessdate=27 Agosto 2017|title=Video: Calvin Harris feat. Pharrell, Katy Perry, & Big Sean – 'Feels (Version 2)'}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Hey Hey Hey]]" |{{n/a|None}} |{{Sort|Rentz, Isaac|[[Isaac Rentz]]}} | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman resembling [[Marie Antoinette]] who seeks to escape her obligations and chosen suitor, and daydreams of herself as [[Joan of Arc]]. Perry's character is executed at the end of the video, while her Joan of Arc persona returns to exact her revenge. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wass|first1=Mike|title=Katy Perry's "Hey Hey Hey" Video Is An Outrageous Blockbuster|url=https://www.idolator.com/7672761/katy-perry-hey-hey-hey-video-review|publisher=Idolator|date=20 Disyembre 2017|accessdate=20 Disyembre 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[365 (Zedd and Katy Perry song)|365]]" |2019 |[[Zedd]] |[[Warren Fu]] | style="text-align:left;" |Zedd is featured as a human test subject used for an experiment where lives with Perry, who portrays a robot that falls in love with him. |<ref>Details on "365" * {{cite magazine|url=http://www.papermag.com/katy-perry-zedd-365-2628962513.html?rebelltitem=3|title=Watch Katy Perry and Zedd's "365" Video for Valentine's Day|magazine=[[Paper (magazine)|Paper]]|last=Love Michael|first=Michael|date=14 Pebrero 2019|accessdate=15 Pebrero 2019}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/katy-perry-zedd-365-video-single-2447890|title=Watch Katy Perry star as an android in new sci-fi video for Zedd collaboration '365'|work=[[NME]]|last=Moore|first=Sam|date=14 Pebrero 2019|accessdate=15 Pebrero 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Really Over]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Philipp Price | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays a woman who goes to a New Age retreat after the break up of a relationship and participates in activities such as dancing, acupuncture and tree-hugging. As she leaves, she sees her former partner entering the same retreat. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=IwB7b9h24tA|title=Katy Perry - Making Of “Never Really Over” Music Video|date=17 Hunyo 2019|accessdate=18 Hunyo 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Small Talk (song)|Small Talk]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Tanu Muino | style="text-align:left;" |Perry and her pet dog Nugget attend a dog show where they win the top prize. She sees another competitor and immediately falls for him. Perry's attention is shifted to the man and she ignores her dog. Eventually he moves with Perry and brings his dog. Perry, the man and their two dogs are seen all together at the end. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=YqunQaPQumk|title=Katy Perry - Small Talk (Official)|date=30 Agosto 2019|accessdate=30 Agosto 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Harleys in Hawaii]]" |{{N/A|None}} |Pau Lopez, Gerardo del Hierro and Tomas Pena | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is seen riding a motorbike, singing in a bar and dancing on the beach as she pursues a man who also rides a motorbike. The two are seen kissing and they ride off on his motorbike. |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2061654/katy-perry-harleys-in-hawaii/video/|title=Katy Perry – "Harleys In Hawaii" Video|website=[[Stereogum]]|accessdate=22 Oktubre 2019}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Worn White]]" |{{N/A|None}} |J.A.C.K. | style="text-align:left;" |Perry sings about her relationship with her fiancé Orlando Bloom in a white dress and later a rose dress and also reveals she is pregnant in the video. |<ref>{{cite web|url=Perry sings about her relationship with her fiancé Orlando Bloom in a white dress and later a rose dress and also reveals she is pregnant in the video.|website=Katy Perry Is Pregnant, Music Video Confirms|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=25 Marso 2020}}</ref> |} === Guest appearances === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 18em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 11em;" |Performer(s) ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Deskripsyon ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |"Broken" |2004 |[[The Matrix (production team)|The Matrix]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is seen singing the song's lyrics along with Adam Longlands. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kaufman|first1=Gil|title=The Matrix Drop Long-Lost Album Featuring Katy Perry|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1603622/the-matrix-drop-long-lost-album-featuring-katy-perry/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=6 Agosto 2015|date=27 Enero 2009|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027032958/http://www.mtv.com/news/1603622/the-matrix-drop-long-lost-album-featuring-katy-perry/|archivedate=27 Oktubre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Goodbye for Now (song)|Goodbye for Now]]" |2006 |[[P.O.D.]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry sings background vocals during the final chorus and appears at the end of the music video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Montgomery|first1=James|title=Katy Perry's 'Dark Horse' Video: Is 'Katy-Patra' Her Greatest Role?