Bohol

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  <page>
    <title>Bohol</title>
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      <comment>+ Ekonomiya</comment>
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      <text bytes="14834" sha1="gspqwk60ncm4m78xt1ma4eeh4e7kg14" xml:space="preserve">An '''Bohol''' usa nga isla-nga-[[lalawigan Pilipinhon|lalawigan]] o probinsya han [[Pilipinas]] nga nahamutangan ha [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] nga [[Mga Rehiyon han Pilipinas|rehiyon]]. An kapital han lalawigan amo an [[Syudad han Tagbilaran]]. Ha katundan hit Bohol amo iton [[Sugbo]], ha dumagsaan o amihanan-sidlangan amo an isla han [[Leyte]] ngan ha salatan, ha tabok hiton [[Dagat Bohol]] amo an [[Mindanao]].

{{Infobox probinsya Pilipinas |
 ngaran           = Probinsya han Bohol |
 sealfile         =|
 rehiyon          = [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] (Rehiyon VII) |
 kapital          = [[Syudad han Tagbilaran]] |
 gintukod         = [[Marso 25]], [[1565]] |
 pop2000          = 1,137,268 |
 pop2000ranggo    = ika-18 nga gidako-i|
 popden2000       = 276 |
 popden2000ranggo = ika-25 nga gihataasi|
 kahaluagkm2      = 4,117.3|
 kahaluagranggo   = ika-29 nga gidako-i|
 dagkosyudad      = 0 |
 mga syudad       = 1 |
 mga bungto       = 47 |
 mga baranggay    = 1,109 |
 mga distrito     = 3 |
 mga yinaknan     = [[Sinugboanon]] (Bol-anon) |
 gobernador       = Erico B. Aumentado |
 locatormapfile = [[File:Ph locator map bohol.png]]
}}
&lt;!--
An Bohol is a popular tourist destination with its beaches and resorts. The [[Chocolate Hills]], numerous mounds of [[limestone]] formations, is the most popular attraction. The [[Philippine Tarsier]], considered by some to be the smallest [[primate]]s is indigenous to the island.

Hi [[Carlos P. Garcia]], an ika-upat nga [[Presidente han Pilipinas|presidente]], taga-Bohol.

==Katawhan ngan Kultura==

===Populasyon===

Sumala han [[2000]] nga census, mayda 1,137,268 ka Bol-anon. Ini nga  census nasiring liwat nga iton Bohol mayda 209,588 nga panimalay nga iton average nga kadako 5.41 ka tawo, haruhataas pa kaysa hiton ''national average'' nga 4.99. The annual growth rate is 2.92%, higher than the national growth rate of 2.36%. With this growth rate, Bohol's population will double in 24 years.

Life expectancy at birth is estimated at 68.19 for the males and 72.93 for the females for the period 2000–2005. This is lower than that of [[Cebu]] but higher compared to [[Negros Oriental]] and [[Siquijor]].

===Lumad nga Yinaknan===

An lumad nga yinaknan han Bohol amo an Binisaya Bol-anon.  Usa ini nga diyalekto han [[Sinugboanon]] nga yinaknan.

===Relihiyon===

The majority of the population is [[Roman Catholic]]. Adherents of other [[Christian]] sects like the [[Protestant]]s and [[Iglesia ni Cristo]] account for a significant part of the remainder.
The Philippine Independent Church that was founded by a native Gregorio Aglipay started its roots in Bohol. The main difference between the Aglipay Church and the Roman Catholic Church is the former does not recognize the authority of Rome. The two are very similar in structure and form. Another distinct difference is an Aglipay priest is allowed to marry in stark contrast with the Roman Catholic Church.

==Economy==

An international airport is currently being constructed near [[Tagbilaran City]] particularly in Panglao which houses the mostly visited pristene beaches in the province. It is hoped that this will increase Bohol's reputation as an international tourist destination.
--&gt;
== Heyograpiya ==

=== Politikal ===

An Bohol mayda kap-atan kag pito (47) nga [[bungto Pilipinhon|bungto]] ngan usa (1) nga [[Mga Syudad han Pilipinas|syudad]].

==== Mga Syudad ====

* [[Syudad han Tagbilaran]]

==== Mga Bungto ====

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
* [[Alburquerque, Bohol|Alburquerque]]
* [[Alicia, Bohol|Alicia]]
* [[Anda, Bohol|Anda]]
* [[Antequera, Bohol|Antequera]]
* [[Baclayon, Bohol|Baclayon]]
* [[Balilihan, Bohol|Balilihan]]
* [[Batuan, Bohol|Batuan]]
* [[Bien Unido, Bohol|Bien Unido]]
* [[Bilar, Bohol|Bilar]]
* [[Buenavista, Bohol|Buenavista]]
* [[Calape, Bohol|Calape]]
* [[Candijay, Bohol|Candijay]]
* [[Carmen, Bohol|Carmen]]
* [[Catigbian, Bohol|Catigbian]]
* [[Clarin, Bohol|Clarin]]
* [[Corella, Bohol|Corella]]
* [[Cortes, Bohol|Cortes]]
* [[Dagohoy, Bohol|Dagohoy]]
* [[Danao, Bohol|Danao]]
* [[Dauis, Bohol|Dauis]]
* [[Dimiao, Bohol|Dimiao]]
* [[Duero, Bohol|Duero]]
* [[Garcia Hernandez, Bohol|Garcia Hernandez]]
* [[Guindulman, Bohol|Guindulman]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
* [[Inabanga, Bohol|Inabanga]]
* [[Jagna, Bohol|Jagna]]
* [[Jetafe, Bohol|Jetafe]] (Getafe)
* [[Lila, Bohol|Lila]]
* [[Loay, Bohol|Loay]]
* [[Loboc, Bohol|Loboc]]
* [[Loon, Bohol|Loon]]
* [[Mabini, Bohol|Mabini]]
* [[Maribojoc, Bohol|Maribojoc]]
* [[Panglao, Bohol|Panglao]]
* [[Pilar, Bohol|Pilar]]
* [[Pres. Carlos P. Garcia, Bohol|Presbw. Carlos P. Garcia]] (Pitogo)
* [[Sagbayan, Bohol|Sagbayan]] (Borja)
* [[San Isidro, Bohol|San Isidro]]
* [[San Miguel, Bohol|San Miguel]]
* [[Sevilla, Bohol|Sevilla]]
* [[Sierra Bullones, Bohol|Sierra Bullones]]
* [[Sikatuna, Bohol|Sikatuna]]
* [[Talibon, Bohol|Talibon]]
* [[Trinidad, Bohol|Trinidad]]
* [[Tubigon, Bohol|Tubigon]]
* [[Ubay, Bohol|Ubay]]
* [[Valencia, Bohol|Valencia]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

=== Pisikal ===

'''Kahimutang.''' An Bohol usa nga isla-nga-probinsya ha [[Kabisay-an]]. Nahamutang ini ha timugan (o salatan-sinirangan) tikang ha [[Sugbo]] tabok han [[Suláng han Cebu|Estrecho han Sugbo]] (nga tinatawag ha iba nga basahon nga Estrecho han Bohol) ngan habagatan (o salatan-katundan) tikang ha [[Leyte]], ginbulag han [[Dagat Camotes]] ngan [[Canigao Channel]]. It Bohol nahamutang gihapon ha amihanan han [[Mindanao]] ngan iton [[Dagat Bohol]] namumutnga hit Bohol ngan Mindanao.

