Wikipedia warwiki https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syahan_nga_Pakli MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Medya Pinaurog Hiruhimangraw Gumaramit Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit Wikipedia Hiruhimangraw hiton Wikipedia Paypay Hiruhimangraw hiton paypay MedyaWiki Hiruhimangraw hiton MedyaWiki Batakan Hiruhimangraw hiton batakan Bulig Hiruhimangaw hiton bulig Kaarangay Hiruhimangraw hiton kaarangay TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Ubuntu 0 8017 7783936 5588406 2026-07-20T21:56:06Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783936 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Ubuntu''' usa nga [[Linux]] distribusyon para hin mga desktop, laptop o iba nga mga sistema hin computasyon. [[Paypay:Ubuntu 9.04 Jaunty Jackalope.png|220px|thumb|right|ubuntu 8.04]] [[Paypay:Ubuntu 8.10.jpg|thumb|220px|Ubuntu 8.04]] == Mga sumpay ha gawas == * [http://www.ubuntu.com/ www.ubuntu.com] * [http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/ download ubuntu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222222806/http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/ |date=2011-02-22 }} {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Ubuntu Linux}} 9g12wvu27goryulp6deh7e7rwya75hx Landeck 0 13961 7783956 6286196 2026-07-21T18:00:30Z SpinnerLaserzthe2nd 53948 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Wappen at landeck.png]] → [[File:AUT Landeck COA.svg]] 7783956 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AUT Landeck COA.svg|right|thumb|Tigaman han Landeck]] An '''Landeck''' amo an kapital ha distrito han [[Landeck (distrito)|Landeck]] ha [[Tyrol (estado)|Tyrol]], [[Austrya]]. <br><gallery class=center caption="Landeck, Tirol"> Landeck-02-Schloss-2006-gje.jpg Landeck-04-Pfarrkirche-2006-gje.jpg Landeck-08-Pfarrkirche-Portal-2006-gje.jpg Landeck-12-Friedhof-2006-gje.jpg Landeck-16-Grabstein-2006-gje.jpg </gallery> {{Mga syudad ngan mga bungto ha Landeck (distrito)}} {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Landeck (Tirol)}} [[category:Mga syudad ngan mga bungto ha Tyrol]] [[Kaarangay:Landeck]] d85zm5zwp0gsabo4ipo53f91n66ypg9 Cabo Verde 0 14173 7783951 6287270 2026-07-21T16:51:37Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 7783951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Nasod |native_name = ''República de Cabo Verde'' |conventional_long_name = Republika han Cabo Verde |common_name = Cape Verde |image_flag = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg |symbol_type = National Emblem |image_map = LocationCapeVerde.svg |image_map2 = Topographic map of Cape Verde-en.svg |national_anthem = ''{{lang|pt|[[Cântico da Liberdade]]}}''{{spaces|2}}<small>(Pinortuges)<br />''Awit hin Kagawasan''</small> |official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |regional_languages = [[Cape Verdean Creole]] |ethnic_groups = |capital = [[Praia, Cape Verde|Praia]] |latd=14 |latm=55 |latNS=N |longd=23 |longm=31 |longEW=W |largest_city = capital |demonym = Cape Verdean |government_type = [[Republic]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Cape Verde|President]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Cape Verde|Prime Minister]] |leader_name1 = [[Carlos Veiga]] |leader_name2 = |area_rank = 172nd |area_magnitude = 1 E9 |area_km2 = 4,033 |area_sq_mi = 1,557 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = 506,000<ref name=unpop>{{cite paper | url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf | title=World Population Prospects, Table A.1| version=2008 revision | format=.PDF | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | date=2009 | accessdate= 2009-03-12}}</ref> |population_estimate_rank = 165th <!--UN WPP--> |population_estimate_year = 2009 |population_census = 426,998<ref name="factbook">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cv.htm CIA.gov]{{Dead link|date=October 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> |population_census_year = 2008 |population_density_km2 = 125.5 |population_density_sq_mi = 325.0 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 79th |GDP_PPP = $1.749 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=624&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=65&pr.y=14 |title=Cape Verde|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2008 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,472<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal = $1.744 billion<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_year = 2008 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $3,464<ref name=imf2/> |sovereignty_type = [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|Independence]] |established_event1 = from [[Portugal]] |established_date1 = July 5, 1975 |HDI = {{increase}} 0.708<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G|publisher=The United Nations|accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref> |HDI_rank = 121nd |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |currency = [[Cape Verdean escudo]] |currency_code = CVE |country_code = |time_zone = [[Cape Verde Time|CVT]] |utc_offset = -1 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = -1 |drives_on = right |cctld = [[.cv]] |calling_code = [[+238]] }}An '''Cabo Verde''' o '''Cape Verde''' amo an usa ka nasod tabok han katundan nga ilawod han [[Africa]]. An kapital hini amo an [[Praia]]. == Mga kasarigan == {{reflist}} {{turók}} {{Commonscat|Cape Verde}} [[Kaarangay:Cabo Verde| ]] [[Kaarangay:Nasod]] 4z0yh4rnqardvom8up89mvelmpojmha Baraan nga Imperyo Romano 0 14742 7783954 7775562 2026-07-21T17:00:33Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 7783954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Former Country |conventional_long_name = Holy Roman Empire |common_name = Holy Roman Empire |native_name = ''Sacrum Romanum Imperium'' |continent = Europe |region = Central Europe |era = [[Middle Ages]]<br />[[Early modern period]] |status = Empire |government_type = [[Elective monarchy]] |year_start = 962 |year_end = 1806 |event_start = [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] is [[Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor|crowned Emperor of the Romans]] |date_start = 2 February |date_event1 = 2 February 1033 |event1 = [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Conrad II]] assumes<br />{{spaces|4}}crown of [[Kingdom of Arles|Burgundy]] |date_event2 = 25 September 1555 |event2 = [[Peace of Augsburg]] |date_event3 = 24 October 1648 |event3 = [[Peace of Westphalia]] |date_event4 = 2 December 1805 |event4 = [[Battle of Austerlitz]] |date_end = 6 August |event_end = [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] abdicated |flag_p1 = Karl der Große 800.jpg |p1 = Middle Francia |flag_p2 = Ludwig der Deutsche.jpg |p2 = East Francia |s1 = Confederation of the Rhine |flag_s1 = Flag of France.svg |s2 = Austrian Empire |flag_s2 = Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg |s3 = Kingdom of Prussia |flag_s3 = Flag of the Kingdom of Prussia (1803-1892).svg |s4 = Kingdom of Saxony |flag_s4 = State flag of Saxony before 1815.svg |s5 = Duchy of Holstein |flag_s5 = Holstein Arms.svg |s6 = Duchy of Oldenburg |flag_s6 = Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg |s7 = Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg |flag_s7 = Flag of Hamburg.svg |s8 = Principality of Reuss-Greiz |flag_s8 = Flagge Fürstentum Reuß ältere Linie.svg |s9 = Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |flag_s9 = Mecklenburg Landesflagge zur See Kaiserreich.svg |s10 = Swedish Pomerania |flag_s10 = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg |s11 = Electorate of Hesse |flag_s11 = Flag of Hesse.svg |s12 = Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda |flag_s12 = Wappen_Fürstentum_Oranien-Nassau-Fulda.jpg |s13 = Principality of Waldeck |flag_s13 = Flag of Waldeck before 1830.svg |s14 = Duchy of Saxe-Weimar |flag_s14 = State flag of Saxony before 1815.svg |s15 = Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg |flag_s15 = Flag of Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg.svg |image_flag = Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor (after 1400).svg |flag = Flags of the Holy Roman Empire |flag_type = Imperial Banner |image_coat = Quaterionenadler David de Negker.svg |symbol = Heraldry of the Holy Roman Empire |symbol_type = Quaternion Eagle |image_map = Holy Roman Empire ca.1600.svg |image_map_caption = The Holy Roman Empire around 1600, superimposed over current state borders |capital = no official capital; imperial seat cities varied throughout history<br/><small>e.g. [[Vienna]] <br>(Continuous Imperial [[Residenz]] City, 1483–1806)<br/>[[Regensburg]]<br>([[Eternal Diet]], 1663–1806)<br>[[Prague]]<br>(1346–1437, 1583–1611)<br/></small> |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''(none official)''<br/>"[[Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser]]" ([[Imperial anthem]], 1797)<br><small>"{{lang|en|God Save Emperor Francis}}"</small><br><center>[[File:HaydnGottErhalteFranzDenKaiserQuartetVersionPianoReduction.ogg]]</center> |common_languages = [[German language|German]], [[Latin]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[French language|French]], [[Frisian languages|Frisian]], [[Slovene language|Slovene]], [[Sorbian languages|Sorbian]] and others |religion = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]; [[Lutheranism]] (officially recognized since the [[Peace of Augsburg]] 1555) and [[Calvinism]] (officially recognized since the [[Peace of Westphalia]] 1648) |currency = |demonym = Holy Roman |legislature = [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] |stat_pop1 = 5000000<ref name="Ostrovski, Rome 1998, page 70">"Atlas of Europe in the Middle Ages", Ostrovski, Rome, 1998, page 70</ref> |stat_year1 = 1200 |stat_pop2 = 16000000<ref name="globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/hre-2.htm Holy Roman Empire - 1500 - The German Empire]</ref><ref name="books.google.pl">[http://books.google.pl/books?id=DVYgJMQJVZEC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=bev%C3%B6lkerungs+heiliges+r%C3%B6misches+reich+millionen&source=bl&ots=-RntFRhfIX&sig=2sdFnMf3klnWEeQaZ1dV0BHrq98&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=MOSlU66MKoLcOefvgfAF&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=bev%C3%B6lkerungs%20heiliges%20r%C3%B6misches%20reich%20millionen&f=false Reich und Glaubensspaltung, Deutschland 1500-1600 by Horst Rabe, p.27]</ref> |stat_year2 = 1500 |stat_pop3 = 21000000<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://books.google.pl/books?id=8z9-V9f6w5EC&pg=RA1-PT105&dq=holy+roman+empire+million&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=CPilU_S_DMPe7Aax5YH4Bg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=holy%20roman%20empire%20million&f=false Introduction to Global Politics by Richard W. Mansbach,Kirsten L. Taylor]</ref> |stat_year3 = 1618 |stat_pop4 = 16000000<ref name="ReferenceA"/> |stat_year4 = 1648 |stat_pop5 = 26265000<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://books.google.pl/books?id=0LFueQp0s50C&pg=PA401&lpg=PA401&dq=bev%C3%B6lkerung+heiliges+r%C3%B6misches+reich&source=bl&ots=sv8NQ19b7V&sig=fV5JEWxrCeVpK1ao7q4Fn2YiH3Y&hl=pl&sa=X&ei=gPOlU_9D1KHsBvfhgKgD&ved=0CGcQ6AEwCDgo#v=onepage&q=bev%C3%B6lkerung%20heiliges%20r%C3%B6misches%20reich&f=false Nation und Nationalismus in Deutschland, 1770-1990 by Otto Dann]</ref> |stat_year5= 1786 |deputy1 = [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] <small>(first)</small> |deputy2 = [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] <small>(last)</small> |year_deputy1 = 962–973 |year_deputy2 = 1792–1806 |title_deputy = [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]] | |today = {{flag|Austria}}<br/>{{flag|Belgium}}<br/>{{flag|Croatia}}<br/>{{flag|Czech Republic}}<br/>{{flag|France}}<br/>{{flag|Germany}}<br />{{flag|Italy}}<br/>{{flag|Liechtenstein}}<br />{{flag|Luxembourg}}<br/>{{flag|Monaco}}<br/>{{flag|Netherlands}}<br/>{{flag|Poland}}<br/>{{flag|Slovenia}}<br/>{{flag|Switzerland}} }} An '''Baraan nga Imperyo Romano''' amo an nagkaurusa nga teritoryo ha butnga Europa ha butnga nga panahon ngan Uruunhan nga kabag-ohan nga panahon ha ilarom han baraan nga imperador romano. ==Dugang nga barasahon== *Arnold, Benjamin, ''Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany''. (Cambridge University Press, 1991) *[[James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce|Bryce, James]], ''The Holy Roman Empire''. [http://books.google.com/books?id=O8cQAAAAYAAJ 1899 edition]. *Coy, Jason Phillip et al. ''The Holy Roman Empire, Reconsidered'', (Berghahn Books, 2010). * Evans, R. J. W., Michael Schaich and Peter H. Wilson, eds. ''The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806'' (2011) articles by scholars *Donaldson, George. ''Germany: A Complete History'' (Gotham Books, New York, 1985). * Heer, Friedrich. ''Holy Roman Empire'' (2002). * Hoyt, Robert S. and Chodorow, Stanley, ''Europe in the Middle Ages'' (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1976). * Scribner, Bob. ''Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630'' (1995). *Whaley, Joachim. ''Germany and the Holy Roman Empire'', Volumes 1 and 2, (Oxford UP, 2012). * Wilson, Peter H. ''The Holy Roman Empire 1495–1806'' (2011) [http://www.amazon.com/Empire-1495-1806-Studies-European-History/dp/0230239781/ excerpt and text search]. *Zophy, Jonathan W. ed., ''The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook''. Greenwood Press, 1980. ===Inaleman=== *Heinz Angermeier, ''Das Alte Reich in der deutschen Geschichte''. Studien über Kontinuitäten und Zäsuren, München 1991 *Karl Otmar Freiherr von Aretin, ''Das Alte Reich 1648–1806''. 4 vols. Stuttgart, 1993–2000 *Peter Claus Hartmann, ''Kulturgeschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648 bis 1806''. Wien, 2001 *Georg Schmidt, ''Geschichte des Alten Reiches''. München, 1999 *[http://www.historischekommission-muenchen.de/seiten/projekte.html Deutsche Reichstagsakten] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408095029/http://www.historischekommission-muenchen.de/seiten/projekte.html |date=2013-04-08 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Holy Roman Empire}} *[http://www.uni-muenster.de/FNZ-Online/recht/reich/unterpunkte/nation.htm The constitutional structure of the Reich] *[http://www.dasheiligereich.de/ Das Heilige Reich (German Museum of History, Berlin)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102160158/http://www.dasheiligereich.de/ |date=2009-01-02 }} *[http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/germany/milxhrempire.html List of Wars of the Holy Roman Empire] *[http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/lexikothek/reich2.html Deutschland beim Tode Kaiser Karls IV. 1378 (Germany at the death of emperor Charles IV.) taken from "Meyers Kleines Konversationslexikon in sechs Bänden. Bd. 2. Leipzig u. Wien : Bibliogr. Institut 1908", map inserted after page 342] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004204614/http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/lexikothek/reich2.html |date=2018-10-04 }} *[http://www.altes-reich.de/literatur.html Books and articles on the Reich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104202826/http://www.altes-reich.de/literatur.html |date=2009-01-04 }} *[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm The Holy Roman Empire] *[http://www.economist.com/news/christmas/21568659-old-empire-offers-surprising-lessons-european-union-today-european-disunion-done Comparison of the Holy Roman Empire and the European Union in 2012 by The Economist] ===Mga mapa=== *[http://home.comcast.net/~vienna1230/maps/holy_roman_empire_1138_1254.jpg The Holy Roman Empire, 1138–1254] *[http://www.mcm.edu/academic/depts/history/maps/HOLYROMEMPIRE.html The Holy Roman Empire c. 1500] *[http://corndancer.com/vox/aer/aer_art/map01_1648.jpg The Holy Roman Empire in 1648] *[http://www.hoeckmann.de/germany/index.htm The Holy Roman Empire in 1789 (interactive map)] jzq0uaipo2ycrw0m45iux7vbyhcvgh4 Unyon Aprikana 0 15137 7783937 7770422 2026-07-20T22:31:43Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783937 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayl:Map of the African Union.svg|thumbnail|Ngatanan nga nasod ha Aprika kalakip han Unyon Aprikana labot la ha (Morocco)]] An '''Unyon Aprikana''' ([[Iningles]]:''African Union'') usa ka katig-uban han mga kagamhan han 55 ka estado ha Afrika. Natukod han 9 Hulyo 2002, an Unyon Aprikana amo an sumunod ha Katig-uban han Pagkaurusa han Aprika ([[Iningles]]:''Organisation of African Unity (OAU)''). ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpiya== *[http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-AU-Guide-EN.pdf ''Strengthening Popular Participation in the African Union: A Guide to AU Structures and Processes''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927110741/http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AfriMAP-AU-Guide-EN.pdf |date=2013-09-27 }}, AfriMAP and Oxfam GB, 2010 *[http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AU_People-DrivenNov07.pdf ''Towards a People Driven African Union: Current Challenges and New Opportunities''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216054523/http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/report/AU_People-DrivenNov07.pdf |date=2008-02-16 }} AfriMAP, AFRODAD and Oxfam GB, January 2007 *The New African Initiative and the African Union: A Preliminary Assessment and Documentation</cite> by Henning Melber, Publisher: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Sweden; ISBN 91-7106-486-9; (October 2002) *"The African Union, NEPAD and Human Rights: The Missing Agenda" ''Human Rights Quarterly'' Vol.26, No.4, November 2004. *[http://www.ppl.nl/catalogue.php?ppn=241754658&keyword=African%20Union&pagename=keyword-catalogue Bibliography on the AU at the Peace Palace Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195414/http://www.ppl.nl/catalogue.php?ppn=241754658&keyword=African%20Union&pagename=keyword-catalogue |date=2007-09-27 }} ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|African Union}} *[http://www.au.int/ African Union] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030101452/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/Heads_of_state_Government_as_of_MAY_2007.pdf |date=2011-10-30 }} official site *[http://www.aumission-ny.org/ African Union Mission in the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104044706/http://www.aumission-ny.org/ |date=2012-11-04 }} *[http://www.au2002.gov.za/ 1st African Union Summit July 2002] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022142733/http://www.au2002.gov.za/ |date=2016-10-22 }} in Durban, South Africa, website created by SA government *[http://www.au2003.gov.mz/ 2nd African Union Summit July 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040708083551/http://www.au2003.gov.mz/ |date=2004-07-08 }} in Maputo, Mozambique *[http://www.africa-union.org/AU%20summit%202004/Au%20summit%202004.htm 3rd African Union Summit July 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207061226/http://www.africa-union.org/AU%20summit%202004/Au%20summit%202004.htm |date=2008-02-07 }}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *[http://www.africa-union.org/summit/jan2005/home.htm 4th African Union Summit January 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315081032/http://www.africa-union.org/summit/jan2005/home.htm |date=2008-03-15 }}, Abuja, Nigeria *[http://www.africa-union.org/summit/JULY%202005/home.htm 5th African Union Summit July 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224163231/http://www.africa-union.org/summit/JULY%202005/home.htm |date=2008-02-24 }} in Sirte, Libya. *[http://www.africa-union.org/summit/jan%202006/home.htm 6th African Union Summit January 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214191451/http://www.africa-union.org/summit/jan%202006/home.htm |date=2008-02-14 }} in Khartoum, Sudan. *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/July/summit/summit.htm 7th African Union Summit July 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806144655/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/Past/2006/July/summit/summit.htm |date=2011-08-06 }} in Banjul, the Gambia. *[http://www.bjlausummit2006.gm/ 7th African Union Summit 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030406/http://www.bjlausummit2006.gm/ |date=2007-09-27 }} in Banjul, the Gambia, website created by the host government. *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/Past/2007/January/summit/summit1.htm 8th AU summit January 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806145357/http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/Past/2007/January/summit/summit1.htm |date=2011-08-06 }}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/2007/june/summit/9thAUSummit.htm 9th AU summit July 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102040001/http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/2007/june/summit/9thAUSummit.htm |date=2011-11-02 }}, Accra, Ghana *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2008/january/summit/10thsummit.htm 10th AU summit January 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102035957/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2008/january/summit/10thsummit.htm |date=2011-11-02 }}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/2008/june/summit/summit.htm 11th AU summit July 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011122200/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2008/june/summit/summit.htm |date=2011-10-11 }}, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/january/summit/12thsummit.html 12th AU summit January 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102040018/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Conferences/2009/january/summit/12thsummit.html |date=2011-11-02 }}, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia *[http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/2009/july/summit/13thsummit.html 13th AU summit June 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102040008/http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/Conferences/2009/july/summit/13thsummit.html |date=2011-11-02 }}, Sirte, Libya ;Iba pa *[http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/ AU Monitor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608200746/http://www.pambazuka.org/aumonitor/ |date=2007-06-08 }} *[http://www.afrimap.org/ AfriMAP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607102027/http://www.afrimap.org/ |date=2007-06-07 }} The Africa Governance Monitoring and Advocacy Project of the Open Society Institute *[http://www.sarpn.org.za/nepad.php Southern Africa Regional Poverty Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609115441/http://www.sarpn.org.za/nepad.php |date=2007-06-09 }} Page on the AU and NEPAD&nbsp;– many useful links *[http://www.panafricanperspective.com/youtube_USofAfrica.html Pan-African Perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412084020/http://www.panafricanperspective.com/youtube_USofAfrica.html |date=2018-04-12 }} Background on Union Government debate *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/3870303.stm BBC Profile: African Union] *{{dmoz|Society/Government/Multilateral/Regional/African_Union|African Union}} *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100212-africa-50-years-independence Africa: 50 years of independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201630/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100212-africa-50-years-independence |date=2016-03-03 }} Radio France Internationale in English *[http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20100225-broken-dream-african-unity The broken dream of African unity, Jean-Karim Fall] Radio France Internationale in English izwdpjsp5nb8d1hwph1yrpvmk4ljcsn Alan Turing 0 15188 7783958 7783799 2026-07-21T21:11:14Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | birth_name = Alan Mathison Turing | image =Alan Turing az 1930-as években.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Turing at the time of his election to Fellowship of the [[Royal Society]]. | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Maida Vale]], London, England,<br/> Reino Unido | death_date = {{Death date and age|1954|6|7|1912|6|23|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Wilmslow]], Cheshire, England,<br/> United Kingdom | residence = Reino Unido | nationality = British | field = [[Matematika]], [[Cryptanalysis]], [[Computer science]] | work_institutions = [[Unibersidad han Cambridge]]<br />[[Government Code and Cypher School]]<br />[[National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory]]<br />[[University of Manchester]] | alma_mater = [[King's College, Cambridge]]<br />[[Unibersidad han Princeton]] | doctoral_advisor = [[Alonzo Church]] | doctoral_students = [[Robin Gandy]] | known_for = [[Halting problem]]<br />[[Turing machine]]<br />[[Cryptanalysis of the Enigma]]<br />[[Automatic Computing Engine]]<br />[[Turing Award]]<br />[[Turing test]]<br />[[Turing pattern]]s | prizes = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]<br />[[Fellow of the Royal Society]] }} Hi '''Alan Mathison Turing''' (23 Hunyo, 1912 – 7 Hunyo, 1954) hya an usa ka Briton nga [[matematika|matematiko]], [[lohika|lohiko]], [[cryptanalista]], ngan syentipiko ha [[kompyuter]]. Ginkikilala hiya nga amay han teyorya han syensya han kompyuter ngan [[artificial intelligence|artipisyal nga kinaadman]]. Durante han [[Girra ha Kalibotan II]], an Turing may-ada importante nga papel ha pag-break han Aleman nga Enigma code, nga nakabulig gud ha kadaogan han mga Alyado. Makasurubo, gintimaraot hiya tungod han iya [[homoseksuwalidad]] ngan namatay han 1954 ha edad nga 41. An buhat ni Turing amo an nagpatikang han moderno nga kompyuter, ngan usa pa gihapon hiya nga importante nga tawo ha kasaysayan han syensya ngan [[teknolohiya]]. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan}} ==Mga reperensrya== {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{Cite book | last = Agar | first = Jon | title = The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentmachin0000agar | publisher=MIT Press | date = 2003 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 978-0-262-01202-7 }} * {{Cite journal | last = Alexander | first = C. Hugh O'D. | author-link = Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander | year = c. 1945 | title = Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm | publisher=The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1 | ref = {{harvid|Alexander|circa 1945}}}} * {{Cite book | last = Beniger | first = James | authorlink = James R. Beniger | title = [[The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society]] | publisher=Harvard University Press | date = 1986 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-16986-7 }} * {{Cite book | last = Babbage | first = Charles | author-link = Charles Babbage | date = 1864 | publication-date = 2008 | editor-last = Campbell-Kelly | editor-first = Martin | editor-link = Martin Campbell-Kelly | title = Passages from the life of a philosopher | publisher=Rough Draft Printing | isbn = 978-1-60386-092-5 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book |last=Beavers |first=Anthony |editor1-first=S. Barry |editor1-last=Cooper|editor2-first=Jan |editor2-last=van Leeuwen |title=Alan Turing: His Work and Impact |publisher=Elsevier |location=Waltham | date = 2013 |pages=481–485 |chapter=Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist |isbn=978-0-12-386980-7 |url=http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&pg=PA481&dq=alan+turing+father+of+computer+science&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eUC5Usn0LoWfkwWHkIDAAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref=harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Bodanis | first = David | author-link = David Bodanis | title = Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World | url = https://archive.org/details/electricuniverse0000boda_a1q6 | date = 2005 |publisher=Three Rivers Press | location = New York | isbn = 0-307-33598-4 | oclc = 61684223}} * Bruderer, Herbert: [http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664 ''Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann''] Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-486-71366-4 * {{Cite book | last = Campbell-Kelly | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Campbell-Kelly | last2 = Aspray | first2 = William | title = Computer: A History of the Information Machine | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465029907 | publisher=Basic Books | date = 1996 | location = New York | isbn = 0-465-02989-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Ceruzzi | first = Paul | authorlink = Paul Ceruzzi | title = A History of Modern Computing | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernc00ceru | publisher=MIT Press | date = 1998 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London | isbn = 0-262-53169-0}} * {{Cite book | last = Chandler | first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Chandler | title = The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business | url = https://archive.org/details/visiblehand02chan | publisher=Belknap Press | date = 1977 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-674-94052-0 }} * {{Cite journal|last1=Church|first1=Alonzo|authorlink=Alonzo Church|title=An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-mathematics_1936-04_58_2/page/345|journal=[[American Journal of Mathematics]]|volume=58|issue=2| date = 1936|pages=345|issn=00029327|doi=10.2307/2371045|ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: Its Origins and Originators | journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] | volume = 26 | issue = 4 | pages = 38–45 | date = 2004a |doi = 10.1109/MAHC.2004.26 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack (ed.) | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = The Essential Turing | date = 2004b | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-825079-7 | oclc = 156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland (ed.) | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine | url = https://archive.org/details/alanturingsautom0000unse_k5v2 | date = 2005 | publisher=Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-856593-3 | oclc = 224640979 56539230}} * {{Cite book | last = Copeland | first = B. Jack | authorlink = B. Jack Copeland | title = Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers | url = https://archive.org/details/colossussecretso0000unse | date = 2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-284055-4 | ref = harv }} ** {{Cite book | last = Hilton | first = Peter | author-link = Peter Hilton | date = 2006 | chapter = Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery | ref = harv |title=Colussus}} in {{Harvnb|Copeland|2006|pp=189–203}} * {{Cite book | last = Edwards | first = Paul N | title = The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America | url = https://archive.org/details/closedworldcompu00edwa | publisher=MIT Press | date = 1996 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | isbn = 0-262-55028-8 }} * {{Cite book | last = Gannon | first = Paul | title = Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret | url = https://archive.org/details/colossusbletchle0000gann | place = London | publisher=Atlantic Books | origyear = 2006 | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84354-331-2 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Hodges | first = Andrew| authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | title = Alan Turing : the enigma|location = London | publisher=Burnett Books | isbn = 0-04-510060-8 | date = 1983 | ref = harv}} * {{Cite book | last = Hochhuth | first = Rolf | authorlink = Rolf Hochhuth | title = Alan Turing: en berättelse | publisher=Symposion | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-91-7868-109-9 }} * {{Cite book | last = Leavitt | first = David | authorlink = David Leavitt | date = 2007 | title = The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer | url = https://archive.org/details/manwhoknewtoomuc0000leav | publisher=Phoenix | isbn = 978-0-7538-2200-5 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | last = Levin | first = Janna | authorlink = Janna Levin | title = A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines | url = https://archive.org/details/madmandreamsoftu00levi | publisher=Knopf | date = 2006 | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-3240-2 }} * {{Cite book | last = Lewin | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Lewin | title = Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story | url = https://archive.org/details/ultragoestowarse0000lewi | edition = Classic Penguin | series = Classic Military History | date = 1978 | publication-date = 2001 | publisher=Hutchinson & Co | location = London, England | isbn = 978-1-56649-231-7 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book| last = Lubar | first = Steven | date = 1993 | title = Infoculture | url = https://archive.org/details/infoculturesmith00luba | location = Boston, Massachusetts and New York | publisher=Houghton Mifflin | isbn = 0-395-57042-5}} * {{Cite journal | last = Mahon | first = A.P. | title = The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945 | publisher=UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2 | date = 1945 | url = http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm | accessdate =10 Disyembre 2009 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite book | editor-last = Oakley | editor-first = Brian | editor-link = Brian Oakley | title = The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939&nbsp;— August 1945 | publisher=Wynne Press | date = 2006 | edition = 2.6 | ref = harv }} * {{Cite journal | last = O'Connell | first = H | last2 = Fitzgerald | first2 = M | title = Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome? | journal=Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine | volume = 20 | pages = 28–31 | publisher=Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine | date = 2003 | issn = 0790-9667 | ref = harv }} * {{MacTutor Biography|id=Turing|title=Alan Mathison Turing}} * Petzold, Charles (2008). "[[The Annotated Turing]]: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". [[Indianapolis]]: Wiley Publishing. ISBN 978-0-470-22905-7 * Smith, Roger (1997). ''Fontana History of the Human Sciences''. London: Fontana. * {{Cite book | last = Sipser | first = Michael | title = Introduction to the Theory of Computation | publisher=PWS Publishing | isbn = 0-534-95097-3 | date = 2006 | ref = harv }} * Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). ''Computer Power and Human Reason''. London: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0463-3 * {{Cite news | last= Turing | first= A. M. | date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem | origyear = Delivered to the Society November 1936 | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 42 | pages = 230–65 | doi= 10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230 | url = http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf | ref= harv }} and {{Cite news| last = Turing | first = A.M. | publication-date = 1937 | title = On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction | periodical = Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | series = 2 | volume = 43 | pages = 544–6 | doi = 10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544 | date = 1938 }} * {{Cite book | last = Turing | first = Sara Stoney | title = Alan M Turing | publisher=W Heffer | date = 1959}} Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of [[St John's College, Cambridge]]). The six-page foreword by [[Lyn Irvine]] includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by [[Martin Davis]], as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing. * {{Cite book | last = Whitemore | first = Hugh | authorlink = Hugh Whitemore | last2 = Hodges | first2 = Andrew | authorlink2 = Andrew Hodges | title = Breaking the code | url = https://archive.org/details/breakingcodeplay0000whit | publisher=S. French | date = 1988}} This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, [[Derek Jacobi]] played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and [[WGBH-TV|WGBH, Boston]]. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, [[Oxford]], ASIN: B000B7TM0Q * Williams, Michael R. (1985) ''A History of Computing Technology'', [[Englewood Cliffs]], [[New Jersey]]: [[Prentice-Hall]], ISBN 0-8186-7739-2 * {{Cite book|last=Yates |first=David M. |title=Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995 | date = 1997 |publisher=[[Science Museum, London|London Science Museum]] |location=London |isbn=0-901805-94-7 |oclc=123794619 40624091 }} {{Refend}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== * Agar, Jon, ''Turing and the Universal Machine'', Icon, 2001. * Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan (eds), ''[https://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780123869807 Alan Turing – His Work and Impact]'', New York: [[Elsevier]], 2013, ISBN 978-0-12-386980-7 * {{Cite journal| title=The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal| title=Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer|journal=[[The Rutherford Journal]] |url=http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html |editor-first=B. Jack | editor-last=Copeland | ref=harv}} * {{Cite encyclopaedia |last=Hodges |first=Andrew |editor=Edward N. Zalta (ed.) |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |title=Alan Turing |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/ |accessdate=10 Enero 2011 |edition=Winter 2009 |date=27 Agosto 2007 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |ref=harv}} * {{Cite journal | last = Hodges | first = Andrew | authorlink = Hodges, Andrew | date = 1992 | title = Review: Alan Turing: the enigma | ref = harv | bibcode = 1984PhT....37k.107H | last2 = Sayre | first2 = David | volume = 37 | page = 107 | journal = Physics Today | doi = 10.1063/1.2915935 | issue = 11 }} * {{Cite journal|last=Gray|first=Paul|date=29 Marso 1999|title=Computer Scientist: Alan Turing|journal=TIME|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|ref=harv|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date=19 Enero 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119181237/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html|url-status=dead}} * [[James Gleick|Gleick, James]], ''[[The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood]]'', New York: Pantheon, 2011, ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7 * Leavitt, David, ''The Man Who Knew Too Much: Alan Turing and the Invention of the Computer'', W. W. Norton, 2006 * Turing, Sara, ''[http://www.cambridge.org/asia/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9781107020580 Alan M. Turing]'', Centenary Edition, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2012, ISBN 978-1-107-02058-0 ===Mga papel=== * {{AcademicSearch|2612734}} * {{GoogleScholar|VWCHlwkAAAAJ}} * {{Turing 1950}} * [http://purl.umn.edu/107493 Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis], [[Charles Babbage Institute]], University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]; topics include the relationship between Alan Turing and [[John von Neumann]] ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikinews|Alan Turing given posthumous pardon}} * [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/deep-focus/A-House-for-Mr-Nilekani/articleshow/28420199.cms/ Turing family house in Coonoor, India] * [http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blog/2012/mar/19/turing-problem/ A podcast program about Turing made by] [[Radio Lab]]. * [http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} Alan Turing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060019/http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person%2D{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5} |date= 28 Agosto 2008 }} RKBExplorer * [http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ Alan Turing Year] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://www.turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818065459/http://turingcentenary.eu/ |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://cie2012.eu/ CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815101903/http://cie2012.eu/ |date=2021-08-15 }} * {{findagrave|12651680}} * [http://www.turing.org.uk/ Alan Turing] site maintained by [[Andrew Hodges]] including a [http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html short biography] * [http://www.alanturing.net/ AlanTuring.net&nbsp;– Turing Archive for the History of Computing] by [[Jack Copeland]] * [http://www.turingarchive.org/ The Turing Archive]{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}{{Dead link|date= Pebrero 2022}}&nbsp;– contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the King's College, Cambridge archive * {{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=G. James|date=11 Disyembre 2001|title=Alan Turing&nbsp;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1|journal=System Toolbox|publisher=The Binary Freedom Project|url=http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|ref=harv|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|archive-date=3 Agosto 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3|url-status=dead}} * [http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf Sherborne School Archives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date=2014-12-28 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228052226/http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf |date= 28 Disyembre 2014 }}&nbsp;– holds papers relating to Alan Turing's time at Sherborne School * [http://openplaques.org/people/368 Alan Turing plaques] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324025236/http://openplaques.org/people/368 |date=2012-03-24 }} recorded on openplaques.org * [http://cryptocellar.org/Turing/ Turing's treatise on Enigma (The Prof's Book)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date=2011-09-10 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910054444/http://www.cryptocellar.org/Turing/ |date= 10 Septyembre 2011 }} * [http://turingfilm.com/ Codebreaker film, official site] * [http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference Turing 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} 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{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date=2013-12-19 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005930/http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference |date= 19 Disyembre 2013 }} * {{YouTube|SRMNi4_th-0|Codebreaker choral work}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Turing, Alan}} [[Kaarangay:Alan Turing| ]] [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1912]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1954]] 2ucvlw3ezvtvt1nrloiyixb76pqv44s Agustin han Hipona 0 15210 7783957 7783122 2026-07-21T20:46:00Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox saint | name=Augustine of Hippo| birth_date={{Birth date|354|11|13|df=y}} | death_date={{Death date and age|430|8|28|354|11|13|df=y}} | feast_day=August 28 ([[Western Christianity]])<br />June 15 ([[Eastern Christianity]])<br />November 4 ([[Assyrian Church of the East|Assyrian]]) | venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]<br />[[Assyrian Church of the East]]<br />[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Oriental Orthodoxy]]<br />[[Anglican Communion]]<br />[[Lutheranism]]<br />[[Aglipayan Church]] | image=Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne.jpg | imagesize=250px | caption=Portrait by [[Philippe de Champaigne]], 17th century | birth_place=[[Thagaste]], [[Numidia]] (now [[Souk Ahras]], [[Algeria]]) | death_place=[[Hippo Regius]], [[Numidia]] (now modern-day [[Annaba]], Algeria) | titles=Bishop, Philosopher, Theologian | attributes=child; dove; pen; shell, pierced heart, holding book with a small church, bishop's staff, miter | patronage=[[Brewery|brewers]]; [[Printer (publisher)|printers]]; [[theologians]]<br />[[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]; [[Cagayan de Oro, Philippines]]; | influences= [[Saint Monica]], [[Plotinus]], [[Ambrose]], [[Anthony the Great]], [[Saint Paul]], [[Cyprian]], [[Plato]] | influenced= [[Bernard of Clairvaux]], [[Thomas Aquinas]], [[John Calvin]], [[Martin Luther]], [[René Descartes]], [[Cornelius Jansen]], [[Nicolas Malebranche]], [[Edmund Husserl]], [[Martin Heidegger]], [[Hannah Arendt]], [[Carl Schmitt]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], [[Antonio Negri]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Saint Bonaventure]], [[Benedict XVI]], [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], [[R. C. Sproul]] | [[Tanza, Cavite]] Ida, [[Philippines]]; [[Kalamazoo, Michigan]]; [[Saint Augustine, Florida]]; [[Superior, Wisconsin]]; [[Tucson, Arizona]]; [[Avilés|Avilés, Spain]]; [[John Calvin]] | major_works=''[[Confessions of St. Augustine]]''<br />''[[City of God (book)|City of God]]''<br />''[[On Christian Doctrine]]'' | major_shrine=[[San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro]], [[Pavia]], Italy }} Hi '''Agustin han Hipona''' o '''Augustine han Hippo''' ([[Linatin]]: ''Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis'') (Nobyembre 13, 354 – Agosto 28, 430), obispo han Hippo Regius, kilala liwat nga San Agustin, hiya amo an usa ka Berber nga pilosopo ngan teyolohiyano. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpiya == *{{cite book|title=Ancient Christian Writers: The Works of the Fathers in Translation|year=1978|publisher=Newman Press|location=New York}} *{{cite book|last=Augustine|first=Saint|title=The Essential Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialaugusti00augu_0|year=1974|publisher=Hackett|location=Indianapolis|edition=2nd|editor=Vernon Joseph Bourke}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine and the Trinity | authorlink = Lewis Ayres | author = Ayres, Lewis | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-0-521-83886-3 }} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Augustine's Quest of Wisdom|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinsquestof0000unse|year=1945|publisher=Bruce|location=Milwaukee}} *{{cite book|last=Bourke|first=Vernon Joseph|title=Wisdom From St. Augustine|year=1984|publisher=Center for Thomistic Studies|location=Houston}} *{{cite journal |author= Brachtendorf J | issue=1997 |title= Cicero and Augustine on the Passions|journal= Revue des Études Augustiniennes |volume= 43|pages= 289–308 |id= {{hdl|2042/23075}} }} * {{cite book | title = Augustine of Hippo | url = https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo00pete_0 | authorlink = Peter Brown (historian)| author = Brown, Peter | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | year = 1967 | isbn = 0-520-00186-9 }} *{{cite journal | last=Burke | first=Cormac | title=St. Augustine and Conjugal Sexuality | journal=Communio | year=1990 | volume=IV | issue=17 | publisher= | url=http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | doi= | pages=545–565 | access-date=2012-07-30 | archive-date=2021-02-08 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208133313/http://www.cormacburke.or.ke/node/355 | url-status=dead }} *{{cite book | last = Burnaby | first = John | title = Amor Dei: A Study of the Religion of St. Augustine |year=1938| publisher = The Canterbury Press Norwich | isbn = 1-85311-022-1 }} *{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Mary T.|authorlink=Mary T. Clark|title=Augustine| year=1994|publisher=Geoffrey Chapman|isbn=978-0-225-66681-6}} *{{cite book|last=Deane|first=Herbert A.|title=The Political and Social Ideas of St. Augustine|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalsociali0000dean|year=1963|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=Augustinian Trinitarianism and Existential Theology | journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1979 | volume=III | pages=111–159}} *{{cite journal | last=Doull | first=James A. |authorlink=James Doull | title=What is Augustinian "Sapientia"?| journal=[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]] | year=1988 | volume=XII | pages=61–67}} * {{cite book |author=Fitzgerald, Allan D., O.S.A., General Editor |title=Augustine through the Ages: An Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinethrough0000unse |publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. | location = Grand Rapids | year=1999 | isbn = 0-8028-3843-X}} * Ferguson, Everett, ''Christianity in relation to Jews, Greeks, and Romans'', Taylor & Francis (1999), ISBN 0-8153-3069-3 *{{cite book|last=Gilson|first=Etienne|authorlink=Étienne Gilson|title=The Christian Philosophy of St. Augustine|year=1960|publisher=Random House|location=New York|others=L. E. M. Lynch, trans}} *{{cite book|last=Lawless|first=George P.|title=Augustine of Hippo and His Monastic Rule|url=https://archive.org/details/augustineofhippo0000lawl|year=1987|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford}} *{{cite book|editor1-last=LeMoine|editor1-first=Fannie|editor2-first=Christopher|editor2-last=Kleinhenz|series=Garland Medieval Casebooks|volume=9|title=Saint Augustine the Bishop: A Book of Essays|location=New York|publisher=Garland|year=1994}} * {{cite book|last=Lubin|first=Augustino|title=Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum ordinis eremitarum Sancti Augustini - chorographica et topographica descriptio|location=Paris|year=1659|url=http://www.cassiciaco.it/ITA/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050321185503/http://www.cassiciaco.it/ita/001ago/Agostiniani/lubin_conventi/lubin_600.htm |date=2005-03-21 }} * {{cite book | last = Mackey | first = Louis|authorlink=Louis H Mackey | title = Faith Order Understanding: Natural Theology in the Augustinian Tradition | publisher = PIMS | location = Totonto | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-88844-421-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Thought | url = https://archive.org/details/zdanh_test_031_storyofthought00brya | publisher = The Quality Paperback Bookclub | location = London | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-4455-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Magee | first = Bryan|authorlink=Bryan Magee | title = The Story of Philosophy: The Essential Guide to the History of Western Philosophy | url = https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph00mage | publisher = DK Pub | location = New York | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7894-7994-X }} *{{cite book|title=Augustine: A Collection of Critical Essays|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinecollect00mark|year=1972|publisher=Anchor|location=Garden City, NY|editor=Markus, R. A.}} * {{cite book | title = Augustine | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine0000matt | author = Matthews, Gareth B. | publisher = Blackwell | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-631-23348-2}} *{{cite book|last=Nash|first=Ronald H|title=The Light of the Mind: St Augustine's Theory of Knowledge|url=https://archive.org/details/lightofmind0000nash|year=1969|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|location=Lexington}} * {{cite book | editor-last = Wiener | editor-first = Philip | title = Dictionary of the History of Ideas | publisher = Scribner | location = New York | year = 1973 | isbn = 0-684-13293-1 | volume = 3 | chapter = Platonism in the Renaissance | chapterurl = http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaBook/tei/DicHist3.xml;chunk.id=dv3-64 | last = Nelson | first = John Charles | pages = 510–15 (vol. 3) | quote = ''(...) Saint Augustine asserted that Neo-Platonism possessed all spiritual truths except that of the Incarnation. (...) '' }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824201435/http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist%2FuvaBook%2Ftei%2FDicHist3.xml%3Bchunk.id%3Ddv3-64 |date=2020-08-24 }} *{{cite book|last=O'Daly|first=Gerard|title=Augustine's Philosophy of the Mind|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesphilos0000odal|year=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley}} * {{cite book | last = O'Donnell | first = James | authorlink=James J. O'Donnell |title = Augustine: A New Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/augustine00jame_qqt | publisher = ECCO | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-06-053537-7 }} * {{cite book|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|authorlink=Elaine Pagels|title=Adam, Eve, and the Serpent: Sex and Politics in Early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/adameveserpent00elai|publisher=Vintage Books|year=1989|isbn=0-679-72232-7}} * {{cite book |author=Plumer, Eric Antone, |title=Augustine's Commentary on Galatians |url=https://archive.org/details/augustinescommen0007augu |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 | isbn = 0-19-924439-1}} * {{cite book | title = Saint Augustine the Algerian | author = Pollman, Karla | publisher = Edition Ruprecht | location = Göttingen | year = 2007|isbn=3-89744-209-4 }} * {{cite book|last=Pottier|first=René|title=Saint Augustin le Berbère |publisher=Fernand Lanore|year=2006|isbn=2-85157-282-2|language=French}} * ''Règle de St. Augustin pour les religieuses de son ordre; et Constitutions de la Congrégation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarné et du Saint-Sacrament'' (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp.&nbsp;28–29. Cf. later edition published at Lyon (Chez Briday, Libraire,1962), pp.&nbsp;22–24. English edition, (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, and Fauss, 1893), pp.&nbsp;33–35. * {{cite book | last = Ruickbie | first = Leo | authorlink=Leo Ruickbie|pages=[https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic/page/57 57]–8|title = Witchcraft out of the Shadows | url = https://archive.org/details/witchcraftoutofs0000ruic | publisher = Robert Hale | location = London | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-7090-7567-7 }} *{{cite book|last=Starnes|first=Colin| authorlink=Colin Starnes|title=Augustine's Conversion: A Guide to the Arguments of Confessions I-IX|url=https://archive.org/details/augustinesconver0000star|year=1990|publisher=Wilfred Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario}} * {{cite book | last = Tanquerey | first = Adolphe| authorlink=Adolphe Tanquerey | title = The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on [[Ascetical theology|Ascetical]] and Mystical Theology | publisher = Tan Books & Publishers | location = Rockford, IL | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-89555-659-6|pages=37)}} * {{cite book |title= S. Agostino: Introduzione alla Dottrina della Grazia |last= Trapè |first= A. |location= Rome|publisher= Città Nuova |year=1990 | series = Collana di Studi Agostiniani 4 | volume = I - Natura e Grazia | page = 422 | isbn= 88-311-3402-7}} * {{cite book | last = von Heyking | first = John | title = Augustine and Politics as Longing in the World | url = https://archive.org/details/augustinepolitic0000heyk | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-8262-1349-9 }} * {{cite book |author=Weiskotten, Herbert T. |title=The Life of Saint Augustine: A Translation of the Sancti Augustini Vita by Possidius, Bishop of Calama |publisher= Evolution Publishing | location = Merchantville, NJ | year=2008 | isbn = 1-889758-90-6}} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A.