Napoleon

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      <text bytes="24321" sha1="jm9it5ro6dfrh58d5xgifzoqy30bvza" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty|realm=france
|name=Napoleon I
|image=The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David (1812) - National Gallery of Art (Samuel H. Kress Foundation) - 2.jpg
|imgw=200
|alt=Full length portrait of Napoleon in his forties, in high-ranking white and dark blue military dress uniform. He stands amid rich 18th century furniture laden with papers, and gazes at the viewer. His hair is Brutus style, cropped close but with a short fringe in front, and his right hand is tucked in his waistcoat.
|caption=''[[The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries]]'', ni [[Jacques-Louis David]], 1812
|succession= [[Emperador han Franses]]
|reign=18 Mayo 1804&amp;nbsp;– 11 Abril 1814&lt;br /&gt;20 Marso 1815&amp;nbsp;– 22 Hunyo 1815
|coronation=2 Disyembre 1804
|cor-type=france
|full name=Napoleon Bonaparte
|predecessor=Waray &lt;small&gt;(iya kalugaringon komo [[Syahan nga Consul]] han [[Syahan nga Republika Fransesa]]; an kasanhi nga naghadi nga monarka hi [[Louis XVI han Fransya|Louis XVI]])&lt;/small&gt;
|successor=[[Louis XVIII han Fransya|Louis XVIII]] (''[[de jure]]'' han 1814)
|succession1= [[Hadi han Italya]]
|reign1=17 Marso 1805&amp;nbsp;– 11 Abril 1814
|coronation1=26 Mayo 1805
|predecessor1=Waray &lt;small&gt;(iya kalugaringon komo [[Mangulo han Italya|Mangulo]] han [[Republika Italyana (Napoleonico)|Italyano nga Republika]]; an anay-nga-naghadi nga monarka hi [[Charles V, Baraan nga Emperador Romano|Emperador Carlos V]]&lt;/small&gt;)
|successor1=Waray &lt;small&gt;(ginbulag an ginhadi-an, an sunod nga hadì han Italya hi [[Victor Emmanuel II han Italya|Victor Manuel II]]&lt;/small&gt;)
|spouse=[[Joséphine de Beauharnais]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Marie Louise, Dukesa han Parma|Marie Louise han Austria]]
|issue=[[Napoleon II]]
|house=[[Panimalay han Bonaparte]]
|father=[[Carlo Buonaparte]]
|mother=[[Letizia Ramolino]]
|birth_date={{Birth date|1769|8|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Ajaccio]], Corsica, Fransya
|death_date={{Death date and age|1821|5|5|1769|8|15|df=yes}}
|death_place=[[Longwood, Saint Helena]]
|place of burial=[[Les Invalides]], Paris, Fransya
|religion = Katolisismo Romano (kitaa [[Napoleon#Napoleon and religions|Napoleon ngan mga relihiyon]])
|signature=Firma Napoleón Bonaparte.svg
|}}
Hi '''Napoléon Bonaparte'''{{Efn|Natawo nga '''Napoleone di Buonaparte''' ({{IPA-it|napoleˈoːne di ˌbwɔnaˈparte|lang}}).}} (kaluwas ha Ininggles: {{IPAc-en|n|ə|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|i|ən|_|ˈ|b|oʊ|n|ə|p|ɑr|t}};&lt;ref&gt;[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/napoleon&quot;Napoleon&quot;]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA-fr|napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt|lang}}; 15 Agosto 1769 – 5 Mayo 1821) usa nga [[Franses nga katawhan|Franses]] nga [[Politiko|tawo ha estado]] ngan [[komandante|militar nga namuno]] nga inmabot hin pagkalabaw dida han [[Franses nga Rebolusyon]] ngan namuno hin [[An nahitalà ha pag-awayan ni Napoleon Bonaparte|pipira nga mga maglinamposon nga mga kampanya]] dida han [[Mga Gera han Franses nga Rebolusyon]]. Ha ngaran nga '''Napoleon''', hiyá an [[Emperador han Franses]] tíkang 1804 kútob 1814, ngan hin utro hin madalî nga panahón didâ han 1815 (han [[Usá-ka-Gatós nga Adlaw]]). Nagdominar hi Napoleon han mga buruhatón ha Europa ngan ha kalibotan hin labaw hin usá ka dekada samtang namunò hiyá han Fransya patok hin mga serye hin mga katitírok hin nasod dida han [[mga Gera Napoleonon]]. Nagdaog hiya han kasagáran hiní nga mga gera ngan han dakò nga kadam'an han iya mga pag-awayan, ngan naghimò hiya hin [[Syahan nga Imperyo Franses|dakò nga imperyo]] nga nagdumarà han kontinental nga Europa ugsa han kataposán nga kabungkag hiní han 1815. Usá hiyá han mga gimakariti nga mga komandante ha kaagi, an iyá mga gera ngan mga kampanya gin-aarám ha mga iskuylahan militar ha kalibotan. An ginbilin ni Napoleon ha polítika ngan kultura nagpabilin nga usa han mga ginsaúrog ngan kontrobersyal nga mga manguna han [[Kaagi han kalibotan|kaagi han kalibotan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Roberts, Andrew 2014&quot;&gt;Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon: A Life''. Penguin Group, 2014, Introduction.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Charles Messenger, ed. |title=Reader's Guide to Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VT7fAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA391| date = 2001|publisher=Routledge|pages=391–427|isbn=978-1-135-95970-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Natawo hi Napoleon ha [[Corsica]] hin maupay-upay hin kamutangan nga pamilya nga nagtikang han uruuubos nga [[nobilidad Italyano]]. Nagsisirbe hiyá nga opisyal ha artilyeriya han Franses nga army han pagtikang ha Rebolusyon Franses han 1789. Sinmaká hiyá hin madagmit ha mga ranggo han militar, nga diin nakuha niya in mga bag-o nga oportunidad nga ginpresenta han Rebolusyon ngan nagin heneral ha edad nga 24. An [[Direktoryo Franses]] ha urhe naghatag ha iya hin pagkakomandante han [[Army han Italya (Fransya)|Army han Italya]] katapos niya malupig an rebelyon han [[13 Vendémiaire]] patok han gobyerno tikang han mga royalist nga mga insurgent. Ha edad nga 26, nagtikang hiya han [[Mga Italyano nga kampanya han Franses nga Rebolusyonaryo nga mga Gera|syahan nga kampanya militar]] patok han mga Austryano ngan an Italyano nga mga monarka nga ugop han mga Hapsburgo—nagdaog han tanan nga mga pag-awayan, naglupig han Italyano nga Rawis hin usá ka tuig samtang nagtutukod hin &quot;mga [[bugto nga republika]]&quot; upod hin suporta lokal, ngan pagin bayani-ha-gera han Fransya. Han 1798, namuno hiya hin [[Franses nga kampanya ha Ehipto ngan Sirya|expedisyon militar ha Ehipto]] nga nagsirbe nga paagi nga makakab-ot hin gahom ha politika. Nagplano hiya han [[Kudeta han 18 Brumaire|kudeta han Nobyembre 1799]] ngan nagin [[Konsulado Franses|Syahan nga Konsul]] han Republika.

==Mga tigaman==
{{notelist}}

==Mga kasarigan==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Mga pinanbasaran==
{{refbegin|30em}}
===Mga pag-aram han iya panginabuhì===
* {{Cite book|title=Life of Napoleon Bonaparte|last=Abbott|first=John|isbn=1-4179-7063-4|publisher=Kessinger Publishing| date = 2005}}
* Barnett, Corelli. ''Bonaparte'' (1978) calls N 'a social misfit' who exploited France for his personal megalomaniac goals; and N's myth is exaggerated
* {{Cite book|first=Rafe|last=Blaufarb|title=Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsymbolfo0000blau|date=2007|publisher=Bedford|isbn=0-312-43110-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=Napoleon|publisher=Leo Cooper| date = 2002|isbn=0-85052-750-3}}
* {{Cite book|first=Vincent|last=Cronin|authorlink=Vincent Cronin|title=Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleon0000cron_y3x1|publisher=HarperCollins|date=1994|isbn=0-00-637521-9}}
* Dwyer, Philip. ''Napoleon: The Path to Power'' (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/Napoleon-Path-Power-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00280LN5G/  excerpt vol 1];  ''Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Citizen-Emperor-Napoleon-Philip-Dwyer-ebook/dp/B00GGSG3W4/  excerpt and text search v 2]; most recent scholarly biography
* {{Cite book|author=Englund, Steven|title=Napoleon: A Political Life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpolitica0000engl|isbn=0674018036|date=2010|publisher=Scribner}}
* {{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|title=Napoleon: A life|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonpenguinl00unse|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2002|isbn=0-670-03078-3}}; 200pp; quite hostile
* {{Cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HwNoAAAAMAAJ|date=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}}  influential wide-ranging history
** {{Cite book|author=Lefebvre, Georges|title=Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mTwJAQAAIAAJ|date=1969|publisher=Columbia University Press}}
* {{Cite book|last=Markham|first=Felix|title=Napoleon|publisher=Mentor|date=1963|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=10369968}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171818/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=10369968 |date=2012-05-13 }}; 303pp; short biography by an Oxford scholar
* {{Cite book|first=Frank|last=McLynn|title=Napoleon|publisher=Pimlico| date = 1998|isbn=0-7126-6247-2|id= {{ASIN|0712662472|country=uk}}}}; well-written popular history
* Roberts, Andrew. ''Napoleon: A Life'' (2014)
*{{Cite book|author=Thompson, J.M.|title=Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=s2uTaPHPnZ8C|date=1951|publisher=Oxford U.P.}}, 412pp; by an Oxford scholar
* Tulard, Jean. (1984) ''Napoleon: The Myth of the Saviour'' (1984), influential French interpretation

===Mga pinaurog nga pag-aram===
* {{Cite book|first=Ken|last=Alder|title=The Measure of All Things—The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error That Transformed the World|url=https://archive.org/details/measureofallthin00alde|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|date=2002|isbn=0-7432-1675-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Alter|first=Peter|title=Unity and Diversity in European Culture c. 1800|url=https://archive.org/details/unitydiversityin0000unse_f1p7|editor=[[T. C. W. Blanning]] and [[Hagen Schulze]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2006|isbn=0-19-726382-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Napoleon and Persia|first=Iradj|last=Amini|url=http://books.google.com/?id=n5IOAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PA12|date=2000|isbn=0-934211-58-2|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis}}
* {{Cite book|title=World History of Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch|first=Christon I.|last=Archer|first2=John R.|last2=Ferris|first3=Holger H.|last3=Herwig|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|date=2002|isbn=0-8032-4423-1}}
* {{Cite book|title=Between Salt Water And Holy Water: A History Of Southern Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/betweensaltwater00tomm|last=Astarita|first=Tommaso|date=2005|publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn=0-393-05864-6}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Pw5jup_LyHAC&amp;lpg=PA212|title=The First Total War|last=Bell|first=David|isbn=0-618-34965-0|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|date=2007}}
* {{Cite book|author=Bergeron, Louis|title=France Under Napoleon|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=rqe1UU6OiIUC&amp;pg=PR9|date=1981|publisher=Princeton U.P.|isbn=0691007896}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bordes|first=Philippe|title=Jacques-Louis David|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-12346-9| date = 2007}}
* {{Cite book|last=Boycott-Brown|first=Martin|title=The Road to Rivoli: Napoleon's First Campaign|url=https://archive.org/details/roadtorivolinapo0000boyc|publisher=Cassell &amp; Co|date=2001|isbn=0-304-35305-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|authorlink=David G. Chandler|title=The Campaigns of Napoleon| date = 1973}}, the standard military history of N's battles
* {{Cite book|last=Chesney|first=Charles|title=Waterloo Lectures:A Study Of The Campaign Of 1815|url=https://archive.org/details/waterloolectures0000char|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|date=2006|isbn=1-4286-4988-3}}
* {{Cite book|date=2006|title=Blundering to Glory: Napoleon's Military Campaigns|url=https://archive.org/details/blunderingtoglor00conn_0|first=Owen|last=Connelly|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=0-7425-5318-3}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Billy Ruffian: The Bellerophon and the Downfall of Napoleon|url=https://archive.org/details/billyruffianbell0000cord_l4d4|first=David|last=Cordingly|date=2004|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=1-58234-468-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=Is Arsenic an Aphrodisiac?|url=https://archive.org/details/isarsenicaphrodi0000cull|last=Cullen|first=William|date=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=0-85404-363-2}}
* {{Cite book|title=As Befits a Legend|url=https://archive.org/details/asbefitslegendbu0000dris|publisher=Kent State University Press|isbn=0-87338-484-9|last=Driskel|first=Paul|date=1993}}
* {{Cite web|last=Dunan|first=Marcel|url=http://www.napoleon.org/fr/salle_lecture/articles/files/Taillenapo_RIN_89_oct1963_2006.asp|title=Napoleon's height|language=French|accessdate=11 Enero 2009|publisher=La Fondation Napoléon|date=1963}}
* {{Cite book|isbn=0-313-31912-X|title=Conscription and democracy: The Draft in France, Great Britain, and the United States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| date = 2001|first=George Q.|last=Flynn}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fremont-Barnes|first=Gregory|first2=Todd|last2=Fisher|title=The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonicwarsri0000frem|publisher=Osprey|date=2004|isbn=1-84176-831-6}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|title=Death Mask of Napoleon|accessdate=4 Agosto 2008|publisher=University of North Carolina|last=Fulghum|first=Neil|date=2007|archive-date=22 Hunyo 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZlE2nZJ?url=http://www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/gallery/napo.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishulcerhist0000gate_o1o7|publisher=Da Capo Press|date=2001|isbn=0-306-81083-2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gates|first=David|title=The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-0719-6| date = 2003}}
* {{Cite book|author1=Godechot, Jacques|author2=Béatrice Fry Hyslop|author3=David Lloyd Dowd|title=The Napoleonic era in Europe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9rFmAAAAMAAJ|date=1971|publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston|displayauthors=1}}
* Grab, Alexander. ''Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe'' (Macmillan, 2003), country by country analysis
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=FUaIGHxCIEwC&amp;pg=PA181|title=Size Matters|date=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|last=Hall|first=Stephen|isbn=0-618-47040-9}}
* {{Cite book|first=Robert|last=Harvey|date=2006|title=The War of Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/warofwarsepicstr0000harv|publisher=Robinson|isbn=978-1-84529-635-3}}
* {{Cite book|author=Haythornthwaite, Philip J. |title=Napoleon's Military Machine|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonsmilitar0000hayt |isbn=0870525492 | date = 1995|publisher=Spellmount}}
* {{Cite journal|journal=Clinical Chemistry|url=http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/54/12/2092|title=The Death of Napoleon, Cancer or Arsenic?|last=Hindmarsh|first=J. Thomas|first2=John|last2=Savory|volume=54|page=2092|doi=10.1373/clinchem.2008.117358|publisher=American Association for Clinical Chemistry|date=2008|accessdate=10 Oktubre 2010|issue=12}}
* {{Cite book|title=Race, Racism, and Science|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791851094485|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-85109-448-2|last=Jackson|first=John|date=2004}}
* {{Cite book|first=Inari|last=Karsh|title=Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=2001|isbn=0-674-00541-4|url=http://books.google.com/?id=UBilaKRKkC&amp;pg=PA11}} {{Dead link|date=Enero 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* Lieven, Dominic. &quot;Review article: Russia and the defeat of Napoleon.&quot; ''Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History'' (2006)7#2 pp: 283-308.
* {{Cite book |title=Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814 |url=https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0 |last=Lieven |first=Dominic |authorlink=Dominic Lieven |date=2009 |publisher=Allen Lane/The Penguin Press |location= |isbn= |pages=[https://archive.org/details/russiaagainstnap00liev_0/page/616 617]}}[http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/esdaile_10_09.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605171204/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/esdaile_10_09.html |date=5 Hunyo 2013 }}
* {{Cite book|first=Marie Adelaide Belloc|last=Lowndes|authorlink=Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes|title=Where Love And Friendship Dwelt|publisher=Macmillan| date = 1943|oclc=67554055}}
* {{Cite book|title=Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798–1834|url=https://archive.org/details/dompedrostruggle0000maca|last=Macaulay|first=Neill|publisher=Duke University Press|date=1986|isbn=0-8223-0681-6}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Measurement.html|title=The history of measurement|publisher=St Andrew's University|accessdate=18 Hulyo 2008|date=2003|last=O'Connor|first=J|first2=E F|last2=Robertson}}
* {{Cite book| date = 2003|last=Outhwaite|first=William|isbn=0-631-22164-6|publisher=Blackwell|title=The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought}}
* {{Cite journal|title=1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict|edition=vol 28|last=Poulos|first=Anthi|journal=International Journal of Legal Information|date=2000|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&amp;handle=hein.journals/ijli28&amp;div=12&amp;id=&amp;page=}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MdMZqhMzfpYC&amp;pg=PR9|title=Heavy Words Lightly Thrown|publisher=Granta|isbn=1-86207-765-7|date=2004|last=Roberts|first=Chris}}
* {{Cite book|isbn=1-84520-817-X|first=Raffael|last=Scheck|publisher=Berg|title=Germany, 1871–1945: A Concise History|url=https://archive.org/details/germany18711945c0000sche|date=2008}}
* {{Cite book|last=Schom|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Schom|title=Napoleon Bonaparte|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonbonapart0000scho|date=1997|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-017214-5}}
* {{Cite book|author=Schroeder, Paul W.|title=The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC|date=1996|publisher=Oxford U.P.|pages=177–560|isbn=9780198206545}} advanced diplomatic history of Napoleon and his era
* {{Cite book|last=Schwarzfuchs|first=Simon|publisher=Routledge|date=1979|isbn=0-19-710023-6|title=Napoleon, the Jews and the Sanhedrin|url=https://archive.org/details/napoleonjewssanh0000schw}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A030078b.htm|title=Balcombe, Alexander Beatson (1811–77)|publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography Online|last=Thomson|first=Kathleen|accessdate=27 Mayo 2008|date=1969|archive-date=2013-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515154458/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/balcombe-alexander-beatson-2922|url-status=}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Way the World Works|url=https://archive.org/details/wayworldworks0000wann|last=Wanniski|first=Jude|publisher=Regnery Gateway|isbn=0-89526-344-0|date=1998}}
* {{Cite book|title=Tricolor and crescent|first=William|last=Watson|url=http://books.google.com/?id=o4vrUbMK5eEC&amp;pg=PA13|isbn=0-275-97470-7|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=12 Hunyo 2009|date=2003}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wells|first=David|title=The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Geometry|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=0-14-011813-6| date = 1992}}
* {{Cite book|title=Napoleon's Submarine| date = 1972|last=Wilkins|first=William|isbn=0-450-01028-7|publisher=New English Library|origyear=1944}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=J| date = 1975|title=Dr. Archibald Arnott: Surgeon to the 20th Foot and Physician to Napoleon|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|issue=vol.3|pmc=1674241|pmid=1097047|volume=3|pages=293–5|doi=10.1136/bmj.3.5978.293}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wood|first=Philip|title=The Law and Practice of International Finance Series|publisher=Sweet &amp; Maxwell| date = 2007|isbn=1-84703-210-9}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amp;amid=30222626|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080425054948/http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=31103&amp;amid=30222626|archivedate=25 Abril 2008|title=Napoleon's Last Journey|publisher=History Today|last=Woodward|first=Chris|issue=7|date=Hulyo 2005|access-date=31 Hulyo 2012|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

===Historiograpiya ngan panhinumdom===
* Arnold, E. A. &quot;English Language Napoleonic Historiography, 1973–1998: Thoughts and Considerations&quot;. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89107724353#view=1up;seq=301 ''Proceedings-Western Society for French History'', Vol. 26] (2000). pp.&amp;nbsp;283–294.
* Dunne, John. &quot;Recent Napoleonic Historiography: 'Poor Relation' Makes Good?&quot; ''French History'' (2004) 18#4 pp.&amp;nbsp;484–491.
* Dwyer, Philip. &quot;Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars,&quot; ''French Politics, Culture &amp; Society'' (2008) 26#3 pp 110–122. [http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/viewarticle?data=dGJyMPPp44rp2%2fdV0%2bnjisfk5Ie42eqLtaashd%2ff7Ebj3u2L8ravSq2otEewpq9Lnq64SrewsFCet8s%2b8ujfhvHX4Yzn5eyB4rOrSbSptUmyqLdMt5zqeezdu33snOJ6u97neaTq33%2b7t8w%2b3%2bS7S7Ovs0mxp7Q%2b5OXwhd%2fqu4ji3MSN6uLSffbq&amp;hid=4207 online]
* {{Cite book|first=Pieter|last=Geyl|authorlink=Pieter Geyl|title=Napoleon For and Against|origyear=1947|date=1982|publisher=Penguin Books|url=http://www.questia.com/library/7932602/napoleon-for-and-against}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714163645/https://www.questia.com/library/7932602/napoleon-for-and-against |date=2015-07-14 }}
* {{Cite web|title=The Claremont Institute: The Little Tyrant, A review of ''Napoleon: A Penguin Life''|url=|publisher=The Claremont Institute|author=Hanson, Victor Davis| date = 2003}}
* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. &quot;Napoleonic Memory in Nineteenth-Century France: The Making of a Liberal Legend,&quot; ''MLN'' (2005) 120#4 pp 747–773  [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mln/v120/120.4hazareesingh.html online]
* Hazareesingh, Sudhir. ''The Legend of Napoleon'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/Legend-Napoleon-Sudhir-Hazareesingh/dp/1862077894/  excerpt and text search]
* Nutting, Sinclair Holmes. &quot;Napoleonic historiography&quot; (MA Thesis, U. of Saskatchewan, 1950)  [http://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035 citation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212014455/http://ecommons.usask.ca/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035 |date= 12 Disyembre 2013 }}; [http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035/Nutting_Sinclair_Holmes_sec_1950.pdf?sequence=1 full text online free] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212014458/http://ecommons.usask.ca/bitstream/handle/10388/etd-07202010-132035/Nutting_Sinclair_Holmes_sec_1950.pdf?sequence=1 |date= 12 Disyembre 2013 }}

===Syahan nga pagkukuhaan===
* Herold, J. Christopher, ed. ''Mind of Napoleon: A Selection of His Written and Spoken Words'' (1955), 322pp
* Thompson, J.M., ed. ''Napoleon's Letters'' (1954)

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Sister project links|Napoleon Bonaparte|b=European History/Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalism|s=Author:Napoleon Bonaparte}}
* [http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm The Napoleonic Guide]
* [http://www.napoleon-series.org/ Napoleon Series]
* [http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/ International Napoleonic Society]
* {{Imdb character|27456|Napoléon Bonaparte (Character)}}
* [http://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/home.html Biography] by the US [[Public Broadcasting Service]]
* [http://www.inside-longwood.com/inside-longwood-chronology.html The last years in St. Helena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106200629/http://www.inside-longwood.com/inside-longwood-chronology.html |date= 6 Enero 2015 }} Illustrated chronology of Napoleon's captivity in St. Helena.
* [http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html Inside Longwood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207064822/http://www.inside-longwood.com/index.html |date= 7 Pebrero 2016 }} Descriptions of Longwood House, St. Helena, and other places in the island, as well as articles about Napoleon's captivity.
* [[Alan Schom]] [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/91435-1/Alan+Schom.aspx Interview on his book ''Napoleon Bonaparte''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423071123/http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/91435-1/Alan+Schom.aspx |date= 23 Abril 2012 }} on ''[[Booknotes]]'', 26 Oktubre 1997
* {{Gutenberg|no=3567|name=Memoirs of Napoleon}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=14300|name=The Life of Napoleon I|author=John Holland Rose|authorlink=John Holland Rose}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=17579|name=The History of Napoleon Buonaparte|author=John Gibson Lockhart|authorlink=John Gibson Lockhart}}
* {{Gutenberg|no=24360|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|authorlink=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 1/4
* {{Gutenberg|no=27289|name=The Life of Napoleon I.|author=William Milligan Sloane|authorlink=William Milligan Sloane}} Vol. 3/4

{{Mga Mangulo han Estado han Fransya}}
{{DEFAULTSORT: Napoleon 01}}
[[Kaarangay:Fransya]]
[[Kaarangay:Napoleon| ]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1769]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1821]]
[[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]]
[[Kaarangay:Politika]]</text>
      <sha1>jm9it5ro6dfrh58d5xgifzoqy30bvza</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pablo nga Apostol</title>
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      <comment>/* */ + dugang nga mga detalye</comment>
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      <text bytes="4060" sha1="awenvt33swk7xbi5bd14abhtrakrfrl" xml:space="preserve">:''Para hit lain nga kagamit hit San Pablo, kitaa [[San Pablo (pansayod)]].''
{{Infobox saint
| name=Pablo nga '''Apostol'''
| birth_date=ca. AD 5&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pbs.org/empires/peterandpaul/footsteps/footsteps_1_1.html Peter and Paul . In the Footsteps of Paul . Tarsus . 1]. PBS. Ginkuhà 2010-11-19.&lt;/ref&gt;
| death_date=ca. AD 67&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris&quot; &gt;Harris, Stephen L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KcIqAQAAMAAJ&amp;focus=searchwithinvolume&amp;q=Paul+Jerusalem+independence ''Understanding the Bible.''] Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. {{ISBN|978-1-55934-655-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| feast_day=Enero 25 (An Konbersyon ni Pablo)&lt;br /&gt;Pebrero 10 (An Piyesta hin Kalunuran hin Barko ni San Pablo ha [[Malta]])&lt;br /&gt;Hunyo 29 ([[Piyesta nira San Pedro ngan Pablo]])&lt;br /&gt;Nobyembre 18 (Piyesta han pagdedikar han mga [[basilica]] nira San Pedro ngan Pablo)
| venerated_in=Tanan nga [[Christianity]]
| image=Saint_Paul_Ananias_Sight_Restored.jpg
| caption = Hi [[Ananias han Damascus]] gintatambalan han kan&lt;br /&gt;San Pablo pangita.&lt;br /&gt;Usa nga 1631 nga pintura ni [[Pietro Cortona]].
| birth_place= ha [[Tarsus, Mersin|Tarsus]] ha [[Cilicia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Bibleref2|Acts|22:3|9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;(south-central Turkey)
| death_place= ha [[Roma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris&quot;/&gt;
| titles=Apostol ha mga Hentil
| canonized_by=[[Pre-congregation|Pre-Congregation]]
| attributes=[[Espada]]
| patronage= Mga misyon; mga teolohiko; mga Hentil nga Cristohanon;
| major_shrine=[[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]] }}

Hi '''Pablo nga Apostoles''' o '''Pablo nga Apostol''' o '''Pablo han Tarsus''' ([[Hinebreyo]]: ''פאולוס מתרסוס'', ''Pa’ulus miTarsus'') (3 AD–67 AD), natawo hiya nga '''Saulo han Tarsus''' (Hinebreyo: ''שאול התרסי'', ''Sha’ul haTarsi''), hiya an ginkikilala nga pangunahon nga [[tawo]] han hadto nga pagpasamwak ngan pagpadig-on han [[Kristiyanismo]].