== Ekonomiya ==
=== Turismo ===
An [[turismo]] mayda nagtitikadako nga kahulugan ha [[ekonomiya]] han isla.  An [[Luparan]] Palangyaw han Bohol-Panglao in aktibo tikang han [[2018]] para han mga biyahe ha sulod han [[nasud]], ngan para han mga internasyonal nga biyahe tikang han [[2023]]. An luparan amo an gin-uukyan han mga [[baybayon]] nga pinaka-bibisita ngan madali maabot ha lalawigan. An mga nasuporta han proyekto naglalaum nga an [[bag-u]] nga paluparan makaka[[dugang]] han reputasyon han Bohol komo usa nga internasyonal nga destinasyon hin mga turista bisan man kon an plano in gin-ayam hin nagpapadayon nga mga kritisismo.&lt;ref name=&quot;infra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bohol.gov.ph/infrast.html |title=Bohol Profile on Infrastructure |publisher=Government of Bohol |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010125458/http://www.bohol.gov.ph/infrast.html |archive-date=2006-10-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ''scuba diving'' ngan ''free diving'' in lakip han nagduduso han [[industriya]] han turismo han Bohol.  An [[Panglao]] amo an nangunguna nga mayda sobra 70 nga mga ''scuba diving centers'' ngan ''free-diving operators'' tungod han damo hini nga mga ''dive sites'', upod na an Pamilacan. Runner-up an munisipyo han [[Dauis]] kun diin damo an ''diving facilities'' nga diretso ha Pamilacan ngan Napaling. Nagpapakita gihapon hira [[Anda, Bohol|Anda]] ngan Cabilao hin pipira nga pagkaprominente ha pagpatubo han industriya han paglurop ha Bohol. Tungod han madagmit nga pagtubo, an mga pribado ngan pampubliko nga mga organisasyon nga naglalatay in nagpapanalipod han kalibungan ha [[dagat]] tikang hin mga kadaot nga hinimo han [[tawo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.boholchronicle.com.ph/2022/11/24/pado-wants-to-protect-promote-bohol-dive-sites/ | title=PADO wants to protect, promote Bohol dive sites | date=2022-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--
'''Kahimo.''' Nga mayda kahaluag hin 4117.3 ka km&amp;sup2; and a coastline 261 km long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines. The main island is surrounded by about 70 smaller islands, the largest of which are [[Panglao Island]] facing [[Tagbilaran City]] in the southwest and [[Lapining Island]] in the northeast.

The terrain of Bohol is basically rolling and hilly and about half the island is covered in [[limestone]]. Near the outer areas of the island are low mountain ranges. The interior is a large [[plateau]] with irregular landforms.

Near [[Carmen, Bohol|Carmen]] can be found the major tourist draw of the province, the [[Chocolate Hills]]. The more than 1,200 uniformly cone-shaped limestone hills were named that way because in the summer, the grass growing on the hills turn brown, making the landscape look like it had chocolate mounds all over. The Chocolate Hills is found on the provincial seal of Bohol.

[[Panglao]] is famous for its diving locations and routinely listed as one of the top ten diving locations in the world. Numerous tourist resorts dot the southern beaches and cater to divers from around the world.

'''Climate.''' Unlike [[Luzon]] and the northern part of [[Visayas]], Bohol is mostly unaffected by the numerous [[typhoon]]s that hit the country. The weather is mostly mild all year round. When typhoons do hit the island, they usually cross quickly and are no longer powerful, their energy dissipated by the mountains in [[Leyte (island)|Leyte]] and [[Samar (island)|Samar]].

From November to April, the northeast monsoon ([[amihan]]) prevails. Except for a rare shower, this is the mildest time of the year. Daytime temperatures average 28°C, cooling down at night to around 25°C. The summer season from May to July brings higher temperatures and very humid days. From August to October is the southwest monsoon ([[habagat]]). The weather during this season is not very predictable, with weeks of calm weather alternating with rainy days.

==History==

===Early history===

The people of Bohol are said to be the descendants of the last group of inhabitants who settled in the Philippines called ''pintados'' or “tattooed ones.” Boholanos had already a culture of their own as evidence by the artifacts dug at Mansasa, Tagbilaran, and in Dauis and Panglao.

The name Bohol is supposedly derived from Bo-ol, a small town in the vicinity of [[Tagbilaran City]], and now a [[barangay]].

===Spanish Colonial Period===

The earliest significant contact of the island with [[Spain]] occurred in [[1565]]. In that year on [[March 25]] (March 16 in  the Julian Calendar), a Spanish explorer named [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived in Bohol to look for [[spice]]s and [[gold]]s. After convincing the native chieftains that they were not [[Portugal|Portuguese]] people (who raided the islands of [[Mactan]] in 1521), he made a peace pact with [[Datu Sikatuna]]. This pact was signified with a blood compact between the two men. This event, called the ''Sandugo'' (one blood), is celebrated in Bohol every year during the [[Sandugo Festival]]. The ''Sandugo'' is also depicted on Bohol's provincial seal.

Two significant revolts occurred in Bohol during the Spanish Era. One was the [[Tamblot Uprising]] in [[1621]], which was led by [[Tamblot]], a ''[[babaylan]]'' or native priest. The other was the famous [[Dagohoy Rebellion]], considered as the longest rebellion  in Philippine history. This rebellion was led by [[Francisco Dagohoy]], also known as Francisco Sendrijas, from [[1744]] to [[1829]].

Politically, Bohol was administrated as a ''residencia'' of Cebu. It became a separate politico-military province on [[July 22]], [[1854]] together with [[Siquijor]]. A census in [[1879]] found Bohol with a population of 253,103 distributed among 34 municipalities.

===U.S. Intervention and Occupation===

After the [[United States]] defeated Spain in the [[Spanish-American War]], the U.S. bought the entire Philippine islands. However, under the newly proclaimed independent government established by [[Emilio Aguinaldo|Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo]], which was not recognized by the US, Bohol was governed as a ''Gobierno de Canton''.

During the resulting [[Philippine-American War]], American troops under [[Henry Hale|Maj. Henry Hale]] landed in [[Tagbilaran City|Tagbilaran]] and took over the island. He hired and outfitted [[Pedro Samson]] to build a police force for the island. Instead Samson took his troops and equipment into the interior of Bohol and began an insurgency.

After being massacred in their first battle, Samson turned to [[guerilla tactics]] and influenced the interior of the island while Hale's forces controlled the outer edge and [[Taglibaran City]]. In January, 1901 the fighting had reached a lull. In May, 1901 an American soldier was murdered by the fiance' of a women he had assaulted. In retaliation, Capt. Andrew S. Rowan,the soldier's commander, ordered the burning of the town of [[Jagna]]. This infuriated the population of Bohol and reignited the insurrection.

