Wikipedia zawiki https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiebdaeuz MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter 媒体 特殊 讨论 用户 用户讨论 Wikipedia Wikipedia讨论 文件 文件讨论 MediaWiki MediaWiki讨论 模板 模板讨论 帮助 帮助讨论 分类 分类讨论 TimedText TimedText talk 模块 模块讨论 Event Event talk Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz 0 1371 43038 42570 2026-07-02T18:04:06Z HyBoxwood 12656 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 43038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Guekgya| | name = Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz<br />Cuŋƅvaƨ Yinƨminƨ Guŋhoƨgoƨ | native_name = 中华人民共和国 | flag = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg | seal = 中華人民共和國國徽.svg | national_anthem = [[义勇军进行曲]] | map = People's Republic of China (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Baekging]] | largest_city = [[Sanghaij]] | area_km2 = 9,634,057 ̩| time_zone = +8 | population_census = 1,360,720,000 | population_census_year = 2013 | population_density = 141 | population_density_year = 2013 | currency = [[Yinzminzbi]] | official_languages =[[Vahgun]] | languages = | government_type = [[seveicujyi]] | leader_title1 = guekgya cujsiz | leader_name1 = [[Siz Ginbingz]] | leader_title3 = gozvuyen cungjlij | leader_name3 = [[Lij Gyangz]] | GDP = $13,395 fanh ik | GDP_year = 2013 | GDP_per_capita = $6,747 | GDP_per_capita_year = 2013 | HDI = 0.719 | HDI_year = 2013 | country_code = CHN | cctld = .cn | calling_code = +86 }} '''Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz''' ({{saw+zh|中华人民共和国}}) genjcaengh '''Cunghgoz''' ({{saw+zh|中国}}), dwg [[biengz]] youq laeng [[Yacouh]]. * [[Gozvuyen cungjlij]] {{saw+zh|国务院总理}}<br /> * [[Cunghgoz Gungcanjdangj]] {{saw+zh|中国共产党}}<br /> * [[Cunghgoz Yinzminz Cwngci Hezsangh Veiyi]] {{saw+zh|中国人民政治协商会议}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT: }} {{Cunghgoz}} [[分类:Biengz Yacouh]] [[分类:Guekgya]] orl4chuut9q9dfmdcdun10htv7ktmb6 Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz yanfaz 0 9130 43039 36559 2026-07-02T18:05:22Z HyBoxwood 12656 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 43039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[文件:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|right|100px]] '''Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz yanfaz''' gaenq youz [[Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz Daihhaj Gaiq Daengx Guek Yinzminz Daibyaoj Daihhoih Daihhaj Baez Veiyi]] youq {{nnh|1982|12|4}} doeng-gvaq,caiqlij goengbouh saedhengz. <!--Categories--> <!--Interwikis--> [[分类:Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz|Yanfaz]] [[分类:Cwngci]] 20exhruzaf5ecrzvxoskzm5gns1rsfx 模板:Cunghgoz 10 9178 43037 39293 2026-07-02T18:03:31Z HyBoxwood 12656 [[w:zh:Template_talk:中华人民共和国国徽#編輯請求_2026-04-17_将svg替换为File:中華人民共和國國徽.svg]] 43037 wikitext text/x-wiki <br clear="all" /> {| align="center" class="toccolours" cellspacing="0" |- bgcolor="#FF3030" ! align="center" width="100%" | '''[[Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz|<span style="color:yellow;">Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz</span>]]''' |- | colspan="3" | {| | align="right" style="font-size: 100%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| '''Swngj''' | vertical-align: center;| : | align="left" style="font-size: 100%;" width="70%"| [[Anhveih]]{{•}}[[Fuzgen]]{{•}}[[Ganhsu]]{{•}}[[Gvangjdungh]]{{•}}[[Gveicouh]]{{•}}[[Haijnanz]]{{•}}[[Huznanz]]{{•}}[[Hwzlungzgyangh]]{{•}}[[Hoznanz]]{{•}}[[Hozbaek]]{{•}}[[Huzbaek]]{{•}}[[Gyanghsuh]]{{•}}[[Gyanghsih]]{{•}}[[Gizlinz]]{{•}}[[Cinhhaij]]{{•}}[[Sanjsih]]{{•}}[[Sanhdungh]]{{•}}[[Sanhsih]]{{•}}[[Sanhdungh]]{{•}}[[Laeuzningz]]{{•}}[[Swconh]]{{•}}[[Yinznanz]]{{•}}[[Cezgyangh]]{{•}}''[[Swngj Daizvanh (Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz)| Daizvanh]]'' | align="right" rowspan="3" style="font-size: 100%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"|[[文件:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|80px|Gozgiz]]<br /><br />[[文件:中華人民共和國國徽.svg|80px|Gozveih]] |- | align="right" style="font-size: 100%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| '''[[Swcigih]]''' | vertical-align: center;| : | align="left" style="font-size: 100%;" width="70%"|[[Gvangjsih Bouxcuengh Swcigih|Gvangjsih]]{{•}}[[Neimungzguj Swcigih|Neimungzguj]]{{•}}[[Ningzha Veizcuz Swcigih|Ningzha]]{{•}}[[Sinhgyangh Veizvuzwj Swcigih|Sinhgyangh]]{{•}}[[Sihcang Swcigih|Sihcang]] |- | align="right" style="font-size: 100%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| '''[[sohguenjsi]]''' | vertical-align: center;| : | align="left" style="font-size: 100%;" width="70%"| [[Baekging]]{{•}}[[Cungzcing]]{{•}}[[Sanghaij]]{{•}}[[Dienhginh]] |- | align="right" style="font-size: 100%; vertical-align: center;" width="15%"| '''[[Daegbied hingzcwnggih]]''' | vertical-align: center;| : | align="left" style="font-size: 100%;" width="70%"| [[Yanghgangj]]{{•}}[[Aumwnz]] |- |} |} <!-- --><includeonly> [[Category:Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz]] </includeonly><!-- --><noinclude> [[Category:模板|Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz]] </noinclude> mfqkc0ipy5we27he247anatdz0pzr9h Liuz Siujboh 0 10443 43040 42900 2026-07-03T00:07:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8820 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 43040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Portrait of Liu Xiaobo by Wang Liming (2017, cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Liuz Siujboh]] '''Liuz Siujboh''' (Sawgun:刘晓波, seng youq 1955 nienz 12 nyied 28 hauh)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/4454/prmID/172|title=Verdict Against Liu Xiaobo|publisher=[[International PEN]]|accessdate=11 January 2012|archive-date=8 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308173713/http://www.pen.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/4454/prmID/172|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, Cunghgoz vwnzyoz bihbingzgya, cozgya, gyausou caeuq yinzgienz hozdunggya, de ngawz Cunghgoz cwngci gaijgwz caueq Cunghgung duzcaiz roengzmuq. <ref name="EB">{{Cite book|title=Biography of Liu Xiaobo|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1656918/Liu-Xiaobo |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010}}</ref> Seizneix de youq guh bouxfamh cwngci. Liuz Siujboh youq 2003 nienz daengj 2007 nienz dang Duzliz cunghvwnz bizvei cujsiz.<ref name=ned>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20120314233342/http://www.ned.org/for-reporters/ned-extends-its-warmest-congratulations-to-grantee-liu-xiaobo-on-receiving-the-nobel-p NED Extends Its Warmest Congratulations to Grantee Liu Xiaobo on Receiving the Nobel Peace Prize]," [[National Endowment for Democracy]]. 8 October 2010.</ref> Coengz cungh 1990 nienzdaih haihij, de lij dwg Minzcuj cunghgoz cabceiq cungjbien. 2008 nienz 12 nyied 8 hauh, Liuz Siujboh aen'vih canhgya ciemdingh 08 yencangh gwn laengz. 2009 nienz 6 nyied 23 hauh gwn gaemh, coihmingz dwg yoekfeiz diemhfuz guekgya cingqcienz.<ref>Benjamin Kang Lim, [http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE55N0F020090624 China's top dissident arrested for subversion], Reuters, 24 June 2009.</ref><ref name="chnrev">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20090630015227/http://cn.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1010/0/3/6/101003632.html?coluid=0&kindid=0&docid=101003632 刘晓波因涉嫌煽动颠覆国家政权罪被依法逮捕]" (Liu Xiaobo Formally Arrested on 'Suspicion of Inciting Subversion of State Power' Charges), China Review News, 24 June 2009,</ref> dingh hingz 8 nienz.<ref name="judg" /> 2010 nienz de aen'vih feibauhlig gangcwngh ndaej Nobel hozbingz ciengj.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dwyer Arce|url=http://jurist.org/paperchase/2010/12/china-dissident-liu-xiaobo-awarded-nobel-peace-prize-in-absentia.php|title=China dissident Liu Xiaobo awarded Nobel Peace Prize in absentia|date=December 10, 2010|publisher=JURIST - Paper Chase}}</ref><ref name="nobel-announcement">{{Citation |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/announcement.