Wikipedia xhwiki https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter iMedia Mahluko Ingxoxo Ilungu Ingxoxo nelungu Wikipedia Ingxoxo ngeWikipedia Ngokweenkcukacha Ingxoxo ngokweenkcukacha iMediaWiki Ingxoxo ngeMediaWiki iThemplethi Ingxoxo yethemplethi Uncedo Ingxoxo ngoncedo Uluhlu Ingxoxo ngoluhlu TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7125 42352 34824 2026-11-02T17:46:02Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261102) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ukusetyenziswa kakubi''' kweziyobisi, okwakwaziwa ngokuba '''gwenxa kweziyobisi''', kukusetyenziswa kwechiza ngokwemilinganiselo okanye ngeendlela eziyingozi emntwini okanye kwabanye. Luhlobo oluthile lokuphazamiseka kweziyobisi . Iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi zisetyenziswa kwiimeko zempilo yoluntu, ezonyango, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye okuchasene noluntu kwenzeka xa umntu ephantsi kweempembelelo zeziyobisi, kwaye utshintsho lwexesha elide kumntu ngamnye lunokwenzeka. Ukongeza kukwenzakala okunokwenzeka emzimbeni, ekuhlaleni, nasengqondweni, ukusetyenziswa kwamanye amachiza kunokukhokelela kwizohlwayo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nangona ezi zinokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. name="Mosby">{{Cite book|title=Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary|title-link=Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions|date=2002|publisher=[[Mosby (imprint)|Mosby]]|isbn=978-0-323-01430-4|edition=6th|location=St. Louis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mosbysmedicalnur06edunse_p3b4/page/552 552], 2109|oclc=48535206}}. Iziyobisi ezihlala zinxulunyaniswa neli gama ziquka: utywala, i-amphetamines, i-barbiturates, i-benzodiazepines, i- cannabis, i- cocaine, i-hallucinogens (nangona ingekho i- ''psychedelic'' eyaziwayo, enye yeendidi ezintathu ze- hallucinogens, efunyenwe ukuba nayo nayiphi na into enokubakho), i-methaqualone ., kunye neeopioids . Oyena nobangela wokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweziyobisi awukacaci, kodwa zimbini iithiyori ezibalaseleyo: nokuba sisimo semfuza okanye umkhwa ofundwe kwabanye, othi, ukuba likhoboka leziyobisi, ubonakale njengesifo esingapheliyo esibangela ukuba buthathaka . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Addiction is a Chronic Disease|url=http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624122314/http://archives.drugabuse.gov/about/welcome/aboutdrugabuse/chronicdisease/|archive-date=24 June 2014|accessdate=2 July 2014}}</ref> Ngo-2010, malunga ne-5% yabantu (izigidi ezingama-230) basebenzise into engekho mthethweni. <ref name="UN2012" /> Kwaba, abazizigidi ezingama-27 basengozini enkulu yokusebenzisa iziyobisi—eyaziwa ngokuba kukusetyenziswa rhoqo kweziyobisi—ebangela ingozi kwimpilo yabo, ebangela iingxaki ezingokwengqondo, okanye ebangela iingxaki zasekuhlaleni ezibabeka esichengeni sezo ngozi. <ref name="UN2012">{{Cite book|last=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|url=https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf|title=World Drug Report 2012|date=June 2012|publisher=[[United Nations]]|isbn=978-92-1-148267-6|author-link=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|access-date=27 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907100030/https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/WDR2012/WDR_2012_web_small.pdf|archive-date=7 September 2022}} Ngo-2015, ukuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kubangele ukufa kwe-307,400, ukusuka kwi-165,000 yokufa ngo-1990 name="GBD2015">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015|date=8 October 2016|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903|pmid=27733281}} name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013|date=17 December 2014|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=[[The Lancet]]|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|pmid=25530442}}</ref> fsc8kb4s9e684fgheiyy9fkxgnqn3nk 0 9400 42351 42318 2026-11-02T17:45:00Z InternetArchiveBot 10408 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261102) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 