An panguna nga [[impormasyon]] mahitungod han [[kinabuhi]] ngan mga buhat ni Pablo makikita dida han mga surat ni Pablo ngan han [[Mga Búhat han mga Apostol]] ha [[Bag-o nga Ginsabutan]]. Mga katunga han ira mga sulod an nagdokumento han iya mga pagbiyahe, pagsangyaw, ngan mga milagro. Samtang diri hiya usa han Dose nga [[Apostol]] ngan waray niya kilala hi [[Jesus]] han iya kinabuhi, pero sumala han [[bibliya]], nakilala ni Pablo hi Jesus katapos han pagkabanhaw ([[Syahan nga Surát ngadto han mga taga Corinto|1 Mga Taga-Corinto]] 15:3–8).

Personal liwat nga nakilala hi Pablo han mga nakakita kan Jesus sugad han iya pinakaduok nga mga tinun-an ([[San Pedro|Pedro]] ug [[Juan nga apostol|Juan]]) ngan han iya [[bugto]] nga hi Santiago tikang han butnga han dekada 30 AD, ha sulod hin pira ka tuig tikang han pagraysang ha krus (c. 30–33 AD)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Chrissy M. |title=Familial Brother(s) of the Lord? On Recent Disagreements on Galatians 1.19 and 1 Corinthians 9.5 |journal=The Expository Times |date=2025-08-01 |volume=136 |issue=11 |pages=483–493 |doi=10.1177/00145246251346748 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00145246251346748 |language=EN |issn=0014-5246 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Daku an iya kahibaro ha kinabuhi ni Jesus ngan ha iya mga katutdoan.

An Libro han Mga Buhat nagsusumat ha magbarasa nga hi Pablo usa nga Parisiyo ngan nakigbahin hiya han pagtimaraot han siyahan nga mga tinun-an ni Jesus ugsa hiya pagkakombertir. Samtang tipakadto hi Pablo ha [[Damasko]], diin gintuyo niya nga arestuhon an pipira ha ira, nakakita hiya hin ma[[lamrag]] nga kapawa, nakabati hi Kristo nga nagyayakan, nabuta hiya, ngan ha urhi gintambal ni Ananias. Katapos hini nga mga hitabo, gin[[bunyag]]an hi Pablo, ngan nagtikang dayon ha pagpasamwak nga hi Jesus nga taga-[[Nazaret]] amo an [[Hudeyo]] nga mesias ngan an Anak han [[Diyos]] (Mga Buhat 9:3–22). Naghimo hiya hin tulo nga pagbiyahe sugad nga misyonero basi ipasamwak an mensahe han [[ebanghelyo]] ha mga komunidad nga diri-hudeyo.

==Mga kasarigan==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pablo han taga-Tarsus}}
[[Kaarangay:Pablo nga Apostoles| ]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 60 nga dekada]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jorge Luis Borges</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="15236" sha1="bwvft2m2aiglbi5xi8m0vmjzxyrcvyu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer 
| name          = Jorge Luis Borges
| image         = Jorge Luis Borges 1951, by Grete Stern.jpg
| alt           = Jorge Luis Borges in 1951
| caption       = Borges in 1951, by Grete Stern
| language      = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
| birth_name     = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo
| birth_date     = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|8|24}}
| birth_place    = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]
| death_date     = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}}
| death_place    = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]]
| occupation    = Writer, poet, critic, librarian
|nationality      = [[Argentine]]
| influences    = [[Spinoza]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson]], [[Thomas de Quincey|De Quincey]], [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling]], [[Miguel de Cervantes|Cervantes]], [[Luís de Camões|Camões]], [[Francisco de Quevedo|Quevedo]], [[Gustav Meyrink]], [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]], [[Franz Kafka|Kafka]], [[H. P. Lovecraft]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Oscar Wilde]], [[Walt Whitman]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Victor Hugo|Hugo]], [[Paul Valéry]], [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]], [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]], [[Plato]], [[Virgil]], [[Shakespeare]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Giovanni Papini|Papini]], [[Heraclitus]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Euclides da Cunha]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Macedonio Fernández]], [[One Thousand and One Nights]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares|Casares]], [[Rafael Cansinos-Assens]], [[William Blake]], [[Ambrose Bierce]]
| influenced = [[César Aira]], [[Paul Auster]], [[Ricardo Piglia]], [[Jean Baudrillard]], [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]], [[Roberto Bolaño]], [[Gabriel García Márquez]], [[Giannina Braschi]], [[Italo Calvino]], [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Philip K. Dick]], [[Umberto Eco]], [[Michel Foucault]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Danilo Kis]], [[Gilles Deleuze]], [[Jacques Derrida]], [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Georges Perec]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[José Saramago]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bfaf51ba-e05a-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html#axzz1L3wH1OFW FT.com &quot;Small Talk: José Saramago&quot;]. &quot;Everything I’ve read has influenced me in some way. Having said that, Kafka, Borges, Gogol, Montaigne, Cervantes are constant companions.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[W. G. Sebald]], [[Enrique Vila-Matas]], [[Gene Wolfe]], [[William Gibson]], [[David Foster Wallace]], [[Mark Z. Danielewski]], [[Harlan Ellison]], [[Kyle Muntz]], [[John Barth]], [[Jeff VanderMeer]], [[Peter LaSalle]]}}
Hi '''Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo''' (24 Agosto 1899 – 14 Hunyo 1986) usa nga Arhentino nga manunurat ngan maniniday nga natawo ha [[Buenos Aires]].

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Padugang nga barasahon==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Meaning of Experience in the Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/meaningofexperie0071aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-8204-0595-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Agheana | first = Ion | title = The Prose of Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/proseofjorgeluis0000aghe | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1984 | isbn = 0-8204-0130-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = The Aleph Weaver: Biblical, Kabbalistic and Judaic Elements in Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/alephweaverbibli0000aize | publisher = Scripta Humanistica | location = Potomac | date = 1984 | isbn = 0-916379-12-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = Borges and His Successors | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeshissuccess00unse | publisher = University of Missouri Press | location = Columbia | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-8262-0712-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Borges and the Kabbalah | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeskaballahot0000alaz | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1988 | isbn = 0-521-30684-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Alazraki | first = Jaime | title = Critical Essays on Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/criticalessayson00alaz | publisher = G.K. Hall | location = Boston | date = 1987 | isbn = 0-8161-8829-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Balderston | first = Daniel | title = Out of Context | url = https://archive.org/details/outofcontext0000dani | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | date = 1993 | isbn = 0-8223-1316-2 }}
*{{cite book | last = Barnstone | first = Willis | title = With Borges on an Ordinary Evening in Buenos Aires | url = https://archive.org/details/withborgesonordi0000barn | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | date = 1993 | isbn = 0-252-01888-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Barrenechea | first = Ana María | title= Borges the Labyrinth Maker. Edited and Translated by Robert Lima | publisher = New York University Press | location = New York City | date = 1965 LC 65-10764 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bell-Villada | first = Gene | title = Borges and His Fiction | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction0000bell | publisher = University of North Carolina Press | location = Chapel Hill | date = 1981 | isbn = 0-8078-1458-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Bioy Casares | first = Adolfo | title = Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/borges0000bioy | publisher = Destino Ediciones | location = City | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-950-732-085-9 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00bloo | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | location = New York | date = 1986 | isbn = 0-87754-721-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Bulacio | first = Cristina | first2=Donato |last2=Grima | title = Dos Miradas sobre Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/dosmiradassobreb0000bula | publisher = Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone | location = Buenos Aires | date = 1998 | isbn = 950-554-266-6 }} Illustrated by [[Donato Grima]].
*Burgin, Richard (1969) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', Holt Rhinehart Winston
*Burgin, Richard (1998) ''Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations'', University Press of Mississippi
*{{cite book | last = De Behar | first = Block | title = Borges, the Passion of an Endless Quotation | url = https://archive.org/details/borgespassionofe0000bloc_y9s0 | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany | date = 2003 | isbn = 1-4175-2020-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Borges Tradition | url = https://archive.org/details/borgestradition0000unse | publisher = Constable in association with the Anglo-Argentine Society | location = London | date = 1995 | isbn = 0-09-473840-8 }}
*{{cite book | last = Di Giovanni | first = Norman Thomas | title = The Lesson of the Master | url = https://archive.org/details/lessonofmasteron0000digi | publisher = Continuum | location = London | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-8264-6110-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Dunham | first = Lowell | title = The Cardinal Points of Borges | publisher = University of Oklahoma Press | location = Norman | date = 1971 | isbn = 0-8061-0983-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Fishburn | first = Evelyn | title = Borges and Europe Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeseuroperevi0000unse | publisher = Univ of London | location = City | date = 2002 | isbn = 1-900039-21-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Frisch | first = Mark | title = You Might Be Able to Get There from Here | url = https://archive.org/details/youmightbeableto0000fris | publisher = Fairleigh Dickinson University Press | location = Madison | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-8386-4044-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Kristal | first = Efraín | title = Invisible Work | publisher = Vanderbilt University Press | location = Nashville | date = 2002 | isbn = 0-585-40803-3 }}
*Laín Corona, Guillermo. &quot;Borges and Cervantes: Truth and Falsehood in the Narration”. ''Neophilologus'', 93 (2009): 421-37.
*Laín Corona, Guillermo. &quot;Teoría y práctica de la metáfora en torno a ''Fervor de Buenos Aires'', de Borges”. ''Cuadernos de Aleph. Revista de literatura hispánica'', 2 (2007): 79-93. http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024915/http://cuadernosdealeph.com/revista_2007/A2007_pdf/06%20Teor%C3%ADa.pdf |date=2012-01-05 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Lima | first=Robert | title=Borges and the Esoteric | journal=Crítica hispánica | date = 1993 | volume=15 | series=Special issue | issue=2 | accessdate=30 Marso 2014 | publisher=Duquesne University | issn=0278-7261}}
*{{cite book | last = Lindstrom | first = Naomi | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborgess00lind | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-8057-8327-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Manguel | first = Alberto | title = With Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.withborges0001mang | publisher = Telegram | location = City | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-84659-005-4 }}
*Manovich, Lev,  [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-manovich-excerpt.pdf New Media from Borges to HTML, 2003]
*{{cite book | last = McMurray | first = George | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00mcmu | publisher = Ungar | location = New York | date = 1980 | isbn = 0-8044-2608-2 }}
*{{cite book | last = Molloy | first = Sylvia | title = Signs of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/signsofborges00moll | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham | date = 1994 | isbn = 0-8223-1406-1 }}
* Murray, Janet H.,  [http://www.newmediareader.com/book_samples/nmr-intro-murray-excerpt.pdf Inventing the Medium, 2003]
*{{cite book | last = Núñez-Faraco | first = Humberto | title = Borges and Dante | publisher = P. Lang | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-3-03910-511-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Racz | first = Gregary | title = Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) as Writer and Social Critic | publisher = Edwin Mellen Press | location = Lewiston | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-7734-6904-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rodríguez | first = Monegal | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges00rodr | publisher = Dutton | location = New York | date = 1978 | isbn = 0-525-13748-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rodríguez-Luis | first = Julio | title = The Contemporary Praxis of the Fantastic | url = https://archive.org/details/contemporaryprax0000rodr | publisher = Garland | location = New York | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-8153-0101-4 }}
*{{cite book | last = Sarlo | first = Beatriz | title = Jorge Luis Borges: a Writer on the Edge | publisher = Verso | location = London | date = 2007 | isbn = 978-1-84467-588-3 }}
*{{cite book | last = Shaw | first = Donald | title = Borges' Narrative Strategy | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesnarratives0000shaw | publisher = Francis Cairns | location = Liverpool | date = 1992 | isbn = 0-905205-84-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Stabb | first = Martin | title = Borges Revisited | url = https://archive.org/details/borgesrevisited00stab | publisher = Twayne Publishers | location = Boston | date = 1991 | isbn = 0-8057-8263-X }}
*{{cite book | last = Sturrock | first = John | title = Paper Tigers | url = https://archive.org/details/papertigersideal0000stur | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | date = 1977 | isbn = 0-19-815746-0 }}
*{{cite book | last = Todorov | first = Tzvetan | title = Introduction à la littérature fantastique | url = https://archive.org/details/introductionlali0000unse_l3d4 | publisher = Seuil | location = Paris | date = 1970 }}
*{{cite book | last = Toro | first = Alfonso | title = Jorge Luis Borges | publisher = Vervuert | location = Frankfurt Am Main | date = 1999 | isbn = 3-89354-217-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Volek | first = Emil | title = ''&quot;Aquiles y la Tortuga: Arte, imaginación y realidad según Borges&quot;. In:'' Cuatro claves para la modernidad. Analisis semiótico de textos hispánicos. | location = Madrid | date = 1984 }}
*{{cite book | last = Waisman | first = Sergio | title = Borges and Translation | publisher = Bucknell University Press | location = Lewisburg Pa. | date = 2005 | isbn = 0-8387-5592-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Edwin | title = Borges: A Life | url = https://archive.org/details/borgeslife0000will | publisher = Viking | location = New York | date = 2004 | isbn = 0-670-88579-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Wilson | first = Jason | title = Jorge Luis Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/jorgeluisborges0000wils_g4b1 | publisher = Reaktion Books | location = London | date = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-86189-286-7 }}
*{{cite book | last = Woscoboinik | first = Julio | title = The Secret of Borges | url = https://archive.org/details/secretofborgesps0000wosc | publisher = University Press of America | location = Washington | date = 1998 | isbn = 0-7618-1238-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Mualem | first = Shlomy | title = Borges and Plato: A Game with Shifting Mirrors | publisher =  Iberoamericana/Vervuert | location = Madrid and Frankfurt | date = 2012 | isbn = 978-8484895954  }}

===Mga dokumentaryo===
*{{Cite video
  | people = [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]] (Writer/Director)
  | title = [[Harto The Borges]]
  | medium = Feature Documentary
  | publisher = Patagonia Film Group, US
  | location = USA
  | date = 1999 }}
*{{Cite video | people = [[Ricardo Wullicher]] (Director) | date = 1978 | title = Borges para millones | location  = Argentina | medium = Feature Documentary }}
*{{Cite video | people = [[David Wheatley (director)|David Wheatley]] (Director) | title = Profile Of A Writer: Borges and I | url = http://ubu.com/film/borges_portrait.html | medium = Feature Documentary | publisher = ''[[Arena (TV series)|Arena]]'' | date = 1983 }}
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Library resources box|by=yes|viaf=88919448}}
{{Sister project links|v=no|s=no|b=no|n=no|d=Q909|voy=no|species=no|mw=no}}
*{{Dmoz|Arts/Literature/Authors/B/Borges%2C_Jorge_Luis/}}
*{{OL_author|OL18928A}}
*{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4331/the-art-of-fiction-no-39-jorge-luis-borges| title=Jorge Luis Borges, The Art of Fiction No. 39| work=Paris Review| date=Winter–Spring 1967| author=Ronald Christ }}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0076182 BBC Radio 4 discussion programme] from [[In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)|''In our time'']]. (Audio 45 mins)
*[http://www.themodernword.com/borges/index.html Jorge Luis Borges at The Modern Word] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130011634/http://themodernword.com/borges/index.html |date=2010-11-30 }}
*[http://www.borges.pitt.edu/ Borges Center, University of Pittsburgh].
*[http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society &amp; Associates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }}
* [http://www.fundacionborges.com.ar/ International Foundation Jorge Luis Borges]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borges, Jorge Luis}}
[[Kaarangay:Jorge Luis Borges| ]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1899]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1986]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Akbar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="8645" sha1="mdmp53n5xkrlykldvmaafptkupepkkn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
|name = Jalal-ud-DinMuhammad Akbar
|image = Portrait of Akbar by Manohar.jpg
| succession = [[File:Fictional flag of the Mughal Empire.svg|border|22x20px]] 3rd [[Mughal Emperor]]
|Full title = His Majesty Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Imam-i-'Adil, Sultan ul-Islam Kaffat ul-Anam, Emir ul-Mu'minin, Malik-e-Hindustan, Khalifat ul-Muta'ali Sahib-i-Zaman, Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah ['Arsh-Ashyani], Shahanshah-E-Sulatanat Wal Mughaliya,&lt;ref name=&quot;South&quot;/&gt;
|predecessor = [[Humayun]]
|successor = [[Jahangir]]
|regent = [[Bairam Khan]] (1556–1561)
|spouses = 30 wives including [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]
|issue = Jahangir, Murad, Danyal, 6 daughters others
|full name = Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar I
|house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]]
|dynasty = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]
|father = [[Humayun]]
|mother = [[Hamida Banu Begum]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.google.com.pk/imgres?q=akbarnama&amp;hl=en&amp;biw=1024&amp;bih=673&amp;tbm=isch&amp;tbnid=ZV3LjbwYAx0Q1M:&amp;imgrefurl=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O9283/painting-akbars-mother-travels-by-boat/&amp;docid=roKrcHUoKz9a5M&amp;w=498&amp;h=768&amp;ei=VIiFTrXVPMPf4QTGspWHDw&amp;zoom=1&amp;iact=hc&amp;vpx=316&amp;vpy=157&amp;dur=12469&amp;hovh=279&amp;hovw=181&amp;tx=129&amp;ty=197&amp;page=3&amp;tbnh=143&amp;tbnw=95&amp;start=41&amp;ndsp=21&amp;ved=1t:429,r:9,s:41 Google Images&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
|birth_name = Jalal ud-Din Muhammad
|birth_date = {{birth date|1542|10|14|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Umerkot]], [[Sindh|Sind]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1605|10|27|1542|10|14|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]]
|date of burial =
|place of burial = [[Sikandra, Agra]]
|religion = [[Din-i-Ilahi]], later coverted back to [[Islam]]
}}

Hi '''Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar''' usa nga gikakariti nga pinuno Mughal han [[Indya]]. Hiya an nagdara han Imperyo Mughal tikang ha 1556 C.E. ngadto ha 1605 C.E.. Kilala liwat hiya nga '''Akbar nga Harangdon''' (''Akbar-e-Azam''). Natawo hiya ha Oktubre 15, 1542 ngan namatay Oktubre 27 C.E., 1605 C.E..

==Mga kasarigan==
{{reflist}}

==Mga reperensya==
* {{cite book|title=Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/mughalindiastudi0000atha|first=M. Athar|last=Ali|year=2006|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-569661-5 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=History of Medieval India|first=Satish|last=Chandra|authorlink=Satish Chandra|year=2007|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Akbar and His India|url=https://archive.org/details/akbarhisindia0000unse|first=Irfan|last=Habib|authorlink=Irfan Habib|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-563791-5|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=Religion, State and Society in Medieval India|first=Nurul|last=Hasan|authorlink=Saiyid Nurul Hasan|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569660-8|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=People, Taxation and Trade in Mughal India|url=https://archive.org/details/peopletaxationtr0000moos|first=Shireen|last=Moosvi|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-569315-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=History of Mughal Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmughala0000nath|first=R.|last=Nath|year=1982|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-159-1|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Sangari |first=Kumkum |editor-first=J.S.| editor-last=Grewal |title=The State and Society in Medieval India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |pages=475–501 |chapter=Akbar: The Name of a Conjuncture|place=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-566720-2 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Jaipur|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|authorlink=Jadunath Sarkar|year=1984|publisher=Orient Longman|place=New Delhi|isbn=81-250-0333-9|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|title=The Oxford History of India|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smit|first=Vincent A.|last=Smith|authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-561297-4|ref=harv}}

==Padugang nga barasahon==
* [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] ''Akbar-namah'' Edited with commentary by Muhammad [[Sadiq Ali]] (Kanpur-Lucknow: Nawal Kishore) 1881–3 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]])
* Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak ''Akbarnamah'' Edited by Maulavi [[Abd Al-Rahim|Abd al-Rahim]]. Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1877–1887 Three Vols. ([[Persian Language|Persian]])
* Henry Beveridge (Trans.) ''The Akbarnama of Ab-ul-Fazl'' Bibliotheca Indica Series (Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal) 1897 Three Vols.
* Haji Muhammad 'Arif Qandahari ''Tarikh-i-Akbari (Better known as Tarikh-i-Qandahari)'' edited &amp; Annotated by Haji Mu'in'd-Din Nadwi, Dr. Azhar 'Ali Dihlawi &amp; Imtiyaz 'Ali 'Arshi ([[Rampur Raza Library]]) 1962 ([[Persian Language|Persian]])
* Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. &quot;Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature&quot;, ''Word, Image, Text: Studies in Literary and Visual Culture'', ed. Shormistha Panja et al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. ISBN 978-81-250-3735-4
* Satyananda Giri, ''Akbar'', Trafford Publishing, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4269-1561-1
* {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by  Annette Susannah Beveridge)|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 1)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00buchgoog#page/n8/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|last=Augustus|first=Frederick|author2=(tr. by  Annette Susannah Beveridge)|editor= Gustav von Buchwald|title=The Emperor Akbar, a contribution towards the history of India in the 16th century (Vol. 2)|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/emperorakbaraco00augugoog#page/n4/mode/1up|year=1890|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}}
* {{cite book|last=Malleson|first=Colonel G. B.|title=Akbar And The Rise Of The Mughal Empire|series=[[Rulers of India series]]|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/rulersofindiaakb009177mbp#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1899|publisher=Oxford at the Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Garbe|first=Dr. Richard von |title=Akbar - Emperor of India. A Picture of Life and Customs from the Sixteenth Century|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/akbaremperorofin00garb#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1909|publisher=The Opencourt Publishing Company, Chicago}}
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14134 ''Akbar, Emperor of India'' by Richard von Garbe 1857-1927 - (ebook)]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18307 ''The Adventures of Akbar'' by Flora Annie Steel, 1847-1929 -(ebook)]
* {{cite book|last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur|authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith|title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024056503#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1917|publisher=Oxford at The Clarendon Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=E. B.|authorlink=Ernest Binfield Havell|title=The History of Aryan Rule In India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofaryanru00have#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1918|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Moreland|first=W. H.|title=India at the death of Akbar: An economic study |url=http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022895001#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1920|publisher=Macmillan &amp; Co., London}}
* {{cite book|last=Monserrate|first= Father Antonio|title=The commentary of Father Monserrate, S.J., on his journey to the court of Akbar|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/commentaryoffath00monsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up|year=1922|publisher=Oxford University Press}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Akbar I}}
{{EB1911 poster|Akbar, Jellaladin Mahommed}}
* [http://www.indohistory.com/akbar.html Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034503/http://www.indohistory.com/akbar.html |date=2015-09-24 }} The Great
* {{gutenberg|no=14134|name=Akbar, Emperor of India ''by Richard von Garbe''}}
* [http://www.india-intro.com/history-of-birbal-story-of-birbal.html History of the friendship between Akbar and Birbal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103183456/http://www.india-intro.com/history-of-birbal-story-of-birbal.html |date=2011-01-03 }}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9691 ''The Drama of Akbar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906180934/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9691 |date=2015-09-06 }} by [[Muhammad Husain Azad]] from 1922

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar}}
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1542]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1605]]
[[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya]]
[[Kaarangay:Indya]]</text>
      <sha1>mdmp53n5xkrlykldvmaafptkupepkkn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tinurkiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17245</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790294</id>
      <parentid>7782360</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T17:00:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>7790294</origin>
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      <text bytes="11355" sha1="cdkzzq8q73hpnp6q355u70ltpbhd3e7" xml:space="preserve">An '''Tinurkis''' o '''Tinurkiya''' amo an yinaknana nga tuminongnong ha Republika han [[Turkeya]], [[Tsipre]], [[Gresya]], ngan iba pa nga nasod han [[Imperyo Otomano]].

