ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ

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      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
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      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
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    <title>ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ</title>
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        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}
'''ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵎⵓⵛⵛ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵟⵟⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ  ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵉⵣⵎ|ⵢⵉⵣⵎ]], ⴷ [[ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ|ⵓⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵙⵉⵍ (ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ)|ⵡⴰⴽⵙⵉⵍ]]. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⵉⵔⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵢⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ|ⴰⴷ]] ⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉⵏ (ⵕⴱⴱⵓⵏ) ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ. [[ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ]] ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⴱⴱⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ  ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵎⴽ ⵉⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰⵛⵛⵓ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴹ. 

ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵍⵍⴼⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ (ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵉⵏ. ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ. ⴰⵎⵛⵉⵛ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ (ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⵙⵎⵄⵉⵡ&quot;).

==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵛⵉⵛⵏ==

==ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵛⵛⴰ==

==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==

* [[ⴰⵖⵉⵍⴰⵙ]]

* [[ⵉⵣⵎ]]
* [[ⴰⵍⵖⵎ]]


==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴽⴰⵜⴱ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1489</id>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="702" sha1="e23h73bwo3jevq8x8qbz5l5f4m627dz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴽⴰⵜⴱ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ''' ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ|ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ]], ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 6 [[ⵖⵓⵛⵜ]] 1929, ⴷⴳ [[ⵇⵙⵏⵟⵉⵏⴰ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 28 [[ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵔ]] 1989 ⴷⴳ [[ⴳⵖⵓⵏⵓⴱⵍ]].
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Kateb Yacine Nedjma authograph.jpg|thumb|ⴽⴰⵜⴱ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1956]]
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ |ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ |ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1938</id>
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        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
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      <text bytes="3568" sha1="1hs9zo1dpn3gnzugtzpy3g9dsibcz9l" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Vaca rubia galega. Oroso 1.jpg|link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ]]
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:CowFace.jpg|link=|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ]]
'''ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⴰⵣⴳⵔ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵣⴳⵔⵜ''' ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ''' (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ: '''ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ''', '''ⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵏ''', '''ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵉⵏ''', '''ⵉⵎⵓⴳⴰⵢⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵡⵡⴰⵜⵏ, ⵉⵣⴳⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⵣⴳⵔⵏ, ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⴳⴳⵏ''')  ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ,  ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵇⵇⴷⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔ [[ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ]] ,ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵙⵏ ⵖⴼⵙ ⴳ  ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ]]  ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ]] ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴰⴼⵙ  ⵔⴱⴱⵉ  ⴳ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵄⵣⵉⵣ [[ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⴰⵇⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ  ⵜⴰⵖⵣⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵍⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ [[ⴰⴽⴼⴰⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏ]] , ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⴼⵓⴹ.ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⴰⵇⵀⵡⵉ]] ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ|ⵓⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ|ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ]] ⴷ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵛ  ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵔⴱⴱⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵙⴰ]] ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵯⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ]] .

==ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ==
ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ [[ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ|ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ]] ⵎⴰⵛⵉ   ⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ|ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ]] ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵉⵅⵚⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ  ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎ   ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⴽⴽ ، ⵎⴽ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⵉ]] ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ , ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ ⵉⵅⵚⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⵉⴹⵏ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ .

==ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ==
*[https://glosbe.com/tzm/ar/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵅⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:27:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>47</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg|Al_Akhawayn_Campus.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Al Akhawayn Campus.jpg|]].</comment>
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      <text bytes="3329" sha1="95gx35mcjuk29jtp4cpx3y9qexr2iso" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Al Akhawayn University Logo.png|thumb|300px|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ]]

'''ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵅⴰⵡⵢⵏ''' ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ  2010, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵙⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏ, ⴳ  ⵜⵙⴽⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 2904 . ⵜⵣⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵅⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ]] ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵢⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵖⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉ [[ⴼⴰⵀⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ]] ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ [[ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]] ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵡⵙ  [[ⵜⵙⴰⵄⵓⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴰ.
ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵡⵀⵀⴰⴱ ⴱⵏ ⵎⵏⵚⵓⵔ &quot;ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]]  ⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ...&quot;
ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷⴳ 25 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1992 ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴰⵏⵎⴰⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ [[ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵄⵡⵉⵛⴰ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ]] ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ  ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]].
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 1300 ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵙⴳ 17 ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ, ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵅⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ [[ⵜⵉⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ.
{{ⵜⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==</text>
      <sha1>95gx35mcjuk29jtp4cpx3y9qexr2iso</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3657</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197674</id>
      <parentid>158898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:37:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197674</origin>
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      <text bytes="7293" sha1="4nxen02mxd9hg72ocr69vo6938ibi92" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ]]:''Aziz Akhannouch '') ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵙⴳ 2021; ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ]] ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961. &lt;ref&gt;«[https://www.mapnews.ma/am/activites-royales/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89-%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94-%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%84%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%85%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9B-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7-%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B3-%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%85%E2%B4%BC-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%9C-%E2%B5%99-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%89-%E2%B5%8F-%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B5%9C ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵓⵛ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ]», MAP ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ  ⵓⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⴱⵔⵓⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1986, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍⴷ ⵖⵔ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ  ”ⴰⴽⵡⴰ“.

ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] ⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003, ⵎⴽ  ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ]] ⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 2006.

ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵟ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ, ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰ]] ⵉ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵓⵏⵚⵉⵕ, ⵎⴽ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ 1 ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ 2 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ]].
ⵉⵜⴰⵀⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ.
==ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1961 ⴳ '''[[ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ]]''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ  ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵜⵏ. 
ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ '''ⵛⵉⵔⴱⵔⵓⴽ''' ⴳ [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ]], ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ.  
ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⴷⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ 2003 ⴷ 2007, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷⴰⵙ ⵉⵖⴼⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1999, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉⵥⴹ  ⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] ⵏ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⴼ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵣⴰⵏ. 
ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⵅⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2007 ⴰⵔ 2021, ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵀⵍ  ⴰⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵏ '''ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ''', ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴽⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵍ 2008, ⵜⵓⴼⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ, ⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ  ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵍⴰⵃⵜ&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cg.gov.ma/amz/node/238&lt;/ref&gt;. 

==ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ==
ⵜⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵚⵕ ⵕⴱⴱⵉ ,ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙ 10 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021 ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵅⵏⵓⵛ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ.

ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⵉⴼⵏ ⵏ 8 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2021.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ|ⵉⵍⵉⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ 1961|ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ}}
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
#REDIRECT [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]
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{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
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{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
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== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ==
ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 116 ⵏⵖⴷ 115 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ,ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉⵙ.
#REDIRECT [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyc... 
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ==
ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 116 ⵏⵖⴷ 115 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ,ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉⵙ.
#REDIRECT [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
# https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyc... 
# https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
# https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
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== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cleopatra-ii-c-183-116-bce?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ==
ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 116 ⵏⵖⴷ 115 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ,ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉⵙ.
#REDIRECT [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
# https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cleopatra-ii-c-183-116-bce?utm_source=chatgpt.com 
# https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
# https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
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== ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜt ==
&lt;big&gt;ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ&lt;/big&gt; (ⵏⴰⵖⴷ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵏⵏ)ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵢⴰⵜ  ⵙⴳ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ  ⵜⵉⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ  ⵏⵏⴰ  ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ  ⴳ  ⵎⵉⵚⵕ  ⴳ  ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ  ⵙⵏⴰⵜ  ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ  ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ  ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ  ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ  ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ  ⴷ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ  ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ  ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ  ⴷ  ⵉⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ  ⵏⵏⵙ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵚⴹⵉⵚ  ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ  ⵡⵉⵙⵙ  ⵜⴰⵎ  ⵢⵓⵔⵖⵉⵜⵉⵙ. ⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔ  ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ  ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ  ⴳ  ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ  ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ  ⵏ  ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cleopatra-ii-c-183-116-bce?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⵜⵉⵅⵅⵉⵜⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ==
ⵜⵍⵓⵍ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ  ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 185 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ.
ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⴰⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (ⵉⴱⵉⴼⴰⵏⵉⵙ),ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ  ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵍⵓⵇⵉ ⴰⵏⵟⵢⵓⵅⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ.
ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ  ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ,ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ==
ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴷⵔⵓ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ  ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ  ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ.
ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 145 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵡⵢ  ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵍⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ.
https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com

== ⵉⵏⵉⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ==
ⵢⵉⵡⴹ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ  ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴹ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ.
ⴳ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ, ⵜⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⴱⵟⵍⵉⵎⵓⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ==
ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 116 ⵏⵖⴷ 115 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ. ⵜⵜⴳ ⵙⴳ  ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵎⵏ ⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⵜⴰⴱⵟⵍⴰⵎⵉⵜ,ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵜⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.
ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙ ⴳⵔ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⵎⵉⵚⵕ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵕⴽ ⴰⵏⵟⵓⵏⵉⵙ.
#REDIRECT [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
# https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/cleopatra-ii-c-183-116-bce?utm_source=chatgpt.com 
# https://uwaterloo.ca/waterloo-institute-for-hellenistic-studies/events-workshops/events-archive/power-royal-agency-and-elite-women-hellenistic-and-roman-0/prestige-or-power-ptolemaic-queens-second-century-bc-dr?utm_source=chatgpt.com
# https://www.ascsa.edu.gr/uploads/media/hesperia/147949.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5779</id>
    <revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1589" sha1="nhjsajk4clu8lda61mnd6p8e2z26l54" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1923]] – 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]]) ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵙⴳ 1961 ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 1999.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⵓ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] (1909-1961) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ ⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵔ]] (1909-1992). ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ.

ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999, ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ.
[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|250px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵕⴰⵎⴱ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5885</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="850" sha1="5j5hjidhw9cznwjvsx25v7972h07agf" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ ⴳ [[1946]]) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;ⴰⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]](ⵙ.ⴳ.ⵙ.ⵎ) :''' [[ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] (ⵎ.ⵎ.ⵙ.ⵎ)&lt;/ref&gt; [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]], ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴷ
== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].
== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ.

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ,

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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      <text bytes="7912" sha1="5in24j2lsgj85eh3lcjnn7b8bxl64m5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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      <text bytes="9031" sha1="856ql8ggbcxnnuazqt7auiagdxxa9so" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' ({{MSAPI|/ˈdɑnəld tɹʌmp/}}&lt;ref name=&quot;prononciation&quot; group=&quot;alpha&quot;&gt;[[Prononciation de l'anglais|Prononciation]] en [[anglais américain]] [[Transcription phonétique|retranscrite]] selon la [[Alphabet phonétique international|norme API]].&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ''' (&lt;ref name=&quot;prononciation&quot; group=&quot;alpha&quot;&gt;[[Prononciation de l'anglais|Prononciation]] en [[anglais américain]] [[Transcription phonétique|retranscrite]] selon la [[Alphabet phonétique international|norme API]]./ˈdɑnəld tɹʌmp/&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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      <text bytes="13999" sha1="9te70uprrsomgctbqqi9rsrw7jqaw2r" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="14730" sha1="rkukyzebihq20upn0m2wmy3cimw95ts" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

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      <text bytes="16101" sha1="1600aefl8ll06gy51kkdje8dw292h0h" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|pp=30, 37}}. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ{{sfn|Kranish|Fisher|2017|p=v}}. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="16425" sha1="biio0yfkb32wr62er9a82po96do1rkv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>biio0yfkb32wr62er9a82po96do1rkv</sha1>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="19949" sha1="7a0x47hlwv9h81o596qows0esxssh3r" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19978" sha1="h7qi4yinbwh806wedw8jbt9on6ortym" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>h7qi4yinbwh806wedw8jbt9on6ortym</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197729</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:44:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>197729</origin>
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      <text bytes="23771" sha1="2wmw1kvlzns63x2560sjrqzmr239mmq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="25472" sha1="nka9qijxfe59o5qz5m8j08fckix8h66" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="25466" sha1="itiqdmh3ih0xhefk6k73l8ljgybtxon" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>itiqdmh3ih0xhefk6k73l8ljgybtxon</sha1>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="29095" sha1="ad0aytvf69d0d2jzx4e119xd76db7x7" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>ad0aytvf69d0d2jzx4e119xd76db7x7</sha1>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="29090" sha1="fa1mzxs8ux5ki05vi3pl8ncjn7gcv53" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>fa1mzxs8ux5ki05vi3pl8ncjn7gcv53</sha1>
    </revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="32351" sha1="q19se88kvzb5im1usi3aef3ak4ax0ge" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
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{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="32345" sha1="48w3mejnk8dsiag3e2pakwi870y3cw9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
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{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="34783" sha1="coylnulnri6wkq4spzn5ifergea7sij" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38058" sha1="ebvv4tp8fslvg8fbhpxofsixsdjozp9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985.]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
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| wd4            = P1036

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P1477

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P1449

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P742

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P735

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P1559

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P511

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P138

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P19

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ / Disappearance --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| label20        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param20        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd20           = P746

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Nationality &amp; Residence --&gt;
| header24       = ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| label25        = ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ
| param25        = ⵜⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ
| wd25           = P27

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⴰⵙⴳⴷ / Religion --&gt;
| header30       = ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
| label31        = ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
| param31        = ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
| wd31           = P140