At first Rowan was suspended from duty for this decision. But eventually support for burning villages increased in the military command. The burnings continued, usually as a reaction to collaboration. In addition, livestock was destroyed and prominant civilians tortured. [[Water cure]] was a commonly used torture technique. By the end of the fighting, American troops had burned 16-20 villages. Major Edwin F. Glenn, who had personally approved the tortures, was later [[courts-martialed]] for the crime.

Samson and his men surrendered on December 23, 1901 after being granted amnesty and taking a loyalty oath. The war largely ended at this time. However, a month later Samson had rearmed and ordered the killing of J. R. Hegg, the provincial supervisor. This inflamed passions and almost restarted the war. But war did not resume and the last American troops left in February, 1902.

On [[March 10]], [[1917]], the Americans made Bohol a separate province under Act 2711 (which also established most of the other Philippine provinces).

===Japanese occupation===

The [[Japan|Japanese]] [[Japanese Imperial Army|Imperial Army]] landed in Tagbilaran on [[May 17]], [[1942]]. Boholanos struggled unsuccessfully to provide resistance against the Japanese forces. Bohol was later liberated by American troops on [[April 11]], [[1945]].
--&gt;
== Kitaa Gihapon ==

* [[Republika han Bohol]]

== Mga Sumpay ha Gawas ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.bohol.gov.ph Opisyal nga Websayt han Gobyerno han Probinsya han Bohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506213755/http://www.bohol.gov.ph/ |date=2020-05-06 }}
* [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/Provinces/Bohol/ Open Directory Project: Bohol] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050901132450/http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/Provinces/Bohol/ |date=2005-09-01 }}
* [http://www.bohol.ph Bohol.ph nga websayt]
* [http://www.bohol-island.com Bohol-Island.com Web Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426030903/http://www.bohol-island.com/ |date=2021-04-26 }}
* [http://www.bohol.com.ph Be-IN: Bohol e-Information Network]
* [http://philippines-photos.tripod.com/bohol Mga litrato han Bohol]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* [http://www.lakbaypilipinas.com/travel_bohol.html Mga litrato han Bohol ngan Travel Guide]

{{turók}}
{{Commonscat|Bohol}}

{{Bohol}}
{{Butnga nga Kabisay-an}}
[[Kaarangay:Bohol| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siquijor</title>
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      <comment>/* */ + Katawhan ngan kultura</comment>
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      <text bytes="5910" sha1="g7xu22kt4vrlytt9umwegivgspffk76" xml:space="preserve">:''Ini nga artikulo mahitungod han probinsya. Para hin impormasyon mahitungod han bungto, kitaa iton [[Siquijor, Siquijor]].''

An '''Siquijor''' usa nga isla-nga-[[Mga Probinsya han Pilipinas|probinsya]] o lalawigan han [[Pilipinas]] nga nahamutangan ha  [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] nga [[Mga Rehiyon han Pilipinas|rehiyon]]. An kapital hini amo an [[bungto Pilipinhon|bungto]] nga [[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]] gihapon it ngaran. Ha kanawayan o amihanan-katundan han Siquijor amo iton [[Sugbo]] ngan [[Negros]], ha dumagsaan o amihanan-sinirangan amo iton [[Bohol]] ngan ha salatan o habagatan, ha tabok hiton [[Dagat Bohol]] iton [[Mindanao]].

{{Infobox probinsya Pilipinas |
 ngaran           = Probinsya han Siquijor |
 sealfile         = [[Image:Ph_seal_siquijor.png]] |
 rehiyon          = [[Butnga nga Kabisay-an]] (Rehiyon VII) |
 kapital          = [[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]] |
 gintukod         = [[Septyembre 17]], [[1971]] |
 pop2000          = 81,598 |
 pop2000ranggo    = ika-3 nga giguti-ayi |
 popden2000       = 238 |
 popden2000ranggo = ika-32 nga gihataasi |
 kahaluagkm2      = 343.5 |
 kahaluagranggo   = ika-3 nga giguti-ayi |
 dagkosyudad      = 0 |
 mga syudad       = 0 |
 mga bungto       = 6 |
 mga baranggay    = 134 |
 mga distrito     = 1 |
 mga yinaknan     = [[Sinugboanon]] |
 gobernador       = Orlando Fua, Sr. |
 locatormapfile   = [[Image:Ph_locator_map_siquijor.png]] |
}}

Iton Siquijor amo an ika-tulo nga giguti-ayi nga probinsya han nasod ha populasyon ngan kahalu-ag, kasunod han [[Camiguin]] ngan [[Batanes]]. Han una, usa ini nga sub-probinsya han [[Negros Oriental]]. Gintawag ini  ''Isla del Fuego'' o ''Isla hin Kalayo'' han mga [[Katsila]], ug an Siquijor gintatagad han damo nga mga Pilipino nga usa nga misteryoso nga isla, nga puno hin mga [[bruha]] ngan iba pa nga mga hitabo nga labaw ha kinaiya.

== Katawhan ngan kultura ==

=== Populasyon ===

Sumala han tuig 2000 [[census]], mayda kabug-usan nga 81,598 nga mga ''Siquijodnon'', sugad han pagtawag han mga molopyo han Siquijor ha ira kalugaringon.  Tungod hini an Siquijor amo an ika-3 nga giguti-ayi nga probinsya ha populasyon.  An pareho nga census in nagsusumat gihapon nga an Siquijor mayda 17,351 nga mga panimalay nga mayda average nga kadako hin panimalay nga 4.70 ka tawo.  An kada tuig nga pagtubo in 2.19%, mas hamubo kontra han nasudnon nga pagtubo nga 2.36%.

=== Yinaknan ===
An lumad nga yinaknan ha Siquijor amo an [[Sinugboanon|Binisaya nga Sinugboanon]].

=== Edukasyon ===
An kadamo han [[pagbasa]] ngan pag[[surat]], usa han pinakahitaas ha nasod, in aada ha 92.5%.

&lt;!--
== Kasaysayan ==

== Ekonomiya ==
=== Turismo ===
--&gt;

==Heyograpiya==

===Politikal===

An Siquijor mayda unom (6) nga [[bungto Pilipinhon|bungto]]. [[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]] iton kapital capital ngan pinakaimportante nga puerto.

====Mga Bungto====

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
*[[Enrique Villanueva, Siquijor|Enrique Villanueva]]
*[[Larena, Siquijor|Larena]]
*[[Lazi, Siquijor|Lazi]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
*[[Maria, Siquijor|Maria]]
*[[San Juan, Siquijor|San Juan]]
*[[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]]
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;!--
===Pisikal===

'''Terrain.''' Siquijor is an island province in the [[Visayas]]. It lies southeast from [[Cebu]] and [[Negros]] across [[Cebu Strait]] (in some references called Bohol Strait) and southwest from [[Bohol]]. Bohol is also located north of [[Mindanao]] separated by the [[Bohol Sea]].

With a land area of 343.5 km&amp;sup2; and a coastline 102 km long, Siquijor is the 3rd smallest province of the Philippines. The highest peak at the center of the island is [[Mount Bandilaan]].

