Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Indlala 0 3676 42321 36250 2026-10-24T15:38:40Z Dumbassman 8587 42321 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukucazulula indlela umbhali abuzobe ngayo ubuthakathaka bukaMamQhinebe noMagatyeni ukuphuhlisa umxholo wale drama '''indlala''' kuxa abantu belala bengatyanga ezindlini.Kuvelwe kuthiwe kwaXhosa ''Ikati ilele eziko'' kuba kaloku akukho nto ezakuphekwa ngumntu eziko. Indlala inamanyala. Igama indlala lithetha ukuba akukho kutya emzini ekunokuphekwa lusapho olo. Unobangela Abantu abaninzi abalapha kweli lase [[Mzantsi Afrika]] bakhula ngendlala kuba kaloku [[ukutya]] kunqabile,kwaye nemisebenzi inqabile.Unobangela wendlala kukunqongophala kwemi sebenzi kwaye abantu abaninzi baphila nge nkam-nkam nto leyo yenza abantu abaninzi baphele belamba.Xa abantu belamba ke kuye kubekho izinto ezenzekayo apha ekuhlaleni ngenxa yokulala kwekati eziko.Izinto ezifana nokwenyuka kwezinga lobudlobongela kwaye abantu baye baphele bethengisa ngobomi babo ebantwini kuba befuna ukufumana imadlana ukuze bakwazi ukulala betyile. Abantu ababandakanyekayo kule ndlala ngabantu abasebenzisa imizimba yabo ngenxa yokuba befuna ukuba nemali ezakubondla emakhayeni abo. Le nto iye imoshe ubomi bomntwana kuba kaloku abanye abantwana baye bazalwe begula kwaye bengenawo amanzi emzimbeni ngenxa nje yokuba abazali babo kwakunzima nokuba bafumane nento le eya ethunjini kuba kaloku [[imali]] yokuba arente ngoba unxusile ayikho. Unqongophalo lokutya luye nalo ke lumenze umntu aswele ukuba abenobomi obude kuba kaloku umntu kunyanzelekile etyile ukuze akwazi ukuba namamndla ngalo lonke ixesha.Abantu abahlaselwa yindlala baye bangabina mali yokuba bathenge impahla ukuze bakwazi ukuba batye[[ukutya]] okuya egazini ngoko ke abantu baye basweleke kuba kaloku ubomi babo busesichengeni kwaye baye bagulele ibhokisi. q13ijlg0oihiyjat4dqy8noqiqyw6sj Umthetho 0 4553 42319 34591 2026-10-24T15:37:10Z Dumbassman 8587 42319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umthetho''' yingqokolela yemithetho yaseburhulumenteni emiselwe ukuba ithotyelwe okanye ilandelwe ngabantu. Iinkundla zamatyala kunye nemisebenzi yabupolisa yiyo esingatha le nkqubo yemigaqo ize yo[[Isohlwayo|hlwaye]] abo bantu bophula imithetho, ngokuthi umzekelo babahlawulise [[imali]] okanye nge-penalty okanye bathunyelwe ejele. Kwintlalo yamandulo, imithetho ibisaya kubhalwa ziinkokheli, zimise imithetho emakuhlaliswane ngayo ngabahlali, kusetyenzwe kude kushishinelwane. Namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi, imithetho ibhalwa ivotelwe ngamaqela ezoplitiko anyuliweyo kurhulumente ophetheyo, amaqela afana n[[ipalamente|epalamente]] okanye urhulumente. Ukulandela imithetho yasekuhlaleni kukwenza into '''esemthethweni'''. Nantoni na eyenziwayo ayikho mthethweni xa isophula umthetho okanye xa ingenziwa ngokomthetho. [[ikhowudi yomthetho]] yikhowudi yemithetho ebhaliweyo emayinyanzeliswe okanye miliselwe eluntwini. Bandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwe[[Ipolisa (igosa)|sipolisa]], iinkundla zamatyala, okanye izohlwayo. Igqwetha, i-jurist okanye i-attorney ngumntu ofundele ukuxoxa nemigaqo yomthetho. E-United States, zimbini iintlobo zamagqwtha - kukho amagqwetha azii-"transactional" ngabo babhala ii-contracts kunye nee-"litigators" aba ke baya kwiinkundla zamatyala. E-United Kingdom, ezi zifundiswa zibizwa ngokuba zii-solicitors nee-barristers ngokulandelelana kwazo. [[Category:Umthetho]] 51rjui4tnzzjvixxt6ho9i9rmcans8q Minecraft 0 5947 42320 32053 2026-10-24T15:37:32Z Dumbassman 8587 42320 wikitext text/x-wiki "'''I-Minecraft'''" (iMicecraft) ngumdlalo we-sandbox ophuhliswe ngu-Notch (uMarx · [[Abantu]]) kunye nenkampani ayenzile • Abasebenzi baseMojang AB. Umdlalo wekhompyutheni onokuyonwabela ubomi bokuphila, unokulungiselela izibhloko ngokukhululekile kwaye ujabulele ukwakha njl njl. <br /> 7t4jvuuwjutqeyf008h5r268iiobmdo Ayisilend 0 7113 42324 35201 2026-10-24T15:41:08Z Dumbassman 8587 42324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isi-Icelandic''' lilizwe lesiqithi saseNordic kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki olukuMntla kunye [[Ulwandle i-Arctica|noLwandlekazi lweArctic]] . IIceland lelona lizwe linabemi abambalwa [[IYurophu|eYurophu]] . <ref name="Statice">{{Cite web|date=14 September 2008|title=Statistics Iceland|url=http://www.statice.is/#Govt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981202165021/http://www.statice.is/#Govt|archive-date=2 December 1998|accessdate=14 September 2008|website=Government|publisher=The National Statistical Institute of Iceland}}</ref> [[IKomkhulu|Ikomkhulu]] laseIceland kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu yiReykjavík, elikhaya malunga ne-36% yabemi. I-Iceland yeyona ndawo inkulu yoMmandla we-Mid-Atlantic Ridge onyuka ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, kwaye umbindi walo wentaba-mlilo ugqabhuka phantse rhoqo . <ref>Rae, Alison. </ref> <ref>Philippon, Mélody; Von Hagke, Christoph; E. Reber, Jacqueline. </ref> Ngaphakathi kukho ithafa elibonakala ngamathafa esanti kunye nodaka, [[Intaba|iintaba]] kunye nomkhenkce, kwaye imilambo emininzi yomkhenkce iqukuqela ukuya elwandle kwiindawo ezisezantsi . I-Iceland ifudunyezwa yiGulf Stream kwaye inemozulu epholileyo, nangona i-latitude ephakamileyo ngaphandle kwe- Arctic Circle . Ubude bayo obuphakamileyo kunye nempembelelo yaselwandle igcina ihlobo libanda, kwaye uninzi lweziqithi zalo zinemozulu epholileyo . == Idescription == Ngokusemthethweni '''iRiphabhlikhi yase-Iceland''' (isi-Icelandic: ''Lýðveldið Ísland'' ), lilizwe '''lesiqithi''' elikumantla aseYurophu kwaye liyinxalenye yoMmandla weScandinavia . Ibekwe kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki yoMntla, phakathi kweGreenland neGreat Britain, kumntla-ntshona weZiqithi zeFarae . I-Iceland ijikelezwe luLwandle lwaseGreenland ukuya emantla, uLwandlekazi lwaseAtlantiki oluseMantla ukuya empuma nasemazantsi, kunye neDenmark Strait ngasentshona. Ngo-2020, [[Ipopulation|abantu]] bebengama- {{formatnum:366700}}; oku kuyenza ibe lelinye lawona mazwe anabemi [[IYurophu|baseYurophu]] . Ikomkhulu yiReykjavík, esona sixeko sinabantu abaninzi besizwe esinabemi abamalunga ne- {{formatnum:140000}}, ngelixa isixeko sesibini esibalulekileyo yiAkureyri enabemi abamalunga nama {{formatnum:20000}} . Ifumaneka kumbindi we-Atlantiki, i-Iceland iphawule umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kunye ne-geothermal, ebonakalisa ngamandla imbonakalo yomhlaba. Ingaphakathi libandakanya ubukhulu becala intlango, [[Intaba|iintaba]] kunye ne-glaciers, apho [[Umlambo|imilambo emininzi yomkhenkce]] igeleza ukuya elwandle, inqumla kwiindawo eziphantsi . Imozulu yesiqithi yahluke kakhulu: emantla icacile, njengoko iphakathi, ngelixa isiqithi sonke imozulu ibanda elwandle ngenxa yeGulf current, evumela ukuhlala kakuhle. == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} fjgfarjtprscx4hwffcx8ojq6c02hoh Parco Voluntari della Pace 0 7946 42322 40589 2026-10-24T15:40:24Z Dumbassman 8587 42322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox|<!-- Här ska stå t.ex. 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-->|location=|location_type=|location_label=|location_note=|location_municipality=|location_municipality1=|location_district=|location_district1=|location_region=|location_region1=|location_state=|location_state1=|location_country=|location_country1=|elevation=64|elevation_unit=|elevation_note=|prominence=|prominence_unit=|prominence_note=|lat_d=41.45309|lat_m=|lat_s=|lat_NS=|long_d=15.54592|long_m=|long_s=|long_EW=|coordinates_no_title=|coordinates_type=|coordinates_format=|coordinates_note=|capital=|capital_name=|capital_type=|capital_label=|capital_note=|capital_location=|capital_location_type=|capital_location_label=|capital_location_note=|capital_elevation=|capital_elevation_unit=|capital_elevation_note=|capital_lat_d=|capital_lat_m=|capital_lat_s=|capital_lat_NS=|capital_long_d=|capital_long_m=|capital_long_s=|capital_long_EW=|capital_coordinates_type=|capital_coordinates_format=|capital_coordinates_note=|highest=|highest_name=|highest_type=|highest_label=|highest_note=|highest_location=|highest_location_type=|highest_location_label=|highest_location_note=|highest_municipality=|highest_municipality1=|highest_district=|highest_district1=|highest_region=|highest_region1=|highest_state=|highest_state1=|highest_country=|highest_country1=|highest_elevation=|highest_elevation_unit=|highest_elevation_note=|highest_lat_d=|highest_lat_m=|highest_lat_s=|highest_lat_NS=|highest_long_d=|highest_long_m=|highest_long_s=|highest_long_EW=|highest_coordinates_type=|highest_coordinates_format=|highest_coordinates_note=|lowest=|lowest_name=|lowest_type=|lowest_label=|lowest_note=|lowest_location=|lowest_location_type=|lowest_location_label=|lowest_location_note=|lowest_municipality=|lowest_municipality1=|lowest_district=|lowest_district1=|lowest_region=|lowest_region1=|lowest_state=|lowest_state1=|lowest_country=|lowest_country1=|lowest_elevation=|lowest_elevation_unit=|lowest_elevation_note=|lowest_lat_d=|lowest_lat_m=|lowest_lat_s=|lowest_lat_NS=|lowest_long_d=|lowest_long_m=|lowest_long_s=|lowest_long_EW=|lowest_coordinates_type=|lowest_coordinates_format=|lowest_coordinates_note=<!-- *** Floders lägen *** -->|source=|source_name=|source_type=|source_label=|source_note=|source_location=|source_location_type=|source_location_label=|source_location_note=|source_municipality=|source_municipality1=|source_district=|source_district1=|source_region=|source_region1=|source_state=|source_state1=|source_country=|source_country1=|source_elevation=|source_elevation_unit=|source_elevation_note=|source_length=|source_length_unit=|source_length_note=|source_lat_d=|source_lat_m=|source_lat_s=|source_lat_NS=|source_long_d=|source_long_m=|source_long_s=|source_long_EW=|source_coordinates_type=|source_coordinates_format=|source_coordinates_note=|source1=|source1_name=|source1_type=|source1_label=|source1_note=|source1_location=|source1_location_type=|source1_location_label=|source1_location_note=|source1_municipality=|source1_municipality1=|source1_district=|source1_district1=|source1_region=|source1_region1=|source1_state=|source1_state1=|source1_country=|source1_country1=|source1_elevation=|source1_elevation_unit=|source1_elevation_note=|source1_length=|source1_length_unit=|source1_lat_d=|source1_lat_m=|source1_lat_s=|source1_lat_NS=|source1_long_d=|source1_long_m=|source1_long_s=|source1_long_EW=|source1_coordinates_type=|source1_coordinates_format=|source1_coordinates_note=|source2=|source2_name=|source2_type=|source2_label=|source2_note=|source2_location=|source2_location_type=|source2_location_label=|source2_location_note=|source2_municipality=|source2_municipality1=|source2_district=|source2_district1=|source2_region=|source2_region1=|source2_state=|source2_state1=|source2_country=|source2_country1=|source2_elevation=|source2_elevation_unit=|source2_elevation_note=|source2_length=|source2_length_unit=|source2_length_note=|source2_lat_d=|source2_lat_m=|source2_lat_s=|source2_lat_NS=|source2_long_d=|source2_long_m=|source2_long_s=|source2_long_EW=|source2_coordinates_type=|source2_coordinates_format=|source2_coordinates_note=|source_confluence=|source_confluence_name=|source_confluence_type=|source_confluence_label=|source_confluence_note=|source_confluence_location=|source_confluence_location_type=|source_confluence_location_label=|source_confluence_location_note=|source_confluence_municipality=|source_confluence_municipality1=|source_confluence_district=|source_confluence_district1=|source_confluence_region=|source_confluence_region1=|source_confluence_state=|source_confluence_state1=|source_confluence_country=|source_confluence_country1=|source_confluence_elevation=|source_confluence_elevation_unit=|source_confluence_elevation_note=|source_confluence_lat_d=|source_confluence_lat_m=|source_confluence_lat_s=|source_confluence_lat_NS=|source_confluence_long_d=|source_confluence_long_m=|source_confluence_long_s=|source_confluence_long_EW=|source_confluence_coordinates_type=|source_confluence_coordinates_format=|source_confluence_coordinates_note=|mouth=|mouth_name=|mouth_type=|mouth_label=|mouth_note=|mouth_location=|mouth_location_type=|mouth_location_label=|mouth_location_note=|mouth_municipality=|mouth_municipality1=|mouth_district=|mouth_district1=|mouth_region=|mouth_region1=|mouth_state=|mouth_state1=|mouth_country=|mouth_country1=|mouth_elevation=|mouth_elevation_unit=|mouth_elevation_note=|mouth_lat_d=|mouth_lat_m=|mouth_lat_s=|mouth_lat_NS=|mouth_long_d=|mouth_long_m=|mouth_long_s=|mouth_long_EW=|mouth_coordinates_type=|mouth_coordinates_format=|mouth_coordinates_note=<!-- *** Dimensioner *** -->|length=|length_type=|length_label=|length_unit=|length_orientation=|length_note=|length1=|length1_type=|length1_label=|length1_unit=|length1_orientation=|length1_note=|length2=|length2_type=|length2_label=|length2_unit=|length2_orientation=|length2_note=|length3=|length3_type=|length3_label=|length3_unit=|length3_orientation=|length3_note=|length4=|length4_type=|length4_label=|length4_unit=|length4_orientation=|length4_note=|width=|width_type=|width_label=|width_unit=|width_orientation=|width_note=|width1=|width1_type=|width1_label=|width1_unit=|width1_orientation=|width1_note=|width2=|width2_type=|width2_label=|width2_unit=|width2_orientation=|width2_note=|width3=|width3_type=|width3_label=|width3_unit=|width3_orientation=|width3_note=|width4=|width4_type=|width4_label=|width4_unit=|width4_orientation=|width4_note=|height=|height_type=|height_label=|height_unit=|height_note=|height1=|height1_type=|height1_label=|height1_unit=|height1_note=|height2=|height2_type=|height2_label=|height2_unit=|height2_note=|height3=|height3_type=|height3_label=|height3_unit=|height3_note=|height4=|height4_type=|height4_label=|height4_unit=|height4_note=|number=|number_type=|number_label=|number_note=|number1=|number1_type=|number1_label=|number1_note=|number2=|number2_type=|number2_label=|number2_note=|number3=|number3_type=|number3_label=|number3_note=|number4=|number4_type=|number4_label=|number4_note=|depth=|depth_type=|depth_label=|depth_unit=|depth_note=|depth1=|depth1_type=|depth1_label=|depth1_unit=|depth1_note=|depth2=|depth2_type=|depth2_label=|depth2_unit=|depth2_note=|depth3=|depth3_type=|depth3_label=|depth3_unit=|depth3_note=|depth4=|depth4_type=|depth4_label=|depth4_unit=|depth4_note=|volume=|volume_type=|volume_label=|volume_unit=|volume_note=|volume1=|volume1_type=|volume1_label=|volume1_unit=|volume1_note=|volume2=|volume2_type=|volume2_label=|volume2_unit=|volume2_note=|volume3=|volume3_type=|volume3_label=|volume3_unit=|volume3_note=|volume4=|volume4_type=|volume4_label=|volume4_unit=|volume4_note=|weight=|weight_type=|weight_label=|weight_unit=|weight_note=|weight1=|weight1_type=|weight1_label=|weight1_unit=|weight1_note=|weight2=|weight2_type=|weight2_label=|weight2_unit=|weight2_note=|weight3=|weight3_type=|weight3_label=|weight3_unit=|weight3_note=|weight4=|weight4_type=|weight4_label=|weight4_unit=|weight4_note=|watershed=|watershed_type=|watershed_label=|watershed_unit=|watershed_note=|area=|area_type=|area_label=|area_unit=|area_note=|area_land=|area_land_type=|area_land_label=|area_land_unit=|area_land_note=|area_land_percentage=|area_land_percentage_round=|area_land_share=|area_land_share_round=|area_percentage_round=|area_share_round=|area_water=|area_water_type=|area_water_label=|area_water_unit=|area_water_note=|area_water_percentage=|area_water_percentage_round=|area_water_share=|area_water_share_round=|area_urban=|area_urban_type=|area_urban_label=|area_urban_unit=|area_urban_note=|area_urban_percentage_round=|area_urban_share=|area_urban_share_round=|area_metro=|area_metro_type=|area_metro_label=|area_metro_unit=|area_metro_note=|area_metro_percentage_round=|area_metro_share=|area_metro_share_round=|area1=|area1_type=|area1_label=|area1_unit=|area1_note=|area1_share=|area1_share_round=|area2=|area2_type=|area2_label=|area2_unit=|area2_note=|area2_share=|area2_share_round=|area3=|area3_type=|area3_label=|area3_unit=|area3_note=|area3_share=|area3_share_round=|area4=|area4_type=|area4_label=|area4_unit=|area4_note=|area4_share=|area4_share_round=|discharge=|discharge_average=|discharge_type=|discharge_location=|discharge_location_note=|discharge_label=|discharge_unit=|discharge_note=|discharge_max=|discharge_max_unit=|discharge_max_note=|discharge_min=|discharge_min_unit=|discharge_min_note=|discharge1_average=|discharge1_type=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_unit=|discharge1_note=|discharge2_average=|discharge2_location=|discharge2_unit=|discharge2_note=|discharge3_average=|discharge3_location=|discharge3_unit=|discharge3_note=|discharge4_average=|discharge4_location=|discharge4_unit=|discharge4_note=<!-- *** Befolkning *** -->|population=|population_date=|population_as_of=|population_note=|population_urban=|population_urban_date=|population_urban_as_of=|population_urban_note=|population_metro=|population_metro_date=|population_metro_as_of=|population_metro_note=|population1=|population1_type=|population1_label=|population1_date=|population1_note=|population2=|population2_type=|population2_label=|population2_date=|population2_note=|population3=|population3_type=|population3_label=|population3_date=|population3_note=|population4=|population4_type=|population4_label=|population4_date=|population4_note=|population_density=|density_type=|density_label=|population_density_round=|population_density_note=|population_urban_density=|population_urban_density_round=|population_urban_density_note=|population_metro_density=|population_metro_density_round=|population_metro_density_note=|population1_density=|density1_type=|density1_label=|population1_density_round=|population1_density_note=|population2_density=|density2_type=|density2_label=|population2_density_round=|population2_density_note=|population3_density=|density3_type=|density3_label=|population3_density_round=|population3_density_note=|population4_density=|density4_type=|density4_label=|population4_density_round=|population4_density_note=|biome_fold=|biome=|biome_type=|biome_label=|biome_share=|biome_note=|biome1=|biome1_note=|biome2=|biome2_note=|biome3=|biome3_note=|biome4=|biome4_note=|biome5=|biome5_note=|biome6=|biome6_note=|biome7=|biome7_note=|biome8=|biome8_note=|biome9=|biome9_note=|biome10=|biome10_note=|biome11=|biome11_note=|biome12=|biome12_note=|biome13=|biome13_note=|biome14=|biome14_note=|biome15=|biome15_note=|geology_fold=|geology=|geology_type=|geology_label=|geology_note=|geology1=|geology1_note=|geology2=|geology2_note=|geology3=|geology3_note=|geology4=|geology4_note=|geology5=|geology5_note=|geology6=|geology6_note=|geology7=|geology7_note=|geology8=|geology8_note=|geology9=|geology9_note=|geology10=|geology10_note=|geology11=|geology11_note=|geology12=|geology12_note=|geology13=|geology13_note=|geology14=|geology14_note=|geology15=|geology15_note=|orogeny_fold=|orogeny=|orogeny_type=|orogeny_label=|orogeny_note=|orogeny1=|orogeny1_note=|orogeny2=|orogeny2_note=|orogeny3=|orogeny3_note=|orogeny4=|orogeny4_note=|orogeny5=|orogeny5_note=|orogeny6=|orogeny6_note=|orogeny7=|orogeny7_note=|orogeny8=|orogeny8_note=|orogeny9=|orogeny9_note=|orogeny10=|orogeny10_note=|orogeny11=|orogeny11_note=|orogeny12=|orogeny12_note=|orogeny13=|orogeny13_note=|orogeny14=|orogeny14_note=|orogeny15=|orogeny15_note=|period_fold=|period=|period_type=|period_label=|period_note=|period1=|period1_note=|period2=|period2_note=|period3=|period3_note=|period4=|period4_note=|period5=|period5_note=|period6=|period6_note=|period7=|period7_note=|period8=|period8_note=|period9=|period9_note=|period10=|period10_note=|period11=|period11_note=|period12=|period12_note=|period13=|period13_note=|period14=|period14_note=|period15=|period15_note=|plant_fold=|plant=|plant_type=|plant_label=|plant_note=|plant1=|plant1_note=|plant2=|plant2_note=|plant3=|plant3_note=|plant4=|plant4_note=|plant5=|plant5_note=|plant6=|plant6_note=|plant7=|plant7_note=|plant8=|plant8_note=|plant9=|plant9_note=|plant10=|plant10_note=|plant11=|plant11_note=|plant12=|plant12_note=|plant13=|plant13_note=|plant14=|plant14_note=|plant15=|plant15_note=|animal_fold=|animal=|animal_type=|animal_label=|animal_note=|animal1=|animal1_note=|animal2=|animal2_note=|animal3=|animal3_note=|animal4=|animal4_note=|animal5=|animal5_note=|animal6=|animal6_note=|animal7=|animal7_note=|animal8=|animal8_note=|animal9=|animal9_note=|animal10=|animal10_note=|animal11=|animal11_note=|animal12=|animal12_note=|animal13=|animal13_note=|animal14=|animal14_note=|animal15=|animal15_note=|author_fold=|author=|author_type=|author_label=|author_note=|author1=|author1_note=|author2=|author2_note=|author3=|author3_note=|author4=|author4_note=|author5=|author5_note=|author6=|author6_note=|author7=|author7_note=|author8=|author8_note=|author9=|author9_note=|author10=|author10_note=|author11=|author11_note=|author12=|author12_note=|author13=|author13_note=|author14=|author14_note=|author15=|author15_note=|style_fold=|style=|style_type=|style_label=|style_note=|style1=|style1_note=|style2=|style2_note=|style3=|style3_note=|style4=|style4_note=|style5=[style5_note =|style6=|style6_note=|style7=|style7_note=|style8=|style8_note=|style9=|style9_note=|style10=|style10_note=|style11=|style11_note=|style12=|style12_note=|style13=|style13_note=|style14=|style14_note=|style15=|style15_note=|material_fold=|material=|material_type=|material_label=|material_note=|material1=|material1_note=|material2=|material2_note=|material3=|material3_note=|material4=|material4_note=|material5=|material5_note=|material6=|material6_note=|material7=|material7_note=|material8=|material8_note=|material9=|material9_note=|material10=|material10_note=|material11=|material11_note=|material12=|material12_note=|material13=|material13_note=|material14=|material14_note=|material15=|material15_note=<!-- *** Historia och administration *** -->|established=|established_type=|established_label=|established_note=|established1=|established1_type=|established1_label=|established1_note=|established2=|established2_type=|established2_label=|established2_note=|established3=|established3_type=|established3_label=|established3_note=|established4=|established4_type=|established4_label=|established4_note=|date=|date_type=|date_label=|date_note=|date1=|date1_type=|date1_label=|date1_note=|date2=|date2_type=|date2_label=|date2_note=|date3=|date3_type=|date3_label=|date3_note=|date4=|date4_type=|date4_label=|date4_note=|management=|management_body=|management_type=|management_label=|management_note=|management_location=|management_location_type=|management_location_label=|management_location_note=|management_municipality=|management_municipality1=|management_district=|management_district1=|management_region=|management_region1=|management_state=|management_state1=|management_country=|management_country1=|management_elevation=|management_elevation_unit=|management_elevation_note=|management_lat_d=|management_lat_m=|management_lat_s=|management_lat_NS=|management_long_d=|management_long_m=|management_long_s=|management_long_EW=|management_coordinates_type=|management_coordinates_format=|management_coordinates_note=|government=|government_type=|government_label=|government_note=|government_location=|government_location_type=|government_location_label=|government_location_note=|government_municipality=|government_municipality1=|government_district=|government_district1=|government_region=|government_region1=|government_state=|government_state1=|government_country=|government_country1=|government_elevation=|government_elevation_unit=|government_elevation_note=|government_lat_d=|government_lat_m=|government_lat_s=|government_lat_NS=|government_long_d=|government_long_m=|government_long_s=|government_long_EW=|government_coordinates_type=|government_coordinates_format=|government_coordinates_note=|owner=|owner_type=|owner_label=|owner_note=|mayor=|mayor_type=|mayor_label=|mayor_party=|mayor_note=|leader=|leader_type=|leader_label=|leader_party=|leader_note=|leader1=|leader1_type=|leader1_label=|leader1_party=|leader1_note=|leader2=|leader2_type=|leader2_label=|leader2_party=|leader2_note=|leader3=|leader3_type=|leader3_label=|leader3_party=|leader3_note=|leader4=|leader4_type=|leader4_label=|leader4_party=|leader4_note=<!-- *** Tillgänglighet *** -->|public=|public_type=|public_label=|public_note=|visitation=|visitation_type=|visitation_label=|visitation_date=|visitation_note=|access=|access_type=|access_label=|discovery=|discovery_type=|discovery_label=|discovery_note=|discovery1=|discovery1_note=|discovery2=|discovery2_note=|discovery3=|discovery3_note=|discovery4=|discovery4_note=|discovery5=|discovery5_note=|discovery6=|discovery6_note=|discovery7=|discovery7_note=|discovery_date=|discovery_date_type=|discovery_date_label=|discovery_date_note=|ascent=|ascent_type=|ascent_label=|ascent_note=|ascent1=|ascent1_note=|ascent2=|ascent2_note=|ascent3=|ascent3_note=|ascent4=|ascent4_note=|ascent5=|ascent5_note=|ascent6=|ascent6_note=|ascent7=|ascent7_note=|ascent_date=|ascent_date_type=|ascent_date_label=|ascent_date_note=<!-- *** Koder *** -->|timezone=[[Central European Time|CET]]|timezone_type=|timezone_label=Europe/Rome|utc_offset=+1|timezone_note=|timezone_DST=[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]|timezone_type_DST=|utc_offset_DST=+2|iso_code=|iso_code_type=|iso_code_label=|iso_subcode=|iso_code_note=|postal_code=|postal_code_type=|postal_code_label=|postal_code_note=|area_code=|area_code_type=|area_code_label=|area_code_note=|code=|code_type=|code_label=|code_note=|code1=|code1_type=|code1_label=|code1_note=|code2=|code2_type=|code2_label=|code2_note=|code3=|code3_type=|code3_label=|code3_note=|code4=|code4_type=|code4_label=|code4_note=<!-- *** Unesco m.m. *** -->|whs_name=|whs_name_note=|whs_year=|whs_year_note=|whs_number=|whs_number_note=|whs_region=|whs_region_note=|whs_criteria=|whs_criteria_note=|category_iucn=|category_iucn_note=|topo_map=|topo_type=|topo_label=|topo_maker=|topo_note=|topo1_map=|topo1_maker=|topo1_note=|topo2_map=|topo2_maker=|topo2_note=|topo3_map=|topo3_maker=|topo3_note=|topo4_map=|topo4_maker=|topo4_note=|topo5_map=|topo5_maker=|topo5_note=|topo6_map=|topo6_maker=|topo6_note=|topo7_map=|topo7_maker=|topo7_note=|topo8_map=|topo8_maker=|topo8_note=|topo9_map=|topo9_maker=|topo9_note=|topo10_map=|topo10_maker=|topo10_note=|topo11_map=|topo11_maker=|topo11_note=|topo12_map=|topo12_maker=|topo12_note=|topo13_map=|topo13_maker=|topo13_note=|topo14_map=|topo14_maker=|topo14_note=|topo15_map=|topo15_maker=|topo15_note=<!-- *** Fria fält *** -->|free=|free_type=|free_label=|free_note=|free1=|free1_type=|free1_label=|free1_note=|free2=|free2_type=|free2_label=|free2_note=|free3=|free3_type=|free3_label=|free3_note=|free4=|free4_type=|free4_label=|free4_note=|free5=|free5_type=|free5_label=|free5_note=|free6=|free6_type=|free6_label=|free6_note=|free7=|free7_type=|free7_label=|free7_note=|free8=|free8_type=|free8_label=|free8_note=|map=|map_caption=|map_size=|map_locator=|map_locator_x=|map_locator_y=|map_background=|map1=|map1_caption=|map1_size=|map1_locator=|map1_locator_x=|map1_locator_y=|map1_background=|map2=|map2_caption=|map2_size=|map2_locator=|map2_locator_x=|map2_locator_y=|map2_background=<!-- *** KML *** -->|commons=|commons_type=|commons_label=|commons_note=|statistics=|statistics_type=|statistics_label=|statistics_date=|statistics_note=|website=|website_type=|website_label=|website_note=<!-- *** Fotnoter *** -->|footnotes=|footnotes_type=|footnotes_label=|footnotes_note=}} '''IParco Volontari della Pace''' [[Parke|yipaki]] [[IItaly|eItali]] . <ref name="gn11126922">[{{Geonameslink|gnid=11126922|name=parco%20volontari%20della%20pace}} Parco Volontari della Pace] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2016-04-26; database download sa 2016-08-15</ref> Ifumaneka kwiphondo leProvincia [[IPhondo laseFoggia|di Foggia]] kunye nommandla wePuglia, kumazantsi-mpuma welizwe, iikhilomitha {{formatnum:260}} kwimpuma [[ERoma|yeRoma]], ikomkhulu lelizwe. Umhlaba ojikeleze iParco Volontari della Pace uthe tyaba.{{efn|Kalkulado gikan sa pakigbingkil sa tanan nga gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas, sa sulod sa 10 ka kilometro radius.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].