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1722742/katy-perry-dark-horse-greatest-video-roles/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|date=21 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818110733/http://www.mtv.com/news/1722742/katy-perry-dark-horse-greatest-video-roles/|archivedate=18 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Learn to Fly" |2006 |[[Carbon Leaf]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry stars as a girl who goes to see the band during a show. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="guestvid">{{harvnb|Friedlander|2012|p=46}}{{cite web|last=Rosen|first=Craig|title=Katy Perry's Best Moments Undercover|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/katy-perry-best-moments-undercover-150523486.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Music]]|accessdate=22 Agosto 2014|date=18 Oktubre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035422/https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/katy-perry-best-moments-undercover-150523486.html|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Cupid's Chokehold]]" |2006 |[[Gym Class Heroes]](featuring [[Patrick Stump]]) | style="text-align:left;" |Perry plays the love interest of [[Gym Class Heroes]] singer [[Travie McCoy]]. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="guestvid" /> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Bitch I'm Madonna]]" |2015 |[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]](featuring [[Nicki Minaj]]) | style="text-align:left;" |Perry is featured miming the lyric "Bitch I'm Madonna" in the video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groves|first1=Nancy|title=Bitch I'm Madonna: new video on Tidal features Beyoncé, Kanye West|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/18/bitch-im-madonna-new-video-on-tidal-features-beyonce-kanye-west|accessdate=21 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 Hunyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702054413/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jun/18/bitch-im-madonna-new-video-on-tidal-features-beyonce-kanye-west|archivedate=2 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[You Need to Calm Down]]" |2019 |[[Taylor Swift]] | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears dressed in a hamburger costume towards the end of the video. | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Watch Taylor Swift Reunite With Katy Perry in 'You Need to Calm Down' Video|last=Zemler|first=Emily|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/watch-taylor-swift-katy-perry-you-need-to-calm-down-video-848857/|date=17 Hunyo 2019|accessdate=18 Hunyo 2019|magazine=Rolling Stone}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"[[Never Worn White]]" |2020 |} ==Mga Video Album== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Detalye nin Album ! scope="col" |Deskripsyon |- ! scope="row" |''[[MTV Unplugged (Katy Perry EP)|MTV Unplugged]]'' | * Released: 13 Nobyembre 2009<ref>{{cite web|title=MTV Unplugged: Katy Perry|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mtv-unplugged-katy-perry/id716650460|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713111718/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/mtv-unplugged-katy-perry/id716650460|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * Formats: [[CD]], [[DVD]], [[Music download|digital download]] |Physical release contains a DVD of Perry performing [[Acoustic music|acoustic]] renditions of tracks from ''One of the Boys'' plus a new song, "Brick by Brick", and [[Fountains of Wayne]] cover "Hackensack".<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=MTV Unplugged|others=Katy Perry| date = 2009|chapter=|first=Katy|last=Perry|type=Compact Disc|publisher=[[Capitol Records]]|location=New York City, New York|ref=}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Prismatic World Tour Live]]'' | * Released: 30 Oktubre 2015<ref name="PrismaticLive">{{cite web|url=http://www.eagle-rock.com/2015/09/katy-perry-the-prismatic-tour-live/#.V0xTSeW-P20|title=Katy Perry – The Prismatic Tour Live|publisher=[[Eagle Rock Entertainment]]|date=1 Septyembre 2015|accessdate=30 Mayo 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528182735/http://www.eagle-rock.com/2015/09/katy-perry-the-prismatic-tour-live/#.V0xTSeW-P20|archivedate=28 Mayo 2016}}</ref> * Label: [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] * Formats: [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray]], [[Music download|digital download]] |Contains a DVD of Perry performing during her [[The Prismatic World Tour|tour of the same name]] plus 30 minutes of exclusive extras.<ref name="PrismaticLive" /> |} ==Pilmograpiya== === Pelikula === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Smurfs (film)|The Smurfs]]'' |2011 |[[Smurfette]] | style="text-align:left;" |Voice role |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rechtshaffen|first1=Michael|title=The Smurfs: Film review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/smurfs-film-review-216564|accessdate=28 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=28 Hulyo 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/60WjXJblP?url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/smurfs-film-review-216564|archivedate=29 Hulyo 2011}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Katy Perry: Part of Me]]'' |2012 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lowe|first1=Justin|title=Katy Perry: Part of Me: Film Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/katy-perry-part-me/review/344394|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=3 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726101039/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/katy-perry-part-me/review/344394|archivedate=26 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Smurfs 