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = P2067

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⴼⴰⵍⴽⴰⵢ}}</text>
      <sha1>sxnrrwp5gvotwm91gjpw4tgevhszbfd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵛ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21247</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197639</id>
      <parentid>154593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:47:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="894" sha1="fff71vcw8x4z9doomno6wsfysfmyz9h" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵛ''' ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ [[ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏ|ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵉⵙⵟⵉⵏⵉ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵓⴱⵏⵉⵇ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵉⵥ|ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵥ]] ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ|ⵢⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 13 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1943 ⴳ ⵍⴱⵉⵔⵡⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 9 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2008 ⴳ ⵀⵢⵓⵙⵜⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵙⴰⵙ.
==ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ==
==ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ==
==ⵉⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ==
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ}}</text>
      <sha1>fff71vcw8x4z9doomno6wsfysfmyz9h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:EveryDayMan75315925846</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>26347</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197623</id>
      <parentid>109043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Veritas Sapientiae</username>
        <id>761</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Veritas Sapientiae ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Dogehihi1234]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:EveryDayMan75315925846]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Dogehihi1234|Dogehihi1234]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/EveryDayMan75315925846|EveryDayMan75315925846]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>109043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="0hbig4qwhnox81aklxwtkml49sk2ujx" xml:space="preserve">==ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ ==
{{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} 
--[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:20, 26 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 2025 (+01)</text>
      <sha1>0hbig4qwhnox81aklxwtkml49sk2ujx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Renamed user 9f37d6a36ea28d9d892d12b8c06d6bea</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>40508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197778</id>
      <parentid>136313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T22:42:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AccountVanishRequests</username>
        <id>2049</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ AccountVanishRequests ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Top misha]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Renamed user 9f37d6a36ea28d9d892d12b8c06d6bea]] ⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵍ redirect: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Top misha|Top misha]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Renamed user 9f37d6a36ea28d9d892d12b8c06d6bea|Renamed user 9f37d6a36ea28d9d892d12b8c06d6bea]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>136313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="kf18ze7nrmiud12eky3oc609g8cl9bl" xml:space="preserve">==ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ ==
{{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} 
--[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:13, 4 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025 (+01)</text>
      <sha1>kf18ze7nrmiud12eky3oc609g8cl9bl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Infobox2</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>52756</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197672</id>
      <parentid>177255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197672</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="29740" sha1="d2d7s08lsru785bbby0m7iuvcsap0lc" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end

    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────

local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end

    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end

    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil

            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end

            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end

    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────

function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end

        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i
        
        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- ▼▼▼ NEW BRANCH: item-image ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ END NEW BRANCH ▲▲▲

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'

                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = {
                                type = &quot;Point&quot;,
                                coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal }
                            },
                            properties = {
                                [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot;
                            }
                        })

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = {
                                    [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2,
                                    stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                    [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        
                        local mapArgs = { 
                            width = '250', 
                            height = height, 
                            align = 'center' 
                        }
                        
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end
                    
                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')
    
    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>d2d7s08lsru785bbby0m7iuvcsap0lc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197684</id>
      <parentid>197672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T17:49:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197684</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="31977" sha1="k96vv6ikh97ylm2mw0vq3z4u6f6omki" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end

    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────

local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end

    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end

    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil

            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end

            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end

    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────

function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end

        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i
        
        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- ▼▼▼ item-image branch ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ end item-image ▲▲▲

                -- ▼▼▼ commons-image branch ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ end commons-image ▲▲▲

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'

                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = {
                                type = &quot;Point&quot;,
                                coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal }
                            },
                            properties = {
                                [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot;
                            }
                        })

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = {
                                    [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2,
                                    stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                    [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        
                        local mapArgs = { 
                            width = '250', 
                            height = height, 
                            align = 'center' 
                        }
                        
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end
                    
                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')
    
    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>k96vv6ikh97ylm2mw0vq3z4u6f6omki</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197697</id>
      <parentid>197684</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:31:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197697</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="34104" sha1="iz6ludhzq2x6rkou2tvinsfffqqo7w3" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end

    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────

local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end

    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end

    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil

            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end

            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end

    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────

function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end

        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i
        
        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- ▼▼▼ item-image branch ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ end item-image ▲▲▲

                -- ▼▼▼ commons-image branch ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ end commons-image ▲▲▲

                -- ▼▼▼ taxon-kingdom branch ▼▼▼
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-kingdom' then
                    local kingdom = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local current = entityId
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
                            if not ent then break end
                            local rankClaim = ent.claims['P105'] and ent.claims['P105'][1]
                            if rankClaim and rankClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                local rankId = rankClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == 'Q36732' then
                                    kingdom = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            local parentClaim = ent.claims['P171'] and ent.claims['P171'][1]
                            if not parentClaim or parentClaim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then
                                break
                            end
                            current = parentClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if kingdom then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({
                            ['background-color'] = row_label_bg,
                            ['padding'] = '0.3em',
                            ['text-align'] = 'left',
                            ['font-weight'] = 'bold',
                            ['width'] = '40%'
                        }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({
                            ['background-color'] = row_data_bg,
                            ['padding'] = '0.3em'
                        }):wikitext(kingdom)
                    end
                -- ▲▲▲ end taxon-kingdom ▲▲▲

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'

                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = {
                                type = &quot;Point&quot;,
                                coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal }
                            },
                            properties = {
                                [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot;
                            }
                        })

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = {
                                    [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2,
                                    stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;,
                                    [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        
                        local mapArgs = { 
                            width = '250', 
                            height = height, 
                            align = 'center' 
                        }
                        
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end

                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end
                    
                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')
    
    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>iz6ludhzq2x6rkou2tvinsfffqqo7w3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197702</id>
      <parentid>197697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197702</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="34561" sha1="92k86tvwg75lrj5fuwubzr5vyc8xa3c" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end
    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────
local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end
    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil
            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end
            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end
    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────
function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end
        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i

        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- item-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                -- commons-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end

                -- taxon-kingdom branch
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-kingdom' then
                    local kingdom = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local current = entityId
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
                            if not ent then break end
                            local rankClaim = ent.claims['P105'] and ent.claims['P105'][1]
                            if rankClaim and rankClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                local rankId = rankClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == 'Q36732' then
                                    kingdom = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            local parentClaim = ent.claims['P171'] and ent.claims['P171'][1]
                            if not parentClaim or parentClaim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then break end
                            current = parentClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if kingdom then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(kingdom)
                    end

                -- taxon-rank branch
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-rank' then
                    local targetRank = layoutArgs['rank' .. i]
                    local taxonName = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' and targetRank then
                        local current = entityId
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
                            if not ent then break end
                            local rankClaim = ent.claims['P105'] and ent.claims['P105'][1]
                            if rankClaim and rankClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                local rankId = rankClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == targetRank then
                                    taxonName = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            local parentClaim = ent.claims['P171'] and ent.claims['P171'][1]
                            if not parentClaim or parentClaim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then break end
                            current = parentClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if taxonName then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(taxonName)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = { type = &quot;Point&quot;, coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal } },
                            properties = { [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot; }
                        })
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = { [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2, stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2 }
                            }
                        }
                        local mapArgs = { width = '250', height = height, align = 'center' }
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')

    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>92k86tvwg75lrj5fuwubzr5vyc8xa3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197734</id>
      <parentid>197702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:58:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197734</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="34776" sha1="cyxuwzrrum497yadia9yrmzwmsa3yfe" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end
    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────
local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end
    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil
            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end
            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end
    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────
function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end
        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i

        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- item-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                -- commons-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end

                -- taxon-kingdom branch (improved)
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-kingdom' then
                    local kingdom = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local current = entityId
                        local visited = {}
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            if visited[current] then break end
                            visited[current] = true
                            
                            local rankStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P105')
                            if rankStatements and rankStatements[1] then
                                local rankId = rankStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == 'Q36732' then
                                    kingdom = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            
                            local parentStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P171')
                            if not parentStatements or not parentStatements[1] then break end
                            current = parentStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if kingdom then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(kingdom)
                    end

                -- taxon-rank branch (for other ranks)
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-rank' then
                    local targetRank = layoutArgs['rank' .. i]
                    local taxonName = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' and targetRank then
                        local current = entityId
                        local visited = {}
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            if visited[current] then break end
                            visited[current] = true
                            
                            local rankStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P105')
                            if rankStatements and rankStatements[1] then
                                local rankId = rankStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == targetRank then
                                    taxonName = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            
                            local parentStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P171')
                            if not parentStatements or not parentStatements[1] then break end
                            current = parentStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if taxonName then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(taxonName)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = { type = &quot;Point&quot;, coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal } },
                            properties = { [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot; }
                        })
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = { [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2, stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2 }
                            }
                        }
                        local mapArgs = { width = '250', height = height, align = 'center' }
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')

    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>cyxuwzrrum497yadia9yrmzwmsa3yfe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197736</id>
      <parentid>197734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/197734|197734]] by [[Special:Contributions/Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE|Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] ([[User talk:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>197736</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="34561" sha1="92k86tvwg75lrj5fuwubzr5vyc8xa3c" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end
    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────
local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end
    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil
            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end
            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end
    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────
function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end
        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i

        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- item-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                -- commons-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end

                -- taxon-kingdom branch
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-kingdom' then
                    local kingdom = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local current = entityId
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
                            if not ent then break end
                            local rankClaim = ent.claims['P105'] and ent.claims['P105'][1]
                            if rankClaim and rankClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                local rankId = rankClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == 'Q36732' then
                                    kingdom = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            local parentClaim = ent.claims['P171'] and ent.claims['P171'][1]
                            if not parentClaim or parentClaim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then break end
                            current = parentClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if kingdom then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(kingdom)
                    end

                -- taxon-rank branch
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-rank' then
                    local targetRank = layoutArgs['rank' .. i]
                    local taxonName = nil
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' and targetRank then
                        local current = entityId
                        for _ = 1, 30 do
                            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
                            if not ent then break end
                            local rankClaim = ent.claims['P105'] and ent.claims['P105'][1]
                            if rankClaim and rankClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                local rankId = rankClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                if rankId == targetRank then
                                    taxonName = mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                            local parentClaim = ent.claims['P171'] and ent.claims['P171'][1]
                            if not parentClaim or parentClaim.mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then break end
                            current = parentClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                        end
                    end
                    if taxonName then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(taxonName)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = { type = &quot;Point&quot;, coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal } },
                            properties = { [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot; }
                        })
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = { [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2, stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2 }
                            }
                        }
                        local mapArgs = { width = '250', height = height, align = 'center' }
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')

    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>92k86tvwg75lrj5fuwubzr5vyc8xa3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197775</id>
      <parentid>197736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T22:32:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197775</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="34881" sha1="thdfs38byaocmu6lyn7zc4hb3noyixi" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

local function trimWhitespace(str)
    if type(str) ~= 'string' then return '' end
    return mw.text.trim(str)
end

local function exists(value)
    return value and value ~= '' and value ~= nil
end

local function fileExists(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return false end
    local title = mw.title.new(filename, 6)
    return title and title.file and title.file.exists
end

local function getValidFile(filename)
    if not filename or filename == '' then return nil end
    local cleanName = mw.text.trim(filename)
    cleanName = cleanName:gsub('^%[%[%s*.-:%s*', ''):gsub('%|.*$', ''):gsub('%]%]$', ''):gsub('^.-:%s*', '')
    if fileExists(cleanName) then return cleanName end
    return nil
end

-- ── 1. Big Number Formatter ───────────────────────────────────
local function formatBigNumber(amount)
    if not amount then return '' end
    local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()
    if amount &gt;= 1000000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵔ'
    elseif amount &gt;= 1000000 then
        local val = amount / 1000000
        return lang:formatNum(tonumber(string.format(&quot;%.2f&quot;, val))) .. ' ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ'
    else
        local res = lang:formatNum(amount)
        res = res:gsub('%s+', ',')
        return res:gsub(' ', ',')
    end
end

-- ── 2. Tamazight Date Formatter ───────────────────────────────
local function formatTamazightDate(timeStr)
    if not timeStr or timeStr == '' then return nil end
    local sign, year, month, day = timeStr:match('^([%+-])(%d%d%d%d)%-(%d%d)%-(%d%d)')
    if not year then return nil end
    local months = {
        [&quot;01&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ&quot;, [&quot;02&quot;] = &quot;ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ&quot;, [&quot;03&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵕⵚ&quot;, 
        [&quot;04&quot;] = &quot;ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ&quot;,   [&quot;05&quot;] = &quot;ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ&quot;,   [&quot;06&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ&quot;, 
        [&quot;07&quot;] = &quot;ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ&quot;,  [&quot;08&quot;] = &quot;ⵖⵓⵛⵜ&quot;,   [&quot;09&quot;] = &quot;ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, 
        [&quot;10&quot;] = &quot;ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ&quot;,   [&quot;11&quot;] = &quot;ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;, [&quot;12&quot;] = &quot;ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ&quot;
    }
    local yearNum = tonumber(year)
    local yearStr = tostring(yearNum)
    if sign == '-' then yearStr = yearStr .. ' ⴷ.ⵜ' end 
    local monthStr = months[month]
    local dayNum = tonumber(day)
    if dayNum and dayNum &gt; 0 and monthStr then
        return dayNum .. ' ' .. monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    elseif monthStr then
        return monthStr .. ' ' .. yearStr
    else
        return yearStr
    end
end

-- ── 3. Smart Collapsible Helper ───────────────────────────────
local function applyCollapse(valueStr, threshold)
    if not threshold or not valueStr then return valueStr end
    local t = tonumber(threshold) or 999
    local items = {}
    if valueStr:find('&lt;br%s*/?&gt;') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, '&lt;br%s*/?&gt;')
    elseif valueStr:find(',') then
        items = mw.text.split(valueStr, ',')
    else
        return valueStr
    end
    local cleanItems = {}
    for _, v in ipairs(items) do
        local clean = mw.text.trim(v)
        if clean ~= '' then table.insert(cleanItems, clean) end
    end
    if #cleanItems &gt;= t then
        local container = mw.html.create('div')
        container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
        container:tag('div')
            :css('font-weight', 'normal')
            :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #cleanItems .. ')') 
        local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
        local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
        for _, v in ipairs(cleanItems) do
            ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
        end
        return tostring(container)
    end
    return valueStr
end