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 - Prize Announcement|date=8 October 2010 |publisher=Nobel Prize}}</ref><ref name="rthk-nobel">{{Citation |url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/rthk/news/expressnews/20101008/news_20101008_55_703618.htm |title=劉曉波獲諾貝爾和平獎 (Liu Xiaobo won the Nobel Peace Prize) |date=8 October 2010 |work=[[RTHK]]}}</ref><ref>McKinnon, Mark. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/liu-xiaobo-could-win-the-nobel-peace-prize-and-hed-be-the-last-to-know/article1747791/ "Liu Xiaobo could win the Nobel Peace Prize, and he’d be the last to know"]. ''The Globe and Mail''. 7 October 2010. 'Ms. Liu said her husband had been told by his lawyer during a recent visit that he had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, but he would be shocked if he won, she said. “I think he would definitely find it hard to believe. He never thought of being nominated, he never mentioned any awards. For so many years, he has been calling for people to back the [[Tiananmen Mothers]] (a support group formed by parents of students killed in the 1989 demonstrations)..”'</ref> ==Ciuhgonq== Liu was born in [[Changchun]], [[Jilin]], in 1955 to an intellectual family. In 1969, during the [[Down to the Countryside Movement]], Liu's father took him to [[Horqin Right Front Banner]], [[Inner Mongolia]]. After he finished middle school in 1974, he was sent to the countryside to work on a farm in Jilin. In 1977, Liu was admitted to the Department of Chinese Literature at [[Jilin University]], where he created a poetry group known as "The Innocent Hearts" (''Chi Zi Xin'') with six schoolmates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baike.baidu.com.cn/view/1037156.html?fromTaglist |title=赤子心诗社 |publisher=Baidu |date=22 April 2009}}</ref> In 1982, he graduated with [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in literature before being admitted as a research student at the Department of Chinese Literature at [[Beijing Normal University]]. In 1984, he received an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in literature and became a teacher at the same department.<ref name=mingpao>{{cite news| author = 明報記者陳陽、方德豪| url = http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=171&News=8748f0b20c000f9f9c4673ba0d98238f06c5f1fb890e2d0393e24638b82e67| title = 劉曉波﹕六四損鄧歷史地位| work = Ming Pao| location = Hong Kong| language = Chinese| date = 22 October 2008| accessdate = 26 December 2009| archive-date = 15 October 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101015212330/http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/News.cfm?SpecialsID=171&News=8748f0b20c000f9f9c4673ba0d98238f06c5f1fb890e2d0393e24638b82e67| dead-url = yes}}{{Dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Asia Watch Committee|title=Repression in China since 4 June 1989: cumulative data|publisher=Human Rights Watch|year=1990|page=28|isbn=978-0-929692-74-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/516_1.shtml |title=劉曉波簡歷 |publisher=Boxun.com |date= |accessdate=12 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> That year, he married Tao Li, with whom he had a son named Liu Tao in 1985. In 1986, Liu started his doctoral study program and published his literary critiques at various magazines. He became well known as a "dark horse" for his radical opinions and sharp comments on the official doctrines and establishments to shock both of the literary and ideological circles, thus termed as "Liu Xiaobo Shock" or "Liu Xiaobo Phenomenon".<ref name=UDN>{{cite journal | author=貝嶺| url = http://mag.udn.com/mag/world/storypage.jsp?f_MAIN_ID=409&f_SUB_ID=4595&f_ART_ID=255134| title = 別無選擇—記1989年前後的劉曉波|work=United Daily News |location=Taiwan|language=Chinese |date =17 June 2010}}</ref> In 1987, his first book, ''Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Li Zehou'', was published and became a bestseller non-fiction.<ref name=UDN/> It comprehensively criticised the Chinese tradition of [[Confucianism]] and posed a frank challenge to [[Li Zehou]], a rising ideological star who had a strong influence on young intellectuals in China at the time.<ref name=UDN/> In June 1988, he received Ph.D. in literature. His doctoral thesis, ''Aesthetic and Human Freedom'', passed the examination unanimously and was published as his second book.<ref>{{cite journal|author=余世存|url=http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200806/Article_20080603033147.shtml|title=北京当代汉语研究所2008年公告|date=2 June 2008|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134903/http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200806/Article_20080603033147.shtml|dead-url=yes}}</ref> In the same year he became a lecturer at the same department. He soon became a visiting scholar at several universities, including [[Columbia University]], the [[University of Oslo]], and the [[University of Hawaii]]. He returned home as the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]] broke out. This year saw also the publication of his third book, ''The Fog of Metaphysics'', a comprehensive review on Western philosophies. Soon, all of his works were banned.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}} ==Cwngci gvanhdenj== In a 1988 interview with Hong Kong's ''Liberation Monthly'' (now known as ''Open Magazine''), Liu was asked what it would take for China to realize a true historical transformation. He replied: <blockquote>"[It would take] 300 years of [[colonialism]]. In 100 years of colonialism, Hong Kong has changed to what we see today. With China being so big, of course it would require 300 years as a colony for it to be able to transform into how Hong Kong is today. I have my doubts as to whether 300 years would be enough."<ref name=open2>Liu Xiaobo, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101217230437/http://www.open.com.hk/1011p68.html 文壇「黑馬」劉曉波]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}" (Liu Xiaobo, the "Dark Horse" of Literature), ''Open Magazine'', 27 November 1988.</ref><ref name=open1>Liu Xiaobo, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20101014095017/http://www.open.com.hk/0701p26.html 我與《開放》結緣十九年]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}" (My 19 Years of Ties with "Open Magazine"), ''Open Magazine'', 19 December 2006.</ref></blockquote> Liu admitted in 2006 that the response was extemporaneous, although he did not intend to take it back, as it represented "an extreme expression of his longheld belief."<ref name=open1 /> The quote was nonetheless used against him. He has commented, "Even today [in 2006], radical patriotic '[[Fenqing|angry youth]]' still frequently use these words to paint me with '[[treason]]'."<ref name=open1 /> Known for his pro-West stance, Liu once stated in an interview: "Modernization means whole-sale westernization, choosing a human life is choosing Western way of life. Difference between Western and Chinese governing system is humane vs in-humane, there's no middle ground... Westernization is not a choice of a nation, but a choice for the human race" <ref>''Liberty Monthly'', December 1988.</ref> During the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests]], he was in the United States but decided to return to China to join the movement. He was later named as one of the "four [[junzi]]s of Tiananmen Square" for persuading students to leave the square and thus saving hundreds of lives.<ref>South China Morning Post. "[http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=53f93ec656b8b210VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=China&s=News SCMP]." ''Personal traits give 2010 Nobel Peace Prize winner global appeal.'' Retrieved on 9 October 2010.{{Dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref> In his 1996 article titled "Lessons from the Cold War", Liu argues that "The free world led by the US fought almost all regimes that trampled on human rights … The major wars that the US became involved in are all ethically defensible." He has defended U.S. policies in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], which he thinks is the fault of the "provocateur" Palestinians.<ref name=guardian20101215/> Liu also published a 2004 article in support of Bush's war on Iraq, titled "Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance", in which he praised the U.S.