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Mga reperensya==
{{refbegin|30em}}
'''Printed sources'''
* {{Cite journal|last=Akalın|first=Şükrü Haluk|title=Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)|journal=Türk_Dili|volume=85|issue=613|issn=1301-465X|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&amp;BELGEANAH=2693&amp;DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|date= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&amp;BELGEANAH=2693&amp;DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf|archivedate= 27 Hunyo 2007|ref=harv|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Bazin|first=Louis|title=Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste|journal=Collection Linguistique, publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris|issue=LXX| date = 1975|pages=37–45|ref=harv|language=fr}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Brendemoen|first=B.|contribution=Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon| date = 1996|title=Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 Edition Vol 12|publisher=William Benton | date = 1970}}
* {{Cite book|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|title=Writing Systems of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/writingsystemsof0000coul_k7j6|publisher=Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford| date = 1989|isbn=0-631-18028-1}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Dilaçar|first=Agop|authorlink=Agop Dilaçar|title=Atatürk ve Yazım|journal=Türk Dili|volume=35|issue=307|url=http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05|accessdate= 19 Marso 2007| date = 1977|issn=1301-465X|ref=harv|language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ergin|first=Muharrem|title=Orhun Abideleri|publisher=Boğaziçi Yayınları| date = 1980|isbn=0-19-517726-6|language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite book|last=Findley|first=Carter V.|title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= Oktubre 2004|isbn=0-19-517726-6}}
*[[Misha Glenny|Glenny, Misha]]. ''The Balkans – Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999'', Penguin, New York 2001.
* {{Cite journal|author=Johanson, Lars|title=Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul| date = 2001|url=http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf|archivedate= 5 Pebrero 2007|ref=harv|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ishjatms|first=N.|chapter=Nomads In Eastern Central Asia|title=History of civilizations of Central Asia|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|date= Oktubre 1996|volume=2|isbn=92-3-102846-4}}
* {{Cite book|last=Katzner|first=Kenneth|title=Languages of the World, Third Edition|publisher=Routledge, an imprint of Taylor &amp; Francis Books Ltd.|date= Marso 2002|isbn=978-0-415-25004-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|authorlink=Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar)|title=Teach Yourself Turkish|url=https://archive.org/details/teachyourselftur00lewirich|publisher=English Universities Press| date = 1953| isbn=978-0-340-49231-4 }} (2nd edition 1989)
* {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=Turkish Grammar|url=https://archive.org/details/turkishgrammar0000lewi_f5f8|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2001|isbn=0-19-870036-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press| date = 2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}
* {{Cite book|last=Özsoy|first=A. Sumru|coauthors=Taylan, Eser E. (eds.)|title=Türkçe’nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish)|publisher=[[Boğaziçi Üniversitesi]] Yayınevi| date = 2000|isbn=975-518-140-7|language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite book|last=Soucek|first=Svat|title=A History of Inner Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date= Marso 2000|isbn=978-0-521-65169-1}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Vaux, Bert|title=Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians|publisher=[[Harvard University]]|url=http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate= 24 Abril 2007| date = 2001|ref=harv|authorlink=Bert Vaux|archive-date= 15 Marso 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315154048/http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf|url-status=dead}}
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|pages=154–158
|ref=harv}}
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* {{Cite web|author=Center for Studies on Turkey, [[University of Essen]]|publisher=Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association|url=http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|title=The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data|format=PDF|accessdate= 6 Enero 2007| date = 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091302/http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf|archivedate= 4 Disyembre 2005|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_iz.html|title=CIA Factbook:Iraq| date = 2013|access-date= 25 Enero 2015|archive-date= 3 Marso 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224243/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_iz.html|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|accessdate= 21 Marso 2007| date = 2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312162345/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|archivedate= 12 Marso 2007|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.nisanyansozluk.com|title=Turkish Etymological Dictionary online|accessdate= 11 Septyembre 2007| date = 2006|publisher=Sevan Nişanyan|language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite web|publisher=[[UCLA]] International Institute, Center for World Languages|url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&amp;menu=004|title=Language Materials Project: Turkish|accessdate= 26 Abril 2007|date= Pebrero 2007|archive-date= 11 Oktubre 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&amp;LangID=67|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book|author=[http://www.tns-opinion.com/ TNS Opinion &amp; Social]|publisher=[[European Commission]] Directorate of General Press and Communication|url=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf|title=Special Eurobarometer 243 / Wave 64.3: Europeans and their Languages|format=PDF|accessdate= 28 Marso 2007|date= Pebrero 2006}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|title=Turkish Language Association: Sesler ve ses uyumları &quot;Sounds and Vovel karmony&quot;|accessdate=13 Enero 2013|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=Turkish|archive-date=2012-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728093237/http://www.imla.dilimiz.com/TDK/unsuzlerinnitelikleri.HTM|url-status=}}
* {{Cite web|author=Göknel, Yüksel|url=http://tr.scribd.com/doc/115291192/TURKISH-GRAMMAR-UPDATED-ACADEMIC-EDITION-YUKSEL-GOKNEL-OCTOBER-2012-signed-pdf|title=Turkish Grammar Updated Academic edition|accessdate= 16 Enero 2013| date = 2012}}
* {{Cite web|author=Turkish Language Association|authorlink=Turkish Language Association|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|title=Türk Dil Kurumu – Tarihçe (History of the Turkish Language Association)|accessdate= 18 Marso 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316024438/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF2858DA18F4388CDD|archivedate= 16 Marso 2007|language=Turkish|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|title=Türkçe Sözlük (2005)’teki Sözlerin Kökenlerine Ait Sayısal Döküm (Numerical list on the origin of words in ''Türkçe Sözlük (2005)'')|accessdate= 21 Marso 2007| date = 2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|language=Turkish|archive-date= 1 Marso 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301064559/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|publisher=Turkish Studies: International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic Volume 7/3, |url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/Makaleler/1934555583_85Kad%c4%b1u%20Spartak_S-1593-1603.pdf|title= Spartak KADIU : Türkçede zaman ve kip kavramı ve i-ek eylemin fonksiyonu üzerine |accessdate= 15 Enero 2013|language=Turkish}}
{{refend}}

==Padugang nga barasahon==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|last=Eyüboğlu|first=İsmet Zeki|title=Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language)|publisher=Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul| date = 1991|isbn=978975-7384-72-4 |language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite book|last=Özel|first=Sevgi|coauthors=Haldun Özen and Ali Püsküllüoğlu (eds.)|title=Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası (Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy)|publisher=Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara| date = 1986|oclc=18836678|language=Turkish}}
* {{Cite book|last=Püsküllüoğlu|first=Ali|title=Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük (Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary)|publisher=Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara| date = 2004|isbn=975-509-053-3|language=Turkish}}
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{InterWiki|code=tr}}
{{wiktionary category}}
{{Wikibooks|Turkish}}
{{Wikiquote|Turkish proverbs}}
{{Wikivoyage|Turkish phrasebook|Turkish|a phrasebook}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Turkish language}}
* {{dmoz|Reference/Dictionaries/World_Languages/T/Turkish|Turkish dictionaries}}
* {{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Altaic/Turkic/Turkish|Turkish language}}
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Turkish_Swadesh_list Swadesh list of Turkish basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
* [http://www.umich.edu/~turkish/langres_tr.html Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/learningturkishsite/ LT: LearningTurkish (non-commercial)]
* [http://alpy02.brinkster.net/Default.aspx LT: Automatic Turkish Verb Declinations (non-commercial)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203094709/http://alpy02.brinkster.net/Default.aspx |date= 3 Pebrero 2015 }}
* [https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-turkish-course.php USA Foreign Service Institute Turkish basic course]
[[kaarangay:Turkeya]]</text>
      <sha1>cdkzzq8q73hpnp6q355u70ltpbhd3e7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>James Cook</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790291</id>
      <parentid>7785650</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T16:58:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>7790291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="13538" sha1="qxutui1mfx1a42m91qm7fy24xkmg9ml" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name        = James Cook
| image       = Captainjamescookportrait.jpg
| caption     = James Cook, portrait by [[Nathaniel Dance-Holland]], {{circa|1775}}, [[National Maritime Museum]], [[Greenwich]]
| birth_date  = {{OldStyleDate|7 November|1728|27 October}}
| birth_place = [[Marton, Middlesbrough|Marton]], (in present-day [[Middlesbrough]]) Yorkshire, England
| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1779|2|14|1728|11|7}}
| death_place = Hawaii
| education   = Postgate School, [[Great Ayton]]
| occupation  = Explorer, navigator, cartographer
| title       = [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
| spouse      = Elizabeth Batts
| parents     = James Cook, Grace Pace
| children    = James Cook, Nathaniel Cook, Elizabeth Cook, Joseph Cook, George Cook, Hugh Cook
| nationality = British
| signature   = James Cook Signature.svg
| website     = 
}}
Hi '''Kapitan James Cook''', (Oktubre 27, 1728 - Pebrero 14, 1779) usa nga Inglis nga eksplorador, navigador ngan cartograpo.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

=== Bibliograpiya ===
*{{cite book|last=Beaglehole|first=John Cawte|title=The Life of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_713613823|authorlink=John Cawte Beaglehole|publisher=[[A &amp; C Black]]|date=1974|isbn=0-7136-1382-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Collingridge|first=Vanessa|authorlink=Vanessa Collingridge|title=Captain Cook: The Life, Death and Legacy of History's Greatest Explorer|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincooklifed0000coll|date=February 2003|publisher=Ebury Press|isbn=0-09-188898-0|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Fernandez-Armesto|first=Felipe|title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration|url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern|date=2006|publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company|isbn=0-393-06259-7|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Robin|title=Captain James Cook and his times|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=dhsOAAAAQAAJ|date=1979|isbn=978-0-7099-0050-4|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Hayes|first=Derek|title=Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest: Maps of exploration and Discovery|date=1999|publisher=Sasquatch Books|isbn=1-57061-215-3|url=http://books.google.com/?id=sl57oHrVXGoC|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Horwitz|title=Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before|url=https://archive.org/details/intoblueboldlygo0000horw|date=October 2003|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=0-7475-6455-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Captain James Cook|first=Richard|last=Hough|date=1994|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|authorlink=Richard Hough|isbn=0-340-82556-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_t9u3|last=Kemp|first=Peter|first2=I. C. B. |last2=Dear|date=2005|publisher=OUP|isbn=978-0-19-860616-1|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Narrative of the voyages round the world, performed by Captain James Cook; with an account of his life during the previous and intervening periods|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|date=1788|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035955/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77n/ |date=2012-04-26 }}
*{{cite book|authorlink=Frank McLynn|last=McLynn|first=Frank|date=2011|title=Captain Cook: Master of the Seas|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookmaste0000mcly|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-11421-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Moorhead|first=Alan|date=1966|title=Fatal Impact: An Account of the Invasion of the South Pacific, 1767–1840|url=https://archive.org/details/fatalimpactaccou0000moor|publisher=H Hamilton|isbn=0-241-90757-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|authorlink=Gananath Obeyesekere|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1992|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/apotheosisofcapt0000obey|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-05752-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789982012584|publisher=Princeton University Press|last=Obeyesekere|first=Gananath|date=1997|isbn=978-0-691-05752-1|quote=With new preface and afterword replying to criticism from Sahlins|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Captain Cook in the Pacific|url=https://archive.org/details/captaincookinpac0000rigb|first=Nigel|last=Rigby|last2=van der Merwe|first2=Pieter|date=2002|publisher=National Maritime Museum, London UK|isbn=0-948065-43-5|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Robson|first=John|date=2004|title=The Captain Cook Encyclopædia|publisher=Random House Australia|isbn=0-7593-1011-4|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's War and Peace: The Royal Navy Years 1755-1768|first=John|last=Robson|date=2009|publisher=University of New South Wales Press|isbn=9781742231099|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Islands of history|url=https://archive.org/details/islandsofhistory00sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|first=Marshall David|last=Sahlins|authorlink= Marshall David Sahlins|date=1985|isbn=978-0-226-73358-6|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=How &quot;Natives&quot; Think: About Captain Cook, for example|url=https://archive.org/details/hownativesthinka0000sahl|publisher=University of Chicago Press|last=Sahlins|first=Marshall David|date=1995|isbn=978-0-226-73368-5}}
*{{cite book|title=The Australian Language: An Examination of the English Language and English Speech as Used in Australia, from Convict Days to the Present|url=https://archive.org/details/australianlangua0000bake|last=Sidney|first=John Baker|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|date=1981|isbn=978-0-7251-0382-8|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=James Cook Maritime Scientist|url=https://archive.org/details/jamescookmaritim0000stam|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby Press|last=Stamp|first= Tom and Cordelia|date=1978|location=Whitby|isbn=0-905355-04-0|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Bryan|title=[[The Seven Daughters of Eve]]|publisher=Norton Publishing: New York City, NY and London, England|isbn=0-393-02018-5|date=2001|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|last=Wagner|first=A. R.|title=Historic Heraldry of Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/historicheraldry0000wagn|date=1972|publisher=Phillimore &amp; Co Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-85033-022-9|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|title=Captain Cook's Journal during his first voyage round the world made in H.M. Bark &quot;Endeavour&quot; 1768–71|first=W. J. L.|last=Wharton|date=1893|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322055659/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/c/cook/james/c77j/ |date=2012-03-22 }}

==Padugang nga barasahon==
*{{cite book|last=Aughton|first=Peter|title=Endeavour: The Story of Captain Cook's First Great Epic Voyage|publisher=Cassell &amp; Co.|date=2002|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-36236-3|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Philip|title=James Cook: The Journals|url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|isbn=0-14-043647-2|quote=Prepared from the original manuscripts by J. C. Beaglehole 1955–67|ref=harv}}
*{{cite book|editor-last=Forster|editor-first=Georg|title=A Voyage Round the World|editor-link=Georg Forster|date=1986|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-05-000180-7|ref=harv|quote=Published first 1777 as: ''A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5''}}
*{{Citation
 | last1=Hawkesworth | first1=John   | authorlink1=John Hawkesworth (book editor)
 | last2=Byron       | first2=John   | authorlink2=John Byron
 | last3=Wallis      | first3=Samuel | authorlink3=Samuel Wallis
 | last4=Carteret    | first4=Philip | authorlink4=Philip Carteret
 | last5=Cook        | first5=James  | authorlink5=James Cook       
 | last6=Banks       | first6=Joseph | authorlink6=Joseph Banks
 | title=An account of the voyages undertaken by the order of His present Majesty for making discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively performed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Captain Carteret, and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, the Swallow, and the Endeavour drawn up from the journals which were kept by the several commanders, and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq 
 | publication-date=1773 
 | publisher=London Printed for W. Strahan and T. Cadell
 | accessdate=1 Enero 2015 
}}, [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv01/contents.html Volume I], [http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/hv23/contents.html Volume II-III]
*{{cite book |authorlink=Andrew Kippis|first=Andrew|last=Kippis|title=The Life and Voyages of Captain James Cook|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandvoyagesc00kippgoog|publisher=[[George Newnes]], London &amp; [[Charles Scribner's Sons]], New York|date=1904|ref=harv}}
*Richardson, Brian. (2005) ''Longitude and Empire: How Captain Cook's Voyages Changed the World'' University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0-7748-1190-0.
*Sydney Daily Telegraph (1970) ''Captain Cook: His Artists — His Voyages'' The Sydney Daily Telegraph Portfolio of Original Works by Artists who sailed with Captain Cook. Australian Consolidated Press, Sydney
*Thomas, Nicholas ''The Extraordinary Voyages of Captain James Cook''. Walker &amp; Co., New York. ISBN 0-8027-1412-9 (2003)
*{{cite journal|last=Villiers |first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Villiers|date=Summer 1956–57|title=James Cook, Seaman|journal=[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=7–16}}
*Villiers, Alan John, ''Captain James Cook'' Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape (1983)
*{{cite book|editor-last=Williams|editor-first=Glyndwr|editor-link=Glyndwr Williams|title=Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779|date=1997|publisher=The Folio Society|location=London}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no
|lcheading=Cook, James, 1728–1779
}}
{{Commons|James Cook|James Cook}}
{{Commons category|James Cook|Category:James Cook}}
{{Wikisource|Author:James Cook|Author:James Cook}}
*[http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ Captain Cook Society]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019234215/http://www.captaincooksociety.com/ |date=2008-10-19 }}
*[http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/cookjmon.html Captain Cook historic plaque, Halifax]

===Biographical dictionaries===
*[http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm 'Cook, James (1728–1779)', [[Australian Dictionary of Biography]], Volume 1, [[Melbourne University Publishing|Melbourne University Press]], 1966, pp.&amp;nbsp;243–4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309043105/http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010231b.htm |date=2009-03-09 }}
*[http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&amp;id_nbr=1817 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'']
*{{DNZB|title=James Cook biography|id=1C25|plainlink=y}} from the ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]''

===Journals===
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms1 ''The Endeavour'' journal (1)] and [http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ ''The Endeavour'' journal (2)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060329203108/http://www.nla.gov.au/pub/endeavour/ |date=2006-03-29 }}, as kept by James Cook&amp;nbsp;– digitised and held by the [[National Library of Australia]]
*[http://southseas.nla.gov.au/ The South Seas Project]: maps and online editions of the Journals of James Cook's First Pacific Voyage, 1768–1771. Includes full text of journals kept by Cook, Joseph Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as well as the complete text of John Hawkesworth's 1773 Account of Cook's first voyage.
*[http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html Digitised copies of log books from James Cook's voyages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606103401/http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/corral/adm55/adm55_index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at the [http://badc.nerc.ac.uk British Atmospheric Data Centre]
*{{gutenberg author| id=James+Cook | name=James Cook}}
*{{librivox author|James+Cook}}
*[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RGO-00014-00058/1 Log book of Cook's second voyage]: high-resolution digitised version in Cambridge Digital Library

===Collections and museums===
*[http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ Cook's Pacific Encounters: Cook-Forster Collection online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120000346/http://www.nma.gov.au/cook/ |date=2011-11-20 }} Images and descriptions of more than 300 artefacts collected during the three Pacific voyages of James Cook.
*[http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 Images and descriptions of items associated with James Cook at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023173221/http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colAssParty%3a%22Captain+James+Cook%22 |date=2013-10-23 }}
*{{NRA|P6407}}
*[http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm James Cook Birthplace Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720010546/http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccbm/index.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}
*[http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm Cook's manuscript maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031025752/http://www4.uwm.edu/libraries/AGSL/cook.cfm |date=2013-10-31 }} of the south-east coast of Australia, held at the American Geographical Society Library at UW Milwaukee.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, James}}
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1728]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1779]]
[[Kaarangay:James Cook| ]]</text>
      <sha1>qxutui1mfx1a42m91qm7fy24xkmg9ml</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vasco da Gama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17469</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790298</id>
      <parentid>7748248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T17:02:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>7790298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6351" sha1="rp2zgj1d7cpqcle5iwuxbks2azzdcz7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox nobility|type
| name              = Vasco da Gama
| title             = Admiral of the Seas of Arabia, Persia, India and all the Orient
| image             = Gregório Lopes - Vasco da Gama (ca 1524).jpg
| succession        = [[Count of Vidigueira]]
| CoA               = [[File:Vasco da Gama o navegador escudo.png|100px]]
| reign             = 29 December 1519 - &lt;br /&gt;23 December 1524 
| reign-type        = Tenure
| successor         = Francisco da Gama
| spouse            = Catarina de Ataíde
| issue             = D. Francisco da Gama, 2nd Count of Vidigueira &lt;br /&gt; [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|D. Estêvão da Gama, Viceroy of India]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Cristóvão da Gama|D. Cristóvão da Gama, Captain of Malacca]]
| issue-link = #Marriage and issue
| issue-pipe = Among others
| full name         = Vasco da Gama
| noble family      = Gama
| house-type        = 
| father            = [[Estêvão da Gama (15th century)|Estêvão da Gama]]
| birth_date        = 1460 or 1469
| birth_place       = [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]] or [[Vidigueira]], [[Alentejo]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| death_date        = 23 December 1524 
| death_place       = [[Kochi (India)|Kochim]], [[Portuguese India]]
| burial_place      = [[Jerónimos Monastery]], [[Lisbon]], [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
| occupation        = Explorer, [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroy of India]]
}}
Hi '''Dom Vasco da Gama''' (1460 o 1469 – 24 Disyembre 1524 ha Kochi, India) usa nga Portugues nga eksplorador, usa nga harangdon haan Europehanon nga panahon han Panhalikwat ngan namuno an siyahan nga kabarkohan nga naglayag tikang ha Europa pakadto ha [[Indya]].

== Mga reperensya==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=106966471}}
;Pinanbasaran
{{Reflist|2}}
;Mga pagkukuhaan
*{{Cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader |url=https://archive.org/details/vascodagamarenai0000ames |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher=Longman |location= |isbn=0-321-09282-1 |pages= }}
*{{Cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500–1700 |url=https://archive.org/details/globeencompassed0000ames |authorlink= |year=2007 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location= |isbn=978-0-13-193388-0 |pages= }}
* Castanhoso, M. de (1898) ''Dos feitos de D. Christovam da Gama em Ethiopia'' Lisbon: Imprensa nacional. [http://books.google.com/books?id=MiFXAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR3#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false online]
*{{Cite book |last=Corrêa |first=Gaspar |title=The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty |authorlink=Gaspar Correia |year=2001 |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |location= |isbn=1-4021-9543-5 |pages= }} Facsimile reprint of an 1869 edition by the [[Hakluyt Society]], London.
*{{Cite book|last=Disney|first=Anthony|title= The Indian Ocean in World History|coauthors=Emily Booth (eds.) |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi and New York |isbn= }}
*{{Cite book|last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |title=Civilizations |url=https://archive.org/details/civilizations0000fern_d8n4 |authorlink=Felipe Fernández-Armesto|year=2001|publisher=Macmillan|location=Basingstoke and Oxford, U.K.|isbn=0-7432-0248-1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |url=https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern |year=2006 |publisher=W. W. Norton |location= |isbn=978-0-393-06259-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/177 177]–181 }}
* {{Cite book|url=http://ia360625.us.archive.org/3/items/vascodagamahissu00jaynuoft/vascodagamahissu00jaynuoft.pdf|first=Kingsley Garland|last=Jayne|title=Vasco Da Gama and His Successors 1460 to 1580|publisher=Meuthen &amp; Co.Ltd.|location=London, England|year=1910|isbn = 978-0-548-00895-9}}
*{{Cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. M. |title=Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498–1945 |authorlink=Kavalam Madhava Panikkar |edition=new ed. |year=1959 |publisher=Allen &amp; Unwin |location=London |isbn= |asin=B000Q5T6X6 |pages= |url=http://www.archive.org/details/asiaandwesterndo009963mbp }}
*{{Cite book |last=Ravenstein |first=E. G. |title=A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499 |authorlink=Ernst Georg Ravenstein |author2=ed. and trans. |year=1898 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |location=London|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=13stAAAAMAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=intitle:Vasco+inauthor:Ravenstein&amp;lr=&amp;num=30&amp;as_brr=0&amp;ei=Lzm2R6iwEo3AsQPrtv2RBQ }} (reissued by [[Cambridge University Press]], 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01296-6)
*{{Cite book|last=Russell-Wood|first=A. J. R. |title=A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808|url=https://archive.org/details/worldonmoveportu0000russ|year=1993 |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=978-0-312-09427-0}}
*{{Cite book|last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama |url=https://archive.org/details/careerlegendofva0000subr |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47072-8 |pages= }}
* Teixeira de Aragão, A.C. (1887) ''Vasco da Gama e a Vidigueira: um estudo historico''. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa  [http://books.google.com/books?id=cBAoAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PP7#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false online]
*{{Cite book |last=Towle |first=George Makepeace |title=Vasco da Gama, his voyages and adventures |authorlink= |year=c. 1878 |publisher=Lothrop, Lee &amp; Shepard |location=Boston |isbn= |url=http://www.archive.org/details/vascodagamahisvo00towl }}

== Mga sumpay ha gawas ==
{{commons|Vasco da Gama}}
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html Vasco da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160915/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html |date=2011-08-28 }}, fordham.edu
* [http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html Vasco da Gama web tutorial  with animated maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703091222/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html |date=2007-07-03 }}, [[University of Calgary|ucalgary.ca]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gama, Vasco da}}
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 1524]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1460 nga dekada]]
[[Kaarangay:Biyograpiya|Gama, Vasco da]]
[[Kaarangay:Portugal|Gama, Vasco da]]</text>
      <sha1>rp2zgj1d7cpqcle5iwuxbks2azzdcz7</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abraham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17481</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790293</id>
      <parentid>7787555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T16:59:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>7790293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13444" sha1="kssqd92ebdgjhveduguicml56js69zz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox saint
|name = Abraham
|feast_day =
|venerated_in = [[Judaismo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kristiyanismo]]&lt;br&gt;[[Islam]]&lt;br&gt;[[Mandaeism]]&lt;br&gt;[[Baha'i Faith]]
|image        = Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 035.jpg
|imagesize    = 250px
|caption      = [[Rembrandt]], ''Sacrifice of Isaac'', 1635
|birth_place  = [[Mesopotamia]]
|death_place  = [[Canaan]]
|titles       = First Patriarch
|major_shrine =
|influences =
|attributes =
|influenced = Many &lt;br /&gt;[[Jews]], [[Christian]]s and [[Muslim]]s
|issues =
|prayer =
|prayer_attrib =
}}
Hi '''Abraham''' usa nga tawo han bibliya. An susumaton han kinabuhi ni Abraham kaupod ha relihiyon han [[Kristiyanismo]], [[Islam]] ngan [[Judaismo]].