-- ── 4. Advanced Wikidata Fetcher ──────────────────────────────
local function getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if not wdProp or wdProp == '' or not args.qid then return nil, false end
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(args.qid)
    if not entity or not entity.claims or not entity.claims[wdProp] then return nil, false end
    local values = {}
    for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
        if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local datatype = claim.mainsnak.datatype
            local dv = claim.mainsnak.datavalue
            local val = nil
            if datatype == 'string' or datatype == 'external-id' or datatype == 'url' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                val = dv.value
            elseif datatype == 'monolingualtext' then
                val = dv.value.text
            elseif datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                local targetId = dv.value.id
                local label = mw.wikibase.getLabel(targetId) or targetId
                local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(targetId)
                if sitelink then
                    val = '[[' .. sitelink .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                else
                    val = '[[:d:' .. targetId .. '|' .. label .. ']]'
                end
            elseif datatype == 'time' then
                val = formatTamazightDate(dv.value.time)
            elseif datatype == 'quantity' then
                local amount = tonumber(dv.value.amount)
                val = amount and formatBigNumber(amount) or dv.value.amount
            elseif datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                val = string.format('%.4f; %.4f', dv.value.latitude, dv.value.longitude)
            end
            if val then table.insert(values, val) end
        end
    end
    if #values &gt; 0 then
        local threshold = tonumber(collapseThreshold) or 999
        if #values &gt;= threshold then
            local container = mw.html.create('div')
            container:addClass('mw-collapsible mw-collapsed')
            container:tag('div')
                :css('font-weight', 'normal')
                :wikitext('ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ [[File:Incomplete list.svg|17px|link=]]&amp;nbsp; (' .. #values .. ')') 
            local contentDiv = container:tag('div'):addClass('mw-collapsible-content')
            local ul = contentDiv:tag('ul')
            for _, v in ipairs(values) do
                ul:tag('li'):wikitext(v)
            end
            return tostring(container), true
        end
        return table.concat(values, ', '), true
    end
    return nil, false
end

local function getValueOrWikidata(args, localValue, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
    if exists(localValue) then 
        return applyCollapse(localValue, collapseThreshold), false 
    end
    return getWikidataValue(args, wdProp, collapseThreshold)
end

local function editIcon(entityId, propertyId)
    if not entityId or not propertyId or propertyId == '' then return '' end
    local url = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId .. '#' .. propertyId
    return ' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[File:Blue pencil.svg|10px|alt=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ|link=' .. url .. '|title=ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]]&lt;/span&gt;'
end

-- ── Helper: follow P171 chain and get label of item with given P105 rank ──
local function findTaxonByRank(startEntityId, targetRankQid)
    if not startEntityId or startEntityId == '' or not targetRankQid then return nil end
    local current = startEntityId
    local visited = {}
    for _ = 1, 40 do
        if visited[current] then return nil end
        visited[current] = true

        -- Check P105 rank
        local rankStatements
        if mw.wikibase.getBestStatements then
            rankStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P105')
        else
            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
            rankStatements = ent and ent.claims and ent.claims['P105']
        end
        if rankStatements and rankStatements[1] and rankStatements[1].mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
            local rankId = rankStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
            if rankId == targetRankQid then
                return mw.wikibase.getLabel(current) or current
            end
        end

        -- Move to parent taxon P171
        local parentStatements
        if mw.wikibase.getBestStatements then
            parentStatements = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(current, 'P171')
        else
            local ent = mw.wikibase.getEntity(current)
            parentStatements = ent and ent.claims and ent.claims['P171']
        end
        if not parentStatements or not parentStatements[1] or parentStatements[1].mainsnak.snaktype ~= 'value' then
            return nil
        end
        current = parentStatements[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
    end
    return nil
end

-- ── 5. Main Render Engine ─────────────────────────────────────
function p.create(frame)
    local parentArgs = frame:getParent().args
    local layoutArgs = frame.args

    local entityId = trimWhitespace(parentArgs.qid or layoutArgs.qid or '')
    if entityId == '' then
        entityId = mw.wikibase and mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() or nil
    end
    local globalData = { qid = entityId }

    local title_bg       = layoutArgs.title_bg or '#61C68D'
    local title_text     = layoutArgs.title_text or '#111111'
    local title_bg_icon  = layoutArgs.title_bg_icon
    local header_bg      = layoutArgs.header_bg or '#61C68D'
    local header_text    = layoutArgs.header_text or '#111111'
    local subheader_bg   = layoutArgs.subheader_bg or '#E8E8E8'
    local subheader_text = layoutArgs.subheader_text or '#111111'
    local row_label_bg   = layoutArgs.row_label_bg or '#F0F0F0'
    local row_data_bg    = layoutArgs.row_data_bg or '#FFFFFF'

    local infobox = mw.html.create('table')
        :addClass('infobox vcard')
        :css({
            ['border'] = '1px solid #a2a9b1',
            ['border-spacing'] = '3px',
            ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa',
            ['color'] = 'black',
            ['margin'] = '0.5em 0 0.5em 1em',
            ['padding'] = '0.2em',
            ['float'] = 'right',
            ['clear'] = 'right',
            ['font-size'] = '90%',
            ['line-height'] = '1.5em',
            ['width'] = '22em',
        })

    -- Main Title Header
    local titleText = nil
    if layoutArgs.title then
        titleText = parentArgs[layoutArgs.title]
    end
    if not exists(titleText) and entityId then titleText = mw.wikibase.getLabel(entityId) end
    if not exists(titleText) then titleText = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().text end

    local titleCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th')
        :attr('colspan', 2)
        :css({ 
            ['background-color'] = title_bg, 
            ['color'] = title_text, 
            ['padding'] = '0.4em', 
            ['text-align'] = 'center', 
            ['font-weight'] = 'bold', 
            ['font-size'] = '115%',
            ['position'] = 'relative',
            ['line-height'] = '2em'
        })

    local titlePadding = (title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '') and '0 35px' or '0 10px'
    titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['padding'] = titlePadding }):wikitext(titleText))

    if title_bg_icon and title_bg_icon ~= '' then
        titleCell:node(mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['position'] = 'absolute', ['top'] = '5px', ['right'] = '5px' }):wikitext(title_bg_icon))
    end

    -- Images
    local imgIndex = 1
    while true do
        if not layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex] then break end
        local capParam  = layoutArgs['caption' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local sizeParam = layoutArgs['size' .. imgIndex] or ''
        local wdProp    = layoutArgs['image_wd' .. imgIndex] or nil
        local localImg  = parentArgs[layoutArgs['image' .. imgIndex]]
        local file, fromWD = nil, false
        if exists(localImg) then
            file = getValidFile(localImg)
        elseif wdProp and entityId then
            local wdVal = getWikidataValue(globalData, wdProp)
            if wdVal then
                local split = mw.text.split(wdVal, ', ')
                file = getValidFile(split[1])
                if file then fromWD = true end
            end
        end
        if file then
            local size    = exists(parentArgs[sizeParam]) and parentArgs[sizeParam] or '250px'
            local caption = exists(parentArgs[capParam]) and parentArgs[capParam] or ''
            local imgStr  = '[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]'
            if fromWD and wdProp then imgStr = imgStr .. editIcon(entityId, wdProp) end
            local cell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.5em', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' }):wikitext(imgStr)
            if caption ~= '' then cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;') end
        end
        imgIndex = imgIndex + 1
    end

    -- Smart Layout Engine
    local i = 1
    local pendingHeader = nil
    local pendingSubheader = nil

    while true do
        local headerKey    = 'header' .. i
        local subheaderKey = 'subheader' .. i
        local labelKey     = 'label' .. i
        local typeKey      = 'type' .. i
        local collapseKey  = 'collapse' .. i
        local suffixKey    = 'suffix' .. i

        if not layoutArgs[headerKey] and not layoutArgs[subheaderKey] and not layoutArgs[labelKey] and not layoutArgs[typeKey] then break end

        if layoutArgs[headerKey] then
            pendingHeader = layoutArgs[headerKey]
            pendingSubheader = nil 
        elseif layoutArgs[subheaderKey] then
            pendingSubheader = layoutArgs[subheaderKey]
        elseif layoutArgs[typeKey] or layoutArgs[labelKey] then
            local hasData = false
            local rowHtml = mw.html.create('')

            if layoutArgs[typeKey] then
                local rowType = layoutArgs[typeKey]

                if rowType == 'pair' then
                    local p1_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_a' .. i]])
                    local p2_file = getValidFile(parentArgs[layoutArgs['param_b' .. i]])
                    if p1_file or p2_file then
                        hasData = true
                        local pairRow = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        local cellA = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        local cellB = pairRow:tag('td'):css({ ['width'] = '50%', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['padding'] = '0.4em' })
                        if p1_file then
                            cellA:wikitext('[[File:' .. p1_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_a' .. i] or '100px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] then cellA:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_a' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                        if p2_file then
                            cellB:wikitext('[[File:' .. p2_file .. '|' .. (layoutArgs['size_b' .. i] or '120px') .. ']]')
                            if layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] then cellB:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;' .. layoutArgs['label_b' .. i] .. '&lt;/small&gt;') end
                        end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'fullwidth' then
                    local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                    if exists(value) then
                        if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['font-size'] = '90%', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['text-align'] = 'center' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                -- item-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'item-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P141'
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '20px'
                    local labelText = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]] or layoutArgs[labelKey] or ''
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            local statusClaim = entity.claims[wdProp][1]
                            if statusClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and statusClaim.mainsnak.datatype == 'wikibase-item' then
                                local statusId = statusClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
                                local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
                                if statusEntity and statusEntity.claims and statusEntity.claims['P18'] then
                                    local imageClaim = statusEntity.claims['P18'][1]
                                    if imageClaim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' then
                                        local filename = imageClaim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                        if fileExists(filename) then
                                            hasData = true
                                            local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                                            cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. filename .. '|' .. size .. '|link=]] ' .. labelText)
                                        end
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end

                -- commons-image branch
                elseif rowType == 'commons-image' then
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i]
                    local size = layoutArgs['size' .. i] or '250px'
                    local caption = parentArgs[layoutArgs['caption' .. i] or ''] or ''
                    local file, fromWD = nil, false
                    local localImg = parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i] or '']
                    if exists(localImg) then
                        file = getValidFile(localImg)
                    end
                    if not file and wdProp and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'commonsMedia' then
                                    local fname = claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value
                                    if fileExists(fname) then
                                        file = fname
                                        fromWD = true
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if file then
                        hasData = true
                        local cell = rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                        cell:wikitext('[[File:' .. file .. '|' .. size .. ']]')
                        if caption ~= '' then
                            cell:wikitext('&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:90%; color:#555;&quot;&gt;' .. caption .. '&lt;/span&gt;')
                        end
                        if fromWD and wdProp then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, wdProp)) end
                    end

                -- taxon-kingdom branch (with manual override)
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-kingdom' then
                    local kingdom = nil
                    -- 1) Manual override: | kingdom = Animalia  OR  | kingdomN = Animalia
                    local overrideParam = layoutArgs['kingdom_override' .. i] or 'kingdom'
                    local overrideVal = parentArgs[overrideParam]
                    if exists(overrideVal) then
                        kingdom = overrideVal
                    else
                        -- 2) Wikidata parent-taxon chain
                        kingdom = findTaxonByRank(entityId, 'Q36732')
                    end
                    if kingdom then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(kingdom)
                    end