'''Climate.''' The climate in Siquijor like most of the rest of the country is very [[tropical]]. It is dry from January to May and wet the rest of the year. Annual [[rainfall]] is 1000 to 1300 millimeters with November having the heaviest rainfall and April having the least. Siquijor has an average temperature of 28 &amp;deg;C and a [[humidity]] of 78%.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:1em 0em; clear:both;&quot;&gt;[[Image:Ph_map_siquijor.png]]&lt;/div&gt;

==Kasaysayan==

The [[Spain|Spaniards]] called Siquijor ''Isla del Fuego'' or &amp;#8220;Island of Fire,&amp;#8221; because the island gave off an eerie glow. This glow came from the great swarms of fireflies that harbored in the numerous molave trees on the island.

The island was first discovered by the Spaniards in [[1565]] during [[Miguel López de Legaspi]]'s expedition. Since then, the island came under Spanish rule and the present municipalities, with the exception of [[Enrique Villanueva, Siquijor|Enrique Villanueva]] were established as [[Catholic]] [[parish|parishes]]. The first parish, [[Siquijor, Siquijor|Siquijor]], was established in [[1783]] under the administration of secular clergymen. In the years that followed until [[1877]], the parishes of [[Larena, Siquijor|Larena]] (Cano-an), [[Lazi, Siquijor|Lazi]] (Tigbawan), [[San Juan, Siquijor|San Juan]] (Makalipay), and [[Maria, Siquijor|Maria]] (Cangmeniac) were founded by priests of the [[Augustinian]] [[Recollects]].

From [[1854]] to [[1892]], the island was administered by Spain under the politico-military province of [[Bohol]]. In [[1892]], it became a part of [[Negros Oriental]], and then its sub-province in [[1901]].

On [[September 17]], [[1971]], Siquijor became an independent province by virtue of [[Republic Acts of the Philippines|Republic Act]] No. 6396. The capital which was formerly Larena, was transferred to the municipality of Siquijor in [[1972]] with Proclamation No. 1075.
--&gt;

==Mga Sumpay ha Gawas==

*MySiquijor.com (websayt para hin mga turista) &lt;div style=&quot;font-size:smaller;&quot;&gt;http://www.mysiquijor.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805214343/http://mysiquijor.com/ |date=2020-08-05 }}&lt;/div&gt;

{{Siquijor}}
{{Rehiyon han Isla Negros}}
[[Kaarangay:Probinsya han Pilipinas]]
[[Category:Siquijor]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thailand</title>
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{{Infobox Nasod
| native_name = ราชอาณาจักรไทย &lt;br /&gt; ''Ratcha Anachak Thai''
| conventional_long_name = Ginhadi-an han Thailand
| common_name = Taylandya
| image_flag = Flag of Thailand.svg
| image_coat = Emblem of Thailand.svg
| symbol_type = Emblem
| national_anthem = ''[[Thai nga Nasodnon nga Anthem|Phleng Chat Thai]]''&lt;br /&gt;(Winaray: &quot;Thai nga Nasodnon nga Anthem&quot;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Thai National Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
| royal_anthem = ''[[Sansoen Phra Barami]]''&lt;br /&gt;(Winaray: &quot;Igpahimaya an Iya pagdayaw&quot;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;center&gt;[[File:Thai Royal Anthem - US Navy Band.ogg]]&lt;/center&gt;
| image_map = Location Thailand ASEAN.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[Southeast Asia]]|region_color=dark grey|legend=Location Thailand ASEAN.svg}}
| capital = |latd=13 |latm=45 |latNS=N |longd=100 |longm=29 |longEW=E
| capital = [[Bangkok]]&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[Thai nga pinulongan|Thai]]&lt;ref&gt;CIA - The World Factbook -- Thailand. 2009-10-03. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000203/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/th.html |date=2010-12-29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Thai is the official language, while English is a non-official secondary language.--&gt;
|languages_type           = [[Opisyal nga mga pagsurat]]
|languages                = [[Thai nga abakadahan]]
| ethnic_groups = &lt;!--List/breakdown of ethnic groups--&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = &lt;!--Year of ethnic groups breakdown (if provided) --&gt;
| demonym = Thai
| government_type = [[Sistema parlamentarya|Parlamentarya nga demokrasya]] ngan [[Konstitusyonal nga monarkiya]]
| leader_title1 = [[Monarkiya han Thailand|Monarka]]
| leader_name1 =  [[Vajiralongkorn|Rama X]] (2016-)
| leader_title2 = [[Primer Ministro han Thailand|Primer Ministro]]
| leader_name2 = [[Prayut Chan-o-cha]]
| leader_title3 = 
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 = 
| leader_name4 = 
|legislature                 = [[Nasodnon nga Katitirok han Thailand|Nasodnon nga Katitirok]]
|upper_house                 = [[Senado han Thailand|Senado]]
|lower_house                 = [[Balay hin mga Representante han Thailand|Balay hin mga Representante]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of Thailand|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[Ginhadi-an han Sukhothai]]
| established_date1 = 1238 - 1448
| established_event2 = [[Ginhadi-an han Ayutthaya]]
| established_date2 = 1351 - 1767
| established_event3 = [[Ginhadi-an han Thonburi]]
| established_date3 = 1768 - 1782
| established_event4 = [[Ginhadi-an han Rattanakosin]]
| established_date4 = 6 Abril 1782
| established_event5 = [[Kaagi han Thailand (1932–1973)|Konstitusyonal nga Monarkiya]]
| established_date5 = 24 Hunyo 1932
| established_event6 = [[2007 nga Konstitusyon han Thailand|Urhe nga Konstitusyon]]
| established_date6 = 24 Agosto 2007
| area_rank = ika-50
| area_magnitude = 1 E11
| area_km2 = 513,115
| area_sq_mi = 198,115 &lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water = 0.4 (2,230 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
| population_estimate = 63,723,953
| population_estimate_rank = ika-21
| population_estimate_year = 2010
| population_census = 60,606,947&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Population and Housing Census 2000, National Statistical Office |url=http://web.nso.go.th/eng/en/pop2000/prelim_e.htm |access-date=2010-02-19 |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183708/http://web.nso.go.th/eng/en/pop2000/prelim_e.htm%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census_year = 2000
| population_density_km2 = 132.1
| population_density_sq_mi = 342 &lt;!--Do remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| population_density_rank = ika-85
|GDP_PPP = $547.060 ka bilyon&lt;ref name=imf2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&amp;ey=2009&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=578&amp;s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&amp;grp=0&amp;a=&amp;pr.x=33&amp;pr.y=5 |title=Thailand|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-10-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Do not edit!--&gt;
| GDP_PPP_rank = ika-24
| GDP_PPP_year = 2008
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,239&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt; &lt;!--Do not edit!--&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ika-86
| GDP_nominal = $273.313 ka bilyon&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt; &lt;!--Do not edit!--&gt;
| GDP_nominal_rank = ika-33
| GDP_nominal_year = 2008 
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,116&lt;ref name=imf2/&gt; &lt;!--Do not edit!--&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ika-92
| Gini = 42
| Gini_rank =
| Gini_year = 2002
| HDI                        = 0.740 &lt;!--number only--&gt;
| HDI_year                   = 2015&lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--&gt;
| HDI_change                 = increase&lt;!--increase/decrease/steady--&gt;
| HDI_ref                    = &lt;ref name=UNDP&gt;{{cite book|title=Global 2016 Human Development Report Overview – English |date=2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)|location=New York|pages=22–24|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf|accessdate=22 Marso 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank                   = ika-87
| currency                   = [[Thai baht|Baht]] (฿)
| currency_code = THB
| time_zone =
| utc_offset = +7
| time_zone_DST =
| DST_note =
| utc_offset_DST = &lt;!-- +N, where N is number of hours --&gt;
| cctld = [[.th]]
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[+66]]
| footnotes = &lt;!--for any generic non-numbered footnotes--&gt;
| footnote1 = {{note|1}}Thai nga ngaran: ''Krung Thep Maha Nakhon'' o kundi man ''Krung Thep''. An bug-os nga ngaran ''Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Phiman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit''.
| footnote2 = {{note|2}}Sumala han [http://www.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat50.html opisyal nga rehistro] han Departamento hin Pagdumara han mga Lalawigan nga diri naglalakip han mga waray marehistro nga mga bungtohanon ngan mga inmigrante.
}}
An '''Thailand''' o kundi man '''Taylandya''' (puyde liwat ''T-hailandya'' o ''T-haylandya''), nga tinatawag ha opisayal nga '''Ginhadi-an han Thailand''', usa nga nasod ha [[Timugan nga Asya]], nga ginsasapitan han [[Laos]] ngan [[Cambodia]] ha sinirangan, han [[Golfo han Thailand]] ngan [[Malaysia]] ha salatan, ngan han [[Dagat Andaman]] ngan [[Myanmar]] ha kalondan. An Thailand kilalado gihapon nga '''Siam''', nga amo an opisyal nga ngaran han nasod tubtob han [[Mayo 11]], [[1949]]. An pulong nga ''Thai'' (ไทย) nangangahulogan nga &quot;kagawasan&quot; ha [[Thai nga yinaknan]] ngan amo gihapon han ngaran han kadam-an nga [[Thai nga katawhan|Thai nga grupo ethniko]].