2]]'' |2013 |Smurfette | style="text-align:left;" |Voice role |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Foundas|first1=Scott|title=Film Review: 'The Smurfs 2'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-smurfs-2-review-1200569098/|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=28 Hulyo 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723055440/http://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/the-smurfs-2-review-1200569098/|archivedate=23 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Brand: A Second Coming]]'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/documentary-reveals-russell-brand-and-katy-perry-split-caused-by-singers-rising-fame-20150315-1lzwqb|title=Documentary reveals Russell Brand and Katy Perry split caused by singer's rising fame|author=Mary Ward|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=16 Marso 2015|accessdate=16 Marso 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804085448/http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/celebrity/documentary-reveals-russell-brand-and-katy-perry-split-caused-by-singers-rising-fame-20150315-1lzwqb|archivedate=4 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Katy Perry: The Prismatic World Tour'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Concert film |<ref name="Prismatic">{{cite journal|last1=Zemler|first1=Emily|title=Katy Perry Premieres Concert TV Special, Explains Why Pop Stars Should Always Play Their Hits|magazine=Billboard|date=27 Marso 2015|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6516742/katy-perry-epix-prismatic-tour-special|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711004722/http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6516742/katy-perry-epix-prismatic-tour-special|archivedate=11 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Katy Perry: Making of the Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref name="SuperBowl">{{cite web|last1=Hipes|first1=Patrick|title='Katy Perry: Making Of The Pepsi Super Bowl Halftime Show' Trailer: What 118.5 Million Viewers Didn't See|url=https://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=11 Septyembre 2015|accessdate=12 Septyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912203425/http://deadline.com/2015/09/katy-perry-making-of-the-pepsi-super-bowl-halftime-show-trailer-first-look-documentary-1201522029/|archivedate=12 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer]]'' |2015 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Documentary |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scheck|first1=Frank|title='Jeremy Scott: The People's Designer': Film Review|journal=The Hollywood Reporter|date=17 Septyembre 2015|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeremy-scott-peoples-designer-film-824139|accessdate=25 Oktubre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921020627/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/jeremy-scott-peoples-designer-film-824139|archivedate=21 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Zoolander 2]]'' |2016 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Cameo appearance |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Doty|first1=Meriah|title=From Amanpour to Zane: All the Celebrity Cameos in 'Zoolander 2' (Spoilers!)|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/from-amanpour-to-zane-all-the-celebrity-cameos-in-180126212.html|publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=13 Pebrero 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223100130/https://www.yahoo.com/movies/from-amanpour-to-zane-all-the-celebrity-cameos-in-180126212.html|archivedate=23 Pebrero 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ryan|first1=Patrick|title=Ben Stiller, Owen Wilson put 'Zoolander' back in fashion|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/10/zoolander-2-ben-stiller-owen-wilson/80036316/#|accessdate=13 Pebrero 2016|newspaper=USA Today|date=10 Pebrero 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160213045505/http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/02/10/zoolander-2-ben-stiller-owen-wilson/80036316/|archivedate=13 Pebrero 2016}}</ref> |} === Telebisyon === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" |Role(s) ! scope="col" style="width: 5em;" |Istasyon ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 27em;" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width: 2em;" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |''[[Wildfire (TV series)|Wildfire]]'' |2008 |Club singer |[[ABC Family]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Life's Too Short" |<ref>{{harvnb|Summers|2012|p=61}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Young and the Restless]]'' |2008 |Herself |[[CBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode 8,914 |<ref>{{cite web|last=De Leon|first=Kris|title=Katy Perry Guest Stars on 'The Young and the Restless'|url=http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-young-and-the-restless/katy-perry-guest-stars-on-the-20190.aspx|publisher=[[BuddyTV]]|date=5 Hunyo 2008|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024034332/http://www.buddytv.com/articles/the-young-and-the-restless/katy-perry-guest-stars-on-the-20190.aspx|archivedate=24 Oktubre 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Idol]]'' |2010 |Guest Judge |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[American Idol (season 9)|Season 9]], Episode 5 |<ref>{{cite web|last=Barrett|first=Annie|title='American Idol': The Kara vs. Katy Lifetime