| first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Ideal of the Religious Life | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 0-8232-1105-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Zumkeller O.S.A. | first = Adolar | title = Augustine's Rule | publisher = Augustinian Press | location = Villanova | year = 1987 | isbn = 0-941491-06-4 }} == Mga sumpay ha gawas == {{Commonscat|Augustinus}} ;Kasahiran * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/8/281.html "St. Augustine, Bishop and Confessor, Doctor of the Church"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life and Writings of St. Augustine of Hippo: Bishop & Doctor of the Christian Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814235413/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-augustine-of-hippo-saint-bishop-confessor-doctor-of-the-catholic-church.html |date=2014-08-14 }} * [http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/augustine/ Augustine of Hippo] edited by [[James J. O'Donnell]] – texts, translations, introductions, commentaries, etc. * [http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo/Augustine's_Theory_of_Knowledge Augustine's theory of knowledge] * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html St. Augustine page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804043726/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/augustine.html |date=2012-08-04 }} at ''Christian Iconography'' * [http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm "The Life of St. Austin, or Augustine, Doctor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804001836/http://www.aug.edu/augusta/iconography/goldenLegend/augustine.htm |date=2012-08-04 }} from the Caxton translation of the ''Golden Legend'' * [http://davidaslindsay.blogspot.com/2009/08/doctor-gratiae.html David Lindsay: Saint Augustine - Doctor Gratiae] ;Bibliograpiya * [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/augustine.php Augustine of Hippo] at EarlyChurch.org.uk – extensive bibliography and on-line articles * {{worldcat id|lccn-n80-126290}} ;Mga iginbuhat ni Agustin * [http://www.ccel.org/a/augustine/ St. Augustine] at the [[Christian Classics Ethereal Library]] * [http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT31.HTM Aurelius Augustinus] at "IntraText Digital Library" – texts in several languages, with concordance and frequency list * [http://www.augustinus.it Augustinus.it] – Latin and Italian texts * [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_40_0354-0430-_Augustinus,_Sanctus.html Sanctus Augustinus] at Documenta Catholica Omnia – Linatin * [http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html City of God, Confessions, Enchiridion, Doctrine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309192235/http://www.doxologypress.org/theaudio/index.html |date=2021-03-09 }} audio books * {{cite book |author= Saint Augustine |title= The Happy Life; Answer to Sceptics; Divine Providence and the Problem of Evil; Soliloquies |url= http://books.google.ru/books?id=u4EJZWrmqgkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher= [[Catholic University of America Press|CUA Press]] |location= USA |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-8132-1551-8 }} ;Biograpiya ngan kritisismo * {{sep entry|augustine|Saint Augustine|Michael Mendelson}} * [http://www.augnet.org/ Order of St Augustine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060610111127/http://www.augnet.org/ |date=2006-06-10 }} * [http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/inquirers/bless_aug.aspx Blessed Augustine of Hippo: His Place in the Orthodox Church] * [http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ Augustine's World: An Introduction to His Speculative Philosophy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528110934/http://www.villanova.edu/mission/spirituality/about/ |date=2010-05-28 }} by [[Donald Burt]], OSA, member of the [[Augustinians|Augustinian Order]], [[Villanova University]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Agustin han Hipona}} [[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 354]] [[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 430]] [[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]] 58lcbw9c535u1xnabqmw3cd0u4yr0p1 3 0 17364 7783933 2727154 2026-07-20T19:04:26Z Isksks 68050 7783933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tuig nav|3}} {{Tuig pansayod|3}} An '''3''' in uska tuig han kalendaryo. == Mga nanhitabo == == Mga natawo == == Mga namatay == {{Commonscat|3}} {{turok}} [[Category:3| ]] sqx2c4zpthpsxq7y3potnxhmkd60frv 7783934 7783933 2026-07-20T19:04:38Z Isksks 68050 7783934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Tuig nav|3}} {{Tuig pansayod|3}} An '''3''' in uska tuig han kalendaryo. == Mga nanhitabo == == Mga natawo == == Mga namatay == {{Commonscat|3}} {{turok}} [[Kaarangay:3| ]] 3h85qfgct3oynrvmwp258ee97sjbhs5 Zen 0 17641 7783940 7646264 2026-07-21T09:10:40Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Chinese|title='''Zen'''|t=禪|s=禅|p=Chán|mc={{IPA|dʑjen}}|j=Sim4|kanji=禅|romaji=Zen|hangul=선|hanja=禪|rr=Seon|vie=Thiền|lang11=Sanskrit|lang11_content=dhyāna}} [[Paypay:Enso2.png|thumb|Enso - Tigaman han hinapon nga zen Budhismo]] [[File:BodhidharmaYoshitoshi1887.jpg|thumb]] An '''Zen''' in usa nga eskwelahan han Mahayana nga [[Budhismo]], nga ginpadukwag ha Tsina han ika-9 nga gatostuig komo Chán. Tikang ha Tsina, an Zen in kinmalat pasalatan ngadto ha Vietnam, paamihanan-sinirangan pakadto ha Korea ngan pasinirangan pakadto ha Hapon.{{sfn|Harvey|1995|p=159–169}} Ini ginhubad tikang ha pinulongan [[Tsino (yinaknan)|Tsino]] nga ''Chan''. An ''Chan'' kinuha ha [[sinanskrit]] nga Dhyāna kasirigngon meditasyon. ==Pinanbasaran== {{Mga kasarigan|4}} ==Mga pagkukuhaan== ===Naimantala nga pagkukuhaan=== {{Refbegin| 2}} * {{Citation | last =Abe | first =Masao | date = 1989 | title =Zen and Western Thought | publisher =[[University of Hawaii Press]] | author2=William R. 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Volume 18, 2011 | url =http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2011/06/JBE-Chia.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Mumon | first =Yamada | date = 2004 | title =The Ten Oxherding Pictures | publisher =University of Hawai'i press (translator: Victor Sōgen Hori)}} * {{Citation | last =Nadeau | first =Randall L. | date = 2012 | title =The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions | publisher =John Wiley & Sons}} * {{Citation | last =Oh | first =Kang-nam | date = 2000 | title =The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Scinicization of Buddhism in China | journal =Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 13, (2000) | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Taoist_Influence_on_Hua-Yen_Buddhism.html}} * {{Citation | last =Pajin | first =Dusan | date = 1988 | title =On Faith in Mind - Translation and Analysis of the Hsin Hsin Ming. In: Journal of Oriental Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, Hong Kong 1988, pp. 270-288}} * {{Citation | last =Poceski | first =Mario |title =Attitudes Towards Canonicity and Religious Authority in Tang Chan | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Attitudes_Towards_Canonicity.htm}} * {{Citation | last =Sato | first =Kemmyō Taira | title =D.T. Suzuki and the Question of War | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/Suzuki_and-Question_of-War.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Sasaki | first =Ruth Fuller | date = 2009 | title =The Record of Linji. Translation and commentary by Ruth Fuller Sasaki. Edited by Thomas Yūhō Kirchner | place =Honolulu | publisher =University of Hawai‘i Press | url =http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf | access-date = 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 22 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120622092345/http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf | url-status =dead }} * {{Citation | last =Schlütter | first =Morten | date = 2008 | title =How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China | place =Honolulu | publisher =University of Hawai'i Press | isbn =978-0-8248-3508-8}} * {{Citation | last =Sekida | first =Katsuki | date = 1989 | title =Zen Training: Methods and Philosophy | publisher =Shambhala}} * {{Citation | last =Sekida | first =Katuski | date = 1996 | title =Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, the gateless gate. Hekiganroku, the blue cliff record | place =New York & Tokyo | publisher =Weatherhill}} * {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | date = 1993 | title =The Zen of Japanese Nationalism | place = | publisher = | ISBN = | journal =History of Religions, Vol. 33, No. 1. (Aug., 1993), pp. 1-43. | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html}} * {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | date = 1995 | title =Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited | place = | publisher = | ISBN = | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | date = 1995 | title =Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience | journal =NUMEN, vol.42 (1995) | url =http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf | access-date = 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 12 Abril 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190412103407/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1995,%20Buddhist%20Modernism.pdf | url-status =dead }} * {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | date = 1995 | title =Sanbokyodan. Zen and the Way of the New Religions | journal =Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 1995 22/3-4 | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/sanbokyodan%20zen.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Shimano | first =Eido T.| date = 1991 | title =Points of Departure: Zen Buddhism With a Rinzai View | location =Livingston Manor, NY | publisher =The Zen Studies Society Press | isbn =0-9629246-0-1}} * {{Citation | last =Snelling | first=John | date = 1987 |title =The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice | place =London | publisher =Century Paperbacks}} * {{Citation | last =Suzuki | first =Shunryu | date = 1997 | title =Branching streams flow in the darkness: Zen talks on the Sandokai | publisher =University of California Press | url=http://books.google.nl/books?id=Y_5rgHVvHCUC&pg=PA154&dq=s+sandokai+%22finger+pointing+at+the+moon%22uzuki&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=k_EoT-LNLZGc-wacnIigBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false}} * {{Citation | last =Swanson | first =Paul L. | date = 1993 | title =The Spirituality of Emptiness in Early chinese Buddhism. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, Early Chinese; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori | place =New York | publisher =Crossroad}} * {{Citation | last =Tetsuo | first =Otani | date = 2003 | title =To Transmit Dogen Zenji's Dharma | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/ToTransmitDogenZenji%27sDharma.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Tomoaki | first =Tsuchida | date = 2003 | title =The Monastic spirituality of Zen Master Dogen. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} * {{Citation | last =Torei | date = 2010 | title =The Undying Lamp of Zen. The Testament of Zen Master Torei | place =Boston & London | publisher =Shambhala (translator: Thomas Cleary)}} * {{Citation | last =Tweed | first =Thomas A. | date = 2005 | title =American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism. Albert J. Edmunds, D. T. Suzuki, and Translocative History | journal =Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 32/2: 249–281 | url =http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/721.pdf | access-date = 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 22 Mayo 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120522005213/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/jjrs/pdf/721.pdf | url-status =unfit }} * {{Citation | last =Verstappen | first =Stefan H. | date = 2004 | title =Blind Zen | url =http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=bARGlc-fmFwC&pg=PA5&dq=chan+buddhism+taoism&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ei=9mzQT8HpIoKbiQe20pHwCw&ved=0CDoQ6AEwATge#v=onepage&q=chan%20buddhism%20taoism&f=false}} * {{Citation | last =Victoria | first =Brian Daizen | author-link = | date = 2006 | title =Zen at war | place =Lanham e.a. | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. | edition=Second Edition}} * {{Citation | last =Victoria | first =Brian Daizen | date = 2010 | title =The "Negative Side" of D. T. Suzuki’s Relationship to War | journal =The Eastern Buddhist 41/2: 97–138 | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/DTSuzukiandWar.pdf}} * {{Citation | last =Waddell | first =Norman | date = 2010 | title =Foreword to "Wild Ivy: The Spiritual Autobiography of Zen Master Hakuin" | publisher =Shambhala Publications}} * {{Citation | last =Wai-tao (translator) | date = 1994 | title =The Diamond Sutra. In: A Buddhist Bible | place =Boston, Massachusetts | publisher =Beacon Press}} * {{Citation | last =Wayman | first =Alex and Hideko | date = 1990 | title =The Lion's roar of Queen Srimala | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}} * {{Citation | last =Welter | first =Albert | title =The Textual History of the Linji lu (Record of Linji): The Earliest Recorded Fragments | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/welter_Linji.html}} * {{Citation | last=Welter | first=Albert | title=The Formation of the Linji lu: An Examination of the Guangdeng lu/Sijia yulu and Linji Huizhao Chanshi yulu. Versions of the Linji lu in Historical Context | url=http://www.skb.or.kr/down/papers/063.pdf | access-date= 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date= 16 Marso 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316112305/http://www.skb.or.kr/down/papers/063.pdf | url-status=dead }} * {{Citation | last =Welter | first =Albert | date = 2000 | title =Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism | place =Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Wolfe | first =Robert | date = 2009 | title =Living Nonduality: Enlightenment Teachings of Self-Realization | publisher =Karina Library}} * {{Citation | last =Wright | first =Dale S. | date = 2010 | title =Humanizing the Image of a Zen master: Taizan Maezumi Roshi. In: Zen Masters, edited bySteven Heine and Dale S. Wright | place =Oxford | publisher =Oxford University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Yampolski | first =Philip | date = 1967 | title =The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch. Translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolsky | publisher =[[Columbia University Press]] | isbn =0-231-08361-0}} * {{Citation | last =Yampolski | first =Philip | author-link = | date = 2003 | title =Chan. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} * {{Citation | last =Yampolski | first =Philip | author-link = | date = 2003 | title =Zen. A Historical Sketch. In: Buddhist Spirituality. Later China, Korea, Japan and the Modern World; edited by Takeuchi Yoshinori | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass}} * {{Citation | last =Yanagida | first =Seizan | date = 2009 | title =Historical Introduction to The Record of Linji. In: The record of Linji, translated by Ruth Fuller Sasakia e.a. Pages 59-115 | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | url =http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf | access-date = 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 22 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120622092345/http://info.stiltij.nl/publiek/meditatie/leraren/_historisch/linji-sasaki.pdf | url-status =dead }} * {{Citation | last =Yen | first = Chan Master Sheng | date = 1996 | title =Dharma Drum: The Life and Heart of Ch'an Practice | place =Boston & London | publisher =Shambhala}} * {{Citation | last =Yoshizawa | first =Katsuhiro | date = 2009 | title =The Religious Art of Zen Master Hakuin | publisher =Counterpoint Press}} * {{Citation | last =Young | first =Stuart | date = 2009 | title =Linji Lu and Chinese Orthodoxy. Review of "Albert Welter. The Linji lu and the Creation of Chan Orthodoxy: The Development of Chan's Records of Sayings Literature. | url =http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=23405}} {{Refend}} ===Mga pagkukuhaan ha Web=== {{Mga kasarigan|group=web| 2}} ==Padugang nga barasahon== '''Moderno nga klasika'''<br> ''Sowing the seed'' * [[D.T. Suzuki]], ''Essays in Zen Buddhism'', First Series (1927), Second Series (1933), Third Series (1934) * [[Reginald Horace Blyth|R. H. Blyth]], ''Zen and Zen Classics,'' 5 volumes (1960–1970; reprints of works from 1942 into 1960's) * [[Alan Watts]], ''The Way of Zen'' (1957) * Lu K'uan Yu ([[Charles Luk]]), ''Ch'an and Zen Teachings,'' 3 vols (1960, 1971, 1974), ''The Transmission of the Mind: Outside the Teaching'' (1974) ''Growing roots'' * [[Paul Reps]] & [[Nyogen Senzaki]], ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones'' (1957) * [[Philip Kapleau]], ''The Three Pillars of Zen'' (1966) * [[Shunryu Suzuki]], ''Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind'' (1970) * Katsuki Sekida, ''Zen Training: Methods & Philosophy'' (1975) '''Classic historiography''' * Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), ''Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 1: India and China''. World Wisdom Books. ISBN 978-0-941532-89-1 * Dumoulin, Heinrich (2005), ''Zen Buddhism: A History. Volume 2: Japan''. World Wisdom Books. ISBN 978-0-941532-90-7 '''Critical historiography'''<br> ''Overview'' * {{Citation | last =Heine | first =Steven | date = 2007 | title =A Critical Survey of Works on Zen since Yampolsky. In: Philosophy East & West Volume 57, Number 4 October 2007 577–592 | url =http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/phil149574.pdf | access-date =25 Enero 2015 | archive-date =21 Septyembre 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055236/http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-PHIL/phil149574.pdf | url-status =dead }} ''Formation of Chán in Tang & Song China'' * Mcrae, John (2003), ''Seeing through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism''. The University Press Group Ltd . ISBN 978-0-520-23798-8 * {{Citation | last =Welter | first =Albert | date = 2000 | title =Mahakasyapa's smile. Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Koan) Tradition. In: Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright (eds)(2000): "The Koan. Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism | place =Oxford | publisher = Oxford University Press}} * {{Citation | last =Schlütter | first =Morten | date = 2008 | title =How Zen became Zen. The Dispute over Enlightenment and the Formation of Chan Buddhism in Song-Dynasty China | place =Honolulu | publisher =University of Hawai'i Press | isbn =978-0-8248-3508-8}} ''Japan'' * {{Citation | last = Bodiford | first =William M.| authorlink=William Bodiford| date = 1993 | title= Sōtō Zen in Medieval Japan | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn=0-8248-1482-7}} ''Modern times'' * {{Citation | last =Victoria | first =Brian Daizen | author-link = | date = 2006 | title =Zen at war | place =Lanham e.a. | publisher =Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. | edition=Second Edition}} * {{Citation | last =Sharf | first =Robert H. | author-link = | date = 1995 | title =Whose Zen? Zen Nationalism Revisited | place = | publisher = | ISBN = | url =http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/CriticalZen/whose%20zen_sharf.pdf}} ''Orientalism and east-west interchange'' * {{Citation | last =Borup | first =Jorn | title =Zen and the Art of inverting Orientalism: religious studies and genealogical networks | url =http://terebess.hu/english/borup.html}} * {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | date = 2002 | title =Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" | publisher =Routledge}} * McMahan, David L. (2008), ''The Making of Buddhist Modernism''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6 '''Contemporary practice''' * {{Citation | last =Borup | first =Jørn | date = 2008 | title =Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a Living Religion | publisher =Brill}} * {{Citation | last =Hori | first =Victor Sogen | date = 1994 | title =Teaching and Learning in the Zen Rinzai Monastery. In: Journal of Japanese Studies, Vol.20, No. 1, (Winter, 1994), 5-35 | url =http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%20and%20Learning%20in%20the%20Rinzai%20Zen%20Monastery%20.pdf | access-date = 25 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 25 Oktubre 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191025091951/http://www.essenes.net/pdf/Teaching%2520and%2520Learning%2520in%2520the%2520Rinzai%2520Zen%2520Monastery%2520.pdf | url-status =dead }} * {{Citation | last =Buswell | first =Robert E. | date = 1993 | title =The Zen Monastic Experience: Buddhist Practice in Contemporary Korea | publisher =Princeton University Press}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Zen Buddhism}} {{Wiktionary|禪}} {{Wiktionary|禅}} {{Wikiquote|Zen proverbs}} {{Wiktionary|zen}} * [http://www.thezensite.com/ thezensite] * [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVL-Zen.html Zen Buddhism WWW Virtual Library] * [http://www.ciolek.com/WWWVLPages/ZenPages/ZenSchools.html Chart of (Asian) Zen schools] * [http://sweepingzen.com/ Sweeping Zen: Who's who in Zen] * [http://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/szotar/szotar.html Glossary of Japanese Zen terms] [[Kaarangay:Zen]] cb44y22nn0qmblrv84fm2xka66lqokw Ecser 0 18318 7783944 4757378 2026-07-21T13:02:40Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Ecseri_166.jpg with [[File:Széchenyi_utca,_Ecseri_166.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: bad name). 7783944 wikitext text/x-wiki An '''Ecser''' (ha Slovak: '''Ečer''') usa nga baryo ha kondado han [[Pest (kondado)|Pest]], ha [[Budapest nga metropolitano nga kahaluag]], [[Hungarya]]. ==Nahamutang== An '''Ecser''' ({{IPA-hu|ˈɛtʃɛr}}) nahamutang ha timugan tikang ha [[Budapest]], harani han [[Panlangyaw nga Luparan han Ferihegy]]. An hagrani nga mga gin-uukyan amo an [[Maglód]], [[Vecsés]], [[Gyömrő]] ngan [[Üllő]]. An M0 nga dalan hin auto naagi hin harani han baryo. An baryo nahamutang dida han linea han riles nga (Budapest-Újszász-Szolnok). Mayda ini [[Slovak|Slovak]] nga kagamyan nga populasyon. ==Kaagi== An syahan nga sinurat nga kasaysayan han Ecser tikang han [[Disyembre 15]] [[1315]], bisan man kon an baryo dida na tikang han 896, han pag-ulpot hin mga [[Magyar]] ngada han yana nga nasod. Sumala hin usa nga leyenda, an ngaran han baryo ginhatag han Gran Prinsipe nga hi [[Árpád]] han Hungaryano nga mga tribo. Han pagpaki-ana niya han ngaran han puy-anan nga diin inmundang hiya pagpahuway, an mga tawo dida waray makasumat ha iya han ngaran, amo nga sinmiring hi Árpád ha ira nga: tawaga ini nga lugar sunod hini nga ‘oak’ nga kahoy ([[Hungaryano nga yinaknan|Hungaryano]] ''cser''). Han panahon han Ottoman nga Turko nga pagdominante ([[1526]]-[[1686]]) nawara an baryo, labi na han katapos han pagpalibot han harani nga [[Buda]]. Inmuli la an mga molupyo dida han [[1699]]. Mga napulo kag usa nga sundalo tikang ha Ecser inmaway dida han [[Gyera hin Paglugaring ni Rákóczi]] ([[1703]]-[[1711]]). Han syahan nga bahin han mga 1700 an tag-iya han baryo nga Konde [[Antal Grassalkovich]] nagdara ngada hin mga [[Slovak|Slovak]] nga mga molupyo. ==Kilalado== An nahabilin nga monumento hini nga baryo amo an simbahan Katolika Romana tikang han [[1740]]. Dida han baryo mayda kilalado nga sayaw folkloriko nga tinatawag nga ‘Kasal ha Ecser’ (''Ecseri lakodalmas''). Dida han eskudo makikit-an an simbahan, an sayaw fokloriko ngan an ''oak'' nga kahoy, an tulo nga mga importante nga tigaman han baryo. ===Mga kilalado nga tawo tikang ha Ecser=== * [[Párvusz]] ''(Norbert Kiss)'' (*1981) - grafiko nga artista * [[Zoltán Trepák]] (*1977) - propesyonal nga basketbolista ==Mga kaduha nga bungto han Ecser== An mga magkakaduha nga bungto han Ecser: * {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Zlaté Klasy]] ([[Slovakia]]) * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Kumbağ]] ([[Turkey]]) ==Galeriya== <center> <gallery> Image:Ecseri 151.jpg|An simbahan Katolika han Ecser Image:Ecseri 154.jpg|Usa nga bilinggwal nga pagpa-uswag nga plaka ha pagultan han Ecser Image:Ecseri 158.jpg|An Slovako nga kapilya Image:Ecseri 171.jpg|An monumento han Ikaduha nga Pangkalibutan nga Gyera Image:Ecseri 159.jpg|An balay ha kaagi han Ecser Image:Ecseri 156.jpg|Korte hin daan nga balay Image:Ecseri 168.jpg|An parke upod an simbahan Image:Ecseri 175.jpg|Ngaran hin karsada--lamisa ha Pungtod Kálvária Image:Ecseri 178.jpg|An "burgo" han Ecser, murulayan para hin kabataan Image:Ecseri 180.jpg|Bloke nga balay ha Ecser Image:Ecseri 173.jpg|An gibag-ohi nga dapit han Ecser, an ''Pungtod Kálvária'' Image:Széchenyi utca, Ecseri 166.jpg|An prinsipal nga dalan, ''Széchenyi utca'' </gallery> </center> {{condado han Pest}} {{Commonscat|Ecser}} [[Kaarangay:Hungarya]] 0pbnjbhkmatt2f1c7hkf6zr614swqgm Batakan:Country data Cabo Verde 10 127835 7783952 6251753 2026-07-21T16:57:39Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 7783952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Cabo Verde | flag alias = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg | flag alias-1975 = Flag of Cape Verde (1975–1992).svg | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1975 | redir1 = CPV </noinclude> }} lj3fwr0jmcewr37ivicvoilb6kmcldl Batakan:Country data Espanya 10 128673 7783950 6236608 2026-07-21T16:48:01Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_the_First_Spanish_Republic.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Spain_(1873–1874).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 7783950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Spain | flag alias = Flag of Spain.svg | flag alias-1506 = Flag of New Spain.svg | flag alias-1701 = Bandera de España 1701-1748.svg | flag alias-1748 = Bandera de España 1748-1785.svg | flag alias-1785 = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg | flag alias-1873 = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg | flag alias-1931 = Flag of the Second Spanish Republic.svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Spain (1938 - 1945).svg | flag alias-1945 = Flag of Spain (1945–1977).svg | flag alias-1977 = Flag of Spain (1977 - 1981).svg | flag alias-civil = Flag of Spain (civil variant).svg | link alias-naval = Spanish Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1506 | var2 = 1701 | var3 = 1748 | var4 = 1785 | var5 = 1873 | var6 = 1931 | var7 = 1938 | var8 = 1945 | var9 = 1977 | redir1 = ESP | related1 = Spanish Republic | related2 = Spanish State </noinclude> }} pmu7ox9kj22ca0pza1ezdt8o4idtyur Batakan:Country data Sweden 10 128711 7783955 7651676 2026-07-21T17:03:14Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg with [[File:Naval_ensign_of_Sweden.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR6|Criterion 6]].). 7783955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Suecia | flag alias = Flag of Sweden.svg | flag alias-1562 = Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg | border-1562 = | flag alias-1844 = Swedish norwegian union flag.svg | flag alias-naval = Naval ensign of Sweden.svg | border-naval = | link alias-naval = Swedish Navy | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | altvar = {{{altvar|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1562 | var2 = 1844 | redir1 = SWE </noinclude> }}<noinclude> </noinclude> an4dzc2ym9px4a3aym95687o3csr4fh 80 nga dekada 0 141185 7783948 6229210 2026-07-21T15:41:18Z For2jss 68057 Ginpawara-buhat an rebisyon nga [[Special:Diff/6229210|6229210]] ni [[Special:Contributions/JinJian|JinJian]] ([[User talk:JinJian|himangrawi]]) 7783948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dekadakahon|8}} An '''80 nga dekada''' in usa ka dekada nga nagtikang ha tuig [[80]] nga nahuman han tuig [[89]]. {{turok}} {{Commonscat|80s}} [[Kaarangay:80 nga dekada]] 1ptht1lov4wuffev1nauw1uolabnuhp Clausinella fasciata 0 200566 7783959 7771505 2026-07-22T06:44:51Z Llez 14758 7783959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Venus fasciata}} {{botmade|Lsjbot|Bivalvia|date=2013-02}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Clausinella fasciata'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Mollusca]] | classis = [[Bivalvia]] | ordo = [[Veneroida]] | familia = [[Veneridae]] | genus = [[Clausinella]] | species = '''Clausinella fasciata''' | binomial = Clausinella fasciata | binomial_authority = (Da Costa, 1778) | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | superfamilia = [[Veneroidea]] | synonyms = }} '''''Clausinella fasciata'''''<ref name = "col3"/> in uska species han [[Bivalvia]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni Da Costa hadton 1778. An ''Clausinella fasciata'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Clausinella]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Veneridae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> <div align=center> Tuo ngan wala nga flap han pareho nga hayop: <gallery mode="packed" length="400"> Clausinella fasciata 01.jpg|Tuo nga flap Clausinella fasciata 02.jpg|Wala nga flap </gallery> </div align=center> <div align=center> <gallery mode="packed" length="400"> Clausinella fasciata 04.jpg|Batan-on </gallery> </div align=center> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/clausinella+fasciata/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col3"> (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Wikispecies|Clausinella fasciata|''Clausinella fasciata''}} [[Kaarangay:Clausinella]] kahpec57143dqpd8lbkuyv0iq49ryj4 Bolivaria brachyptera 0 890855 7783962 6611507 2026-07-23T11:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Mantodea|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Bolivaria brachyptera'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Mantodea]] | familia = [[Mantidae]] | genus = [[Bolivaria]] | species = '''Bolivaria brachyptera''' | binomial = Bolivaria brachyptera | binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1773 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | synonyms = ''Bolivaria commutata'' <small>([[Franz Xaver Fieber|Fieber]], 1853)</small><ref name = "col91564"/> }} An '''''Bolivaria brachyptera'''''<ref name = "col91316"/><ref name = "col91317"/><ref name = "col91348"/><ref name = "col91349"/><ref name = "col91359"/><ref name = "col91371"/><ref name = "col91469"/><ref name = "col91557"/><ref name = "col91567"/><ref name = "col91569"/><ref name = "col91570"/><ref name = "col91870"/><ref name = "col103316"/><ref name = "col105000"/><ref name = "col105001"/><ref name = "col105002"/> in uska species han [[Mantodea]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Peter Simon Pallas]] hadton 1773. An ''Bolivaria brachyptera'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Bolivaria]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Mantidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/bolivaria+brachyptera/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col91316">Kirby (1904) , Syn. Cat. Orth. 1</ref> <ref name = "col91317">Giglio-Tos (1927) , Tierreich 50</ref> <ref name = "col91348">Olivier (1792) , Enc. Meth., Ins. 7</ref> <ref name = "col91349">Stoll (1813) , Represent. Spectres, Mantes</ref> <ref name = "col91359">Goeze (1778) , Ent. Beitrag. 2</ref> <ref name = "col91371">Saussure (1871) , Mem. Soc. Hist. nat. Geneve 21</ref> <ref name = "col91469">Beier (1935) , Genera Insect. 203</ref> <ref name = "col91557">Demirsoy (1979) , Ent. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Hamburg 6</ref> <ref name = "col91567">Jacobson & Bianki (1902) , Prem. i Lozhn. Ross. Imp.</ref> <ref name = "col91569">Ciplak & Demirsoy (1997) , J. Orthoptera Research 6</ref> <ref name = "col91570">Brunner (1882) , Prodr. Eur. Orth.</ref> <ref name = "col91870">Saussure (1874) , Reise Turk., Orth., Fedtschenko</ref> <ref name = "col103316">Beier (1967) , Acta Musei Moraviae 52</ref> <ref name = "col105000">Mistshenko (1964) , Ent. Oborz. 43</ref> <ref name = "col105001">Pallas (1773) , Reise Russ. 2</ref> <ref name = "col105002">Muller (1775) , Linne’s Natursyst. Suppl.</ref> <ref name = "source">''MantodeaSF: Mantodea Species File''. Otte D., Spearman L., Stiewe M.B.D., 28 Abril 2010</ref> <ref name = "col91564">Fieber (1853) , Lotos 3</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== [http://bogomoly.ru/bolivaria-brachyptera/ Bolivaria brachyptera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204408/http://bogomoly.ru/bolivaria-brachyptera/ |date=2018-01-30 }} {{Commons category|Bolivaria brachyptera}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Боливария короткокрылая.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Bolivaria]] 71jdsa2nhvyva6mtma95h52k30mpc6g Acanthops falcata 0 892261 7783943 6507383 2026-07-21T12:53:52Z InternetArchiveBot 41587 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 7783943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Mantodea|date=2013-07}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Acanthops falcata'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | classis = [[Insecta]] | ordo = [[Mantodea]] | familia = [[Acanthopidae]] | genus = [[Acanthops]] | species = '''Acanthops falcata''' | binomial = Acanthops falcata | binomial_authority = [[Carl Stål|Stål]], 1877 | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | subphylum = [[Hexapoda]] | synonyms = ''Acanthops griffinii'' <small>(Giglio-Tos, 1915)</small><ref name = "col91340"/><br>''Acanthops angulifera'' <small>([[John Obadiah Westwood|Westwood]], 1889)</small><ref name = "col91358"/> }} <!-- infobox here --> An '''''Acanthops falcata'''''<ref name = "col91311"/><ref name = "col91312"/><ref name = "col91315"/><ref name = "col91316"/><ref name = "col91317"/><ref name = "col91324"/><ref name = "col91329"/><ref name = "col91355"/><ref name = "col91356"/><ref name = "col91357"/> in uska species han [[Mantodea]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Carl Stål]] hadton 1877. An ''Acanthops falcata'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Acanthops]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Acanthopidae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/acanthops+falcata/match/1|title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}</ref> <ref name = "col91311">Terra (1995) , Revta bras. Ent. 39(1)</ref> <ref name = "col91312">Ehrmann (2002) , Mantodea der Welt</ref> <ref name = "col91315">Beier (1934) , Genera Insect. 196</ref> <ref name = "col91316">Kirby (1904) , Syn. Cat. Orth. 1</ref> <ref name = "col91317">Giglio-Tos (1927) , Tierreich 50</ref> <ref name = "col91324">Beier (1930) , Annln naturhistor. Mus. Wien 44</ref> <ref name = "col91329">Stal (1877) , Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. 4(10)</ref> <ref name = "col91355">Hebard (1923) , Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 48</ref> <ref name = "col91356">Hebard (1933) , Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 59</ref> <ref name = "col91357">Sjostedt (1930) , Ark. Zool. 21A(32)</ref> <ref name = "source">''MantodeaSF: Mantodea Species File''. Otte D., Spearman L., Stiewe M.B.D., 28 Abril 2010</ref> <ref name = "col91340">Giglio-Tos (1915) , Bull. Soc. ent. Ital. 46</ref> <ref name = "col91358">Westwood (1889) , Revis. Mantid.</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== *[http://bogomoly.ru/acanthops-falcata/ ''A. falcata''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423063910/http://bogomoly.ru/acanthops-falcata/ |date=2017-04-23 }} {{Commons category|Acanthops falcata}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:South American box mantis female.svg File:South American box mantis male.svg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Acanthops]] gekebt1frp9p1s2jpgpz178g9duh6rw Pinus albicaulis 0 2020755 7783945 7730774 2026-07-21T14:46:56Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing 2013-07-12_15_55_36_Whitebark_Pine_pollen_cones_on_Copper_Mountain,_Nevada.jpg with [[File:2013-07-12_14_55_36_Whitebark_Pine_pollen_cones_on_Copper_Mountain,_Nevada.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File 7783945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Plantae|date=2014-05}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Pinus albicaulis'' | status = VU | image = whitebark_pine_group.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Pinopsida]] | ordo = [[Pinales]] | familia = [[Pinaceae]] | genus = [[Pinus]] | species = '''Pinus albicaulis''' | binomial = Pinus albicaulis | binomial_authority = [[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Pinus shasta'' <small>[[Élie Abel Carrière|Carrière]]</small><br>''Pinus flexilis albicaulis'' <small>([[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]) [[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]</small><br>''Pinus flexilis albicaulis'' <small>([[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]) [[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]</small><br>''Apinus albicaulis'' <small>([[Georg Engelmann|Engelm.]]) [[Per Axel Rydberg|Rydb.]]