== Mga Probinsya han Tailandya ==

[[Paypay:Thailand provinces six regions.png|thumb|Mapa nga nagpapakita han 76 ka lalawigan han Tailandya.]]
{|
# [[Chiang Mai (Lalawigan)|Chiang Mai]] (เชียงใหม่)
# [[Chiang Rai (Lalawigan)|Chiang Rai]] (เชียงราย)
# [[Lampang (Lalawigan)|Lampang]] (ลำปาง)
# [[Lamphun (Lalawigan)|Lamphun]] (ลำพูน)
# [[Mae Hong Son (Lalawigan)|Mae Hong Son]] (แม่ฮ่องสอน)
# [[Nan (Lalawigan)|Nan]] (น่าน)
# [[Phayao (Lalawigan)|Phayao]] (พะเยา)
# [[Phrae (Lalawigan)|Phrae]] (แพร่)
# [[Uttaradit (Lalawigan)|Uttaradit]] (อุตรดิตถ์)
# [[Kanchanaburi (Lalawigan)|Kanchanaburi]] (กาญจนบุรี)
# [[Phetchaburi (Lalawigan)|Phetchaburi]] (เพชรบุรี)
# [[Prachuap Khiri Khan (Lalawigan)|Prachuap Khiri Khan]] (ประจวบคีรีขันธ์)
# [[Ratchaburi (Lalawigan)|Ratchaburi]] (ราชบุรี)
# [[Tak (Lalawigan)|Tak]] (ตาก)
# [[Amnat Charoen (Lalawigan)|Amnat Charoen]] (อำนาจเจริญ)
# [[Buriram (Lalawigan)|Buriram]] (บุรีรัมย์)
# [[Chaiyaphum (Lalawigan)|Chaiyaphum]] (ชัยภูมิ)
# [[Kalasin (Lalawigan)|Kalasin]] (กาฬสินธุ์)
# [[Khon Kaen (Lalawigan)|Khon Kaen]] (ขอนแก่น)
# [[Loei (Lalawigan)|Loei]] (เลย)
# [[Maha Sarakham (Lalawigan)|Maha Sarakham]] (มหาสารคาม)
# [[Mukdahan (Lalawigan)|Mukdahan]] (มุกดาหาร)
# [[Nakhon Phanom (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Phanom]] (นครพนม)
# [[Nakhon Ratchasima (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Ratchasima]] (นครราชสีมา)
# [[Nongbua Lamphu (Lalawigan)|Nong Bua Lamphu]] (หนองบัวลำภู)
# [[Nong Khai (Lalawigan)|Nong Khai]] (หนองคาย)
# [[Roi Et (Lalawigan)|Roi Et]] (ร้อยเอ็ด)
# [[Sakon Nakhon (Lalawigan)|Sakon Nakhon]] (สกลนคร)
# [[Sisaket (Lalawigan)|Si Sa Ket]] (ศรีสะเกษ)
# [[Surin (Lalawigan)|Surin]] (สุรินทร์)
# [[Ubon Ratchathani (Lalawigan)|Ubon Ratchathani]] (อุบลราชธานี)
# [[Udon Thani (Lalawigan)|Udon Thani]] (อุดรธานี)
# [[Yasothon (Lalawigan)|Yasothon]] (ยโสธร)
# [[Ang Thong (Lalawigan)|Ang Thong]] (อ่างทอง)
# [[Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (Lalawigan)|Ayutthaya]] (พระนครศรีอยุธยา)
# [[Bangkok|Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon)]], Ispisyal nga Gindudumara nga Distrito han (กรุงเทพ ฯ)
# [[Chainat (Lalawigan)|Chai Nat]] (ชัยนาท)
# [[Kamphaeng Phet (Lalawigan)|Kamphaeng Phet]] (กำแพงเพชร)
# [[Lopburi (Lalawigan)|Lop Buri]] (ลพบุรี)
# [[Nakhon Nayok (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Nayok]] (นครนายก)
# [[Nakhon Pathom (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Pathom]] (นครปฐม)
# [[Nakhon Sawan (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Sawan]] (นครสวรรค์)
# [[Nonthaburi (Lalawigan)|Nonthaburi]] (นนทบุรี)
# [[Pathum Thani (Lalawigan)|Pathum Thani]] (ปทุมธานี)
# [[Phetchabun (Lalawigan)|Phetchabun]] (เพชรบูรณ์)
# [[Phichit (Lalawigan)|Phichit]] (พิจิตร)
# [[Phitsanulok (Lalawigan)|Phitsanulok]] (พิษณุโลก)
# [[Sukhothai (Lalawigan)|Sukhothai]] (สุโขทัย)
# [[Samut Prakan (Lalawigan)|Samut Prakan]] (สมุทรปราการ)
# [[Samut Sakhon (Lalawigan)|Samut Sakhon]] (สมุทรสาคร)
# [[Samut Songkhram (Lalawigan)|Samut Songkhram]] (สมุทรสงคราม)
# [[Saraburi (Lalawigan)|Saraburi]] (สระบุรี)
# [[Sing Buri (Lalawigan)|Sing Buri]] (สิงห์บุรี)
# [[Suphanburi (Lalawigan)|Suphan Buri]] (สุพรรณบุรี)
# [[Uthai Thani (Lalawigan)|Uthai Thani]] (อุทัยธานี)
# [[Chachoengsao (Lalawigan)|Chachoengsao]] (ฉะเชิงเทรา)
# [[Chanthaburi (Lalawigan)|Chanthaburi]] (จันทบุรี)
# [[Chonburi (Lalawigan)|Chonburi]] (ชลบุรี)
# [[Prachinburi (Lalawigan)|Prachin Buri]] (ปราจีนบุรี)
# [[Rayong (Lalawigan)|Rayong]] (ระยอง)
# [[Sa Kaeo (Lalawigan)|Sa Kaeo]] (สระแก้ว)
# [[Trat (Lalawigan)|Trat]] (ตราด)
# [[Chumphon (Lalawigan)|Chumphon]] (ชุมพร)
# [[Krabi (Lalawigan)|Krabi]] (กระบี่)
# [[Nakhon Si Thammarat (Lalawigan)|Nakhon Si Thammarat]] (นครศรีธรรมราช)
# [[Narathiwat (Lalawigan)|Narathiwat]] (นราธิวาส)
# [[Pattani (Lalawigan)|Pattani]] (ปัตตานี)
# [[Phang Nga (Lalawigan)|Phang Nga]] (พังงา)
# [[Phatthalung (Lalawigan)|Phatthalung]] (พัทลุง)
# [[Phuket (Lalawigan)|Phuket]] (ภูเก็ต)
# [[Ranong (Lalawigan)|Ranong]] (ระนอง)
# [[Satun (Lalawigan)|Satun]] (สตูล)
# [[Songkhla (Lalawigan)|Songkhla]] (สงขลา)
# [[Surat Thani (Lalawigan)|Surat Thani]] (สุราษฎร์ธานี)
# [[Trang (Lalawigan)|Trang]] (ตรัง)
# [[Yala (Lalawigan)|Yala]] (ยะลา)
|}