42351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}[[File:Budapest_Parlament_2013.jpg|thumb|IHolo yePalamente yaseHungary, okanye iOrszágház, apho iNdlu yowiso-mthetho yaseHungarian, iNdlu yeZwelonke yaseHungari, idibana khona.]] [[File:London_Parlament-20090730-RM-110352.jpg|thumb| Ibhotwe laseWestminster, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yase-United Kingdom, iPalamente yase-United Kingdom, idibana khona.]] [[File:Palazzo_Madama_(Roma).jpg|thumb| IPalazzo Madama sisihlalo sendlu ephezulu yePalamente yase-Itali, iSenethi yeRiphabliki .]] [[File:Capitol_Building_Full_View.jpg|thumb| I- United States Capitol, apho indlu yowiso-mthetho wombuso yase-United States, i- United States Congress, idibana khona.]] '''Indlu yowiso-mthetho''' yindibano yengxoxo esicebisayo enegunya elisemthethweni lokwenza [[umthetho]] kunye nokubeka iliso kwezopolitiko ngaphakathi kobume bezopolitiko njengombuso, isizwe okanye [[City|isixeko]]. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphakathi kwamaziko aphambili [[Sovereign state|karhulumente]], ngokuqhelekileyo zithelekiswa namaziko ezomthetho nezobulungisa. Zingaba khona kumazinga ahlukeneyo olawulo aquka olukazwelonke, olungaphantsi kwelizwe (lwelizwe, iphondo okanye lo mmandla), olwasekhaya okanye olungaphezulu kwelizwe njengaseYurophu. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zopolitiko, imithetho eyenziwa ngamasebe awenza imithetho ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho ophambili. La masebe anokwenza imisebenzi yokongamela, eyolawulo lohlalo-lwabiwo-mali kunye neyokumela abantu. Amalungu alamasebe aziwa njengabenzi bomthetho anokunyulwa, akhethwwe ngokungangqalanga okanye atyunjwe, kananjalo lamasebe anokuba nendlu enye, izindlu ezimbini okanye izindlu ezininzi ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela abekwe ngayo ngokomgaqo-siseko. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezibonisa imigaqo eyahlukeneyo yomgaqo-siseko yamandla apho amazwe ahlelwe khona. Ezi ntlobo zibonisa indlela zowiso-mthetho ezahluke ngayo kungekuphela nje kwisakhiwo nomsebenzi, kodwa nakwimiba yazo yomgaqo-siseko namanye amaziko karhulumente kunye nakwizimvo zobukhosi namandla awaxhasayo. Ezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo ziipalamente ezisebenza phantsi kokudibana kwamandla phakathi kolawulo kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho; ii-nkomfa, ezisebenza phantsi kokwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente azimeleyo. Kwezi nkqubo, indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlukaniswa ngokwasemthethweni namanye amasebe kwaye iineendlela ezincinci zokuphembelela imisebenzi yawo. Izikhungo eziphezulu zikaRhulumente, ezifumaneka kumazwe amakomanisi ezisebenza ngokwemfundiso yegunya elimanyeneyo ezenza ukuba amagunya omlawuli, ezomthetho, ezomgwebo kunye nawo onke amanye amagunya karhulumente abe kwiziko eliphakamileyo likarhulumente lamandla, kunye namaziko angaphantsi enza imisebenzi ethunyelweyo ngaphakathi kohlulo lomsebenzi oluchazwe kumgaqo-siseko phakathi kwezikhungo zikarhulumente. == Iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho == Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho. Kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezilungelelanisiweyo, kukho ezimbini: [[Ipalamente|iipalamente]] kunye neenkundla zowiso-mthetho zenkomfa. Ngokungafaniyo nepalamente, akukho migaqo evunyiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo yezikhungo ezisemthethweni kwiidemokrasi ezingezizo ezasepalamente. [3]IiPalamente zikho kumazwe asebenzisa ukudibanisa amagunya, ngoxa iinkomfa zikhona kumazwe asebenzisa ukwahlula amagunya. Kukho nezinye iintlobo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezinje ngamagunya aphakamileyo karhulumente (SSOP) kumazwe amakomanisi asebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yamandla amanyeneyo. [4]Iindidi zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zichazwe, njengoko kuboniswe, yinkqubo yamandla ezopolitiko ezisebenza kuyo. Le migaqo yamandla ithi into ethile malunga nolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankathelo kunye namanye amaziko karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, iParliament yaseUnited Kingdom ithetha ukuba isebenzisa ukudityaniswa kwamandla, ngelixa iCongress of the Union yaseMexico ixelela ukuba [[Mexico|IMexico]] isebenzisa ukwahlukana kwamandla. [5]Ngokutsho kwesikolo uAmie Kreppel, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokwahlula phakathi kohlobo lwesishwankathelo lolwalamano phakathi kwesishwankqubo kunye nesigqeba sesigqeba. [6] === IPalamente === Kumazwe anedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo asebenzisa idemokhrasi yepalamente, urhulumente okwimo yenkulumbuso kunye nekhabhinethi unyulwa yipalamente. Amalungu karhulumente anyulwa ngaphakathi kumalungu epalamente. Ukongeza, nangona lilungu elizimeleyo ngokweziko, urhulumente unoxanduva kwipalamente. Oko kuthetha ukuba ipalamente ingamsusa urhulumente njengoko ibona kufanelekile, nokuba iziphumo zonyulo zithini. Nangona kunjalo, ukususwa kukarhulumente yindlu yowiso-mthetho kunokukhokelela kunyulo lwangethuba kwaye kubangele ukuba zombini ezi zikhundla ziphulukane namandla kunyulo oluzayo. Ngoko ke, ubudlelwane phakathi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kunye norhulumente kwidemokhrasi yepalamente bubonakaliswa kukuxhomekeka kumacala omabini. [ 6 ] === INkomfa === {{Reflist}}Imida phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngokwahlulwa kweenkqubo zamandla. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente, kwiinkqubo zokwahlulwa kwamandla, intloko yelizwe kunye nentloko karhulumente zidityanisiwe zabe lisebe elilawulayo kwiofisi kamongameli . Kwakhona, ukuze kucaciswe umda weziko ngakumbi, umongameli kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho yepalamente banyulwa kunyulo olwahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu, amandla epalamente okususa ulawulo oluphezulu anqongophele. Ingakhuthaza, [[IYunayithedi Steyitsi|njengaseMelika]], ukuba kususwe umphathi, kodwa oko kuthathwa njengenyathelo elithathwa kuphela kwiimeko ezinzima kakhulu. [ 7 ] === Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Amazwe obuKomanisi aseka ii-SSOP, kwaye ngokusesikweni, la malungu ngawona maziko karhulumente anamandla kakhulu kwilizwe lawo. Ekubeni ingumnini wamandla adibeneyo karhulumente, i-SSOP ithintelwe kuphela yimida eyibeke ngokwayo ngamaxwebhu omgaqo-siseko nawomthetho eyawamkelayo. Umzekelo, eChina, ngokutsho kwengcali yezomthetho yaseChina uZhou Fang, "amandla eNational People's Congress njenge-[SSOP] awanamda, igunya lawo lifikelela kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, linokungenelela kuyo nayiphi na into eliyifumana iyimfuneko ukuyenza." [ 8 ] Ngokukodwa, ngokutsho kweengcali zomthetho zaseChina uXu Chongde noNiu Wenzhan, "ezinye iziphathamandla zeLizwe eliPhakathi zidalwe yi-SSOP yaseChina kwaye ziphumeza imithetho nezigqibo ezenziwe yi-SSOP yaseChina." [ 9 ] Ngokutsho komphengululi uGeorg Brunner, oku kubonisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ichaza amandla omgaqo-siseko ongenamkhawulo karhulumente, yaye ngokungathanga ngqo, loo mandla aliqela lamaKomanisi alawulayo. Ukholelwa ukuba oku bubungqina bokuba ingcamango yedemokhrasi yentsusa yolawulo lomthetho ayinakulungelelaniswa nemigaqo-siseko yamazwe amakomanisi kuba isekwe kulwalamano oluphikisanayo phakathi komthetho kunye nezopolitiko. [10]Ngaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo woluntu woluntu, iinkqubo zopolitiko zinqunyanyiswa yimigaqo yomthetho egcinwa ziinkundla ezimeleyo kwaye zibonwa ngokubanzi kwaye zingabi ziingcamango. [11]Oku kuthetha ukuba abo banegunya lezopolitiko babotshelelwa ngumthetho, yaye loo mthetho unempembelelo enkulu kunezopolitiko. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imigaqo-siseko yamaKomanisi ibeka ubukhulu bezopolitiko phezu kwegunya lezomthetho ekubeni igunya lezomthetho likwabonwa njengendlela yamandla ezopolitiko. Oko kuthetha ukuba amazwe amaKomanisi ngokufanelekileyo alawula amandla ezobulungisa kumandla ezopolitiko e-SSOP (igunya eliphakamileyo lezobulungisa lincinci kwaye liphendula kwi-SSOP).