-led post-[[Cold War]] conflicts as "best examples of how war should be conducted in a modern civilization." He predicted "a free, democratic and peaceful Iraq will emerge."<ref name=epoch>Liu Xiaobo, "[http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/4/4/13/n508623.htm 刘晓波：美英自由联盟必胜]" (Liu Xiaobo: Victory to the Anglo-American Freedom Alliance), ''Epoch Times'', 13 April 2004.</ref> During the 2004 US presidential election, Liu again praised Bush for his war effort against Iraq and condemned Democratic Party candidate [[John Kerry]] for not sufficiently supporting the wars in which the U.S. was then involved. He commented on [[Islamism]] that, "a cul­ture and (reli­gious) sys­tem that pro­duced this kind of threat ([[Islamic fundamentalism]]), must be extremely intol­er­ant and blood-thirsty." On [[Israel]], he said "with­out America’s pro­tec­tion, the long per­se­cuted Jews who faced exter­mi­na­tion dur­ing [[World War II]], prob­a­bly would again be drowned by the Islamic world's hatred."<ref name=pen>Liu Xiaobo, "[http://www.boxun.com/hero/liuxb/217_1.shtml 伊战与美国大选]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}" (The Iraq War and the US Presidential Election), Independent Chinese PEN Center, 13 October 2004.</ref><ref name=guardian20101215>Sautman, Barry; Yan, Hairong (15 December 2010). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/dec/15/nobel-winner-liu-xiaobo-chinese-dissident "Do supporters of Nobel winner Liu Xiaobo really know what he stands for?"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 3 November 2011.</ref> ==Yinzcienz hozdung== On 27 April 1989, Liu returned to Beijing and immediately and actively supported the popular movement. When the army looked set violently eject from Tiananmen Square the students who persistently occupied the Square to challenge the government and army enforcing the martial law, he initiated a four-man three-day [[hunger strike]] on 2 June. Later referred to as the "Tiananmen Four Gentlemen Hunger Strike", the action was to earn the trust from the students. He requested that the government and the students abandon the ideology of class struggle and to adopt a new kind of political culture for dialogue and compromise. Although it was too late to prevent the massacre from occurring beyond the Square starting from the night of 3 June, he and his colleagues successfully negotiated with the student leaders and the army commander to let all the several thousand students withdraw peacefully from the Square, thus avoiding a possible bloodshed in a much larger scale. On 6 June, Liu was arrested and detained in [[Qincheng Prison]] for his alleged role in the movement, and three months later was expelled from the Beijing Normal University. The government's media issued numerous publications which labelled him a "mad dog" and "black hand" because he had allegedly incited and manipulated the student movement to overthrow the government and socialists. His publications were banned, including his fourth book in press, ''Going Naked Toward God''. In Taiwan however, his first and third books were republished with some additions as ''Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Leading Thinker LI Zehou'' (1989), and the two-volume ''Mysteries of Thought and Dreams of Mankind'' (1990). In January 1991, 19 months since his arrest, Liu Xiaobo was convicted on the offence of "counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement"<ref name="judg" /> but exempted from criminal punishment for his "major meritorious action" for having avoided the possibly bloody confrontation at Tiananmen Square. After his release, he was divorced and eventually his ex-wife and son immigrated to the US. He resumed his writing, mostly on human rights and political issues though he has not been allowed to publish in Mainland China. In 1992, he published in Taiwan his first book after his imprisonment, ''The Monologues of a Doomsday’s Survivor'', a controversial memoir with his confessions and political criticism on the popular movement in 1989. In January 1993, Liu was invited to visit Australia and the US for the interviews in the documentary film ''Gate of Heavenly Peace''. Although many of his friends suggested that he take refuge abroad, Liu returned China in May 1993 and continued his freelance writing. On 18 May 1995, the police took Liu into custody for launching a petition campaign on the eve of the sixth anniversary of June 4 massacre, calling on the government to reassess the event and to initiate political reform. He was held under residential surveillance in the suburbs of Beijing for 9 months. He was released in February 1996 but arrested again on 8 October for an October Tenth Declaration, co-authored by him and another prominent dissident Wang Xizhe, mainly on Taiwan issue that advocated the peaceful unification to oppose Chinese Communist Party's forceful treats toward the island. He was ordered to serve three years of [[re-education through labor]]<ref name="judg" /><ref>Liu Xiaobo, "[http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/7/12/12/n1939917p.htm 劉曉波：勞教 早該被廢除的惡法]" (Reeducation-through-labor: An evil law which should be quickly repealed), Observe China, 6 December 2007.</ref> on "disturbing public order” for that statement.<ref>Wang Ming, "[https://archive.is/20120904001627/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/1881 A Citizen's Declaration on Freedom of Speech]," ''China Rights Forum'' (spring 1997).</ref> In the same year, he married Liu Xia. After his release on 7 October 1999, Liu Xiaobo resumed his freelance writing. However, it is reported<ref name="appledaily">警車守門外多年被軟禁, 9 October 2010, ''Apple Daily'' (Hong Kong).</ref> that the government built a sentry station next to his home and his phone calls and internet connections were tapped. In 2000, he published in Taiwan ''A Nation That Lies to Conscience'', a 400-paged political criticism. Also published, in Hong Kong, was ''Selection of Poems'', a 450-paged collection of the poems as correspondences between him and his wife during his imprisonment; it was co-authored by Liu and his wife. The last of three books which he published during the year was in Mainland China, titled ''The Beauty Offers Me Drug: Literary Dialogues between Wang Shuo and Lao Xia'', a 250-paged collection of literary critiques co-authored by a popular young writer and by himself under his unknown penname of "Lao Xiao". In the same year, Liu participated in founding the Independent Chinese PEN Centre and was elected to its board of directors as well as its president in November 2003, re-elected two years later. In 2007, he did not seek for the re-election of the president but hold his position of the board member until detained by the police in December 2008. In 2004, when he started to write a Human Rights Report of China at home, his computer, letters and documents were confiscated by the government. He once said, "at Liu Xia's [Liu's wife] birthday, her best friend brought two bottles of wine to [my home] but was blocked by the police from coming in. I ordered a [birthday] cake and the police also rejected the man who delivered the cake to us. I quarreled with them and the police said, "it is for the sake of your security. It has happened many bomb attacks in these days."<ref name="appledaily" /> Those measures were loosened until 2007, prior to the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.<ref name="appledaily" /> In January 2005, following the death of former Chinese Premier [[Zhao Ziyang]], who showed sympathy to protesters of the student demonstration in 1989, Liu was immediately put under house arrest for two weeks before realizing the death of Zhao.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101013024616/http://www.chinesepen.org/Article/hyxz/200801/Article_20080118070643.shtml 赵紫阳亡灵:不准悼念和禁忌松动], Translation: Revenant of Zhao Ziyang, Author: Liu Xiaobo, Independent Chinese Pen Center</ref> In the same year, he published two more books in the US, ''Future of Free China Exists in Civil Society'', and ''Single-Blade Poisonous Sword: Criticism of Chinese Nationalism''. His writing is considered subversive by the Chinese Communist Party, and his name is censored.