==Pinanbasaran==
{{reflist}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Sister project links|Thailand|voy=Thailand}}

; Gobyerno
* [http://www.thaigov.go.th/ Thaigov.go.th] Government of Thailand
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/thailand.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210073951/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/thailand.html |date=2008-12-10 }}
* [http://www.mfa.go.th/ Mfa.go.th] Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* [http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_current Thailand Internet Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918094705/http://internet.nectec.or.th/webstats/internetmap.current.iir?Sec=internetmap_current |date=2008-09-18 }} National Electronics and Computer Technology Center
* [http://webhost.m-culture.go.th/en/ Ministry of Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811193212/http://webhost.m-culture.go.th/en/ |date=2014-08-11 }}

; Kasahiran nga impormasyon
&lt;!--Wikipedia is NOT a weblink directory. Please only add weblinks of top quality here, otherwise please consider using DMOZ (http://dmoz.org) --&gt;
* {{CIA World Factbook link|th|Thailand}}
* [http://countrystudies.us/thailand/ Thailand] entry in [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]. 1987
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm Thailand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001737/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/thailand.htm |date=2009-02-07 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Thailand}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15581957 Thailand] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589625/Thailand Thailand] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* {{wikiatlas|Thailand}}
* [http://map.longdo.com/en Longdo Map] On-line Thailand maps in English and Thai
* [http://www.thailaws.com/ Thailand Laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212064258/http://www.thailaws.com/ |date=2009-12-12 }} – Thailand acts and legal information, both in English and Thai language.
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TH Key Development Forecasts for Thailand] from [[International Futures]]
* [http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf 2010 Thailand population census by Economic and Social statistics Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235916/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/file/popcensus-20-12-54.pdf |date=2013-01-16 }}

; Biyahe
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Thailand}}
* [http://www.tourismthailand.org/ Tourism Authority of Thailand] Official tourism website

; Iba pa
* [http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id=41#Thailand Thailand Country Fact Sheet]from the Common Language Project {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140731093617/http://www.commonlanguageproject.net/?page_id%3D41#Thailand |date=2014-07-31 }}
* {{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185409/http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/browse_image/date/1900.php%7Ctitle=Browse the Southeast Asia Visions Collection |author=Southeast Asia Visions |publisher=Cornell University Library |accessdate=2 October 2011
|quote= Browse by image date
* {{Flickr-inline|Thailand}}

{{Southeast Asia}}
{{Asya}}

{{Commonscat|Thailand}}

[[Kaarangay:ASEAN nga api nga estado]]
[[Kaarangay:Monarkiya]]
[[Kaarangay:Thailand| ]]</text>
      <sha1>gwu3bimzi63j2irxecyp2l5m92prf45</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Temperatura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T03:28:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41587</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4501" sha1="4diklcb5jleauzxh30dqdrgiyxne30g" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Annual Average Temperature Map.jpg|thumb]]
An '''temperatura''' u '''timpiratura''' ([[Iningles]]: ''Temperature'') in pagpasabot han [[sukol]] han [[kapaso]] o ka[[hagkut]] han usa ka [[butang]].

An timpiratura amo in sukul han [[atmuspira]] ; [[an]] [[iksaktu]] [[nga]] [[timpiratura]] amo in 27 (kaduha-an kag pitu), pag-[[ubus]] [[han]] 27 (yunit) amo in ma[[hagkut]], pag-[[igbaw]] amo in ma[[pasu]]

==Pinanbasaran==
{{Mga kasarigan}}

===Bibliograpiya===
* Adkins, C.J. (1968/1983). ''Equilibrium Thermodynamics'', (1st edition 1968), third edition 1983, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
* Buchdahl, H.A. (1966). ''The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.
* [https://www.neonics.co.th/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4 Thermometer technology and sensor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410141132/https://www.neonics.co.th/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4 |date=2021-04-10 }}
* Middleton, W.E.K. (1966). ''A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology'', Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore MD.
* Miller, J. (2013). [http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v66/i1/p12_s1 Cooling molecules the optoelectric way] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515074555/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v66/i1/p12_s1 |date= 15 Mayo 2016 }}, ''Physics Today'', '''66'''(1): 12–14.
* [[J. R. Partington|Partington, J.R.]] (1949). ''An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry'', volume 1, ''Fundamental Principles. The Properties of Gases'', Longmans, Green &amp; Co., London, pp.&amp;nbsp;175–177.
* Quinn, T.J. (1983). ''Temperature'', Academic Press, London, ISBN 0-12-569680-9.
* Schooley, J.F. (1986). ''Thermometry'', CRC Press, Boca Raton, ISBN 0-8493-5833-7.
* Roberts, J.K., Miller, A.R. (1928/1960). ''Heat and Thermodynamics'', (first edition 1928), fifth edition, Blackie &amp; Son Limited, Glasgow.
* [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin)]] (1848). On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations, ''Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc.'' (1843/1863) '''1''', No. 5: 66–71.
* {{Cite journal|last=Thomson|first=W. (Lord Kelvin)|author-link=William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|title=On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault’s Observations on Steam|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|date= Marso 1851|volume=XX|issue=part II|pages=261–268; 289–298}}
* Truesdell, C.A. (1980). ''The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822-1854'', Springer, New York, ISBN 0-387-90403-4.
* Tschoegl, N.W. (2000). ''Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics'', Elsevier, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-444-50426-5.
* Zeppenfeld, M., Englert, B.G.U., Glöckner, R., Prehn, A., Mielenz, M., Sommer, C., van Buuren, L.D., Motsch, M., Rempe, G. (2012). [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v491/n7425/full/nature11595.html Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules], ''Nature'', '''491''': 570–573.