[12]AmaMarxist-Leninists athi yindlu yowiso-mthetho kungekho zigwebo zenkundla kuphela umthombo womthetho osebenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, iMarxism-Leninism iyala ukwahlula amandla, kodwa ixhasa ukwahlula uxanduva lukarhulumente ngokuhambelana nomgaqo ukwahlula umsebenzi. [13]Amanye amaziko karhulumente athatha amagunya awo kwi-SSOP kwaye ayaphantsi kwayo. [14] == Isigama == [[File:Legislature_terminology.svg|right|thumb|300x300px| Imephu ebonisa isigama sendlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe ngalinye ngesiNgesi<br /><br /><br /><br /> ]] Igama elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kumbutho wezobulungisa liyahluka ngokwelizwe. Amagama aqhelekileyo aquka: * Indibano (evela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|asemblee}}, jonga i-assemble) * ICongress (isuka kwiLatin {{Lang|la|congressum}}, "ebesele behambe kunye") * IBhunga (elivela kwiLatin {{Lang|la|concilium}}, "ukubiza kunye, ukumanyanisa") * Ukutya (kusuka kwi-Ancient Greek {{Lang|grc-latn|díaita}}, "indlela yokuphila, ingxoxo, isigqibo") * Iifa okanye iiStates (ezivela kwi-Old French {{Lang|fr|estat}}, "imeko, imeko, imeko") * [[Ipalamente|IPalamente]] (evela {{Lang|fr|parlement}} yaseFransi yakudala, "ukuthetha") * Igunya lesizwe esiPhakamileyo (njengakwigunya lesizwe esiphakamileyo) Ngamagama: * Indlu yamaSekela * Indlu yabameli * Indlu yeNdibano * Indlu yeeNkosi * Indlu yabaMeli * Indlu yowiso-mthetho * Ibhunga lowiso-mthetho * INdlu yoWiso-mthetho yeSizwe * I-Senate Ngokweelwimi: * UCortes (ovela kwiSpanish {{Lang|es|cortes}} "iinkundla") * UDuma (ovela kwi {{Lang|ru-latn|dúma}} yesiRashiya "ingcinga") * I-Knesset (ivela kwisiHebhere {{Lang|he-latn|k'néset}}, "intlanganiso") * I-Majlis (ivela kwi {{Lang|ar-latn|majlis}} yesiArabhu), "Igumbi lokuhlala") * I-Oireachtas (Ukusuka kwi-Irish ''airecht/oireacht'', "indibano yeengxoxo yama-freemen") * I-Rada (ivela kwi {{Lang|pl|rada}} yasePoland, "'ingcebiso, isigqibo') * IBundestag (esuka {{Lang|de|Bundestag}} yaseJamani, "indibano yombuso") ** I-Landtag (evela kwi-German {{Lang|de|Landtag}}, "indibano yelizwe") * ISansad (isuka kwisiSanskrit {{Lang|sa-latn|saṃsada}} "indibano") * ISejm (ivela {{Lang|pl|sejm}} yasePoland, "thabatha kunye, indibano") * iSoviet (evela {{Lang|ru-latn|sovét}} yaseRashiya "ibhunga") * Into (isuka kwiProto-Germanic ''*þingą'', "intlanganiso, umcimbi oxoxwa kwintlanganiso") ** UHusting (kwi-Old Norse {{Lang|non|húsþing}} "intlanganiso yasekhaya") * IVeche (isuka kwi-Old East Slavic {{Lang|orv|věče}}, "ibhunga, isivumelwano") Nangona iindima ezithile zendlu yowiso-mthetho nganye zahluka ngokweendawo, zonke zinenjongo efanayo yokwanyula amagosa amele abameli babo nokumisela ofanelekileyo umthetho welizwe. == Imbali == Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezisemthethweni zokuqala ezaziwayo yayingu-''I-Ecclesia'' yase-UmAthene.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7/page/128 128]–130|oclc=961119208}}</ref> KwiMiddle Ages, iikumkani zaseYurophu zazinokubamba iindibano zobungangamsha, ezathi kamva ziguquka zaba zizanduleli zamalungu awenza imithetho namhlanje.<ref name=":0" /> Ezi zazidla ngokubizwa ngokuba zii-Estates. Ilungu elenza imithetho elidala kunawo onke elisekhoyo yi-Althing yase-Iceland, eyasekwa ngo-930 CE.<ref name="eu-oldest">{{Cite web|title=A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world|url=http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082348/http://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en|archive-date=15 November 2017|accessdate=7 April 2017|website=europa.eu|publisher=The European Union}}</ref> == Imisebenzi == Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zedemokhrasi zinezinto ezintandathu eziphambili: ukumela, ukuxoxa, umthetho, ukugunyazisa inkcitho, ukwenza oorhulumente nokubeka iliso. <ref name=":0" /> === Ukumelwa === Kukho iindlela ezintlanu zokumelwa okunokufezekiswa kwisigqeba sesigqeba:<ref name=":0" /> * Ngokwesiko: indlela imithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho eqinisekisa ngayo ukumelwa kwabavoti; * Ngokomfuziselo: indlela abameli ababajonga ngayo abameli babo; * Inkcazo: indlela ukwakhiwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho ehambelana ngayo nenani labantu kuluntu ngokubanzi; * Ngokucacileyo: indlela abameli abasabela kakuhle ngayo kwiimfuno zabavoti babo; * Ngokudibeneyo: indlela abameli abamele kakuhle ngayo izinto ezifunwa luluntu luphela. === Ucingisiso === Enye yemisebenzi ephambili yendlu yowiso-mthetho kukuxoxa ngemicimbi ebalulekileyo kuluntu.