<ref>Baculinao, Eric and Gu, Bo (8 October 2010)[https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093338/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/10/08/5258370-in-china-citizens-find-ways-to-learn-of-nobel-prize In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize], NBC News.</ref> He has called for multi-party elections, free markets, advocated values of freedom, supported separation of powers and urged the governments to be [[Truth and reconciliation commission|accountable for its wrongdoings]].<ref name=Link2008>{{cite news|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210|title=Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of ''Charter 08'', signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside|last=Link|first=Perry|publisher=The New York Review of Books|accessdate=10 December 2008}}</ref> When not in prison, he has been the subject of government monitoring and put under house arrest during ''sensitive times''.<ref name="appledaily" /> Liu's human rights work has received international recognition. In 2004, [[Reporters Without Borders]] awarded him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of [[press freedom]].<ref>Reporters Without Borders, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120319004654/http://en.rsf.org/china-reporters-without-borders-21-12-2004,12138.html Fondation de France Prize: Liu Xiaobo Receives Prize for Defence of Press Freedom]," 21 December 2004.</ref> {|class="wikitable" |+'''Prison terms for Liu Xiaobo'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101011095545/http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca51802a.htm 和平獎得主劉曉波小傳], Hong Kong [[Mingpao]].</ref> |- !Prison term || Reason ||Result |- |June 1989&nbsp;– January 1991 || Charged with spreading messages to instigate counterrevolutionary behavior. || Imprisoned in one of China's best-known maximum security prisons, [[Qincheng Prison]], and discharged when he signed a "letter of repentance." |- |May 1995&nbsp;– January 1996 || Being involved in democracy and human rights movement and voicing publicly the need to redress government's wrongdoings in the student protest of 1989 || Released after being jailed for six months. |- |October 1996&nbsp;– October 1999 || Charged with disturbing the social order || Jailed in a labor education camp for three years. In 1996, he married [[Liu Xia (intellectual)|Liu Xia]]. |- |December 2009&nbsp;– 2020 || Charged with spreading a message to subvert the country and authority ||Sentenced for 11 years and deprived of all political rights for two years. Currently imprisoned in [[Jinzhou]] Prison in [[Liaoning Province]].<ref name="ramzy">{{cite news|last=Ramzy|first=Austin|title=Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Wins Nobel Peace Prize|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2024405,00.html|accessdate=9 October 2010|newspaper=Time|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> |} ==08 yencangh== ===Conception and diffusion of the Charter=== {{main|Charter 08}} [[File:Political Charter 08 Parade A02.jpg|thumb|right|Political protest in Hong Kong against the detention of Liu Xiaobo]] Liu Xiaobo actively participated in the writing of and, along with more than three hundred Chinese citizens, signed ''Charter 08''. The Charter is a [[manifesto]] released on 10 December 2008 to coincide with the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. It was written in the style of the Czechoslovak ''[[Charter 77]]'', calling for more freedom of expression, human rights, more democratic elections, for privatizing state enterprises and land and for [[economic liberalism]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22210|title=Charter 08 Translated from Chinese by Perry Link The following text of Charter 08, signed by hundreds of Chinese intellectuals and translated and introduced by Perry Link, Professor of Chinese Literature at the University of California, Riverside|last=Link|first=Perry|publisher=The New York Review of Books|accessdate=10 December 2008}}</ref> As of September 2010, the Charter has collected over 10,000 signatures.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/opinion/21iht-edhavel.html?_r=1 A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident], The New York Times, September 20, 2010</ref><ref>"[http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/china/2009/05/200905042259.shtml 零八宪章签署者已过8600名，第十四批签名人正式名单]" (Signatures to Charter 08 exceeds 8600, 14th list of signers attached), [[Boxun]], 4 May 2009.</ref> ===Arrest=== Two days before the official release of the Charter, late in the evening of 8 December 2008, Liu was taken into custody by the police,<ref>"[http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2008/12/200812090855.shtml 著名学者张祖桦、刘晓波'失踪,']" Boxun, 9 December 2008.</ref> as was [[Zhang Zuhua]], another scholar and ''Charter 08'' signatory. According to Zhang, the two were detained on suspicion of gathering signatures to the Charter.<ref name=reuters1>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221012000843/https://www.reuters.com/?edition-redirect=in China Detains Dissidents ahead of Human Rights Day]," Reuters, 9 December 2008; "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081210001039/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/12/09/asia/AS-China-Human-Rights.php Report: Chinese Police Detain Political Critic]," Associated Press, 9 December 2008.</ref> While Liu was detained in [[solitary confinement]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6948012.ece|title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo begins second year of detention without charge|last=Macartney|first=Jane|date=8 December 2009|work=The Times|location=London|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=14 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814061156/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6948012.ece|dead-url=yes}}</ref> he was forbidden to meet with his lawyer or family, though he was allowed to eat lunch with his wife, Liu Xia, and two policemen on New Year's Day 2009.<ref name=reuters2>"[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTRE50K0XG20090121 Writers Call for China Dissident's Release]," Reuters, 9 December 2008.</ref> On 23 June 2009, the Beijing [[procuratorate (China)|procuratorate]] approved Liu's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power," a crime under Article 105 of [[Law of the People's Republic of China|China's Criminal Law]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100813074703/http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/newlaw2002/SLC/SLC.asp?db=chl&gid=17010 中华人民共和国刑法] (Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China)</ref> In a [[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhua]] news release announcing Liu's arrest, the Beijing [[Public Security Bureau]] alleged that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, citing almost verbatim Article 105; the Beijing PSB also noted that Liu had "fully confessed."<ref name="chnrev" /> ===Trial=== On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing;<ref name="canyu">Canghai [沧海], "[http://canyu.org/n11318c6.asp 刘晓波案闪电移送法院 律师两次前往未能会见]" [Liu Xiaobo's Case Quickly Escalated to the Court; Lawyers Twice Try to Meet with Liu to No Avail], Canyu [参与], 11 December 2009.{{Dead link|date=December 2010}}</ref> on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "[[inciting subversion of state power]]" under and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.<ref name="canyu" /> He was tried at Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court on 23 December 2009. His wife was not permitted to observe the hearing, although his brother-in-law was present.<ref name="canyu" /><ref>Human Rights Watch, "[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/12/21/china-liu-xiaobo-s-trial-travesty-justice China: Liu Xiaobo's Trial a Travesty of Justice]," 21 December 2009.</ref><ref>Michael Anti, "[http://twitter.com/mranti/statuses/6953649249 Liu Xiaobo's brother-in-law says the trial ends without result. Waiting for lawyer coming out]," 23 December 2009.