|group=saysay}} Ang kinahabogang dapit sa palibot dunay gihabogon nga {{formatnum:86}} ka metro ug {{formatnum:1.0}} km sa amihanan sa Parco Volontari della Pace.{{efn|Kalkulado gikan sa gitas-on data (DEM 3") gikan sa Viewfinder Panoramas.<ref name = "vp"/> Ang bug-os nga algoritmo anaa [https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_DotNetWikiBot_Framework/Lsjbot/Make-Geonames dinhi].|group=saysay}} Dunay mga {{formatnum:308}} ka tawo kada kilometro kwadrado sa palibot sa Parco Volontari della Pace nga hilabihan populasyon.<ref name="nasapop">{{Cite web|title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|accessdate=30 Enero 2016|publisher=NASA/SEDAC|archive-date=2016-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209064446/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. NASA/SEDAC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Gikuha niadtong <span class="nowrap">30 Enero</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Idolophu enkulu ekufutshane [[Foggia|yiFoggia]], {{formatnum:0.77}} km kumntla-mpuma weParco Volontari della Pace. Ummandla ojikeleze iParco Volontari della Pace phantse ugutyungelwe ngamasimi . <ref name="nasalandcover">{{Cite web|title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|accessdate=30 Enero 2016|publisher=NASA/MODIS|archive-date=2016-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228161657/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. NASA/MODIS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Gikuha niadtong <span class="nowrap">30 Enero</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Imozulu [[Umogon|ifumile]] kwaye [[Subtropikal|ishushu]] . <ref name="koppen">{{Cite journal|last=Peel|first=M C|last2=Finlayson|first2=B L|date=|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html|journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences|publisher=|volume=11|issue=|pages=1633-1644|doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|access-date=30 Enero 2016|archive-date=2017-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPeelFinlayson">Peel, M C; Finlayson, B L. . ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences''. '''11''': 1633–1644. [[Doi (identifier)?action=edit&redlink=1|doi]]:[[doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007|10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Gikuha niadtong <span class="nowrap">30 Enero</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ubushushu obuphakathi {{formatnum:17}} °C . Eyona nyanga ishushu nguJulayi, nge- {{formatnum:32}}&nbsp;°C, kwaye eyona ngqele kaJanuwari, ngo- {{formatnum:6}}&nbsp;°C. <ref name="nasa">{{Cite web|title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|accessdate=30 Enero 2016|publisher=NASA|archive-date=2020-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510015442/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|dead-url=yes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. NASA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Gikuha niadtong <span class="nowrap">30 Enero</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Umyinge wemvula {{formatnum:775}} millimeters ngonyaka. == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} b0gg6obfmzk6lrc9lbuoupnm8z3891p Mariya, umama kaYesu 0 8080 42323 41548 2026-10-24T15:40:48Z Dumbassman 8587 42323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mary|image=Madonna Advocata.png|alt=Slightly faded painting of a woman wearing a black veil, staring out of the portrait. Her hands are raised. The image is on a gold background.|caption=The [[Maria Advocata (Madonna del Rosario)|''Madonna del Rosario'']] ({{circa|6th century}} or earlier), perhaps the oldest icon of Mary, in [[Rome]]|birth_date={{circa|18 BC}}{{efn|Per the [[Bar and bat mitzvah#Significance|Jewish customs surrounding marriage]] at the time, and the apocryphal [[Gospel of James]], Mary was approximately 13–14 years old when giving birth to Jesus.<ref name="NewAdvent" /> Her year of birth is therefore contingent on [[Date of birth of Jesus|that of Jesus]], and though some posit slightly different dates (such as [[John P. Meier|Meier]]'s dating of {{c.|7}} or 6&nbsp;BC)<ref>{{cite book |last=Meier |first=John P. |author-link=John P. Meier |title=A Marginal Jew: The Roots of the Problem and the Person |url=https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john |year=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14018-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/marginaljewrethi0000john/page/407 407]}}</ref> general consensus places Jesus' birth in {{c.|4}}&nbsp;BC,<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E.&nbsp;P.|author-link=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|publisher=Allen Lane Penguin Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|isbn=978-0-14-192822-7|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418040039/https://books.google.com/books?id=lkbTL36ZgPIC|url-status=live|pages=10–11}}</ref> thus placing Mary's birth in {{c.|18}}&nbsp;BC.}}|birth_place=[[Herodian kingdom|Herodian Judea]]|death_date=After {{c.|33 AD}}|death_place=[[Jerusalem]], [[Province of Judea|Province of Judaea]], [[Roman Empire]]<br />or [[Ephesus]], [[Province of Asia]], [[Roman Empire]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Catholic Enncyclopedia: Tomb of the Blessed Virgin Mary |url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14774a.htm |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=New Advent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Mary: Location and Significance: University of Dayton, Ohio |url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/t/tomb-of-mary-location-and-significance.php |access-date=2 January 2023 |website=udayton.edu}}</ref>|spouse=[[Saint Joseph|Joseph]]|children=[[Jesus]]|parents=[[Joachim]] and [[Saint Anne|Anne]] (according to some apocryphal writings)}} '''UMariya''' {{efn|{{lang-he|מִרְיָם|translit=Mīryām}}; {{lang-syc|ܡܪܝܡ|translit=Maryam}}; {{lang-ar|مريم|translit=Maryam}}; {{lang-grc|Μαρία|translit=María}}; {{lang-la|Maria}}; {{lang-cop|Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ|translit=Maria}}}} wayengumfazi ongumYuda waseNazarete ngenkulungwane yokuqala, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Raymond Edward Brown|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140|title=Mary in the New Testament|last2=Joseph A. Fitzmyer|last3=Karl Paul Donfried|publisher=Paulist Press|year=1978|isbn=978-0809121687|location=NJ|page=140|quote=...consonant with Mary's Jewish background|access-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817232637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML1mnUBwmhcC&pg=PA140|archive-date=17 August 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> umfazi kaYosefu nomama [[UYesu Kristu|kaYesu]] . Ungoyena mntu uphambili kubuKristu, uhlonelwa phantsi kwezihloko ezahlukeneyo ezifana nentombi enyulu okanye ukumkanikazi, uninzi lwazo olukhankanywe kwiLitany yaseLoreto . AmaOthodoki aseMpuma naseMpuma, iCawa yaseMpuma, yamaKatolika, yamaTshetshi namaLuthere akholelwa ukuba uMariya, unina kaYesu, nguMama kaThixo . Iincwadi zeVangeli ezishwankathelayo zithi uMariya ngumama kaYesu. Incwadi yevangeli [[Mateyu|kaMateyu]] nekaLuka zichaza uMariya njengentombi enyulu {{efn|{{lang|grc|παρθένος|translit="parthénos"}}; Matthew 1:23<ref>{{Bibleverse|Matthew|1:23}}</ref> uses the Greek {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}}, "virgin", whereas only the Hebrew of Isaiah 7:14,<ref>{{Bibleverse|Isaiah|7:14|HE}}</ref> from which the New Testament ostensibly quotes, as {{transliteration|hbo|Almah}} – "young maiden". See article on {{transliteration|grc|parthénos}} in Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature''.<ref>Bauercc/(Arndt)/Gingrich/Danker, ''A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature'', 2nd ed., University of Chicago Press, 1979, p. 627.</ref>}} eyanyulwa nguThixo ukuba akhawule uYesu ngoMoya Oyingcwele . Emva kokuzala uYesu eBhetelehem, wamkhulisela kwisixeko saseNazarete eGalili, kwaye [[IJerusalem|wayeseYerusalem]] ekubethelweni kwakhe emnqamlezweni kunye nabapostile emva kokunyuka kwakhe. Iindlela ezininzi zokuzinikela kukaMarian zibandakanya imithandazo eyahlukahlukeneyo kunye namaculo, ukubhiyozelwa kweentsuku ezininzi zemibhiyozo kaMarian kwinkonzo yonqulo, ukuhlonelwa kwemifanekiso kunye nezinto ezingcwele, ukwakhiwa kweecawe ezinikelwe kuye kunye nokuhambela kwiindawo ezingcwele zaseMarian . Imibono emininzi yaseMarian kunye nemimangaliso ebangelwa kukuthethelelwa kwakhe kuye kwachazwa ngamakholwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Ube sisifundo semveli kubugcisa, ngakumbi kubugcisa baseByzantine, ubugcisa bexesha eliphakathi kunye nobugcisa beRenaissance. == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} bb4kf17q11z9ea840aq5pvdz66avs4q Indawo yobugcisa 0 8424 42325 37574 2026-10-24T15:41:22Z Dumbassman 8587 42325 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fussballtrainer-18-09-2005.jpg|thumb|Umbono webhentshi. Ejikelezileyo, ukucwangciswa kwendawo yobugcisa kubonakala.]] Kumdlalo webhola [[Ibhola ekhatywayo|ekhatywayo]], '''indawo yobugcisa''' yindawo ethile yebala lokudlala apho iibhentshi, abadlali ababambeleyo, abaphathi, umqeqeshi kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango beqela. Kucatshangelwe kwiMimiselo yoMdlalo weBhola, ithathwa njengelungiselelo lokugqibela, ngokulandela imigaqo ye-17 ephambili yomdlalo. NgesiTaliyane ibizwa ngokuba "ibhentshi" <ref>L'area tecnica ({{Cite web|title=Regolamento del Gioco del Calcio|url=http://www.aia-figc.it/download/regolamenti/reg_2011.pdf|publisher=aia-figc.it|accessdate=2024-09-12|archive-date=2012-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105124138/http://www.aia-figc.it/download/regolamenti/reg_2011.pdf|dead-url=yes}})</ref> == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} 9jcsno03la0828z6o2vxuvwdp3nh5dd Idike-lethu 0 8999 42332 40232 2026-10-24T20:17:57Z CommonsDelinker 87 Removing [[:c:File:Vecteezy_stack-of-newspaper_1961329.jpg|Vecteezy_stack-of-newspaper_1961329.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Herbythyme|Herbythyme]] because: Copyright violation, see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]]. 42332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''I-iDike-lethu''' News liphephandaba loluntu elaziwayo elizinze e-[[Alice, eMzantsi Afrika]] eMpuma [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|Koloni]], [[UMzantsi Afrika]]. Njengopapasho olubhalwe ngeelwimi ezimbini, isebenzela uMasipala weNgingqi waseRaymond Mhlaba ngokubonelela ngeendaba nolwazi ngesiXhosa nesiNgesi<ref>https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/34664.html</ref>Liziko lolwazi elibalulekileyo kubahlali basekuhlaleni, ligxile kwimiba esisiseko nedla ngokungayihoyi amaziko amakhulu esizwe. == Imbali == Eli phephandaba lasekwa ukuze livale umsantsa kumelo lwasekuhlaleni nokubonelela uluntu ngelizwi ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, iye yavela kwinyathelo elincinane lendawo yaba lilungu elaziwayo loMbutho wabapapashi abaZimeleyo (AIP).<ref>https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/34664.html</ref>Izifundo zezemfundo zithe zayiqaqambisa imbali yayo njengesixhobo sophuhliso loluntu, iphawula indima yayo ekukhuthazeni ubuni bengingqi nokukhuthaza ilifa lenkcubeko kwisithili saseAmathole. == iimbekiselo == https://files.su.ac.za/public/journalism/documents/2025-07/smf-202211zonpdf.pdf https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/34664.html [[Uluhlu:Iphephandaba]] [[Uluhlu:Iindaba zasekuhlaleni]] [[Uluhlu:Izinto zangoku]] ohqc9af5nuq7bifeqm4fyfuw08727bj UMqulu wamaLungelo 1689 0 9369 42328 42135 2026-10-24T19:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42328 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''UMqulu wamalungelo ka-1689''' ( 1 Will. &amp;amp; Mar. Sess. 2. c. 2) (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa njengo '''Mthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688''' ) ngumthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owamiselaamalungelo athile asisiseko abemi waza watshintsha indlela yokulandelelana kwesihlalo sobukumkani baseNgilani . Ihlala ingumthetho obalulekileyo kumthetho womgaqo-siseko waseNgilani . Ubukhulu bayo isekelwe kwiingcamango zengcali yezopolitiko uJohn Locke, [ 3 ] lo Mthetho ubeka imfuneko yomgaqo-siseko yokuba iSigqeba sifune imvume yabantu njengoko bemelwe ePalamente . <ref name="British Library" /> [ 5 ] Ngaphandle kokubeka imida kumandla obukhosi, yamisela amalungelo ePalamente, kuquka iipalamente eziqhelekileyo, unyulo olukhululekileyo, kunye nelungelo lepalamente . <ref name="ParliamentUK">{{Cite news|title=Bill of Rights 1689|agency=Parliament UK|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/collections1/collections-glorious-revolution/billofrights/|access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> Ikwadwelise amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kuquka ukuthintelwa kwesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga kunye nelungelo lokungahlawuli irhafu ehlawuliswayo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente. Ekugqibeleni, ichaze kwaye yagweba izenzo ezininzi ezimbi zikaJames II waseNgilani. <ref name="British Library">{{Cite web|title=Britain's unwritten constitution|url=http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312163142/http://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/articles/britains-unwritten-constitution|archive-date=12 March 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library|quote=The key landmark is the Bill of Rights (1689), which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown. ... The Bill of Rights (1689) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch’s prerogatives, providing for the regular meeting of Parliament, free elections to the Commons, free speech in parliamentary debates, and some basic human rights, most famously freedom from ‘cruel or unusual punishment’.}}</ref> UMthetho wamaLungelo wafumana imvume yobukhosi ngomhla we-16 kweyoMnga ngo-1689. Yingxelo ephindwe ngokomthetho yeSibhengezo samaLungelo esanikezelwa yiPalamente yeSivumelwano kuWilliam III noMary II ngoFebruwari 1689, sibamema ukuba babe ngabalawuli abadibeneyo [[ENgilani|baseNgilani]], besusa uJames II, owathi warhoxa waza washiya itrone ingenanto. e[[Iunited kingdom|United Kingdom]], lo Mthetho ujongelwa njengoxwebhu olusisiseko lomgaqo -siseko waseBritane ongabhalwanga phantsi, kunye neMagna Carta, iSicelo saMalungelo, uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 kunye neMithetho yePalamente ka-1911 no-1949 . Uxwebhu olwahlukileyo kodwa olufana nalo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, lusebenza [[ESkotlani|eScotland]] . Lo Mthetho wawungomnye wemizekelo esetyenzisiweyo ekubhaleni uMthetho wamaLungelo eMelika, iSibhengezo samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . <ref name="ParliamentUK" /> Kunye noMthetho weSivumelwano sika-1701, usasebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth, njengoko ulungisiwe yiPerth Agreement . == Imvelaphi == Ngexesha leshumi elinesixhenxe kwinkulungwane kwabakho umdla omtsha kwiMagna Carta . <ref>{{Cite web|title=From legal document to public myth: Magna Carta in the 17th&nbsp;century|url=https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327042835/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=27 March 2015|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The British Library|postscript=none}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Magna Carta in the 17th&nbsp;century|url=https://www.sal.org.uk/events/2015/06/magna-carta-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925053248/https://www.bl.uk/magna-carta/videos/from-legal-document-to-public-myth-magna-carta-in-the-17th-century|archive-date=2018-09-25|accessdate=2017-10-16|website=The Society of Antiquaries of London}}</ref> IPalamente yaseNgilani yapasisa isicelo samalungelo ngo-1628 esasimisela amalungelo athile kubantu abaphantsi kwayo. IMfazwe Yamakhaya YaseNgilani (1642–1651) yaliwa phakathi koKumkani kunye nePalamente eyayikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi kodwa ikhethwe ngabantu abaninzi, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Origins and growth of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise of Parliament|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/citizenship2.htm|accessdate=7 April 2015|publisher=The National Archives}}</ref> apho ingcamango yamaqela ezopolitiko exesha elide yaqala ukubonakala kunye neNew Model Army Grandees kunye nabantu abathobekileyo, abanempembelelo efanayo ababexoxa ngomgaqo-siseko omtsha kwiingxoxo zikaPutney zika-1647. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Putney debates|url=https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222223321/https://www.bl.uk/taking-liberties/articles/putney-debates|archive-date=22 December 2016|accessdate=22 December 2016|publisher=The British Library}}</ref> IPalamente yayisoyikiswa kakhulu ngabaphathi ngexesha loLawulo (1653–1659) kunye nenxalenye enkulu yeminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu yoBuyiso lwesiNgesi lukaCharles II ukususela ngo-1660. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokukhula kweencwadana ezishicilelweyo kunye nenkxaso yeSixeko saseLondon, yakwazi ukunciphisa ezinye zezinto ezigqithisileyo, ubuqhetseba kunye nobukhulu bukarhulumente, ingakumbi uMnyango weCabal owatyikitya iSivumelwano esiyimfihlo saseDover esasidibanisa [[ENgilani|iNgilane]] neFransi kwimfazwe eyayiza kuba nxamnye namadlelane aseDutch Republic . Yayisele ipasisile uMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679, owaqinisa isivumelwano esasithintela ukubanjwa kwabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu okanye ubungqina obaneleyo. === Uguquko Oluzukileyo === Ukuchasa imigaqo-nkqubo kaKumkani uJames II waseNgilani (uJames&nbsp;VII [[ESkotlani|yaseScotland]] kunye noJames&nbsp;II yaseIreland), iqela lamaPalamente aseNgilane limema umnini-mhlaba waseDatshi uWilliam<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwjw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>III ka- Orange-Nassau (uWilliam wase-Orange) ukuze abhukuqe uKumkani. Ukuhlasela kukaWilliam ngempumelelo kunye neenqanawa zaseDatshi kunye nomkhosi kwakhokelela ekubeni uJames abalekele eFransi. NgoDisemba&nbsp;Ngowe-1688, oontanga bombuso bammisela uWilliam njengerhuluneli yexeshana. Kwakuvunywa ngokubanzi ukuba isenzo esinjalo sasihambelana nomgaqo-siseko ukuba uKumkani wayengenamandla okwenza izinto. Oontanga babize intlanganiso yamalungu amaninzi epalamente. Le ndibano ibize ukuba kunyulwe iPalamente yeNgqungquthela yesiNgesi, eyabanjwa ngomhla wama-22&nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689. [ 13 ] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritems/510billofrights.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231834/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/index.html|archive-date=22 September 2021|accessdate=23 June 2015|publisher=British Library}}</ref> === Isibhengezo samaLungelo ===   [[File:Samuel_Wale,_The_Bill_of_Rights_Ratified_at_the_Revolution_by_King_William,_and_Queen_Mary,_Previous_to_their_Coronation_(1783).jpg|thumb| Umfanekiso wenkulungwane ye-18, osekelwe kumzobo kaSamuel Wale, woMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu owawunikwa uWilliam<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwpQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>III kunye noMariya<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwpw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>II]] Isiphakamiso sokwenza ingxelo yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko kunye nolwaphulwa nguJames kwenziwa okokuqala ngomhla wama-29&nbsp;NgoJanuwari 1689 kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu zabameli, amalungu ephikisana ngelithi iNdlu "ayinakuyiphendula isizwe okanye iNkosana yaseOrange de sibhengeze ukuba ngawaphi amalungelo ahlaselweyo" kwaye uWilliam "ayinakuyinyamezela into embi ukuba senza imiqathango yokuzikhusela kwixesha elizayo" ukuze "senze ubulungisa kwabo basithumele apha". Ngomhla wesibini kuFebruwari ikomiti ebizwe ngokukodwa yabika kwiNdlu yeeNgwevu 23&nbsp;IiNtloko zezikhalazo, ezamkelwe yiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaza yongeza ezinye zazo. Nangona kunjalo, ngomhla wesi-4&nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yagqiba ekubeni iyalele ikomiti ukuba yahlule phakathi "kweentloko ezipheleleyo, njengoko kungeniswa imithetho emitsha, kwezo zivakalisa amalungelo amandulo". Ngomhla wesi-7&nbsp;NgoFebruwari i-Commons yamkele esi Sibhengezo seLungelo esihlaziyiweyo, kwaye ngomhla wesi-8&nbsp;UFebruwari wayalela ikomiti ukuba ifake kwisicatshulwa esinye iSibhengezo (esisuswe iintloko "ezazisungula imithetho emitsha"), isigqibo se-29&nbsp;uJanuwari kunye nesiphakamiso seeNkosi sokuba kuphinde kwamkelwe isifungo sokuthembeka. Yadlula kwi-Commons ngaphandle kokwahlulwahlulwa. [ 15 ] Ngomhla we-13&nbsp;NgoFebruwari unobhala weNdlu yeeNkosi wafunda iSibhengezo seLungelo, kwaye iMarquess yaseHalifax, egameni lawo onke amafa ommandla, yacela uWilliam noMary ukuba bamkele itrone. UWilliam waphendula egameni lomkakhe kunye naye ngokwakhe wathi: "Siyayamkela ngethamsanqa into osinike yona." Emva koko bahamba ngomngcelele ukuya kwiSango eliKhulu eWhitehall. Kwitheko elalikwiNdlu yeMibhiyozo, uGarter King of Arms wabavakalisa njengoKumkani noKumkanikazi waseNgilani, eFransi naseIreland, apho babuyela kwiChapel Royal, kunye noBhishophu waseLondon eshumayela intshumayelo. [ 16 ] Bathweswe isithsaba ngomhla we-11&nbsp;uApril, efunga ukuxhasa imithetho eyenziwe yiPalamente. UMthetho weSifungo soBukhosi ka-1688 wawunike isifungo esitsha soBukhosi, apho ookumkani babefanele "bathembise baze bafunge ngokunyaniseka ukuba baza kulawula abantu bobu bukumkani baseNgilane, kunye nobukhosi obuphantsi kwabo, ngokwemithetho evunyelwene ngayo epalamente, kunye nemithetho namasiko aloo nto". Babefanele bagcine imithetho kaThixo, uvumo lokwenyani lweVangeli, kunye nokholo oluHlaziyiweyo lwamaProtestanti olusekwe ngumthetho. [ 17 ] Oku kwathatha indawo yesifungo esasibeke ngaphezulu kukumkani. Isifungo sangaphambili sasifuna ukuba ukumkani alawule ngokusekelwe "kwimithetho namasiko ... anikwe ziiKumkani zaseNgilani". <ref name="refUKPBoR">{{Cite web|title=The Convention and Bill of Rights|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/billofrights/|accessdate=2 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> == UMthetho == Isibhengezo seLungelo samiselwa kuMthetho wePalamente, uMqulu wamaMqulu ka-1689, owafumana imvume yobukhosi ngoDisemba&nbsp;1689. [ 19 ] Lo Mthetho ugxininisa "amalungelo athile amandulo kunye nenkululeko" ngokuvakalisa ukuba: [ 20 ] * Amandla okuzikhohlisa okumisa imithetho kunye nokuphelisa (oko kukuthi ukungawunaki) imithetho yigunya lolawulo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente asemthethweni; * ikhomishini yezizathu zecawa ayisemthethweni; * ukuhlawulisa irhafu ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente akukho mthethweni; * Lilungelo labantu ukuba bafake isicelo kukumkani, kwaye ukutshutshiswa kweso sicelo akukho mthethweni; * ukugcina umkhosi omiyo ngexesha loxolo, ngaphandle kokuba kungemvume yePalamente, kuchasene nomthetho; * AmaProtestanti anokuba nezixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo ngokweemeko zawo nanjengoko kuvunyelwe ngumthetho; * unyulo lwamalungu ePalamente kufuneka lube lukhululeke; * Inkululeko yokuthetha neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente akufanele ixoxwe okanye ibuzwe kuyo nayiphi na inkundla okanye indawo engaphandle kwePalamente; * akufuneki kubekho ibheyile egqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izigwebo ezigqithisileyo, okanye kukhutshwe izohlwayo eziqatha nezingaqhelekanga ; * amajaji akwiinkundla zokungcatsha urhulumente kufuneka abe ngabantu abakhululekileyo; * izithembiso zokuhlawula kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba ugwetywe azikho mthethweni kwaye azisebenzi; * ukuze kulungiswe zonke izikhalazo, kwaye kulungiswe, kuqiniswe kwaye kugcinwe imithetho, iiPalamente kufuneka zibanjwe rhoqo. Lo Mthetho wabhengeza ukubaleka kukaJames eNgilane emva kweNguquko Ezukileyo kukuyekiswa kubhukosi. Idwelise imigaqo elishumi elinesibini kaJames awayeyila ngayo uJames "ukuzama ukuguqula nokutshabalalisa inkolo yamaProtestanti, kunye nemithetho kunye nenkululeko yalo mbuso". [ 21 ] Ezi yayizi: [ 22 ] * ngokuthatha nokusebenzisa igunya lokuphelisa nokuphelisa imithetho kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente; * ngokumangalela ooBhishophu abaSixhenxe ; * ngokuseka inkundla yabakomishinala ngenxa yezizathu zecawa; * ngokuhlawulisa irhafu yokusetyenziswa kweSigqeba ngokwenza ngathi lilungelo elinjalo elinikwe yiPalamente; * ngokuphakamisa nokugcina umkhosi omiyo ngaphakathi kobu bukumkani ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yePalamente; * ngokubangela ukuba amaProtestanti ahluthwe izixhobo ngaxeshanye xa abalandeli bobupapa babexhobile kwaye besebenza ngokuchasene nomthetho; * ngokuphula inkululeko yokukhethwa kwamalungu ukuba akhonze ePalamente; * ngokutshutshiswa kwiNkundla yeNkundla kaKumkani ngemicimbi kunye nezizathu ezibonakala kuphela ePalamente, kunye nezinye iindlela ezahlukeneyo (ezahlukeneyo) ezingaqhelekanga nezingekho mthethweni; * ngokuqesha abantu abangafanelekanga kwiijaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala, kunye neejaji xa kuxoxwa amatyala ngenxa yokungcatsha urhulumente okwakungengobantu abakhululekileyo; * ngokubeka ibheyile egqithisileyo kubantu abenze amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngokuchasene nemithetho eyenzelwe inkululeko yabantu abachaphazelekayo; * ngokubeka imirhumo egqithisileyo kunye nezohlwayo ezingekho mthethweni nezinoburhalarhume; * ngokwenza izibonelelo ezininzi kunye nezithembiso ezenziwe ngeentlawulo kunye nokulahlekelwa ngaphambi kokuba kugwetywe okanye kugwetywe abantu ababeza kuhlawuliswa ezo zinto; zonke ezo zathi zachasana ngokupheleleyo nangokuthe ngqo nemithetho nemimiselo eyaziwayo kunye nenkululeko yobukumkani. Kwintshayelelo yoMthetho wokuHlaliswa eyayiza kuza emva kweminyaka elishumi elinesibini, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuthintela amaRoma Katolika ukuba angangeni esihlalweni sobukhosi saseNgilani njengoko "kufunyenwe ngamava ukuba akuhambelani nokhuseleko nentlalo-ntle yalo mbuso wamaProtestanti ukulawulwa yinkosana yobuPapa"; ngaloo ndlela uWilliam<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQs">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>III kunye noMariya<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQ0">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>II babizwa ngokuba ngabalandeli bakaJames II kwaye itrone yayiza kudlula kubo kuqala iye kwiindlalifa zikaMary, emva koko iye kudadewabo, uNkosazana uAnne waseDenmark kunye neendlalifa zakhe (kwaye, emva koko, nakweyiphi na indlalifa kaWilliam ngomtshato olandelayo). == Utshintsho kunye nelifa == UMthetho wamaLungelo kamva wongezwa nguMthetho weNtlalo ka-1701, owavunyelwana ngawo yiPalamente yaseScotland njengenxalenye yeSivumelwano soManyano . UMthetho weSivumelwano watshintsha umgca wokulandelana kwitrone ochazwe kuMqulu wamaLungelo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Act of Settlement|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/actofsettlement/|accessdate=8 November 2014|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, zombini iBill of Rights kunye neBango leLungelo zinegalelo elikhulu ekusekweni kwengcamango yobukhosi bepalamente kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamandla okumkani. <ref>This vigorous assertion of the rights of the subject meant that the Bill of Rights is often seen as parallel in importance with Magna Carta itself. {{Cite web|title=The Bill of Rights|url=http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209065519/http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/the-bill-of-rights|archive-date=9 December 2015|accessdate=27 November 2015|publisher=British Library}}</ref> Ezi zithi zaseka ubukhosi obusekelwe kumgaqo-siseko, [ 27 ] kwaye, kunye nemithetho yezohlwayo, zalungisa uninzi lwengxubakaxaka yezopolitiko neyenkolo eyayiphazamise iScotland, iNgilane neIreland nge-17th.