</small> | status_ref = <ref name = "iucn"/> | status_system = iucn3.1 }} An '''''Pinus albicaulis'''''<ref name = "C132"/><ref name = "C133"/> in uska species han [[Plantae]] in nahilalakip ha [[punoan]] nga [[Tracheophyta]], ngan nga ginhulagway ni [[Georg Engelmann|Georg George Engelmann]]. An ''Pinus albicaulis'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Pinus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Pinaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Ginklasipika han [[IUCN]] an species komo [[nadudultan]].<ref name = "iucn"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/14376631| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Bean, W.J., (1980) Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles, ed. 8, Vols. 1-4 ''John Murray, London''</ref> <ref name = "C133">Engelm., 1863 ''In: Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 2: 209.''</ref> <ref name = "source">''Conifer Database''. Farjon A., 11 Pebrero 2011</ref> <ref name = "iucn">{{IUCN2012.2|assessors= | date = 2008|id= 39049|title= Pinus albicaulis|downloaded= 24 Oktubre 2012}}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Pinus albicaulis}} {{Wikispecies|Pinus albicaulis|''Pinus albicaulis''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> 2013-07-12 14 55 36 Whitebark Pine pollen cones on Copper Mountain, Nevada.jpg WhitebarkPine 7467t.jpg 2013-07-12 13 42 54 Gnarled Whitebark Pine in the Copper Mountains of Nevada.jpg Pinus albicaulis 8581.JPG 2013-07-12 14 01 15 Gnarled Whitebark Pine in the Copper Mountains of Nevada.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Pinus]] 8wrc030i7tfkiiboe3c3zhgarspo3c8 Brahea armata 0 2067282 7783941 7659128 2026-07-21T09:38:36Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Brahea_armata_(Palmera_azul)_II.JPG with [[File:Bismarckia_nobilis_-_Maracaibo_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: misidentification). 7783941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Liliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Brahea armata'' | status = | image = Brahea armata form.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Arecales]] | familia = [[Arecaceae]] | genus = [[Brahea]] | species = '''Brahea armata''' | binomial = Brahea armata | binomial_authority = [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Glaucothea elegans'' <small>([[Francesco Franceschi|Franceschi]] ex [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]) [[Ivan Murray Johnston|I.M.Johnst.]]</small><br>''Glaucothea armata'' <small>([[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]) [[Orator Fuller Cook|O.F.Cook]]</small><br>''Erythea roezlii'' <small>([[Jean Jules Linden|Linden]]) [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]] ex [[Ugolino Martelli|Martelli]]</small><br>''Erythea elegans'' <small>[[Francesco Franceschi|Franceschi]] ex [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]</small><br>''Erythea clara'' <small>[[Liberty Hyde Bailey|L.H.Bailey]]</small><br>''Erythea armata microcarpa'' <small></small><br>''Erythea armata'' <small>([[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]) [[Sereno Watson|S.Watson]]</small><br>''Brahea roezlii'' <small>[[Jean Jules Linden|Linden]]</small><br>''Brahea nobilis'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small><br>''Brahea lucida'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small><br>''Brahea glauca'' <small>[[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]</small><br>''Brahea elegans'' <small>([[Francesco Franceschi|Franceschi]] ex [[Odoardo Beccari|Becc.]]) [[Harold Emery Moore|H.E.Moore]]</small><br>''Brahea clara'' <small>([[Liberty Hyde Bailey|L.H.Bailey]]) [[Mario Adolfo Espejo Serna|Espejo]] & López-Ferr.</small> }} An '''''Brahea armata'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Liliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Sereno Watson]]. An ''Brahea armata'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Brahea]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Arecaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9743498| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">S.Watson, 1876 ''In: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 146''</ref> <ref name = "source">[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Brahea armata}} {{Wikispecies|Brahea armata|''Brahea armata''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Arbol.JPG File:Brahea armata (Palmera azul) I.JPG File:Bismarckia nobilis - Maracaibo II.jpg File:Brahea armata - Palmengarten Frankfurt - DSC01724.JPG File:Brahea armata - Villa Taranto (Verbania) - DSC03590.JPG File:Brahea armata 3.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Brahea]] l7sp5pago7l1nrxaczn3u4w8p33urmv Cleistocactus hystrix 0 2113653 7783961 7776759 2026-07-23T08:52:23Z RamsesVII 61873 Image 7783961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Cleistocactus hystrix'' | status = | image = Loxanthocereus_hystrix.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Cactaceae]] | genus = [[Cleistocactus]] | species = '''Cleistocactus hystrix''' | binomial = Cleistocactus hystrix | binomial_authority = ([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) Ostolaza | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Loxanthocereus peculiaris'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus montanus'' <small>[[Friedrich Ritter|F. Ritter]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus hystrix'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus ferrugineus'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus deserticola'' <small>[[Friedrich Ritter|F. Ritter]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus canetensis'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Cleistocactus peculiaris'' <small>([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) Ostolaza</small><br>''Cleistocactus clavispinus'' <small>([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) Ostolaza</small> }} An '''''Cleistocactus hystrix'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Werner Rauh]] ngan [[Curt Backeberg]], ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ostolaza. An ''Cleistocactus hystrix'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Cleistocactus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cactaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/13438925| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">''Checklist of CITES Species Part 1 CITES species index'', 2011</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=(Canada);http://siit.conabio.gob.mx (Mexico) ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=http://www.itis.gov;http/ |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429125543/http://www.itis.gov;http/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Cleistocactus hystrix}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Borzicactus hystrix - University of California Botanical Garden - DSC08845.JPG File:Borzicactus hystrix - University of California Botanical Garden - DSC08849.JPG </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Cleistocactus]] f12xqvkfnnjmz4cq6k27u7h9td7d99l Cleistocactus sulcifer 0 2113744 7783960 7776781 2026-07-23T08:51:10Z RamsesVII 61873 Image 7783960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Cleistocactus sulcifer'' | status = | image = Loxanthocereus_sulcifer_225622600.jpg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Cactaceae]] | genus = [[Cleistocactus]] | species = '''Cleistocactus sulcifer''' | binomial = Cleistocactus sulcifer | binomial_authority = ([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) Leuenb. | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Loxanthocereus sulcifer'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus parvitesselatus'' <small>[[Friedrich Ritter|F. Ritter]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus otuscensis'' <small>[[Friedrich Ritter|F. Ritter]]</small><br>''Loxanthocereus granditessellatus'' <small>[[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small><br>''Cleistocactus granditessellatus'' <small>([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) Leuenb.</small><br>''Borzicactus sulcifer'' <small>([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) [[Myron William Kimnach|Kimnach]]</small><br>''Borzicactus pseudothelegonus'' <small>([[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]) [[Werner Rauh|Rauh]] & [[Curt Backeberg|Backeb.]]</small> }} An '''''Cleistocactus sulcifer'''''<ref name = "COL"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Werner Rauh]] ngan [[Curt Backeberg]], ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leuenb.. An ''Cleistocactus sulcifer'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Cleistocactus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cactaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/13438781| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=(Canada);http://siit.conabio.gob.mx (Mexico) ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=http://www.itis.gov;http/ |access-date=2014-06-09 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429125543/http://www.itis.gov;http/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Cleistocactus]] pbq8zkwdrjckirguhjdo5lqybvk2kjb Pereskiopsis kellermanii 0 2115754 7783939 7779345 2026-07-21T07:04:59Z RamsesVII 61873 Image 7783939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Pereskiopsis kellermanii'' | status = | image = Pereskiopsis_kellermanii_1.jpeg | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Cactaceae]] | genus = [[Pereskiopsis]] | species = '''Pereskiopsis kellermanii''' | binomial = Pereskiopsis kellermanii | binomial_authority = [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = ''Pereskiopsis scandens'' <small>[[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Joseph Nelson Rose|Rose]]</small> }} An '''''Pereskiopsis kellermanii'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Joseph Nelson Rose]]. An ''Pereskiopsis kellermanii'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Pereskiopsis]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Cactaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/13438586| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">''UNEP-WCMC (Comps.) 2011. Checklist of CITES species (CD-ROM). CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, and UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, United Kingdom. ISBN 2-88323-030-7. Available online at http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/pub/checklist11/index.html or from C'', 2008</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=(Canada);http://siit.conabio.gob.mx (Mexico) ITIS Global: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System |url=http://www.itis.gov;http/ |access-date=2014-06-10 |archive-date=2017-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429125543/http://www.itis.gov;http/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> [[Kaarangay:Pereskiopsis]] ltkifikmnumtxzz9pi7xmwbh8hdq0ji Schiedea salicaria 0 2123230 7783949 7690415 2026-07-21T15:46:15Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Starr_031015-0121_Schiedea_salicaria.jpg with [[File:Starr_031015-0121_aerial_photograph_of_Maui.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · plant spe 7783949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Schiedea salicaria'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Caryophyllaceae]] | genus = [[Schiedea]] | species = '''Schiedea salicaria''' | binomial = Schiedea salicaria | binomial_authority = Hbd. | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} An '''''Schiedea salicaria'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni Hbd.. An ''Schiedea salicaria'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Schiedea]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Caryophyllaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16881113| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Hbd., 1888 ''In: Fl. Haw. Isl. 33''</ref> <ref name = "source">{{Cite web |title=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |url=http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |access-date=2014-06-10 |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |url-status= }}</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Schiedea salicaria}} {{Wikispecies|Schiedea salicaria|''Schiedea salicaria''}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Starr 031015-0121 aerial photograph of Maui.jpg File:Starr 050420-0522 Schiedea salicaria.jpg File:Starr 060406-7339 Schiedea salicaria.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Schiedea]] 9h8m8t55piue5k0ikuwxhma0ycrvcw3 Boerhavia herbstii 0 2128051 7783942 7658848 2026-07-21T12:14:58Z ~2026-37254-31 67844 irrelevant image 7783942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Boerhavia herbstii'' | status = | image = | image_caption = | domain = | regnum = [[Plantae]] | divisio = [[Tracheophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Caryophyllales]] | familia = [[Nyctaginaceae]] | genus = [[Boerhavia]] | species = '''Boerhavia herbstii''' | binomial = Boerhavia herbstii | binomial_authority = [[Francis Raymond Fosberg|Fosberg]] | range_map = | range_map_caption = | image2 = | image2_caption = | synonyms = }} An '''''Boerhavia herbstii'''''<ref name = "C132"/> in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Francis Raymond Fosberg]]. An ''Boerhavia herbstii'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Boerhavia]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nyctaginaceae]].<ref name = "COL"/><ref name = "source"/> Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.<ref name = "COL"/> ==Mga kasarigan== <references> <ref name = "COL">{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/15302568| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}</ref> <ref name = "C132">Fosberg, ''In: Smithsonian Contr. Bot., 39: 17 (1978)''</ref> <ref name = "source">''ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System''. Orrell T. (custodian), 26 Abril 2011</ref> </references> ==Mga sumpay ha gawas== {{Commons category|Boerhavia herbstii}} ==Image gallery== <gallery> File:Starr 070405-6855 Boerhavia herbstii.jpg </gallery> [[Kaarangay:Boerhavia]] o4rliyii2uecpaeg6hef9se0faex7cm Rihanna 0 2877440 7783932 7751223 2026-07-20T15:15:03Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + kahon han impormasyon 7783932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Rihanna | image = 'Battleship'_cast_and_crew_promotes_film_120428-N-XD424-006_(cropped).jpg | caption = | background = | birth_name = Robyn Rihanna Fenty | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|2|20}} | birth_place = Saint Michael, Barbados | instrument = | genre = | occupation = | years_active = | associated_acts = [[JAY-Z]], [[Drake]], [[Calvin Harris]], [[Chris Brown]], [[A$AP Rocky]] | label = [[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] | website = }} Hi '''Robyn Rihanna Fenty''' (alyas Rihanna; natawo [[Pebrero 20]], [[1988]] ha Saint Michael, [[Barbados]]) usa nga kantaan nga kompositor na babai. 98ensvq6ilpng8re17je4lslxugfqdy Taramdan han mga nasudnun nga pamunuan 0 2881023 7783953 7772359 2026-07-21T17:00:12Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 7783953 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;" !width="155px"| Kapital nga Syudad !!width="215px"| Nasod |- | [[Abu Dhabi]] || [[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Emiratos Arabes Unidos]] |- | [[Abuja]] || [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Nigeria]] |- | [[Accra]] || [[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Ghana]] |- | [[Adamstown, Pitcairn Island|Adamstown]] || [[File:Flag of the Pitcairn Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Pitcairn Island]] |- | [[Addis Ababa, Ethiopia|Addis Ababa]] || [[File:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Ethiopia]] |- | [[Algiers]] || [[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Algeria]] |- | [[Alofi]] || [[File:Flag of Niue.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Niue]] |- | [[Amman]] || [[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Jordan]] |- | [[Amsterdam]] || [[File:Flag of Netherlands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Nederlandes]] |- | [[Andorra la Vella]] || [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Andorra]] |- | [[Ankara]] || [[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Turkey]] |- | [[Antananarivo]] || [[File:Flag of Madagascar.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Madagascar]] |- | [[Apia, Samoa|Apia]] || [[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Samoa]] |- | [[Ashgabat]] || [[File:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Turkmenistan]] |- | [[Asmara]] || [[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Eritrea]] |- | [[Astana]] || [[File:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kazakhstan]] |- | [[Asunción]] || [[File:Flag of Paraguay.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Paraguay]] |- | [[Athens]] || [[File:Flag of Greece.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Greece]] |- | [[Avarua]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Cook Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cook Islands]]'' |- | [[Baghdad]] || [[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Iraq]] |- | [[Baku]] || [[File:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Azerbaijan]] |- | [[Bamako]] || [[File:Flag of Mali.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mali]] |- | [[Bandar Seri Begawan]] || [[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Brunei]] |- | [[Bangkok]] || [[File:Flag of Thailand.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Thailand]] |- | [[Bangui]] || [[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Central African Republic]] |- | [[Banjul]] || [[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Gambia]] |- | [[Basseterre]] || [[File:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] |- | [[Beijing]] || [[File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Republika nga Popular han Tsina]] |- | [[Beirut]] || [[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Lebanon]] |- | [[Belgrade]] || [[File:Flag of Serbia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Serbia]] |- | [[Belmopan]] || [[File:Flag of Belize.