==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Bibliograpiya==
&lt;!--ALPHABETICAL Last Name Order - If indent=yes, no bullets, 2nd line indented. --&gt;
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}&lt;!-- this template needs {{refend}} at end of this section --&gt;
: {{Cite book |last1=Andrews |first1=Stephen J. |chapter=Abraham |editor1-last=Mills |editor1-first=Watson E. |editor2-last=Bullard |editor2-first=Roger A. |title=Mercer Dictionary of the Bible | date = 1990 |publisher=Mercer University Press |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&amp;pg=PA5#v=onepage&amp;q=Abraham+%22founding+father%22&amp;f=false |isbn=978-0-86554-373-7 |page=5 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Barr|first=James|authorlink=James Barr (biblical scholar)|title=Bible and Interpretation: The Collected Essays of James Barr|url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xpg1xWbaycUC&amp;pg=PP1&amp;dq=Bible+and+Interpretation:+The+Collected+Essays+of+James+Barr&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=U7s6Uq6rN8KWkwWVtIHYBQ&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Bible%20and%20Interpretation%3A%20The%20Collected%20Essays%20of%20James%20Barr&amp;f=false|accessdate=| date = 2013|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1= Barr |first1= James |chapter= Chronology |title= The Oxford Companion to the Bible |editor1-last= Metzger |editor1-first= Bruce |editor2-last= Coogan |editor2-first= Michael D. |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&amp;pg=PA119#v=onepage&amp;q=biblical%20chronology%20164%20BCE&amp;f=false | date = 1993 |ref= harv }}
: {{Cite book |last1= Carr |first1= David M. |last2= Conway |first2= Colleen M. |title= An Introduction to the Bible: Sacred Texts and Imperial Contexts |chapter= Introduction to the Pentateuch |publisher= John Wiley &amp; Sons |url= http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=dJerjvlxCHsC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false | date = 2010 |ref= harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Coogan|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Coogan|title=The Old Testament: A Very Short Introduction|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4OOrWwceuXcC&amp;pg=PA23#v=onepage&amp;q=%22James%20Ussher%22%20chronology%20abraham&amp;f=false|accessdate=| date = 2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=|isbn=978-0-19-530505-0|page=|ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Philip R. |title=Memories of Ancient Israel: An Introduction to Biblical History - Ancient and Modern |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=M1rS4Kce_PMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Memories+of+Ancient+Israel&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=4-86Uv6sDs2aiAf_9AE&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Memories%20of%20Ancient%20Israel&amp;f=false | date = 2008 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |location= |isbn=|page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Dever |first=William G. |authorlink=William G. Dever |title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and when Did They Know It?: What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&amp;pg=PA98#v=onepage&amp;q=%22respectable%20archaeologists%22&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 2002 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location= |isbn=978-0-8028-2126-3 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last= Enns |first= Peter |title= The Evolution of Adam | date = 2012 |publisher= Baker Books |isbn=  |url= http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=BNxeoqoTg-YC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |ref= harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Exum |first=Jo Cheryl |authorlink= |title=Retellings: The Bible in Literature, Music, Art and Film |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=4bTVrpXSXe8C&amp;pg=PA135#v=onepage&amp;q=Biblical%20Art%20Abraham&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 2007 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location= |isbn=90-04-16572-X |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Israel |last2=Silberman |first2=Neil Asher |authorlink1=Israel Finkelstein |authorlink2=Neil Asher Silberman |title=The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts | date = 2002 |publisher=[[Simon and Schuster]] |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC#v=onepage&amp;q=Biblical%20Archaeology%20Abraham&amp;f=false |isbn=0-7432-2338-1 |pages= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Hatcher |first1=W.S. |last2=Martin |first2=J.D. |title=The Bahá'í Faith: The Emerging Global Religion | date = 1998 |publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust |url=https://archive.org/details/bahaifaithemergi0000hatc|ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Hendel |first=Ronald |authorlink= |title=Remembering Abraham : Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=IMsweVhMbaoC&amp;pg=PA33#v=onepage&amp;q=Abraham%20father%20of%20Arabs&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 2005 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location= |isbn=0-19-803959-X |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Hill |first1=Andrew E. |last2=Walton |first2=John H. |title=A Survey of the Old Testament | date = 2010 |publisher=Zondervan |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=WC80zxPIgyQC&amp;pg=PA2024#v=snippet&amp;q=Abraham+inheritance&amp;f=false |isbn=978-0-310-59066-8 |pages=2024–2030 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Holweck |first1=Frederick George |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints | date = 1924 |publisher=B. Herder Book Co |url= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Hubbard |first1=David Allan |last2=Sanford La Sor |last3=Bush |first2=Frederic William|authorlink= |title=Old Testament Survey: The Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament | date = 1996 |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]] |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=6wSWpZmmlAoC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |isbn=0-8028-3788-3 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1= Hughes |first1= Jeremy |title= Secrets of the Times |publisher= Continuum |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vPg2cvQLwHAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Secrets+of+the+Times:+Myth+and+History+in+Biblical+Chronology&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=_qk6UrqtMujwiAecvIB4&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Secrets%20of%20the%20Times%3A%20Myth%20and%20History%20in%20Biblical%20Chronology&amp;f=false | date = 1990 |ref= harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Kierkegaard |first1=Søren |authorlink1=Søren Kierkegaard |title=The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=MzMiPwAACAAJ |accessdate= | date = 1980 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location= |isbn=0-691-02011-6 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Levenson |first=Jon Douglas |title=Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam | date = 2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EUO2Mhd-drcC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Inheriting+Abraham&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=tFo5UuLCLszFkwW53oCIDQ&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Inheriting%20Abraham&amp;f=false |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book|last=Ma'ani |first=Baharieh Rouhani | date = 2008 |title=Leaves of the Twin Divine Trees |publisher=George Ronald |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |isbn=0-85398-533-2|url= http://books.google.com/books?id=rVdhPgAACAAJ |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite journal |last= May |first= Dann J |title= The Bahá'í Principle of Religious Unity and the Challenge of Radical Pluralism |date= Disyembre 1993 |page= 102 |publisher= University of North Texas, Denton, Texas |url= http://iii.library.unt.edu/record=b1785599~S12|contribution= Web Published |contribution-url= http://bahai-library.com/may_principle_religious_unity}}
: {{Cite book |last1=McCarter |first1=P. Kyle |authorlink=&lt;!-- P. Kyle McCarter, Jr. --&gt; |chapter=Abraham |editor1-last=Freedman |editor1-first=Noel David |editor2-last=Myers |editor2-first=Allen C. |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible | date = 2000 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&amp;pg=PA8#v=onepage&amp;q=Abraham+Isaac+Ishmael&amp;f=false |isbn=978-90-5356-503-2 |pages=8–10 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=McNutt |first=Paula M. |authorlink= |title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&amp;pg=PA41#v=onepage&amp;q=Abraham+patriarchal+%22known+history%22&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 1999 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |location= |isbn=978-0-664-22265-9 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Mills |first=Watson E. |authorlink= |title=Mercer Commentary on the Bible, Volume 1; Volume 8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=ym5rt115YtwC&amp;pg=PA37#v=onepage&amp;q=Biblical%20linguistics%20Abraham%20name%20meaning&amp;f=false | date = 1998 |publisher=[[Mercer University Press]] |location= |isbn=0-86554-506-5 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Megan Bishop |last2=Kelle |first2=Brad E. |authorlink= |title=Biblical History and Israel's Past | date = 2011 |publisher=Eerdmans |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&amp;pg=PA19#v=snippet&amp;q=Thompson+%22Van+Seters%22&amp;f=false |isbn=978-0-8028-6260-0 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edwards |authorlink=Francis Edwards Peters |title=Islam, a Guide for Jews and Christians |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Islam,+a+Guide+for+Jews+and+Christians&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=x-06UoHbLsSKiQeJm4D4BQ&amp;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA |accessdate= | date = 2003 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |page=9 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis Edwards |authorlink=Francis Edwards Peters |title=The Children of Abraham: Judaism, Christianity, Islam |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OaVf79Ui0i4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 2010 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location= |isbn=1-4008-2129-0 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1=Pitard |first1=Wayne T. |chapter=Before Israel |editor1-last=Coogan |editor1-first=Michael D. |title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World | date = 2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&amp;pg=PA27#v=snippet&amp;q=oral+tradition&amp;f=false |isbn=978-0-19-513937-2 |page=27 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last1= Shea |first1= William H. |chapter= Chronology of the Old Testament |title= Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |editor1-last= Freedman |editor1-first= David Noel |editor2-last= Myers |editor2-first= Allen C. |publisher=Eerdmans |url= http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&amp;pg=PA248#v=onepage&amp;q=biblical%20chronology%20date%20abraham&amp;f=false | date = 2000 |ref= harv}}
: {{Cite book|last= Ska|first= Jean Louis|title= Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch|chapter= | date = 2006|publisher= Eisenbrauns|isbn= |url= http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |ref= harv }}
: {{Cite book |last1=Ska |first1=Jean Louis |title=The Exegesis of the Pentateuch: Exegetical Studies and Basic Questions | date = 2009 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&amp;pg=PA260#v=snippet&amp;q=exegetes+exaggerated+mainstream&amp;f=false |isbn=978-3-16-149905-0 |pages=30–31,260 |ref=harv}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=7g4yqsv0S0cC&amp;pg=PA30#v=snippet&amp;q=%22Abraham%20cycle%22%20Isaac%20inheritance&amp;f=false link p.30–31]
: {{Cite book |last=Taherzadeh |first=Adib |authorlink=Adib Taherzadeh | date = 1984 |title=The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 3: 'Akka, The Early Years 1868–77 |publisher=George Ronald |place=Oxford, UK |chapter=The Death of the Purest Branch |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=3VhTAAAAYAAJ |isbn=0-85398-144-2 |page= |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Thomas L. |title=The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham |publisher=[[Trinity Press International]] |authorlink=Thomas L. Thompson |location=Valley Forge, Pa | date = 2002 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=lwrzapZYqFAC&amp;pg=PA23#v=snippet&amp;q=%22Father%20of%20a%20Multitude%22&amp;f=false |isbn=1-56338-389-6 |pages=23–24, 36 |ref=harv}}
: {{Cite book |last=Wilson |first=Marvin R. |authorlink= |title=Our Father Abraham: Jewish Roots of the Christian Faith |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=RPyAG2cduiAC#v=onepage&amp;q=Father%20Abraham&amp;f=false |accessdate= | date = 1989 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |location=Massachusetts |isbn=0-8028-0423-3 |page= |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Abraham}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{EBD poster|wstitle=Abraham}} 
* [[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Abraham|Abraham]] from the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' at [[Wikisource]].
* [http://www.chabad.org/112356/ &quot;Abraham&quot;] at chabad.org.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171222081225/http://www.azamra.org/Earth/mount-03.html Abraham smashes the idols] (accessed 24 Marso 2011).
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2890 &quot;Journey and Life of the Patriarch Abraham&quot;]{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}, a map dating back to 1590.
* [http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/KI/ki-1.html Kitáb-i-Íqán]

[[Kaarangay:Abraham]]
[[Kaarangay:Basahán han Genesis]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Krusada</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790300</id>
      <parentid>7785582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T17:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="20696" sha1="dp9l2iogouuqqfxem2iwkyczlhhr1d6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg|thumb]]

An mga '''Krusada''' amo an sagunson nga gintutugotan han relihiyon nga kampanya militar han mga Latin nga Kristiyano nga Europa. An panuyuan han mga krusada amo an pagbawi han Baraan nga katunaan nga ginaragwayan ha harani 200 ka tuig, ha butnga han 1095 ngan 1291.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliograpiya==
{{refbegin|60em}}
* {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadesauthorit0000asbr | date = 2011 |publisher=Ecco |isbn= 978-0-06-078729-5 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn= 978-0-19-518905-6}}
* {{Cite book |author=Barber, Malcolm |authorlink=Malcolm Barber |title=The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050–1320 |url=https://archive.org/details/twocitiesmedieva0000barb_u4c2 |publisher=Routledge |location=London | date = 1992 |isbn=0-415-09682-0}}
* {{Cite book |author=Bernard of Clairvaux |authorlink=Bernard of Clairvaux |title=In Praise of the New Knighthood |url=https://archive.org/details/inpraiseofnewkni0000bern |publisher=Cistercian Publications | date = 2000 |isbn=978-0879071202}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Brand, Charles M. |title=The Byzantines and Saladin, 1185–1192: Opponents of the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_speculum_1962-04_37_2/page/167 |journal=Speculum |volume=37 |date= Abril 1962 |pages=167–181|jstor=2849946 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/2849946}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Bréhier, Louis |title=Crusades |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia'' | date = 1908 |volume=4}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Bull, Marcus |title=Origins |encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=15–34|isbn=0-19-280312-3}}
* {{Cite book |title=The pursuit of the Millennium |url=https://archive.org/details/pursuitofmillenn00cohnrich |last=Cohn| first = Norman| date = 1970 |publisher = |isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title= The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe|url= https://archive.org/details/bwb_KT-701-685|last= Daniel | first = Norman | date = 1979 |publisher = Longman Group Limited |isbn=0-582-78088-8|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Europe&amp;nbsp;– A History |url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory0000norm |last=Davies| first = Norman| date = 1997 |publisher = Pimlico|isbn=0-7126-6633-8|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author= Dickson, Gary |title=The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | date = 2008}}
* {{Cite book |author=Edington, Susan B. and Lambert, Sarah |title=Gendering the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/genderingcrusade0000unse |location= New York|publisher= Columbia University Press | date = 2002}}
* {{Cite book |first=John L. |last=Esposito |url= http://www.amazon.ca/What-Everyone-Needs-about-Islam/dp/0195157133 |title=What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam  }}
* {{Cite book |last=Findley| first=Carter Vaughan | date = 2005| title=The Turks in World History|url=https://archive.org/details/turksinworldhist0000find|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-516770-8|location=New York|ref=harv}}
* Harris, Jonathan (2014), ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
* {{Cite book |title= Empire of Magic: Medieval Romance and the Politics of Cultural Fantasy|last= Heng | first = Geraldine | date = 2004 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=0-231-12526-7|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hillenbrand| first=Carole | date = 1999| title=The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives|publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=|location=Edinburgh|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author=Hindley, Geoffrey |title=The Crusades: Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy | date = 2003 |url=https://archive.org/details/crusadeshistoryo00hind |publisher=Carrol &amp; Graf |isbn=0-7867-1344-5|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |author=Hodgson, Natasha |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/womencrusadingho0000hodg |publisher=Boydell | date = 2007}}
* {{Cite journal |author=Holt, P. M. |title=Saladin and His Admirers: A Biographical Reassessment |url=https://archive.org/details/bulletin-soas_1983_46_2/page/235 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=46 |issue=2 | date = 1983 |pages=235–239 |jstor=615389 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00078824 }}
* {{Cite book |author= Jackson, Peter  |title=The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 | date = 2007}}
* {{Cite book |title= ''Western Representations of the Muslim Women: From Termagant to Odalisque |url= https://archive.org/details/westernrepresent0000kahf |last= Kahf | first = Mohja | date = 1999|publisher = [[University of Texas Press]]|isbn=978-0-292-74337-3|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author=Kolbaba, T. M. | date = 2000 |title=The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins |url=https://archive.org/details/byzantinelistser0000kolb |publisher=University of Illinois }}
* {{Cite book|author=Lewis, Richard D. |title=Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf|url=https://archive.org/details/finlandculturall0000lewi | date = 2005|publisher=Intercultural Press |isbn=978-1-931930-49-9}}
* {{Cite book |author=Lock, Peter |title=Routledge Companion to the Crusades |publisher=Routledge |location=New York | date = 2006  |isbn=0-415-39312-4 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Madden, Thomas F. |title=The New Concise History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/newconcisehistor00madd | date = 2005 |publisher= Rowman &amp; Littlefield |location= Lanham, MD |isbn= 978-0-7425-3822-1}}
*{{Cite book | last = Marshall | first = Christopher | title = Warfare in the Latin East, 1192-1291 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | date = 1994 | isbn = 9780521477420|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |author=Mayer, Hans Eberhard |title=The Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades0000maye_x9b7 |edition=Second|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford  | date = 1988|isbn=0-19-873097-7 }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Munro, Dana Carleton |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1906-01_11_2/page/231 |journal = American Historical Review |volume= 11 |issue= 2 |date= Enero 1906 |pages= 231–242 |jstor=1834642 |doi=10.2307/1834642 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Nelson, Laura N. |title=The Byzantine Perspective of the First Crusade}} &lt;!-- MA thesis&amp;nbsp;– replace see [https://www.worldcat.org/title/byzantine-perspective-of-the-first-crusade-a-reexamination-of-alleged-treachery-and-betrayal/oclc/166885957&amp;referer=brief_results] here --&gt;
* {{Cite journal |author=Nicholson, Helen |title=Women on the Third Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-medieval-history_1997-12_23_4/page/n38 |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=23 |issue=4 | date = 1997 |doi=10.1016/S0304-4181(97)00013-4 |page=335}}
* {{Cite book |author= Nicolle, David |title=Crusader Warfare Volume II: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades | date = 2007}}
* {{Cite book |author=Nicolle, David |title=The First Crusade 1066–99: Conquest of the Holy Land |url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nico |series=Campaign |publisher=Osprey |location=Wellingborough, UK | date = 2003|isbn=1-84176-515-5}}
* {{Cite book|author= Nicolle, David|title=The Fourth Crusade 1202–04: The Betrayal of Byzantium | date = 2011 |publisher=Osprey Publishing }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia|author=Pringle, Denys |title=Architecture in Latin East|encyclopedia= The Oxford History of the Crusades |editor= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press | date = 1999 |pages=155–175|isbn=0-19-280312-3}}
* {{Cite book |author=Owen, Roy Douglas Davis |title=Eleanor of Aquitaine: Queen and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/eleanorofaquitai0000owen |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Blackwell Publishing | date = 1993}}
* {{Cite book |title = The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads|last = Retso | first = Jan | date = 2003 |publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-7007-1679-1|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite book | last = Riley-Smith | first = Jonathan | title = The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277 | url = https://archive.org/details/feudalnobilityki0000rile | publisher = Archon Books | location = Hamden | date = 1973 | isbn = 9780208013484|ref=harv }}
* {{Cite book |author= Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The Atlas of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File | date = 1990 |isbn= 0-8160-2186-4}}
* {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Riley-Smith |title=The Crusades: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/00book837650140 |edition=Second |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT | date = 2005  |isbn=0-300-10128-7}}
* {{Cite book |author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan |title=The First Crusaders 1096–1131 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Cambridge University Press | date = 1997}}
* Rose, Karen (2009) &quot;The Order of the Knights Templar&quot;
* {{Cite book |author=Runciman, Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade0002stev | date = 1951 |edition= reprinted 1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{Cite book |title=Jerusalem: The Endless Crusade |url=https://archive.org/details/jerusalemendless0000sinc |last=Sinclair| first = Andrew| date = 1995 |publisher = Crown Publishers|location=New York|isbn=|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author=Strayer, Joseph Reese  | date = 1992 |title=The Albigensian Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/albigensiancrusa00stra  |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0-472-06476-2}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author=Strayer, Joseph R.  |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W.  |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&amp;did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&amp;isize=M |title=The Crusades of Louis IX |pages=487–521}}
* {{Cite book |title= Saracens: Islam in the Medieval European Imagination|url= https://archive.org/details/saracensislaminm0000tola|last= Tolan | first = John Victor| date = 2002 |publisher = [[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-12333-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|last1= Tolan|first1=John|last2=Veinstein|first2= Gilles|last3=Henry|first3=Laurens | date = 2013 |title=Europe and the Islamic World: A History.|url= https://archive.org/details/europeislamicwor0000tola|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14705-5|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 |url=https://archive.org/details/englandcrusades10000tyer |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago, IL | date = 1988 |isbn=0-226-82013-0 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Tyerman, Christopher |title=God's War: A New History of the Crusades |url=https://archive.org/details/godswarnewhistor00tyer |publisher=Belknap Press |location=Cambridge, MA | date = 2006 |isbn=978-0-674-02387-1 }}
* {{Cite book|author= Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich|title=History of the Byzantine Empire: 324–1453 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00vasi_0| date = 1952|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Villegas-Aristizábal, L.  | date = 2009 |title=Anglo-Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa, 1148–1180 |journal=Crusades |issue=8 |pages=63–129}}
* {{Cite book |author=Wickham, Chris |authorlink= Christopher Wickham |title=The Inheritance of Rome: Illuminating the Dark Ages 400–1000 |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritanceofrom0000wick |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York | date = 2009 |isbn=978-0-14-311742-1}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Zacour, Norman P. |title=The Children's Crusade |editor=Wolff, R. L. and Hazard, H. W.  |encyclopedia=The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 | date = 1969 |pages=325–342|url =http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&amp;did=HISTORY.CRUSTWO.I0023&amp;isize=M }}
{{refend}}

'''Dugang nga barasahon'''
::'''Mga pahiuna'''
* {{Cite encyclopedia |author= Andrea, Alfred J. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Crusades | date = 2003|isbn= 0-313-31659-7|oclc= 	52030565}}
* {{Cite book |author=Asbridge, Thomas |title=The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/firstcrusadenewh00asbr | date = 2005|isbn= 0-195-18905-1|oclc=60964496}}
* {{Cite book |author= France, John |title=Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000–1300 |url= https://archive.org/details/westernwarfarein0000fran_i8l8 | date = 1999 |isbn=0-801-48607-6 |OCLC=40179990}}
* Hillenbrand, Carole. ''The Crusades, Islamic Perspectives''. (2000)
* Holt, P.M. ''The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517''. (1986)
* Phillips, Jonathan. ''Holy Warriors: A Modern History of the Crusades'' (2010)
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan, ed. ''The Atlas of the Crusades'' (1991)
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam'' (2011)

::'''Pina-urog nga pag-aram'''
* Boas, Adrian J. ''Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape, and Art in the Holy City under Frankish Rule'' (2001)
* Bull, Marcus, and Norman Housley, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 1, Western Approaches.'' (2003)
* Edbury, Peter, and Jonathan Phillips, eds. ''The Experience of Crusading Volume 2, Defining the Crusader Kingdom.'' (2003)
* Florean, Dana. &quot;East Meets West: Cultural Confrontation and Exchange after the First Crusade.&quot; ''Language &amp; Intercultural Communication,'' 2007, Vol. 7 Issue 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;144–151
* Folda, Jaroslav. ''Crusader Art in the Holy Land, From the Third Crusade to the Fall of Acre'' (2005)
* France, John. ''Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade'' (1996)
* Harris, Jonathan, ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', Bloomsbury, 2nd ed. (2014) ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
* Hillenbrand, Car. ''The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives'' (1999)
* Housley, Norman. ''The Later Crusades, 1274–1580: From Lyons to Alcazar'' (1992)
* James, Douglas. &quot;Christians and the First Crusade.&quot; ''History Review'' (Dec 2005), Issue 53
* Kagay, Donald J., and L. J. Andrew Villalon, eds. ''Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean.'' (2003)
* Maalouf, Amin. ''Crusades Through Arab Eyes'' (1989)
* Madden, Thomas F. ''et al.'', eds. ''Crusades Medieval Worlds in Conflict'' (2010)
* Peters, Edward. ''Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198–1229'' (1971)
* Powell, James M. ''Anatomy of a Crusade, 1213–1221,'' (1986)
* Queller, Donald E., and Thomas F. Madden. ''The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople'' (2nd ed. 1999)
* Riley-Smith, Jonathan.''The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading''. (1986)
* Runciman, Steven. ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 2, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East'' (1952) [https://archive.org/details/historyofcrusade02runc vol 2 online free]; ''A History of the Crusades: Volume 3, The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades'' (1954); the classic 20th century history
* Setton, Kenneth ed., ''A History of the Crusades''. (1969–1989), the standard scholarly history in six volumes, published by the University of Wisconsin Press
: Includes: [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne ''The first hundred years''] (2nd ed. 1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.CrusTwo ''The later Crusades, 1189–1311''] (1969); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.CrusThree ''The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries''] (1975); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.CrusFour ''The art and architecture of the crusader states''] (1977); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.CrusFive ''The impact of the Crusades on the Near East''] (1985); [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&amp;id=History.CrusSix ''The impact of the Crusades on Europe''] (1989)
* Smail, R. C. &quot;Crusaders' Castles of the Twelfth Century&quot;   ''Cambridge Historical Journal'' Vol. 10, No. 2. (1951), pp.&amp;nbsp;133–149.
* Stark, Rodney. ''God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades'' (2010)
* Tyerman, Christopher.  ''England and the Crusades, 1095–1588.'' (1988)