&nbsp;inkulungwane. Lo mthetho womeleza iSicelo saMalungelo kunye noMthetho weHabeas Corpus ka-1679 ngokubeka imithetho ethile yamalungelo kunye nenkululeko. Echazwa nguWilliam Blackstone njengeMithetho ''eSiseko yaseNgilani'', amalungelo achazwe kule Mithetho anxulunyaniswa nengcamango yamalungelo abantu baseNgilani . [ 28 ] UMthetho wamaLungelo wawuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iSibhengezo samaLungelo saseVirginia sika-1776, <ref>{{Cite book|last=Conley|first=Patrick T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yyQXl4LmdAC&pg=PA13|title=The Bill of Rights and the States: The Colonial and Revolutionary Origins of American Liberties|last2=States|first2=U. S. Constitution Council of the Thirteen Original|date=1992|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780945612292|pages=13–15}}</ref> [ c ] esathi sona sachaphazela iSibhengezo soKuzimela . [ 30 ] Nangona ingeyongxelo epheleleyo yenkululeko yoluntu neyezopolitiko, uMthetho wamaLungelo umi njengenye yeengxelo ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkululeko yoluntu e-United Kingdom kwaye ungumzekelo weengxelo zamalungelo ezizayo, ngokubanzi,; <ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Bernard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d52OVwT_6PYC&pg=PA1|title=The Great Rights of Mankind: A History of the American Bill of Rights|date=1992|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780945612285|pages=1–2}}</ref> <ref name="refUKPBoR" /> ezi ziquka uMthetho wamaLungelo wase-United States, iSibhengezo samaFrentshi samaLungelo oMntu kunye noMmi, iSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu seZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye neSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu . <ref name="unesco2011">"All the main principles of the Bill of Rights are still in force today, and the Bill of Rights continues to be cited in legal cases in the UK and in Commonwealth countries. It has a primary place in a wider national historical narrative of documents which established the rights of Parliament and set out universal civil liberties, starting with Magna Carta in 1215. It also has international significance, as it was a model for the US Bill of Rights 1789, and its influence can be seen in other documents which establish rights of human beings, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights." {{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=2011 UK Memory of the World Register|url=http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208230525/http://www.unesco.org.uk/2011-uk-memory-of-the-world-register/|archive-date=8 December 2015|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2011|title=Facts About the Bill of Rights on Its 220th Anniversary|url=http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215342/http://www.history.com/news/facts-about-the-bill-of-rights-on-its-220th-anniversary|archive-date=4 October 2013|accessdate=29 September 2012|publisher=History.com}}</ref> Umzekelo, njengakwiBill of Rights ka-1689, uMgaqo-siseko wase-US uyakwalela ibheyile egqithisileyo kunye " nesohlwayo esiqatha nesingaqhelekanga "; eneneni, uLungiso lwesibhozo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States olubeka olu thintelo lufana nokuphinda-phinda inqaku elihambelanayo kwiBill of Rights ka-1689. Ngokufanayo, " ukuphathwa okanye isohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo, esingenabuntu okanye esithob’ isidima " akuvumelekanga phantsi kweNqaku lesi-5 leSibhengezo seHlabathi samaLungelo oLuntu kunye neNqaku&nbsp;3 yeSivumelwano saseYurophu samaLungelo oLuntu. == Imeko esemthethweni yangoku == UMthetho wamaLungelo usasebenza ngokusemthethweni kwaye uyaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kwiinkqubo zomthetho e-United Kingdom nakwamanye amazwe e-Commonwealth, ingakumbi iNqaku&nbsp;9 malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente . [ 34 ] <ref name="Topo">{{Cite web|last=Toporoski, Richard|date=Summer 1996|title=''Monarchy Canada'': The Invisible Crown|url=http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970617074036/http://www.monarchist.ca/mc/invisibl.htm|archive-date=17 June 1997}}</ref> Emva kweSivumelwano sasePerth ngo-2011, umthetho olungisa uMthetho wamaLungelo kunye noMthetho wokuHlaliswa kweMihlaba ka-1701 waqala ukusebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zeCommonwealth ngomhla wama-26 kuMfumfu.&nbsp;NgoMatshi 2015 eyatshintsha imithetho yokulandelana kwitrone yaseBritane. === iAustralia === UMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 usayinxalenye yomthetho wase-Australia, nangona kunjalo kwamanye amazwe lo Mthetho uphinde wasetyenziswa kumthetho wengingqi <ref>{{Cite journal|last=McDermott|first=Peter M.|date=1990-01-12|title=Imperial Statutes in Australia and New Zealand|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/BondLawRw/1990/13.pdf|journal=Bond Law Review|volume=2|issue=2|doi=10.53300/001c.5180}}</ref> iLonto inqaku lesithoba, malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha, epalamente, lafunyanwa lilifa yiPalamente yeSizwe ngo-1901 phantsi kwecandelo 49 loMgaqo-siseko wase-Australia . Yafakwa kwi- ''Parliamentary Privileges Act ka-1987'' "egcina ukusetyenziswa kwendlela eqhelekileyo yokubonakalisa eli lungelo, kodwa ichaza ngokweenkcukacha into enokugutyungelwa ligama elithi 'iinkqubo ePalamente ' . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Infosheet 5 - Parliamentary privilege|publisher=Parliament of Australia|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_5_-_Parliamentary_privilege|access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> === Khanada === EKhanada, uMthetho wamaLungelo uhlala usemthethweni, <ref>{{Cite web|last=Senate of Canada|date=20 March 2013|title=LCJC Meeting No. 74|url=http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&categoryid=-1&eventid=8763&Language=E|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614215631/http://senparlvu.parl.gc.ca/Guide.aspx?viewmode=4&categoryid=-1&eventid=8763&Language=E|archive-date=14 June 2013|accessdate=24 March 2013|publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada}}</ref> nangona uninzi lwawo luthatyathelwe indawo ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko wasekhaya. Inqaku lesithoba malunga nenkululeko yokuthetha epalamente lisasetyenziswa ngokukhutheleyo. [ 34 ] === Ayalend === Ukusetyenziswa koMthetho wamaLungelo kuBukumkani baseIreland kwakungaqinisekanga. Nangona iPalamente yaseNgilani ngamanye amaxesha yayipasisa imithetho enxulumene neIreland, iQela lePatriot lase-Ireland lalikubona oku njengento engekho mthethweni, kwaye abanye babevakalelwa kukuba imithetho yaseNgilani yayifikelela eIreland kuphela xa kuchazwe ngokucacileyo ukuba yenze njalo, nto leyo eyayingenjalo kwiBill of Rights. UMthetho weCrown of Ireland ka-1542 wawuthetha ukuba utshintsho loMthetho oluya kulawulo lobukhosi lwanwenwela eIreland. Imithetho ebhalwe kwiBill of Rights yaziswa kwiPalamente yase-Ireland ngo-1695 nango-1697 kodwa ayizange iphunyezwe. Emva kweMithetho yoManyano ka-1800, amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo ePalamente adluliselwa e-Ireland ngokungangqalanga, kodwa amalungiselelo anxulumene namalungelo omntu ngamnye ayengacacanga. Abanye abagwebi abazange bawuthathe lo mthetho njengomthetho olungileyo kodwa njengowokubhengeza umthetho oqhelekileyo, kwaye njengoko usebenza eIreland. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Osborough|first=W. N.|date=1998|title=The Failure To Enact An Irish Bill Of Rights: A Gap In Irish Constitutional History|journal=Irish Jurist|volume=33|pages=392–416|issn=0021-1273|jstor=44027310}}</ref> UMgaqo-siseko we-Irish Free State, kunye noMgaqo -siseko olandelayo wase-Ireland, ziphethe imithetho esebenzayo kwi- United Kingdom yangaphambili ye-Great Britain kunye ne-Ireland kangangokuba yayingachaseki kuloo migaqo-siseko. UMthetho wamaLungelo awuzange ubhekiswe kuwo kwimithetho elandelayo yase-Ireland <ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Pre-1922 Legislation: Statutes of England Affected: 1688|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/isbc/esa1688.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Irish Statute Book}}</ref> de kwaba nguMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute Law ka-2007, owawugcina, watshintsha isihloko sawo esifutshane saba "nguMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1688" [ a ] waza wasusa uninzi lwecandelo 1 (intshayelelo) njengelicalula ngokwenkolo, elaliquka: <ref>Statute Law Revision Act 2007 [http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/section/2/enacted/en/html#sec2 §2(3)]; {{Cite web|last=Kitt|first=Tom|authorlink=Tom Kitt (politician)|date=14 February 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Bill 2007: Committee Stage|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/seanad/2007-02-14/speech/355/|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=Seanad Éireann (22nd Seanad) Debates|publisher=Oireachtas|page=c.187|language=en-ie|nopp=y}}</ref> onke amagama ukuya kuthi ga kwi-"Apho iileta zoNyulo zenziwe khona ngokufanelekileyo"; iNqaku 7, elivumela amaProtestanti ukuba aphathe izixhobo; kunye nawo onke amagama avela kwi-"And they doe Claime Demand and Insist". UMthetho weZindlu ze-Oireachtas (Imibuzo, Amalungelo kunye neenkqubo) ka-2013 urhoxise iNqaku lesi-9 "ngenkululeko yokuthetha kunye neengxoxo okanye iinkqubo ePalamente" njengenxalenye yokuhlanganiswa komthetho ngamalungelo epalamente . <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2013|title=Houses of the Oireachtas (Inquiries, Privileges and Procedures) Act 2013|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2013/act/33/enacted/en/html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|language=en}} </ref> === I-New Zealand === UMthetho wamaLungelo uyinxalenye yemithetho yaseNew Zealand. Lo Mthetho wasetyenziswa kwityala ''likaFitzgerald v Muldoon and Others'' lika-1976, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Constitutional Setting|url=http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277&pageno=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016073216/http://www.ssc.govt.nz/display/document.asp?docid=4277|archive-date=16 October 2008|publisher=States Services Commission, New Zealand}}</ref> elaligxile ekucingeni ukuba uNdunankulu osandula ukumiselwa uRobert Muldoon uza kucebisa uRhuluneli-Jikelele ukuba aphelise inkqubo yokuhlawula ipenshoni eyasekwa nguMthetho wokuhlawula ipenshoni waseNew Zealand ka-1974, ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. UMuldoon wayevakalelwa kukuba ukuchithwa kwale mithetho kuza kwenzeka ngoko nangoko aze kamva azise umthetho epalamente ukuze ukupheliswa kwale mithetho kube semthethweni. Eli bango laphikiswa enkundleni kwaye iJaji eyiNtloko yathi izenzo zikaMuldoon azikho mthethweni kuba zaphule iNqaku&nbsp;1 yoMthetho wamaLungelo, ochaza "ukuba amandla okuzenzisa okuhambisa imithetho okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho ligunya lolawulo ... asemthethweni." <ref>{{Cite web|title=The legitimacy of judicial review of executive decision-making|url=http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204112322/http://www.lawsociety.org.nz/publications_and_submissions/lawtalk/2010_issues/lawtalk,_issue_743/the_legitimacy_of_judicial_review_of_executive_decision-making|archive-date=4 February 2010|publisher=New Zealand Law Society}}</ref> === Iunited kingdom === [[File:Allegory_of_the_English_Bill_of_Rights.png|thumb| Intsomi yoMthetho wamaLungelo, kunye neBritannia enika uWilliam noMary lo Mthetho]] UMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eNgilane naseWales; wamiselwa kuBukumkani baseNgilane obabuquka iWales ngelo xesha. IScotland inomthetho wayo, uMthetho weBango leLungelo ka-1689, owapasiswa ngaphambi kweMithetho yoManyano phakathi kweNgilane neScotland. Kukho amathandabuzo malunga nokuba, okanye ukuya kuthi ga phi, uMthetho wamaLungelo usebenza eMntla [[Northern Ireland|Ireland]], nto leyo ebonisa amathandabuzo angaphambili malunga neIreland . [ 34 ] [ d ] Icandelo lesi- thathu lomthetho larhoxiswa licandelo loku-1, kunye neshedyuli, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho we-Statute ka-1867 ( 30 kunye no-31 uVict. c. 59), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla we-15 kweyeKhala ngo-1867. Imfuneko yokuba amajaji abe ngabanini-matyala abakhululekileyo kwiimeko zokungcatsha urhulumente yapheliswa eNgilani naseWales yiJuries Act ka-1825, nakuMntla Ireland (ngokwendlela eyayisebenza ngayo) yiStatute Law Revision Act ka-1950 . Ubulungisa bendalo, ilungelo lokuxoxwa kwetyala ngokufanelekileyo, bulawulwa ngumthetho womgaqo-siseko ukuze bunciphise ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamalungelo epalamente. Ngomhla wama-21&nbsp;NgoJulayi 1995 ityala lokunyelisa, ''uNeil Hamilton, i-MP v The Guardian'', laphela njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagweba ukuba isithintelo esipheleleyo soMthetho wamaLungelo ekubuzeni nantoni na ethethiweyo okanye eyenziweyo kwiNdlu sithintele ''i-Guardian'' ekubeni ifumane ukuviwa ngokufanelekileyo . Ngaphandle koko uHamilton ebenokuba ne-card blanche yokutyhola nayiphi na imvelaphi okanye intsingiselo yamazwi akhe, kwaye akukho bungqina buchasayo, ingqiqo, ukungeniswa okongezelelweyo okanye ukuphononongwa kwamazwi akhe okunokwenzeka ngenxa yemiqathango eqinileyo yoMthetho wamaLungelo. Ngokufanayo, iNdlu yeeNkosi yagqiba kwelokuba, ngaphandle kwelungiselelo lomthetho ka-1996, ilungelo eliqinileyo leBill of Rights lepalamente laliza kuthintela ityala elifanelekileyo likaHamilton kwityala ''likaHamilton v Al-Fayed'' lika-2001 eladlula kumanqanaba amabini esibheno. Elo lungiselelo yayilicandelo le-13 loMthetho woNgcoliso ka-1996, ovumela amalungu ePalamente ukuba ayeke ilungelo lawo lepalamente aze ngaloo ndlela akhankanye aze ahlole iintetho zawo ukuba zinxulumene netyala. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Alexander Horne|last2=Oonagh Gay|date=21 May 2014|title=Ending the Hamilton Affair?|work=UK Constitutional Law Association|publisher=UK Constitutional Law Association Blog|url=http://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2014/05/21/alexander-horne-and-oonagh-gay-ending-the-hamilton-affair/|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref> Emva kwereferendamu yobulungu be-United Kingdom European Union ngo-2016, uMthetho wamaLungelo wakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwityala <nowiki><i id="mwAhA">likaMiller</i></nowiki>, apho inkundla yagweba ukuba ukuqala ukuphuma kwi-EU kufuneka kugunyaziswe kuqala ngumthetho wePalamente, kuba ukungenzi njalo kuya kurhoxisa amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo nguMthetho wePalamente (oko kukuthi, amalungelo abemi be-EU avela kwizivumelwano ze-EU ezinikwe ukusebenza kumthetho wase-UK nguMthetho weeCommunity zaseYurophu ka-1972, njengoko ulungisiwe). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Brexit court ruling: Your questions answered|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-37864983|access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> Iphinde yakhankanywa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwisigqibo sayo sika-2019 sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwepalamente kwakungekho mthethweni . INkundla ayivumelananga nesigqibo sikaRhulumente sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala akunakuphikiswa phantsi koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1689 "njengokuqhubekeka kwePalamente"; yagweba ngesigqibo esichaseneyo, sokuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala "akunakuchazwa ngengqiqo 'njengokuqhubekeka ePalamente ' , njengoko kwabekwa kwaye kungaxoxwa ngako yiPalamente, kwaye kunokuzisa "umsebenzi obalulekileyo okanye obalulekileyo wePalamente" ekupheleni ngaphandle kwengxoxo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=R (on the application of Miller) (Appellant) v The Prime Minister (Respondent) Cherry and others (Respondents) v Advocate General for Scotland (Appellant) (Scotland)|url=https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250515202341/https://supremecourt.uk/uploads/R_on_the_application_of_Miller_Appellant_v_The_Prime_Minister_Respondent_and_another_be6edb8cc1.pdf|archive-date=2025-05-15|publisher=The Supreme Court|quote=It must therefore follow, as a concomitant of Parliamentary sovereignty, that the power to prorogue cannot be unlimited. Statutory requirements as to sittings of Parliament have indeed been enacted from time to time, for example by the Statute of 1362 (36 Edward III c 10), the Triennial Acts of 1640 and 1664, the Bill of Rights 1688, the Scottish Claim of Right 1689, the Meeting of Parliament Act 1694, and most recently the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019, section 3. Their existence confirms the necessity of a legal limit on the power to prorogue, but they do not address the situation with which the present appeals are concerned. ... The prorogation itself takes place in the House of Lords and in the presence of Members of both Houses. But it cannot sensibly be described as a 'proceeding in Parliament'. It is not a decision of either House of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it is something which is imposed upon them from outside. It is not something upon which the Members of Parliament can speak or vote. The Commissioners [when performing the prorogation] are not acting in their capacity as members of the House of Lords but in their capacity as Royal Commissioners carrying out the Queen's bidding. They have no freedom of speech. This is not the core or essential business of Parliament. Quite the contrary: it brings that core or essential business of Parliament to an end.}} </ref> == Ukuqatshelwa == Iintlobo ezimbini ezikhethekileyo zeengqekembe zesikhumbuzo ezixabisa iiponti ezimbini zakhutshwa e-United Kingdom ngo-1989 ukubhiyozela iminyaka elikhulu yoGuquko oluGlorious. Omnye wabhekisa kuMqulu wamaLungelo kwaye omnye wabhekisa kwiBango lamaLungelo. Zombini zibonisa uKumkanikazi uWilliam noMary kunye nesacholo seNdlu yeeNgwevu, enye ikwabonisa umzobo woMqhele kaSt Edward kwaye enye ibonakalisa uMqhele waseScotland . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Pound Coin|url=http://www.royalmint.com/discover/uk-coins/coin-design-and-specifications/two-pound-coin|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=The Royal Mint}}</ref> NgoMeyi&nbsp;Ngowama-2011, uMqulu wamaLungelo yabhalwa kwiRejista yeMemori yeHlabathi ye [[I-UNESCO|-UNESCO]] yase-UK, eqaphela ukuba: <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2011|title=Life, death and everything in between|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/news/2011/may/unesco-parliamentary-documents/|accessdate=4 June 2011|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref>   Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights. Njengenxalenye yenkqubo yokwenza iPalamente, uMthetho wamaLungelo wawuboniswa kwiNdlu zePalamente ngoFebruwari.&nbsp;2015 nakwiThala leeNcwadi laseBritane ukususela ngoMatshi ukuya kuSeptemba&nbsp;2015. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta & Parliament Exhibition|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/get-involved1/2015-parliament-in-the-making-events/magna-carta--parliament-exhibition/|accessdate=15 February 2015|publisher=UK Parliament}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy|url=http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232538/http://www.bl.uk/events/magna-carta--law-liberty-legacy|archive-date=3 March 2016|accessdate=24 January 2015|publisher=The British Library}}</ref> == Uphuhliso olulandelayo == Kwintshayelelo yomthetho, amagama athi "kunye namajaji agweba amadoda atyholwa ngokungcatsha umbuso ophakamileyo kufuneka abe ngabanini-nkululeko" arhoxiswa [[Northern Ireland|eMntla Ireland]] ngecandelo 1(1) le, kunye neshedyuli yokuqala, yoMthetho woHlaziyo loMthetho ka-1950 ( 14 Geo. 6. c. 6), owaqala ukusebenza ngomhla wama-23 kuMeyi 1950. == Bona kunye noku == * Ukungabikho kweKumkani William Act 1689 – Act of the Parliament of England * uMthetho wokuQatshelwa kwekumkani neParliament ka1889- Umthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani. * Uguquko lwezeMali ixesha lotshintsho kwezoqoqosho kwimbali yaseBritane. * Imbali yenkululeko yezopolitiko * uMthetho woNyanzelo ka1689- uMthetho wePalamente yaseNgilani owawunika inkululeko yokunqula kwezinye iinkolo ezingahambelaniyo neCawe yaseNgilani. * Umthetho Siseko wase UK- Imithetho eyenza kwaye ilawule inkqubu yezopolitiko yoBukumkani obuManyeneyo. == Imibhalo yeNotes ==   Yonke imigaqo ephambili neBill yamalungelo isasebenza nanamhlanje, kwaye le Bhili isaqhubeka nokukhankanywa kumatyala asemthethweni eUK nakumazwe eCommon wealth. Inendawo ebalulekileyo kwimbali yesizwe ngokubanz, ingakumbi kumaxwebhu awaseka amalungelo ePalamente aza achaza inkululeko yoluntu jikelele, ukuqala ngeMagna Carta ngowe 1215. Ikwabalulekile nakumazwe ngamazwe, kuba yayisetyenziswa njengomzekelo kwi US Bill yamaLungelo ka1789.Impembelelo yayo inokubonwa nakwamanye amaxwebhu amisela amalungelo abantu, afana neIsibhengezo Amalungelo Abantu, United Nations of Human Rights, kunye neEuropean Convention on Human Rights.   == Imithobo yolwazi ==   == Uluhlu lweencwadi == * {{Cite web|last=Anon.|year=2010|title=The Glorious Revolution|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/guides/factsheets/general/g04/|series=Factsheet General Series|publisher=House of Commons Information Office}} * {{Cite book|last=Adams|first=Maurice|title=Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: Bridging Idealism and Realism|last2=Meuwese|first2=Anne|last3=Hirsch Ballin|first3=Ernst|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=9781316585221}} * {{Cite book|last=Billias|first=George Athan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku0TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=American constitutionalism heard round the world, 1776–1989: A global perspective|date=2011|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=9780814725177|location=New York|via=Google Books}} * {{Cite web|last=Blick|first=Andrew|year=2015|title=Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/magna-carta-and-contemporary-constitutional-change|publisher=History and Policy}} * {{Cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Edward|url=https://archive.org/details/protestantbishop0000carp|title=The Protestant Bishop. Being the Life of Henry Compton, 1632–1713. Bishop of London|publisher=Longmans, Green and Company|year=1956|location=London|oclc=1919768|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite book|last=Horwitz|first=Henry|url=https://archive.org/details/parliamentpolicy0000horw_o2j8|title=Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William&nbsp;III|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1977|isbn=978-0-7190-0661-6|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite journal|last=Lock|first=Geoffrey|date=1989|title=The 1689 Bill of Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_political-studies_1989-12_37_4/page/540|journal=Political Studies|volume=37|issue=4|pages=540–561|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00288.x}} * {{Cite book|last=Maier|first=Pauline|url=https://archive.org/details/americanscriptur00maie|title=American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence|publisher=Knopf|year=1997|isbn=978-0-679-45492-2|location=New York|author-link=Pauline Maier|url-access=registration}} * {{Cite journal|last=Schwoerer|first=Lois G.|year=1990|title=Locke, Lockean Ideas, and the Glorious Revolution|journal=Journal of the History of Ideas|volume=51|issue=4|pages=531–548|doi=10.2307/2709645|jstor=2709645}} * {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog|title=The library of original sources|publisher=University Research Extension|year=1907|editor-last=Thatcher|editor-first=Oliver Joseph|page=[https://archive.org/details/libraryoriginal16thatgoog/page/n25 10]|quote=Bill of Rights 1689 december 16.}} * {{Cite web|last=Walker|first=Aileen|last2=Gay|first2=Oonagh|last3=Maer|first3=Lucinda|year=2009|title=Bill of Rights 1689|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917054254/https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/SN00293/|archive-date=September 17, 2025|accessdate=May 12, 2026|publisher=House of Commons Library}} * {{Cite book|last=Williams|first=E. N.|title=The Eighteenth-Century Constitution. 1688–1815|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1960|oclc=1146699}} * {{Cite web|date=8 May 2007|title=Statute Law Revision Act 2007|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2007/act/28/enacted/en/index.html|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=electronic Irish Statute Book|publisher=[[Attorney General of Ireland]]|language=en}} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 43pgxbzwpmm4jzusbeme3sihrgvespe Ukungabikho kukaTata 0 9380 42329 42236 2026-10-24T19:59:28Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 9 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42329 wikitext text/x-wiki Ukungabikho bukatata kwenzeka xa abazali behlukana yaye utata engasahlali nabantwana bakhe kwaye engababoneleli ngenkxaso yobuzali. Ukwahlukana kwabazali kuye kwabonakala ukuba kuyayichaphazela indlela umntwana akhula ngayo nendlela aziphethe ngayo. Uqhawulo-mtshato lwabazali abselula (ngexesha lesikolo samabanga aphantsi) luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokuziphatha okunzulu komntwana okumenza azive esekhaya aze azive engaphandle,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Flouri|first=Eirini|last2=Narayanan|first2=Martina K.|last3=Midouhas|first3=Emily|date=2015-11-01|title=The cross-lagged relationship between father absence and child problem behavior in the early years|journal=[[Child: Care, Health and Development]]|language=en|volume=41|issue=6|pages=1090–1097|doi=10.1111/cch.12236|issn=1365-2214|oclc=5995052590|pmc=5098165|pmid=25708874}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Comings|first=David E.|author-link=David E. Comings|last2=Muhleman|first2=Donn|last3=Johnson|first3=James P.|last4=MacMurray|first4=James P.|date=2002-01-01|title=Parent-Daughter Transmission of the Androgen Receptor Gene as an Explanation of the Effect of Father Absence on Age of Menarche|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_july-august-2002_73_4/page/1046|journal=[[Child Development (journal)|Child Development]]|volume=73|issue=4|pages=1046–1051|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00456|jstor=3696269|pmid=12146732}}</ref> ngelixa uqhawulo-mitshato kamva ebuntwaneni okanye ekufikiseni lunokunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwezemfundo. Nangona ukungabikho kukatata ikakhulu kubangelwa kukuqhawula umtshato nokwahlukana kwabazali, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Amato|first=Paul R.