==Padugang nga barasahon==
* Chang, Hasok (2004). ''Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3.
* Zemansky, Mark Waldo (1964). ''Temperatures Very Low and Very High''. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand.

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category}}
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://eo.ucar.edu/skymath/SECT1WEB.PDF An elementary introduction to temperature aimed at a middle school audience]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130910043837/http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Laboratory/GLP.htm from Oklahoma State University]
* [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/show/EN-CLC-AVRT-C/ Average yearly temperature by country] A tabular list of countries and Thermal Map displaying the average yearly temperature by country

[[kaarangay:Temperatura]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Submarino</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6999" sha1="3nkofsnbzca6jilwzbextvlusvncza5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese Submarine Oyashio SS590.JPEG|thumb]]
Iton '''submarino''' in sarakyan pandagat nga may-ada akos nga lugaring nga operasyon ha ilarom han dagat.

==Pinanbasaran==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliograpiya==
{{Refbegin|2}}

;Kasahiran nga Kasaysayan
* ''Histoire des sous-marins: des origines à nos jours'' by [[Jean-Marie Mathey]] and Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix. (Boulogne-Billancourt: ETAI, 2002).
*{{Cite book |first=Michael |last=DiMercurio |first2=Michael |last2= Benson|title= The complete idiot's guide to submarines|url=https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu0000dime |publisher = Alpha|year=2003|ISBN = 0028644719|OCLC=51747264}}
;Culture
* Redford, Duncan. ''The Submarine: A Cultural History From the Great War to Nuclear Combat'' (I.B. Tauris, 2010) 322 pages; focus on British naval and civilian understandings of submarine warfare, including novels and film.
;Submarines before 1914
* {{cite book |last= Gardiner |first= Robert |title= Steam, Steel and Shellfire, The steam warship 1815–1905 |year= 1992 |location= Annapolis, Maryland |publisher= Naval Institute Press |isbn= 978-1-55750-774-7 |oclc= 30038068 |unused_data= |&lt;!-- authorlink= Robert Gardiner (author) --&gt; }}
'''1900/Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905'''
* {{cite book |last= Jentschura |first= Hansgeorg |author2=Dieter Jung |author3=Peter Mickel  |title= Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy 1869–1945 |year= 1977 |publisher= United State Naval Institute |location= Annapolis, Maryland |isbn= 978-0-87021-893-4 }}
*{{cite book |last= Olender |first= Piotr |title= Russo-Japanese Naval War 1904–1905 Vol. 2 Battle of Tsushima |year= 2010 |publisher= Stratus s.c. |location= Sandomierz 1, Poland |isbn= 978-83-61421-02-3 }}
* {{cite book |last= Showell |first= Jak |title= The U-Boat Century:German Submarine Warfare 1906–2006 |url= https://archive.org/details/uboatcenturygerm0000show |year= 2006 |location= Great Britain |publisher= Chatham Publishing |isbn= 978-1-86176-241-2}}
* {{cite book |last= Simmons |first= Jacques |title= A Grosset All-Color Guide WARSHIPS |url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_0448041650 |year= 1971 |location= United States |publisher= Grosset &amp; Dunlap, Inc. |isbn= 978-0-448-04165-0 }}
* {{cite book |last= Watts |first= Anthony J. |title= The Imperial Russian Navy |year= 1990 |location= London |publisher= Arms and Armour Press |isbn= 978-0-85368-912-6 }}
;World War II
* {{cite book |last= Blair |first= Clay |authorlink= Clay Blair |title= Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan |url= https://archive.org/details/silentvictoryus00blai |year= 1975 |location= Philadelphia |publisher= Lippincott |isbn= 978-0-397-00753-0 |oclc= 821363 }}
* {{cite book |last= Lockwood |first= Charles A. |authorlink= Charles A. Lockwood |title= Sink 'Em All: Submarine Warfare in the Pacific |year= 1951 |location= New York |publisher= Dutton |isbn= |oclc= 1371626 |url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000493723}}
* {{cite book |last= O'Kane |first= Richard H. |authorlink= Richard O'Kane |title= Clear the Bridge!: The War Patrols of the USS Tang |url= https://archive.org/details/clearbridgewarpa0000okan |year= 1977 |location= Chicago |publisher= Rand McNally |isbn= 978-0-528-81058-9 |oclc= 2965421 }}
* {{cite book |last= O'Kane |first= Richard H. |authorlink= Richard O'Kane |title= Wahoo: The Patrols of America's Most Famous World War II Submarine |url= https://archive.org/details/wahoopatrolsofam00okan |year= 1987 |location= Novato, California |publisher= Presidio Press |isbn= 978-0-89141-301-1 |oclc= 15366413 }}
* {{cite book |last= Werner |first= Herbert A. |authorlink= Herbert A. Werner |title= Iron coffins: a personal account of the German U-Boat battles of World War II |url= https://archive.org/details/ironcoffinsuboat0000wern |year= 1999 |location= London |publisher= Cassell Military |isbn= 978-0-304-35330-9 |oclc= 41466905 }}
* {{cite book |last= Beach |first= Edward L. |title= Submarine! |publisher=H. Holt|year=1952|oclc=396382}}

;Matugnaw nga gyera
* ''Hide and seek: the untold story of [[Cold War]] espionage at sea'', by [[Peter Huchthausen]] and [[Alexandre Sheldon-Duplaix]]. (Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley &amp; Sons, 2008, ISBN 978-0-471-78530-9).
*{{Cite book |last=McHale|first=Gannon
|title= Stealth boat: fighting the Cold War in a fast attack submarine|url=https://archive.org/details/stealthboatfight0000mcha|publisher = Naval Institute Press|year=2008|ISBN = 1591145023|OCLC=216938657}}
{{Refend}}

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|submarines}}

* {{US patent|708553}} – ''Submarine boat''
* [http://www.submarinehistory.com/21stCentury.html Role of the Modern Submarine]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100929081110/http://www.submariners.co.uk/index.php Submariners Association – UK Submariners site and Boat Database]
* {{YouTube|o9xSsy4ivV8|Video from 1955 giving a detailed description of boat systems}}
* [http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub1.html The Invention of the Submarine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219124117/http://www.vectorsite.net/twsub1.html |date=2012-12-19 }}
* [http://www.navsource.org/archives/subidx.htm U.S. submarine photo archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308211743/http://www.navsource.org/archives/subidx.htm |date=2021-03-08 }}
* [http://www.oralhistoryproject.com/ U.S. World War II Submarine Veterans History Project]
* [http://www.uboat.net/ German Submarines of WWII, uboat.net]
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/ss.htm Record breaking Japanese Submarines]
* [http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/category/submarines/ List of Naval Submarines on naval-technology.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122170843/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/category/submarines/ |date=2015-01-22 }}
* [http://www.maritime.org/fleetsub/index.htm ''The Fleet Type Submarine Online''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013034107/http://maritime.org/fleetsub/index.htm |date=2007-10-13 }} US Navy submarine training manuals, 1944–1946.
* [http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/WI.HomeFront The Home Front: Manitowoc County in World War II]: Video footage of submarine launches into Lake Michigan during World War II.
* American Society of Safety Engineers. Journal of Professional Safety. ''Submarine Accidents: A 60-Year Statistical Assessment''. C. Tingle. Sept. 2009. pp.&amp;nbsp;31–39. [https://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/indexes/2009.php Ordering full article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704212300/http://www.asse.org/professionalsafety/indexes/2009.php |date=2014-07-04 }}; or [http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices-government/12939133-1.html Reproduction without graphics/tables]
* [http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/efg1914%20submarine/multilingual:1/showOnly:video/paging:dmlkZW8tMS0xNi1pbWFnZS0xLTE2LXNvdW5kLTEtMTYtcGVyc29uLTEtMTYtdGV4dC0xLTE2 Historic film footage showing submarines in WWI at europeanfilmgateway.eu]