</ref> Diplomats from more than a dozen states – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were denied access to the court to watch the trial and stood outside the court for its duration.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8429625.stm Chinese angered by 'interference' in dissident trial] ''BBC''.</ref> Amongst these included Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy.<ref>Cara Anna, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091228011028/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jhUm7us8viZgI3LPIS4ekels25DAD9CON8F00 Diplomats Kept Away from China Dissident's Trial]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}," The Associated Press, 23 December 2009.</ref> {{cquote|I have no enemies, and no hatred. None of the police who have monitored, arrested and interrogated me, the prosecutors who prosecuted me, or the judges who sentence me, are my enemies. While I’m unable to accept your surveillance, arrest, prosecution or sentencing, I respect your professions and personalities, including Zhang Rongge and Pan Xueqing who act for the prosecution at present. I was aware of your respect and sincerity in your interrogation of me on December&nbsp;3.<p> For hatred is corrosive of a person’s wisdom and conscience; the mentality of enmity can poison a nation’s spirit, instigate brutal life and death struggles, destroy a society’s tolerance and humanity, and block a nation’s progress to freedom and democracy. I hope therefore to be able to transcend my personal vicissitudes in understanding the development of the state and changes in society, to counter the hostility of the regime with the best of intentions, and defuse hate with love....<p>I do not feel guilty for following my constitutional right to freedom of expression, for fulfilling my social responsibility as a Chinese citizen. Even if accused of it, I would have no complaints.|20px|20px|Liu Xiaobo, 23 December 2009<ref>McKey, Robert 8 October 2010). [http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/08/jailed-chinese-dissidents-final-statement/ Jailed Chinese Dissident's 'Final Statement'], ''New York Times''.</ref>}} This statement, titled "[[I have no enemies]]", was later read in the [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize]] ceremony, which Liu was unable to attend due to imprisonment.<ref>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/xiaobo-lecture_en.html Liu Xiaobo - Appell]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> On 25 December 2009, Liu was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No. 2 Intermediate Court on charges of "inciting subversion of state power." According to Liu's family and counsel, he plans to appeal the judgment.<ref name="judg">Beijing No. 1 Intermediate Court, Criminal Verdict no. (2009) yi zhong xing chu zi 3901, unofficial English translation in Human Rights in China, "[https://archive.is/20121204190146/http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/172713 International Community Speaks Out on Liu Xiaobo Verdict]," 30 December 2009.</ref> In the verdict, ''Charter 08'' was named as part of the evidence supporting his conviction.<ref name="judg" /> [[John Pomfret (journalist)|John Pomfret]] of ''The Washington Post'' said Christmas Day was chosen to dump the news because the Chinese government believed Westerners were less likely to take notice on a holiday.<ref name=pomfret>Pomfret, John (8 October 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110211204520/http://www.aarp.org/politics-society/newsmakers/news-10-2010/china_s_liu_xiaobo_wins_nobel_peace_prize.html China's Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}, ''Washington Post''; pub:AARP.</ref> {{cquote|China's political reform [...] should be gradual, peaceful, orderly and controllable and should be interactive, from above to below and from below to above. This way causes the least cost and leads to the most effective result. I know the basic principles of political change, that orderly and controllable social change is better than one which is chaotic and out of control. The order of a bad government is better than the chaos of anarchy. So I oppose systems of government that are dictatorships or monopolies. This is not 'inciting subversion of state power'. Opposition is not equivalent to subversion.|20px|20px|Liu Xiaobo, 9 February 2010<ref name=scmp20100209/>}}In an article published in the ''South China Morning Post'', Liu argued that his verdict violated China's constitution, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations. He argued that charges against him of 'spreading rumours, slandering and in other ways inciting the subversion of the government and overturning the socialist system' were contrived, as he did not fabricate or create false information, nor did he besmirch the good name and character of others by merely expressing a point of view, a value judgment.<ref name=scmp20100209>Liu Xiaobo (9 February 2010) Guilty of 'crime of speaking', ''South China Morning Post''.</ref> ===International response=== [[File:Solidarity with Liu Xiaobo.jpg|thumb|150px|Polish mural in [[Warsaw]], reading "[[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] with Liu Xiaobo"]] Liu's detention was condemned worldwide by organisations and other countries. On 11 December 2008, the [[U.S. Department of State]] called for Liu's release,<ref name=dos>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm|title=Harassment of Chinese Signatories to Charter 08 Press Statement Sean McCormack (spokesman)|last=Sean McCormack|first=Sean McCormack|date=11 December 2008|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=10 December 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214174715/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/dec/113124.htm|archivedate=14 December 2008|dead-url=no}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> which was followed on 22 December 2008 by a similar request from a consortium of scholars, writers, lawyers and human rights advocates.<ref name=consortium>"[http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/12/22/letter-consortium-release-liu-xiaobo-chinas-president-hu-jintao Letter from the Consortium for the Release of Liu Xiaobo to China's President Hu Jintao]," [[Human Rights Watch]]. 22 December 2008.</ref> Additionally, on 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Margaret Atwood]], [[Ha Jin]] and [[Jung Chang]], called for Liu's release in a statement put out through [[International PEN|PEN]].<ref name=reuters2 /> In March 2009, the [[One World Film Festival]] awarded Liu Xiaobo the Homo Homini Award, organized by the [[People In Need (Czech Republic)|People in Need foundation]], for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742|title=One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident|date=12 March 2009|publisher=Aktualne.cz|accessdate=3 December 2009}}</ref> In December 2009, the European Union and United States issued formal appeals calling for the unconditional release of Liu Xiaobo.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5BD4T220091214 |title=U.S., EU urge China to release prominent dissident |work=[[Reuters]] |date=14 December 2009 | first=Marcin | last=Grajewski}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8430409.stm | title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo jailed for subversion | date=25 December 2009 | publisher=[[BBC World News]] | accessdate=25 December 2009}}</ref> China, responding to the international calls prior to the verdict, stated that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xwfw/s2510/t648102.htm|title= Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu's Regular Press Conference on 24 December 2009|date=25 December 2009|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China}}</ref> Responding to the verdict, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner [[Navanethem Pillay]] expressed concern at the deterioration of political rights in China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=33348&Cr=China&Cr1=|title=Imprisonment of Chinese dissident deeply concerns UN human rights chief|date=25 December 2009|publisher=United Nations News Service}}</ref> German Chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5055977,00.html |title=Rights groups, West blast China over sentence for leading dissident |date=25 December 2009 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |editor-first=Andreas |editor-last=Illmer }}</ref> Canada and Switzerland also condemned the verdict.