|author-link=Paul Amato|date=2010-06-01|title=Research on Divorce: Continuing Trends and New Developments|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|journal=[[Journal of Marriage and Family]]|language=en|volume=72|issue=3|pages=650–666|doi=10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00723.x|issn=1741-3737|jstor=40732501|oclc=6894960542|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=McLanahan|first=Sara|author-link=Sara McLanahan|last2=Tach|first2=Laura|author-link2=Laura Tach|last3=Schneider|first3=Daniel|date=2013-01-01|title=The Causal Effects of Father Absence|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages=399–427|doi=10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145704|issn=0360-0572|oclc=7973262495|pmc=3904543|pmid=24489431}}</ref> kuquka ukuhlukaniswa ngabazali, ezinye izinto ezifana nobuhlwempu bentsapho kunye nobunzima bokukhula ziye zanxulunyaniswa nokungabikho kukatata, <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Sear|first=Rebecca|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2008|title=Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival|url=http://dro.dur.ac.uk/7614/1/7614.pdf|journal=[[Evolution and Human Behavior]]|volume=29|issue=1|pages=1–18|bibcode=2008EHumB..29....1S|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.10.001|issn=1090-5138|oclc=5902459343}}</ref> <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Panico|first=Lidia|last2=Bartley|first2=Mel|last3=Kelly|first3=Yvonne|last4=McMunn|first4=Anne|last5=Sacker|first5=Amanda|date=2010-01-01|title=Changes in family structure in early childhood in the Millennium Cohort Study|journal=Population Trends|volume=142|issue=1|pages=75–89|doi=10.1057/pt.2010.32|issn=0307-4463|oclc=704742284|pmid=21187854|doi-access=free|hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Anna|last2=Lewis|first2=Hannah|last3=Law|first3=Catherine|date=2012-08-09|title=The role of poverty in explaining health variations in 7-year-old children from different family structures: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study|url=http://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2012/08/08/jech-2012-200970|journal=[[Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health]]|language=en|volume=67|issue=2|pages=jech–2012–200970|doi=10.1136/jech-2012-200970|issn=1470-2738|oclc=5856044497|pmid=22879638|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkadi|first=Anna|last2=Kristiansson|first2=Robert|last3=Oberklaid|first3=Frank|last4=Bremberg|first4=Sven|date=2008-02-01|title=Fathers' involvement and children's developmental outcomes: a systematic review of longitudinal studies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2008-02_97_2/page/n16|journal=[[Acta Paediatrica]]|volume=97|issue=2|pages=153–158|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x|issn=0803-5253|oclc=263991910|pmid=18052995}}</ref> <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=East|first=Leah|last2=Jackson|first2=Debra|last3=O'Brien|first3=Louise|date=2006-12-01|title=Father absence and adolescent development: a review of the literature|journal=[[Journal of Child Health Care]]|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=283–295|doi=10.1177/1367493506067869|issn=1367-4935|oclc=110080119|pmid=17101621|doi-access=free}}</ref> iziphumo zazo ziye zachazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zethiyori. == Ubunzima obunxulumene nokungabikho kukatata == === Iingxaki ngokubanzi === Nangona kukho ukuvumelana okuncinci phakathi kwabaphandi malunga nokubaluleka okuchanekileyo kobawo,<ref name=":6" /> ootata ngokwesiko bathathwa njengabanikezeli bokukhusela kunye nenkxaso kuphuhliso lomntwana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Draper|first=Patricia|last2=Harpending|first2=Henry|author-link2=Henry Harpending|date=1982-01-01|title=Father Absence and Reproductive Strategy: An Evolutionary Perspective|url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=anthropologyfacpub|journal=[[Journal of Anthropological Research]]|volume=38|issue=3|pages=255–273|doi=10.1086/jar.38.3.3629848|issn=0091-7710|jstor=3629848|oclc=5546692515|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ngeendlela ezininzi, ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ukuziphatha komntwana, ngakumbi ebuntwaneni obuqalayo naphakathi.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> Ukungabikho kootata kudla ngokubangela ukuba imali yentsapho inciphe, yaye abazali abangenamandla bakhulise abantwana ngenxa yeengxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi kwabazali neengxaki zengqondo emva kokuhlukana. === Indlela yebhayoloji === Iijini kunye neehomoni zinokubangela ukuba ootata bangabikho. Iipateni ezithile ze-DNA zibonakalisiwe ukuba zichaphazela izinga lokuthembeka komntu kunye notyalo-mali lwakhe kwinzala yakhe. Ngokukodwa, uphando lwee -prairie voles lufumanise ukuba i-gene AVPR1A ichaphazela umsebenzi wee -vasopressin receptors engqondweni kwaye ngaloo ndlela iqikelela ukuba akukho ukukhohlisa okuncinci kumaqabane abo. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Okhovat|first=Mariam|last2=Berrio|first2=Alejandro|last3=Wallace|first3=Gerard|last4=Ophir|first4=Alexander G.|last5=Phelps|first5=Steven M.|date=2015-12-11|title=Sexual fidelity trade-offs promote regulatory variation in the prairie vole brain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_science_2015-12-11_350_6266/page/1371|journal=Science|language=en|volume=350|issue=6266|pages=1371–1374|bibcode=2015Sci...350.1371O|doi=10.1126/science.aac5791|issn=0036-8075|oclc=5982016598|pmid=26659055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Njenge -oxytocin, i-vasopressin inokunceda ekuthembekeni, ekuvelwaneni nasekudibaneni nabantu. Ukufakwa kwe-vasopressin kwii -polygamous montane voles kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ne-monogamy enye. <ref name=":2" /> Oku, kunokunciphisa amathuba abo okuba babe ngutata ongekhoyo. Uhlalutyo oludibanisa iziphumo zophando oluninzi <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klahr|first=Ashlea M.|last2=Burt|first2=Sybil Alexandra|author-link2=S. Alexandra Burt|year=2014|title=Elucidating the etiology of individual differences in parenting: A meta-analysis of behavioral genetic research.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_psychological-bulletin_2014-03_140_2/page/544|journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]]|volume=140|issue=2|pages=544–586|doi=10.1037/a0034205|issn=0033-2909|oclc=5538168735|pmid=24016230}}</ref> olusekelwe kwizifundo ezingama shumi amahlanu anesithandathu olwalujolise kumawele nankwiintsapho ezamkele abantwana luquka iintsapho ezingaphezu kwama-200,000 lwafumanisa ukuba imfuza inempembelelo enkulu kwindlela utata aziphatha ngayo ebantwaneni bakhe. Imfuza katata inokuchaza ukuya kutsho ku-40% weemvakalelo anazo ngabantwana bakhe. Ukungathandi abantwana bakhe okubangelwa zizinto ezibangelwa zizinto zobomi kunokubangela ukuba uyise angekho. Nangona kunjalo, imfuza ayiyiyo yodwa into emiselayo ukuba utata uyakubathanda na abantwana bakhe. == Umahluko ngokwesondo == Kukho ubungqina obuxubeneyo malunga nempembelelo yokungabikho kuka tata ekuphuhlisweni komntwana wakhe. Uphando olwenziwe ngowama-2008 olwaqhutyelwa emaphandleni e-[[ITopiya|I-Ethiopia]], apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuthetha ukwehla okukhulu kwengeniso yekhaya, luthyile umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwentlalo-ntle yabantwana abangamadoda nabasetyhini. <ref name=":1" /> Ngokukodwa, lwafumanisa ukuba umngcipheko wokusweleka kosana oluyinkwenkwe ngenyanga uphindaphindeka kabini ukuba uyise wokwenene ebengekho, umngcipheko omkhulu ngama-30% kunalowo wamantombazana. Kwiintsana ezingoomama, ukungabikho kukatata (kunokuchaseneyo nokuba khona) kwakunxulunyaniswa nomngcipheko ophantsi wokufa kunye nokutya okunempilo. Ukungabikho kootata kwakuyinto ebonisa ukuba ukusweleka kwabantwana kuphela kwiintsana ezingamadoda. Lo mahluko wabonwa nangona kwakukho ukhetho olukhulu lwenkcubeko koonyana kuloo ndawo. Kwelinye icala, kumazwe aphuhlileyo afana ne-United Kingdom, apho ukungabikho kotata kunokuchaphazela ingeniso yosapho, iziphumo zokungabikho kotate azifani ngokuphawulekayo koonyana xa kuthelekiswa neentombi. <ref name=":3" /> Oku kubonisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezifa nengengeniso yekhaya kunye nemigangatho yenkcubeko zibalulekile kwimpilo-ntle nakuphuhliso lwabantwana. === Impembelelo yengqondo kumadoda === Xa umfana ekhula engenaye umntu oyindoda ongumzekelo omhle ebomini bakhe, oku kunokukhokela ekuphenduleni ngobundlobongela xa ejongene noxinzelelo kunye neemvakalelo, ukuchasa nokuthiya abasemagunyeni, ukubonisa ubundlobongela, ukuqalisa ngokukhawuleza ukwenza izinto ezinxulumene nesondo, ukuthatha amazwi amabi kamama ngotata njengawabo, kunye noxinzelelo lokuba ngumntu oxhasa ikhaya ngemali. <ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Evans|first=Cornelius|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mjTy92cxSoC&pg=PA17|title=Anger in the Bosom of Our Children: The Effects of Fatherlessness on Anger in Middle School Children|date=December 2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-30328-1|language=en|oclc=55619484}}</ref> === Impembelelo yengqondo kumabhinqa === Ngokuqhelekileyo kuvunyelwene phakathi kwababhali ngaphakathi kweencwadi malunga nobawo ngombono wokuba "ubudlelwane bentombazana noyise buyisebenza njengomzekelo wabo bonke ubudlelwane bayo namadoda ebomini bayo, oburhandayo nangenye indlela".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thomas|first=Pamela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlbVUF_hPSsC&pg=PR9|title=Fatherless Daughters: Turning the Pain of Loss Into the Power of Forgiveness|date=2009-08-18|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-0557-3|edition=1st Simon & Schuster hardcover|language=en|oclc=1149057066}}</ref> Izifundo ezininzi eziye zaqhutywa zenza oku: ukungabikho kotata ebomini bentombi kunokubangela ukuba kubekho ukulala nomntu ongathandekiyo nokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesini. UEllis et al. benza olunye uphando olunomxholo othi, "Ngaba Ukungabikho Kobawo Kubeka Iintombi Kwingozi Ekhethekileyo Yokuziphatha Ngokwesini Kwangaphambili Nokukhulelwa Kwabaselula?"U-Ellis ugxininisa ngakumbi kwixesha lokungabikho kukayise ebomini bentombi yakhe, kodwa ukungabikho komtshato kusaphinda kubonakalise ukuba kuxhomekeke ekungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ellis|first=Bruce John|author-link=Bruce J. Ellis|last2=Bates|first2=John E.|last3=Dodge|first3=Kenneth A.|author-link3=Kenneth A. Dodge|last4=Fergusson|first4=David Murray|author-link4=David Fergusson (psychologist)|last5=Horwood|first5=L. John|last6=Pettit|first6=Gregory S.|last7=Woodward|first7=Lianne|date=2003|title=Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_may-june-2003_74_3/page/801|journal=Child Development|volume=74|issue=3|pages=801–821|doi=10.1111/1467-8624.00569|issn=0009-3920|oclc=111123415|pmc=2764264|pmid=12795391}}</ref> Abaphandi baye bachaza izinto ezintlanu ezichaza indlela ukungabi nabantwana abachaphazela ngayo ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yabafazi. == Izibalo == === United States === Ngokwe-I-U.S. Census Bureau,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2018|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/families/cps-2018.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ngo-2018, kwiintsapho ezili-11 zezigidi ezihlala nomzali omnye, i-80% yayingabawo, kwaye kunjalo ne-81.5% yabantwana. Kuma-81.5% akhuliswe ngoomama abangatshatanga, ama-34% ayempofu, <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Household Income: HINC-04|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/cps-hinc/hinc-04.html|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> ama-26.8% ayengasebenzi unyaka wonke, <ref name=":13" /> kwaye ama-30.3% ayenokungabikho kokutya; <ref name=":13" /> yezi ntsapho yayimhlophe, <ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Children in single-parent families by race {{!}} KIDS COUNT Data Center|url=https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/107-children-in-single-parent-families-by|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=datacenter.kidscount.org|language=en}}</ref> yayimnyama, kwaye yayichazwa ngabantu baseSpain. <ref name=":14" />    Akazange athathe ingqalelo ama-53% amaNdiya aseMelika kunye namaNdiya aseAlaska kunye ne-17% yabantwana baseAsia-America kunye nePacific-Islander ababhaliswe kula makhaya anomzali omnye. <ref name=":14" /> Ngowama-2005, iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu lase-United States labika ukuba amava aqhelekileyo olutsha lwaseMelika aquka ukuhlala ngaphandle kooyise. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2005|title=In Brief|doi=10.1037/e477152006-013}}</ref> Oku kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezimbi ezininzi kulutsha: Ama-85% axelwe ukuba aneengxaki zokuziphatha; <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Go here to find statistics about children at risk without a father|url=http://www.operation-redemption.org/statistics/|accessdate=2020-01-01|website=www.operation-redemption.org|language=en}}</ref> Ama-71% okuyeka isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo kunye noomama abakwishumi elivisayo bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kasithoba kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% abo bonke abantwana abaneengxaki zokuziphatha bavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe; <ref name=":15" /> Ama-85% olutsha olusentolongweni luvela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe ka-20 kunomyinge wesizwe <ref name=":15" /> kwaye ama-63% olutsha oluzibulalayo ngabantwana abavela kumakhaya angenayise, okuphindwe kahlanu kunomyinge wesizwe. <ref name=":15" /> == Iimpembelelo ezimbi ezithile == Ixesha lokufikisa kwasekuqaleni okanye ixesha lokufikisa kwangaphambi kwexesha, linxulunyaniswa nemiphumo emibi kuzo zombini izini. Amantombazana afikisa kwasekuqaleni afunyaniswe esengozini yokukhulelwa kwabantwana abaselula, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Udry|first=J. Richard|author-link=J. Richard Udry|last2=Cliquet|first2=R. L.|date=1982-02-01|title=A cross-cultural examination of the relationship between ages at menarche, marriage, and first birth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_demography_1982-02_19_1/page/53|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=53–63|doi=10.2307/2061128|issn=0070-3370|jstor=2061128|pmid=7067870|doi-access=free}}</ref> ukusela utywala<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mezzich|first=Ada Castillo|last2=Tarter|first2=Ralph E.|last3=Giancola|first3=Peter R.|last4=Kirisci|first4=Levent|last5=Parks|first5=Sydney E.|last6=Lu|first6=Sandy|year=1997|title=Substance use and risky sexual behavior in female adolescents|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_drug-and-alcohol-dependence_1997-03-14_44_2-3/page/157|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=44|issue=2–3|pages=157–166|doi=10.1016/s0376-8716(96)01333-6|issn=0376-8716|oclc=4932735379|pmid=9088788}}</ref> kunye neengxaki zokutyeba,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ness|first=Roberta|date=1991-01-01|title=Adiposity and age of menarche in Hispanic women|journal=[[American Journal of Human Biology]]|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=41–47|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310030108|issn=1520-6300|oclc=5152220355|pmid=28520315}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Wellens|first=Rita|last2=Malina|first2=Robert M.|last3=Roche|first3=Alex F.|last4=Chumlea|first4=William Cameron|last5=Guo|first5=Shumei|last6=Siervogel|first6=Roger M.|date=1992-01-01|title=Body size and fatness in young adults in relation to age at menarche|journal=American Journal of Human Biology|language=en|volume=4|issue=6|pages=783–787|doi=10.1002/ajhb.1310040610|issn=1520-6300|oclc=7040651171|pmid=28524629}}</ref> kunye nokuzala abantwana abancinci abangaphantsi kobunzima.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scholl|first=Theresa|last2=Hediger|first2=Mary|last3=Vasilenko|first3=Peter|last4=Ances|first4=Isadore|last5=Smith|first5=Woolcott|last6=Salmon|first6=Ruth|date=1989-01-01|title=Effects of early maturation on fetal growth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-human-biology_july-august-1989_16_4/page/335|journal=[[Annals of Human Biology]]|volume=16|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1080/03014468900000462|issn=0301-4460|pmid=2782851}}</ref> Amakhwenkwe afikisa kwasekuqaleni asengozini yokuziphatha kakubi ngokwesondo kunye nokungabi nasimilo<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cota-Robles|first=Sonia|last2=Neiss|first2=Michelle|last3=Rowe|first3=David C.|author-link3=David C. Rowe|date=2002-07-01|title=The Role of Puberty in Violent and Nonviolent Delinquency among Anglo American, Mexican American, and African American Boys|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/07458402017004003|journal=[[Journal of Adolescent Research]]|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=364–376|doi=10.1177/07458402017004003|issn=0743-5584|oclc=425483135|url-access=subscription}}</ref> nomhlaza wamasende<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weir|first=Hannah K.|last2=Kreiger|first2=Nancy|author-link2=Nancy Krieger|last3=Marrett|first3=Loraine D.|date=1998-05-01|title=Age at Puberty and Risk of Testicular Germ Cell Cancer (Ontario, Canada)|journal=[[Cancer Causes & Control]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=253–258|doi=10.1023/A:1008864902104|issn=0957-5243|oclc=364204193|pmid=9684705}}</ref> kunye umhlaza wesigxina.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Graham G.|last2=Severi|first2=Gianluca|last3=English|first3=Dallas R.|last4=McCredie|first4=Margaret R.E.|last5=MacInnis|first5=Robert|last6=Boyle|first6=Peter|last7=Hopper|first7=John L.|date=2003-01-10|title=Early growth, adult body size and prostate cancer risk.|journal=[[International Journal of Cancer]]|language=en|volume=103|issue=2|pages=241–245|doi=10.1002/ijc.10810|issn=1097-0215|oclc=5153307503|pmid=12455039|quote=In attempting to explain how divorce will affect children, it is necessary for research to first examine and categorize children in groups which will make it easy to carry out the study. This is because children will be affected differently by divorce depending on the age factor. It becomes even wise for a researcher to adopt the following groups: pre-schoolers (nine years and below), adolescents (9-13 years), and youths/young adults (14-25 years). The research will become more attainable if carried out using learning institutions which will include pre-schools, secondary schools, and colleges. Therefore, a city within a state is selected where the research will be conducted and a preschool, one secondary school, and one college are selected within the city where respondents (children) are found. Objectives become necessary for the study. This will allow researchers to focus on certain areas and completely address the matter at hand without leaving gaps in the area of research. In addressing the topic, 'The effect on children of an absent parent following divorce,' the following research objectives can be used|doi-access=free}}</ref> Umahluko ngamnye kwixesha lokufikisa unokuchatshazelwa bubunzima, umsebenzi womzimba kunye nemfuza. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Underwood, L. E.|title=Normal and aberrant growth. In Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (8th edition). Edited by Wilson, J. D. & Foster, D. W.|url=https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook0000unse|last2=Van Wyk, J. J.|publisher=Saunders|year=1992|isbn=9780721695143|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamstextbook0000unse/page/1079 1079]–1138}}</ref> === Ukuziphatha ngokwesondo === Ukungabikho kotata ekhaya kunobangela ukuba abantwana (besini bobabini) babe neminyaka ephakathi yokwabelana ngesondo okokuqala kunabo bakhuliswe kumakhaya anawo utata. Amanani okukhulelwa kwabaselula nawo aphezulu. Ezinye iimbono zokuzivelela zithi ubuntwana obuqalayo bubalulekile ekubhaleni ulwazi olubumba iindlela zokuzala ezizayo<ref name="jay">{{Cite journal|last=Belsky|first=Jay|author-link=Jay Belsky|last2=Steinberg|first2=Laurence D.|author-link2=Laurence Steinberg|last3=Houts|first3=Renate M.|last4=Friedman|first4=Sarah L.|last5=DeHart|first5=Ganie|last6=Cauffman|first6=Elizabeth|last7=Roisman|first7=Glenn I.|last8=Halpern-Felsher|first8=Bonnie L.|last9=Susman|first9=Elisabeth|date=2007-08-01|title=Family rearing antecedents of pubertal timing|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_child-development_july-august-2007_78_4/page/1302|journal=Child Development|volume=78|issue=4|pages=1302–1321|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01067.x|issn=0009-3920|oclc=166318326|pmid=17650140}}</ref> ekulawuleni iindlela zomzimba nezikhuthazayo zokuziphatha ngokwesondo. Ukungqubana noxinezeleko lolwalamano lwabazali kunokubangela abantwana bakholelwe ukuba izinto abanazo zinqongophele, abantu abathembekanga, nolwalamano lwabo luyinto nje. Njengoko zilandela umzekelo wabazali bazo ekuzaleni, ziyakwazi ukuba namaqabane amaninzi okulala nabantu abangatshatanga. Abantwana ngokucacileyo nangokungathandabuzekiyo bayamisela iimbono zabo zesini kunye nokuziphatha kubazali babo, kwaye babona ukubandakanyeka kwisini ngaphandle komtshato njengento eqhelekileyo.<ref name="jay" /> Ukungabikho kotata kusenokuba sisiphumo sokungasebenzi kakuhle kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho kwintsapho, ekubeni ugonyamelo, ukungabi namathuba emfundo, nokuxhatshazwa bubuhlwempu ubomi bonke kunokuyandisa amathuba okuba neentlobano zesini ngaphambi kwexesha nokukhulelwa. Ixesha lesini sokuqala linokufunyanwa njengelifa; ii-alleles ezimfutshane ze-X-linked I-androgen receptor (AR) gen ziye zahlotshaniswa nobugwenxa, ukuqhubela phambili, inani eliphezulu lamaqabane ngokwesondo, uqhawulo-mtshato kumadoda, kunye neminyaka yokuqala yokuvuthwa komzimba kumantombazana. <ref name=":4" /> == Iindlela zokulinganisela ukungabikho kukatata == === Inkxaso evela kwicala loomama === Uphononongo olwenziwe e-Ethiopia ngowama-2008 lwafumanisa ukuba nangona behlwempuzekile ngokubanzi, abafazi abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawule umtshato babenobunzima obusi-2.4kg kunoomama abanabo ootata babantwana. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|date=2008-07-22|title=Does Investment in the Sexes Differ When Fathers Are Absent?|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=19|issue=3|pages=263–276|doi=10.1007/s12110-008-9044-2|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5660289599|pmid=26181617}}</ref> Oomama abangabahlolokazi nabaqhawukelwe ngumtshato kunye neentombi zabo babenesondlo esingcono kakhulu, nto leyo enokuchazwa kukufikelela ngakumbi kwizalamane zikamama (izalamane ezivelakwicala likamama). Ngaphezu koko, ukusondela kwizalamane zikamama kunokuphucula kakhulu ubude babantwana abangabasetyhini ngokweminyaka, nto leyo ebonisa ukondleka okulungileyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Mhairi A.|last2=Mace|first2=Ruth|author-link2=Ruth Mace|year=2005|title=Helpful grandmothers in rural Ethiopia: A study of the effect of kin on child survival and growth|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1090513805000206|journal=Evolution and Human Behavior|volume=26|issue=6|pages=469–482|bibcode=2005EHumB..26..469G|doi=10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.03.004|issn=1090-5138|oclc=4933529343|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Abafazi ababuyela kwilali yabo yokuzalwa emva kokuqhawuka komtshato babonakala bexhamla kwinkxaso eyongezelelweyo yezalamane zomama. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulder|first=Monique Borgerhoff|author-link=Monique Borgerhoff Mulder|date=1998-06-01|title=Brothers and sisters: How sibling interactions affect optimal parental allocations|journal=Human Nature|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=119–161|doi=10.1007/s12110-998-1001-6|issn=1045-6767|oclc=5652748913|pmid=26197443}}</ref> === Akukho sivumelwano malunga nonyango olusebenzayo lwabathengi === Ukukhethwa konyango olusebenzayo kungahluka kakhulu kwaye kuchaphazeleke zizinto ezininzi, kuquka iminyaka yobudala, ukukwazi ukuqonda kunye nokumelana nemiba enzima ngokweemvakalelo, ukuthatha iinxaxheba kwamalungu osapho kunye nezinto eziphambili neemfuno zosapho kunye nomntwana. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wineburgh|first=Alan L.|date=2000-08-01|title=Treatment of Children with Absent Fathers|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1007593906296|journal=Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=255–273|doi=10.1023/A:1007593906296|issn=0738-0151|oclc=361179210|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Xa kunyangwa amantombazana asemancinci, ukudlulisela iimvakalelo kugqirha oyindoda kunganceda ukuvala izikhewu zeemvakalelo ezibangelwa kukungabikho kukatata. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tyson|first=Phyllis|date=1980-01-01|title=The gender of the analyst: in relation to transference and countertransference manifestations in latency children|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|journal=[[The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child]]|volume=35|pages=321–338|doi=10.1080/00797308.1980.11823116|issn=0079-7308|oclc=114977888|pmid=7433586|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, ukuba nobudlelwane nomntu omdala ozinzileyo nonovelwano kungazaliseka indima efana neyeyotata, nokuba ngowuphi na ubulili bakhe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strauss|first=David|date=2013-01-01|title=Will you leave me too?: The impact of father absence on the treatment of a 10-year-old girl|journal=Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health|volume=25|issue=2|pages=119–130|doi=10.2989/17280583.2013.790823|issn=1728-0591|pmid=25860418}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == * Umzali ongapheliyo * Ukungahoywa komntwana * Isakhiwo sikaTata == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rjvem9f3r6rknm3ms59a4qu6keixsjt Inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu baseMelika 0 9382 42331 42273 2026-10-24T20:02:56Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Inkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika''',(African American culture) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black is Beautiful: The Emergence of Black Culture and Identity in the 60s and 70s|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031022/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-03-07|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black History and Culture|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/project/black-history-and-culture|accessdate=2023-03-07|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en}}</ref> ekwaziwa njenge '''nkcubeko yama-Afrika aseMelika''' okanye '''inkcubeko yama-Afrika''' kwisiNgesi saseMelika, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Montgomery Advertiser 20 Feb 2020, page D6|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/639943983/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308121716/https://www.newspapers.com/image/639943983/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Angela|date=October 2013|title=Cultural Perspective on African American Culture|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1149766.pdf|url-status=live|journal=The International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies|volume=1|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031021/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1149766.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=March 8, 2023|via=AIAC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The News and Observer 22 Jan 1997, page 12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/657241015/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310144818/https://www.newspapers.com/image/657241015/|archive-date=March 10, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-10|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Journal and Courier 21 Sep 2008, page 13|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/265480397/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031024/https://www.newspapers.com/image/265480397/|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-08-14|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black is Beautiful: The Emergence of Black Culture and Identity in the 60s and 70s|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307045942/https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-beautiful-emergence-black-culture-and-identity-60s-and-70s|archive-date=March 7, 2023|accessdate=2023-08-14|website=National Museum of African American History and Culture|language=en}}</ref> ibhekisa kwiindlela abantu abamnyama baseMelika abathetha ngazo, nokuba yinxalenye okanye yahlukile kwinkcubeko yaseMelika eqhelekileyo. Ichazwa yimbali yomzabalazo odibeneyo wamalungelo oluntu nawezopolitiko, kwaye isekelwe kwimikhwa efanayo, ubuwena, kunye noluntu. Inkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko yaseMelika nakwinkcubeko yehlabathi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Mcmanus|first=Melanie|date=2021|title=Dancing at the new National Museum of African American Music in Nashville|work=Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-national-museum-african-american-music-nashville-0606-20210527-63ajqa7lazdcffwa27mlpdpg4e-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171904/https://www.chicagotribune.com/travel/ct-trav-national-museum-african-american-music-nashville-0606-20210527-63ajqa7lazdcffwa27mlpdpg4e-story.html|archive-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Reynolds|first=Marcellas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUWJDwAAQBAJ&q=How+to+Slay:+Inspiration+from+the+Queens+and+Kings+of+Black+Style|title=Supreme Models Iconic Black Women Who Revolutionized Fashion|date=2019|publisher=ABRAMS|isbn=9781683356622|access-date=March 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423054016/https://books.google.com/books?id=DUWJDwAAQBAJ&q=How+to+Slay:+Inspiration+from+the+Queens+and+Kings+of+Black+Style|archive-date=April 23, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> AmaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika enze igalelo elikhulu kwiincwadi, umculo, ubugcisa obubonakalayo, amajelo eendaba, ezopolitiko, inzululwazi, ishishini kunye nokupheka kwaseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-09-30|title=High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade8448|url-status=live|journal=Science|volume=377|issue=6614|pages=1497|bibcode=2022Sci...377.1497.