::'''Historiograpiya'''
* Constable, Giles. &quot;The Historiography of the Crusades&quot; in Angeliki E.  Laiou, ed. ''The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World'' (2001) [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf Extract online.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703012414/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-studies/crusades/cr01.pdf |date= 3 Hulyo 2013 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Housley, Norman |authorlink= Norman Housley |title=Contesting the Crusades  |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |location=Malden, MA | date = 2006  |isbn=1-4051-1189-5|url=http://www.amazon.com/Contesting-Crusades-Norman-Housley/dp/1405111895/ }}
* Illston, James Michael. '''An Entirely Masculine Activity'? Women and War in the High and Late Middle Ages Reconsidered'' (MA thesis,  University of Canterbury, 2009) [http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2915 full text online]
* Madden, Thomas F. ed. ''The Crusades: The Essential Readings'' (2002)
* Maier, C.T. &quot;The roles of women in the crusade movement: a survey&quot; ''Journal of medieval history'' 2004.
* Powell, James M. &quot;The Crusades in Recent Research,&quot; '' The Catholic Historical Review'' (2009) 95#2 pp 313-19 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/catholic_historical_review/v095/95.2.powell.html in Project MUSE]
* Rubenstein, Jay. &quot;In Search of a New Crusade: A Review Essay,&quot; ''Historically Speaking'' (2011) 12#2 pp 25-27 [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/historically_speaking/v012/12.2.rubenstein.html in Project MUSE]
* von Güttner-Sporzyński, Darius. &quot;Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades&quot; in Judi Upton-Ward, The Military Orders: Volume 4, On Land and by Sea (2008) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235718826_Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Researchgate], [https://www.academia.edu/399540/Recent_Issues_in_Polish_Historiography_of_the_Crusades available on Academia.edu]

::'''Panguna nga pagkukuhaan'''
* [[Malcolm Barber|Barber, Malcolm]], Bate, Keith (2010). ''Letters from the East: Crusaders, Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th–13th Centuries'' (Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18, Ashgate Publishing Ltd)
* Bird,  Jessalynn, et al. eds. ''Crusade and Christendom: Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre, 1187-1291'' (2013) [http://www.amazon.com/Crusade-Christendom-Middle-Ages-Jessalynn-ebook/dp/B00B4FJPGA/  excerpts]
* Housley, Norman, ed. ''Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274–1580'' (1996)
* Krey, August C. ''The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants'' (1958)
* Shaw, M. R. B. ed.''Chronicles of the Crusades'' (1963)
* Villehardouin, Geoffrey, and Jean de Joinville. ''Chronicles of the Crusades'' ed. by Sir Frank Marzials (2007)

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Wiktionary|Crusade}}
{{Commons category|Crusades}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc}}
* [http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ The Crusades] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010122301/http://crusades.boisestate.edu/ |date= 10 Oktubre 2010 }}, a virtual college course through [[Boise State University]] ed. by E. L. Knox.
* [http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html Crusades: A Guide to Online Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206053422/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/crusade.html |date= 6 Disyembre 2013 }}, Paul Crawford, 1999.
* [http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/sscle/ The Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East]—an international organization of professional Crusade scholars
* [http://www.deremilitari.org De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History]—contains articles and primary sources related to the Crusades</text>
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| name               = ''Bacteria''
| status             = 
| image              = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Phasmida]]
| familia            = [[Diapheromeridae]]
| genus              = '''Bacteria'''
| species            = 
| binomial           = Bacteria
| binomial_authority = 
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| synonyms           = 
}}

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name               = Bakterya
| image              = E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg
| image_width = 210px
| image_caption      = [[Scanning electron microscope|Scanning electron micrograph]] of ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' bacilli
| domain             = '''Bacteria'''
| kingdom = '''Eubacteria'''
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&amp;id=2&amp;lvl=3&amp;lin=f&amp;keep=1&amp;srchmode=1&amp;unlock |title=Bacteria (eubacteria) |accessdate=10 Septyembre 2008 |work=Taxonomy Browser, US National Institute of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| subdivision =
*'''[[Gram positive]] / no [[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]]'''
[[Actinobacteria]] (high-[[GC-content|G+C]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[Firmicutes]] (low-[[GC-content|G+C]])&lt;br /&gt;
[[Tenericutes]] (no [[Cell wall|wall]])
*'''[[Gram negative]] / [[Bacterial outer membrane|outer membrane]] present'''
[[Aquificae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Deinococcus-Thermus]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Fibrobacteres]]–[[Chlorobi]]/[[Bacteroidetes]] ([[Sphingobacteria (phylum)|FCB&amp;nbsp;group]])&lt;br/&gt;
[[Fusobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Gemmatimonadetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Nitrospirae]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Planctomycetes]]–[[Verrucomicrobia]]/[[Chlamydiae]] ([[Planctobacteria|PVC&amp;nbsp;group]])&lt;br/&gt;
[[Proteobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Spirochaete]]s&lt;br /&gt;
[[Synergistetes]]
*'''Unknown / ungrouped'''
[[Acidobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chrysiogenetes]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Cyanobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Dictyoglomi]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Thermodesulfobacteria]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Thermotogae]]
}}
[[Paypay:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|thumb|''[[Escherichia coli]]'']]

An '''bakterya'''&lt;ref&gt;Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 28. &lt;/ref&gt; amo an usa ka dako nga grupo hin tig-usa ka [[selula]] nga [[kagaw]]. An '''''Bacteria'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska [[genus]] han [[Insecta]]. An ''Bacteria'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Diapheromeridae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; 
Nasakop ini sin darako na ''domain'' san [[prokaryote|prokaryotic]] na [[mikroorganismo]]. Gamay ini ngan magkadurudilain an korte, sugad san ''sphere'', ''rods'' ngan ''spiral''. Usa ini san mga nauna na porma san kinabuhi sa [[kalibutan]], ngan presente ini sa daramo na klase sin ''[[habitat]]''. Naukoy ini sa baras, sa tubig, sa ''acidic hot spring'', ngan  ''[[radioactive waste]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Fredrickson JK, Zachara JM, Balkwill DL, Kennedy D, Li SM, Kostandarithes HM, Daly MJ, Romine MF, Brockman FJ | title = Geomicrobiology of high-level nuclear waste-contaminated vadose sediments at the Hanford site, Washington state | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2004-07_70_7/page/4230 | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 70 | issue = 7 | pages = 4230–41 | date = 2004 | pmid = 15240306 | pmc = 444790 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.70.7.4230-4241.2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ngan higlarum na parte san ''crust'' san [[Kalibutan]]. Nabubuhi liwat an bakterya na ''[[symbiotic]]'' ngan ''[[parasitic]]'' sa mga [[tanom|tanaman]] ngan [[hayop]]. Nabubuhi ini sira bisan sa mga ''manned spacecraft''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3/ |access-date=2014-07-17 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214033104/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2007/11may_locad3 |url-status= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==An Ginikangan ngan Ebolusyon==

An ninuno san mga moderno na bakterya amo an mga ''unicellular'' na ''microorganismo'' na mga una na mga porma san kinabuhi sa Kalibutan, 4 kabilyones katuig an nakakalabay.  Sadton 3 kabilyones katuig an nakalabay, ''microscopic'' natanan na organismo, ngan an bakterya ngan an [[archaea]] an mga dominante na porma san kinabuhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Schopf JW | title = Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 91 | issue = 15 | pages = 6735–42 | date = 1994 | pmid = 8041691 | pmc = 44277 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735 | bibcode = 1994PNAS...91.6735S }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = DeLong EF, Pace NR | title = Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea | journal = Syst Biol | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 470–8 | date = 2001 | pmid = 12116647 | doi = 10.1080/106351501750435040 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bisan kun may'ada sin [[fossil]] an bakterya, sugad san [[stromatolite]], an kawara sin ''distinctive [[morphology]]'' san bakterya mao an rason na diri ini magamit san pag-eksaminar san kasaysayan san ebulosyun san bakterya, og ihap san edad san oras san pagtikang san partikular na specie san bakteria. Bisanpaman, an ''gene sequences'' pwede magamit san pag-''reconstruct'' san [[phylogeny]] san bakterya, ngan sa mga pag'aram nagsusumat na an bakterya una na binulag tikang sa linyada san archaea/eukaryote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Brown JR, Doolittle WF | title = Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition | journal = Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 456–502 | date = 1997 | pmid = 9409149 | pmc = 232621 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- The [[most recent common ancestor]] of bacteria and archaea was probably a [[thermophile|hyperthermophile]] that lived about 2.5 billion–3.2 billion years ago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Di Giulio M |title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2003-12_57_6/page/721 |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=721–30 |year=2003 |pmid=14745541 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB |title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=4 |pages=44 |year=2004 |pmid=15535883 |pmc=533871 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;


==Ilarom nga taxa&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;==

* ''[[Bacteria abnormis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria aborigena]]''
* ''[[Bacteria acuminatocercata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria aetolus]]''
* ''[[Bacteria amazonica]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ambigua]]''
* ''[[Bacteria annulicornis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria apolinari]]''
* ''[[Bacteria baculus]]''
* ''[[Bacteria bahiensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria bicolor]]''
* ''[[Bacteria bigranulosa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria brasiliensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria brevitarsata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria capitata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria carrikeri]]''
* ''[[Bacteria chacoensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria chaperi]]''
* ''[[Bacteria chiriquensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria crassipes]]''
* ''[[Bacteria cubaensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria culmus]]''
* ''[[Bacteria dentatocercata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria diademata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria divertens]]''
* ''[[Bacteria donskoffi]]''
* ''[[Bacteria dreyfusi]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ecuadorica]]''
* ''[[Bacteria fasciata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ferula]]''
* ''[[Bacteria foliolata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria frustrans]]''
* ''[[Bacteria gracilis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria grossetuberculata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria hastata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria horni]]''
* ''[[Bacteria iconicoffi]]''
* ''[[Bacteria incolumis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria indifferens]]''
* ''[[Bacteria irregulariterspinosa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria krugiana]]''
* ''[[Bacteria laesa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria laticauda]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ligata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria lobulata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria longipes]]''
* ''[[Bacteria lugens]]''
* ''[[Bacteria magnifica.]]''
* ''[[Bacteria maroniensis]]''
* ''[[Bacteria modesta]]''
* ''[[Bacteria montana]]''
* ''[[Bacteria mutica]]''
* ''[[Bacteria nigrolineata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria nova]]''
* ''[[Bacteria obtusa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ornata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria pallidenotata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria pan]]''
* ''[[Bacteria paramodesta]]''
* ''[[Bacteria parasanguinolenta]]''
* ''[[Bacteria pastazae]]''
* ''[[Bacteria peruana]]''
* ''[[Bacteria ploiaria]]''
* ''[[Bacteria quadrilobata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria quadrispinosa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria reclusa]]''
* ''[[Bacteria sakai]]''
* ''[[Bacteria sanguinolenta]]''
* ''[[Bacteria serricauda]]''
* ''[[Bacteria significans]]''
* ''[[Bacteria simplex]]''
* ''[[Bacteria straminea]]''
* ''[[Bacteria tenella]]''
* ''[[Bacteria tubulata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria virgulata]]''
* ''[[Bacteria yersiniana]]''

==Pinanbasaran==
{{reflist}}
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/bacteria/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Dugang nga barasahon==
{{refbegin}}
{{Library resources box
 |onlinebooks=yes
 |by=no
 |lcheading= Bacteria
 |label=Bacteria
 }}
* {{cite book |author=Alcamo IE |title=Fundamentals of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston | date = 2001 |isbn=0-7637-1067-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=Atlas RM |title=Principles of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7 |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis | date = 1995 |isbn=0-8016-7790-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms|edition = 11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J | date = 2005 |isbn=0-13-144329-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Holt JC, Bergey DH |title=Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology |edition = 9th |publisher=Williams &amp; Wilkins |location=Baltimore | date = 1994 |isbn=0-683-00603-7}}
* {{cite journal | author = Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title = Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 180 | issue = 18 | pages = 4765–74 | date = 15 Septyembre 1998 | pmid = 9733676 | pmc = 107498 | url = http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&amp;pmid=9733676 | access-date = 16 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 14 Septyembre 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121802/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&amp;pmid=9733676 | url-status             = dead }}
* {{cite book |author=Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL |title=Microbiology: an introduction |edition = 8th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco | date = 2004 |isbn=0-8053-7614-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Shively, Jessup M. |title=Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin | date = 2006 |isbn=3-540-32524-7}}
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Sisterlinks}}
* [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki MicrobeWiki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071749/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki |date=2015-02-06 }}, an extensive [[wiki]] about [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208122124/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Microbial_Biorealm |date=2015-02-08 }} and [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm viruses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214015059/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Viral_Biorealm |date=2015-02-14 }}
* [http://www.ncppb.com Bacteria that affect crops and other plants]
* [http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083605/http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=2007-09-29 }}
* [http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html Genera of the domain Bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917230856/http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/eubacteria.html |date=2008-09-17 }}&amp;nbsp;– list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
* [http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211094146/http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=2012-12-11 }}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&amp;contgroup=Life_on_Earth Tree of Life: Eubacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015145/http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&amp;contgroup=Life_on_Earth |date=2014-10-21 }}
* [http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html Videos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105182817/http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/index_movies.html |date=2015-11-05 }} of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos.
* [http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_bacteria.html Planet of the Bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622151055/http://www.stephenjaygould.org/library/gould_bacteria.html |date=2019-06-22 }} by [[Stephen Jay Gould]]
* [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ On-line text book on bacteriology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913123627/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ |date=2008-09-13 }}
* [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bacteria Make Major Evolutionary Shift in the Lab]
* [http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria Online collaboration for bacterial taxonomy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415222312/http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria |date=2014-04-15 }}
* [http://patricbrc.org/ PATRIC], a Bioinformatics Resource Center for bacterial pathogens, funded by [http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ NIAID]
* [http://wormweb.org/bacteriachemo Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator]&amp;nbsp;– A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130052842/http://ascb.org/ibioseminars/bassler/bassler1.cfm Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria] on-line lecture by [[Bonnie Bassler]], and [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html TED: Discovering bacteria's amazing communication system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205033015/http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html |date=2011-12-05 }}