                -- taxon-rank branch (other ranks)
                elseif rowType == 'taxon-rank' then
                    local targetRank = layoutArgs['rank' .. i]
                    local taxonName = nil
                    local overrideParam = layoutArgs['taxon_override' .. i]
                    local overrideVal = overrideParam and parentArgs[overrideParam]
                    if exists(overrideVal) then
                        taxonName = overrideVal
                    elseif targetRank then
                        taxonName = findTaxonByRank(entityId, targetRank)
                    end
                    if taxonName then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(taxonName)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'coordinates' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local value, fromWD = nil, false
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { latVal, lonVal, display = 'inline,title' } }
                    elseif layoutArgs['wd' .. i] and entityId then
                        local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                        if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]] then
                            for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[layoutArgs['wd' .. i]]) do
                                if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                    local lat = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                    local lon = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                    value = frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Coord', args = { lat, lon, display = 'inline' } }
                                    fromWD = true
                                    break
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(value) then
                        hasData = true
                        local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                        row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey] or '')
                        local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                        if fromWD then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'map' then
                    local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                    local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                    local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                    local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                    local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                    if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                        if wdProp and entityId then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                        hasData = true
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i] or '10'
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local mapJson = mw.text.jsonEncode({
                            type = &quot;Feature&quot;,
                            geometry = { type = &quot;Point&quot;, coordinates = { tonumber(lonVal) or lonVal, tonumber(latVal) or latVal } },
                            properties = { [&quot;marker-color&quot;] = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;marker-symbol&quot;] = &quot;marker&quot; }
                        })
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mapJson,
                            args = { width = '250', height = height, zoom = zoom, align = 'center', latitude = latVal, longitude = lonVal }
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'geoshape' then
                    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
                        hasData = true
                        local height = layoutArgs['height' .. i] or '200'
                        local zoom = layoutArgs['zoom' .. i]
                        local latParam = layoutArgs['lat_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lat_param or 'latitude'
                        local lonParam = layoutArgs['lon_param' .. i] or layoutArgs.lon_param or 'longitude'
                        local latVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[latParam])
                        local lonVal = trimWhitespace(parentArgs[lonParam])
                        local wdProp = layoutArgs['wd' .. i] or 'P625'
                        if not exists(latVal) or not exists(lonVal) then
                            local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(entityId)
                            if entity and entity.claims and entity.claims[wdProp] then
                                for _, claim in ipairs(entity.claims[wdProp]) do
                                    if claim.mainsnak.snaktype == 'value' and claim.mainsnak.datatype == 'globe-coordinate' then
                                        latVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.latitude)
                                        lonVal = tostring(claim.mainsnak.datavalue.value.longitude)
                                        break
                                    end
                                end
                            end
                        end
                        local mapFeatures = {
                            {
                                type = &quot;ExternalData&quot;,
                                service = &quot;geoshape&quot;,
                                ids = entityId,
                                properties = { [&quot;stroke-width&quot;] = 2, stroke = &quot;#FF0000&quot;, [&quot;fill-opacity&quot;] = 0.2 }
                            }
                        }
                        local mapArgs = { width = '250', height = height, align = 'center' }
                        if exists(latVal) and exists(lonVal) then
                            mapArgs.latitude = latVal
                            mapArgs.longitude = lonVal
                            mapArgs.zoom = exists(zoom) and zoom or '10'
                        elseif exists(zoom) then
                            mapArgs.zoom = zoom
                        end
                        local mapHtml = frame:extensionTag{
                            name = 'mapframe',
                            content = mw.text.jsonEncode(mapFeatures),
                            args = mapArgs
                        }
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg }):wikitext(mapHtml)
                    end

                elseif rowType == 'kits' then
                    local kitsHtml = mw.html.create('table'):css({['width']='100%', ['text-align']='center', ['background-color']='transparent'})
                    local kitRow = kitsHtml:tag('tr')
                    local hasKits = false
                    for k = 1, 4 do
                        local kitData = parentArgs[layoutArgs['kit' .. k]]
                        local kitLabel = layoutArgs['kit_label' .. k]
                        if exists(kitData) then
                            hasKits = true
                            local td = kitRow:tag('td'):css({['padding'] = '2px', ['vertical-align'] = 'top'})
                            td:wikitext(kitData)
                            if exists(kitLabel) then
                                td:tag('div'):css({['padding-top'] = '0.5em', ['font-size'] = '90%'}):wikitext(kitLabel)
                            end
                        end
                    end
                    if hasKits then
                        hasData = true
                        rowHtml:tag('tr'):tag('td')
                            :attr('colspan', 2)
                            :css({ ['padding'] = '0.4em', ['background-color'] = row_data_bg })
                            :node(kitsHtml)
                    end
                end

            elseif layoutArgs[labelKey] then
                local value, fromWD = getValueOrWikidata(globalData, parentArgs[layoutArgs['param' .. i]], layoutArgs['wd' .. i], layoutArgs[collapseKey])
                if exists(value) then
                    if layoutArgs[suffixKey] then value = value .. layoutArgs[suffixKey] end
                    hasData = true
                    local row = rowHtml:tag('tr')
                    row:tag('th'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_label_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['width'] = '40%' }):wikitext(layoutArgs[labelKey])
                    local cell = row:tag('td'):css({ ['background-color'] = row_data_bg, ['padding'] = '0.3em' }):wikitext(value)
                    if fromWD and entityId and layoutArgs['wd' .. i] then cell:wikitext(editIcon(entityId, layoutArgs['wd' .. i])) end
                end
            end

            if hasData then
                if pendingHeader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = header_bg, ['color'] = header_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold' }):wikitext(pendingHeader)
                    pendingHeader = nil
                end
                if pendingSubheader then
                    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('th'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['background-color'] = subheader_bg, ['color'] = subheader_text, ['padding'] = '0.3em', ['text-align'] = 'center', ['font-weight'] = 'bold', ['font-size'] = '95%' }):wikitext(pendingSubheader)
                    pendingSubheader = nil
                end
                infobox:node(rowHtml)
            end
        end
        i = i + 1
    end

    -- Footer
    infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0', ['border-top'] = '2px dashed ' .. title_bg })
    local currentTitle  = mw.title.getCurrentTitle()
    local editSourceUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ action = 'edit', section = '0' })
    local editVisualUrl = currentTitle:fullUrl({ veaction = 'edit' })

    local footerCell = infobox:tag('tr'):tag('td'):attr('colspan', 2):css({ ['padding'] = '0.2em', ['font-size'] = '85%', ['text-align'] = 'left', ['background-color'] = '#f8f9fa' })
    local footerDiv = mw.html.create('div'):css({ ['display'] = 'flex', ['justify-content'] = 'space-between', ['align-items'] = 'center' })
    local editSpan  = footerDiv:tag('span'):addClass('plainlinks')

    if entityId and entityId ~= '' then
        local wdUrl = 'https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/' .. entityId
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ] · [' .. wdUrl .. ' ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴷⴰⵜⴰ]')
    else
        editSpan:wikitext('[' .. editSourceUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ] · [' .. editVisualUrl .. ' ⵙⵏⴼⵍ]')
    end

    footerDiv:tag('span'):css({ ['float'] = 'right', ['margin-left'] = '5px' }):wikitext('[[File:Info Simple.svg|18px|link=' .. currentTitle:fullUrl() .. '|ⵥⵕ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ]]')
    footerCell:node(footerDiv)
    return tostring(infobox)
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>thdfs38byaocmu6lyn7zc4hb3noyixi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Event:ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026/ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ</title>
    <ns>1728</ns>
    <id>54975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197634</id>
      <parentid>197584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="75615" sha1="7nz3otygskxi2tnzpw7y8s56yignlpo" xml:space="preserve">{{Event:ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ}}
&lt;br&gt;&lt;center&gt;ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵏⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔⵎ.&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br&gt;
{{#invoke:WikiContestTracker|main

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_1 = 1
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_1 = ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵔⵜⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_1 = 213
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_1 = AHMED HAJJY

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_2 = 2
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_2 = ⵔⵓⴼⵉⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_2 = 240
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_2 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_3 = 3
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_3 = ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_3 = 259
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_3 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_4 = 4
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_4 = ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵍⴼⴰⵜⵉⵃⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_4 = 260
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_4 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_5 = 5
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_5 = ⵓⵔⴹⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_5 = 270
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_5 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_6 = 6
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_6 = ⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_6 = 277
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_6 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_7 = 7
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_7 = ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵣⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_7 = 280
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_7 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_8 = 8
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_8 = ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_8 = 1301
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_8 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_9 = 9
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_9 = ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_9 = 297
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_9 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_10 = 10
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_10 = ⴽⵉⵏⵉⵙⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_10 = 303
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_10 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_11 = 11
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_11 = ⴰⴱⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_11 = 319
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_11 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_12 = 12
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_12 = ⵏⴰⴱⵉⵍⴰ ⵎⵄⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_12 = 322
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_12 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_13 = 13
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_13 = ⴰⴼⵍⵢⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_13 = 325
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_13 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_14 = 14
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_14 = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_14 = 336
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_14 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_15 = 15
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_15 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_15 = 340
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_15 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_16 = 16
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_16 = ⵀⵓⵏⴷⵓⵔⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_16 = 1300
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_16 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_17 = 17
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_17 = ⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_17 = 350
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_17 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_18 = 18
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_18 = ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⵏⴷⵉⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_18 = 355
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_18 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_19 = 19
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_19 = ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵍⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_19 = 360
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_19 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_20 = 20
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_20 = ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵔⴰⴳⵡⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_20 = 364
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_20 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_21 = 21
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_21 = ⵙⴰⵍⴼⴰⴷⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_21 = 364
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_21 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_22 = 22
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_22 = ⴽⵓⵙⵜⴰ ⵔⵉⴽⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_22 = 367
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_22 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_23 = 23
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_23 = ⵏⵉⵏⵜⵉⵏⴷⵓ ⵙⵡⵉⵜⵛ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_23 = 383
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_23 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_24 = 24
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_24 = ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_24 = 384
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_24 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_25 = 25
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_25 = ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⴽⵎⴰⵎⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_25 = 384
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_25 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_26 = 26
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_26 = ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_26 = 385
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_26 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_27 = 27
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_27 = ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_27 = 386
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_27 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_28 = 28
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_28 = ⵍⵇⴱⴰⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_28 = 389
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_28 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_29 = 29
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_29 = ⵜⴰⵅⵙⴰⵢⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_29 = 390
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_29 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_30 = 30
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_30 = ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵔⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_30 = 396
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_30 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_31 = 31
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_31 = ⴰⴳⵔⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_31 = 404
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_31 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_32 = 32
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_32 = ⴰⵣⴰⵔⵓⴳ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_32 = 404
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_32 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_33 = 33
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_33 = ⴰⴳⵔⵓⴷⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_33 = 408
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_33 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_34 = 34
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_34 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_34 = 415
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_34 = AHMED HAJJY

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_35 = 35
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_35 = ⵙⵜⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵔⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_35 = 416
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_35 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_36 = 36
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_36 = ⴰⵣⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_36 = 419
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_36 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_37 = 37
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_37 = ⴱⵉ ⴱⵉ ⵙⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_37 = 434
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_37 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_38 = 38
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_38 = ⴷⴰⵔⵏⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_38 = 434
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_38 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_39 = 39
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_39 = ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_39 = 434
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_39 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_40 = 40
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_40 = ⵙⵓⵙⴰ (ⴰⵙⴼⵙⵉ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_40 = 435
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_40 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_41 = 41
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_41 = ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_41 = 438
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_41 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_42 = 42
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_42 = ⴰⴳⵓⵏⴷⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_42 = 440
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_42 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_43 = 43
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_43 = ⴰⵏⵉⴳⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_43 = 443
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_43 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_44 = 44
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_44 = ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_44 = 443
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_44 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_45 = 45
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_45 = ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_45 = 446
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_45 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_46 = 46
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_46 = ⴱⵉⵢⴱⵢⵎⵉ ⵊⵉⵢⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_46 = 446
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_46 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_47 = 47
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_47 = ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_47 = 1302
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_47 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_48 = 48
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_48 = ⵢⵓⵜⵓⴱⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_48 = 446
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_48 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_49 = 49
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_49 = ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_49 = 448
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_49 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_50 = 50
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_50 = ⴰⵔⴳⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_50 = 449
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_50 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_51 = 51
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_51 = ⴰⵡⴹⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_51 = 449
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_51 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_52 = 52
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_52 = ⵎⴰⵕⴰⵏⵀⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵀⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_52 = 454
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_52 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_53 = 53
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_53 = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵣⵖⵓⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_53 = 454
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_53 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_54 = 54
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_54 = ⴰⴱⵉⵜⵔⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_54 = 455
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_54 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_55 = 55
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_55 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_55 = 460
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_55 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_56 = 56
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_56 = ⴰⴱⵉⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_56 = 461
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_56 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_57 = 57
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_57 = ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_57 = 464
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_57 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_58 = 58
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_58 = ⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_58 = 465
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_58 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_59 = 59
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_59 = ⴰⴽⵔⵉⴱⵜⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_59 = 466
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_59 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_60 = 60
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_60 = ⵉⵎⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_60 = 467
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_60 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_61 = 61
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_61 = ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴰⴷⵢⵓⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_61 = 468
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_61 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_62 = 62
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_62 = ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵜ (ⴰⴹⵡⵡⴰⵕ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_62 = 468
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_62 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_63 = 63
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_63 = ⵜⵉⵟⵟ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_63 = 468
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_63 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_64 = 64
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_64 = ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_64 = 469
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_64 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_65 = 65
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_65 = ⴰⵏⴳⵎⵉⵔⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_65 = 470
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_65 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_66 = 66
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_66 = ⴰⴷⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_66 = 473
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_66 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_67 = 67
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_67 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_67 = 473
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_67 = ahmed hajjy

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_68 = 68
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_68 = ⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_68 = 476
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_68 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_69 = 69
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_69 = ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵔⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_69 = 477
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_69 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_70 = 70
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_70 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_70 = 479
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_70 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_71 = 71
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_71 = ⴰⴽⴱⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_71 = 481
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_71 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_72 = 72
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_72 = ⵓⵍⵍⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_72 = 486
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_72 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_73 = 73
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_73 = ⵙⴽⵔⴰⴱⴱⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_73 = 486
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_73 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_74 = 74
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_74 = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_74 = 486
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_74 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_75 = 75
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_75 = ⵓⵔⴰⵏⵓⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_75 = 493
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_75 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_76 = 76
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_76 = ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵢⴰⴳ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_76 = 498
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_76 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_77 = 77
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_77 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_77 = 502
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_77 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_78 = 78
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_78 = ⴽⴰⵜⴱ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_78 = 509
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_78 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_79 = 79
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_79 = ⴰⵎⵙⴷⵖⵉⴷⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_79 = 511
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_79 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_80 = 80
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_80 = ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_80 = 512
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_80 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_81 = 81
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_81 = ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵍⵜⴰⵏⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_81 = 513
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_81 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_82 = 82
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_82 = ⴰⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵙⵙⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_82 = 516
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_82 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_83 = 83
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_83 = ⴰⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_83 = 517
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_83 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_84 = 84
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_84 = ⵅⵔⵉⴱⴳⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_84 = 518
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_84 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_85 = 85
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_85 = ⵊⵓⴱⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_85 = 530
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_85 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_86 = 86
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_86 = ⴱⵓⴱⴽⵔ ⵍⵊⴰⵎⵄⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_86 = 531
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_86 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_87 = 87
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_87 = ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_87 = 532
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_87 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_88 = 88
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_88 = ⴰⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_88 = 533
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_88 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_89 = 89
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_89 = ⵉⵔⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_89 = 534
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_89 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_90 = 90
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_90 = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_90 = 537
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_90 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_91 = 91
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_91 = ⵎⵢⴰⵏⵎⴰⵕ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_91 = 539
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_91 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_92 = 92
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_92 = ⵜⴰⵇⵛⵛⴰⵛⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_92 = 541
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_92 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_93 = 93
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_93 = ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⵄⵣⵉⵣ ⴰⵃⵓⵥⴰⵕ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_93 = 545
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_93 = ahmed hajjy