<ref name=":0" /> Lo msebenzi unokuba ngeendlela ezimbini. Xa kuxoxwa ngezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ezifana nePalamente yase-I-United Kingdom, isibhengezo sendlu yowiso-mthetho sihlala sibona ingxoxo ephilayo. <ref name=":0" /> Ngokwahlukileyo, kwiinkundla ezisemthethweni ezisekwe kwiikomiti ezinje ngeNkomfa yaseUnited States, ukuxoxwa kweengxoxo kwenzeka kwiikomiti ezivaliweyo. <ref name=":0" /> === Umthetho === Nangona izindlu zowiso-mthetho zinegunya lokudala imithetho kuphela, ubukhulu bala mandla buxhomekeke kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo yezopolitiko. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho isitayile saseWestminster (ebunjwa yikhabhinethi) ngokuyintloko inokusebenzisa nawuphi na umthetho ewufunayo, njengoko ngokuqhelekileyo inenani elininzi labameli emva kwayo, ilawulwe ngumlawuli weqela, ngelixa indlu yowiso-mthetho esekelwe kwiikomiti ikwilizwekazi laseYurophu kunye nezo zikwiinkqubo zoMongameli eMelika zinokuzimela ngakumbi ekuqulunqeni nasekulungiseni imigaqo-mthetho.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7/page/130 130]–131|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ngokwe-thiyoremi yomvoti ophakathi imithetho ehambelana nembono yabavoti abaphakathi inyusa ukuphendula kwezopolitiko. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stephanopoulos|first=Nicholas O.|date=2014|title=Elections and Alignment|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/clr114&id=303&div=&collection=|journal=Columbia Law Review|volume=114|page=283}}</ref> Ukwenza amaphulo okubongoza kunokuchaphazela idlu yowiso-mthetho kude neendlela zokuvota eziphakathi okanye ukwandisa ipolarization yezopolitiko. <ref name="z814">{{Cite journal|last=Bils|first=Peter|last2=Duggan|first2=John|last3=Judd|first3=Gleason|date=2021|title=Lobbying and policy extremism in repeated elections|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022053121000405|journal=Journal of Economic Theory|volume=193|doi=10.1016/j.jet.2021.105223|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-04-19}}</ref> === Ukugunyazisa inkcitho === Imvelaphi yamandla okulawula imali izindlu zowiso-mthetho zivame ukuba nawo xa evuma okanye esala uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali lukarhulumente, ibuyela emva kumaqumrhu ezikhulu zaseYurophu ze-nobel, ekufuneka iinkosi ziqhagamshelane nazo ngaphambi kokunyusa irhafu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7/page/131 131]–132|oclc=961119208}}</ref> Ukuze eli gunya libe nempumelelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ikwazi ukulungisa uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali, ibe nenkqubo yeekomiti esebenzayo, ixesha elaneleyo lokuqwalasela kunye nokufikelela kulwazi olusemva.<ref name=":1" /> === Ukungahoywa === Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho indlu yowiso-mthetho inokubamba amagunya awongamelayo ukuba abe noxanduva. Oku kunokwenziwa ngeentetho, imibuzo, ukubuza imibuzo, ukuvota kokuthembela kunye nokwenziwa kweekomiti.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary Function of Oversight {{!}} Agora|url=https://www.agora-parl.org/resources/aoe/parliamentary-function-oversight|accessdate=2024-10-27|website=www.agora-parl.org}}</ref> Iipalamente zihlala ziqinisekiswa ngokugcina urhulumente womthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali karhulumente isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo kunye nokwenza iinkqubo zikarhulumente zihlale zityhila kwaye zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zikwazi ukuxoxwa luluntu kunye nabameli balo.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba iinkqubo zepalamente okanye amaqela ezopolitiko apho iinkokeli zopolitiko zinokuchaphazela okanye zigqibe kwelokuba ngawaphi amalungu afumana imisebenzi ephezulu inokubangela ukuba amalungu eqela abe nesinyanzelo kwaye angabi nabugcisa bokukhokela.