movie|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/27/american-idol-the-kara-vs-katy-perry-lifetime-movie|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=27 Enero 2010|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629042647/http://www.ew.com/article/2010/01/27/american-idol-the-kara-vs-katy-perry-lifetime-movie|archivedate=29 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]'' |2010 |Guest Judge |[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[The X Factor (UK series 7)|Series 7]], Episode 2 |<ref>{{cite news|title=Katy Perry to stand in for Dannii Minogue on X Factor|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10298391|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=11 Hunyo 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912173507/http://www.bbc.com/news/10298391|archivedate=12 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' |2010 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Amy Poehler]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDermott|first1=Tyler K.|title=Katy Perry's 5 Most Awesome Performances|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/482586/katy-perrys-5-most-awesome-performances|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015|magazine=Billboard|date=26 Hunyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713115541/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/482586/katy-perrys-5-most-awesome-performances|archivedate=13 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Extreme Makeover: Home Edition]]'' |2010 |Herself |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Boys Hope/Girls Hope" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Boys Hope/Girls Hope|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company]]|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/extreme-makeover-home-edition/episode-guide/episode-801-boys-hope-girls-hope|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314091916/http://abc.go.com/shows/extreme-makeover-home-edition/episode-guide/episode-801-boys-hope-girls-hope|archivedate=14 Marso 2014|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[The Simpsons]]'' |2010 |Herself |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[The Fight Before Christmas (The Simpsons)|The Fight Before Christmas]]", Live-Action scene |<ref name="Kaufman">{{cite news|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Katy Perry to appear on 'The Simpsons' in December|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1648733/katy-perry-to-appear-on-the-simpsons-in-december/|accessdate=19 Agosto 2011|date=27 Septyembre 2010|publisher=MTV News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908065553/http://www.mtv.com/news/1648733/katy-perry-to-appear-on-the-simpsons-in-december/|archivedate=8 Septyembre 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[How I Met Your Mother]]'' |2011 |Honey |[[CBS]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Oh Honey]]" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tucker|first1=Ken|title='How I Met Your Mother' review: Katy Perry was a Honey, and Jennifer Morrison just as sweet|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=7 Pebrero 2011|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627110453/http://www.ew.com/article/2011/02/07/how-i-met-your-mother-katy-perry|archivedate=27 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2011 |Host, various roles |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Katy Perry/[[Robyn]]" |<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rutherford|first=Keith|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/464781/katy-perry-hosts-snl-the-hits-misses-including-a-florence-welch|title=Katy Perry Hosts 'SNL': The Hits & Misses, Including a Florence Welch Spoof|magazine=Billboard|date=11 Disyembre 2011|accessdate=8 Agosto 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821024331/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/viral-videos/464781/katy-perry-hosts-snl-the-hits-misses-including-a-florence-welch|archivedate=21 Agosto 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Raising Hope]]'' |2012 |{{Sort|Hargrove, Rikki|Rikki Hargrove}} |[[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Single White Female Role-Model" |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fretts|first1=Bruce|title=Cheers & Jeers: Katy Perry Can't Keep Hope Alive|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/katy-perry-raising-hope-1044534/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[TV Guide]]|date=7 Marso 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044248/http://www.tvguide.com/news/katy-perry-raising-hope-1044534/|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2013 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Bruce Willis]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite web|last=McGee|first=Ryan|title=Recap: Saturday Night Live - Bruce Willis and Katy Perry|url=http://www.hitfix.com/monkeys-as-critics/recap-saturday-night-live-nil-bruce-willis-and-katy-perry|date=12 Oktubre 2013|publisher=[[HitFix]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225233042/http://www.hitfix.com/monkeys-as-critics/recap-saturday-night-live-nil-bruce-willis-and-katy-perry|archivedate=25 Pebrero 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''David Blaine: Real or Magic'' |2013 |Herself |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Television special |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blaine|first1=David|title=Exclusive: David Blaine Freaks Katy Perry