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_94 = 94
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_94 = ⵚⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_94 = 545
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_94 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_95 = 95
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_95 = ⴰⵔⵊⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_95 = 546
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_95 = ahmed hajjy

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_96 = 96
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_96 = ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵍⴼⵉⵟⵕⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_96 = 548
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_96 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_97 = 97
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_97 = ⴱⵓⴽⵔⴰⵄ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_97 = 548
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_97 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_98 = 98
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_98 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰ ⵓ ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⵉⴱⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_98 = 1294
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_98 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_99 = 99
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_99 = ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_99 = 550
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_99 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_100 = 100
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_100 = ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_100 = 550
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_100 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_101 = 101
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_101 = ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_101 = 553
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_101 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_102 = 102
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_102 = ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_102 = 554
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_102 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_103 = 103
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_103 = ⵉⴼⵢⵢⴻⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_103 = 556
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_103 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_104 = 104
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_104 = ⵓⵔⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_104 = 558
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_104 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_105 = 105
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_105 = ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_105 = 560
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_105 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_106 = 106
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_106 = ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵅⵉⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_106 = 561
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_106 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_107 = 107
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_107 = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_107 = 561
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_107 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_108 = 108
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_108 = ⵜⵉⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_108 = 561
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_108 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_109 = 109
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_109 = ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_109 = 562
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_109 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_110 = 110
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_110 = ⵉⵖⵔⵎ (ⴰⵙⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_110 = 568
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_110 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_111 = 111
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_111 = ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵎⵉⵍⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_111 = 570
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_111 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_112 = 112
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_112 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_112 = 572
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_112 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_113 = 113
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_113 = ⵎⴰⵍⵉⴽⴰ ⵓⴼⵇⵉⵕ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_113 = 577
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_113 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_114 = 114
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_114 = ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_114 = 578
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_114 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_115 = 115
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_115 = ⴰⵀⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_115 = 579
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_115 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_116 = 116
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_116 = ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_116 = 583
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_116 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_117 = 117
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_117 = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_117 = 584
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_117 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_118 = 118
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_118 = ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵉⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_118 = 586
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_118 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_119 = 119
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_119 = ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_119 = 590
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_119 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_120 = 120
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_120 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵍⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_120 = 591
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_120 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_121 = 121
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_121 = ⴷⵉ ⴼⵉ ⴷⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_121 = 591
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_121 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_122 = 122
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_122 = ⵉⵖⵔⵎ (ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_122 = 592
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_122 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_123 = 123
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_123 = ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ (ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_123 = 597
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_123 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_124 = 124
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_124 = ⵉⴷⴳⵍ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_124 = 600
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_124 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_125 = 125
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_125 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵍⵍⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_125 = 602
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_125 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_126 = 126
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_126 = ⵉⵖⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_126 = 602
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_126 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_127 = 127
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_127 = ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_127 = 605
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_127 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_128 = 128
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_128 = ⴰⵙⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_128 = 606
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_128 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_129 = 129
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_129 = ⵉⵀⵔⴰⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_129 = 606
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_129 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_130 = 130
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_130 = ⵃⵎⵎⵓ ⵄⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_130 = 610
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_130 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_131 = 131
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_131 = ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵕⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_131 = 611
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_131 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_132 = 132
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_132 = ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ-ⵉⴽⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_132 = 612
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_132 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_133 = 133
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_133 = ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵄⵍⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_133 = 613
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_133 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_134 = 134
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_134 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_134 = 615
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_134 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_135 = 135
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_135 = ⴰⴱⴰⴷⴷⴰⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_135 = 618
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_135 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_136 = 136
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_136 = ⵜⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_136 = 618
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_136 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_137 = 137
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_137 = ⵉⵥⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_137 = 619
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_137 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_138 = 138
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_138 = ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_138 = 624
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_138 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_139 = 139
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_139 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⴼⵜⵜⴰⵃ ⵙⵙⵉⵙⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_139 = 631
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_139 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_140 = 140
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_140 = ⵜⵓⵣⵓⴼⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_140 = 632
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_140 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_141 = 141
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_141 = ⵓⵕⴰⵙⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_141 = 636
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_141 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_142 = 142
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_142 = ⵍⵉⵜⵡⴰⵏⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_142 = 639
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_142 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_143 = 143
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_143 = ⴱⵍⵇⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_143 = 641
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_143 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_144 = 144
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_144 = ⴱⵓⵜⴼⵓⵏⴰⵙⵜ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_144 = 641
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_144 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_145 = 145
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_145 = ⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_145 = 643
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_145 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_146 = 146
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_146 = ⵎⴰⵕⵚ (ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_146 = 644
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_146 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_147 = 147
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_147 = ⵊⵢⵓⴱⴰⵔⴽ ⵎⴳⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_147 = 650
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_147 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_148 = 148
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_148 = ⵍⵀⵔⵉ (ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_148 = 654
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_148 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_149 = 149
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_149 = ⵜⴰⵡⵏⵣⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_149 = 658
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_149 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_150 = 150
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_150 = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_150 = 662
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_150 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_151 = 151
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_151 = ⵕⵓⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_151 = 664
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_151 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_152 = 152
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_152 = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴼⵢⴰⵜⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_152 = 672
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_152 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_153 = 153
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_153 = ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_153 = 677
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_153 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_154 = 154
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_154 = ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_154 = 680
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_154 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_155 = 155
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_155 = ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵡ ⵎⵢⴰⵣⴰⴽⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_155 = 682
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_155 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_156 = 156
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_156 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_156 = 688
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_156 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_157 = 157
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_157 = ⴽⴰⵜⴱ ⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_157 = 689
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_157 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_158 = 158
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_158 = ⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_158 = 698
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_158 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_159 = 159
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_159 = ⴰⴷⵖⵎⴰⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_159 = 700
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_159 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_160 = 160
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_160 = ⵜⴰⴼⵕⵓⵕⴰⵣⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_160 = 701
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_160 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_161 = 161
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_161 = ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_161 = 703
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_161 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_162 = 162
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_162 = ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_162 = 704
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_162 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_163 = 163
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_163 = ⵉⴱⵔⵖⵡⴰⵟⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_163 = 706
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_163 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_164 = 164
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_164 = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_164 = 706
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_164 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_165 = 165
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_165 = ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_165 = 707
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_165 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_166 = 166
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_166 = ⵜⵉⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵏⵏⴰⵥⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_166 = 708
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_166 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_167 = 167
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_167 = ⴰⵙⴳⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_167 = 709
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_167 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_168 = 168
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_168 = ⵍⵃⵓⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵢⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵓ ⵜⵣⵏⴰⵅⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_168 = 712
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_168 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_169 = 169
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_169 = ⴼⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_169 = 713
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_169 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_170 = 170
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_170 = ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_170 = 714
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_170 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_171 = 171
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_171 = ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_171 = 714
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_171 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_172 = 172
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_172 = ⵉⵃⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵎⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_172 = 714
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_172 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_173 = 173
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_173 = ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_173 = 715
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_173 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_174 = 174
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_174 = ⵜⵉⵡⵍⵉⵡⵍⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_174 = 718
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_174 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_175 = 175
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_175 = ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵎⵖⵏⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_175 = 721
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_175 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_176 = 176
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_176 = ⵓⴷⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_176 = 723
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_176 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_177 = 177
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_177 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⵔⵓⵏⵣⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_177 = 725
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_177 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_178 = 178
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_178 = ⵜⴰⵚⵀⵢⵓⵏⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_178 = 725
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_178 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_179 = 179
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_179 = ⵉⵏⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_179 = 726
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_179 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_180 = 180
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_180 = ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_180 = 730
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_180 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_181 = 181
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_181 = ⵍⵄⵡⴰⵢⵏⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_181 = 738
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_181 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_182 = 182
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_182 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_182 = 740
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_182 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_183 = 183
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_183 = ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_183 = 744
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_183 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_184 = 184
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_184 = ⴰⴳⵍⵉⴼ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_184 = 750
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_184 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_185 = 185
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_185 = ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ ⴱⵓⵄⵛⵉⴱⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_185 = 753
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_185 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_186 = 186
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_186 = ⵜⴰⴽⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_186 = 753
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_186 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_187 = 187
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_187 = ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_187 = 760
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_187 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_188 = 188
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_188 = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_188 = 760
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_188 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_189 = 189
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_189 = ⵉⵏⵓⵏⵉⵡⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_189 = 761
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_189 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_190 = 190
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_190 = ⵎⵔⵢⵎ ⴷⴷⵎⵏⴰⵜⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_190 = 761
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_190 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_191 = 191
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_191 = ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵇⵓⵊⵊⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_191 = 763
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_191 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_192 = 192
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_192 = ⴽⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵍⴰⵎⴱⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_192 = 764
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_192 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_193 = 193
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_193 = ⴰⵖⵔⵎⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_193 = 765
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_193 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_194 = 194
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_194 = ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_194 = 768
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_194 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_195 = 195
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_195 = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ 1950
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_195 = 771
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_195 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_196 = 196
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_196 = ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_196 = 771
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_196 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_197 = 197
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_197 = ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵓⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_197 = 771
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_197 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_198 = 198
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_198 = ⴰⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_198 = 775
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_198 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_199 = 199
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_199 = ⵛⵉⵍⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_199 = 782
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_199 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_200 = 200
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_200 = ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_200 = 784
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_200 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_201 = 201
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_201 = ⵉⵎⵖⵕⴰⵏ (ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_201 = 785
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_201 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_202 = 202
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_202 = ⵎⴰⵃⵎⵓⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵛ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_202 = 785
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_202 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_203 = 203
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_203 = ⵍⵃⵙⵏ ⴱⵓⴼⵔⵜⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_203 = 788
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_203 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_204 = 204
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_204 = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_204 = 788
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_204 = DERDAKI ILIAS