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iCqREmgQ_6P4REsdQY-srHP_PrJA|title=Canada 'deplores' sentencing of Chinese dissident|date=26 December 2009|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229160608/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iCqREmgQ_6P4REsdQY-srHP_PrJA|archivedate=29 December 2009|access-date=6 May 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/index/Switzerland_joins_protests_against_China.html?cid=7973728|title=Switzerland joins protests against China|date=26 December 2009|publisher=[[Swissinfo]]|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190814/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/index/Switzerland_joins_protests_against_China.html?cid=7973728|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The [[Republic of China]] President [[Ma Ying-jeou]] called on Beijing to "tolerate dissent".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng|title=Ma asks Beijing to tolerate dissidents|last=[[Central News Agency (Republic of China)|Central News Agency]]|date=27 December 2009|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174504/http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1141993&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_taiwan&cate_rss=TAIWAN_eng|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese Embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c590cdd0-016a-11df-8c54-00144feabdc0.html |title=The Chinese dissident’s ‘unknown visitors’ |author=Anderlini, Jamil |work=Financial Times|date= 15 January 2010}}</ref> On 22 January 2010, [[European Association for Chinese Studies]] sent an open letter to [[Hu Jintao]] on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf|title=OPEN LETTER TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA|date=22 January 2010|publisher=[[European Association for Chinese Studies]]|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=21 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171927/http://www.eu-china.net/web/cms/upload/pdf/nachrichten/2010_01_22_OpenLetter_eng.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> On 18 January 2010, Liu was nominated for the [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize]] by [[Václav Havel]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]], [[André Glucksmann]], [[Vartan Gregorian]], [[Mike Moore (New Zealand politician)|Mike Moore]], [[Karel Schwarzenberg]], [[Desmond Tutu]] and [[Grigory Yavlinsky]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/havel38/English|title=A Chinese Champion of Peace and Freedom|date=18 January 2010|publisher=[[Project Syndicate]]}}</ref> China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu stated that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".<ref name=phayul>{{cite news|url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo|title=China opposes Nobel for jailed dissident, lawmakers back Liu Xiabo|date=6 February 2010|publisher=phayul.com|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=5 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805015008/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26569&article=China+opposes+Nobel+for+jailed+dissident%2C+lawmakers+back+Liu+Xiabo|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.<ref name=phayul/> On 25 September 2010, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.<ref name="nyt20100926">[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/world/asia/26prize.html "Petition Urges Nobel for Jailed Chinese Writer"] article by Andrew Jacobs in ''[[The New York Times]]'' 25 September 2010. Retrieved 25 September 2010.</ref> On 14 September 2010, the Mayor of Reykjavík, [[Jón Gnarr]], met on an unrelated matter with CPC Politburo member [[Liu Qi (politician)|Liu Qi]] and demanded China set the dissident Liu Xiaobo free. Also that September Václav Havel, Dana Němcová and Václav Malý, leaders of Czechoslovakia's [[Velvet Revolution]], published an open letter in the ''[[International Herald Tribune]]'' calling for the award to be given to Liu, while a petition began to circulate soon afterwards.<ref name="nyt20100926"/><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/opinion/21iht-edhavel.html "A Nobel Prize for a Chinese Dissident"]. ''The New York Times''. 20 September 2010.</ref> On 6 October 2010, the non-governmental organization [[Freedom Now]], which serves as an international counsel to Liu Xiaobo as retained by his family, publicly released a letter from 30 members of the U.S. Congress to President [[Barack Obama]], urging him to directly raise both Liu's case and that of fellow imprisoned dissident [[Gao Zhisheng]] to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Liu-Gao-Letter-from-30-Members-of-Congress.pdf |access-date=6 May 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615130327/http://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Liu-Gao-Letter-from-30-Members-of-Congress.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> The Republic of China President [[Ma Ying-jiu]] congratulated Liu on winning the Nobel Prize and requested Chinese authorities to improve their impression to the world about human rights, but not calling for his release from prison.<ref name="ap20101006">[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iybngeph4O0E8E2GS283Y3y0ABNgD9INTS600?docId=D9INTS600 "Taiwan's Ma congratulates Nobel laureate Liu"]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}. ''The Associated Press''. 9 October 2010.</ref> In 2011, the [[WorldWideReading]] is dedicated to Liu Xiaobo; on March 20, there were readings in more than 60 towns and cities on all continents and broadcast via radio stations. The appeal "[[Freedom for Liu Xiaobo]]" has so far been supported by more than 700 writers from around the world, amongst them the Nobel Prize laureates John M. Coetzee, Nadine Gordimer, Herta Müller and Elfriede Jelinek, as well as Breyten Breytenbach, Eliot Weinberger, Salman Rushdie, Vikram Seth, Mario Vargas Llosa, Wolf Biermann and Dave Eggers. The international literature festival called for a worldwide reading on 20 March 2011 for Liu Xiaobo. More than 700 authors from all continents signed the appeal and over 150 institutions took part in the event. <ref>[http://www.literaturfestival.com/news/aufruf-zu-einer-weltweiten-lesung-fuer-die-freilassung-von-liu-xiaobo-am-20.-maerz-2012-en International Literature Festival]</ref> ==Nobel hozbingz ciengj== {{main|2010 Nobel Peace Prize}} On 8 October 2010, the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Nobel Peace Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China,"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2010/ |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2010 |publisher=Nobelprize.org |date= |accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref> saying that Liu had long been front-runner as the recipient of the prize.<ref name="Prize">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11499098|title=Nobel Peace Prize awarded to China dissident Liu Xiaobo|date=8 October 2010|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref> China reacted negatively to the award, [[censorship in the People's Republic of China|immediately censoring]] news about the announcement of the award in China, though later that day became available.{{Clarify|What became available?|date=November 2011}} Foreign news broadcasters including [[CNN]] and the [[BBC]] were immediately blocked,<ref>{{cite news|title=China censors Nobel award|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/breakingnews/200417/china-censors-nobel-award|newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]]|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> while [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China|heavy censorship]] was applied to personal communications.