==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:A-Cell-Based-Model-for-Quorum-Sensing-in-Heterogeneous-Bacterial-Colonies-pcbi.1000819.s009.ogv
File:A-Cell-Based-Model-for-Quorum-Sensing-in-Heterogeneous-Bacterial-Colonies-pcbi.1000819.s010.ogv
File:A-Cell-Based-Model-for-Quorum-Sensing-in-Heterogeneous-Bacterial-Colonies-pcbi.1000819.s011.ogv
File:A-Microscope-Automated-Fluidic-System-to-Study-Bacterial-Processes-in-Real-Time-pone.0007282.s002.ogv
File:A-Microscope-Automated-Fluidic-System-to-Study-Bacterial-Processes-in-Real-Time-pone.0007282.s003.ogv
File:Alpha and gamma hemolysis on blood agar with a scale bar.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Bacteria]]
[[kaarangay:biyolohiya]]</text>
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An '''Botaniká'''&lt;ref&gt;Abuyen, Tomas A. '''Diksyunaryo Waray-Waray [Visaya] English-Tagalog'''. Kalayaan Press Mktg. Ent., Inc. Quezon City. Tuig 2000. ISBN 971-08-6050-X. Pakli Ihap 46.&lt;/ref&gt; , '''Botany''', syensya han tanom, phytolohiya, o biyolohiya han tanom amo an sanga han biyolohiya ngan an pag-aram syentipiko han kinabuhi han tanom ngan pag-uswag hini.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Bibliograpiya==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Addelson|2003}} | last = Addelson | first = Barbara | url = http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414/ | title = Natural Science Institute in Botany and Ecology for Elementary Teachers | publisher = Botanical Gardens Conservation International | date = Disyembre 2003 | accessdate = 8 Hunyo 2013 | archive-date = 23 Mayo 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523155525/http://www.bgci.org/education/article/414 | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Anderson |first=Edward F. |date=2001 |title=The Cactus Family |url=https://archive.org/details/cactusfamily0000ande |publication-place=Pentland, Oregon |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=978-0-88192-498-5 }}
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* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Becker | first1 = Burkhard | last2 = Marin | first2 = Birger | title = Streptophyte Algae and the Origin of Embryophytes | journal = Annals of Botany | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/103/7/999.abstract | date = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | accessdate = 16 Hunyo 2013 | doi = 10.1093/aob/mcp044 | volume = 103 | issue = 7 | pmid = 19273476 | pmc = 2707909 | pages = 999–1004 }}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Ben-Menahem | first = Ari | title = Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences | date = 2009 | isbn = 3-540-68831-5 | publisher = Springer-Verlag | location = Berlin|volume=1}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Charles E. | last2 = Hammond | first2 = William A. | title = The Characters of Theophrastus – Introduction | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=n0JgAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PR30 | date = 1902 | publisher = Longmans, Green, and Co. | location = London | accessdate = 27 Hunyo 2012 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv|last1=Bennett|first1=K. D.|last2=Willis|first2= K. J.|chapter=Pollen| date = 2001|title=Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments|volume= 3: Terrestrial, Algal, and Siliceous Indicators |editor-last=Smol|editor-first=John P.|editor2-last=Birks|editor2-first=H. John B.|publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers|place=Dordrecht, Germany}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Bird | first = Adrian | title = Perceptions of Epigenetics | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-05-24_447_7143/page/396 | journal = Nature | volume = 447 | issue = 7143 | date = Mayo 2007 | pmid = 17522671 | doi = 10.1038/nature05913 | bibcode = 2007Natur.447..396B | pages = 396–8 }}
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* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Braselton|2013}} | last = Braselton | first = J. P. | url = http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | title = What is Plant Biology? | date = 2013 | publisher = Ohio University | accessdate = 3 Hunyo 2013 | archive-date = 24 Septyembre 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924071530/http://www.ohio.edu/people/braselto/readings/plantbiol.html | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Burger|2013}} | last = Burger | first = William C. | title = Angiosperm Origins: A Monocots-First Scenario | url = http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | date = 2013 | publisher = The Field Museum | location = Chicago | access-date = 31 Enero 2015 | archive-date = 23 Oktubre 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023131822/http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/angiosperm-origins-monocots-first-scenario | url-status =  }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Burrows | first = W. J. | title = Processes of Vegetation Change | url = https://archive.org/details/processesofveget0000burr | date = 1990 | isbn = 0-04-580013-8 | publisher = Unwin Hyman | location = London }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Butz | first = Stephen D. | title = Science of Earth Systems | date = 2007 | isbn = 1-4180-4122-X | publisher = Delmar Cengage Learning | edition = 2 | location = Clifton Park, NY }}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Campbell|first1=Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|last3=Urry|first3=Lisa Andrea|last4=Cain|first4=Michael L.|last5=Wasserman|first5=Steven Alexander|last6=Minorsky|first6=Peter V.|last7=Jackson|first7=Robert Bradley|title=Biology|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780536785541|edition=8|date=2008|publisher=Pearson - Benjamin Cummings|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-321-54325-7}}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Capon | first = Brian | title = Botany for Gardeners | url = https://archive.org/details/botanyforgardene0000capo_k8y2 | date = 2005 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 0-88192-655-8 | publisher = Timber Publishing | location = Portland, OR }}
* {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Cavalier-Smith|2004}} | last = Cavalier-Smith | first = Thomas | date = 2004 | title = Only Six Kingdoms of Life | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B | volume = 271 | pages = 1251–1262 | url = http://www.cladocera.de/protozoa/cavalier-smith_2004_prs.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2004.2705 | pmid = 15306349 | pmc = 1691724 | issue = 1545 }}
* {{Cite journal| ref = {{sfnRef|Chaffey|2007}}| last = Chaffey| first = Nigel| date = 2007| title = Esau's Plant Anatomy, Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: their Structure, Function, and Development| journal = Annals of Botany| volume = 99| issue = 4| url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/4/785.2.full| doi = 10.1093/aob/mcm015| pages = 785}}
* {{Cite book | ref = {{harvid|Chapman et al.|2001}} | last1 = Chapman | first1 = Jasmin | last2 = Horsfall | first2 = Peter | last3 = O'Brien | first3 = Pat | last4 = Murphy | first4 = Jan | last5 = MacDonald | first5 = Averil | title = Science Web | url = https://archive.org/details/scienceweb0000jasm | date = 2001 | publisher = Nelson Thornes | location = Cheltenham, GB | isbn = 0-17-438746-6 }}
* {{Cite journal | ref = {{sfnRef|Chase et al.|2003}} | title = An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the Orders and Families of Flowering Plants: APG II | date = 2003 | last1 = Chase | first1 = Mark W. | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | publisher = The Linnean Society of London | volume = 141 | pages = 399–436 | url = http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | format = PDF | last2 = Bremer | first2 = Birgitta | last3 = Bremer | first3 = Kåre | last4 = Reveal | first4 = James L. | last5 = Soltis | first5 = Douglas E. | last6 = Soltis | first6 = Pamela S. | last7 = Stevens | first7 = Peter S. | doi = 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x | issue = 4 | access-date = 2015-01-31 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181438/http://ktriop.bio.ug.edu.pl/upload/preview/0f0c6bdcb447f9defaa482c50120a62d.pdf | url-status =  }}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Chini|first1=A.|last2=Fonseca|first2=S.|last3=Fernández|first3=G.|last4=Adie|first4=B.|last5=Chico|first5=J. M.|last6=Lorenzo|first6=O.|last7=García-Casado|first7=G.|last8=López-Vidriero|first8=I.|last9=Lozano|first9=F. M.|last10=Ponce|first10=M. R.|last11=Micol|first11=J. L.|last12=Solano|first12=R.|date=2007|title=The JAZ Family of Repressors is the Missing Link in Jasmonate Signaling|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-08-09_448_7154/page/666|journal=Nature|volume=448|issue=7154|doi=10.1038/nature06006|pmid=17637675|bibcode=2007Natur.448..666C|pages=666–71}}
* {{Cite news | ref=harv | last=Cocking | first=Edward C. | title=Obituary: Professor F. C. Steward | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-professor-f-c-steward-1511531.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=18 Oktubre 1993 | accessdate=5 Hulyo 2013 }}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Copeland | first = Herbert Faulkner | title = The Kingdoms of Organisms | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1938-12_13_4/page/383 | journal = Quarterly Review of Biology | volume = 13 | pages = 383–420 | date = 1938 | doi = 10.1086/394568 | issue = 4 }}
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* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Devos | first1 = Katrien M. | last2 = Gale | first2 = M. D. | title = Genome Relationships: The Grass Model in Current Research | date = Mayo 2000 | journal = The Plant Cell | publisher = American Society of Plant Physiologists | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 637–646 | url = http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/full/12/5/637 | pmid = 10810140 | pmc = 139917 | jstor = 3870991 | doi = 10.2307/3870991 }}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Ehrhardt|first1=D. W.|last2=Frommer|first2=W. B.|title=New Technologies for 21st Century Plant Science|journal=The Plant Cell|date=Pebrero 2012|url=http://www.plantcell.org/content/early/2012/02/21/tpc.111.093302.full.pdf+html|format=PDF|doi=10.1105/tpc.111.093302|volume=24|issue=2|pmid=22366161|pmc=3315222|pages=374–94}}
* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last = Ereshefsky | first = Marc | date = 1997 | title = The Evolution of the Linnaean Hierarchy | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biology-philosophy_1997-10_12_4/page/493 | journal = Biology and Philosophy | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | volume = 12 | doi = 10.1023/A:1006556627052 | issue = 4 | pages = 493 }}
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* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Finney | first1 = D. J. | authorlink = D. J. Finney| doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1995.0033 | title = Frank Yates 12 Mayo 1902&amp;nbsp;– 17 Hunyo 1994| journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| volume = 41 |date= Nobyembre 1995| jstor = 770162 | pages = 554}}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Floros|Newsome|Fisher|2010}} | url = http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | format = PDF | last1 = Floros | first1 = John D. | last2 = Newsome | first2 = Rosetta | last3 = Fisher | first3 = William | date = 2010 | title = Feeding the World Today and Tomorrow: The Importance of Food Science and Technology | publisher = Institute of Food Technologists | accessdate = 1 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 16 Pebrero 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120216152705/http://www.ift.org/knowledge-center/read-ift-publications/science-reports/~/media/Knowledge%20Center/Science%20Reports/IFTScientificReview_feedingtheworld.pdf | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Fry|first=S. C.| date = 1989|title=The Structure and Functions of Xyloglucan|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|publisher=The Company of Biologists|location=Cambridge|volume=40}}
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* {{Cite book |ref = harv |last = Hancock |first = James F. |date = 2004 |title = Plant Evolution and the Origin of Crop Species |url = https://archive.org/details/plantevolutionor0000hanc |publisher = CABI Publishing |location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 0-85199-685-X }}
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* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last1=Herrera|first1=C. M.|last2=Pellmyr|first2=O.|date=2002|title=Plant Animal Interactions: An Evolutionary Approach|url=https://archive.org/details/plantanimalinter0000unse_p8f1|publisher=Blackwell Science|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-0-632-05267-7}}
* {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Hill | first=Arthur W. | date = 1915 | title=The History and Functions of Botanic Gardens | journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume=2 | pages=185–240 | doi=10.2307/2990033 | issue=1/2 | jstor=2990033 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Hoek | first1 = Christiaan | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = H. M. | date = 2005 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xuUoiFesSHMC&amp;printsec=frontcover | title = Algae: An Introduction to Phycology | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-30419-9 }}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv |doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 |title=The Origin of Plastids | date = 2008 |last1=Howe |first1=C. J. |last2=Barbrook |first2=A. C. |last3=Nisbet |first3=R. E. R |last4=Lockhart |first4=P. J. |last5=Larkum |first5=A. W. D. |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1504 |pmid=18468982 |pmc=2606771|pages=2675–85}}
* {{Cite web |ref={{sfnRef|Hunter|2008}} |url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |title=What Genes Remember |first=Philip |last=Hunter |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=Mayo 2008 |issue=146 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501094940/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/article_details.php?id=10140 |archivedate=1 Mayo 2008 |accessdate=24 Agosto 2013 |url-status=unfit }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Iyer | first = Meena | title = Faith &amp; Philosophy of Zoroastrianism | date = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-7835-724-9 | publisher = Kalpaz Publications | location = Delhi, India}}
* {{Cite journal|ref={{sfnRef|Janzen|Forrest|Spouge|Hajibabaei|2009}}| title = A DNA Barcode for Land Plants |last1=Janzen|first1=Daniel H. with the CBOL Plant Working Group|last2=Forrest|first2=L. L.|last3=Spouge|first3=J. L.|last4=Hajibabaei|first4=M.|last5=Ratnasingham|first5=S.|last6=Van Der Bank|first6=M.|last7=Chase|first7=M. W.|last8=Cowan|first8=R. S.|last9=Erickson|first9=D. L.|display-authors=4|journal = Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)| date = 4 Agosto 2009 | volume = 106 | issue = 31 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0905845106 | pmc = 2722355 | pmid = 19666622|bibcode = 2009PNAS..10612794H|last10=Fazekas|first10=A. J.|last11=Graham|first11=S. W.|last12=James|first12=K. E.|last13=Kim|first13=K.-J.|last14=Kress|first14=W. J.|last15=Schneider|first15=H.|last16=Van Alphenstahl|first16=J.|last17=Barrett|first17=S. C.H.|last18=Van Den Berg|first18=C.|last19=Bogarin|first19=D.|last20=Burgess|first20=K. S.|last21=Cameron|first21=K. M.|last22=Carine|first22=M.|last23=Chacon|first23=J.|last24=Clark|first24=A.|last25=Clarkson|first25=J. J.|last26=Conrad|first26=F.|last27=Devey|first27=D. S.|last28=Ford|first28=C. S.|last29=Hedderson|first29=T. A.J.|last30=Hollingsworth|first30=M. L.|pages=12794–7 }}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Jeffreys | first = Diarmuid | date = 2005 | publisher = Bloomsbury | location = New York | title = Aspirin : The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug | url = http://books.google.com/?id=x-sL4iNQOgcC&amp;pg=PA38 | isbn = 978-1-58234-600-7 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last1 = Judd| first1 = W. S.| last2 = Campbell| first2 = C. S.| last3 = Kellogg| first3 = E. A.| last4 = Stevens| first4 = P. F.| last5 = Donoghue| first5 = M. J.| date = 2002 | title = Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach| publisher = Sinauer Associates | location = Sunderland, MA| isbn = 0-87893-403-0}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Karp | first = Gerald | date = 2009 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=arRGYE0GxRQC&amp;pg=PA382&amp;lpg=PA382&amp;dq=august+weismann+gametes#v=onepage&amp;q=august%20weismann%20gametes&amp;f=false | title = Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | location = Hoboken, NJ | isbn = 978-0-470-48337-4 }}
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* {{Cite journal|ref=harv |last1=Kress|first1= W. J.|last2= Wurdack|first2= K. J.|last3=Zimmer|first3=E. A.|last4= Weigt|first4=L. A.|last5=Janzen|first5=D. H. |title=Use of DNA Barcodes to Identify Flowering Plants |journal=Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) |volume=102 |issue=23 |date= Hunyo 2005 |pmid=15928076 |pmc=1142120 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0503123102|bibcode = 2005PNAS..102.8369K|pages=8369–74 }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0503123102/DC1 Supporting Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103053256/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0503123102/DC1 |date=3 Nobyembre 2007 }}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Levey | first = Martin | title = Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources | date = 1973 | publisher = Brill Archive | location = Leiden | isbn = 978-90-04-03796-0 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LtYUAAAAIAAJ&amp;lpg=PA116&amp;dq=%22Ibn%20al-Baitar%22&amp;pg=PA116#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false }}
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* {{Cite journal |ref=harv |last=Lilburn |first=Timothy G. |last2=Harrison |first2=Scott H. |last3=Cole |first3=James R. |last4=Garrity |first4=George M. | date = 2006 |title=Computational aspects of systematic biology |journal=Briefings in Bioinformatics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=186–195 |doi=10.1093/bib/bbl005 |pmid=16772262 }}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last1=Lin|first1=Z.|last2=Zhong|first2=S.|last3=Grierson|first3=D.|date=2009|title=Recent Advances in Ethylene Research|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-botany_2009_60_12/page/3311|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|location=Oxford|volume=60|issue=12|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp204|pmid=19567479|pages=3311–36}}
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* {{Cite journal| ref = harv | last = Lüttge| first = Ulrich | title = Photosynthetic Flexibility and Ecophysiological Plasticity: Questions and Lessons from Clusia, the Only CAM Tree, in the Neotropics | journal = New Phytologist|volume=171|issue=1 | date = 2006| location = Hoboken, NJ| jstor = 3694480| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01755.x| pmid = 16771979| pages = 7–25}}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Mann | first = J. | title = Secondary Metabolism, 2nd ed. | url = https://archive.org/details/secondarymetabol00mann | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 1987 | location = Oxford | isbn = 0-19-855529-6 }}
* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Mauseth | first = James D. | title = Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology | edition = 3rd | date = 2003 | isbn = 0-7637-2134-4 | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Sudbury, MA}}
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* {{Cite book|ref= harv|last1= McNeill|first1= J.|last2= Barrie|first2= F. R.|last3= Buck|first3= W. R.|last4= Demoulin|first4= V.|last5= Greuter|first5= W.|last6= Hawksworth|first6= D. L.|last7= Herendeen|first7= P. S.|last8= Knapp|first8= S.|last9= Marhold|first9= K.|last10= Prado|first10= J.|last11= Prud'homme Van Reine|first11= W. F.|last12= Smith|first12= G. F.|last13= Wiersema|first13= J. H.|last14= Turland|first14= N. J.|volume= Regnum Vegetabile 154|title= International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011|date= 2011|publisher= A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG|isbn= 978-3-87429-425-6|url= http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title}} {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |access-date=16 Oktubre 2022 |archive-date=25 Disyembre 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225103142/https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title |url-status=unfit }}
* {{Cite web|ref=harv|last=Medbury|first=Scot|date=1993|title=Taxonomy and Arboreturm Design|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|publisher=Harvard University|format=PDF|accessdate=26 Hulyo 2013|archive-date=9 Hunyo 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609153849/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1993-53-3-taxonomy-and-arboretum-design.pdf|url-status=}}
* {{Cite journal| ref = harv|last1=Mithila|first1=J.|last2=Hall|first2=J. C.|last3= Victor|first3= J. M.|last4= Saxena|first4=P. K.|title=Thidiazuron Induces Shoot Organogenesis at Low Concentrations and Somatic Embryogenesis at High Concentrations on Leaf and Petiole Explants of African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl)| url = https://archive.org/details/plant-cell-reports_2003-01_21_5/page/408|journal=Plant Cell Reports|date= Enero 2003|pmid=12789442| volume = 21| issue = 5| doi = 10.1007/s00299-002-0544-y| pages = 408–14|doi_brokendate= 10 Enero 2015}}
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* {{Cite book | ref = harv | last = Morton | first = Alan G. | date = 1981 | title = History of Botanical Science: An Account of the Development of Botany from Ancient Times to the Present Day | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofbotanic0000mort | publisher = Academic Press | location = London | isbn = 978-0-12-508380-5 }}
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* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Nobel |first=P. S. |date=1983 |title=Biophysical Plant Physiology and Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/biophysicalplant0000nobe |location=San Francisco |publisher=W. H. Freeman |isbn=0-7167-1447-7 }}
* {{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Oberlies |first=Thomas | date = 1998 |title=Die Religion des Rgveda |publication-place=Wien |publisher=Sammlung De Nobili |isbn=978-3-900271-31-2 |language=German}}
* {{Cite journal|ref=harv |title=All Hands on Deck—The Role of Chloroplasts, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and the Nucleus in Driving Plant Innate Immunity |url=https://archive.org/details/molecular-plant-microbe-interactions_2010-11_23_11/page/1368 | date = 2010 |last1=Padmanabhan |first1=Meenu S. |last2=Dinesh-Kumar |first2=S. P. |journal=Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions |publisher= The American Phytopathological Society|location=St. Paul, MN|volume=23 |issue=11 |doi=10.1094/MPMI-05-10-0113 |pmid=20923348|pages=1368–80}}
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* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Roux|first=Stanley J.|title=Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Phytochrome Action in Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1984-01_34_1/page/25|journal=BioScience|location=Berkeley, California|date=1984|volume=34|issue=1|jstor=1309422|doi=10.2307/1309422|pmid=11540810|pages=25–9}}
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* {{Cite journal|ref=harv|last=Sattler|first=R.|date=1992|title=Process morphology: structural dynamics in development and evolution|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany|volume=70|issue=4|url=http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/content/78/5/577.full.pdf|format=PDF|pages=708–714|doi=10.1139/b92-091}} 
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* {{Cite journal|ref=harv |title=Fatty Acid Export from the Chloroplast. Molecular Characterization of a Major Plastidial Acyl-Coenzyme a Synthetase from Arabidopsis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-physiology_2002-08_129_4/page/1700 | date = 2002 |last1=Schnurr |first1=J. A. |last2=Shockey |first2=J. M. |last3=De Boer |first3=G. J. |last4=Browse |first4=J. A.|journal=Plant Physiology |volume=129 |issue=4 |pages=1700–9 |pmid=12177483 |pmc=166758|doi=10.1104/pp.003251 }}
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* {{Cite journal |ref= harv |last= Sussex |first= I. |date= 2008 |title= The Scientific Roots of Modern Plant Biotechnology |journal= The Plant Cell |volume= 20 |issue= 5 |doi= 10.1105/tpc.108.058735 |url= http://www.plantcell.org/content/20/5/1189.full.pdf+html |format= PDF |pmid= 18515500 |pmc= 2438469 |pages= 1189–98 }}
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* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Tansley| first1 = A. G.| title =The Use and Abuse of Vegetational Terms and Concepts | journal = Ecology|publisher=Ecological Society of America |location=Washington, D.C. | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 284| date = 1935|doi = 10.2307/1930070|jstor=1930070}}
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* {{Cite journal | ref = harv | last1 = Willis| first1 = A. J.| title =The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically | journal =Functional Ecology|publisher=British Ecological Society|location=London| volume = 11 | issue =2 | date = 1997|doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x | pages = 268}}
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* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Online Etymology Dictionary|2012}} | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&amp;search=botany&amp;searchmode=none | title = Botany | publisher = Online Etymology Dictionary | date = 2012 | accessdate = 24 Pebrero 2012 }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Museum of Wales|2007}} | url = http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | title = Early Herbals – The German Fathers of Botany | publisher = National Museum of Wales | date = 4 Hulyo 2007 | accessdate = 19 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 29 Hunyo 2012 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120629144256/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/852/?article_id=131 | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|National Science Foundation|1989}} | url = http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=120 | title = Katherine Esau | publisher = National Science Foundation | date = 1989 | accessdate = 26 Hunyo 2013 }}
* {{Cite web|ref={{sfnRef|Botanical Society of America|2013}}|url=http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|title=Evolution and Diversity, Botany for the Next Millennium: I. The Intellectual: Evolution, Development, Ecosystems|publisher=Botanical Society of America|accessdate=25 Hunyo 2013|archive-date=1998-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980131020409/http://www.botany.org/bsa/millen/mil-chp1.html#Evolution|url-status=}}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of Maryland Medical Center|2011}} | url = http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | title = Herbal Medicine | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | accessdate = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-date = 2 Marso 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120302205401/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/herbal-medicine-000351.htm | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Cleveland Museum of Natural History|2012}} | url = https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | title = Paleobotany | publisher = Cleveland Museum of Natural History | accessdate = 30 Hulyo 2014 | archive-date = 2014-08-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811074831/https://www.cmnh.org/discover/science/paleobotany-paleoecology | url-status =  }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|University of California-Davis|2012}} | url = http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | title = Physical Map of ''Brachypodium'' | publisher = University of California-Davis | accessdate = 26 Pebrero 2012 | archive-date = 24 Agosto 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110824105534/http://phymap.ucdavis.edu/brachypodium/phymapintro.jsp | url-status = dead }}
* {{Cite web | ref = {{sfnRef|Missouri Botanical Garden|2009}} | url = http://www.mbgnet.net/bioplants/earth.html | title = Plants and Life on Earth | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | date = 2009 | accessdate = 10 Marso 2012 }}
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Wikibooks|Botany}}
{{Commons category|Botany}}
{{Wikisource portal|Botany}}
{{WVD}}
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{dmoz|Science/Biology/Botany/|Botany}}
* [http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml Botany databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103035558/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Databases.shtml |date=3 Enero 2011 }} at the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation
* [http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&amp;lang=en/ High quality pictures of plants and information about them] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131150733/http://www.kuleuven-kortrijk.be/bioweb/?page=guide&amp;lang=en%2F |date=31 Enero 2012 }} from Catholic University of Leuven
* [http://wildflower.utexas.edu/ Native Plant Information Network]
* [http://plants.usda.gov/index.html USDA plant database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202091149/http://plants.usda.gov/index.html |date=2010-12-02 }}
* [http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/ The Virtual Library of Botany]
* [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/loc Larry Oglesby Collection] in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
{{refend}}

[[Kaarangay:Botanika]]</text>
      <sha1>88vuz51dz0a0owfj56lm7rqpyo9a39p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Transpormer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="6181" sha1="2agb4g9is3fm0t9fsc5iyg0rv1fom39" xml:space="preserve">[[File:WeldingTransformer-1.63.png|thumb|250px|Transpormer]]
An '''transpormador''' o '''transpormer''' amo an usa ka butang nga nagduduso han enerhiya han elektrisidad tikang ha usa ka sirkito ngadto ha usa mahitungod han electromagnetismo. Kinahanglanon ini ha sistema han pang-kuryente.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliograpiya==
* {{cite book
 | author=Central Electricity Generating Board
 | authorlink = CEGB
 | title=Modern Power Station Practice
 | url=https://archive.org/details/modernpowerstati0006grea
 | publisher=Pergamon
 | year=1982 | isbn=0-08-016436-6}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Daniels
 | first= A.R.
 | title=Introduction to Electrical Machines
 |publisher=Macmillan
 | year=1985
 | isbn=0-333-19627-9}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Flanagan
 | first = William M.
 | title = Handbook of Transformer Design &amp; Applications
 | url = https://archive.org/details/handbookoftransf0000flan
 | publisher = McGraw-Hill
 | year = 1993
 | edition = 2nd
 | isbn = 0-07-021291-0}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Gottlieb
 | first = Irving
 | title = Practical Transformer Handbook: for Electronics, Radio and Communications Engineers
 | publisher = Elsevier
 | year = 1998
 | isbn = 0-7506-3992-X
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=HFFo2TNIu88C}}
* {{cite book
 |last=Hammond
 |first=John Winthrop
 |title=Men and Volts: The Story of General Electric
 |year=1941
 |url=http://archive.org/details/menandvoltsstory00hammrich
 |publisher=J.B. Lippincott Company
 |pages=see esp. 106–107, 178, 238}}
* {{cite book
 | first = James
 | last = Harlow
 | title = Electric Power Transformer Engineering
 | publisher = CRC Press
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 0-8493-1704-5
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=THO9U9f2m9EC}}
* {{cite book
 | first = Martin
 | last = Heathcote
 | title = J &amp; P Transformer Book
 | edition = 12th
 | publisher = Newnes
 | year = 1998
 | isbn = 0-7506-1158-8
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=paPKsOXn5FMC}}
* {{cite book
 | last=Hindmarsh
 | first=John
 | title=Electrical Machines and Their Applications
 | url=https://archive.org/details/electricalmachin0003hind
 | edition = 4th
 | publisher=Pergamon
 | year=1977
 | location=Exeter
 | isbn=0-08-030573-3}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Kulkarni
 | first = S.V.
 | author2= Khaparde, S.A.
 | title = Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice
 | publisher = CRC Press
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 0-8247-5653-3
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=qy4QT0BlV0MC}}
* {{cite book
 | last = McLaren
 | first = Peter
 | title = Elementary Electric Power and Machines
 | publisher = Ellis Horwood
 | year = 1984
 | isbn = 0-470-20057-X }}
* {{cite book
 | last = McLyman
 | first = Colonel William
 | title = Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook
 | publisher = CRC
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 0-8247-5393-3
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=s_iMztIS8y4C}}
* {{cite book
 | first = Anthony
 | last = Pansini
 | title = Electrical Transformers and Power Equipment
 | publisher = CRC Press
 | year = 1999
 | isbn = 0-88173-311-3
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=f77zWwA3oS4C}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Ryan
 | first = H.M.
 | title = High Voltage Engineering and Testing
 | year = 2004
 | publisher = CRC Press
 | isbn=0-85296-775-6
 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=Jg1xA65n56oC&amp;pg=PA7&amp;dq=High+Voltage+Engineering+and+Testing}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Say
 | first = M.G.
 | title = Alternating Current Machines
 | url = https://archive.org/details/alternatingcurre0000saym_b7n3
 | edition = 5th
 | publisher = Pitman
 | year = 1983
 | location = London
 | isbn = 0-273-01969-4}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Winders, Jr.
 | first = John J.
 | title = Power Transformer Principles and Applications
 | publisher = CRC
 | year = 2002
 | isbn = 0-8247-0766-4
 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Sf1ppwGI6uYC}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Transformers}}
{{Wikibooks|School Science|How to make a transformer}}
&lt;!-- NOTE: No commercial links, please, eg to transformer manufacturer websites. They will be removed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/transformer/index.html Transformers Tutorial (Interactive Java applet)] National High Magnetic Field Laboratory --&gt;
&lt;!--kcoyne@magnet.fsu.edu, NHMFL webmaster, said in Oct 11, 2012 e-mail to me, user cblambert, that tutorials are being converted to Flash or movie format in 'the next few months' --&gt;
* [http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/transfor.htm ''Inside Transformers'', composed by J. B. Calvert, from Denver University]
&lt;!--* [http://www.conformity.com/artman/publish/printer_47.shtml ''Understanding Transformers: Characteristics and Limitations'' from Conformity Magazine] --&gt;
&lt;!--* [http://www.3phasepower.org/3phasetransformers.htm 3 Phase Transformer Information and Construction — The 3 Phase Power Resource Site]--&gt;
* {{dmoz|Business/Electronics_and_Electrical/Substation_and_Transmission/|Substation and Transmission}}
* [http://www.elkor.net/pdfs/AN0305-Current_Transformers.pdf Introduction to Current Transformers]
* [http://www.phy.hk/wiki/englishhtm/Transformer.htm Transformer (Interactive Java applet)], 'Physics is fun' by Chui-king Ng
* [https://www.current-voltage.com/types-of-transformers-according-core-power/ Types of Transformers according- Core, Power, Voltage Phases, Cooling] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803080544/https://www.current-voltage.com/types-of-transformers-according-core-power/ |date=2021-08-03 }}
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=XRb1RKbv0LM (Video) Power transformer inrush current (damping)] from YouTube
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=7Meu7SxBDPk (Video) Power transformer over-excitation (damping)] from YouTube
* [http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_2/chpt_10/6.html Three-phase transformer circuits] from All About Circuits
* [http://www.transformerscommittee.org/info/Bibliographybooks.pdf Bibliography of Transformer Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226101341/http://www.transformerscommittee.org/info/Bibliographybooks.pdf |date=2010-12-26 }} by P.M. Balma, from IEEE Transformer Committee
* [[:de:Einschalten des Transformators|Einschalten des Transformators]].  German Wikipedia article about transformer inrush current at switch on (in German).</text>
      <sha1>2agb4g9is3fm0t9fsc5iyg0rv1fom39</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nikotina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18262</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3710" sha1="63d49huy34rhkior3ah37rcb9pudh3j" xml:space="preserve">[[Paypay:Nicotine skeletal.svg|thumb]]
[[Paypay:Nicotine-3D-vdW.png|thumb]]

An '''nikotina'''&lt;ref&gt;Abuyen, Tomas A. '''DICTIONARY English Waray-Waray/Tagalog.''' National Book Store. Mandaluyong City. ISBN 971-08-6529-3 Pakli Ihap 234.&lt;/ref&gt; amo an alkaloid nga mabibilngan ha banay nightshade han tanom (Solanaceae) nga mayda banabana nga 0.6 ngadto ha 3.0% han mamara nga timbang han tabako, nga mayda nanhitabo nga biosynthesis ha mga ugat, ngan natirok ha iya mga dahon.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