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_205 = 205
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_205 = ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_205 = 789
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_205 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_206 = 206
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_206 = ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵖⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_206 = 790
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_206 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_207 = 207
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_207 = ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_207 = 791
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_207 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_208 = 208
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_208 = ⵜⴰⵏⵣⴳⴳⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴽⵍⵉⴷⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_208 = 791
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_208 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_209 = 209
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_209 = ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵍⵃⵙⵏⴰⵡⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_209 = 794
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_209 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_210 = 210
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_210 = ⴰⵍⴰⵡⴰⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_210 = 795
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_210 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_211 = 211
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_211 = ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴷⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_211 = 795
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_211 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_212 = 212
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_212 = ⴽⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⴳⴰⵡⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_212 = 799
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_212 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_213 = 213
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_213 = ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⴰⴽⵓⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_213 = 799
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_213 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_214 = 214
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_214 = ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_214 = 799
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_214 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_215 = 215
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_215 = ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵥⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_215 = 799
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_215 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_216 = 216
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_216 = ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵍⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵏⵜ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_216 = 803
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_216 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_217 = 217
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_217 = ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_217 = 804
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_217 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_218 = 218
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_218 = ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_218 = 805
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_218 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_219 = 219
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_219 = ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_219 = 806
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_219 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_220 = 220
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_220 = ⴰⵚⴰⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_220 = 806
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_220 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_221 = 221
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_221 = ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_221 = 806
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_221 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_222 = 222
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_222 = ⴰⴷⵓⵍⴼ ⵀⵉⵜⵍⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_222 = 809
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_222 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_223 = 223
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_223 = ⴰⵔⴰⴼⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_223 = 810
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_223 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_224 = 224
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_224 = ⴰⴳⴳⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⵖⵖⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_224 = 811
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_224 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_225 = 225
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_225 = ⵓⵎⵎⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_225 = 811
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_225 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_226 = 226
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_226 = ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_226 = 812
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_226 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_227 = 227
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_227 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴰⴷⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_227 = 813
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_227 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_228 = 228
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_228 = ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵚⴰⵖⵕⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_228 = 815
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_228 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_229 = 229
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_229 = ⵅⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_229 = 815
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_229 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_230 = 230
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_230 = ⵉⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_230 = 819
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_230 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_231 = 231
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_231 = ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_231 = 824
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_231 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_232 = 232
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_232 = ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_232 = 825
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_232 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_233 = 233
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_233 = ⴽⴰⴱⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_233 = 826
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_233 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_234 = 234
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_234 = ⴰⵇⵇⴰⵔⵉⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_234 = 830
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_234 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_235 = 235
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_235 = ⵄⵉⵙⴰ ⴰⵛⵔⵇⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_235 = 832
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_235 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_236 = 236
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_236 = ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_236 = 833
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_236 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_237 = 237
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_237 = ⴼⵔⵓⵏⵚⵡⴰ ⵀⵓⵍⵓⵏⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_237 = 833
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_237 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_238 = 238
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_238 = ⵀⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⴼⵏⴷⵉⵛ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_238 = 833
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_238 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_239 = 239
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_239 = ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_239 = 835
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_239 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_240 = 240
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_240 = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_240 = 837
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_240 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_241 = 241
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_241 = ⵅⵏⵛⵍⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_241 = 838
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_241 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_242 = 242
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_242 = ⴱⵉⴽⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_242 = 839
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_242 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_243 = 243
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_243 = ⵡⴰⵍⵍ-ⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_243 = 839
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_243 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_244 = 244
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_244 = ⴱⵓⵊⵓⵎⴱⵓⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_244 = 840
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_244 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_245 = 245
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_245 = ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⵎⵓⵟⵉⵄ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_245 = 840
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_245 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_246 = 246
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_246 = ⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_246 = 840
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_246 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_247 = 247
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_247 = ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_247 = 845
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_247 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_248 = 248
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_248 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵡⵓⵍⵍⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_248 = 846
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_248 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_249 = 249
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_249 = ⵉⴳⵓⴷⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_249 = 850
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_249 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_250 = 250
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_250 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_250 = 852
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_250 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_251 = 251
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_251 = ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_251 = 852
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_251 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_252 = 252
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_252 = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_252 = 853
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_252 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_253 = 253
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_253 = ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵔⴷⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_253 = 854
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_253 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_254 = 254
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_254 = ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_254 = 855
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_254 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_255 = 255
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_255 = ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_255 = 856
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_255 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_256 = 256
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_256 = ⴰⴳⵜⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_256 = 859
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_256 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_257 = 257
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_257 = ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_257 = 859
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_257 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_258 = 258
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_258 = ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_258 = 863
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_258 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_259 = 259
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_259 = ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_259 = 865
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_259 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_260 = 260
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_260 = ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_260 = 869
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_260 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_261 = 261
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_261 = ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⵔⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_261 = 870
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_261 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_262 = 262
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_262 = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_262 = 873
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_262 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_263 = 263
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_263 = ⵉⵣⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_263 = 876
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_263 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_264 = 264
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_264 = ⵙⴰⵏ ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⴽⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_264 = 876
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_264 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_265 = 265
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_265 = ⵜⵓⵚⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_265 = 878
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_265 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_266 = 266
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_266 = ⵡⵉⵍⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_266 = 880
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_266 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_267 = 267
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_267 = ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴷⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_267 = 881
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_267 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_268 = 268
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_268 = ⴰⵙⴰⵎⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_268 = 883
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_268 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_269 = 269
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_269 = ⴰⵣⴰⵜⵉⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_269 = 890
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_269 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_270 = 270
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_270 = ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_270 = 892
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_270 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_271 = 271
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_271 = ⴰⴽⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_271 = 893
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_271 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_272 = 272
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_272 = ⵉⵖⵣⵡⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_272 = 893
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_272 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_273 = 273
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_273 = ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴼⵓⴽⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_273 = 900
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_273 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_274 = 274
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_274 = ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_274 = 901
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_274 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_275 = 275
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_275 = ⵙⵓⵛⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_275 = 901
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_275 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_276 = 276
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_276 = ⵉⵖⵔⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_276 = 902
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_276 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_277 = 277
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_277 = ⴱⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴳⵓⴳⵏⵀⴰⵢⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_277 = 906
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_277 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_278 = 278
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_278 = ⴰⴼⵖⵢⵓⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_278 = 920
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_278 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_279 = 279
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_279 = ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴼⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_279 = 924
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_279 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_280 = 280
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_280 = ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_280 = 924
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_280 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_281 = 281
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_281 = ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_281 = 929
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_281 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_282 = 282
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_282 = ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵕⴰⵎⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_282 = 929
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_282 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_283 = 283
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_283 = ⴰⴽⵓⵥⴷⵉⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_283 = 937
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_283 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_284 = 284
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_284 = ⴰⵙⵏⵇⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_284 = 938
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_284 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_285 = 285
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_285 = ⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏⴰⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_285 = 938
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_285 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_286 = 286
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_286 = ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_286 = 938
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_286 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_287 = 287
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_287 = ⵜⵓⴳⴳ ⴽⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_287 = 940
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_287 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_288 = 288
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_288 = ⵏⵣⵀⴰ ⵔⵔⴳⵔⴰⴳⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_288 = 941
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_288 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_289 = 289
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_289 = ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_289 = 943
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_289 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_290 = 290
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_290 = ⴰⵙⵉⵙⴽⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_290 = 943
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_290 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_291 = 291
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_291 = ⴰⵢⴼⵓⵏ 16
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_291 = 946
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_291 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_292 = 292
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_292 = ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_292 = 946
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_292 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_293 = 293
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_293 = ⴰⴽⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_293 = 948
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_293 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_294 = 294
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_294 = ⵉⵡⵊⵉⵍⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_294 = 948
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_294 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_295 = 295
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_295 = ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_295 = 949
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_295 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_296 = 296
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_296 = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵔⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_296 = 950
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_296 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_297 = 297
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_297 = ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_297 = 951
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_297 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_298 = 298
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_298 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_298 = 951
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_298 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_299 = 299
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_299 = ⴰⵢⴼⵓⵏ 15
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_299 = 954
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_299 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_300 = 300
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_300 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_300 = 956
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_300 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_301 = 301
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_301 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵔⴳⵉⵣⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_301 = 959
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_301 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_302 = 302
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_302 = ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_302 = 961
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_302 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_303 = 303
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_303 = ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_303 = 962
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_303 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_304 = 304
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_304 = ⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍ ⴱⵔⵉⵎⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵔⵉⴱⵢⵉⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_304 = 962
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_304 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_305 = 305
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_305 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_305 = 966
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_305 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_306 = 306
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_306 = ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵖⵔⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_306 = 972
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_306 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_307 = 307
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_307 = ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵃⵏⵏⴷ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_307 = 973
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_307 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_308 = 308
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_308 = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵡⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_308 = 975
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_308 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_309 = 309
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_309 = ⴰⴷⵔⵀⵎ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴱⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_309 = 976
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_309 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_310 = 310
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_310 = ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_310 = 978
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_310 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_311 = 311
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_311 = ⵉⵖⵣⵔ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴳⵉⴳ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_311 = 981
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_311 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_312 = 312
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_312 = ⵕ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_312 = 985
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_312 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_313 = 313
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_313 = ⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_313 = 986
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_313 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_314 = 314
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_314 = ⵜⴰⴼⵔⴰⵡⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_314 = 992
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_314 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_315 = 315
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_315 = ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵏⵥⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_315 = 994
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_315 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_316 = 316
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_316 = ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_316 = 995
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_316 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_317 = 317
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_317 = ⴼⴰⵏⴰⴷⵉⵏⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_317 = 995
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_317 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_318 = 318
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_318 = ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_318 = 998
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_318 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_319 = 319
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_319 = ⵣⵍⵉⵜⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_319 = 998
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_319 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_320 = 320
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_320 = ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_320 = 1001
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_320 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_321 = 321
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_321 = ⵉⴷⴳⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_321 = 1001
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_321 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_322 = 322
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_322 = ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_322 = 1005
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_322 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_323 = 323
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_323 = ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_323 = 1007
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_323 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_324 = 324
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_324 = ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_324 = 1011
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_324 = ahmed hajjy

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_325 = 325
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_325 = ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵅⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵀⴰⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_325 = 1011
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_325 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_326 = 326
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_326 = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_326 = 1014
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_326 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_327 = 327
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_327 = ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_327 = 1016
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_327 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_328 = 328
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_328 = ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_328 = 1016
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_328 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_329 = 329
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_329 = ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴽⴰⵔⵉⴱⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_329 = 1017
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_329 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_330 = 330
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_330 = ⴷⵉⴷⴰⴽⵜⵉⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_330 = 1018
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_330 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_331 = 331
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_331 = ⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_331 = 1019
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_331 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_332 = 332
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_332 = ⵍⴰⴳⵓⵏⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_332 = 1022
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_332 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_333 = 333
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_333 = ⴰⵛⵏⵢⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⵍⵊⵉⴽⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_333 = 1024
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_333 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_334 = 334
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_334 = ⵙⵉ (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_334 = 1028
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_334 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_335 = 335
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_335 = ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵖⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_335 = 1028
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_335 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_336 = 336
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_336 = ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴼⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵄⴹⵓⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_336 = 1030
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_336 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_337 = 337
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_337 = ⴱⵔⵜⵇⵇⵉⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_337 = 1030
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_337 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_338 = 338
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_338 = ⴽⵉⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵔⵎⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_338 = 1031
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_338 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_339 = 339
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_339 = ⵏⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_339 = 1031
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_339 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_340 = 340
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_340 = ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ (ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_340 = 1034
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_340 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_341 = 341
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_341 = ⵊⴰⵎⵍⴱⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_341 = 1037
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_341 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_342 = 342
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_342 = ⴱⵓⵕⵖⵡⴰⵟⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_342 = 1038
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_342 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_343 = 343
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_343 = ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵖⴰⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_343 = 1041
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_343 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_344 = 344
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_344 = ⴰⵖⵔⵓⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_344 = 1048
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_344 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_345 = 345
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_345 = ⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_345 = 1050
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_345 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_346 = 346
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_346 = ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵍⴼⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_346 = 1052
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_346 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_347 = 347
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_347 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_347 = 1052
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_347 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_348 = 348
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_348 = ⵉⵎⵏ.js
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_348 = 1058
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_348 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_349 = 349
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_349 = ⵜⴰⴼⵙⵓⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_349 = 1058
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_349 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_350 = 350
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_350 = ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_350 = 1059
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_350 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_351 = 351
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_351 = ⴰⵎⴽⵕⴰⴹ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_351 = 1068
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_351 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_352 = 352
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_352 = ⴱⵔⵄⵣⵉⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_352 = 1069
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_352 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_353 = 353
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_353 = ⵉⵖⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵕⵓⴹⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_353 = 1073
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_353 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_354 = 354
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_354 = ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_354 = 1076
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_354 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_355 = 355
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_355 = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_355 = 1076
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_355 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_356 = 356
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_356 = ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⵉⵎ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_356 = 1077
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_356 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_357 = 357
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_357 = ⴰⵎⵜⵉⵡⴳ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_357 = 1082
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_357 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_358 = 358
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_358 = ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_358 = 1091
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_358 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_359 = 359
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_359 = ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_359 = 1097
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_359 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_360 = 360
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_360 = ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵓⴼⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_360 = 1099
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_360 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_361 = 361
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_361 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_361 = 1099
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_361 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_362 = 362
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_362 = ⵍⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵎⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_362 = 1101
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_362 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_363 = 363
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_363 = ⴰⵡⵇⵇⴰⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_363 = 1104
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_363 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_364 = 364
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_364 = ⵏⴰⵚⵕ ⵣⵣⴼⵣⴰⴼⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_364 = 1104
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_364 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_365 = 365
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_365 = ⵙⵓⴱⵔⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_365 = 1106
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_365 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_366 = 366
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_366 = ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_366 = 1108
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_366 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_367 = 367
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_367 = ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_367 = 1111
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_367 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_368 = 368
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_368 = ⵉⵅⵅⴰⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_368 = 1111
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_368 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_369 = 369
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_369 = ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_369 = 1112
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_369 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_370 = 370
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_370 = ⵎⴰⵍⴷⵉⴼ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_370 = 1112
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_370 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_371 = 371
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_371 = ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_371 = 1113
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_371 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_372 = 372
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_372 = ⴳⴰⵢⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_372 = 1115
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_372 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_373 = 373
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_373 = ⵊⵉⵎⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵣ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_373 = 1117
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_373 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_374 = 374
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_374 = ⵉⵣⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_374 = 1120
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_374 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_375 = 375
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_375 = ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_375 = 1120
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_375 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_376 = 376
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_376 = ⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵎⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_376 = 1123
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_376 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_377 = 377
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_377 = ⵟⴰⵔⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_377 = 1123
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_377 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_378 = 378
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_378 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_378 = 1124
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_378 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_379 = 379
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_379 = ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_379 = 1129
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_379 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_380 = 380
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_380 = ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵖⵔⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_380 = 1129
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_380 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_381 = 381
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_381 = ⴰⵏⵣⵓⵍ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_381 = 1132
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_381 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_382 = 382
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_382 = ⵟⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⴽ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_382 = 1132
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_382 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_383 = 383
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_383 = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⵖⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_383 = 1133
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_383 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_384 = 384
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_384 = ⵄⴱⴷ ⵍⴽⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵅⴰⵟⵉⴱ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_384 = 1135
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_384 = ahmed hajjy