<ref name=":2" /> UAgora uphawula ukuba le nto ibonakala kakhulu ukuba ukhetho lwamalungu luxhomekeke kwinkxaso yeenkokeli zezopolitiko.<ref name=":2" /> === Umsebenzi kulawulo lolawulo olulawulayo === Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zedemokhrasi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziphantsi kolawulo lobundlobongela zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwesakhiwo samandla ngokudibanisa iminqweno enokubakho phakathi kwabakhethiweyo, ezifezekiswayo ngoku: <ref>{{Cite book|last=Hague|first=Rod|title=Political science: a comparative introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalscience0000hagu_n0x7|date=14 October 2017|isbn=978-1-137-60123-0|oclc=961119208}}</ref> * Ukubonelela ngobulungisa; * Ukudibanisa abachasi kwinkqubo; * Ukubonelela ngenye indlela yokumelwa kweenjongo zangaphandle; * Ukunika indlela yokuqesha amalungu amatsha kwiqela elilawulayo; * Ukuba ngumjelo apho kunokuhanjiswa izikhalazo ezincinci kunye neenkcaso. == Umbutho wangaphakathi == Igumbi ngalinye lendlu yowiso-mthetho linamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho asebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwenkqubo yepalamente ukuxoxa ngemiba yezopolitiko kunye nokuvota kwimithetho ecetywayo. Kufuneka kubekho inani elithile labameli bomthetho abakhoyo ukuze benze le misebenzi; oku kubizwa ngokuba yi- quorum . Ezinye zeembopheleleko zegunya eliwisa imithetho, njengokuqwalasela kuqala umthetho osandula ukuphakanyiswa zidluliselwa kwiikomiti ezenziwe ngamalungu ambalwa egumbi. Amalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho adla ngokumela amaqela ezopolitiko ahlukeneyo, amalungu avela kwiqela ngalinye ngokuqhelekileyo ahlangana njengeqela ukuze alungelelanise imicimbi yawo yangaphakathi. Abasebenzi beenkqubo zowiso-mthetho banceda abameli bezomthetho, kodwa banokuzisa ukucalulwa kwezopolitiko kwinkqubo yokwenza imigaqo-nkqubo. <ref name="e367">{{Cite journal|last=Hertel-Fernandez|first=Alexander|last2=Mildenberger|first2=Matto|last3=Stokes|first3=Leah C.|date=2019|title=Legislative Staff and Representation in Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055418000606/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=113|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.1017/S0003055418000606|issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription|access-date=2026-07-23}}</ref> == Ulwalamano namanye amasebe karhulumente == [[File:Separation_of_powers_(EN).png|thumb| Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya : umthetho, ulawulo (urhulumente) kunye neenkundla zomthetho .]] Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zahluka kakhulu kubungakanani bamandla ezopolitiko ezinawo, xa kuthelekiswa nabanye abadlali bezopolitiko abafana neenkundla zomthetho, imikhosi, kunye nabaphathi . Ngowama-2009, izazinzulu zezopolitiko uM. Steven Fish kunye noMatthew Kroenig bakha isalathisi samandla ePalamente bezama ukubala amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe. I -Bundestag yaseJamani, iPalamente yase-Itali, kunye ne -Great Khural yaseMongolia zibambene noyena unamandla, ngelixa iNdlu yabaMeli yaseMyanmar kunye ne -Transitional Federal Assembly yaseSomalia (ekuqaleni yathatyathelwa indawo yiPalamente yaseSomalia ) zibambene noyena unamandla. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Fish|first=M. Steven|title=The handbook of national legislatures: a global survey|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofnation0000fish|last2=Kroenig|first2=Matthew|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-521-51466-8}}</ref> Ezinye iinkqubo zezopolitiko zilandela umgaqo wokuba umthetho uphezulu, othi umthetho wepalamente lisebe eliphezulu likarhulumente kwaye alinakubotshelelwa zezinye iziko, ezifana nesebe lezomthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo. Inkqubo enjalo yenza umthetho ube namandla ngakumbi. Kwiinkqubo [[Rhulumente|zikarhulumente]] zepalamente kunye nezobumongameli obuphantsi, ulawulo lunoxanduva kwipalamente, enokuthi iyisuse ngevoti yokungathembi . Kwelinye icala, ngokwemfundiso yokwahlulwa kwamandla, umthetho kwinkqubo kamongameli uthathwa njengesebe likarhulumente elizimeleyo nelilinganayo kunye