==Padugang nga barasahon==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite journal |author=Bilkei-Gorzo A, Rácz I, Michel K, Darvas M, Rafael Maldonado López, Zimmer A.|title=A common genetic predisposition to stress sensitivity and stress-induced nicotine craving|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-psychiatry_2008-01-15_63_2/page/164|journal=Biol. Psychiatry | date = 2008 |volume=63 |pages= 164–71 |pmid=17570348 |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.02.010 |issue=2}}
*{{Cite book
| editor1-last           =Gorrod
| editor1-first          =John W.
| editor2-last        =Peyton
| editor2-first       =Jacob,III
| title                 =Analytical Determination of Nicotine and Related Compounds and their Metabolites
| url           =https://archive.org/details/analyticaldeterm0000unse
| date                 =16 Nobyembre 1999
| publisher             =Elsevier
| location              =Amsterdam
| isbn                  =978-0-08-052551-8
}}
*{{Cite journal |author=Willoughby JO, Pope KJ, Eaton V |title=Nicotine as an antiepileptic agent in ADNFLE: an N-of-one study |journal=Epilepsia |volume=44 |issue=9 |pages=1238–40 |date= Septyembre 2003 |pmid=12919397 |doi=10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.11903.x}}
*{{Cite journal |author=Minna JD |title=Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2003-01_111_1/page/30 |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=31–3 |date= Enero 2003 |pmid=12511585 |pmc=151841 |doi=10.1172/JCI17492 }}
*{{Cite journal |author=[[James Fallon|Fallon JH]], Keator DB, Mbogori J, Taylor D, Potkin SG |title=Gender: a major determinant of brain response to nicotine |journal=Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=17–26 |date= Marso 2005 |pmid=15579215 |doi=10.1017/S1461145704004730}}
*{{Cite journal |author=West KA, Brognard J, Clark AS, et al. |title=Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_2003-01_111_1/page/81 |journal=J Clin Invest. |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=81–90 |date= Enero 2003 |pmid=12511591 |pmc=151834 |doi=10.1172/JCI16147 }}
*[http://www.nida.nih.gov/researchreports/nicotine/nicotine.html National Institute on Drug Abuse]
*[http://www.erowid.org/plants/tobacco/tobacco.shtml Erowid information on tobacco]
{{refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Nicotine}}
*[http://www.howstuffworks.com/nicotine.htm Description of nicotine mechanisms]
*[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/nicotine/nicotine_data_sheet1.shtml Erowid Nicotine Vault : Nicotine Material Safety Data Sheet]
*{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/ncpgasthep0316 |title=Mechanisms of Disease: Nicotine—a review of its actions in the context of gastrointestinal disease | date = 2005 |last1=Thomas |first1=Gareth AO |last2=Rhodes |first2=John |last3=Ingram |first3=John R |journal=Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology &amp;#38; Hepatology |volume=2 |issue=11 |pages=536}}
*[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0446.html CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nazaret</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4215" sha1="px6djmz3zg1vxlebjduo8jglzx496af" xml:space="preserve">An '''Nazaret'''&lt;ref&gt;''Baraan nga Biblia: An Maupay nga Sumat Para ha Imo'' (Biblia nga Ginhubad ha Pinulongan nga Samarenyo) Samarenyo Popular Version SPV 050 P PBS 2003-1 Philippine Bible Society 1978&lt;/ref&gt; o kundi man '''Nasaret'''&lt;ref&gt;''An Baraan nga Kasuratan'' Samarenyo Bible SAM 054 PBS 2000-1 Philippine Bible Society 1983&lt;/ref&gt; (ha Ininglis ''Nazareth'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|æ|z|ər|ə|θ}}; {{lang-ar|النَّاصِرَة}}, ''an-Nāṣira''; {{lang-he-n|נָצְרַת}}, ''Natzrat''; {{lang-arc|ܢܨܪܬ}}, ''Naṣrath'') amo an gidako-i nga [[syudad]] ha [[Amihanan nga Distrito (Israel)|Amihanan nga Distrito]] han [[Israel]]. Tina[[tawag]] an Nazaret nga &quot;an [[Arabo (katawhan)|Arabo]] nga [[pamunuan]] han Israel&quot;.&lt;ref name=Irani&gt;{{cite journal |title= Review of &quot;Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth&quot; |url= https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-palestine-studies_spring-1996_25_3/page/103 |author= Laurie King-Irani |journal= Journal of Palestine Studies |volume= 25 |issue= 3 |date= Spring 1996 |pages= 103–105 |jstor= 2538265 |doi=10.1525/jps.1996.25.3.00p0131i}}&lt;/ref&gt; Han {{Israel populations|Tuig}} an ka[[mulupyu]]han hini {{Israel populations|Nazareth}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} An mga molupyo kadam-an mga Arabo nga [[bungto]]hanon han Israel, nga diin 69% mga [[Muslim]] ngan 30.9% mga [[Kristyanismo|Kristyano]].&lt;ref name=Irani/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |title=2005 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |accessdate=2012-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905053711/http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/207_7300.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Dumperp274&gt;{{Cite book|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: a historical encyclopedia|first1=Michael|last1=Dumper|first2=Bruce E.|last2=Stanley|first3=Janet L.|last3=Abu-Lughod|edition=Illustrated|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2006|isbn=9781576079195|pages=273–274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA274&amp;dq=%22arab+capital+of+israel%22#v=onepage&amp;q=%22arab%20capital%20of%20israel%22&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|title=Birthing the nation: strategies of Palestinian women in Israel|last=Kanaaneh|first=Rhoda Ann|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-520-22379-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2JmeRYaXJIC&amp;pg=PA117|page=117|quote=Mga Bug-os-nga-Arabo nga syudad sugad han Nazaret, an gidako-i nga Palestino nga syudad ha Israel}}{{citation|title=Flight into the maelstrom: Soviet immigration to Israel and Middle East peace|last=Quigley|first=John|author-link=John Quigley (academic)|publisher=Garnet &amp; Ithaca Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-86372-219-6|page=190|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwVw59HmVdEC&amp;pg=RA1-PA190|quote=An usa liwat nga dako nga Hudeo nga sentro hin kamolupyohan ha Galilea an Igbaw nga Nazaret, nga gintukod sapit han Nazaret, an nangunguna nga Palestino nga syudad ha ginpanimungto-hin-Arabo nga Galilea.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[Nof HaGalil|Nazaret Illit]] (ha literal: &quot;Igbaw nga Nazaret&quot;), gindeklara nga bulag nga syudad han Hunyo 1974, gintukod sapit han daan nga Nazaret, ngan mayda [[Hudeyo]] nga kamolupyohan nga 40,312 han 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbs populations&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2010/table3.pdf|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2010-06-30|accessdate=2010-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ha [[Bag-o nga Ginsabutan]], ginpapahayag an [[bungto]] nga amo an gin-ukyan han pagka[[bata]] ni [[Jesucristo|Jesus]],&lt;ref name=Jeffrey&gt;{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of biblical tradition in English literature |last=Jeffrey|first= David L. |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-85244-224-1 |pages=538–40 |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7R0IGTSvIVIC&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false}}&lt;/ref&gt; ngan sugad man sentro hin Kristyano nga peregrinahe, nga mayda damo nga mga santuaryo nga nagpapahinumdom hin mga nanhinabo ha [[Bibliya]].

==Mga pinambasaran==
{{reflist}}


{{Commonscat|Nazareth}}

{{turók}}

[[Kaarangay:Mga syudad han Israel]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sistema hin panurat</title>
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Iton '''sistema hin panurat''' in uska sistema hin mga tigaman biswal nga nahipapatik ha papel o ha iba nga medyum, nga gingagamit hit pagrepresentar hin mga elemento nga nahipapagawas ha linggwahe.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Reflist}}

==Mga reperensya==
* Cisse, Mamadou. 2006. &quot;Ecrits et écritures en Afrique de l'Ouest&quot;. Sudlangues n°6, http://www.sudlangues.sn/spip.php?article101 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093748/http://www.sudlangues.sn/spip.php?article101 |date=2011-07-20 }}
* Coulmas, Florian. 1996. ''The Blackwell encyclopedia of writing systems''. Oxford: Blackwell.
* [[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]], and [[William Bright]], eds. 1996. ''The World's Writing Systems''. [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
* DeFrancis, John. 1990. ''The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy''.  Honolulu: [[University of Hawaii Press]]. ISBN 0-8248-1068-6
* {{Citation
 | last = Haarmann
 | first = Harald
 | title = Geschichte der Schrift
 | trans_title = History of Writing
 | language = German
 | publisher = C. H. Beck
 | location = München
 | edition = 2nd
 | year = 2004
 | isbn = 3-406-47998-7
}}
* Hannas, William. C. 1997. ''Asia's Orthographic Dilemma''. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1892-X (paperback); ISBN 0-8248-1842-3 (hardcover)
* {{Citation
 | last = Millard
 | first = A. R.
 | year = 1986
 | title = The Infancy of the Alphabet
 | journal = World Archaeology
 | volume = 17
 | issue = 3
 | pages = 390–398
 | doi=10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978
}}
* [[Yutaka Nishiyama|Nishiyama, Yutaka]]. 2010. ''The Mathematics of Direction in Writing''. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, [http://www.ijpam.eu/contents/2010-61-3/9/9.pdf Vol.61, No.3, 347-356.]
* Rogers, Henry. 2005. ''Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach''. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23463-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-631-23464-0 (paperback)
* Sampson, Geoffrey. 1985. ''Writing Systems''. Stanford, California: [[Stanford University Press]]. ISBN 0-8047-1756-7 (paper), ISBN 0-8047-1254-9 (cloth).
* Smalley, W. A. (ed.) 1964. ''Orthography studies: articles on new writing systems''. London: United Bible Society.

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
* [http://writsy.oxfordjournals.org/current.dtl/ Writing Systems Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303044746/http://writsy.oxfordjournals.org/current.dtl |date=2010-03-03 }} Free first issue of a journal devoted to research on writing systems
* [http://www.archchinese.com/ Arch Chinese (Traditional &amp; Simplified)] Chinese character writing animations and native speaker pronunciations
* [http://www.decodeunicode.org/ decodeunicode] Unicode Wiki with all 98,884 Unicode 5.0 characters as gifs in three sizes
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903111358/http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/Writing_Systems/Welcome.html African writing systems]
* [http://www.omniglot.com/index.htm Omniglot: The Online Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages]
* {{hu icon}} [http://123456789101112.uw.hu Ultraweb.hu - főoldal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208071031/http://123456789101112.uw.hu/ |date=2011-02-08 }}
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html Ancient Scripts] Introduction to different writing systems
* [[Michael Everson]]'s [http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html Alphabets of Europe]
* The [http://www.unicode.org/ Unicode Consortium]
*[http://www.ccelian.com/ElianScriptFull.html Elian script] a writing system that combines the linearity of spelling with the free-form aspects of drawing.
* {{ru icon}} [http://www.rbardalzo.narod.ru/vse_alf.html Written of the World]
* [https://kingessays.com/500-word-essay.php 500 Word Essay]</text>
      <sha1>medzczhzh0ntqs51hgn3niyherzwu81</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Sphecidae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1108588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790303</id>
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{{Taxobox
| name               = Sphecidae
| status             = 
| image              = Podalonia cf hirsuta01.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Hymenoptera]]
| familia            = '''Sphecidae'''
| genus              = 
| species            = 
| binomial           = Sphecidae
| binomial_authority = 
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Apoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''Sphecidae'''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska [[familia]] han [[Hymenoptera]]. An Sphecidae in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Apoidea]], [[ordo]] nga [[Hymenoptera]], [[classis]] nga [[Insecta]], [[punoan]] nga [[Arthropoda]], ngan [[regnum]] nga [[Animalia]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; An [[familia]] nga Sphecidae in naglalakip hin 747 ka mga species, sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;. 

__TOC__

{{clear}}

==Taxonomiya==
An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]] ngan Debevec ''et al'', 2012&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=debevec&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Debevec |first1=Andrew H. |last2=Cardinal |first2=Sophie |last3=Danforth |first3=Bryan N. |title=Identifying the sister group to the bees: a molecular phylogeny of Aculeata with an emphasis on the superfamily Apoidea |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=2012 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=527–535 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00549.x |url=http://www.danforthlab.entomology.cornell.edu/files/all/debevec_etal_2012.pdf |access-date=2020-08-26 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212548/http://www.danforthlab.entomology.cornell.edu/files/all/debevec_etal_2012.pdf |url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;:

{{Clade
| label1 = [[Apoidea]]
| 1={{Clade
 | label1 = &amp;nbsp;'''Sphecidae'''&amp;nbsp;
 | 1={{Clade
  | label1 = &amp;nbsp;[[Ammophilinae]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 1={{Clade
   | label1 = &amp;nbsp;[[Ammophilini]]&amp;nbsp;
   | 1={{Clade
    | 1=''[[Ammophila]]''
    | 2=''[[Eremnophila]]''
    | 3=''[[Eremochares]]''
    | 4=''[[Hoplammophila]]''
    | 5=''[[Parapsammophila]]''
    | 6=''[[Podalonia]]''
  }}
 }}
 | label2 = &amp;nbsp;[[Chloriontinae]]&amp;nbsp;
 | 2={{Clade
  | label1 = &amp;nbsp;[[Chloriontini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 1={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Chlorion]]''
  }}
 }}
 | label3 = &amp;nbsp;[[Sceliphrinae]]&amp;nbsp;
 | 3={{Clade
  | label1 = &amp;nbsp;[[Podiini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 1={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Dynatus]]''
   | 2=''[[Penepodium]]''
   | 3=''[[Podium]]''
   | 4=''[[Trigonopsis]]''
  }}
  | label2 = &amp;nbsp;[[Protosceliphrini]]&amp;nbsp;†&amp;nbsp;
  | 2={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Protosceliphron]]''&amp;nbsp;†
  }}
  | label3 = &amp;nbsp;[[Sceliphrini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 3={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Chalybion]]''
   | 2=''[[Hoplisidia]]''&amp;nbsp;†
   | 3=''[[Sceliphron]]''
  }}
  | label4 = &amp;nbsp;[[Stangeellini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 4={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Stangeella]]''
  }}
 }}
 | label4 = &amp;nbsp;[[Sphecinae]]&amp;nbsp;
 | 4={{Clade
  | label1 = &amp;nbsp;[[Prionychini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 1={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Chilosphex]]''
   | 2=''[[Palmodes]]''
   | 3=''[[Prionyx]]''
  }}
  | label2 = &amp;nbsp;[[Sphecini]]&amp;nbsp;
  | 2={{Clade
   | 1=''[[Isodontia]]''
   | 2=''[[Sphex]]''
  }}
 }}
}}
| 2=[[Ampulicidae]]
| 3=[[Andrenidae]]
| 4=[[Apidae]]
| 5=[[Colletidae]]
| 6=[[Crabronidae]]
| 7=[[Halictidae]]
| 8=[[Heterogynaidae]]
| 9=[[Megachilidae]]
| 10=[[Melittidae]]
| 11=[[Stenotritidae]]
}}
}}

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/sphecidae/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author1= Bisby F.A. |author2= Roskov Y.R. |author3= Orrell T.M. |author4= Nicolson D. |author5= Paglinawan L.E. |author6= Bailly N. |author7= Kirk P.M. |author8= Bourgoin T. |author9= Baillargeon G. |author10= Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Sphecidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Sphecidae|''Sphecidae''}}

{{clear}}

==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Sphecidae - Isodontia mexicana-1.JPG |''Isodontia mexicana''
File:Ammophila clavus (4194707408).jpg|''Ammophila'' sp.
File:Croat fg185.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Sphecidae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kopelates virgata</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1568857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790277</id>
      <parentid>6906413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:02:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Pilodeudorix_virgata.JPG with [[File:Pseudodipsas_dewitzi.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error)).</comment>
      <origin>7790277</origin>
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{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Kopelates virgata''
| status             = 
| image              = Pseudodipsas dewitzi.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Lycaenidae]]
| genus              = [[Kopelates]]
| species            = '''Kopelates virgata'''
| binomial           = Kopelates virgata
| binomial_authority = [[Druce (awtor)|Druce]] 1891
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Kopelates virgata'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Druce (awtor)|Druce]] hadton 1891. An ''Kopelates virgata'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Kopelates]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Lycaenidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/kopelates+virgata/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Kopelates]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Oleria aegle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1570990</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790279</id>
      <parentid>7051090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:38:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_I.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_I)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]</comment>
      <origin>7790279</origin>
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      <text bytes="2021" sha1="lzyfenlgfo3ii7xa8d4uq7gx3z81vdt" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Oleria aegle''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Oleria]]
| species            = '''Oleria aegle'''
| binomial           = Oleria aegle
| binomial_authority = [[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]] 1776
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Oleria aegle'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Fabricius (awtor)|Fabricius]] hadton 1776. An ''Oleria aegle'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Oleria]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/oleria+aegle/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Oleria aegle}}
{{Wikispecies|Oleria aegle|''Oleria aegle''}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
CramerAndStoll-uitlandsche kapellen vol. 3- pl 257.jpg
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia I) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Oleria]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Godyris cleomella</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571014</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790283</id>
      <parentid>6833558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:40:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XXXII.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XXXII)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File r</comment>
      <origin>7790283</origin>
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      <text bytes="1986" sha1="spsx2ohw9yu0uca0y4xh73m8sg4hqwy" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Godyris cleomella''
| status             = 
| image              = Godyris cleomella.JPG
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Godyris]]
| species            = '''Godyris cleomella'''
| binomial           = Godyris cleomella
| binomial_authority = [[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]] 1874
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Godyris cleomella'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1874. An ''Godyris cleomella'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Godyris]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/godyris+cleomella/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Godyris cleomella}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XXXII) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Godyris]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pagyris ulla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790280</id>
      <parentid>7078942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:39:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XX.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XX)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed</comment>
      <origin>7790280</origin>
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{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Pagyris ulla''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Pagyris]]
| species            = '''Pagyris ulla'''
| binomial           = Pagyris ulla
| binomial_authority = [[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]] 1857
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Pagyris ulla'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1857. An ''Pagyris ulla'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Pagyris]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/pagyris+ulla/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Pagyris ulla}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XX) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Pagyris]]</text>
      <sha1>fzzdsasg74lpfuu3q36okrj3fxlnjzf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hyalenna alidella</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571122</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790282</id>
      <parentid>6876216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XXVII.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XXVII)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File r</comment>
      <origin>7790282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2061" sha1="su8jxqpwcmwstounhih2wdspals6h26" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Hyalenna alidella''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Hyalenna]]
| species            = '''Hyalenna alidella'''
| binomial           = Hyalenna alidella
| binomial_authority = [[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]] 1869
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Hyalenna alidella'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1869. An ''Hyalenna alidella'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Hyalenna]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/hyalenna+alidella/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Hyalenna alidella}}
{{Wikispecies|Hyalenna alidella|''Hyalenna alidella''}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
BerlinerEntomZeitschrift1903Taf5.jpg
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XXVII) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Hyalenna]]</text>
      <sha1>su8jxqpwcmwstounhih2wdspals6h26</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Veladyris pardalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790284</id>
      <parentid>7613914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XXXII.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XXXII)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File r</comment>
      <origin>7790284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1977" sha1="c24b5k4e9o1yd4faoo4rt8uc1juaoj6" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Veladyris pardalis''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Veladyris]]
| species            = '''Veladyris pardalis'''
| binomial           = Veladyris pardalis
| binomial_authority = [[Osbert Salvin|Salvin]] 1869
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Veladyris pardalis'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Osbert Salvin]] hadton 1869. An ''Veladyris pardalis'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Veladyris]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/veladyris+pardalis/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Veladyris pardalis}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XXXII) II.jpg
Veladyris pardalis.JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Veladyris]]</text>
      <sha1>c24b5k4e9o1yd4faoo4rt8uc1juaoj6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Velamysta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790285</id>
      <parentid>7613920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XXXII.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XXXII)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File r</comment>
      <origin>7790285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1885" sha1="afj5rc9416tm1bl03j83f0xtgdu7jpp" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Velamysta''
| status             = 
| image              = Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XXXII) II.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = '''Velamysta'''
| species            = 
| binomial           = Velamysta
| binomial_authority = 
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Velamysta'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska [[genus]] han [[Lepidoptera]]. An ''Velamysta'' in nahilalakip ha [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; 

An [[kladograma]] hini sumala ha [[Catalogue of Life]]&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;:

{{Clade
| label1 = '''''Velamysta&amp;nbsp;'''''
| 1={{Clade
| 1=''[[Velamysta anomala]]''
| 2=''[[Velamysta breyeri]]''
| 3=''[[Velamysta cruxifera]]''
| 4=''[[Velamysta dispersa]]''
| 5=''[[Velamysta peninna]]''
| 6=''[[Velamysta phengites]]''
| 7=''[[Velamysta pupilla]]''
| 8=''[[Velamysta torquatilla]]''
}}
}}

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/velamysta/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Velamysta}}

[[Kaarangay:Velamysta]]</text>
      <sha1>afj5rc9416tm1bl03j83f0xtgdu7jpp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heterosais giulia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790281</id>
      <parentid>6864634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:40:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XXVII.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XXVII)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File r</comment>
      <origin>7790281</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2040" sha1="b4gjsrfr11osjyb4zsyu0hxey176tnp" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Heterosais giulia''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Heterosais]]
| species            = '''Heterosais giulia'''
| binomial           = Heterosais giulia
| binomial_authority = [[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]] 1854
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Heterosais giulia'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1854. An ''Heterosais giulia'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Heterosais]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/heterosais+giulia/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Heterosais giulia}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies Ithomia VI.jpg
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XXVII) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Heterosais]]</text>
      <sha1>b4gjsrfr11osjyb4zsyu0hxey176tnp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aeria elara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1571248</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790278</id>
      <parentid>7787603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T12:31:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Replacing Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_Ithomia_XI.jpg with [[File:Illustrations_of_new_species_of_exotic_butterflies_(Heliconidae-_Ithomia_XI)_II.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed</comment>
      <origin>7790278</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1986" sha1="gswmalpfmg0gpf8726yjom2tvktfn6w" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Lepidoptera|date=2013-09}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Aeria elara''
| status             = 
| image              = Aeria elara (2873290902).jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Animalia]]
| phylum             = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis            = [[Insecta]]
| ordo               = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia            = [[Nymphalidae]]
| genus              = [[Aeria]]
| species            = '''Aeria elara'''
| binomial           = Aeria elara
| binomial_authority = [[William Chapman Hewitson|Hewitson]] 1855
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| subphylum          = [[Hexapoda]]
| superfamilia       = [[Papilionoidea]]
| synonyms           = 
}}
An '''''Aeria elara'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Lepidoptera]] nga ginhulagway ni [[William Chapman Hewitson]] hadton 1855. An ''Aeria elara'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Aeria]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Nymphalidae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/aeria+elara/match/1|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.|author= Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (ed.)| date = 2011|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 24 Septyembre 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;''LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index''. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. &amp; Pitkin B., 15 Hunyo 2005&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Aeria elara}}
{{Wikispecies|Aeria elara|''Aeria elara''}}


==Image gallery==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies (Heliconidae- Ithomia XI) II.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Aeria]]</text>
      <sha1>gswmalpfmg0gpf8726yjom2tvktfn6w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fátima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2883633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790301</id>
      <parentid>6274490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T19:01:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kent Wang</username>
        <id>68905</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fatima BW 2018-10-07 08-58-30 s v1.jpg</comment>
      <origin>7790301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="331" sha1="13mvtn4v383grt1f7f2d6soefazuwv7" xml:space="preserve">An '''Fátima''' amo in uska parokya ha munisipalidad han Ourém ha distrito han Santarém ha nasod han [[Portugal]]. 

&lt;br&gt;&lt;gallery class=center caption=&quot;Fátima&quot;&gt;
Fatima-02-1983-gje.jpg
Fatima-08-Kirche-2011-gje.jpg
Fatima-10-Kreuz-2011-gje.jpg
Fatima BW 2018-10-07 08-58-30 s v1.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{turok}}

[[kaarangay:Portugal]]</text>
      <sha1>13mvtn4v383grt1f7f2d6soefazuwv7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pepin nga Halipot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2887928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790290</id>
      <parentid>7747894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T16:57:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for verifiability (20261028) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]])</comment>
      <origin>7790290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1267" sha1="o91ajh4o2z0f6qc58broxfz33o4rsyo" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Alte-Mainbruecke Pipinus.jpg|thumb]]

Hi '''Pepin {{efn|Iya ngaran puyde  liwat masurat nga &quot;Peppin&quot;.}}nga Halipot{{efn|Halipot an iya buhok, nga naiiba han halaba nga buhok nga tigaman han mga nag-una ha iya.{{sfn|Dutton|2008|p=?}}}}''' o kundi man '''Pipino nga Halipot''' (ginkilala gihapon nga '''Pipino III''' o '''Pepin III''', [[Frinanses]]: ''Pépin le Bref'', [[Inaleman]]: ''Pippin der Kleine''; [[Kinatsila]]: ''Pipino el Breve''; ca. 714 - 24 Septyembre, 768) amo an [[Hadi han mga Franco]] tikang 751 kutub han iya kamatay han 768. Hiyá an syahan han mga [[Dinastiya Carolingia|Carolingia]] nga nagin hadi.{{sfn|Riché|1993|p=65}}

==Mga tigaman==
{{notelist}}

==Mga ginkuhaan==
{{reflist}}

==Dugang pa nga barasahon==
*{{cite book |first=Paul Edward |last=Dutton |title=Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |first=Pierre |last=Riché |translator1-first=Michael Idomir |translator1-last=Allen |title=The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe |url=https://archive.org/details/carolingiansfami0000rich |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1993 |ref=harv}}

{{turók}}

[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 714]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga namatay han 768]]</text>
      <sha1>o91ajh4o2z0f6qc58broxfz33o4rsyo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pagpanapaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2890001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790286</id>
      <parentid>7787423</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-28T14:01:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RadioUnlimited777</username>
        <id>68362</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */ + dugang nga mga detalye</comment>
      <origin>7790286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2286" sha1="4knzk1t4pcj7rnkfbpsmjyita6xnqwf" xml:space="preserve">[[Paypay:Jules_Arsène_Garnier_-_Le_supplice_des_adultères.jpg|thumb]]

Iton '''pagpanapaw''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Adultery''; [[Linatin]]: ''Adulterium'') in pagtudlo han mga isyu hiunong ha pag-aasawa han binubuhat ni [[pakighilawas|pakihilawas]] ha seksuwal hin tawo ha [[relihiyon]] han [[Kristiyanismo]], [[Judaismo|Hudeysmo]] ngan [[Islam]].

An tema han pagpanapaw gin-gamit ha haluag nga klase hin [[literatura]] ha bug-os nga mga panahon, ngan nagserbi nga tema hin pipira nga mga bantogan nga mga buhat sugad han ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' ngan ''Madame Bovary''. Komo tema nagdadara ini hin duro nga mga [[balatian]] ha unahan, ngan mayda mga resulta para han ngatanan nga nadadabihan. Awtomatiko liwat nga nagdadara ito hin kalugaringon nga pag-araway, ha butnga han mga tawo nga nababaraka ngan ha butnga han seksuwal nga mga [[hingyap]] ngan pag-abat hin pagkamaunungon.

Samtang an pag-[[asawa]] ngan [[pamilya]] agsob nga gintatagad sugad nga basihanan han [[sosyedad]], an [[isturya]] mahitungod han pagpanapaw agsob magpakita han pagkasumpaki butnga han pag-ipit han sosyedad ngan han pakigbisog han tagsa nga [[tawo]] para ha kalipay.

Sumala han [[Estados Unidos|Amerikano]] nga awtor nga hi Tom Perrotta, an [[nobela]] han pagpanapaw usa han nangunguna nga mga [[tradisyon]] panliterya han ika-19 nga siglo ha [[Europa]] ngan ha Estados Unidos. Hiya nasiring nga ini nga mga nobela agsob magpakita hin [[kababayin-an]] nga an diri-malipayon nga pag-asawa nagduduso ha ira nga mamiling hin romansa ngan diri-maopay nga pakighilawas. An panguna nga topiko hini nga mga nobela amo an rebelde-nga-babaye nga namimiling hin ka[[talwas]]an para han iya diri malipayon nga publiko nga [[gugma]]-[[kinabuhi]].