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Belize]] |- | [[Berlin]] || [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Alemanya]] |- | [[Bern]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Switzerland]] |- | [[Bishkek]] || [[File:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kyrgyzstan]] |- | [[Bissau]] || [[File:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guinea-Bissau]] |- | [[Bogotá]] || [[File:Flag of Colombia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Colombia]] |- | [[Brasília]] || [[File:Flag of Brazil.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Brasil]] |- | [[Bratislava]] || [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Slovakia]] |- | [[Brazzaville]] || [[File:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Republic of the Congo]] |- | [[Bridgetown]] || [[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Barbados]] |- | [[Brussels]] || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Belgium]] |- | [[Bucharest]] || [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Romania]] |- | [[Budapest]] || [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Hungary]] |- | [[Buenos Aires]] || [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Argentina]] |- | [[Bujumbura]] || [[File:Flag of Burundi.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Burundi]] |- | [[Cairo]] || [[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Ehipto]] |- | [[Canberra]] || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Australia]] |- | [[Caracas]] || [[File:Flag of Venezuela.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Venezuela]] |- | [[Castries]] || [[File:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint Lucia]] |- | [[Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands|Charlotte Amalie]] || ''[[File:Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[United States Virgin Islands]]'' |- | [[Chisinau]] || [[File:Flag of Moldova.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Moldova]] |- | [[Cockburn Town]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Turks and Caicos Islands]]'' |- | [[Conakry]] || [[File:Flag of Guinea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guinea]] |- | [[Copenhagen]] || [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Denmark]] |- | [[Dakar]] || [[File:Flag of Senegal.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Senegal]] |- | [[Damascus]] || [[File:Flag of Syria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Syria]] |- | [[Dhaka]] || [[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bangladesh]] |- | [[Dili]] || [[File:Flag of East Timor.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[East Timor]] |- | [[Djibouti, Djibouti|Djibouti]] || [[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Djibouti]] |- | [[Dodoma]] || [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tanzania]] |- | [[Doha]] || [[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Qatar]] |- | [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Isle of Mann.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Isle of Man]]'' |- | [[Dublin]] || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Republika han Irlanda|Irlanda]] |- | [[Dushanbe]] || [[File:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tajikistan]] |- | [[Episkopi Cantonment]] || ''[[File:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|22px|United Kingdom]]&nbsp;[[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]]'' |- | [[Freetown]] ||[[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Sierra Leone]] |- | [[Funafuti]] || [[File:Flag of Tuvalu.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tuvalu]] |- | [[Gaborone]] || [[File:Flag of Botswana.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Botswana]] |- | [[George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]] || ''&nbsp;[[Cayman Islands]]'' |- | [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || [[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guyana]] |- | [[Gibraltar]] || ''[[File:Flag of Gibraltar.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Gibraltar]]'' |- | [[Grytviken]] || ''[[File:Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]'' |- | [[Guatemala City]] || [[File:Flag of Guatemala.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guatemala]] |- | [[Gustavia, Saint Barthelemy|Gustavia]]|| ''[[File:Flag of Saint Barthelemy.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint Barthelemy]]'' |- | [[Hagåtña]] || ''[[File:Flag of Guam.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guam]]'' |- | [[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]] || ''[[File:Flag of Bermuda.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bermuda]]'' |- | [[Hanoi]] || [[File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Vietnam]] |- | [[Harare]] || [[File:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Zimbabwe]] |- | [[Hargeisa]] || ''[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Somaliland]]'' |- | [[Havana]] || [[File:Flag of Cuba.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cuba]] |- | [[Helsinki]] || [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Finland]] |- | [[Honiara]] || [[File:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Solomon Islands]] |- | [[Islamabad]] || [[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Pakistan]] |- | [[Jakarta]] || [[File:Flag of Indonesia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Indonesia]] |- | [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]] || ''[[File:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint Helena]]'' |- | [[Jerusalem]] || [[File:Flag of Israel.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Israel]] |- | [[Juba]] || [[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Salatan nga Sudan]] |- | [[Kabul]] || [[File:Flag of Afghanistan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Afghanistan]] |- | [[Kampala]] || [[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Uganda]] |- | [[Kathmandu]] || [[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Nepal]] |- | [[Khartoum]] || [[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Sudan]] |- | [[Kiev|Kiev (Kyiv)]] || [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Ukraine]] |- | [[Kigali]] || [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Rwanda]] |- | [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || [[File:Flag of Jamaica.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Jamaica]] |- | [[Kingston, Norfolk Island|Kingston]] || ''[[File:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Norfolk Island]]'' |- | [[Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Kingstown]] || [[File:Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |- | [[Kinshasa]] || [[File:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Democratic Republic of Congo]] |- | [[Kuala Lumpur]] || [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Malaysia|Malaysia (official)]] |- | [[Kuwait City]] || [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kuwait]] |- | [[La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz]] || [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bolivia]] |- | [[El Aaiún|Laâyoune (El Aaiún)]] || ''[[File:Flag of Western Sahara.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Western Sahara]]'' |- | [[Libreville]] || [[File:Flag of Gabon.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Gabon]] |- | [[Lilongwe]] || [[File:Flag of Malawi.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Malawi]] |- | [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] || [[File:Flag of Peru.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Peru]] |- | [[Lisbon]] || [[File:Flag of Portugal.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Portugal]] |- | [[Ljubljana]] || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Slovenia]] |- | [[Lomé]] || [[File:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Togo]] |- | [[London]] || [[File:Flag of United Kingdom.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[United Kingdom]] |- | [[Luanda]] || [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Angola]] |- | [[Lusaka]] || [[File:Flag of Zambia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Zambia]] |- | [[Luxembourg (city)|Luxembourg City]] || [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Luxembourg]] |- | [[Madrid]] || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Espanya]] |- | [[Majuro]] || [[File:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|22px|Marshall Islands]]&nbsp;[[Marshall Islands]] |- | [[Malabo]] || [[File:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Equatorial Guinea]] |- | [[Malé]] || [[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Maldives]] |- | [[Mamoudzou]] || ''[[File:Flag of France.svg|22px|France]]&nbsp;[[Mayotte]]'' |- | [[Managua]] || [[File:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Nicaragua]] |- | [[Manama]] || [[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bahrain]] |- | [[Manila]] || [[File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Pilipinas]] |- | [[Maputo]] || [[File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mozambique]] |- | [[Marigot, Saint Martin|Marigot]]|| ''[[File:Flag of France.svg|22px|France]]&nbsp;[[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]]'' |- | [[Maseru]] || [[File:Flag of Lesotho.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Lesotho]] |- | [[Mata-Utu]] || ''[[File:Flag of France.svg|22px|France]]&nbsp;[[Wallis and Futuna]]'' |- | [[Mbabane]] || [[File:Flag of Eswatini.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Eswatini]] |- | [[Melekeok]] || [[File:Flag of Palau.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Palau]] |- | [[Mexico City]] || [[File:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mexico]] |- | [[Minsk]] || [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Belarus]] |- | [[Mogadishu]] || [[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Somalia]] |- | [[Monaco]] || [[File:Flag of Monaco.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Monaco]] |- | [[Monrovia]] || [[File:Flag of Liberia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Liberia]] |- | [[Montevideo]] || [[File:Flag of Uruguay.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Uruguay]] |- | [[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]] || [[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Comoros]] |- | [[Moscow]] || [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Rusya]] |- | [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]] || [[File:Flag of Oman.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Oman]] |- | [[Nairobi]] || [[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kenya]] |- | [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] || [[File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bahamas]] |- | [[Naypyidaw]] || [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Myanmar]] |- | [[N'Djamena]] || [[File:Flag of Chad.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Chad]] |- | [[New Delhi]] || [[File:Flag of India.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[India]] |- | [[Niamey]] || [[File:Flag of Niger.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Niger]] |- | [[Nicosia]] || [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cyprus]] |- | [[Nicosia]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Northern Cyprus]]'' |- | [[Nouakchott]] || [[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mauritania]] |- | [[Nouméa]] || ''[[File:Flag_of_New_Caledonia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[New Caledonia]]'' |- | [[Nukuʻalofa]] || [[File:Flag of Tonga.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tonga]] |- | [[Nuuk]] || ''[[File:Flag of Greenland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Greenland]]'' |- | [[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]] || ''[[File:Flag of Aruba.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Aruba]]'' |- | [[Oslo]] || [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Norway]] |- | [[Ottawa]] || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Canada]] |- | [[Ouagadougou]] || [[File:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Burkina Faso]] |- | [[Pago Pago]] || ''[[File:Flag of American Samoa.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[American Samoa]]'' |- | [[Palikir]] || [[File:Flag of Federated States of Micronesia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Federated States of Micronesia]] |- | [[Panama City]] || [[File:Flag of Panama.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Panama]] |- | [[Papeete]] || ''[[File:Flag of French Polynesia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[French Polynesia]]'' |- | [[Paramaribo]] || [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Suriname]] |- | [[Paris]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[France]] |- | [[Phnom Penh]] || [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cambodia]] |- | [[Plymouth, Montserrat|Plymouth]] || ''[[File:Flag of Montserrat.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Montserrat]]'' |- | [[Podgorica]] || [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Montenegro]] |- | [[Port Louis]] || [[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mauritius]] |- | [[Port Moresby]] || [[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Papua New Guinea]] |- | [[Port Vila]] || [[File:Flag of Vanuatu.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Vanuatu]] |- | [[Port-au-Prince]] || [[File:Flag of Haiti.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Haiti]] |- | [[Port of Spain]] || [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Trinidad and Tobago]] |- | [[Porto-Novo]] || [[File:Flag of Benin.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Benin]] |- | [[Prague]] || [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Czech Republic]] |- | [[Praia]] || [[File:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cape Verde]] |- | [[Pretoria]] || [[File:Flag of South Africa.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[South Africa]] |- | [[Priština]] || ''[[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kosovo]]'' |- | [[Putrajaya]] || [[File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Malaysia]] |- | [[Pyongyang|Pyongyang (P'yongyang)]] || [[File:Flag of North Korea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[North Korea]] |- | [[Quito]] || [[File:Flag of Ecuador.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Ecuador]] |- | [[Rabat]] || [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Morocco]] |- | [[Ramallah]] || [[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|22px]]&nbsp;''[[Palestinian National Authority]]'' <small>(de facto)</small> |- | [[Reykjavík]] || [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Iceland]] |- | [[Riga]] || [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Latvia]] |- | [[Riyadh]] || [[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saudi Arabia]] |- | [[Road Town]] || ''[[File:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[British Virgin Islands]]'' |- | [[Rome]] || [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Italy]] |- | [[Roseau, Dominica|Roseau]] || [[File:Flag of Dominica.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Dominica]] |- | [[Saipan]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Northern Mariana Islands]]'' |- | [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]] || [[File:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Costa Rica]] |- | [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] || ''[[File:Flag of Puerto Rico.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Puerto Rico]]'' |- | [[San Marino, San Marino|San Marino]] || [[File:Flag of San Marino.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[San Marino]] |- | [[San Salvador]] || [[File:Flag of El Salvador.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[El Salvador]] |- | [[Sanaá]] || [[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Yemen]] |- | [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] || [[File:Flag of Chile.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Chile]] |- | [[Santo Domingo de Guzmán|Santo Domingo]] || [[File:Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Republika Dominicana]] |- | [[São Tomé]] || [[File:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[São Tomé and Príncipe]] |- | [[Sarajevo]] || [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |- | [[Seoul]] || [[File:Flag of South Korea.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[South Korea]] |- | [[The Settlement, Christmas Island|The Settlement]] || ''[[File:Flag of Christmas Island.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Christmas Island]]'' |- | [[Singapore]] || [[File:Flag of Singapore.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Singapore]] |- | [[Skopje]] || [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Norte nga Macedonia]] |- | [[Sofia]] || [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bulgaria]] |- | [[South Tarawa]] || [[File:Flag of Kiribati.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Kiribati]] |- | [[Kotte|Sri Jayawardenepura]]|| [[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Sri Lanka]] |- | [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]] || [[File:Flag of Grenada.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Grenada]] |- | [[St. Helier]] || ''[[File:Flag of Jersey.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Jersey]]'' |- | [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] || [[File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Antigua and Barbuda]] |- | [[St. Peter Port]] || ''[[File:Flag of Guernsey.