Out|url=http://www.etonline.com/tv/140863_David_Blaine_Real_of_Magic_Exclusive_Katy_Perry_Clip/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|date=15 Nobyembre 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801085340/http://www.etonline.com/tv/140863_David_Blaine_Real_of_Magic_Exclusive_Katy_Perry_Clip/|archivedate=1 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Kroll Show]]'' |2014 |Herself |[[Comedy Central]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party" |<ref>{{cite journal|title=Katy Perry Makes Hilarious Cameo on Kroll Show|url=http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/tv/article/katy-perry-makes-hilarious-cameo-kroll-show|magazine=[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]|date=26 Marso 2014|accessdate=25 Hulyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222193430/http://www.maxim.com/entertainment/tv/article/katy-perry-makes-hilarious-cameo-kroll-show|archivedate=22 Pebrero 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[CMT Crossroads]]'' |2014 |Herself |[[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "Katy Perry and [[Kacey Musgraves]]" |<ref>{{cite web|title=CMT Crossroads: Katy Perry and Kacey Musgraves Debuts Friday|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1728313/cmt-crossroads-katy-perry-and-kacey-musgraves-debuts-friday/|date=13 Hunyo 2014|publisher=CMT|accessdate=15 Hunyo 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234715/http://www.cmt.com/news/1728313/cmt-crossroads-katy-perry-and-kacey-musgraves-debuts-friday/|archivedate=23 Septyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Saturday Night Live'' |2017 |Musical guest |[[NBC]] | style="text-align:left;" |Episode: "[[Dwayne Johnson]]/Katy Perry" |<ref>{{cite web|last=Tarnoff|first=Brooke|title=Watch Katy Perry Sing 'Bon Appétit' and 'Swish Swish' on 'Saturday Night Live'|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7801131/katy-perry-saturday-night-live|date=21 Mayo 2017|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=29 Abril 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523030705/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7801131/katy-perry-saturday-night-live|archivedate=23 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[American Idol]]'' |2018–present |Judge |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |[[American Idol (season 16)|Season 16]]–present |<ref>{{cite web|first=Vlada|last=Gelman|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/american-idol-taps-lionel-richie-193208918.html|title=American Idol Taps Lionel Richie as Third Judge for ABC Revival|publisher=Yahoo! Music|date=29 Septyembre 2017|accessdate=25 Oktubre 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''[[Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time]]'' |2020 |Herself - Video Clue Presenter |[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] | style="text-align:left;" |1 episode | |} === Komersyal === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" |Kompanya o Produkto ! scope="col" |Taon ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Titulo ! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |[[ProSieben]] |2010 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry performs "Teenage Dream" in the commercial, wearing a red dress similar to [[White dress of Marilyn Monroe|the one]] [[Marilyn Monroe]] wore in ''[[The Seven Year Itch]]''. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Dinh|first=James|title=Katy Perry Goes Futuristic in 'Teenage Dream' German TV Spot|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1647070/katy-perry-goes-futuristic-in-teenage-dream-german-tv-spot/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=9 Pebrero 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821061920/http://www.mtv.com/news/1647070/katy-perry-goes-futuristic-in-teenage-dream-german-tv-spot/|archivedate=21 Agosto 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Proactiv]] |2010 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry promotes Proactiv and speaks about her experience with [[acne]] problems and using the product. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sweney|first1=Mark|title=Katy Perry and Justin Bieber zit ad campaign banned|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/18/katy-perry-justin-bieber|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=The Guardian|date=18 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611105552/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jul/18/katy-perry-justin-bieber|archivedate=11 Hunyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Adidas]] |2011 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in a series of commercials for Adidas as part of the company's "All Adidas" campaign. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Whitworth|first=Melissa|title=David Beckham and Katy Perry star in latest Adidas commercial|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8385975/David-Beckham-and-Katy-Perry-star-in-latest-Adidas-commercial.