<ref>Eric Baculinao and Bo Gu, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110930093338/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2010/10/08/5258370-in-china-citizens-find-ways-to-learn-of-nobel-prize "In China, citizens find ways to learn of Nobel prize"], NBC News, 8 October 2010.</ref><ref>Victor Mair, [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=2699 "Liu Xiaobo"], Language Log, 10 October 2010.</ref> The Chinese Foreign Ministry denounced the award to Liu Xiaobo, saying that it "runs completely counter to the principle of the award and is also a desecration of the Peace Prize."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/china-angry-nobel-peace-prize-dissident/story?id=11830948|title=China Angered By Selection of Dissident Liu Xiaobo for Nobel Peace Prize|publisher=ABC News|date=8 October 2010|accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vehaskari|first=Aira Katariina|title=Chinese dissident Liu Xiaobo wins Nobel Peace Prize|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1|accessdate=8 October 2010|date=8 October 2010|agency=AFP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525032916/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-cczpx_Ln7Qt5OTGwpm8kMlyKOg?docId=CNG.e4bfcb376f8ac09d47b6d71b8feac4c4.5e1|archivedate=25 May 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t759532.htm |title=外交部发言人马朝旭答记者问 |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]] |accessdate=8 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Awarding Liu Xiaobo Nobel peace prize may harm China-Norway relations, says FM spokesman|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-10/08/c_13547668.htm|date=8 October 2010|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> The [[List of diplomatic missions of Norway|Norwegian ambassador to the People's Republic of China]] was summoned by the Foreign Ministry on 8 October 2010 and was presented with an official complaint about the granting of the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca52210a.htm|title=中國召喚挪威大使抗議諾獎|last=路透社|work=Ming Pao|language=Chinese|accessdate=8 October 2010|location=Hong Kong|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722064427/http://inews.mingpao.com/htm/INews/20101008/ca52210a.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The Chinese government has called Liu Xiaobo a criminal and stated that he does not deserve the prize. Chinese dissident [[Wei Jingsheng]] criticized Liu by calling him "the accomplice of the Communist regime."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chinaaffairs.org/gb/detail.asp?id=109630|title=What Today's Nobel Peace Prize Offers?|author=Wei Jingsheng|date=15 October 2010|work=chinaaffairs.org|accessdate=21 December 2010|archive-date=20 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120231429/http://www.chinaaffairs.org/gb/detail.asp?id=109630|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Following the announcement of the Nobel Peace Prize, celebrations in China were either stopped or curtailed,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/world/asia/10china.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss|title=China, Angered by Peace Prize, Blocks Celebration|last=ANDREW JACOBS|date=9 October 2010|work=The New York Times |accessdate=9 October 2010}}</ref> and prominent intellectuals and other dissidents were detained, harassed or put under surveillance;<ref name=twitter>Bei Feng (11 October 2010). [http://cmp.hku.hk/2010/10/11/7990/ "Viewing the Liu Xiaobo response through Twitter"], China Media Project of the University of Hong Kong.</ref> Liu's wife, [[Liu Xia (intellectual)|Liu Xia]], was placed under house arrest,<ref name='CNN 2010-10-11 wife'>{{cite news | title = Chinese Nobel prize winner's wife detained | date = 11 October 2010 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/10/china.nobel.wife/index.html | publisher = CNN | accessdate = 11 October 2010 | archive-date = 21 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101121001434/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/10/china.nobel.wife/index.html | dead-url = yes }}</ref> and was forbidden to talk to reporters even though no official charges were brought.<ref name='2010-10-10 Slashdot'>{{cite news | title = Chinese Nobel Winner's Wife Detained | date = 10 October 2010 | url = http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/10/10/1648237/Chinese-Nobel-Winners-Wife-Detained | work=Slashdot | accessdate = 11 October 2010}}</ref> Sixty-five countries with missions in Norway were all invited to the Nobel Prize ceremony, but fifteen declined, in some cases due to heavy lobbying by China. Besides China, these countries were Russia, Kazakhstan, Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, Vietnam, Venezuela, Egypt, Sudan, Cuba and Morocco.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nobelpeaceprize.org/en_GB/embassies-2010/|title=Embassies represented at the Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony on December 10 |date=7 December 2010|work=The Norwegian Nobel Institute|accessdate=14 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/12/201012717240690770.html|title=Chinese Nobel boycott gains support |date=7 December 2010|work=Al Jazeera |accessdate=11 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> China also imposed travel restrictions on known dissidents ahead of the ceremony. A Chinese group announced that its answer to the Nobel Peace Prize, the [[Confucius Peace Prize]], would be awarded to former Taiwan Vice-President [[Lien Chan]] for the bridge of peace he has been building between Taiwan and Mainland China.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B712620101208=China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award |date=8 December 2010|work=Reuters |accessdate=11 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> Lien Chan himself denied any knowledge of the $15,000 prize.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201012080013|title=China to award own peace prize ahead of Nobel award|date=8 December 2010|work=Focus Taiwan|accessdate=11 December 2010|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302125052/https://focustaiwan.tw/ShowNews/WebNews_Detail.aspx?Type=aALL&ID=201012080013|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101208/od_afp/nobelpeacechinarightsaward_20101208085426|title=Chinese group to award rival 'peace prize' |date=8 December 2010|work=Focus Taiwan |accessdate=11 December 2010}}{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> ==Major publications== * {{cite book|title=Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with LI Zehou<ref>Original title:《选择的批判——与李泽厚对话》, published by 上海人民出版社</ref>|publisher=Shanghai People’s Publishing House|year=1987}} * {{cite book|title=Criticism of the Choice: Dialogues with Leading Thinker LI Zehou<ref>Original title:《选择的批判—与思想领袖李泽厚对话》, published by 台湾风云时代出版公司</ref>|publisher=Shanghai People’s Publishing House|year=1989}} * {{cite book|title=Aesthetics and Human Freedom<ref>Original title: 《审美与人的自由》, published by 北京師范大學出版社</ref>|publisher=Beijing Normal University Press|year=1988}} * {{cite book|title=Going Naked Toward God<ref>Original title: 《赤身裸体，走向上帝》, 时代文艺出版社</ref>|publisher=Time Literature and Art Publishing House|year=1989}} * {{cite book|title=The Fog of Metaphysics<ref>Original title:《形而上学的迷雾》, by 上海人民出版社</ref>|publisher=Shanghai People’s Publishing House|year=1989}} * {{cite book|title=Mysteries of Thought and Dreams of Mankind, 2 volumes<ref>Original title:《思想之谜与人类之梦》（二卷）, by 台湾风云时代出版公司</ref>|publisher=Strom & Stress Publishing Company|year=1989，1990}} * {{cite book|title=Contemporary Politics and Intellectuals of China<ref>Original title:《中国当代政治与中国知识份子》, published by 台北唐山出版社</ref>|publisher=Tangshan Publishing Company, Taiwan|year=1990}} * {{cite book|title=Criticism on Contemporary Chinese Intellectuals (Japanese Translation)<ref>Original title:現代中国知識人批判, published by 日本德间书店</ref>|publisher=Tokuma Bookstore, Tokyo|year=1992}} * {{cite book|title=The Monologues of a Doomsday’s Survivor<ref>Original title:《末日幸存者的独白》, published by [[台湾中国时报出版社]]</ref>|publisher=China Times Publishing Company, Taiwan|year=1993}} * {{cite book|title=Selected Poems of Liu Xiabo and Liu Xia<ref>《刘晓波刘霞诗选》, published by 香港夏菲尔国际出版公司</ref>|publisher=Xiafei’er