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Guernsey]]'' |- | [[St. Pierre, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon|St. Pierre]] || ''[[File:Flag of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Saint-Pierre and Miquelon]]'' |- | [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Falkland Islands]]'' |- | [[Stockholm]] || [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Sweden]] |- | [[Sucre]] || [[File:Flag of Bolivia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bolivia]] |- | [[Sukhumi]] || ''[[File:Flag of Abkhazia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Abkhazia]]'' |- | [[Suva]] || [[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Fiji]] |- | [[Taipei]] || ''[[File:Flag of Taiwan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Taiwan]]'' |- | [[Tallinn]] || [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Estonia]] |- | [[Tashkent]] || [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Uzbekistan]] |- | [[Tbilisi]] || [[File:Flag of Georgia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Georgia]] |- | [[Tegucigalpa]] || [[File:Flag of Honduras (2022–present).svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Honduras]] |- | [[Tehran]] || [[File:Flag of Iran.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Iran]] |- | [[Thimphu]] || [[File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Bhutan]] |- | [[Tirana]] || [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Albania]] |- | [[Tiraspol]] || ''[[File:Flag of Transnistria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Transnistria]]'' |- | [[Tokyo]] || [[File:Flag of Japan.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Hapon]] |- | [[Tórshavn]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Faroe Islands]]'' |- | [[Tripoli]] || [[File:Flag of Libya.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Libya]] |- | [[Tskhinval]] || ''[[File:Flag of South Ossetia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[South Ossetia]]'' |- | [[Tunis]] || [[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Tunisia]] |- | [[Ulaanbaatar]] || [[File:Flag of Mongolia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Mongolia]] |- | [[Vaduz]] || [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Liechtenstein]] |- | [[Valletta]] || [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Malta]] |- | [[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] || ''[[File:Flag of Anguilla.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Anguilla]]'' |- | [[Vatican City]] || [[File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Syudad han Vaticano]] |- | [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]] || [[File:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Seychelles]] |- | [[Vienna]] || [[File:Flag of Austria.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Austria]] |- | [[Vientiane]] || [[File:Flag of Laos.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Laos]] |- | [[Vilnius]] || [[File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Lithuania]] |- | [[Warsaw]] || [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Poland]] |- | [[Washington, D.C.]] || [[File:Flag of United States.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Estados Unidos]] |- | [[Wellington]] || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[New Zealand]] |- | [[West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands|West Island]] || '' &nbsp;[[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]'' |- | [[Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles|Willemstad]] || ''[[File:Flag of the Netherlands Antilles.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Netherlands Antilles]]'' |- | [[Windhoek]] || [[File:Flag of Namibia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Namibia]] |- | [[Yamoussoukro]] || [[File:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Côte d'Ivoire]] |- | [[Yaoundé]] || [[File:Flag of Cameroon.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Cameroon]] |- | [[Yaren]] || [[File:Flag of Nauru.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Nauru]] |- | [[Yerevan]] || [[File:Flag of Armenia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Armenia]] |- | [[Zagreb]] || [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|22px]]&nbsp;[[Croatia]] |} {{Kaarangay:Ulohan}} ojqui7pyuyaa57fon2bk3o4nupenkq9 Salog Chao Phraya 0 2886033 7783947 7644616 2026-07-21T14:59:31Z CommonsDelinker 126 Replacing Wat_Arun_Bangkok_View_Photo_D_Ramey_Logan.jpg with [[File:Wat_Arun_Bangkok_View_Photo_Don_Ramey_Logan.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:Special:PermanentLink/1234689896|FR1]]). 7783947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river |name = Chao Phraya |name_native = แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา |name_native_lang= |name_other = |name_etymology = <!--IMAGE & MAP --> |image = Chaophrayansawan03.jpg |image_size = 276 px |image_caption = Gintitikangán han Salog Chao Phraya ha Nakhon Sawan |map = Chaophrayarivermap.png |map_size = |map_caption = Mapa han drainage basin han Salog Chao Phraya |pushpin_map = |pushpin_map_size= |pushpin_map_caption= <!--LOCATION --> |subdivision_type1= Nasod |subdivision_name1= [[Thailand]] |subdivision_type2= |subdivision_name2= |subdivision_type3= |subdivision_name3= |subdivision_type4= |subdivision_name4= |subdivision_type5= Syudad |subdivision_name5= [[Bangkok]] <!--PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> |length = {{convert|372|km|mi|abbr=on}} |width_min= |width_avg= |width_max= |depth_min= |depth_avg= |depth_max= |discharge1_location= [[Nakhon Sawan (lalawigan)|Nakhon Sawan]] |discharge1_min = |discharge1_avg = {{convert|718|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} |discharge1_max = {{convert|5960|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} <-- BASIN FEATURES --> |source1 = Pagdugtong han [[Salog Ping]] ngan [[Salog Nan]] |source1_location = [[Pak Nam Pho]], [[Nakhon Sawan (lalawigan)|Lalawigan han Nakhon Sawan]] |source1_coordinates= |source1_elevation = {{convert|25|m|abbr=on}} |mouth = |mouth_location = [[Golfo han Thailand]], [[Samut Prakan (lalawigan)|Lalawigan han Samut Prakan]] |mouth_coordinates = |mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} |progression = |river_system = |basin_size = {{convert|160400|km2|abbr=on}} |tributaries_left = [[Salog Pa Sak]] |tributaries_right = [[Salog Sakae Krang]] |custom_label = |custom_data = |extra = }} An '''Chao Phraya''' ({{lang-th|[[wikt:เจ้าพระยา|แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา]]}} {{RTGS|''Maenam Chao Phraya''}}, {{IPA-th|mɛ̂ːnáːm tɕâːw pʰráʔjaː|pron|Chaophraya.ogg}} o {{IPA-th|tɕâːw pʰrajaː|}}<ref>[http://www.forvo.com/word/แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา/#th Pronunciation]</ref>) amo an dako nga salog ha Thailand,<ref name="McCarthy" /> nga diin an hamubo nga alluvial nga patag hini amo an naghihimo han sentro han nasod. Nasúlog iní ha [[Bangkok]] ngan ngadto han [[Gulfo han Thailand]]. ==Etimolohiya== Ha mga daan nga mga Europeo nga mapa, gintatawag an salog nga ''Menam'' o kundi man ''Mae Nam'' (Thai: [[wikt:แม่น้ำ|แม่น้ำ]]), nga amo là an Thai nga pulong para hin "river". Hi [[James McCarthy (surveyor)|James McCarthy]], [[F.R.G.S.]], nga amo an Director-General han Siames nga mga Government Survey ugsa han pagtúkod han [[Royal Thai Survey Department|Royal Survey Department]], nagsurat han iya paháyag, "An ''Me Nam'' usá nga generic nga pulong, an ''me'' nangangahulogan nga "nanay" ngan ''Nam'' "tubig," ngan an pagtawag nga Chao P'ia nangangahulogan nga ini an nangunguna nga salog ha ginhadi-an han Siam."<ref name=McCarthy>{{cite book |last= McCarthy |first= James Fitzroy |title= Surveying and exploring in Siam |url= https://archive.org/stream/surveyingandexp00mccagoog.pdf|date= 13 Hulyo 2005 |origyear= 1900 |publisher= John Murray, Albemarle Street |location= London |oclc= 5272849 |page= 21|chapter= Chapter VI. From Bangkok to Korat – Elephants |chapterurl= http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=sea&cc=sea&idno=sea108&q1=tai&node=sea108%3A23&view=image&seq=37&size=100 |quote= An Me Nam Chao P'ia usá nga magnifico nga salog. |accessdate=8 Pebrero 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2015}}</ref> Hi [[Herbert Warington Smyth|H. Warington Smyth]], nga amo an nagsirbe nga Director han Departamento hin mga Mina ha Siam tikang 1891 kutob 1896,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-00.htm |title= Introduction to Five Years in Siam |accessdate= 1 Marso 2011 |author= Tamara Loos |date= 1 Disyembre 2002 |work= 1994 reprint |publisher= Pine Tree Web |quote= Ha panahon han pagsurat han "Introduction" kutob han 1994 nga reprint han Five Years in Siam, usá hiya nga kandidato hin PhD ha Departamento hin Kaagi ha Cornell University. |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101219111750/http://pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-00.htm# |archive-date= 19 Disyembre 2010 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref> nátáwag hiní dida han iya libro nga ginmantala anay han 1898 nga "the Me Nam Chao Phraya".<ref>{{cite book |title=Five Years in Siam : from 1891–1896 |last=Smyth |first=H. Warington | date = 1994 |origyear=1898 |publisher=White Lotus |location=Bangkok |isbn=974-8495-98-1 |url=http://www.pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-01.htm |accessdate=1 Marso 2011 |chapter=I. The river and port of Bangkok |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219111526/http://pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-01.htm# |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-01.htm |access-date=14 Nobyembre 2019 |archive-date=19 Disyembre 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219111526/http://pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-01.htm |url-status=unfit }}</ref> Ha media hin Ininglis-nga-pinulongan ha Thailand, an ngaran nga Salog Chao Phraya agsob nga ginhuhubad nga ''salog hin mga hadi''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speakingthai.com/stories/river%20king.htm |title=The River of Kings II : City of Angels |accessdate=3 Marso 2011 |publisher=Thai Stories |quote="The River of Kings II – City of Angels", a light and sound musical |archive-date=2019-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612134203/http://speakingthai.com/stories/river%20king.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Image:Wat Arun Bangkok View Photo Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Salog Chao Phraya, Bangkok]] ==Pinambasaran== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chao Phraya}} [[Kaarangay:Mga salog]] [[Kaarangay:Heyograpiya]] [[Kaarangay:Thailand]] ijkrse2r0ylgu2m6phgj10zwcrq9096 Hiruhimangaw hiton gumaramit:Coiboujauaanok 3 2906370 7783938 7783883 2026-07-21T05:47:11Z MediaWiki message delivery 18387 /* Tech News: 2026-30 */ bag-o nga bahin 7783938 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:00, 20 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:06, 27 Abril 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:43, 4 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:20, 11 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:22, 18 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:52, 25 Mayo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:09, 1 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:30, 8 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:49, 15 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:05, 23 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:48, 29 Hunyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13:57, 6 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone|Revise Tone]] helps newcomers identify passages in Wikipedia articles that may contain non-encyclopedic language and encourages them to consider revising the tone. The feature was [[w:en:A/B_testing|A/B tested]] on the Arabic, English, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias, where newcomer task completion rates [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Revise_Tone#Experiment_Results|increased by 38.7%]] compared to the default Copyedit task, with no decrease in edit quality. The test ended on July 9, and the feature is now available for everyone on these wikis, configurable via Community Configuration. [[phab:T426364|The plan]] is to release Revise Tone to more wikis. * The community configuration that allows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship#Automated mentor list cleanup|automatic removal of inactive mentors]] based on configurable criteria will be enabled on Thursday 16, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment|on some wikis]] to keep mentor lists up to date. Mentors are experienced contributors who opt in to help new users on-wiki through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth Features]]. Administrators can now prepare the settings via [[w:Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship|Special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship]]; they will take effect starting Thursday. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:38}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:38|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some users of the Wikipedia Android app were logged out immediately after signing in, preventing them from staying logged in and editing pages, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316916] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editing a page via user scripts or gadgets was causing watchlist labels that the user had assigned to that page to reset. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423778] * To work around a Safari bug (see [[phab:T425211]]), on Parsoid-enabled wikis, wikilink hrefs now use absolute urls instead of protocol-relative urls. REST API output remains unchanged and continue to use protocol-relative urls. Gadgets, user scripts, bots, and CSS might need to be adapted if they relied on the presence of protocol-relative urls in wikilink hrefs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T431358] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation’s Experiment Platform Team has published a blog post reflecting on its first year of structured experimentation. It highlights successful experiments such as Paste Check, Reference Check, and Tone Check, which improved editing outcomes and have been rolled out to more users, as well as experiments that did not lead to product changes. [[diffblog:2026/07/07/moving-the-needle-how-we-test-new-ideas-across-wikimedia-projects|Read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:12, 13 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30804401 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reader/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has incorporated community feedback around the placement of watchstar and watchlist buttons for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading Lists beta feature]], which would allow for saving articles for later reading – a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W102|wishlist item]] to bring the functionality to web. Editors are invited to enable the beta feature to test it out and [[phab:T426453|share their thoughts]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] offers edit suggestions within the VisualEditor for improving Wikipedia articles. [[Special:EditChecks|All suggestions]] are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators – local customization|community-configurable]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] feature is a way for volunteers to create custom local suggestions. The feature searches in articles for strings of text, and now includes support for regular expressions. This gives volunteers greater precision and flexibility over the kinds of local suggestions they can create. Note: Suggestions [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#:~:text=maximumEditcount|can be targeted]] based on the edit count of the person editing as well as other aspects of the page. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Create custom local types of Suggestions|find examples from other communities]] for inspiration, including TextMatches that detect: typos, grammar-errors, potential advertisements, clichés, incorrect dash or hyphen usage, non-specific time keywords, outdated names, and more. Any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|feedback]] is appreciated. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the SVG Translate tool could use an outdated version of a file, causing existing translations to be overwritten when new ones were uploaded, has now [[phab:T430577|been fixed]]. Overall, in the last quarter from April – June 2026 about 337 community tasks were resolved by the Wikimedia Foundation. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On Parsoid-enabled wikis, Parsoid now renders a maximum of 1,250 images per page. A new tracking category, "media-limit-reached", will be soon made available to identify pages where this limit is reached, making it easier to find content whose media output may have been restricted during rendering. See [[phab:T430854]] for more information and to provide feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 05:47, 21 Hulyo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30836091 --> s5ct8tclp294pmudsmkfx6i3dlmuca9 Nicki Minaj 0 2906446 7783935 2026-07-20T19:23:31Z Unlimitedmusic7 68048 + bag-o 7783935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Nicki Minaj | image = Christopher_Macsurak_Nicki_Minaj_cropped.jpg | caption = | background = | birth_name = Onika Tanya Maraj | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|12|8}} | birth_place = Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago | instrument = | genre = | occupation = | years_active = | associated_acts = [[Lil Wayne]], [[Drake]], [[Ariana Grande]], [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]], [[Ice Spice]] | label = [[Young Money Entertainment|Young Money]] | website = }} '''Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty''' (natawo [[Disyembre 8]], [[1982]]), nga kilala ha propesyonal nga ngaran Nicki Minaj, usa ka [[Trinidad ngan Tobago|Trinidad]] nga rapper, parakanta, ngan manunurat hin kanta. [[Kaarangay:Musika]] rah2jz4u0jho6rm4a6h6w7uvhxxhnlx Air Gambia 0 2906447 7783946 2026-07-21T14:57:25Z Youravreageavaitor 67119 Bag-o nga pakli: [[Paypay:Boeing 707-323B, Air Gambia JP39170.jpg|thumb|Air Gambia [[Boeing 707]]]] An Air Gambia in uska kompanya hin eroplano nga nakabase ha Gambia tikang han 1990 kutob han 1994 nga nagdudumara hin armada hin Boeing 707s.<ref>Encyclopedia of African Airlines By Ben R. Guttery- page 73</ref> == Mga reperensya == 7783946 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Paypay:Boeing 707-323B, Air Gambia JP39170.jpg|thumb|Air Gambia [[Boeing 707]]]] An Air Gambia in uska kompanya hin eroplano nga nakabase ha Gambia tikang han 1990 kutob han 1994 nga nagdudumara hin armada hin Boeing 707s.<ref>Encyclopedia of African Airlines By Ben R. Guttery- page 73</ref> == Mga reperensya == ohabry0g0zfpo81xgp8gt0t72sdr2pe