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|date=16 Marso 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302013122/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8385975/David-Beckham-and-Katy-Perry-star-in-latest-Adidas-commercial.html|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Adidas]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry's second advertisement for Adidas, also featuring [[David Beckham]], [[Leo Messi]], and [[Derrick Rose]]. Used as part of the "All In" campaign. |<ref>{{cite news|last=Nika|first=Colleen|title=Katy Perry Stars Alongside David Beckham for New Adidas Ad|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/katy-perry-stars-alongside-david-beckham-for-new-adidas-ad-20120330|date=30 Marso 2012|work=Rolling Stone|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728040254/http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/news/katy-perry-stars-alongside-david-beckham-for-new-adidas-ad-20120330|archivedate=28 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Pepsi]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Shows clips from ''Katy Perry: Part of Me''; used as part of Pepsi's "Live for Now" campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=Joe Jonas Hopes to Work with Nicki Minaj, Katy Perry in Pepsi Ads|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1684910/joe-jonas-nicki-minaj-katy-perry-pepsi-ad/|date=10 Mayo 2012|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818133927/http://www.mtv.com/news/1684910/joe-jonas-nicki-minaj-katy-perry-pepsi-ad/|archivedate=18 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]] |2012 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears alongside other celebrities including [[Rihanna]] and [[Cheryl Cole]] in an advertisement for Capital FM. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheryl Cole, Rihanna and Katy Perry Star in Brand New Capital FM TV Advert|url=http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/cheryl-cole/news/rihanna-katy-perry-capital-fm-tv-advert/|date=17 Agosto 2012|publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302101307/http://www.capitalfm.com/artists/cheryl-cole/news/rihanna-katy-perry-capital-fm-tv-advert/|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Popchips]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Appears in a digital commercial as part of the superhero team "Katy and the PopCats". With the help of the cats, Perry defeats the enemy potato chip manufacturer "Fat Cat" in the clip. |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Halperin|first1=Shirley|title=Katy Perry Gets Sassy in Popchips Ad Campaign (Photos)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/katy-perry-popchips-pics-ad-campaign-366612|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|magazine=The Hollywood Reporter|date=29 Agosto 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726162224/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/katy-perry-popchips-pics-ad-campaign-366612|archivedate=26 Hulyo 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Killer Queen by Katy Perry]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in the commercial for her third fragrance, Killer Queen. In the commercial she stars as a queen who knocks away her assistants and kicks over a throne. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keirans|first1=Maeve|title=Katy Perry's Full-Length Killer Queen Commercial Is Here (Plus Behind-The-Scenes Photos!)|url=http://style.mtv.com/2013/08/20/katy-perry-killer-queen-commercial/|publisher=MTV|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|date=20 Agosto 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905080822/http://style.mtv.com/2013/08/20/katy-perry-killer-queen-commercial/|archivedate=2015-09-05}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[2013 MTV Video Music Awards]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial was used to promote Perry's performance of "Roar" at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards. |<ref>{{cite web|title=VMA 2013: Katy is Coming for You|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/945659/vma-2013-katy-is-coming-for-you.jhtml|publisher=MTV|accessdate=25 Pebrero 2014|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302141249/http://www.mtv.com/videos/misc/945659/vma-2013-katy-is-coming-for-you.jhtml|archivedate=2 Marso 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Walmart]] |2013 | style="text-align:left;" |Used to promote Walmart and Perry's fourth album ''Prism''. In the commercial, some of Perry's fans buy the record and are surprised to find her working at the checkout. |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bump|first1=Philip|title=You might recognize Hillary Clinton’s songs from those Walmart, Lowe’s, Target, Toyota, Fiat and Microsoft ads|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/15/you-might-recognize-hillary-clintons-playlist-from-those-ubiquitous-walmart-lowes-target-toyota-fiat-and-microsoft-ads/|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 Hunyo 2013|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819192701/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/15/you-might-recognize-hillary-clintons-playlist-from-those-ubiquitous-walmart-lowes-target-toyota-fiat-and-microsoft-ads/|archivedate=19 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[CoverGirl]] |2014 | style="text-align:left;" |"This Is How We Do" plays as Perry promotes the newest CoverGirl products. Also featured in other commercials as part of the company's 2014 campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|last1=Muller|first1=Marissa G.|title=Katy Perry’s Latest Covergirl Ad Is Her Boldest Yet|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2136510/katy-perry-covergirl/|publisher=MTV News|accessdate=19 Hulyo 2015|date=17 Abril 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803100413/http://www.mtv.com/news/2136510/katy-perry-covergirl/|archivedate=3 Agosto 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Toyota Yaris]] |2015 | style="text-align:left;" |The commercial was used to promote Toyota Yaris Thailand. Perry performed as four different character to drive Yaris. In addition, "This Is How We Do" was used in this commercial. |<ref>{{cite web|title=โตโยต้า ยาริส คว้าศิลปินหญิงชื่อก้องโลก "Katy Perry" เป็นพรีเซนเตอร์ 'YARIS That's Right!'