|doi=10.1126/science.ade8448|issn=0036-8075|pmid=36173834|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031116/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade8448|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tipton-Martin|first=Toni|date=September 2014|title=Breaking the Jemima Code: The Legacy of African American Cookbooks|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ect.2014.0042|journal=Ecotone|volume=10|issue=1|pages=116–120|doi=10.1353/ect.2014.0042|issn=2165-2651|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Okubalulekileyo kukuba, iintlobo zomculo wamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika ezifana ne-jazz, i-rock and roll, kunye ne-hip-hop ziphakathi kwezinto zenkcubeko eziphumelele kakhulu ezithunyelwa yi-United States kwamanye amazwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Morgan|first=Marcyliena|last2=Bennett|first2=Dionne|date=2011|title=Hip-Hop & the Global Imprint of a Black Cultural Form|url=https://direct.mit.edu/daed/article/140/2/176/26892/Hip-Hop-amp-the-Global-Imprint-of-a-Black-Cultural|journal=Daedalus|volume=140|issue=2|pages=176–196|doi=10.1162/DAED_a_00086|doi-access=free}}</ref> Inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika ibisoloko ichazwa, ngokuyinxenye, ngumzabalazo wokuchasa nokoyisa imithetho nezenzo zocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga,kuquka ubukhoboka, imithetho ecinezelayo enjengemithetho yocalucalulo kaJim Crow, ukwahlulwa kwabantu eluntwini, kunye nokukhatywa ngokucacileyo kwamalungelo asisiseko oluntu. Ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga luye lwabangela ukuba abaMnyama baseMelika bangabandakanywa kwimiba emininzi yobomi baseMelika kuyo yonke imbali yeli lizwe; la mava aye ayiphembelela kakhulu inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika,<ref name="Gomez2">{{Cite book|last=Gomez|first=Michael Angelo|url=https://archive.org/details/exchangingourcou0000gome/page/12|title=Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1998|isbn=0-8078-6171-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/exchangingourcou0000gome/page/12 12]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-07|title=The Explosion of Culture and Arts During the Harlem Renaissance|url=https://www.thecollector.com/harlem-renaissance-arts-and-culture/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031622/https://www.thecollector.com/harlem-renaissance-arts-and-culture/|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=TheCollector|language=en}}</ref> kwaye azisa indlela ama-Afrika aseMelika akhetha ngayo ukusebenzisana noluntu olubanzi lwaseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2009|title=Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (review)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ala.2009.0020|journal=Alabama Review|volume=62|issue=3|pages=212–213|doi=10.1353/ala.2009.0020|issn=2166-9961|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Du Bois|first=W. E. B.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001|title=The Souls of Black Folk|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955583-3|editor-last=Edwards|editor-first=Brent Hayes|doi=10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024917/https://oxfordworldsclassics.com/display/10.1093/owc/9780199555833.001.0001/isbn-9780199555833|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> Ilifa lamabali, amaqhalo, ukudlala ngamagama, kunye namabali emveli avela kuMntla-ntshona nakumbindi we-Afrika liye labumba inkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika ukususela kwixesha lobukhoboka .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave culture|url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043}}</ref>Ubomi benkolo nobokomoya buye baba nempembelelo kwimiba emininzi yenkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika, kuquka neNtshukumo yaMalungelo oLuntu. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv11smnkh|title=African American Religious History|date=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-9603-1|editor-last=SERNETT|editor-first=MILTON C.|doi=10.2307/j.ctv11smnkh|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024443/https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.2307%2Fj.ctv11smnkh|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=A.|date=2021|title=From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-civil-rights-to-black-lives-matter1/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308050929/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/from-civil-rights-to-black-lives-matter1/|archive-date=March 8, 2023|accessdate=2023-03-08|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> Kuwo wonke unyaka, ama-Afrika aseMelika abhiyozela iiholide ezahlukeneyo. E-United States, iNyanga yeMbali yabaNtsundu ibhiyozelwa rhoqo kwinyanga yoMdumbi ukuhlonipha imbali etyebileyo kunye negalelo lama-Afrika aseMelika. I-Juneteenth, ebhiyozelwa ngoJuni 19, ikhumbula ukuphela kobukhoboka e-US. Ukongeza, ama-Afrika aseMelika amaninzi abhiyozela iKwanzaa ukusuka nge-26 kweyiMnga ukuya kwisuku lokuqala kwinyanga yoMqungu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring African American Culture|url=https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/-/media/Project/Websites/mdhhs/Assistance-Programs/WIC-Media/African-American-Culture.pdf?rev=2046b12f73f94199b86fe4eebe334bcc&hash=ACE009B632CB63ED29663574E6882B25}}</ref> .Inkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika ayichazwa nje ngokobuhlanga okanye ngembali yomzabalazo, kodwa inengcambu ezinzulu kwizithethe ekwabelwana ngazo, kwisazisi nakuluntu. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Washington|first=Harriet A.|title=Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalapartheid0000wash|date=2008|publisher=Anchor books|isbn=978-0-7679-1547-2|location=New York, NY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Rediker|first=Marcus|title=The slave ship: a human history|url=https://archive.org/details/slaveshiphumanhi0000redi|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-311425-3|series=A Penguin book History African-American studies|location=New York, NY}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Woodward|first=C. Vann|title=The strange career of Jim Crow|url=https://archive.org/details/strangecareerofj0000wood_m0h2|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514689-9|edition=Commemorative|location=Oxford; New York}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Anderson|first=James D.|title=The education of Blacks in the South, 1860 - 1935|url=https://archive.org/details/educationofblack0000ande|date=1995|publisher=Univ. of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4221-8|edition=Nachdr.|location=Chapel Hill, NC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Lowery|first=Wesley|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/968310784|title=They can't kill us all: the story of the struggle for Black lives|date=2016|publisher=Back Bay Books : Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-31249-3|edition=First Back Bay paperback|location=New York, NY|oclc=968310784|access-date=September 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907031152/https://search.worldcat.org/title/968310784|archive-date=September 7, 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Baradaran|first=Mehrsa|title=The color of money: black banks and the racial wealth gap|url=https://archive.org/details/colorofmoneyblac0000mehr|date=2019|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-23747-6|edition=First Harvard University Press paperback|location=Cambridge London}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Alexander|first=Michelle|title=The new Jim Crow: mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness|url=https://archive.org/details/newjimcrowmassin0000alex_u9b6|date=2012|publisher=New Press|isbn=978-1-59558-643-8|edition=Revised paperback|location=New York}}</ref> == Imbali. == [[File:Family_of_African_American_picking_cotton_in_Georgia,_circa_1880.jpg|left|thumb| Amakhoboka aseMelika aNtsundu eGeorgia, ngonyaka ka 1850]] Ama-Afrika aseMelika ayimiphumo yokudibana kwamazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seigel|first=Micol|date=2011|title=Patrick Manning . The African Diaspora: A History through Culture . (Columbia Studies in International and Global History.) New York : Columbia University Press . 2009 . Pp. xxii, 394. $29.95.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.1.251|url-status=live|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=116|issue=1|pages=251–252|doi=10.1086/ahr.116.1.251|issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024916/https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/116/1/251/2063219?redirectedFrom=fulltext|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> inkcubeko, izizwe kunye neenkolo ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Robert L.|last2=Huggins|first2=Nathan Irvin|date=1978|title=Black Odyssey: The Afro-American Ordeal in Slavery|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867827|url-status=live|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=83|issue=4|pages=1095|doi=10.2307/1867827|issn=0002-8762|jstor=1867827|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907024917/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1867827?origin=crossref|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> aqhekeka, <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Avila|first=E.|date=2018|title=American Cultural History: A Very Short Introduction|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190200589.001.0001|journal=Very Short Introductions|doi=10.1093/actrade/9780190200589.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-020058-9|url-access=subscription}}</ref> kwaye akhiwa kwakhona ngamava adibeneyo kwaye adityaniswa abe liqela elinye kwilizwekazi [[UmNtla Melika|laseMntla Melika]] ngexesha lorhwebo lwamakhoboka olunqumla iAtlantiki kwaye ngoku abizwa ngokuba ngama-Afrika aseMelika. Uninzi lwabantu base-Afrika baseMelika luyinzala yabantu ababengamakhoboka ababehlala ngaphakathi kwemida ye-United States yangoku. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Love|first=Ms Bathsheba|title=Murrell Library Research Guides: African-Americans & the Black Experience: African-American Identity & Culture|url=https://libguides.moval.edu/black-experience|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907032140/https://libguides.moval.edu/black-experience|archive-date=September 7, 2024|accessdate=2024-09-03|website=libguides.moval.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ukongeza, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abayinzala yobukhoboka baseMelika (ADOS) ngokuyintloko bavela kwimvelaphi yaseNtshona Afrika naselunxwemeni lwase-Afrika, kunye nobuninzi obahlukeneyo bobukhokho baseNtshona Yurophu kunye nabemi bomthonyama baseMelika. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salas|first=Antonio|last2=C|first2=Angel|last3=R|first3=Martin|last4=M|first4=Vincent|date=2005|title=Charting the ancestry of African Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2005-10_77_4/page/676|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=77|issue=4|pages=676–680|doi=10.1086/491675|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1275617|pmid=16175514}}</ref> Phantse umntu omnye kwabahlanu abamnyama eMelika ngabaphambukeli okanye abantwana babaphambukeli abamnyama. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Christine|first=T.|date=2022|title=Key findings about Black immigrants in the U.S.|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905225227/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/01/27/key-findings-about-black-immigrants-in-the-u-s/|archive-date=September 5, 2024|accessdate=2024-09-03|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> Nangona abanye abaphambukeli abamnyama okanye abantwana babo banokuzibona njengabantu abamnyama baseMelika, abaphambukeli abamnyama eMelika abayonxalenye yeqela labamnyama baseMelika. Uninzi lwabaphambukeli besizukulwana sokuqala abavela eAfrika bakhetha ukuzibona njengabantu abazalwa nabo. Kukho uphando lwakutshanje olubonisa ukuba abanye abaphambukeli abamnyama eMelika bayamelana nokudibana nabantu ukuze banciphise ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga olujongene nabantu abamnyama baseMelika abazalelwe apho. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adida|first=Claire L.|last2=Robinson|first2=Amanda Lea|date=2023|title=Why (some) immigrants resist assimilation: US racism and the African immigrant experience|journal=Quarterly Journal of Political Science|volume=18|issue=3|pages=295–338|doi=10.1561/100.00021091|issn=1554-0626|pmc=10706603|pmid=38077161}}</ref> Inkcubeko yama-Afrika aseMelika yavela phakathi kwenkqubo yokulwa nocalu-calulo ngokobuhlanga eMelika, eyayibonakala ngogonyamelo olukhulu, ingcinezelo kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle okuqhutywa bubuzwe obuphezulu ngexesha lobukoloniyali baseYurophu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=African American Culture : Origins|url=https://research.auctr.edu/c.php?g=1386473&p=10253691#:~:text=African%20American%20culture—often%20referred,Americans%20continues%20to%20resonate%20worldwide.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412012507/https://research.auctr.edu/c.php?g=1386473&p=10253691|archive-date=12 April 2025}}</ref> === Imbali ekwabelwana ngayo kwilizwekazi laseMelika === Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yobukhoboka baseMelika kwinkulungwane ye-17, abanini bamakhoboka babefuna ukulawula abantu babo ababenyanzelwa ukuba ngamakhoboka ngokuzama ukubahlutha inkcubeko yabo yaseAfrika.Kwilizwe elitsha (iNew World) ngokubanzi, kwaye ngokukodwa eUnited States, ukwahlulwa ngokwasemzimbeni nokubekelwa ecaleni eluntwini kwabantu base-Afrika ababengamakhoboka, kunye nokwahlulwa nokubekelwa ecaleni kwabantwana babo ababephila ngokukhululeka kamva. Kwanceda ekugcinweni kwezinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko yemveli phakathi kwabantu base-Afrika. Abanini-bakhoboka bazama ngabom ukucinezela nayiphi na imibutho yezopolitiko okanye yenkcubeko ezimeleyo ukuze bajongane nemvukelo eninzi yamakhoboka okanye izenzo zokuchasa ezazisenzeka eUnited States, eBrazil, eHaiti, naseDutch Guiana. <ref>Price, R. (1996). ''Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas''. Anchor Books. pp. 1–33.</ref> Amasiko kunye nezithethe ezahlukeneyo zaseAfrika zabonelela ngesiseko sezenzo zokomoya zabantu abakhotyokisiweyo, ababexuba iinkolelo zookhokho nobuKristu ukuze benze iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonqulo. Olu kuqina kwenkcubeko kwabonakala kwiimvukelo zamakhoboka, ezazichasa ukusekwa kobukhoboka kwaye zakhuthaza ingqiqo yoluntu kunye nobuntu obufanayo phakathi kwama-Afrika aseMelika. Intshukumo yamalungelo oluntu yavela njengenkqubela enamandla yalo mzabalazo. Eli lifa lembali lachaphazela iintsapho zanamhlanje zama-Afrika aseMelika kwaye labumba amaxabiso azo, izakhiwo zoluntu, kunye neendlela zokuzibandakanya kwezopolitiko, kunye nefuthe elihlala lihleli kwezoqoqosho lokungalingani kwenkqubo eqhuba ukuzibophelela ekuxhobiseni nasekutshintsheni koluntu. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Black Joy: Resistance, Resilience and Reclamation|language=en|work=National Museum of African American History and Culture|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/black-joy-resistance-resilience-and-reclamation?TSPD_101_R0=083ccf6c57ab200071522b1f7f4f74b05ab76e4359b1f360e773c89aadb01e9874eb62eab2c9ba75084d7859781430001f2250a1e3c39646e9b4f00ed7975fd76c02396bbaf842f5ee37a6e39b8e6d9797e8d21514684c85d3d67d5ee611331b|access-date=2024-10-24}}</ref> Impembelelo yeAfrika ibonakala kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ulwimi, umculo, iindlela zokulungisa iinwele, imfashini, umdaniso, unqulo, ukutya, kunye nembono yehlabathi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Digital History|url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808154313/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3043|archive-date=August 8, 2020|accessdate=September 6, 2020|website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref> Kuyo yonke le nkqubo, abantu baseMelika abangama-Afrika bazakhela inkcubeko nembali yabo eUnited States. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cincinnati Enquirer 01 Mar 2000, page Page 12|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/102496086/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620210916/https://www.newspapers.com/image/102496086/|archive-date=June 20, 2023|accessdate=2023-06-20|website=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> Kwelinye icala, inkcubeko yama-Afrika-aseMelika ibe nefuthe elibanzi neliguqula izinto ezininzi kwinkcubeko yaseMelika. Le nkqubo yokutshintshiselana ngokuyila ibizwa ngokuba yi -creolization . <ref name="slave_culture">{{Cite web|date=June 2, 2007|title=African American Voices: Slave Culture|url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507214116/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/black_voices/voices_display.cfm?id=23|archive-date=May 7, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|publisher=[[University of Houston]]}}</ref> Ekuhambeni kwexesha, inkcubeko yamakhoboka aseAfrika kunye nenzala yawo iye yaba nefuthe elibanzi kwinkcubeko yaseMelika ebalaseleyo nakwinkcubeko yehlabathi. [[File:Harlem_Street_rehearsal_(125th_street).jpg|thumb| Ukuziqhelanisa komculo weqela kwisitalato i -125th Street eHarlem,indawo engundoqo nembali ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yama-Afrika-Melika. ISixeko saseNew York sisekhaya ngomda omkhulu xa sithelekiswa nesona sixeko sinabantu abamnyama baseMelika ehlabathini kunaso nasiphi na isixeko esingaphandle [[I-Afrika|kweAfrika]], esinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-2.2. Ukufudukela kwabantu baseAfrika eNew York City ngoku kukhuthaza ukukhula kwabemi baseAfrika-baseMelika nabaseAfrika kwesi sixeko. <ref name="AfricanMigrationNYC">{{Cite news|last=Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura|date=2023|title=African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|url-status=live|access-date=January 26, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125220924/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/13/nyregion/west-african-immigrants-nyc.html|archive-date=January 25, 2023}}</ref>]] Ukuba abantu ababebanjwe ngamakhoboka (amakhoboka) babethintela okanye bethintela imfundo yabo, uloyiko yayikukuba imfundo yayinokubanika amandla abantu, kwaye ikhuthaze okanye ivumele amabhongo okukhululwa. Amasiko omlomo aseAfrika aba yindlela ephambili yokugcina imbali, iindlela zokuziphatha, kunye nolunye ulwazi lwenkcubeko phakathi kwabantu. Oku kwakuhambelana nezenzo zembali yomlomo kwiinkcubeko ezininzi zaseAfrika kunye nezinye iinkcubeko ezazingaxhomekekanga kwilizwi elibhaliweyo. Uninzi lwezi zinto zenkcubeko zidluliselwe kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana ngokubalisa amabali. Amabali eentsomi anike ama-Afrika aseMelika ithuba lokukhuthazana nokufundisana. <ref name="oral">{{Cite web|last=Papa|first=Maggie|last2=Gerber|first2=Amy|last3=Mohamed|first3=Abeer|title=African American Culture through Oral Tradition|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527050107/http://www.gwu.edu/~e73afram/ag-am-mp.html|archive-date=May 27, 2008|accessdate=May 17, 2007|publisher=[[George Washington University]]}}</ref> Ukuphila kwanamhlanje kunye nokufuduka kwabantu abaNtsundu baseMelika ukuya eMntla kuye kwaba nembali yokubeka uxinzelelo ekugcinweni kwemikhuba nezithethe zenkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu baseMelika. Iindawo zasezidolophini nezahluke kakhulu apho inkcubeko yabantu abaNtsundu yayiveliswa khona zaphakamisa uloyiko kwiingcali zezentlalo kunye neengcali zezentlalo ukuba inkalo yabantu abaNtsundu baseMzantsi Afrika yenkcubeko ethandwayo yabantu abaNtsundu yayisengozini yokulahleka kwimbali. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunbar|first=EVE E.|title=Black Regions of the Imagination|url=https://archive.org/details/blackregionsofim0000dunb|date=2013|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-4399-0942-3|editor-last=DUNBAR|editor-first=EVE E.|series=African American Writers between the Nation and the World|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackregionsofim0000dunb/page/16 16]–57|chapter=Becoming American through Ethnographic Writing|jstor=j.ctt14bt4hc.6}}</ref> Ezinye iinkalo zesiko lomlomo lama-Afrika aseMelika ziquka i-dazens, i-significant, i-trash talk, i-rhyming, i-semantic inversion kunye ne-word play, uninzi lwazo oluye lwafumana indlela yalo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo yaseMelika kwaye lwaba yimeko yehlabathi. Ngexesha lobukhoboka, ama-Afrika aseMelika azivumelanisa ezi zithethe zolwimi njengendlela yokuchasana nokusinda ngokufihlakeleyo. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 1990|title=''The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism''. Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/391861|url-status=live|journal=Modern Philology|volume=88|issue=2|pages=224–226|doi=10.1086/391861|issn=0026-8232|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907025004/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/391861|archive-date=September 7, 2024|access-date=September 7, 2024}}</ref> Imibongo ethethwayo ngomnye umzekelo wendlela isiko lomlomo lase-Afrika-laseMelika eliye lanefuthe ngayo kwinkcubeko ethandwayo yanamhlanje. Abaculi abasebenzisa amagama athethwayo basebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo nabashumayeli base-Afrika baseMelika kuquka intshukumo, isingqisho, kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabaphulaphuli. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Miazga|first=M|date=1998|title=The Spoken Word Movement of 1990s|url=http://www.msu.edu/~miazgama/spokenword.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012235005/http://www.msu.edu/~miazgama/spokenword.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2007|accessdate=October 7, 2007|publisher=[[Michigan State University]]}}</ref> Umculo we-rap ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980 nangaphaya uye wakhankanywa njengolwandiso lwenkcubeko ethethwayo yaseAfrika <ref name="oral" /> === UVuko lweNkcubeko yaseHarlem === [[File:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|left|thumb| UZora Neale Hurston wayengumntu obalaseleyo kwinkalo yoncwadi ngexesha leHarlem Renaissance]] Ukwamkelwa kokuqala okukhulu kwenkcubeko yabantu base-Afrika-baseMelika kwenzeka ngexesha leHarlem Renaissance eyaqalwa ngu- Alain Locke . Kwiminyaka yoo-1920 ukuyotsho kunyaka ka-1930, umculo, uncwadi, kunye nobugcisa baseMelika abaNtsundu baziwa kakhulu. Ababhali abafana noZora Neale Hurston noNella Larsen kunye neembongi ezifana noLangston Hughes, uClaude McKay, kunye noCountee Cullen babhale imisebenzi echaza amava abantu abamnyama baseMelika. I-Jazz, i-swing, i-blues kunye nezinye iintlobo zomculo zangena kumculo odumileyo waseMelika. Abaculi abamnyama baseMelika abafana noWilliam H. Johnson, uAaron Douglas, kunye noPalmer Hayden benze imisebenzi yobugcisa eyahlukileyo ebonisa abantu abamnyama baseMelika. I-Harlem Renaissance yayikwangexesha lokwanda kokuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko kubantu baseMelika abangabaMnyama. Phakathi kwemibutho yezopolitiko ebalulekileyo yabaMnyama baseMelika eyasekwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kukho i-Universal Negro Improvement Association kunye ne-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. I-Nation of Islam, umbutho wenkolo obalulekileyo onxulumene nobuSilamsi, nawo waqalisa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1930. <ref name="harlem">{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=William H.|title=The Harlem Renaissance|url=http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601152141/http://www.fatherryan.org/harlemrenaissance/|archive-date=June 1, 2007|accessdate=June 1, 2007|publisher=fatherryan.org}}</ref> === Intshukumo yenkcubeko yamaMelika anemvelaphi yase-Afrika === Intshukumo yamandla amnyama ngeminyaka yoo-1960 noo-1970 yalandela emva kweNtlangano yamaLungelo oLuntu engenabundlobongela . Le ntshukumo ikhuthaze ukuzingca ngokobuhlanga kunye nomanyano ngokobuhlanga ngokuchaseneyo nokugxila ekuhlanganisweni kweNtshukumo yamaLungelo oLuntu, kwaye yamkela isimo sengqondo sobundlongondlongo ngakumbi xa kujongwane nocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/|title=Black Power|encyclopedia=King Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Stanford University]]|access-date=June 2, 2007|archive-date=December 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204080236/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/|url-status=live}}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_power_movement</ref> Kwakhona, yakhuthaza uvuko olutsha kwinkcubeko yokubhala nobugcisa buka-Afrika-Melika, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokubanzi njenge "African-American Arts Movement" okanye i-"Black Arts Movement" (iNtshukumo yoBugcisa buka-Afrika-Melika okanye obabaNtsundu.) Imisebenzi yabaculi abadumileyo abarekhodayo abafana noNina Simone (" Young, Gifted and Black ") kunye neThe Impressions (" Keep On Pushing "), kunye nemibongo, ubugcisa obuhle, kunye noncwadi lwaloo xesha, zakha kwaye zabonakalisa ukukhula kolwazi lobuhlanga nezopolitiko. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Power|url=http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/concepts/power.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227210607/http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/concepts/power.html|archive-date=February 27, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|website=Black Arts Movement|publisher=[[University of Michigan]]}}</ref> Phakathi kwababhali ababalaseleyo be-African-American Arts Movement kwakukho imbongi uNikki Giovanni, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nikki Giovanni|url=http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/people/giovanni.