[[Kaarangay:Panakayan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kastilyo Bran</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156620</id>
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      <id>7790309</id>
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      <comment>changed one image (better quality)</comment>
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      <text bytes="106" sha1="brnv4tadacchjk72jt5b402hdcswsnc" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Bran Castle TB1.jpg|thumb]]
An '''Kastilyo Bran''' in nasodnon nga monumento ha Romanya.

{{turok}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sorbus insignis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2095738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790310</id>
      <parentid>7692743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T21:05:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan Wolff</username>
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      <comment>Removing all images, because they are incorrect and do not show the real Sorbus insignis</comment>
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      <text bytes="2249" sha1="6hil196o23zsrjln2r4hzr5ypcns6j1" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-06}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Sorbus insignis''
| status             = 
| image              = 
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Plantae]]
| divisio            = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis            = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo               = [[Rosales]]
| familia            = [[Rosaceae]]
| genus              = [[Sorbus]]
| species            = '''Sorbus insignis'''
| binomial           = Sorbus insignis
| binomial_authority = ([[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook. f.]]) [[Johan Teodor Hedlund|Hedl.]]
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| synonyms           = ''Pyrus indica'' &lt;small&gt;[[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]&lt;/small&gt;
}}
An '''''Sorbus insignis'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga syahan ginhulagway ni [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni [[Johan Teodor Hedlund]]. An ''Sorbus insignis'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Sorbus]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Rosaceae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/16789096| work = [[Catalogue of Life]] | title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;&gt;Hedl., 1901 ''In: Kongl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad. Handl. 35(1): 32''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World |url=http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |access-date=2014-06-08 |archive-date=2019-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318221109/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ |url-status= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

==Mga sumpay ha gawas==
{{Commons category|Sorbus insignis}}
{{Wikispecies|Sorbus insignis|''Sorbus insignis''}}

[[Kaarangay:Sorbus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Poranthera alpina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2748889</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790307</id>
      <parentid>7392656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T15:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marbletan</username>
        <id>51777</id>
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      <comment>Poranthera alpina 531150783.jpg</comment>
      <origin>7790307</origin>
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{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Poranthera alpina''
| status             = 
| image              = Poranthera alpina 531150783.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Plantae]]
| divisio            = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis            = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo               = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia            = [[Phyllanthaceae]]
| genus              = [[Poranthera]]
| species            = '''Poranthera alpina'''
| binomial           = Poranthera alpina
| binomial_authority = [[Thomas Frederic Cheeseman|Cheeseman]] ex [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| synonyms           = ''Oreoporanthera alpina'' &lt;small&gt;([[Thomas Frederic Cheeseman|Cheeseman]] ex [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]) [[John Hutchinson|Hutch.]]&lt;/small&gt;
}}
An '''''Poranthera alpina'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Thomas Frederic Cheeseman]] ngan [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]]. An ''Poranthera alpina'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Poranthera]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Phyllanthaceae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9719618|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;&gt;Cheeseman ex Hook.f., 1881 ''In: Hooker's Icon. Pl. 14: t. 1366''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Poranthera]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uapaca ferruginea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2749434</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790306</id>
      <parentid>7605474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T15:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marbletan</username>
        <id>51777</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Uapaca ferruginea 703299414.jpg</comment>
      <origin>7790306</origin>
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      <text bytes="1877" sha1="eaquvsbdczmlowqfhdel79mdgwwhbf0" xml:space="preserve">{{botmade|Lsjbot|Magnoliopsida|date=2014-10}}
{{Taxobox
| name               = ''Uapaca ferruginea''
| status             = 
| image              = Uapaca ferruginea 703299414.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| domain             = 
| regnum             = [[Plantae]]
| divisio            = [[Tracheophyta]]
| classis            = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo               = [[Malpighiales]]
| familia            = [[Phyllanthaceae]]
| genus              = [[Uapaca]]
| species            = '''Uapaca ferruginea'''
| binomial           = Uapaca ferruginea
| binomial_authority = [[Henri Ernest Baillon|Baill.]]
| range_map          = 
| range_map_caption  = 
| image2             = 
| image2_caption     = 
| synonyms           = ''Uapaca ferruginea'' var.'' carnotiana'' &lt;small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Uapaca clusioides'' &lt;small&gt;[[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]&lt;/small&gt;
}}
An '''''Uapaca ferruginea'''''&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;/&gt; in uska species han [[Magnoliopsida]] nga ginhulagway ni [[Henri Ernest Baillon]]. An ''Uapaca ferruginea'' in nahilalakip ha [[genus]] nga ''[[Uapaca]]'', ngan [[familia]] nga [[Phyllanthaceae]].&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;/&gt; Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;/&gt;

==Mga kasarigan==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;COL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2014/details/species/id/9733861|title= Species 2000 &amp; ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2014 Annual Checklist.|author= Roskov Y., Kunze T., Orrell T., Abucay L., Paglinawan L., Culham A., Bailly N., Kirk P., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Decock W., De Wever A., Didžiulis V. (ed)| date = 2014|publisher= Species 2000: Reading, UK.|accessdate= 26 Mayo 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;C132&quot;&gt;Baill., 1858 ''In: Étude Euphorb. : 596''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;source&quot;&gt;[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do WCSP: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;

[[Kaarangay:Uapaca]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Miss Monique</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2906596</id>
    <revision>
      <id>7790315</id>
      <parentid>7787043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-30T08:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Miss_Monique_(Feb_'26).tif|Miss_Monique_(Feb_'26).tif]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Túrelio|Túrelio]] because: [[:c:COM:L|Copyright violation]]: cette image est disponible sur Deezer, sur l'instagram officiel de l'art</comment>
      <origin>7790315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="332" sha1="i4358szf51g8gvat9xpp0ap9qfsyowa" xml:space="preserve">Hi '''Alesia Arkusha''' (natawo [[Mayo 5]], [[1992]]), kilala ha propesyonal nga ngaran nga '''Miss Monique''', usa ka [[Ukranya|Ukranyana]] nga DJ, parahimo hin musika ngan tag-iya han Siona Records.

[[Kaarangay:Ukranya|Monique, Miss]]
[[Kaarangay:Mga natawo han 1992|Monique, Miss]]
[[Kaarangay:Musika elektronika|Monique, Miss]]</text>
      <sha1>i4358szf51g8gvat9xpp0ap9qfsyowa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>