Ha [[Bibliya]], an mga hitabo han pagpanapaw aada na haros tikang pa ha tinikangan. An isturya ni [[Abraham]] in mayda pira nga mga panhitabo ngan nagseserbi nga mga pahimatngon o mga istorya hin [[sala]] ngan pagpasaylo. Hi Abraham nangangalimbasog ha pagpadayon han iya katulinan han [[dugo]] pina-agi han surugoon nga babaye han iya asawa, nga may mga resulta nga nagpapadayon ha bug-os nga [[kasaysayan]] han katawohan katapos hito.  Komplikado an kinabuhi han pamilya ni [[Jacob]] tungod han pariho nga mga panhitabo.

{{turok}}

[[Kaarangay:Seksuwalidad hin tawo]]</text>
      <sha1>4knzk1t4pcj7rnkfbpsmjyita6xnqwf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Divata</title>
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      <text bytes="24715" sha1="spc8urg5k21lcrkvwbpjmj4919xcaso" xml:space="preserve">[[Paypay:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg|right|thumb|An ladawan han Agusan (900–950 AD) nga nadiskubrehan han tuig 1917 ha pangpang han Salog Wawa hirani ha [[Esperanza, Agusan del Sur|Esperanza]], [[Agusan del Sur]], [[Mindanao]] ha [[Pilipinas]] . Bisan kun may-ada Hindu ngan Budhista nga mga elemento, ginsisingba ini han mga lokal nga Diwata ]]
An '''Divata''' (usahay nasusurat nga Duwata, Dewata, Ruwata, Diya, Dewa, ngan iba pa nga kaurugan) usa nga daan nga termino para ha '''Diwata''', usa nga pangkalahatan nga pulong nga ginagamit ha Pilipinas para ha mga diyos, diyosa, espiritu han kinaiyahan, nympha, ngan mga fairies. An iba nga espiritu nga waray pa nahimo nga tawo lahi an pagtawag ha pipira nga etnolinguistic nga grupo sugad nga '''diwata''', nga puydi magtikang ha yano nga mga espiritu nga nagbabantay hin mga butang, tanum, hayop, o lugar, tubtob ha mga diyos nga nagrerepresentar han abstrakto nga konsepto ngan natural nga mga panghitabo, pati na gihapon an mga banal nga binuhat nga kabahin han pantheon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society |url=https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-9715501354 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/barangaysixteent0000scot/page/202 203]–207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jocano1969&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Jocano |first=F. Landa |title=Philippine Mythology |publisher=Centro Escolar University Research and Development Center |year=1969 |pages=115–120}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diwata | title=diwata – Wiktionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.tagalog.com/dictionary/diwata | title=Diwata – Tagalog.com Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://lingvanex.com/dictionary/meaning/tagalog/diwata/ | title=Diwata – Lingvanex Dictionary | accessdate=2025-10-05 | archive-date=2025-10-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007030738/https://lingvanex.com/dictionary/meaning/tagalog/diwata/ | url-status= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Etimolohiya ==
An pulong nga ''divata'' (ngan an mga katugbang hini sugad han ''dewatu'', ''duwata'', ''diya'', ''dwata'' ) ginkuha tikang han sinanskrit nga pulong nga ''devatā'' (देवता) o ''deva'' (देव), nga nangangahulogan &quot;kadiyosan&quot; o &quot;diyosnon nga pagkatawo&quot;.  Ini nga lingguwistiko nga panurundon gin-aatribwir ha diri diretso nga pagbalyuay hin kultura ha butnga han Pilipinas ngan Salatan nga Asya, nga ginpatunga pinaagi hin mga palisiya hin Hindu-Budhista ha kadagatan Salatan-Sinirangan nga Asya sugad han Imperyo Srivijaya ngan Imperyo Majapahit . &lt;ref name=&quot;Junker1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Junker|first=Laura L.|title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms|url=https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0824820341|pages=[https://archive.org/details/raidingtradingfe0000junk/page/320 321]–325}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha Tinag-alog, an may kalabutan nga pulong ''nga diwa'' nangangahulogan nga &quot;espiritu&quot; o &quot;esensya&quot;, nga nagpapabug-at han espirituhanon nga konotasyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;Demetrio1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Demetrio|first=Francisco R.|title=Encyclopedia of Philippine Folk Beliefs and Customs|publisher=Giraffe Books|year=1991|pages=278–280}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot;/&gt; 

== Mga Kinaiya ==
An mga ''Divata'' tinotoohan nga nag-uokoy ha iba-iba nga mga kalibutan ngan dapit han natural ngan espirituhanon nga kalibutan. An ira mga katungdanan ngan mga kinaiya nagkakalain-lain:
*Mga espiritu han kinaiyahan: mga magtitimaan o magbabantay han mga kahoy, salog, kabugkiran, o mga hayop.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eugenio1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Eugenio |first=Damitila Ramos |title=Philippine Folk Literature: The Myths |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |year=1994 |isbn=9789715420617 |pages=55–60}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*Mga engkantada engkantado: Ha moderno nga [[Tagalog]], an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o engkantado o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga engkanto nga may talagsaon nga kapawa o katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].&lt;ref&gt;Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;
*Mga diyos han mga abstract nga konsepto: sugad han pagkamabungahon, girra, o kahimsog.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jocano1969&quot; /&gt;
*Mga sakop han pantheon — mas hitaas nga mga diyos nga ginkikilala han pipira nga mga etniko nga grupo, nga kadam-an may mas komplikado nga mga ritwal ngan mga halad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot; /&gt;

Samtang an iba nga ''divata'' mapinaura ngan ginhahagad para ha panalipod ngan bendisyon, an iba mga waray kasiguroan o maraot, ngan kinahanglan pasagopon pinaagi hin mga ritwal nga halad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Demetrio1991&quot; /&gt;

== Ha Mitolohiya han Pilipinas ==

Ha [[Philippine mythology]], an mga Diwata nagtutudlok ha mga engkantada, engkantado, mga espiritu han kinaiyahan, mga langitnon nga binuhat, ngan mga diyos ha mitolohiya. Ha relihiyong-bayan, nagtutudlok ini ha mga langitnon nga espiritu ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga diri pa tawo. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga mga magbabantay han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o mga diyos nga nagsus representara han mga natural nga pwersa, mga abstract nga konsepto, o mga diyos ha pantheon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Eslit |first=Edgar R. |date=2023-06-20 |title=Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry |doi=10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2025-01-06 |title=People: January/February 2025 |url=https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14
 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=Default Digital Object Group|doi=10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Owen |first=Norman G. |date=February 1998 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00. |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/journal-of-asian-studies/article/57/1/273/336734
 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=273–275 |doi=10.2307/2659094 |jstor=2659094 |issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tilman |first=Robert O. |date=February 1971 |title=The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins |url=http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/as.1971.11.2.01p0079e
 |journal=Asian Survey |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.2307/2642713 |jstor=2642713 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;
An '''Pag-Diwata''' amo an ritwal han pagdayeg, pagtahod, ngan pagsingba ha mga diyos ngan mga espiritu han kinaiyahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |title=Barangay: sixteenth century Philippine culture and society |date=2004 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila Univ. Pr |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |edition=5. pr |location=Manila}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An moderno nga pagsabot han mga Filipino bahin han “diwata” naglalakip hin mga kahulugan sugad han engkantada o engkantado, musa, nimfa, o bisan diyos (lalaki o babaye).&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews 1916&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=Roy Chapman |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.147302
 |title=[Mammal field catalog] |date=1916 |publisher=[s.n.]|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.147302 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Afanasyeva 170–172&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Afanasyeva |first=N. D. |date=2022-03-28 |title=The Third Skvortsov Readings |journal=Concept: Philosophy, Religion, Culture |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=170–172 |doi=10.24833/2541-8831-2022-1-21-170-172 |issn=2619-0540|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; An pulong gintuohan nga tikang ha Sanskrit nga “devata” (diyos).&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniélou 1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |title=The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series |url=https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia0000dani |date=1991 |publisher=Inner Traditions International, Limited |isbn=978-0-89281-354-4 |location=Rochester}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ha mga sugilanon ngan mitolohiya, an mga Diwata kasagaran nga may kabug-osan o ginhihimo nga pareho han mga [[Fairy|engkanto]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;admin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2019-10-05 |title=Entering Lambana's mythical realm |url=https://peopleasia.ph/entering-lambanas-mythical-realm/
 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=PeopleAsia |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The Diwata of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, &amp; Deities|url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/
 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.wisdomlib.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org
 |date=1970-01-01 |title=Lambana: Significance and symbolism |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/lambana
 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.wisdomlib.org
 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin engkantada o nimfa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga katahom, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Perdon, Renato 2012&quot;&gt;Perdon, Renato (2012). Pocket Tagalog Dictionary: Tagalog-English English-Tagalog. Tuttle Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4629-0983-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;Lanuza, Michelle, The Legend of Maria Makiling, archived from the original on 2007-10-02, retrieved September 30, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

An mga espiritu nga diri pa tawo ginkikilala ha iba nga mga etniko nga grupo nga ''diwata''. Ini nga mga espiritu mahimo nga simple nga espiritu han mga butang, tanom, hayop, o lugar,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;pananglitan, ''[[Nuno sa punso]]'', usa nga gamay nga ''anito'' nga naukoy ha mga punso; ngan [[Maria Makiling|Dayang Masalanta]], an Tagalog nga ''diwata'' han [[Mount Makiling]]&lt;/ref&gt; ngadto ha mga diyos nga [[Anthropomorphism|nagpapakatawo]] han mga abstract nga konsepto ngan mga natural nga hitabo,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;pananglitan, [[Mayari]], an Tagalog nga diyosa han bulan; [[Barangaw]], an Bisaya nga diyos han rainbow; ngan [[Makapatag]], an Bisaya nga diyos han panimalos&lt;/ref&gt; ngadto ha mga diyos nga sakop han tinuod nga [[Pantheon (religion)|pantheon]].&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;pananglitan, [[Bathala]], an puno nga diyos han mga Tagalog; [[Magbabaya]], an gihahataasan nga magburuhat han [[Lumad]]; ngan [[Pilandok]], an [[trickster spirit]] han [[Maranao people|Maranao]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ginkikilala liwat hira nga ''dewatu'', ''divata'', ''duwata'', ''ruwata'', ''dewa'', ''dwata'', ''diya'', ngan iba pa, ha lain-lain nga mga pinulongan han Pilipinas (upod an [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''diwa'', “espiritu” o “esensya”); nga tanan tikang ha [[Sanskrit]] ''[[devata]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देवता}}) o ''[[wiktionary:deva#Etymology|devá]]'' ({{Lang|sa|देव}}), nga nangangahulogan “diyos”. Ini nga mga ngaran resulta han [[Religious syncretism|pagsagol]] han mga Hindu-Budista nga tinuohan tungod han diri direkta nga kultura nga pagbayloay (pinaagi ha [[Srivijaya]] ngan [[Majapahit]]) tali han Pilipinas ngan [[South Asia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hislop&quot;/&gt;

Kundi, an mga entidad nga gintotoohan nga ''diwata'' nagkakalain depende han etniko nga grupo. Ha pipira sugad han [[B'laan people|B'laan]], [[Cuyonon people|Cuyonon]], [[Visayans]], ngan [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]], an ''Diwata'' nagtutudlok han [[Creator deity|labing hataas nga magburuhat]] ha ira pantheon,&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;An mga Tagalog naglalain han Diwata, an unibersal nga labaw nga binuhat, ngan hi [[Bathala]], an ira kalugaringon nga diyos han kinabuhi (Hislop, 1971)&lt;/ref&gt; ngan may lain nga mga termino para ha mga diri-tawo nga espiritu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hislop&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;An mga pinakakilalado nga ngaran hini nga mga espiritu ha lain-lain nga etniko nga grupo ha Pilipinas amo an ''diwata'' o ''anito''. An iba nga ngaran o espesipiko nga klase han ''diwata'' amo an ''fieu awas'', ''kahoynon'' ([[B'laan people|B'laan]]); ''mahomanay'', ''tahamaling'' (Bagobo); ''panya'en'' ([[Batak people (Philippines)|Batak]]); ''tawong lipod'', ''magindara'' ([[Bikol people|Bikol]]); ''magtitima'', ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Bukidnon people|Bukidnon]]); ''aled'' ([[Gaddang people|Gaddang]]); ''annani'' ([[Ibanag people|Ibanag]]); ''bakayauwan'', ''monduntug'', ''palasekan'', ''pili'', ''pinading'' ([[Ifugao people|Ifugao]]); ''mangmangkit'', ''katataoan''/''katawtaw-an'', ''kibaan'', ''litao'' ([[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]); ''apdel'', ''sasailo'' ([[Itneg people|Itneg]]); ''tumungaw'' ([[Kankana-ey people|Kankana-ey]]); ''laman labuad'', ''manglilili'' ([[Kapampangan people|Kapampangan]]); ''kama-kama''/''kamakaon'' ([[Karay-a people|Karay-a]]); ''tuglinsau'', ''tagbusau'', ''mandangum'' ([[Mandaya people|Mandaya]]); ''andagaw'' ([[Mangyan people|Mangyan]]); ''tawagenen'', ''manaog'' ([[Manobo people|Manobo]]); ''karibang'' ([[Maranao people|Maranao]]); ''kaybaan'' ([[Pangasinan people|Pangasinan]]); ''kamanan-daplak'' ([[Sambal people|Sambal]]); ''dayamdam'', ''piritay'' ([[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]); ''tawo sa talonan'' ([[Tagbanwa people|Tagbanwa]]); ''lewenri'', ''bawa'', ''katao''/''kataw'', ''tumawo''/''tamawo'', ''tawong lupa'' (Visayan); ngan ''guban-on'', ''digkusanon'', ''dalaketnon'' ([[Waray people|Waray]]).&lt;/ref&gt;
Sugad han mga espiritu han mga kaapoy-apoyan, an ''diwata'' gintatawag ha magtahuron nga mga pulong ha [[Kinship terminology|pagka-paryente]] kon tinatawag diretso, sugad han ''apo'' (“tigulang”) o ''nuno'' (“apoyan”).&lt;ref name=&quot;hislop&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kroeber&quot;/&gt;

== Bago nga Paggamit ==
An moderno nga panhunahuna han mga Pilipino mahitungod han diwata nagsasakob hin mga kahulogan sugad han musa, enkantada, nimpa, diyosa han kaguguban, o bisan diyos o diyosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews 1916&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Afanasyeva 170–172&quot;/&gt; Tinutuoan nga an pulong nagtikang ha yinaknan nga Sanskrit nga devata (diyos o diyosa).&lt;ref name=&quot;Daniélou 1991&quot;/&gt;

Ha mga alamat ngan mitolohiya, an mga diwata agsob nga ginhihisumpay o ginpapantay ha mga [[Diwata (Ada)|enkantada]] nga gintatawag nga lambana.&lt;ref name=&quot;admin&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Jordan |date=2016-03-03 |title=The DIWATA of Philippine Mythology {{!}} Ancestors, Spirits, &amp; Deities |url=https://www.aswangproject.com/diwata/
 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=The Aswang Project |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;www.wisdomlib.org&quot;/&gt;

Ha moderno nga Tagalog, an ''diwata'' nangangahulogan hin enkantada o nimpa. Nagtutudlok ini labi na ha mga espiritu han kinaiyahan nga may talagsaon nga kapawa, sugad kan [[Maria Makiling]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Perdon, Renato 2012&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;

Tungod kay an mga diwata amo an mga espiritu han kinaiyahan o mga diyos, mas sayon hira nga naisumpay ha mga ideya han Katolisismo mahitungod han mga santo o anghel. An ira mga buruhaton ha pag-ayad, pagkamabungahon, ngan kinaiyahan naghatag hin impresyon nga diri hira peligro ha simbahan. Ha urhi, ginromantisa hira sugad nga mga mahiwagang linalang (enkantada) nga may Europeo nga hitsura, nga angay ha kolonyal nga pamantayan han kaanyag ngan kaopayan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=McCoy |first=Alfred W. |date=1982-06-30 |title=Culture and Consciousness in a Philippine City |url=https://doi.org/10.13185/2244-1638.1654
 |journal=Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.13185/2244-1638.1654 |issn=2244-1638}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Demetrio |first=Francisco R. |date=1986 |title=On Human Values in Philippine Epics |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1178618
 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=205 |doi=10.2307/1178618 |issn=0385-2342}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Aguilar |first=Filomeno V. |title=Clash of spirits: the history of power and sugar planter hegemony on a Visayan island |url=https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui |date=1998 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1992-7 |location=Honolulu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ha kontemporaryo nga paggamit, agsob nga gintutudlok an ''divata'' ngan ''diwata'' nga pareho han “enkantada” ha popular nga imahinasyon. Han panahon han mga misyonerong Kastila ngan mga manunurat ha kolonyal nga panahon, agsob nga ginbinisaya an pulong sugad nga “duwende” o “fairy” nga katumbas ha mga alamat han Europa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Rafael |first=Vicente L. |title=Contracting Colonialism: Translation and Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society Under Early Spanish Rule |publisher=Duke University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0822310264 |pages=144–150}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ginpalig-on pa ini han ika-19 ngan ika-20 nga siglo pinaagi han panitikan, mga kolonyal nga kasuratan, ngan ha urhi han midya nga naghulagway han mga diwata sugad hin mahigugmaon, may mga pakpak, ngan pareho han mga enkantada ha Europa, imbes nga an ira mas komplikado nga papel sugad nga mga diyos ngan espiritu han kinaiyahan ha katutubong kosmolohiya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Manuel1973&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Manuel |first=E. Arsenio |title=Philippine Folklore, A Handbook |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1973 |pages=64–68}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ginsaysay han antropolohista nga hi Alicia Magos nga an pagtawag ha ira nga “fairy” usa nga Kanluranon nga pag-imponer nga sobra an pagpayano han papel han diwata ha katutubong panan-aw sugad nga mga tig-agtang nga tagapamagitan han tawo ngan han kalibotan han mga espiritu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Magos1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Magos |first=Alicia P. |title=The Enduring Ma-aram Tradition: An Ethnography of a Kinaray-a Village in Antique |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1992 |pages=55–57}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rehiyonal nga mga baryasyon ==
An konsepto han ''divata'' may kalabotan ha mas haluag nga tradisyon ha Timugan nga Asya bahin han mga espiritu han kinaiyahan ngan mga diyos nga may mga ngaran tikang ha Sanskrit:  
* Ha [[Indonesia]], an mga ''Dewata'' amo an mga diyos ngan espiritu ha Balinese Hinduismo, gin-aampo ha mga ritwal ngan may koneksyon ha natural nga mga lugar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Covarrubias1937&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Covarrubias |first=Miguel |title=Island of Bali |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofbali0000migu |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=1937 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islandofbali0000migu/page/220 220]–225}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Ha [[Java]] an mga ''Dewi'' amo an mga diyosa (pananglitan hi Dewi Sri, an diyosa han humay) nga may kalabotan ha abunda ngan agrikultura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Geertz1960&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Geertz |first=Clifford |title=The Religion of Java |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1960 |pages=30–35}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
* Ha [[Malaysia]] ngan Brunei, an pulong nga ''Dewa'' nagtutudlok ha mga diyos ngan sobrenatural nga mga linalang, agsob nga may kalabotan ha pre-Islamiko nga animismo ngan impluwensya han Hindu-Budismo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Endicott1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Endicott |first=Kirk |title=An Analysis of Malay Magic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1992 |pages=55–60}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ini nga mga kapareho nagpapakita han pan-uring Austronesian ngan Indic nga mga ugat han kosmolohiya han Pilipino nga ''divata'', samtang ginpapasundayag an ira kalugaringon nga pag-uswag ha lokal nga mga mitolohiya.

== Sincretismo ==
Han pag-abot han mga ideya han Hindu-Budismo ha prekolonyal nga Pilipinas, an pulong ''divata'' nag-angkon han mga impluwensya han kosmolohiya han Timugan ngan Timog-Sidlangan nga Asya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Junker1999&quot; /&gt; Katapos han pag-abot han Islam ha Mindanao ngan han Kristiyanismo han panahon han mga Katsila, damo nga ''diwata/divata'' an ginbag-o an kahulogan, ginpaka-demonyo, o gin-usa ha mga Katoliko nga santos ngan katawhanon nga mga pagtoo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael1988&quot; /&gt;
Han panahon han mga Katsila, an mga ''diwata'' [[Religious syncretism|gin-usa]] ha mga [[elf|duwende]] ngan [[fairy|engkanto]] han mitolohiya ngan folklore ha Europa, ngan gintawag hin mga ngaran sugad han ''[[duende]]'' (demonyito o diwende), ''encantador'' o ''[[Engkantada|encanto]]'' (&quot;[[Spell (paranormal)|mga magikero]]&quot;), ''hechicero'' (&quot;mangkukulam&quot;), ''sirena'' (&quot;[[mermaid]]&quot;), o ''maligno'' (&quot;maraot nga espiritu&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott1994&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tan&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Michael L. Tan|title =Revisiting Usog, Pasma, Kulam|publisher =University of the Philippines Press|year =2008|isbn =9789715425704|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=EktzHrfup1UC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;strong&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Cynthia A. Strong &amp; David K. Strong|editor =Gailyn Van Rheenen|title =Contextualization and Syncretism: Navigating Cultural Currents|chapter =Dwarves, Elves, and Vampires: An Exploration of Syncretism in Metro Manila|publisher =William Carey Library|series =Evangelical Missiological Society No. 13|year =2006|isbn =9780878083879|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=E84GB2f2a9QC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha mga [[Moro people|Islamisado nga mga grupo etniko]] han Pilipinas, ini nga mga espiritu han kinaiyahan agsob nga gintatawag nga ''[[jinn]]'' o ''[[shaitan|saitan]]'', tungod han impluwensya han [[Islamic mythology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;tan&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sather&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Clifford Sather|editor1=Peter Bellwood |editor2=James J. Fox |editor3=Darrell Tryon |title =The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|chapter =Sea Nomads and Rainforest Hunter-Gatherers: Foraging Adaptations in the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago – The Sama-Bajau|publisher =ANU E Press|year =2006|pages=257–264|isbn = 9781920942854|chapter-url =http://press.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch13s04.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oceans&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author =Hanafi Hussin|editor1 =Birgit Abels|editor2 =Morag Josephine Grant|editor3 =Andreas Waczkat|title =Oceans of Sound: Sama Dilaut Performing Arts|chapter =Balancing the Spiritual and Physical Worlds: Memory, Responsibility, and Survival in the Rituals of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau laut) in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines and Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia|series =Göttinger Studien zur Musikwissenschaft Volume 3|year =2010|chapter-url =http://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250904012021/https://eprints.um.edu.my/11446/1/balancing_th_the_spiritual.pdf |date=2025-09-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ha sikat nga kultura . ==

* ''Sige Ka, Engkanto Ko!'', ( &lt;abbr&gt;hubad.&lt;/abbr&gt; okay ka la, akon engkanto!)  usa nga pantasya ha telebisyon nga sitwasyonal nga komedya nga serye (nga may mga adaptasyon ha pelikula) nga naglilibot ha usa nga mortal nga lalaki nga inasaw-an hin ''diwata'' . 
* ''Amaya'', usa ka makasaysayan nga serye ha telebisyon mahitungod han ugsa-kolonyal nga Pilipinas. Ginhuhulagway hini ''an mga diwata'' sugad nga mga diosa. 
* ''One Day Isang Araw ,'' fantasy anthology series episode titled &quot;Ang Huling Diwata&quot; (The last fairy) mahitungod hin usa nga engkanto komo diyos-diyosan hin usa nga salog ngan linaw  
* An Encatadia, usa nga [[Pilipinas|Pilipino]] nga pantasya nga prangkisa hin mga serye ha tv naghuhulagway han mga diwatas komo usa nga lahi hin matriarkal nga mahusay nga mga engkanto 
* Elemento, television docudrama horror anthology series nagpakita hin usa nga diwata hin usa nga salog nga ginsumpa tungod han paghigugma hin usa nga mortal nga tawo 
* ''Diwata'' (1987), usa nga pelikula nga gindirehir ni Tata Esteban ngan ginsurat ni Rei Nicandro nagpakita han mitolohiya nga kinabuhi han mga diyosdiyos. An aktres nga hi Olga Miranda an nag-play han panguna nga papel, upod han iba nga cast nga hi Lala Montelibano, hi Dick Israel ngan hi George Estregan. 
* ''Indio'', usa ka serye ha telebisyon nga mayda bida nga anak hin mortal nga lalaki ngan usa nga ''diwata'' nga babaye. 
* '''''An Super Ma'am''''' (internasyonal nga titulo: ''Akon Magturutdo, Akon Bayani'' ) in usa ka Pilipinas nga telebisyon nga drama hin aksyon nga pantasya nga serye nga nagpapakita hin usa ka diwata han usa ka diosa nga gindemote komo usa ka engkanto ngan komo usa nga espiritu nga giya para han nangunguna nga bayani .
*Juan Dela Cruz (2013) nga serye ha telebisyon Pilipino nagpakita han mga anito komo mga maraot nga diyos, ngan han mga diwata komo mga maupay nga enkantada 

== Mga reperensya ==
{{Mga kasarigan}}
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