|url=http://www.toyota.co.th/news-detail.php?cont_id=721|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722074725/http://www.toyota.co.th/news-detail.php?cont_id=721|archivedate=22 Hulyo 2015|language=Thai|accessdate=14 Hulyo 2015|publisher=[[Toyota]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[H&M]] |2015 | style="text-align:left;" |"[[Every Day Is a Holiday]]" plays as Perry sports various holiday-themed clothes from H&M. It was part of the clothing store's 2015 holiday campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry brings fashion, fantasy and fun to H&M's spectacular holiday campaign|url=http://about.hm.com/en/news/newsroom/news.html/en/hmholiday2015.html|publisher=H&M|accessdate=23 Nobyembre 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124175153/http://about.hm.com/en/news/newsroom/news.html/en/hmholiday2015.html|archivedate=24 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Menyes|first1=Carolyn|title=Katy Perry Debuts Christmas Single 'Every Day Is a Holiday' for H&M Campaign [WATCH]|url=http://www.musictimes.com/articles/55650/20151123/katy-perry-every-day-is-a-holiday-hm-commercial-christmas-watch.htm|work=Music Times|date=23 Nobyembre 2015|accessdate=23 Nobyembre 2015|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124191838/http://www.musictimes.com/articles/55650/20151123/katy-perry-every-day-is-a-holiday-hm-commercial-christmas-watch.htm|archivedate=24 Nobyembre 2015}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Citigroup|Citi]] |2017 | style="text-align:left;" |Perry appears in a commercial alongside her pet dog Nugget for [[Citigroup|Citi]]'s Double Cash card "Means What It Says" campaign. |<ref>{{cite web|title=Katy Perry's Micro Teacup Poodle Makes Her National TV Debut in Citi's Double Cash Card Campaign|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7785020/katy-perry-micro-teacup-poodle-tv-debut-citi|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=28 Disyembre 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508195020/https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7785020/katy-perry-micro-teacup-poodle-tv-debut-citi|archivedate=8 Mayo 2017}}</ref> |} === Web === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" ! scope="col" style="width: 17em;" |Titulo ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" |Taon ! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" |Role ! scope="col" style="width: 30em;" class="unsortable" |Mga Nota ! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! scope="row" |[[Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide]] |2017 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Four-day livestream event on [[YouTube]] featuring guests, interviews, and a concert |<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stutz|first1=Colin|title=Katy Perry YouTube Live Stream Wraps Monday With Live Concert; James Corden, Sia & More Guests to Pop In|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7825739/katy-perry-live-stream-monday-live-concert-james-corden-sia|accessdate=12 Hunyo 2017|magazine=Billboard|date=9 Hunyo 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610120848/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7825739/katy-perry-live-stream-monday-live-concert-james-corden-sia|archivedate=10 Hunyo 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Will You Be My Witness? |2017 |Herself | style="text-align:left;" |Behind-the-scenes [[YouTube Red]] special for "Katy Perry Live: Witness World Wide" |<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reed|first1=Ryan|title=Watch Katy Perry Sob During Therapy Session in YouTube Red Special Trailer|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=27 Septyembre 2017|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy-perry-sobs-in-therapy-see-youtube-special-trailer-w505762|accessdate=27 Septyembre 2017|archive-date=2 Pebrero 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202140455/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/katy-perry-sobs-in-therapy-see-youtube-special-trailer-w505762|url-status=}}</ref> |} ==Mga toltolan== === Talababa === {{reflist|30em}} === Hinalean === {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: California Gurl|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperrycalifor0000berr|last=Berry|first=Jo|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]| date = 2011|isbn=978-1-4091-3362-9|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperry0000frie|title=Katy Perry|last=Friedlander|first=Noam|publisher=[[Sterling Publishing]]| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-4549-0364-2|ref=harv|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: The Unofficial Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperryunoffic0000mont|last=Montgomery|first=Alice|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]| date = 2011|isbn=978-0-7181-5824-8|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|title=Katy Perry: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/katyperrybiograp0000summ|last=Summers|first=Kimberly Dillon|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| date = 2012|isbn=978-1-4408-0100-6|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==Panluwas na takod== {{Wikipedia books|Katy Perry}} * [https://youtube.com/user/KatyPerryVEVO Katy Perry's official Vevo channel] on [[YouTube]] {{Katy Perry}} icf8thst3nbb3i6o7m32rhsj4vfc63l