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303085941/http://www.umich.edu/~eng499/people/giovanni.html|archive-date=March 3, 2008|accessdate=June 2, 2007|website=Black Arts Movement|publisher=University of Michigan}}</ref> imbongi nompapashi uDon L. Lee, owathi kamva waziwa njengoHaki Madhubuti, imbongi nombhali wemidlalo yeqonga uLeroi Jones, owathi kamva waziwa njengoAmiri Baraka kunye noSonia Sanchez. Ngexesha leNtshukumo yeNkcubeko yabaMnyama baseMelika, uMelvin Charles noGleason T. Jackson baqulunqa iFlegi yeLifa leMveli labaMnyama baseMelika (ekwaziwa njengeFlegi yeLifa leMveli lama-Afrika aseMelika) ngonyaka ka 1967 ngenjongo yabaMnyama baseMelika. Namhlanje, isetyenziswa njengeflegi emele abantu abangama-Afrika aseMelika. [[File:Thelonious_Monk,_Minton's_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_06191).jpg|left|thumb| Umculi wepiyano yohlobo lwe-jazzuThelonious Monk ngonyaka ka 1947]] [[File:KendrickSZASPurs230725-144_(cropped)_desaturated.jpg|left|thumb| Umculi we-rap uKendrick Lamar]] == Iminyhadala == {{reflist}} [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lvi98np4cy72sj3pszfxcalvi8w49ix IMorgan Bay 0 9399 42326 42314 2026-10-24T15:41:38Z Dumbassman 8587 42326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Morgan Bay|official_name=Gxarha|native_name=<small>[[Afrikaans|af:]] Morganbaai</small>|pushpin_map=South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa|subdivision_type=[[Country]]|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Eastern Cape]]|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of South Africa|District]]|subdivision_name2=[[Amathole District Municipality|Amathole]]|subdivision_type3=[[List of municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]|subdivision_name3=[[Great Kei Local Municipality|Great Kei]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|leader_title=Councillor|area_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/272014 |title = Main Place Morgan Bay |work=Census 2011}} </ref>|area_total_km2=1.36|population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|population_total=321|population_as_of=2011|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=47.5%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=0.6%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=0.6%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=47.2%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=4.1% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics2_title1=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info1=47.9%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=40.7%|demographics2_title3=[[Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info3=9.5%|demographics2_title4=|demographics2_info4=|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=1.9% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=5292|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=n/a|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|image=Morgan Bay from the beach.jpg}} '''IMorgan Bay,''' ebizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuba '''yiGxarha''' ngo-2022, yilali ekuMasipala weSithili sase-Amathole kwiphondo [[IPhondo laseMpuma-Koloni|laseMpuma Koloni]] [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]]. Ilali yeholide yaseMorgan Bay yanikwa igama layo langoku ngo-1822. Yathiywa ngegama lika-AF Morgan, umphathi weBarracouta, inqanawa yophando yeRoyal Navy. Le nqanawa yayiyinxalenye yohambo olwaluphantsi koKapteni uWilliam Fitzwilliam Owen, owayethunyelwe yiBritish Admiralty ukuba aye kuhlola unxweme ukusuka [[eMaputo]] ukuya emlonyeni woMlambo iKeiskamma. IBead Beach ekufutshane kwiDouble Mouth Nature Reserve yindawo apho kwabakho khona inqanawa yasePortugal eyaphahlazeka ngenkulungwane ye-16. == Iimbekiselo == {{Reflist}} pwx7z5f7wo7p1cpbl2qxv1x7xg1q5fr Indlu yoWiso-mthetho 0 9400 42317 2026-10-24T15:11:27Z Emtee04 16527 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1380693576|Legislature]]" 42317 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Portal|Law|Politics}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Budapest_Parlament_2013.jpg|thumb|IHolo yePalamente yaseHungary, okanye iOrszágház, apho iNdlu yowiso-mthetho yaseHungarian, iNdlu yeZwelonke yaseHungari, idibana khona.]] [[File:London_Parlament-20090730-RM-110352.jpg|thumb| Ibhotwe laseWestminster, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yase-United Kingdom, iPalamente yase-United Kingdom, idibana khona.]] [[File:Palazzo_Madama_(Roma).jpg|thumb| IPalazzo Madama sisihlalo sendlu ephezulu yePalamente yase-Itali, iSenethi yeRiphabliki .]] [[File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg|thumb| I- United States Capitol, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho wombuso yase-United States, i- United States Congress, idibana khona.]] '''Indlu yowiso-mthetho''' (: /ˈlɛdʒɪslətʃər/, <templatestyles src="Module:IPA/styles.css"></templatestyles>US: /-ˌleɪtʃər/) yindibano yengxoxo esicebisayo enegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza [[umthetho]] kunye nokubeka iliso kwezopolitiko ngaphakathi kobume bezopolitiko njengombuso, isizwe okanye [[City|isixeko]]. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphakathi kwamaziko aphambili [[Sovereign state|karhulumente]], ngokuqhelekileyo zithelekiswa namaziko ezomthetho nezobulungisa. Zingaba khona kumazinga ahlukeneyo olawulo aquka olukazwelonke, olungaphantsi kwelizwe (lwelizwe, iphondo okanye lo mmandla), olwasekhaya okanye olungaphezulu kwelizwe njengaseYurophu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko, imithetho eyenziwa ngamasebe awenza imithetho ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho ophambili. La masebe anokwenza imisebenzi yokongamela, eyolawulo lohlalo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neyokumela abantu. Amalungu alamasebe aziwa njengabenzi bomthetho anokunyulwa, akhethwwe ngokungangqalanga okanye atyunjwe, kananjalo lamasebe anokuba nendlu enye, izindlu ezimbini okanye izindlu ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abekwe ngayo ngokomgaqo-siseko. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezibonisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yomgaqo-siseko yamandla apho amazwe ahlelwe khona. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa indlela zowiso-mthetho ezahluke ngayo kungekuphela nje kwisakhiwo nomsebenzi, kodwa nakwimiba yazo yomgaqo-siseko namanye amaziko karhulumente kunye nakwizimvo zobukhosi namandla awaxhasayo. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo ziipalamente ezisebenza phantsi kokudibana kwamandla phakathi kolawulo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho; ii-nkomfa, ezisebenza phantsi kokwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente azimeleyo. Kwezi nkqubo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlukaniswa ngokwasemthethweni namanye amasebe kwaye iineendlela ezincinci zokuphembelela imisebenzi yawo. Izikhungo eziphezulu zikaRhulumente, ezifumaneka kumazwe amakomanisi ezisebenza ngokwemfundiso yegunya elimanyeneyo ezenza ukuba amagunya omlawuli, ezomthetho, ezomgwebo kunye nawo onke amanye amagunya karhulumente abe kwiziko eliphakamileyo likarhulumente lamandla, kunye namaziko angaphantsi enza imisebenzi ethunyelweyo ngaphakathi kohlulo lomsebenzi oluchazwe kumgaqo-siseko phakathi kwezikhungo zikarhulumente. == Iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho == Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezilungelelanisiweyo, kukho ezimbini: [[Ipalamente|iipalamente]] kunye neenkundla zowiso-mthetho zenkomfa. Ngokungafaniyo nepalamente, akukho migaqo evunyiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo yezikhungo ezisemthethweni kwiidemokrasi ezingezizo ezasepalamente. [3]IiPalamente zikho kumazwe asebenzisa ukudibanisa amagunya, ngoxa iinkomfa zikhona kumazwe asebenzisa ukwahlula amagunya. Kukho nezinye iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinje ngamagunya aphakamileyo karhulumente (SSOP) kumazwe amakomanisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yamandla amanyeneyo. [4]Iindidi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zichazwe, njengoko kuboniswe, yinkqubo yamandla ezopolitiko ezisebenza kuyo. Le migaqo yamandla ithi into ethile malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankathelo kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iParliament yaseUnited Kingdom ithetha ukuba isebenzisa ukudityaniswa kwamandla, ngelixa iCongress of the Union yaseMexico ixelela ukuba [[Mexico|IMexico]] isebenzisa ukwahlukana kwamandla. [5]Ngokutsho kwesikolo uAmie Kreppel, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwahlula phakathi kohlobo lwesishwankathelo lolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankqubo kunye nesigqeba sesigqeba. [6] === IPalamente === {{Portal|Law|Politics}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />Kumazwe anedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo asebenzisa idemokhrasi yepalamente, urhulumente okwimo yenkulumbuso kunye nekhabhinethi unyulwa yipalamente. Amalungu karhulumente anyulwa ngaphakathi kumalungu epalamente. Ukongeza, nangona lilungu elizimeleyo ngokweziko, urhulumente unoxanduva kwipalamente. Oko kuthetha ukuba ipalamente ingamsusa urhulumente njengoko ibona kufanelekile, nokuba iziphumo zonyulo zithini. Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kukarhulumente yindlu yowiso-mthetho kunokukhokelela kunyulo lwangethuba kwaye kubangele ukuba zombini ezi zikhundla ziphulukane namandla kunyulo oluzayo. Ngoko ke, ubudlelwane phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye norhulumente kwidemokhrasi yepalamente bubonakaliswa kukuxhomekeka kumacala omabini. [ 6 ] === INkomfa === {{Reflist}}Imida phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngokwahlulwa kweenkqubo zamandla. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente, kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwamandla, intloko yelizwe kunye nentloko karhulumente zidityanisiwe zabe lisebe elilawulayo kwiofisi kamongameli . Kwakhona, ukuze kucaciswe umda weziko ngakumbi, umongameli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho yepalamente banyulwa kunyulo olwahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, amandla epalamente okususa ulawulo oluphezulu anqongophele. Ingakhuthaza, [[IYunayithedi Steyitsi|njengaseMelika]], ukuba kususwe umphathi, kodwa oko kuthathwa njengenyathelo elithathwa kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. [ 7 ] === Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Amazwe obuKomanisi aseka ii-SSOP, kwaye ngokusesikweni, la malungu ngawona maziko karhulumente anamandla kakhulu kwilizwe lawo. Ekubeni ingumnini wamandla adibeneyo karhulumente, i-SSOP ithintelwe kuphela yimida eyibeke ngokwayo ngamaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko nawomthetho eyawamkelayo. Umzekelo, eChina, ngokutsho kwengcali yezomthetho yaseChina uZhou Fang, "amandla eNational People's Congress njenge-[SSOP] awanamda, igunya lawo lifikelela kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, linokungenelela kuyo nayiphi na into eliyifumana iyimfuneko ukuyenza." [ 8 ] Ngokukodwa, ngokutsho kweengcali zomthetho zaseChina uXu Chongde noNiu Wenzhan, "ezinye iziphathamandla zeLizwe eliPhakathi zidalwe yi-SSOP yaseChina kwaye ziphumeza imithetho nezigqibo ezenziwe yi-SSOP yaseChina." [ 9 ] Ngokutsho komphengululi uGeorg Brunner, oku kubonisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ichaza amandla omgaqo-siseko ongenamkhawulo karhulumente, yaye ngokungathanga ngqo, loo mandla aliqela lamaKomanisi alawulayo. Ukholelwa ukuba oku bubungqina bokuba ingcamango yedemokhrasi yentsusa yolawulo lomthetho ayinakulungelelaniswa nemigaqo-siseko yamazwe amakomanisi kuba isekwe kulwalamano oluphikisanayo phakathi komthetho kunye nezopolitiko. [10]Ngaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo woluntu woluntu, iinkqubo zopolitiko zinqunyanyiswa yimigaqo yomthetho egcinwa ziinkundla ezimeleyo kwaye zibonwa ngokubanzi kwaye zingabi ziingcamango. [11]Oku kuthetha ukuba abo banegunya lezopolitiko babotshelelwa ngumthetho, yaye loo mthetho unempembelelo enkulu kunezopolitiko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ibeka ubukhulu bezopolitiko phezu kwegunya lezomthetho ekubeni igunya lezomthetho likwabonwa njengendlela yamandla ezopolitiko. Oko kuthetha ukuba amazwe amaKomanisi ngokufanelekileyo alawula amandla ezobulungisa kumandla ezopolitiko e-SSOP (igunya eliphakamileyo lezobulungisa lincinci kwaye liphendula kwi-SSOP).[12]AmaMarxist-Leninists athi yindlu yowiso-mthetho kungekho zigwebo zenkundla kuphela umthombo womthetho osebenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, iMarxism-Leninism iyala ukwahlula amandla, kodwa ixhasa ukwahlula uxanduva lukarhulumente ngokuhambelana nomgaqo ukwahlula umsebenzi. [13]Amanye amaziko karhulumente athatha amagunya awo kwi-SSOP kwaye ayaphantsi kwayo. [14] == Isigama == [[File:Legislature_terminology.svg|right|thumb|300x300px| Imephu ebonisa isigama sendlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe ngalinye ngesiNgesi<br /><br /><br /><br /> ]] Igama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kumbutho wezobulungisa liyahluka ngokwelizwe. Amagama aqhelekileyo aquka: * Indibano (evela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|asemblee}}, jonga i-assemble) * ICongress (isuka kwiLatin {{Lang|la|congressum}}, "ebesele behambe kunye") * IBhunga (elivela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|concilium}}, "ukubiza kunye, ukumanyanisa") * Ukutya (kusuka kwi-Ancient Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|díaita}}, "indlela yokuphila, ingxoxo, isigqibo") * Iifa okanye iiStates (ezivela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|estat}}, "imeko, imeko, imeko") * [[Ipalamente|IPalamente]] (evela {{Lang|fr|parlement}} yaseFransi yakudala, "ukuthetha") * Igunya lesizwe esiPhakamileyo (njengakwigunya lesizwe esiphakamileyo) Ngamagama: * Indlu yamaSekela * Indlu yabameli * Indlu yeNdibano * Indlu yeeNkosi * Indlu yabaMeli * Indlu yowiso-mthetho * Ibhunga lowiso-mthetho * INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe * I-Senate Ngokweelwimi: * UCortes (ovela kwiSpanish {{Lang|es|cortes}} "iinkundla") * UDuma (ovela kwi {{Lang|ru-latn|dúma}} yesiRashiya "ingcinga") * I-Knesset (ivela kwisiHebhere {{Lang|he-latn|k'néset}}, "intlanganiso") * I-Majlis (ivela kwi {{Lang|ar-latn|majlis}} yesiArabhu), "Igumbi lokuhlala") * I-Oireachtas (Ukusuka kwi-Irish ''airecht/oireacht'', "indibano yeengxoxo yama-freemen") * I-Rada (ivela kwi {{Lang|pl|rada}} yasePoland, "'ingcebiso, isigqibo') * IBundestag (esuka {{Lang|de|Bundestag}} yaseJamani, "indibano yombuso") ** I-Landtag (evela kwi-German {{Lang|de|Landtag}}, "indibano yelizwe") * ISansad (isuka kwisiSanskrit {{Lang|sa-latn|saṃsada}} "indibano") * ISejm (ivela {{Lang|pl|sejm}} yasePoland, "thabatha kunye, indibano") * iSoviet (evela {{Lang|ru-latn|sovét}} yaseRashiya "ibhunga") * Into (isuka kwiProto-Germanic ''*þingą'', "intlanganiso, umcimbi oxoxwa kwintlanganiso") ** UHusting (kwi-Old Norse {{Lang|non|húsþing}} "intlanganiso yasekhaya") * IVeche (isuka kwi-Old East Slavic {{Lang|orv|věče}}, "ibhunga, isivumelwano") Nangona iindima ezithile zendlu yowiso-mthetho nganye zahluka ngokweendawo, zonke zinenjongo efanayo yokwanyula amagosa amele abameli babo nokumisela ofanelekileyo umthetho welizwe. == Imbali == Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisemthethweni zokuqala ezaziwayo yayingu-''I-Ecclesia'' yase-UmAthene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=128–130|oclc=961119208}}</ref> KwiMiddle Ages, iikumkani zaseYurophu zazinokubamba iindibano zobungangamsha, ezathi kamva ziguquka zaba zizanduleli zamalungu awenza imithetho namhlanje.<ref name=":0" /> Ezi zazidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-Estates. Ilungu elenza imithetho elidala kunawo onke elisekhoyo yi-Althing yase-Iceland, eyasekwa ngo-930 CE.<ref name="eu-oldest">{{Cite web|title=A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world|url=http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082348/http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-date=15 November 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017|website=europa.eu|publisher=The European Union}}</ref> == Imisebenzi == Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zedemokhrasi zinezinto ezintandathu eziphambili: ukumela, ukuxoxa, umthetho, ukugunyazisa inkcitho, ukwenza oorhulumente nokubeka iliso. <ref name=":0" /> === Ukumelwa === Kukho iindlela ezintlanu zokumelwa okunokufezekiswa kwisigqeba sesigqeba:<ref name=":0" /> * Ngokwesiko: indlela imithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho eqinisekisa ngayo ukumelwa kwabavoti; * Ngokomfuziselo: indlela abameli ababajonga ngayo abameli babo; * Inkcazo: indlela ukwakhiwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho ehambelana ngayo nenani labantu kuluntu ngokubanzi; * Ngokucacileyo: indlela abameli abasabela kakuhle ngayo kwiimfuno zabavoti babo; * Ngokudibeneyo: indlela abameli abamele kakuhle ngayo izinto ezifunwa luluntu luphela. === Ucingisiso === Enye yemisebenzi ephambili yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuxoxa ngemicimbi ebalulekileyo kuluntu.<ref name=":0" /> Lo msebenzi unokuba ngeendlela ezimbini. Xa kuxoxwa ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezifana nePalamente yase-I-United Kingdom, isibhengezo sendlu yowiso-mthetho sihlala sibona ingxoxo ephilayo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiinkundla ezisemthethweni ezisekwe kwiikomiti ezinje ngeNkomfa yaseUnited States, ukuxoxwa kweengxoxo kwenzeka kwiikomiti ezivaliweyo. <ref name=":0" /> === Umthetho === Nangona izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinegunya lokudala imithetho kuphela, ubukhulu bala mandla buxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo yezopolitiko. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho isitayile saseWestminster (ebunjwa yikhabhinethi) ngokuyintloko inokusebenzisa nawuphi na umthetho ewufunayo, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo inenani elininzi labameli emva kwayo, ilawulwe ngumlawuli weqela, ngelixa indlu yowiso-mthetho esekelwe kwiikomiti ikwilizwekazi laseYurophu kunye nezo zikwiinkqubo zoMongameli eMelika zinokuzimela ngakumbi ekuqulunqeni nasekulungiseni imigaqo-mthetho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=130–131|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ngokwe-thiyoremi yomvoti ophakathi imithetho ehambelana nembono yabavoti abaphakathi inyusa ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nicholas O.|date=2014|title=Elections and Alignment|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/clr114&id=303&div=&collection=|journal=Columbia Law Review|volume=114|page=283}}</ref> Ukwenza amaphulo okubongoza kunokuchaphazela idlu yowiso-mthetho kude neendlela zokuvota eziphakathi okanye ukwandisa ipolarization yezopolitiko. <ref name="z814">{{Cite journal|last=Bils|first=Peter|last2=Duggan|first2=John|last3=Judd|first3=Gleason|date=2021|title=Lobbying and policy extremism in repeated elections|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022053121000405|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=193|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2021.105223|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> === Ukugunyazisa inkcitho === Imvelaphi yamandla okulawula imali izindlu zowiso-mthetho zivame ukuba nawo xa evuma okanye esala uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukarhulumente, ibuyela emva kumaqumrhu ezikhulu zaseYurophu ze-nobel, ekufuneka iinkosi ziqhagamshelane nazo ngaphambi kokunyusa irhafu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=131–132|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ukuze eli gunya libe nempumelelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ikwazi ukulungisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ibe nenkqubo yeekomiti esebenzayo, ixesha elaneleyo lokuqwalasela kunye nokufikelela kulwazi olusemva.<ref name=":1" /> === Ukungahoywa === Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho indlu yowiso-mthetho inokubamba amagunya awongamelayo ukuba abe noxanduva. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeentetho, imibuzo, ukubuza imibuzo, ukuvota kokuthembela kunye nokwenziwa kweekomiti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Function of Oversight {{!}} Agora|url=https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/aoe/parliamentary-function-oversight|accessdate=2024-10-27|website=www.agora-parl.org}}</ref> Iipalamente zihlala ziqinisekiswa ngokugcina urhulumente womthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali karhulumente isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zikarhulumente zihlale zityhila kwaye zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zikwazi ukuxoxwa luluntu kunye nabameli balo.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba iinkqubo zepalamente okanye amaqela ezopolitiko apho iinkokeli zopolitiko zinokuchaphazela okanye zigqibe kwelokuba ngawaphi amalungu afumana imisebenzi ephezulu inokubangela ukuba amalungu eqela abe nesinyanzelo kwaye angabi nabugcisa bokukhokela.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba le nto ibonakala kakhulu ukuba ukhetho lwamalungu luxhomekeke kwinkxaso yeenkokeli zezopolitiko.<ref name=":2" /> === Umsebenzi kulawulo lolawulo olulawulayo === Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zedemokhrasi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphantsi kolawulo lobundlobongela zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo samandla ngokudibanisa iminqweno enokubakho phakathi kwabakhethiweyo, ezifezekiswayo ngoku: <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|oclc=961119208}}</ref> * Ukubonelela ngobulungisa; * Ukudibanisa abachasi kwinkqubo; * Ukubonelela ngenye indlela yokumelwa kweenjongo zangaphandle; * Ukunika indlela yokuqesha amalungu amatsha kwiqela elilawulayo; * Ukuba ngumjelo apho kunokuhanjiswa izikhalazo ezincinci kunye neenkcaso. == Umbutho wangaphakathi == Igumbi ngalinye lendlu yowiso-mthetho linamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yepalamente ukuxoxa ngemiba yezopolitiko kunye nokuvota kwimithetho ecetywayo. Kufuneka kubekho inani elithile labameli bomthetho abakhoyo ukuze benze le misebenzi; oku kubizwa ngokuba yi- quorum . Ezinye zeembopheleleko zegunya eliwisa imithetho, njengokuqwalasela kuqala umthetho osandula ukuphakanyiswa zidluliselwa kwiikomiti ezenziwe ngamalungu ambalwa egumbi. Amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho adla ngokumela amaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo, amalungu avela kwiqela ngalinye ngokuqhelekileyo ahlangana njengeqela ukuze alungelelanise imicimbi yawo yangaphakathi. Abasebenzi beenkqubo zowiso-mthetho banceda abameli bezomthetho, kodwa banokuzisa ukucalulwa kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo. <ref name="e367">{{Cite journal|last=Hertel-Fernandez|first=Alexander|last2=Mildenberger|first2=Matto|last3=Stokes|first3=Leah C.|date=2019|title=Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000606/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=113|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000606|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref> == Ulwalamano namanye amasebe karhulumente == [[File:Separation_of_powers_(EN).png|thumb| Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya : umthetho, ulawulo (urhulumente) kunye neenkundla zomthetho .]] Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zahluka kakhulu kubungakanani bamandla ezopolitiko ezinawo, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abadlali bezopolitiko abafana neenkundla zomthetho, imikhosi, kunye nabaphathi . Ngowama-2009, izazinzulu zezopolitiko uM. Steven Fish kunye noMatthew Kroenig bakha isalathisi samandla ePalamente bezama ukubala amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe. I -Bundestag yaseJamani, iPalamente yase-Itali, kunye ne -Great Khural yaseMongolia zibambene noyena unamandla, ngelixa iNdlu yabaMeli yaseMyanmar kunye ne -Transitional Federal Assembly yaseSomalia (ekuqaleni yathatyathelwa indawo yiPalamente yaseSomalia ) zibambene noyena unamandla. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=M. Steven|title=The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey|last2=Kroenig|first2=Matthew|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-51466-8}}</ref> Ezinye iinkqubo zezopolitiko zilandela umgaqo wokuba umthetho uphezulu, othi umthetho wepalamente lisebe eliphezulu likarhulumente kwaye alinakubotshelelwa zezinye iziko, ezifana nesebe lezomthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Inkqubo enjalo yenza umthetho ube namandla ngakumbi. Kwiinkqubo [[Rhulumente|zikarhulumente]] zepalamente kunye nezobumongameli obuphantsi, ulawulo lunoxanduva kwipalamente, enokuthi iyisuse ngevoti yokungathembi . Kwelinye icala, ngokwemfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamandla, umthetho kwinkqubo kamongameli uthathwa njengesebe likarhulumente elizimeleyo nelilinganayo kunye necandelo lezomthetho kunye nelilawulayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)|url=http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017164441/http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-date=17 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli zibonelela ngokugxothwa kwabaphathi ngenxa yokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye okuchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amaxesha iiNdlu zoWiso-mthetho ziya kudlulisela amandla azo owiso-mthetho kwiiarhente zolawulo okanye zolawulo . == Amalungu == IziNdlu zoWiso-mthetho zenziwe ngamalungu ngamanye, aziwa ngokuba ngabameli-mthetho, abavotela imithetho ecetywayo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho idla ngokuba nenani elimiselweyo labameli bomthetho; kuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zihlala zihlangana kwigumbi elithile elizaliswe zizihlalo zabameli bomthetho, oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengenani "lezihlalo" ezikuyo. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho enezihlalo ezili-100 inamalungu ali-100. Ngolwandiso, isithili sonyulo esikhetha ummisi-mthetho omnye sinokuchazwa njenge "sihlalo", umz., kumabinzana athi " isihlalo esikhuselekileyo " kunye " nesihlalo esingaphantsi ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Terminology|url=https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305170310/https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|archive-date=5 March 2022|accessdate=6 March 2022|website=Parliament of Tasmania}}</ref> Emva konyulo, amalungu anokukhuselwa kukungakhuseleki kwipalamente okanye ilungelo lepalamente, nokuba kuzo zonke izenzo ixesha labo lonke, okanye kuphela ezo zinxulumene nemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho. == Iikhamera == [[File:BMR_palaciolegislativo19@0.jpg|thumb|301x301px| INdibano Jikelele yase-Uruguay, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yelizwe, idibana kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho .]] [[File:House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.png|right|thumb|200x200px| INdlu yeeNgwevu yaseBritane, indlu yayo esezantsi]] [[File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I -Bundestag [[IJamani|yaseJamani]], indlu yayo engaphantsi yethiyori]] [[File:Senate_panorama.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I- Australian Senate, indlu yayo ephezulu]] Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaxoxa kwaye ivote ngemithetho njengeyunithi enye, okanye inokwenziwa ziindibano ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo kuquka <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">iindlu zomthetho</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwAiM">iindlu zengxoxo</i></nowiki>, kunye ''neendlu'', ezixoxa kwaye zivote ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zinamandla ahlukeneyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho esebenza njengeyunithi enye inendawo enye, enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini inendawo ezimbini, kwaye enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amathathu inendawo ezintathu . Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini, elinye igumbi lidla ngokuthathwa njengendlu ephezulu, ngelixa elinye lithathwa njengendlu esezantsi . Ezi ntlobo zimbini azihlukanga kangako, kodwa amalungu ezindlu eziphezulu adla ngokunyulwa okanye ukumiselwa ngokungathanga ngqo endaweni yokunyulwa ngokuthe ngqo, adla ngokwabelwa ngamacandelo olawulo endaweni yokwabiwa ngabantu, kwaye adla ngokuba nexesha elide kunamalungu endlu esezantsi. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ingakumbi iinkqubo zepalamente, indlu ephezulu inamandla amancinci kwaye idla ngokuba nendima yokucebisa, kodwa kwezinye, ingakumbi iinkqubo zomongameli karhulumente, indlu ephezulu inamandla alinganayo okanye amakhulu. Kwimibutho elawulayo, indlu ephezulu idla ngokumela amazwe ayinxalenye yombutho. Oku kunjalo nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho engaphaya kwelizwe yeManyano yaseYurophu . Indlu ephezulu isenokuba nabameli boorhulumente bamazwe – njengakwiManyano yaseYurophu naseJamani, nangaphambi kowe-1913, eMelika – okanye unyulwe ngokwefomula enika ukumelwa okulinganayo kumazwe anabantu abancinci, njengoko kunjalo e-Australia nase-United States ukususela ngo-1913. Iipalamente ezinamasebe amathathu zinqabile; iBhunga likaRhuluneli waseMassachusetts lisekho, kodwa umzekelo wamva nje wesizwe wawukho kwiminyaka yokuphela kolawulo lwabamhlophe [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]] . Imithetho yeTetracameral ayisekho, kodwa yayisetyenziswa ngaphambili eScandinavia. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ekuphela kwayo eyayinamagumbi amaninzi angaphezu kwamane yayiyiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseYugoslavia ; eyasekwa okokuqala njengequmrhu lePentacameral ngo-1963, yaguqulwa yaba liqumrhu elinamacabdelo amathathu ngo-1967. == Ubungakanani == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />Iindlu zomthetho zahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu bazo. Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, iNational People's Congress yaseTshayina yeyona inkulu inamalungu angama-2,980, <ref name="IPU">{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: "General information" module|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806150648/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|archive-date=6 August 2017|accessdate=30 April 2019|website=IPU Parline Database|publisher=International Parliamentary Union}}</ref> ngelixa [[EsikaPhapha|iVatican City]] Pontifical Commission yeyona incinci inamalungu asi-7. <ref name="Vatican size">{{Cite web|title=Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125161949/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|archive-date=25 November 2018|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Akukho nanye kwezi ndlu yowiso-mthetho ekhethwa ngokwentando yesininzi: Amalungu eKomishini yobuPonti anyulwa nguPopu kwaye iNational People's Congress ikhethwa ngokungathanga ngqo phantsi komxholo worhulumente weqela elinye . <ref name="IPU" /> <ref name="vatican">{{Cite web|last=Pope John Paul II|authorlink=Pope John Paul II|date=26 November 2000|title=Fundamental Law of Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203911/http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Ubukhulu bendlu yowiso-mthetho bubandakanya ukulinganisa umahluko phakathi kokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokumelwa kwabantu; okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho incinci, kokukhona inokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho inkulu, kokukhona inokumela ngcono ukwahlukahlukana kwezopolitiko kwabantu bayo. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe lufumanise ukuba ubungakanani bendlu esezantsi yelizwe buhlala bulingana nengcambu yetyhubhu yabemi balo; oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bendlu esezantsi buhlala bukhula kunye nabemi, kodwa kancinci kakhulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frederick|first=Brian|date=December 2009|title=Not Quite a Full House: The Case for Enlarging the House of Representatives|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1257&context=br_rev|url-status=live|journal=Bridgewater Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428223222/https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1257&context=br_rev|archive-date=28 April 2020|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Uluhlu lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokwamazwe * Uluhlu lwezakhiwo zomthetho * Umzobo wokwahlulwa konyulo * Umthetho osekelwe kubungqina * Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == === Iincwadi === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> === Izahluko zeencwadi === {{Reflist}} === Iingxelo zejenali === <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Imibhalo esemazantsi === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lzeivw1fpn8brueqmnbsv4msnj698or 42318 42317 2026-10-24T15:16:07Z Emtee04 16527 42318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}[[File:Budapest_Parlament_2013.jpg|thumb|IHolo yePalamente yaseHungary, okanye iOrszágház, apho iNdlu yowiso-mthetho yaseHungarian, iNdlu yeZwelonke yaseHungari, idibana khona.]] [[File:London_Parlament-20090730-RM-110352.jpg|thumb| Ibhotwe laseWestminster, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yase-United Kingdom, iPalamente yase-United Kingdom, idibana khona.]] [[File:Palazzo_Madama_(Roma).jpg|thumb| IPalazzo Madama sisihlalo sendlu ephezulu yePalamente yase-Itali, iSenethi yeRiphabliki .]] [[File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg|thumb| I- United States Capitol, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho wombuso yase-United States, i- United States Congress, idibana khona.]] '''Indlu yowiso-mthetho''' yindibano yengxoxo esicebisayo enegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza [[umthetho]] kunye nokubeka iliso kwezopolitiko ngaphakathi kobume bezopolitiko njengombuso, isizwe okanye [[City|isixeko]]. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphakathi kwamaziko aphambili [[Sovereign state|karhulumente]], ngokuqhelekileyo zithelekiswa namaziko ezomthetho nezobulungisa. Zingaba khona kumazinga ahlukeneyo olawulo aquka olukazwelonke, olungaphantsi kwelizwe (lwelizwe, iphondo okanye lo mmandla), olwasekhaya okanye olungaphezulu kwelizwe njengaseYurophu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko, imithetho eyenziwa ngamasebe awenza imithetho ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho ophambili. La masebe anokwenza imisebenzi yokongamela, eyolawulo lohlalo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neyokumela abantu. Amalungu alamasebe aziwa njengabenzi bomthetho anokunyulwa, akhethwwe ngokungangqalanga okanye atyunjwe, kananjalo lamasebe anokuba nendlu enye, izindlu ezimbini okanye izindlu ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abekwe ngayo ngokomgaqo-siseko. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezibonisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yomgaqo-siseko yamandla apho amazwe ahlelwe khona. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa indlela zowiso-mthetho ezahluke ngayo kungekuphela nje kwisakhiwo nomsebenzi, kodwa nakwimiba yazo yomgaqo-siseko namanye amaziko karhulumente kunye nakwizimvo zobukhosi namandla awaxhasayo. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo ziipalamente ezisebenza phantsi kokudibana kwamandla phakathi kolawulo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho; ii-nkomfa, ezisebenza phantsi kokwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente azimeleyo. Kwezi nkqubo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlukaniswa ngokwasemthethweni namanye amasebe kwaye iineendlela ezincinci zokuphembelela imisebenzi yawo. Izikhungo eziphezulu zikaRhulumente, ezifumaneka kumazwe amakomanisi ezisebenza ngokwemfundiso yegunya elimanyeneyo ezenza ukuba amagunya omlawuli, ezomthetho, ezomgwebo kunye nawo onke amanye amagunya karhulumente abe kwiziko eliphakamileyo likarhulumente lamandla, kunye namaziko angaphantsi enza imisebenzi ethunyelweyo ngaphakathi kohlulo lomsebenzi oluchazwe kumgaqo-siseko phakathi kwezikhungo zikarhulumente. == Iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho == Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezilungelelanisiweyo, kukho ezimbini: [[Ipalamente|iipalamente]] kunye neenkundla zowiso-mthetho zenkomfa. Ngokungafaniyo nepalamente, akukho migaqo evunyiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo yezikhungo ezisemthethweni kwiidemokrasi ezingezizo ezasepalamente. [3]IiPalamente zikho kumazwe asebenzisa ukudibanisa amagunya, ngoxa iinkomfa zikhona kumazwe asebenzisa ukwahlula amagunya. Kukho nezinye iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinje ngamagunya aphakamileyo karhulumente (SSOP) kumazwe amakomanisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yamandla amanyeneyo. [4]Iindidi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zichazwe, njengoko kuboniswe, yinkqubo yamandla ezopolitiko ezisebenza kuyo. Le migaqo yamandla ithi into ethile malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankathelo kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iParliament yaseUnited Kingdom ithetha ukuba isebenzisa ukudityaniswa kwamandla, ngelixa iCongress of the Union yaseMexico ixelela ukuba [[Mexico|IMexico]] isebenzisa ukwahlukana kwamandla. [5]Ngokutsho kwesikolo uAmie Kreppel, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwahlula phakathi kohlobo lwesishwankathelo lolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankqubo kunye nesigqeba sesigqeba. [6] === IPalamente === Kumazwe anedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo asebenzisa idemokhrasi yepalamente, urhulumente okwimo yenkulumbuso kunye nekhabhinethi unyulwa yipalamente. Amalungu karhulumente anyulwa ngaphakathi kumalungu epalamente. Ukongeza, nangona lilungu elizimeleyo ngokweziko, urhulumente unoxanduva kwipalamente. Oko kuthetha ukuba ipalamente ingamsusa urhulumente njengoko ibona kufanelekile, nokuba iziphumo zonyulo zithini. Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kukarhulumente yindlu yowiso-mthetho kunokukhokelela kunyulo lwangethuba kwaye kubangele ukuba zombini ezi zikhundla ziphulukane namandla kunyulo oluzayo. Ngoko ke, ubudlelwane phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye norhulumente kwidemokhrasi yepalamente bubonakaliswa kukuxhomekeka kumacala omabini. [ 6 ] === INkomfa === {{Reflist}}Imida phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngokwahlulwa kweenkqubo zamandla. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente, kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwamandla, intloko yelizwe kunye nentloko karhulumente zidityanisiwe zabe lisebe elilawulayo kwiofisi kamongameli . Kwakhona, ukuze kucaciswe umda weziko ngakumbi, umongameli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho yepalamente banyulwa kunyulo olwahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, amandla epalamente okususa ulawulo oluphezulu anqongophele. Ingakhuthaza, [[IYunayithedi Steyitsi|njengaseMelika]], ukuba kususwe umphathi, kodwa oko kuthathwa njengenyathelo elithathwa kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. [ 7 ] === Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Amazwe obuKomanisi aseka ii-SSOP, kwaye ngokusesikweni, la malungu ngawona maziko karhulumente anamandla kakhulu kwilizwe lawo. Ekubeni ingumnini wamandla adibeneyo karhulumente, i-SSOP ithintelwe kuphela yimida eyibeke ngokwayo ngamaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko nawomthetho eyawamkelayo. Umzekelo, eChina, ngokutsho kwengcali yezomthetho yaseChina uZhou Fang, "amandla eNational People's Congress njenge-[SSOP] awanamda, igunya lawo lifikelela kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, linokungenelela kuyo nayiphi na into eliyifumana iyimfuneko ukuyenza." [ 8 ] Ngokukodwa, ngokutsho kweengcali zomthetho zaseChina uXu Chongde noNiu Wenzhan, "ezinye iziphathamandla zeLizwe eliPhakathi zidalwe yi-SSOP yaseChina kwaye ziphumeza imithetho nezigqibo ezenziwe yi-SSOP yaseChina." [ 9 ] Ngokutsho komphengululi uGeorg Brunner, oku kubonisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ichaza amandla omgaqo-siseko ongenamkhawulo karhulumente, yaye ngokungathanga ngqo, loo mandla aliqela lamaKomanisi alawulayo. Ukholelwa ukuba oku bubungqina bokuba ingcamango yedemokhrasi yentsusa yolawulo lomthetho ayinakulungelelaniswa nemigaqo-siseko yamazwe amakomanisi kuba isekwe kulwalamano oluphikisanayo phakathi komthetho kunye nezopolitiko. [10]Ngaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo woluntu woluntu, iinkqubo zopolitiko zinqunyanyiswa yimigaqo yomthetho egcinwa ziinkundla ezimeleyo kwaye zibonwa ngokubanzi kwaye zingabi ziingcamango. [11]Oku kuthetha ukuba abo banegunya lezopolitiko babotshelelwa ngumthetho, yaye loo mthetho unempembelelo enkulu kunezopolitiko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ibeka ubukhulu bezopolitiko phezu kwegunya lezomthetho ekubeni igunya lezomthetho likwabonwa njengendlela yamandla ezopolitiko. Oko kuthetha ukuba amazwe amaKomanisi ngokufanelekileyo alawula amandla ezobulungisa kumandla ezopolitiko e-SSOP (igunya eliphakamileyo lezobulungisa lincinci kwaye liphendula kwi-SSOP).[12]AmaMarxist-Leninists athi yindlu yowiso-mthetho kungekho zigwebo zenkundla kuphela umthombo womthetho osebenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, iMarxism-Leninism iyala ukwahlula amandla, kodwa ixhasa ukwahlula uxanduva lukarhulumente ngokuhambelana nomgaqo ukwahlula umsebenzi. [13]Amanye amaziko karhulumente athatha amagunya awo kwi-SSOP kwaye ayaphantsi kwayo. [14] == Isigama == [[File:Legislature_terminology.svg|right|thumb|300x300px| Imephu ebonisa isigama sendlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe ngalinye ngesiNgesi<br /><br /><br /><br /> ]] Igama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kumbutho wezobulungisa liyahluka ngokwelizwe. Amagama aqhelekileyo aquka: * Indibano (evela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|asemblee}}, jonga i-assemble) * ICongress (isuka kwiLatin {{Lang|la|congressum}}, "ebesele behambe kunye") * IBhunga (elivela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|concilium}}, "ukubiza kunye, ukumanyanisa") * Ukutya (kusuka kwi-Ancient Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|díaita}}, "indlela yokuphila, ingxoxo, isigqibo") * Iifa okanye iiStates (ezivela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|estat}}, "imeko, imeko, imeko") * [[Ipalamente|IPalamente]] (evela {{Lang|fr|parlement}} yaseFransi yakudala, "ukuthetha") * Igunya lesizwe esiPhakamileyo (njengakwigunya lesizwe esiphakamileyo) Ngamagama: * Indlu yamaSekela * Indlu yabameli * Indlu yeNdibano * Indlu yeeNkosi * Indlu yabaMeli * Indlu yowiso-mthetho * Ibhunga lowiso-mthetho * INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe * I-Senate Ngokweelwimi: * UCortes (ovela kwiSpanish {{Lang|es|cortes}} "iinkundla") * UDuma (ovela kwi {{Lang|ru-latn|dúma}} yesiRashiya "ingcinga") * I-Knesset (ivela kwisiHebhere {{Lang|he-latn|k'néset}}, "intlanganiso") * I-Majlis (ivela kwi {{Lang|ar-latn|majlis}} yesiArabhu), "Igumbi lokuhlala") * I-Oireachtas (Ukusuka kwi-Irish ''airecht/oireacht'', "indibano yeengxoxo yama-freemen") * I-Rada (ivela kwi {{Lang|pl|rada}} yasePoland, "'ingcebiso, isigqibo') * IBundestag (esuka {{Lang|de|Bundestag}} yaseJamani, "indibano yombuso") ** I-Landtag (evela kwi-German {{Lang|de|Landtag}}, "indibano yelizwe") * ISansad (isuka kwisiSanskrit {{Lang|sa-latn|saṃsada}} "indibano") * ISejm (ivela {{Lang|pl|sejm}} yasePoland, "thabatha kunye, indibano") * iSoviet (evela {{Lang|ru-latn|sovét}} yaseRashiya "ibhunga") * Into (isuka kwiProto-Germanic ''*þingą'', "intlanganiso, umcimbi oxoxwa kwintlanganiso") ** UHusting (kwi-Old Norse {{Lang|non|húsþing}} "intlanganiso yasekhaya") * IVeche (isuka kwi-Old East Slavic {{Lang|orv|věče}}, "ibhunga, isivumelwano") Nangona iindima ezithile zendlu yowiso-mthetho nganye zahluka ngokweendawo, zonke zinenjongo efanayo yokwanyula amagosa amele abameli babo nokumisela ofanelekileyo umthetho welizwe. == Imbali == Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisemthethweni zokuqala ezaziwayo yayingu-''I-Ecclesia'' yase-UmAthene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=128–130|oclc=961119208}}</ref> KwiMiddle Ages, iikumkani zaseYurophu zazinokubamba iindibano zobungangamsha, ezathi kamva ziguquka zaba zizanduleli zamalungu awenza imithetho namhlanje.<ref name=":0" /> Ezi zazidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-Estates. Ilungu elenza imithetho elidala kunawo onke elisekhoyo yi-Althing yase-Iceland, eyasekwa ngo-930 CE.<ref name="eu-oldest">{{Cite web|title=A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world|url=http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082348/http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-date=15 November 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017|website=europa.eu|publisher=The European Union}}</ref> == Imisebenzi == Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zedemokhrasi zinezinto ezintandathu eziphambili: ukumela, ukuxoxa, umthetho, ukugunyazisa inkcitho, ukwenza oorhulumente nokubeka iliso. <ref name=":0" /> === Ukumelwa === Kukho iindlela ezintlanu zokumelwa okunokufezekiswa kwisigqeba sesigqeba:<ref name=":0" /> * Ngokwesiko: indlela imithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho eqinisekisa ngayo ukumelwa kwabavoti; * Ngokomfuziselo: indlela abameli ababajonga ngayo abameli babo; * Inkcazo: indlela ukwakhiwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho ehambelana ngayo nenani labantu kuluntu ngokubanzi; * Ngokucacileyo: indlela abameli abasabela kakuhle ngayo kwiimfuno zabavoti babo; * Ngokudibeneyo: indlela abameli abamele kakuhle ngayo izinto ezifunwa luluntu luphela. === Ucingisiso === Enye yemisebenzi ephambili yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuxoxa ngemicimbi ebalulekileyo kuluntu.<ref name=":0" /> Lo msebenzi unokuba ngeendlela ezimbini. Xa kuxoxwa ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezifana nePalamente yase-I-United Kingdom, isibhengezo sendlu yowiso-mthetho sihlala sibona ingxoxo ephilayo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiinkundla ezisemthethweni ezisekwe kwiikomiti ezinje ngeNkomfa yaseUnited States, ukuxoxwa kweengxoxo kwenzeka kwiikomiti ezivaliweyo. <ref name=":0" /> === Umthetho === Nangona izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinegunya lokudala imithetho kuphela, ubukhulu bala mandla buxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo yezopolitiko. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho isitayile saseWestminster (ebunjwa yikhabhinethi) ngokuyintloko inokusebenzisa nawuphi na umthetho ewufunayo, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo inenani elininzi labameli emva kwayo, ilawulwe ngumlawuli weqela, ngelixa indlu yowiso-mthetho esekelwe kwiikomiti ikwilizwekazi laseYurophu kunye nezo zikwiinkqubo zoMongameli eMelika zinokuzimela ngakumbi ekuqulunqeni nasekulungiseni imigaqo-mthetho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=130–131|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ngokwe-thiyoremi yomvoti ophakathi imithetho ehambelana nembono yabavoti abaphakathi inyusa ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nicholas O.|date=2014|title=Elections and Alignment|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/clr114&id=303&div=&collection=|journal=Columbia Law Review|volume=114|page=283}}</ref> Ukwenza amaphulo okubongoza kunokuchaphazela idlu yowiso-mthetho kude neendlela zokuvota eziphakathi okanye ukwandisa ipolarization yezopolitiko. <ref name="z814">{{Cite journal|last=Bils|first=Peter|last2=Duggan|first2=John|last3=Judd|first3=Gleason|date=2021|title=Lobbying and policy extremism in repeated elections|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022053121000405|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=193|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2021.105223|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> === Ukugunyazisa inkcitho === Imvelaphi yamandla okulawula imali izindlu zowiso-mthetho zivame ukuba nawo xa evuma okanye esala uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukarhulumente, ibuyela emva kumaqumrhu ezikhulu zaseYurophu ze-nobel, ekufuneka iinkosi ziqhagamshelane nazo ngaphambi kokunyusa irhafu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=131–132|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ukuze eli gunya libe nempumelelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ikwazi ukulungisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ibe nenkqubo yeekomiti esebenzayo, ixesha elaneleyo lokuqwalasela kunye nokufikelela kulwazi olusemva.<ref name=":1" /> === Ukungahoywa === Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho indlu yowiso-mthetho inokubamba amagunya awongamelayo ukuba abe noxanduva. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeentetho, imibuzo, ukubuza imibuzo, ukuvota kokuthembela kunye nokwenziwa kweekomiti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Function of Oversight {{!}} Agora|url=https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/aoe/parliamentary-function-oversight|accessdate=2024-10-27|website=www.agora-parl.org}}</ref> Iipalamente zihlala ziqinisekiswa ngokugcina urhulumente womthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali karhulumente isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zikarhulumente zihlale zityhila kwaye zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zikwazi ukuxoxwa luluntu kunye nabameli balo.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba iinkqubo zepalamente okanye amaqela ezopolitiko apho iinkokeli zopolitiko zinokuchaphazela okanye zigqibe kwelokuba ngawaphi amalungu afumana imisebenzi ephezulu inokubangela ukuba amalungu eqela abe nesinyanzelo kwaye angabi nabugcisa bokukhokela.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba le nto ibonakala kakhulu ukuba ukhetho lwamalungu luxhomekeke kwinkxaso yeenkokeli zezopolitiko.<ref name=":2" /> === Umsebenzi kulawulo lolawulo olulawulayo === Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zedemokhrasi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphantsi kolawulo lobundlobongela zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo samandla ngokudibanisa iminqweno enokubakho phakathi kwabakhethiweyo, ezifezekiswayo ngoku: <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|oclc=961119208}}</ref> * Ukubonelela ngobulungisa; * Ukudibanisa abachasi kwinkqubo; * Ukubonelela ngenye indlela yokumelwa kweenjongo zangaphandle; * Ukunika indlela yokuqesha amalungu amatsha kwiqela elilawulayo; * Ukuba ngumjelo apho kunokuhanjiswa izikhalazo ezincinci kunye neenkcaso. == Umbutho wangaphakathi == Igumbi ngalinye lendlu yowiso-mthetho linamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yepalamente ukuxoxa ngemiba yezopolitiko kunye nokuvota kwimithetho ecetywayo. Kufuneka kubekho inani elithile labameli bomthetho abakhoyo ukuze benze le misebenzi; oku kubizwa ngokuba yi- quorum . Ezinye zeembopheleleko zegunya eliwisa imithetho, njengokuqwalasela kuqala umthetho osandula ukuphakanyiswa zidluliselwa kwiikomiti ezenziwe ngamalungu ambalwa egumbi. Amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho adla ngokumela amaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo, amalungu avela kwiqela ngalinye ngokuqhelekileyo ahlangana njengeqela ukuze alungelelanise imicimbi yawo yangaphakathi. Abasebenzi beenkqubo zowiso-mthetho banceda abameli bezomthetho, kodwa banokuzisa ukucalulwa kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo. <ref name="e367">{{Cite journal|last=Hertel-Fernandez|first=Alexander|last2=Mildenberger|first2=Matto|last3=Stokes|first3=Leah C.|date=2019|title=Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000606/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=113|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000606|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref> == Ulwalamano namanye amasebe karhulumente == [[File:Separation_of_powers_(EN).png|thumb| Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya : umthetho, ulawulo (urhulumente) kunye neenkundla zomthetho .]] Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zahluka kakhulu kubungakanani bamandla ezopolitiko ezinawo, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abadlali bezopolitiko abafana neenkundla zomthetho, imikhosi, kunye nabaphathi . Ngowama-2009, izazinzulu zezopolitiko uM. Steven Fish kunye noMatthew Kroenig bakha isalathisi samandla ePalamente bezama ukubala amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe. I -Bundestag yaseJamani, iPalamente yase-Itali, kunye ne -Great Khural yaseMongolia zibambene noyena unamandla, ngelixa iNdlu yabaMeli yaseMyanmar kunye ne -Transitional Federal Assembly yaseSomalia (ekuqaleni yathatyathelwa indawo yiPalamente yaseSomalia ) zibambene noyena unamandla. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=M. Steven|title=The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey|last2=Kroenig|first2=Matthew|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-51466-8}}</ref> Ezinye iinkqubo zezopolitiko zilandela umgaqo wokuba umthetho uphezulu, othi umthetho wepalamente lisebe eliphezulu likarhulumente kwaye alinakubotshelelwa zezinye iziko, ezifana nesebe lezomthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Inkqubo enjalo yenza umthetho ube namandla ngakumbi. Kwiinkqubo [[Rhulumente|zikarhulumente]] zepalamente kunye nezobumongameli obuphantsi, ulawulo lunoxanduva kwipalamente, enokuthi iyisuse ngevoti yokungathembi . Kwelinye icala, ngokwemfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamandla, umthetho kwinkqubo kamongameli uthathwa njengesebe likarhulumente elizimeleyo nelilinganayo kunye necandelo lezomthetho kunye nelilawulayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)|url=http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017164441/http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-date=17 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli zibonelela ngokugxothwa kwabaphathi ngenxa yokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye okuchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amaxesha iiNdlu zoWiso-mthetho ziya kudlulisela amandla azo owiso-mthetho kwiiarhente zolawulo okanye zolawulo . == Amalungu == IziNdlu zoWiso-mthetho zenziwe ngamalungu ngamanye, aziwa ngokuba ngabameli-mthetho, abavotela imithetho ecetywayo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho idla ngokuba nenani elimiselweyo labameli bomthetho; kuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zihlala zihlangana kwigumbi elithile elizaliswe zizihlalo zabameli bomthetho, oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengenani "lezihlalo" ezikuyo. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho enezihlalo ezili-100 inamalungu ali-100. Ngolwandiso, isithili sonyulo esikhetha ummisi-mthetho omnye sinokuchazwa njenge "sihlalo", umz., kumabinzana athi " isihlalo esikhuselekileyo " kunye " nesihlalo esingaphantsi ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Terminology|url=https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305170310/https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|archive-date=5 March 2022|accessdate=6 March 2022|website=Parliament of Tasmania}}</ref> Emva konyulo, amalungu anokukhuselwa kukungakhuseleki kwipalamente okanye ilungelo lepalamente, nokuba kuzo zonke izenzo ixesha labo lonke, okanye kuphela ezo zinxulumene nemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho. == Iikhamera == [[File:BMR_palaciolegislativo19@0.jpg|thumb|301x301px| INdibano Jikelele yase-Uruguay, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yelizwe, idibana kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho .]] [[File:House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.png|right|thumb|200x200px| INdlu yeeNgwevu yaseBritane, indlu yayo esezantsi]] [[File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I -Bundestag [[IJamani|yaseJamani]], indlu yayo engaphantsi yethiyori]] [[File:Senate_panorama.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I- Australian Senate, indlu yayo ephezulu]] Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaxoxa kwaye ivote ngemithetho njengeyunithi enye, okanye inokwenziwa ziindibano ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo kuquka <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">iindlu zomthetho</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwAiM">iindlu zengxoxo</i></nowiki>, kunye ''neendlu'', ezixoxa kwaye zivote ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zinamandla ahlukeneyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho esebenza njengeyunithi enye inendawo enye, enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini inendawo ezimbini, kwaye enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amathathu inendawo ezintathu . Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini, elinye igumbi lidla ngokuthathwa njengendlu ephezulu, ngelixa elinye lithathwa njengendlu esezantsi . Ezi ntlobo zimbini azihlukanga kangako, kodwa amalungu ezindlu eziphezulu adla ngokunyulwa okanye ukumiselwa ngokungathanga ngqo endaweni yokunyulwa ngokuthe ngqo, adla ngokwabelwa ngamacandelo olawulo endaweni yokwabiwa ngabantu, kwaye adla ngokuba nexesha elide kunamalungu endlu esezantsi. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ingakumbi iinkqubo zepalamente, indlu ephezulu inamandla amancinci kwaye idla ngokuba nendima yokucebisa, kodwa kwezinye, ingakumbi iinkqubo zomongameli karhulumente, indlu ephezulu inamandla alinganayo okanye amakhulu. Kwimibutho elawulayo, indlu ephezulu idla ngokumela amazwe ayinxalenye yombutho. Oku kunjalo nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho engaphaya kwelizwe yeManyano yaseYurophu . Indlu ephezulu isenokuba nabameli boorhulumente bamazwe – njengakwiManyano yaseYurophu naseJamani, nangaphambi kowe-1913, eMelika – okanye unyulwe ngokwefomula enika ukumelwa okulinganayo kumazwe anabantu abancinci, njengoko kunjalo e-Australia nase-United States ukususela ngo-1913. Iipalamente ezinamasebe amathathu zinqabile; iBhunga likaRhuluneli waseMassachusetts lisekho, kodwa umzekelo wamva nje wesizwe wawukho kwiminyaka yokuphela kolawulo lwabamhlophe [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]] . Imithetho yeTetracameral ayisekho, kodwa yayisetyenziswa ngaphambili eScandinavia. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ekuphela kwayo eyayinamagumbi amaninzi angaphezu kwamane yayiyiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseYugoslavia ; eyasekwa okokuqala njengequmrhu lePentacameral ngo-1963, yaguqulwa yaba liqumrhu elinamacabdelo amathathu ngo-1967. == Ubungakanani == Iindlu zomthetho zahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu bazo. Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, iNational People's Congress yaseTshayina yeyona inkulu inamalungu angama-2,980, <ref name="IPU">{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: "General information" module|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806150648/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|archive-date=6 August 2017|accessdate=30 April 2019|website=IPU Parline Database|publisher=International Parliamentary Union}}</ref> ngelixa [[EsikaPhapha|iVatican City]] Pontifical Commission yeyona incinci inamalungu asi-7. <ref name="Vatican size">{{Cite web|title=Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125161949/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|archive-date=25 November 2018|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Akukho nanye kwezi ndlu yowiso-mthetho ekhethwa ngokwentando yesininzi: Amalungu eKomishini yobuPonti anyulwa nguPopu kwaye iNational People's Congress ikhethwa ngokungathanga ngqo phantsi komxholo worhulumente weqela elinye . <ref name="IPU" /> <ref name="vatican">{{Cite web|last=Pope John Paul II|authorlink=Pope John Paul II|date=26 November 2000|title=Fundamental Law of Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203911/http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Ubukhulu bendlu yowiso-mthetho bubandakanya ukulinganisa umahluko phakathi kokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokumelwa kwabantu; okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho incinci, kokukhona inokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho inkulu, kokukhona inokumela ngcono ukwahlukahlukana kwezopolitiko kwabantu bayo. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe lufumanise ukuba ubungakanani bendlu esezantsi yelizwe buhlala bulingana nengcambu yetyhubhu yabemi balo; oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bendlu esezantsi buhlala bukhula kunye nabemi, kodwa kancinci kakhulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frederick|first=Brian|date=December 2009|title=Not Quite a Full House: The Case for Enlarging the House of Representatives|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1257&context=br_rev|url-status=live|journal=Bridgewater Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428223222/https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1257&context=br_rev|archive-date=28 April 2020|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == * Uluhlu lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokwamazwe * Uluhlu lwezakhiwo zomthetho * Umzobo wokwahlulwa konyulo * Umthetho osekelwe kubungqina * Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == === Iincwadi === === Izahluko zeencwadi === {{Reflist}} === Iingxelo zejenali === === Imibhalo esemazantsi === {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 96i38oy2lao47yxrg00iddutvndjkep Ilolo 0 9401 42327 2026-10-24T18:14:16Z Emtee04 16527 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372579767|Loner]]" 42327 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ilolo''' ngumntu ochazwa njengomntu ongafuniyo ukufumana nto, ophepha ngokubonakalayo okanye ongakwaziyo ukugcina ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Zininzi izizathu ezinokubangela ukuba umntu abe yedwa. Izizathu ezenziwe ngabom ziquka ukuthanda ukuba wedwa, ubuqhetseba, ngokomoya, inkolo okanye iingqwalasela zobuqu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2007|title=Review of Losers, Loners, and Rebels|url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/losers-loners-and-rebels/|accessdate=30 October 2018|publisher=[[Foreword Reviews]]}}</ref> Izizathu ezingenzelwanga ngabom zibandakanya uvakalelo oluphezulu okanye ukuba neentloni. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zobulolo kwaye abantu abahlangabezana neemeko zokubizwa ngokuba ngamalolo badla ngokuziqhelanisa noluntu nabanye abantu ngelixa bebonisa inqanaba eliguqukayo lokuthanda ukuba bodwa elibenza bafune ukuzimela ngamaxesha athile. == Isigama == Ngokutsho kwezentlalo kunye nemibutho, igama langoku elithi ilolo linokusetyenziswa kwimeko yenkolelo yokuba abantu zizidalwa zentlalo kwaye abo bangathathi inxaxheba bayaphambuka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The American Spectator : A Defense of Quiet Loners|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2009/05/14/a-defense-of-quiet-loners|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517105419/http://spectator.org/archives/2009/05/14/a-defense-of-quiet-loners|archive-date=2009-05-17|accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=coffeenexg|date=2009-01-26|title=You're Not Alone, You're Just a Loner|url=http://mothershandbook.net/2009/01/26/youre-not-alone-youre-just-a-loner/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204130845/http://mothershandbook.net/2009/01/26/youre-not-alone-youre-just-a-loner/|archive-date=February 4, 2009|accessdate=2019-08-26|website=Mothers Hand Book|language=en-US}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, eli gama ngamanye amaxesha liboniswa ngokwenkcubeko njengento elungileyo kwaye libonisa inqanaba lokuzimela kunye noxanduva. Umntu ozihlukanisayo nabanye abantu okanye oncwasayo ngothando unokubhekiswa ngamagama athi ''into eny''e kunye no''mntu ongatshatanga''. NgokukaElizabeth Follmer, eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuchaza intiyo ebonakalayo kwabanye abantu, ekhokelela abantu abacinga ukuba bangamalolo ukuba bajongwe njengento engafanelekanga okanye engalunganga. == Isishwankathelo kunye neempawu ezinokubakho == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Kukho iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zabantu abangamalolo, kuquka abantu abakhetha ukuba bodwa baze babe nonxibelelo lwentlalo olunyiniweyo. Uhlobo lokuqala luquka abantu abanyanzelwa ukuba bazive bebodwa ngenxa yokuba belahliwe luluntu okanye beziva benjalo, yaye basenokuziva bebodwa. Uhlobo lwesibini lwabantu abachazwa njengabantu abangamalolo luquka abo basoloko beqhelana nabantu, ngoxa bechitha ixesha elide bebodwa, bengezo iimvakalelo zokuba bodwa. Uhlobo lwesithathu lomntu ohlala yedwa luchazwa njengongenalo ulwazelelo ngexesha elide lokuba yedwa okanye ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwindlela abantu abahlala bodwa abaqhuba ubudlelwane bezentlalo ngayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Loners Vs. Loneliness|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/loners-vs-loneliness/52703/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035025/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/loners-vs-loneliness/52703/|archive-date=27 February 2018|accessdate=24 April 2018|website=The New York Sun}}</ref>  Nangona kunjalo, abantu bahlala befumana zonke iintlobo ezintathu ngokutshintshiselana. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Berry|first=John|title=Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Social behavior and applications|date=1997|page=468}}</ref> Eli gama lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokungazibandakanyi, ngenxa yokuba abantu abazibona bengabantu bodwa baneempawu zobuntu kunye namava obomi. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Svoboda|first=Elizabeth|date=March–April 2007|title=Field Guide to the Loner: The Real Insiders|journal=Psychology Today Magazine}}</ref> Kwi -psychiatry, abantu ababodwa ngamanye amaxesha banxulunyaniswa neengxaki zengqondo ezahlukeneyo. Abanye abantu abachazwa njengabantu ababodwa bane- alexithymia, ebonakaliswa kukungakwazi ukuchonga nokuchaza iimvakalelo. Ezinye izifo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene neli gama ziquka isifo sokuxhalaba ngokwentlalo, isifo sobuntu esibangelwa yimingcele, isifo sobuntu esinganyangekiyo, [[Ukudakumba (mood)|ukudakumba]], [[I-Autism|isifo se-autism]], kunye nesifo sobuntu esibangelwa yi-schizoid .  Iimpawu ezinxulumene neli gama zihlala ziboniswa kwizilwanyana ezifana neengwe, apho indlela yokuziphatha kwazo idla ngokuchazwa njengokuzikhethela ukuba zodwa. Xa abantu abachazwa njengabantu abangenamava besithi bafuna ukuba bodwa, basenokungafuni ukudibana nabantu. Umntu ophepha ukunxibelelana nabantu asebenza nabo ngaphaya koko kufunekayo emsebenzini okanye kwimisebenzi yesikolo, ikakhulu ngezizathu ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuphepha ubunzima bobomi obungebobomntu, udla ngokufunyaniswa enomdla kakhulu ngexesha lentlanganiso zoluntu nabantu abangaphandle komsebenzi okanye esikolweni okanye ngokuchaseneyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hojat|first=Mohammadreza|date=May 1983|title=Comparison of transitory and chronic loners on selected personality variables|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=74|issue=2|pages=199–203|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01855.x|pmid=6883012}}</ref> == Jonga kwakhona == * Ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kobuntu * Iqhawe likaByronic * Ingxaki yeHedgehog * IHikikomori * Ukoyika abantu * Ukungafunwa kwentlalo * Intyatyambo yaseludongeni (umntu) == Iireferensi == {{Reflist|2}} 11ezeamr4mpgc2l6xili7uj3hn6drct 42330 42327 2026-10-24T20:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261024sim) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42330 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  '''Ilolo''' ngumntu ochazwa njengomntu ongafuniyo ukufumana nto, ophepha ngokubonakalayo okanye ongakwaziyo ukugcina ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Zininzi izizathu ezinokubangela ukuba umntu abe yedwa. Izizathu ezenziwe ngabom ziquka ukuthanda ukuba wedwa, ubuqhetseba, ngokomoya, inkolo okanye iingqwalasela zobuqu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2007|title=Review of Losers, Loners, and Rebels|url=https://www.forewordreviews.com/reviews/losers-loners-and-rebels/|accessdate=30 October 2018|publisher=[[Foreword Reviews]]}}</ref> Izizathu ezingenzelwanga ngabom zibandakanya uvakalelo oluphezulu okanye ukuba neentloni. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zobulolo kwaye abantu abahlangabezana neemeko zokubizwa ngokuba ngamalolo badla ngokuziqhelanisa noluntu nabanye abantu ngelixa bebonisa inqanaba eliguqukayo lokuthanda ukuba bodwa elibenza bafune ukuzimela ngamaxesha athile. == Isigama == Ngokutsho kwezentlalo kunye nemibutho, igama langoku elithi ilolo linokusetyenziswa kwimeko yenkolelo yokuba abantu zizidalwa zentlalo kwaye abo bangathathi inxaxheba bayaphambuka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The American Spectator : A Defense of Quiet Loners|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2009/05/14/a-defense-of-quiet-loners|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517105419/http://spectator.org/archives/2009/05/14/a-defense-of-quiet-loners|archive-date=2009-05-17|accessdate=2009-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=coffeenexg|date=2009-01-26|title=You're Not Alone, You're Just a Loner|url=http://mothershandbook.net/2009/01/26/youre-not-alone-youre-just-a-loner/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204130845/http://mothershandbook.net/2009/01/26/youre-not-alone-youre-just-a-loner/|archive-date=February 4, 2009|accessdate=2019-08-26|website=Mothers Hand Book|language=en-US}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, eli gama ngamanye amaxesha liboniswa ngokwenkcubeko njengento elungileyo kwaye libonisa inqanaba lokuzimela kunye noxanduva. Umntu ozihlukanisayo nabanye abantu okanye oncwasayo ngothando unokubhekiswa ngamagama athi ''into eny''e kunye no''mntu ongatshatanga''. NgokukaElizabeth Follmer, eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuchaza intiyo ebonakalayo kwabanye abantu, ekhokelela abantu abacinga ukuba bangamalolo ukuba bajongwe njengento engafanelekanga okanye engalunganga. == Isishwankathelo kunye neempawu ezinokubakho == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Kukho iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zabantu abangamalolo, kuquka abantu abakhetha ukuba bodwa baze babe nonxibelelo lwentlalo olunyiniweyo. Uhlobo lokuqala luquka abantu abanyanzelwa ukuba bazive bebodwa ngenxa yokuba belahliwe luluntu okanye beziva benjalo, yaye basenokuziva bebodwa. Uhlobo lwesibini lwabantu abachazwa njengabantu abangamalolo luquka abo basoloko beqhelana nabantu, ngoxa bechitha ixesha elide bebodwa, bengezo iimvakalelo zokuba bodwa. Uhlobo lwesithathu lomntu ohlala yedwa luchazwa njengongenalo ulwazelelo ngexesha elide lokuba yedwa okanye ngendlela eyahlukileyo kwindlela abantu abahlala bodwa abaqhuba ubudlelwane bezentlalo ngayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Loners Vs. Loneliness|url=http://www.nysun.com/new-york/loners-vs-loneliness/52703/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227035025/https://www.nysun.com/new-york/loners-vs-loneliness/52703/|archive-date=27 February 2018|accessdate=24 April 2018|website=The New York Sun}}</ref>  Nangona kunjalo, abantu bahlala befumana zonke iintlobo ezintathu ngokutshintshiselana. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Berry|first=John|title=Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Social behavior and applications|date=1997|page=468}}</ref> Eli gama lidla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokungazibandakanyi, ngenxa yokuba abantu abazibona bengabantu bodwa baneempawu zobuntu kunye namava obomi. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Svoboda|first=Elizabeth|date=March–April 2007|title=Field Guide to the Loner: The Real Insiders|journal=Psychology Today Magazine}}</ref> Kwi -psychiatry, abantu ababodwa ngamanye amaxesha banxulunyaniswa neengxaki zengqondo ezahlukeneyo. Abanye abantu abachazwa njengabantu ababodwa bane- alexithymia, ebonakaliswa kukungakwazi ukuchonga nokuchaza iimvakalelo. Ezinye izifo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene neli gama ziquka isifo sokuxhalaba ngokwentlalo, isifo sobuntu esibangelwa yimingcele, isifo sobuntu esinganyangekiyo, [[Ukudakumba (mood)|ukudakumba]], [[I-Autism|isifo se-autism]], kunye nesifo sobuntu esibangelwa yi-schizoid .  Iimpawu ezinxulumene neli gama zihlala ziboniswa kwizilwanyana ezifana neengwe, apho indlela yokuziphatha kwazo idla ngokuchazwa njengokuzikhethela ukuba zodwa. Xa abantu abachazwa njengabantu abangenamava besithi bafuna ukuba bodwa, basenokungafuni ukudibana nabantu. Umntu ophepha ukunxibelelana nabantu asebenza nabo ngaphaya koko kufunekayo emsebenzini okanye kwimisebenzi yesikolo, ikakhulu ngezizathu ezibonakalayo ezifana nokuphepha ubunzima bobomi obungebobomntu, udla ngokufunyaniswa enomdla kakhulu ngexesha lentlanganiso zoluntu nabantu abangaphandle komsebenzi okanye esikolweni okanye ngokuchaseneyo.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hojat|first=Mohammadreza|date=May 1983|title=Comparison of transitory and chronic loners on selected personality variables|url=https://archive.org/details/british-journal-of-psychology_1983-05_74_2/page/199|journal=British Journal of Psychology|volume=74|issue=2|pages=199–203|doi=10.1111/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01855.x|pmid=6883012}}</ref> == Jonga kwakhona == * Ukuphepha ukuphazamiseka kobuntu * Iqhawe likaByronic * Ingxaki yeHedgehog * IHikikomori * Ukoyika abantu * Ukungafunwa kwentlalo * Intyatyambo yaseludongeni (umntu) == Iireferensi == {{Reflist|2}} m9vvz3ry8u118vwuia013tu2ybtg9sg I-Jiaxing 0 9402 42333 2026-10-24T21:37:46Z Enterosque 12618 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374446760|Jiaxing]]" 42333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Jiaxing|official_name=|other_name=Kashing|native_name=嘉兴市|native_name_lang=zh-Hans|nickname=|type=[[Prefecture-level city]]|total_type=<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image=Views from Haogu Pagoda.jpg|image_flag=|image_map1=Location map of Jiaxing, Zhejiang.png|map_caption1=Location of Jiaxing City jurisdiction in Zhejiang|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Eastern China#China|pushpin_label_position=right|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[China|People's Republic of China]]|subdivision_type1=[[Province (China)|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Zhejiang]]|subdivision_type2=[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County-level divisions]]|subdivision_name2=7|subdivision_type3=[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-level divisions]]|subdivision_name3=75|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|seat_type=Municipal seat|seat=[[Nanhu District]]|parts_type=|parts_style=<!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->|parts=<!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->|p1=|p2=<!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=CPC Secretary|leader_name=Zhang Bing|leader_title1=[[Mayor]]|leader_name1=Mao Hongfang|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title1=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date1=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|founder=|named_for=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=<!-- use only to set a special wikilink -->|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=4008.76<!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=986.9|area_metro_km2=986.9|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_max_ft=|population_as_of=2020 census|population_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/zhejiang/admin/|title=China: Zhèjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>|population_note=|population_total=5400868|population_density_km2=auto<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->|population_metro=1518654|population_density_metro_km2=auto|population_urban=1518654|population_density_urban_km2=auto|population_blank1_title=|population_blank1=|population_density_blank1_km2=|demographics_type2=GDP<ref name="jiaxing">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.jiaxing.gov.cn/art/2025/2/10/art_1512316_59153018.html | title=zh:1-12月嘉兴经济运行简况 | publisher=jiaxing.gov.cn| date=February 10, 2025| access-date=February 20, 2025}}.</ref>|demographics2_title1=[[Prefecture-level city]]|demographics2_info1=[[CN¥]] 757 billion<br />[[US$]] 106.3 billion|demographics2_title2=Per capita|demographics2_info2=CN¥ 140,176<br />US$ 19,683 <!-- General information --------------->|utc_offset=+8|coor_pinpoint=Jiaxing municipal government|postal_code_type=<!-- [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] -->|postal_code=|area_code=573|iso_code=[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-ZJ-04]]|website={{URL|www.jiaxing.gov.cn/}}|footnotes=}} <references /> '''I-Jiaxing''', eguqulelwe ngolwimi lwesiRoma '''njengeKashing''', sisixeko esikwinqanaba lesithili esikumantla ephondo laseZhejiang, eTshayina. Ilele kwiGrand Canal yaseTshayina, iJiaxing ijikeleze iHangzhou kumzantsi-ntshona, iHuzhou entshona, [[Shanghai|iShanghai]] kumntla-mpuma, kunye nephondo laseJiangsu emantla. Ukusukela ngo-2020, abemi bayo babeyi-5,400,868 kwaye indawo yayo eyakhiweyo (okanye edolophu), eyenziwe zizithili ezimbini zasezidolophini yayilikhaya labemi abayi-1,518,654. <ref>{{Cite web|title=China: Administrative Division of Zhejiang (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-zhejiang-admin.php}}</ref> g1kfhjksilj26lr7qghgqi11bt44erh 42334 42333 2026-10-24T21:38:25Z Enterosque 12618 /* */ 42334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Jiaxing|official_name=|other_name=Kashing|native_name=嘉兴市|native_name_lang=zh-Hans|nickname=|type=[[Prefecture-level city]]|total_type=<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->|motto=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image=Views from Haogu Pagoda.jpg|image_flag=|image_map1=Location map of Jiaxing, Zhejiang.png|map_caption1=Location of Jiaxing City jurisdiction in Zhejiang|image_dot_map=|dot_mapsize=|dot_map_caption=|dot_x=|dot_y=|pushpin_map=Eastern China#China|pushpin_label_position=right|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[China|People's Republic of China]]|subdivision_type1=[[Province (China)|Province]]|subdivision_name1=[[Zhejiang]]|subdivision_type2=[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|County-level divisions]]|subdivision_name2=7|subdivision_type3=[[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township-level divisions]]|subdivision_name3=75|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|seat_type=Municipal seat|seat=[[Nanhu District]]|parts_type=|parts_style=<!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5-->|parts=<!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->|p1=|p2=<!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type=|leader_title=CPC Secretary|leader_name=Zhang Bing|leader_title1=[[Mayor]]|leader_name1=Mao Hongfang|leader_title2=|leader_name2=|leader_title3=|leader_name3=|leader_title4=|leader_name4=|established_title=<!-- Settled -->|established_date=|established_title1=<!-- Incorporated (town) -->|established_date1=|established_title2=<!-- Incorporated (city) -->|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|founder=|named_for=<!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=<!-- use only to set a special wikilink -->|unit_pref=<!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=4008.76<!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->|area_land_km2=<!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion-->|area_water_km2=|area_water_percent=|area_urban_km2=986.9|area_metro_km2=986.9|area_blank1_title=|area_blank1_km2=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->|elevation_m=|elevation_ft=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_max_ft=|population_as_of=2020 census|population_footnotes=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/zhejiang/admin/|title=China: Zhèjiāng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>|population_note=|population_total=5400868|population_density_km2=auto<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->|population_metro=1518654|population_density_metro_km2=auto|population_urban=1518654|population_density_urban_km2=auto|population_blank1_title=|population_blank1=|population_density_blank1_km2=|demographics_type2=GDP<ref name="jiaxing">{{cite press release | url=https://tjj.jiaxing.gov.cn/art/2025/2/10/art_1512316_59153018.html | title=zh:1-12月嘉兴经济运行简况 | publisher=jiaxing.gov.cn| date=February 10, 2025| access-date=February 20, 2025}}.</ref>|demographics2_title1=[[Prefecture-level city]]|demographics2_info1=[[CN¥]] 757 billion<br />[[US$]] 106.3 billion|demographics2_title2=Per capita|demographics2_info2=CN¥ 140,176<br />US$ 19,683 <!-- General information --------------->|utc_offset=+8|coor_pinpoint=Jiaxing municipal government|postal_code_type=<!-- [[Postal code of China|Postal code]] -->|postal_code=|area_code=573|iso_code=[[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-ZJ-04]]|website={{URL|www.jiaxing.gov.cn/}}|footnotes=}} <references /> '''I-Jiaxing''' sisixeko esikwinqanaba lesithili esikumantla ephondo laseZhejiang, eTshayina. Ilele kwiGrand Canal yaseTshayina, iJiaxing ijikeleze iHangzhou kumzantsi-ntshona, iHuzhou entshona, [[Shanghai|iShanghai]] kumntla-mpuma, kunye nephondo laseJiangsu emantla. Ukusukela ngo-2020, abemi bayo babeyi-5,400,868 kwaye indawo yayo eyakhiweyo (okanye edolophu), eyenziwe zizithili ezimbini zasezidolophini yayilikhaya labemi abayi-1,518,654. <ref>{{Cite web|title=China: Administrative Division of Zhejiang (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-zhejiang-admin.php}}</ref> oo2fjiqctnmm2dp8w67if1njkacg2jk Suzhou 0 9403 42335 2026-10-24T21:40:38Z Enterosque 12618 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:it:Special:Redirect/revision/152146732|Suzhou]]" 42335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzhou''' sisixeko [[IShayina|saseTshayina]] esikwiphondo laseJiangsu, ecaleni konxweme lweLake Tai Hu, kufutshane nomlanjana woMlambo iYangtze . Esi sixeko sidume ngeebhulorho zamatye, iipagoda kunye neegadi ezintle, eziye zaba yindawo ephambili [[Ukhenketho|yabakhenkethi]]. ISuzhou yayilisixeko esibaluleke kakhulu kwishishini lesilika ngexesha leNgoma yoMkhosi ( 960-1279 ), isikhundla esisaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Yenye yezixeko ezinenkqubela phambili kwezoqoqosho eTshayina. o0z9951hbgih2x8bdl1qawu42u0uezy IWuxi 0 9404 42336 2026-10-24T21:44:49Z Enterosque 12618 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:it:Special:Redirect/revision/151900963|Wuxi]]" 42336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wuxi''' sisixeko [[IShayina|saseTshayina]] esikwiphondo laseJiangsu, kwi-delta esemazantsi oMlambo iYangtze nakunxweme lweLake Taihu . Yaziwa ngamaxesha amandulo njengeLiangxi kunye neJingui kwaye namhlanje ibizwa ngegama lesiteketiso elithi "iPearl of Taihu Lake", yenye yezixeko ezikwindawo yedolophu yaseSuzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou. IWuxi ingumda wesixeko saseSuzhou (苏州) ngasempuma, kwaye ikwiikhilomitha ezili-128.2 ukusuka [[Shanghai|kwiPhondo eliZimeleyo laseShanghai]] . Ijikelezwe nguMlambo iYangtze emantla, ngaphesheya komlambo sisixeko saseJingjiang phantsi kolawulo lweSixeko saseTaizhou (台州); yiLake Taihu emazantsi, kumda wePhondo laseZhejiang; ijikelezwe sisixeko saseChangzhou (常州) ngasentshona, kwaye ikumgama weekhilomitha ezili-183 ukusuka eNanjing. Yayiyindawo yokuqala yempucuko yaseJiangnan kunye nenkcubeko yamaWu . Imbali yayo iqala emva kwexesha loBukhosi baseShang, kwaye yindawo edumileyo yokhenketho lwenkcubeko kwiRiphabliki [[IShayina|yabantu baseTshayina]]. Idume ngeendawo ezinje ngeTaihu Lake, iLingshan Giant Buddha, iNianhua Bay, iLihu Park kunye neChong'an Temple, iHuishan Ancient Town kunye neXihui Scenic Area. Ngo-1981, iBhunga leSizwe lathi iWuxi yenye yezixeko ezili-15 eziphambili kuqoqosho lweli lizwe, idume ngokuvelisa kwayo irayisi nesilika kunye namacandelo ayo aphuhlileyo e-textile, i-integrated circuit kunye ne-biomedicine. Yayikwayenye yezixeko zokuqala ezili-13 ezikhethwe liBhunga leSizwe ukuze zixhamle amandla omthetho wasekuhlaleni. NgoMatshi 1983, inkqubo yesithili elawulwa sisixeko yaqaliswa: iisithili zaseWuxi naseJiangyin, ezazikwindawo yaseSuzhou, kunye neSithili saseYixing, esasikwindawo yaseZhenjiang, saba phantsi kolawulo lukaMasipala waseWuxi. 8nxc4jfp7sw4gwnjv8iccfv71tkuhdl