International Press, Hong Kong|year=2000}} * {{cite book|title=A Belle Gave me Knockout Drug<ref>Original title:《美人赠我蒙汗药》, by 长江文艺出版社</ref>|author=Under pen name Lao Xia and co-authored with Wang Shuo|publisher=Changjiang Literary Press|year=2000}} * {{cite book|title=A Nation That Lies to Conscience<ref>Original title: 《向良心说谎的民族》, published by 台湾捷幼出版社</ref>|publisher=Jie-jou Publishing Company, Taiwan|year=2002}} * {{cite book|title=Civil Awakening—The Dawn of a Free China<ref>Original title:《未来的自由中国在民间》, published by 劳改基金会</ref>|publisher=Laogai Research Foundation|year=2005}} * {{cite book|title=A Single Blade and Toxic Sword: Critique on Comtempory Chinese Nationalism<ref>Original title:《单刃毒剑——中国当代民族主义批判》, published by 美国博大出版社</ref>|publisher=Broad Press Inc, Sunnyvale|year=2006}} * {{cite book|title=Falling of A Great Power: Memorandum to China<ref>Original title:《大国沈沦—写给中国的备忘录》, published by 台北允晨文化出版社</ref>|publisher=Yunchen Culture|year=2009|month=10}} * {{cite book|title=From TianAnMen Incident to Charter 08 (in Japanese ): Memorandum to China<ref>Original title:《天安門事件から「08憲章」》, published by 日本藤原书店</ref>|publisher=Fujiwara Bookstore, Tokyo|year=2009|month=12}} ==Ciengj== * [[Human Rights Watch|Hellman-Hammett Grant]] (1990, 1996) * [[China Foundation on Democracy Education]] for Outstanding Democratic Activist(2003) * [[Reporters Without Borders|Fondation de France Prize]] for defender of press freedom (2004) * [[Hong Kong Human Rights Press Awards]] (2004, 2005, 2006) :*Excellent Award (2004) for an article ''Corrupted News is not News'', published on [[Open Magazine]] , January 2004 issue :*Grand Prize (2005) for an article ''Paradise of the Powerful, Hell of the Vulnerable'' on [[Open Magazine]], September 2004 issue :*Excellent Award (2006) for ''The Causes and Ending of [[Dongzhou protests|Shanwei Bloodshed]]'' on [[Open Magazine]], January 2006 * [[Asia-Pacific Human Rights Foundation]] (Australia) Courage of Conscience Award (2007) * [[People In Need (Czech Republic)|People In Need]] (Czech) [[Homo Homini]] Award (2009)<ref>[http://aktualne.centrum.cz/czechnews/clanek.phtml?id=631742 One World Homo Homini award goes to Chinese dissident]，2009年3月12日.</ref> * [[PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award]] (2009)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4214763,00.html|title=Liu Xiaobo |publisher=Dw-world.de|date=29 April 2009|accessdate=29 April 2009}}</ref> * [[Independent Federation of Chinese Students and Scholars]] (USA) Free Spirit Award (2009) * German PEN [[Hermann Kesten Medal]] (2010)<ref>[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6089512,00.html Liu Xiaobo] De-World, 7 October 2010.</ref> * [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (2010)<ref name="nobel-announcement"/><ref name="rthk-nobel"/><ref>[http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/liu-xiaobos-nobel-peace-prize-win-puts-spotlight-china-rights-violations-2010-10-08 LIU XIAOBO'S NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WIN PUTS SPOTLIGHT ON CHINA RIGHTS VIOLATIONS] Amnesty International [2010-10-08]</ref> * Honorary member of German, American, Portuguese, Czech and Sydney PEN Centers, and Honorary President of Independent Chinese PEN Centre. ==See also== {{Portalbox|People's Republic of China|Biography|Poetry}} * [[Human rights in the People's Republic of China]] * [[List of Chinese dissidents]] * [[Weiquan movement]] ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Wikisource|Charter 08}} '''Liu's verdict and articles cited as evidence of Liu's guilt in the verdict''' * [https://www.bro.web.id/2021/11/anime-wik-wik-terbaik-2021.html Anime Wik Wik Terbaik 2021] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127203701/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3197 "The Communist Party of China’s Dictatorial Patriotism"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127224214/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3199 "Can It Be that the Chinese People Deserve Only Party-Led Democracy?"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127213705/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3200 "Changing the Regime by Changing Society"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127235425/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3202 The Negative Effects of the Rise of Dictatorship on World Democratization"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127211142/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3201 "Further Questions about Child Slavery in China's Kilns"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127192616/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3203 ''Charter 08''] '''Other items written by Liu Xiaobo''' * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120127084928/http://www.hrichina.org/crf/article/3215 Letter from Liu Xiaobo to Liao Yiwu] (2000) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100715064321/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.3.2003/Liu_Xiaobo.pdf "The Rise of Civil Society in China"] (2003) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100714225414/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.1.2005/1.2005AtopAVolcano.pdf "Atop a Volcano"] (2004) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090729194745/http://www.hrichina.org/public/PDFs/CRF.4.2005/CRF-2005-4_June4.pdf "Remembering June 4th for China's Future"] (2005) * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/22704 The Poet in an Unknown Prison] letter by Liu from''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' (2009) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204235217/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674061477 ''No Enemies, No Hatred: Selected Essays and Poems''] (2011) '''Interviews with Liu Xiaobo''' * [http://www.tsquare.tv/film/charac.01.html#LXB English language articles and interviews] * [http://www.tsquare.tv/film/xiaobo.php#2 Film Excerpts of Liu Xiaobo] from ''[[The Gate of Heavenly Peace]]'' * {{YouTube|2QJGuPOMPvE|Interview with Liu Xiaobo (English and Chinese) by PEN American Center}} '''Other items related to Liu Xiaobo''' * {{YouTube|2_pcpak05F8|30 September 2009 floor debate in U.S. Congress on the Liu Xiaobo resolution}} *[http://www.democracynow.org/2010/10/8/jailed_chinese_dissident_liu_xiaobo_awarded Jailed Chinese Dissident Liu Xiaobo Awarded Nobel Peace Prize] - video report by ''[[Democracy Now!]]'' * [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/books/review/liu-xiaobos-plea-for-the-human-spirit.html "Liu Xiaobo’s Plea for the Human Spirit"] essay by Jonathan Mirsky in the Sunday Book Review in ''[[The New York Times]]'' December 30, 2011 {{s-start}} {{s-ach}} {{s-bef|before=[[Aubahmaj]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Nobel Peace Prize|Nobel Peace Prize Laureate]]|years=2010}} {{s-aft|after=[[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]<br>[[Leymah Gbowee]]<br>[[Tawakel Karman]]}} {{s-end}} {{2010 Nobel Prize winners}} {{Nobel Peace}} {{Footer Homo Homini Award laureates‎}} {{1989 Tiananmen protests}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2010}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME= Xiaobo, Liu |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION= Chinese intellectual and [[human right]]s activist |DATE OF BIRTH= 1955-12-28 |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Changchun]], [[Jilin]], China |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Liu, Xiaobo}} [[Category:1955 births]] [[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience]] [[Category:Charter 08 signatories]] [[Category:Chinese democracy activists]] [[Category:Chinese anti-communists]] [[Category:Chinese dissidents]] [[Category:Chinese human rights activists]] [[Category:Chinese prisoners and detainees]] [[Category:People's Republic of China poets]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:International PEN]] [[Category:People from Changchun]] [[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Jilin University alumni]] [[Category:Beijing Normal University alumni]] [[Category:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates]] ii0d0yu5a6mb2b2yebil8rcfk23gchk