necandelo lezomthetho kunye nelilawulayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Governing Systems and Executive-Legislative Relations (Presidential, Parliamentary and Hybrid Systems)|url=http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017164441/http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/Parl-Pub-govern.htm|archive-date=17 October 2008|accessdate=16 October 2008|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli zibonelela ngokugxothwa kwabaphathi ngenxa yokuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye okuchasene nomgaqo-siseko. Ngamanye amaxesha iiNdlu zoWiso-mthetho ziya kudlulisela amandla azo owiso-mthetho kwiiarhente zolawulo okanye zolawulo . == Amalungu == IziNdlu zoWiso-mthetho zenziwe ngamalungu ngamanye, aziwa ngokuba ngabameli-mthetho, abavotela imithetho ecetywayo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho idla ngokuba nenani elimiselweyo labameli bomthetho; kuba izindlu zowiso-mthetho zihlala zihlangana kwigumbi elithile elizaliswe zizihlalo zabameli bomthetho, oku kudla ngokuchazwa njengenani "lezihlalo" ezikuyo. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho enezihlalo ezili-100 inamalungu ali-100. Ngolwandiso, isithili sonyulo esikhetha ummisi-mthetho omnye sinokuchazwa njenge "sihlalo", umz., kumabinzana athi " isihlalo esikhuselekileyo " kunye " nesihlalo esingaphantsi ". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Terminology|url=https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305170310/https://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/Backg/Terminology.htm|archive-date=5 March 2022|accessdate=6 March 2022|website=Parliament of Tasmania}}</ref> Emva konyulo, amalungu anokukhuselwa kukungakhuseleki kwipalamente okanye ilungelo lepalamente, nokuba kuzo zonke izenzo ixesha labo lonke, okanye kuphela ezo zinxulumene nemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho. == Iikhamera == [[File:BMR_palaciolegislativo19@0.jpg|thumb|301x301px| INdibano Jikelele yase-Uruguay, indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe yelizwe, idibana kwiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho .]] [[File:House_of_Commons_Chamber_1.png|right|thumb|200x200px| INdlu yeeNgwevu yaseBritane, indlu yayo esezantsi]] [[File:Deutscher_Bundestag_Plenarsaal_Seitenansicht.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I -Bundestag [[IJamani|yaseJamani]], indlu yayo engaphantsi yethiyori]] [[File:Senate_panorama.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| I- Australian Senate, indlu yayo ephezulu]] Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaxoxa kwaye ivote ngemithetho njengeyunithi enye, okanye inokwenziwa ziindibano ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa ngamagama ahlukeneyo kuquka <nowiki><i id="mwAiE">iindlu zomthetho</i></nowiki>, <nowiki><i id="mwAiM">iindlu zengxoxo</i></nowiki>, kunye ''neendlu'', ezixoxa kwaye zivote ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye zinamandla ahlukeneyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho esebenza njengeyunithi enye inendawo enye, enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amabini inendawo ezimbini, kwaye enye yahlulwe yangamagumbi amathathu inendawo ezintathu . Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezimbini, elinye igumbi lidla ngokuthathwa njengendlu ephezulu, ngelixa elinye lithathwa njengendlu esezantsi . Ezi ntlobo zimbini azihlukanga kangako, kodwa amalungu ezindlu eziphezulu adla ngokunyulwa okanye ukumiselwa ngokungathanga ngqo endaweni yokunyulwa ngokuthe ngqo, adla ngokwabelwa ngamacandelo olawulo endaweni yokwabiwa ngabantu, kwaye adla ngokuba nexesha elide kunamalungu endlu esezantsi. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ingakumbi iinkqubo zepalamente, indlu ephezulu inamandla amancinci kwaye idla ngokuba nendima yokucebisa, kodwa kwezinye, ingakumbi iinkqubo zomongameli karhulumente, indlu ephezulu inamandla alinganayo okanye amakhulu. Kwimibutho elawulayo, indlu ephezulu idla ngokumela amazwe ayinxalenye yombutho. Oku kunjalo nakwindlu yowiso-mthetho engaphaya kwelizwe yeManyano yaseYurophu . Indlu ephezulu isenokuba nabameli boorhulumente bamazwe – njengakwiManyano yaseYurophu naseJamani, nangaphambi kowe-1913, eMelika – okanye unyulwe ngokwefomula enika ukumelwa okulinganayo kumazwe anabantu abancinci, njengoko kunjalo e-Australia nase-United States ukususela ngo-1913. Iipalamente ezinamasebe amathathu zinqabile; iBhunga likaRhuluneli waseMassachusetts lisekho, kodwa umzekelo wamva nje wesizwe wawukho kwiminyaka yokuphela kolawulo lwabamhlophe [[UMzantsi Afrika|eMzantsi Afrika]] . Imithetho yeTetracameral ayisekho, kodwa yayisetyenziswa ngaphambili eScandinavia. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ekuphela kwayo eyayinamagumbi amaninzi angaphezu kwamane yayiyiNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseYugoslavia ; eyasekwa okokuqala njengequmrhu lePentacameral ngo-1963, yaguqulwa yaba liqumrhu elinamacabdelo amathathu ngo-1967. == Ubungakanani == Iindlu zomthetho zahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu bazo. Phakathi kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe, iNational People's Congress yaseTshayina yeyona inkulu inamalungu angama-2,980, <ref name="IPU">{{Cite web|title=IPU PARLINE database: "General information" module|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806150648/http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/mod-general.asp|archive-date=6 August 2017|accessdate=30 April 2019|website=IPU Parline Database|publisher=International Parliamentary Union}}</ref> ngelixa [[EsikaPhapha|iVatican City]] Pontifical Commission yeyona incinci inamalungu asi-7. <ref name="Vatican size">{{Cite web|title=Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125161949/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/en/stato-e-governo/struttura-del-governatorato/organigramma/stato-citta-del-vaticano.html|archive-date=25 November 2018|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Akukho nanye kwezi ndlu yowiso-mthetho ekhethwa ngokwentando yesininzi: Amalungu eKomishini yobuPonti anyulwa nguPopu kwaye iNational People's Congress ikhethwa ngokungathanga ngqo phantsi komxholo worhulumente weqela elinye . <ref name="IPU" /> <ref name="vatican">{{Cite web|last=Pope John Paul II|authorlink=Pope John Paul II|date=26 November 2000|title=Fundamental Law of Vatican City State|url=http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203911/http://www.vaticanstate.va/NR/rdonlyres/3F574885-EAD5-47E9-A547-C3717005E861/2522/FundamentalLaw1.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2008|accessdate=30 April 2019|publisher=Vatican City State}}</ref> Ubukhulu bendlu yowiso-mthetho bubandakanya ukulinganisa umahluko phakathi kokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokumelwa kwabantu; okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho incinci, kokukhona inokusebenza kakuhle, kodwa okukhona indlu yowiso-mthetho inkulu, kokukhona inokumela ngcono ukwahlukahlukana kwezopolitiko kwabantu bayo. Uhlalutyo oluthelekisayo lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe lufumanise ukuba ubungakanani bendlu esezantsi yelizwe buhlala bulingana nengcambu yetyhubhu yabemi balo; oko kukuthi, ubukhulu bendlu esezantsi buhlala bukhula kunye nabemi, kodwa kancinci kakhulu. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frederick|first=Brian|date=December 2009|title=Not Quite a Full House: The Case for Enlarging the House of Representatives|url=http://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1257&context=br_rev|url-status=live|journal=Bridgewater Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428223222/https://vc.bridgew.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1257&context=br_rev|archive-date=28 April 2020|access-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> == Bona kwakhona == * Uluhlu lwezindlu zowiso-mthetho ngokwamazwe * Uluhlu lwezakhiwo zomthetho * Umzobo wokwahlulwa konyulo * Umthetho osekelwe kubungqina * Igunya likarhulumente ophakamileyo == Imithombo esetyenzisiweyo == === Iincwadi === === Izahluko zeencwadi === {{Reflist}} === Iingxelo zejenali === === Imibhalo esemazantsi === {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Uluhlu:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jn82z0a7l6o7qborx6nad41550mf8rd