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_385 = 385
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_385 = ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵖⴰⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_385 = 1135
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_385 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_386 = 386
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_386 = ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_386 = 1136
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_386 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_387 = 387
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_387 = ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_387 = 1137
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_387 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_388 = 388
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_388 = ⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴽⵜⴰⵔⵏ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_388 = 1137
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_388 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_389 = 389
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_389 = ⵓ ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏ, ⴰⵀⵍⴰⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵖ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_389 = 1137
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_389 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_390 = 390
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_390 = ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_390 = 1138
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_390 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_391 = 391
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_391 = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴷⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_391 = 1138
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_391 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_392 = 392
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_392 = ⴱⵉⵍⴼⴰⵙⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_392 = 1141
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_392 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_393 = 393
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_393 = ⴽⵓⴱⴰⵏⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_393 = 1144
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_393 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_394 = 394
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_394 = ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_394 = 1144
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_394 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_395 = 395
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_395 = ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_395 = 1150
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_395 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_396 = 396
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_396 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵔⵜ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_396 = 1150
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_396 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_397 = 397
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_397 = ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵏⴽⵉⵢ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_397 = 1150
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_397 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_398 = 398
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_398 = ⵉⵙⵉⴽⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_398 = 1154
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_398 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_399 = 399
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_399 = ⵃⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⴼⵟⵡⴰⴽⵉ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_399 = 1156
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_399 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

| ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_400 = 400
| ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_400 = ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⵙⵙⵓ
| ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_400 = 1159
| ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_400 = ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ

}}</text>
      <sha1>7nz3otygskxi2tnzpw7y8s56yignlpo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⴰⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵙ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197612</id>
      <parentid>197611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T12:03:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3180" sha1="cspz2i0amkhu0qygoyzs2o2kppk4xae" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>cspz2i0amkhu0qygoyzs2o2kppk4xae</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197613</id>
      <parentid>197612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T12:11:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4135" sha1="81gv7rsl061o2hzaz0r1v2u9oydqiki" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="5587" sha1="t9a95itolznrmioxqwinykcncjwr2ch" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>t9a95itolznrmioxqwinykcncjwr2ch</sha1>
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    <revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="6676" sha1="1ou6hod9rix5we9us5fatgub6q6pwwl" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
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'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>e929t3u9a78hltvnr8yo7edy0tswd96</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197617</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-24T12:46:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="8990" sha1="hf4k29yuqvzgz6z767in7yz49enylfp" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

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      <text bytes="10145" sha1="qgnx9taj0jt4disjar2m7q70v3ihpt2" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>qgnx9taj0jt4disjar2m7q70v3ihpt2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197619</id>
      <parentid>197618</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:25:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>197619</origin>
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      <text bytes="11927" sha1="pkg3dfix2mvyp02agbr4fbwj0ighx4a" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>pkg3dfix2mvyp02agbr4fbwj0ighx4a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197621</id>
      <parentid>197619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>197621</origin>
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      <text bytes="13285" sha1="k7yrqgum6wtgn86it0ah0keg6almnzi" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ]], ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ&quot; ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: «ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ. [...] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ? ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍ».

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>k7yrqgum6wtgn86it0ah0keg6almnzi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197625</id>
      <parentid>197621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:46:05Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="15026" sha1="ognmx9q21akkhdhvg6lggzzr25v7yyl" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ]], ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ&quot; ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: «ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ. [...] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ? ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍ».

ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ: «ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⴱⴰⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵓⵔⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ: ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ. ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵓⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ».

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==
== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>ognmx9q21akkhdhvg6lggzzr25v7yyl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197626</id>
      <parentid>197625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:54:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ */</comment>
      <origin>197626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17214" sha1="0co1cvo6c86xcyi3fx8h8i68vxyva4v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ]], ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ&quot; ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: «ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ. [...] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ? ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍ».

ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ: «ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⴱⴰⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵓⵔⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ: ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ. ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵓⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ».

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==

* P. Duclos, « Loyola Mandes (Attazi) », dans ''Diccionario historico de la Compañia de Jesús'', Rome, IHSI, 2001, vol. III, p. 2428.
* C. García Goldáraz, « Un príncipe de Fez jesuita: Sceih Muhammad Attasi, en religión P. Baltasar Diego Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667). Estudio sobre su ascendencia regia », dans ''Miscelánea Comillas'', 1944, vol. 2, p. 487-541.
* L. Lebessou, « La seconde vie d'un sultan du Maroc », dans ''[[Études (revue)|Études]]'', 1910, vol. 123, p. 488-498.
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « A Muslim Turned Jesuit: Baldassarre Loyola Mandes (1631-1667) », dans ''Journal of Early Modern History'', 2013, vol. 17, p. 479-504 [https://www.academia.edu/8031363/A_Muslim_Turned_Jesuit_Baldassarre_Loyola_Mandes_1631-1667_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_17_2013_479-504 Lire en ligne]
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Baldassarre Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667), Prince de Fez and Jésuite », dans ''Les Musulmans dans l’histoire de l’Europe. Tome 1: Une intégration invisible'', éd. Bernard Vincent et Jocelyne Dakhlia, Paris, Albin Michel, 2011, p. 159-193 [https://books.google.com/books/about/Les_Musulmans_dans_l_histoire_de_l_Europ.html?id=kUnXtgt6Tg4C&amp;hl=en Lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Infidels at Home. Jesuits and Muslim Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Naples and Spain », dans ''Journal of Jesuit Studies'', 2014, n° 1, p. 192-211 [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22141332-00102003 lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo et R. Sacconaghi, « Telling the Untellable. Geography of Conversion of a Muslim Jesuit », dans ''Space and Conversion: A Global Approach'', éd. Wietse De Boer, Aliocha Maldavsky et Giuseppe Marcocci, Leyde, Brill, 2014, p. 285-307 [https://www.academia.edu/8041852/_With_Rocco_Sacconaghi_Telling_the_Untellable_The_Geography_of_Conversion_of_a_Muslim_Jesuit_in_Space_and_Conversion_in_Global_Perspective_ed._Giuseppe_Marcocci_Wietse_de_Boer_Aliocha_Maldavsky_and_Ilaria_Pavan_Brill_Leiden_forthcoming lire en ligne].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴼⴰⵙ]]
* [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]]
* [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>0co1cvo6c86xcyi3fx8h8i68vxyva4v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197628</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-24T13:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <origin>197628</origin>
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      <text bytes="17875" sha1="8c6eqwhjbo6h71mwyrzknt3nov0avoi" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ&lt;ref name=Cal&gt;{{Article |langue= |auteur1=Lilian Pestre de Almeida |titre=Le trajet d'un prince marocain converti, selon Calderón de la Barca |périodique=Revue de l'institut historique de l'Europe méditerranéenne |date=juin 2012 |pages= |issn= |lire en ligne=http://rime.to.cnr.it/2012/RIVISTA/N8/2012/articoli/02_Pestre%20de%20Almeida.pdf |consulté le=18 août 2016 |id= }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref name=Zam&gt;{{Article |langue= |auteur1=Sami Lakmahri |titre=Le prince marocain devenu chrétien |périodique=[[Zamane]] |date=16 septembre 2015 |pages= |issn= |lire en ligne=http://zamane.ma/fr/le-prince-marocain-devenu-chretien/ |consulté le=18 août 2016 |id= }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ]], ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ&quot; ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: «ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ. [...] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ? ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍ».

ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ: «ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⴱⴰⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵓⵔⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ: ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ. ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵓⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ».

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==

* P. Duclos, « Loyola Mandes (Attazi) », dans ''Diccionario historico de la Compañia de Jesús'', Rome, IHSI, 2001, vol. III, p. 2428.
* C. García Goldáraz, « Un príncipe de Fez jesuita: Sceih Muhammad Attasi, en religión P. Baltasar Diego Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667). Estudio sobre su ascendencia regia », dans ''Miscelánea Comillas'', 1944, vol. 2, p. 487-541.
* L. Lebessou, « La seconde vie d'un sultan du Maroc », dans ''[[Études (revue)|Études]]'', 1910, vol. 123, p. 488-498.
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « A Muslim Turned Jesuit: Baldassarre Loyola Mandes (1631-1667) », dans ''Journal of Early Modern History'', 2013, vol. 17, p. 479-504 [https://www.academia.edu/8031363/A_Muslim_Turned_Jesuit_Baldassarre_Loyola_Mandes_1631-1667_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_17_2013_479-504 Lire en ligne]
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Baldassarre Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667), Prince de Fez and Jésuite », dans ''Les Musulmans dans l’histoire de l’Europe. Tome 1: Une intégration invisible'', éd. Bernard Vincent et Jocelyne Dakhlia, Paris, Albin Michel, 2011, p. 159-193 [https://books.google.com/books/about/Les_Musulmans_dans_l_histoire_de_l_Europ.html?id=kUnXtgt6Tg4C&amp;hl=en Lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Infidels at Home. Jesuits and Muslim Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Naples and Spain », dans ''Journal of Jesuit Studies'', 2014, n° 1, p. 192-211 [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22141332-00102003 lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo et R. Sacconaghi, « Telling the Untellable. Geography of Conversion of a Muslim Jesuit », dans ''Space and Conversion: A Global Approach'', éd. Wietse De Boer, Aliocha Maldavsky et Giuseppe Marcocci, Leyde, Brill, 2014, p. 285-307 [https://www.academia.edu/8041852/_With_Rocco_Sacconaghi_Telling_the_Untellable_The_Geography_of_Conversion_of_a_Muslim_Jesuit_in_Space_and_Conversion_in_Global_Perspective_ed._Giuseppe_Marcocci_Wietse_de_Boer_Aliocha_Maldavsky_and_Ilaria_Pavan_Brill_Leiden_forthcoming lire en ligne].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴼⴰⵙ]]
* [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]]
* [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==</text>
      <sha1>8c6eqwhjbo6h71mwyrzknt3nov0avoi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17985" sha1="6q31dbgp4ktya86nbkds00xoz6wlf0v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ''' (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ '''ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ''' ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1631 ⴳ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 15 [[ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1667 ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ]] ⴳ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵓⵍⵉⴽⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ (ⴰⵊⵉⵣⵡⵉⵜⵉ) ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⵏ (ⵉⵡⵕⵓⴱⴱⵉⵢⵏ) ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]] ⵖⴼ [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ|ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]].

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ==
ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵙⵄⴷⵉ [[ⵍⵡⴰⵍⵉⴷ ⴱⵏ ⵣⵉⴷⴰⵏ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍ]]. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1654, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵍⵃⵉⵊⵊ ⵖⵔ [[ⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰ]]. ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵢⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⴰⴱⴰⵢ/ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵏⵙ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵖⵔⵔⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵥⵉⵍⴰⵍ&quot; (ⴽⴰⴱ ⴱⵓⵏ) ⴳ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵢⵓⵃⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵕⵛⴰⵍⵉⵎ (ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ). ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ. ⵙ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴷ|ⵓⵙⴳⴷ]] ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ, ⵉⵣⵣⵔⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵉ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ|ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⴰⵏⵙⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ 12 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1656 — ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ &quot;ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ&quot; ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ — ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ&quot;, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 31 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⴷⵉⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍⴽⵙ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵟⴰ), ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ &quot;ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ&quot;, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⵔⴰⵎ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵟⵢⵓⵙ&lt;ref name=Cal&gt;{{Article |langue= |auteur1=Lilian Pestre de Almeida |titre=Le trajet d'un prince marocain converti, selon Calderón de la Barca |périodique=Revue de l'institut historique de l'Europe méditerranéenne |date=juin 2012 |pages= |issn= |lire en ligne=http://rime.to.cnr.it/2012/RIVISTA/N8/2012/articoli/02_Pestre%20de%20Almeida.pdf |consulté le=18 août 2016 |id= }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵔⵣⴼ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ|ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref name=Zam&gt;{{Article |langue= |auteur1=Sami Lakmahri |titre=Le prince marocain devenu chrétien |périodique=[[Zamane]] |date=16 septembre 2015 |pages= |issn= |lire en ligne=http://zamane.ma/fr/le-prince-marocain-devenu-chretien/ |consulté le=18 août 2016 |id= }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ&quot; (ⵉⵢⵓⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵏ). ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰ, ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵙⵙⵉⴷⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴳⵔ 1661 ⴷ 1663, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴳ 27 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1663; ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵢⵓⵛⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵓⵛⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵙⴰⵏⵜ.

ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵣⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴽⵔⴰⴼ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵏⴰⴱⵓⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ|ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵉⵜ]]. ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵙⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⴼⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 600 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ. ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵊⴰⵏⵡⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⵉ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵥⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴷⵓⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. 

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1667, ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵓⵍⵟⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵓⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ. ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵛⴱⵓⵏⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⴷⵉ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵕⵍ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴰⵕⵍ]], ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵣ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵛⵛⵉⵅ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴰⴱⵜⵉⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵓⵍ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ; ⴳ [[ⴱⵉⵣⵢⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵍⵓⵣ]], ⵔⵣⴼⵏ ⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴳ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ. 

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵡⴹ ⵎⴰⴷⵔⵉⴷ, ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵎⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ. ⴳ 15 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1667, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴷⵉⵏⵏ. 

ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ — ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴹⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⴷⴰⵔ. 

== ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ, ⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵓ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵇⵇⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵓⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ (ⴰⵎ ⵎⵉⴽⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⵎⵉⵛⵓⵏ) ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴳ ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴱⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⴽⴰⵍⴷⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴷⵉ ⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵕⴽⴰ]]; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ&quot; (El grande príncipe de Fez) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1668 (ⵙⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴱⴰ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵙⵓⵄⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵏⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⵉⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵉⵙ.

ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ]], ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ &quot;ⵣⴰⵎⴰⵏ&quot; ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ: «ⴷⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵯⵉⵏ. [...] ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵔⴼⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴷⵔⴼⵉ? ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴰⴽⴰ ⴰⴽⵍⵉⵔⵓⵙⵉ (ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵄⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰ. ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵉⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵡⴹ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍ».

ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⴰⵎⵉ ⵍⴽⵎⵀⵔⵉ: «ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵕⵓⴱⴰⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⵓⵔⵥⴹⵉⵕⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⵜⴰⴷ: ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵉⵥ, ⵉⵙⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ. ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴽⵓⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵇⴰⵃ ⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⴷ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰ. ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵛⵛⵎⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ».

== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==

* P. Duclos, « Loyola Mandes (Attazi) », dans ''Diccionario historico de la Compañia de Jesús'', Rome, IHSI, 2001, vol. III, p. 2428.
* C. García Goldáraz, « Un príncipe de Fez jesuita: Sceih Muhammad Attasi, en religión P. Baltasar Diego Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667). Estudio sobre su ascendencia regia », dans ''Miscelánea Comillas'', 1944, vol. 2, p. 487-541.
* L. Lebessou, « La seconde vie d'un sultan du Maroc », dans ''[[Études (revue)|Études]]'', 1910, vol. 123, p. 488-498.
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « A Muslim Turned Jesuit: Baldassarre Loyola Mandes (1631-1667) », dans ''Journal of Early Modern History'', 2013, vol. 17, p. 479-504 [https://www.academia.edu/8031363/A_Muslim_Turned_Jesuit_Baldassarre_Loyola_Mandes_1631-1667_Journal_of_Early_Modern_History_17_2013_479-504 Lire en ligne]
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Baldassarre Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667), Prince de Fez and Jésuite », dans ''Les Musulmans dans l’histoire de l’Europe. Tome 1: Une intégration invisible'', éd. Bernard Vincent et Jocelyne Dakhlia, Paris, Albin Michel, 2011, p. 159-193 [https://books.google.com/books/about/Les_Musulmans_dans_l_histoire_de_l_Europ.html?id=kUnXtgt6Tg4C&amp;hl=en Lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo, « Infidels at Home. Jesuits and Muslim Slaves in Seventeenth-Century Naples and Spain », dans ''Journal of Jesuit Studies'', 2014, n° 1, p. 192-211 [http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/22141332-00102003 lire en ligne].
* {{en}} E. Colombo et R. Sacconaghi, « Telling the Untellable. Geography of Conversion of a Muslim Jesuit », dans ''Space and Conversion: A Global Approach'', éd. Wietse De Boer, Aliocha Maldavsky et Giuseppe Marcocci, Leyde, Brill, 2014, p. 285-307 [https://www.academia.edu/8041852/_With_Rocco_Sacconaghi_Telling_the_Untellable_The_Geography_of_Conversion_of_a_Muslim_Jesuit_in_Space_and_Conversion_in_Global_Perspective_ed._Giuseppe_Marcocci_Wietse_de_Boer_Aliocha_Maldavsky_and_Ilaria_Pavan_Brill_Leiden_forthcoming lire en ligne].

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴼⴰⵙ]]
* [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵜ]]
* [[ⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ]]
* [[ⴰⵇⵓⵕⴰⵏ|ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]]

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      <text bytes="12410" sha1="totgdk5wcjjmx1cfx6fy4pc83ve75k3" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}      
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (Ailurus fulgens), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
      <sha1>totgdk5wcjjmx1cfx6fy4pc83ve75k3</sha1>
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        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
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      <text bytes="12458" sha1="swugmk94imkpe4zye9ddy2kyw97cju0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}} 
{{ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (Ailurus fulgens), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12474" sha1="mjhyn9yy97fb8ayw3vh8xr8c69xs7ry" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}} 
{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (Ailurus fulgens), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12473" sha1="ksswujbobeczo0stkw9vunzttscrv4y" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}
ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (Ailurus fulgens), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12527" sha1="3ekyfeneo24ums4r7t0d61vtgo1dc3j" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}
'''ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ'''  ([[ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ]]: Ailurus fulgens), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12533" sha1="ska38hzpwy7tud45kk1o7dlgt91tcxy" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}
'''ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ'''  ([[ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ]]: '''Ailurus fulgens'''), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12535" sha1="33vs4xzddc9kukcmc5fjony61l5x69z" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}  
'''ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ'''  ([[ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ]]: '''Ailurus fulgens'''), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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      <text bytes="12541" sha1="8sfpvhc3bv9x22yhzz4y0y6qpzss0tk" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}}     
{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)}}     
'''ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ'''  ([[ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ]]: '''Ailurus fulgens'''), ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ (ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ (Carnivora), ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⵔⵉⴷⵏ (Ailuridés). ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵡⵜⵜⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Ailurus styani) ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ 2020.   

ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴼⵔⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ « ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵔⴰⵏ » ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⵛⵓⵇ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ, ⵢⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴱⵓⵜⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ-ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖⵉⵏ, ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⴽⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ (EN) ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ UICN.

== ⵉⵙⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ==
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴷⵓⵙ: Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier, 1825 ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2] ;
* ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: Himalayan red panda [3], Red panda [4], Lesser panda [4], small panda [5], Panda [4], Cat-bear [4], Firefox ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: Panda fuligineux [6], Panda éclatant [7],[8], Petit panda de l’Inde [3] ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵏ: Ailure éclatant [9], Petit panda [4], Panda roux [10],[6], Panda rouge [11], Panda doré [12], Panda mineur ;
* ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ: Ailure, Panda [13],[7],[note 1], Renard de feu   

=== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵕⵜ ===
ⴰⵏⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎ fulgens, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵙ « fuligineux » (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ) ⵏⵖⴷ « éclatant » (ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ), ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷ [14], ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⴽⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ [15],[16].

=== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ ===

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ==
=== ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panda (Ailurus fulgens) - Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'aprèsdes animaux vivans - tome 5 (1824) (cropped).jpg |thumb|left|ⴰⵙⴽⵏⵓⴼⵍ ⵏ « ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ » ⴳ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ « ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵓⵖⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⵙⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ », ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1825.]]

ⴰⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ, ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵓⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ (Frédéric Cuvier) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1825. ⵉⵎⴹⴰⴽⴰⵕ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴳⵎⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⵓⴼⵓⵙⵉⵍ (Alfred Duvaucel), ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ « ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵏⴷ », ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵉⵊⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵖⵉⵜ [13]. ⵜⵉⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ Ailurus fulgens ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ panda ⴳ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴼⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ 1825 [18]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1842, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⴽⵓⴼⵢⵉ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ Ailurus refulgens. ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷ ⴱⵍⴰⵢⵜ (Edward Blyth) ⴳ 1840.

ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ Ailurus ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ  any, ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ, ⵢⴰⵊⵊ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ. ⴳ 1902, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⴼⵉⵍⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ (Oldfield Thomas) ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵜⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ Ailurus fulgens styani, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵎⵓⴷ ⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉ ⵉⵣⵓⵣⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ (Frederick William Styan) ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵎⴰⵢⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵉⴱⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴽⴽⵉⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉ [19]. ⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ, ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⴹ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵔⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵓⴷⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ [19]. ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵟⴰⵃ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵔⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵏⵏⵓⵛ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵕⵕⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵣⴷⴰⵜ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵜ [20]. ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵜ Ailurus fulgens fulgens, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ 1951 [21].

ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ Ailurus fulgens refulgens ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉ A. f. styani. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜ ⴰⵏⵔⵉ ⵎⵉⵍⵏ-ⵉⴷⵡⴰⵔⴷⵙ (Henri Milne-Edwards) ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ 1874 « Searches to serve the natural history of mammals comprising considerations on the classification of these animals » [22], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ A. f. refulgens ⵢⴰⵏ nomen nudum [23],[24]. A. f. refulgens, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ A. f. styani, ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵖⵍⴰⵟ ⴳ Mammal Species of the World (ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴼⵉⵍⵜ 3, 2005) (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [25], ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵖⵜⵢ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ A guide to the Mammals of China ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵖⴹⴰⵏⵜ Handbook of the Mammals of the World, Volume 1: Carnivores [26], ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⴽⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵀⴰⵔ ⵉ Ailurus fulgens.

ⴳ 2010, ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴳⵔⵓⴼⵙ (Colin Groves) ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴳ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [27]. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ Hu et al. ⴳ 2020, ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ Ailurus styani, ⵜⴰⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⵓⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ [28]. ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ 65 ⵊⵉⵏⵓⵎ, ⵜⵎⵍⴰ-ⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ~250 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵊⴰⵔ Ailurus styani ⴷ Ailurus fulgens [28]. ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵀⴰⴱⵍⵓⵜⵉⴱⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵜⵓⴽⵓⵏⴷⵔⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⵔⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵔ-ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⵓⵙ ⴰⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ. ⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⴼ 220 000 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⵔⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷ ⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵏ [28]. ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵊⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⵓⵔⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵢⴰⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵔⴰ [29] ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵍⵡⵉⵏ [28],[30],[31],[32]. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴳ 2018, 2019 ⴷ 2024 ⵙⴳ Mammal Diversity Database (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [2], ⴷ ⴳ 2022 ⵙⴳ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026) [33]. ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵓ-ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ refulgens ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵜ ⴷ A. f. fulgens. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⴰⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵓⵖ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴰⵀⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵍⵜ (monotypique) ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ITIS (17 ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 2026).           

== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==    
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ:ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ (ⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰⵎ)</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>55006</id>
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      <id>197638</id>
      <parentid>197546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
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      <text bytes="10933" sha1="tkg6te3iy353f7p8uvovhumg45yojdj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = 105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = 105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = 105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = 105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P735

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P1559

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P511

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P138

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P19

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / conservation status--&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        =  ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tkg6te3iy353f7p8uvovhumg45yojdj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197640</id>
      <parentid>197638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:48:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10920" sha1="tq0otoi2g48n6vip6fdcty58a2yf59d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / conservation status--&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        =  ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tq0otoi2g48n6vip6fdcty58a2yf59d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197641</id>
      <parentid>197640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10873" sha1="j2lih1b49dura4bk7aeiout0saf67jn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / conservation status--&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd20           = P427

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j2lih1b49dura4bk7aeiout0saf67jn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197642</id>
      <parentid>197641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10882" sha1="p3aqu1ci13zad67waqhyz180ge5ylm3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ / Short name --&gt;
| header19       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴳⵣⵉⵍ
| wd20           = P1813

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p3aqu1ci13zad67waqhyz180ge5ylm3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197644</id>
      <parentid>197642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:01:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10921" sha1="oxkkj6yyy9hh0la6t2smtgo3ctjr9ls" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P5816

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oxkkj6yyy9hh0la6t2smtgo3ctjr9ls</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197645</id>
      <parentid>197644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:02:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10920" sha1="sjhstuh6h8hrtqjel3ggrhcew83b6u4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sjhstuh6h8hrtqjel3ggrhcew83b6u4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197648</id>
      <parentid>197645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10975" sha1="nueqwlafy4wnfi2cncwfoi512jayr50" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
|image20         = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nueqwlafy4wnfi2cncwfoi512jayr50</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197649</id>
      <parentid>197648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10976" sha1="q1zpqzv5qo4441ecd79i9hk20c7xj8a" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
|image20         = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| image_wd20      = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q1zpqzv5qo4441ecd79i9hk20c7xj8a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197650</id>
      <parentid>197649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10975" sha1="hcx7sl497anbuup4r6ukq6jpmmrh7w5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| image3         = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| image_wd3      = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hcx7sl497anbuup4r6ukq6jpmmrh7w5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197651</id>
      <parentid>197650</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10920" sha1="sjhstuh6h8hrtqjel3ggrhcew83b6u4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sjhstuh6h8hrtqjel3ggrhcew83b6u4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197654</id>
      <parentid>197651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11004" sha1="3r7yy7qb5qctoblr61gs87df1ihaowv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = {{#if:{{#invoke:ConservationStatus|getImage}}|[[File:{{#invoke:ConservationStatus|getImage}}|20px|link=]] }}ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3r7yy7qb5qctoblr61gs87df1ihaowv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197658</id>
      <parentid>197654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:46:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11028" sha1="h26ppla751jqt76a4lrz0k9ymbwl7tu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = fullwidth
| param20        = {{#if:{{#invoke:ConservationStatus|getImage}}|[[File:{{#invoke:ConservationStatus|getImage}}|20px|link=]] }}ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| wd20           = P141

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h26ppla751jqt76a4lrz0k9ymbwl7tu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197675</id>
      <parentid>197658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10914" sha1="jsp962v7s54edviszpl8zv7js7d9njl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 20px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jsp962v7s54edviszpl8zv7js7d9njl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197677</id>
      <parentid>197675</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:41:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10915" sha1="cchtxb7e2nfw9d5o0kn2w0g6muta8z6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 120px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cchtxb7e2nfw9d5o0kn2w0g6muta8z6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197678</id>
      <parentid>197677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:42:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10915" sha1="m8dnkiuiimlxapoqu9x0qubo146pwcq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 220px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m8dnkiuiimlxapoqu9x0qubo146pwcq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197679</id>
      <parentid>197678</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10915" sha1="ghdcf4tkv4zojy2xdlh6r733ihi7uz3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = fullwidth
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181


| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ghdcf4tkv4zojy2xdlh6r733ihi7uz3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197681</id>
      <parentid>197679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T17:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10940" sha1="ru9pceeh69j2yl79189xgzlod37d0p0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map--&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = item-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size20         = 320px

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ru9pceeh69j2yl79189xgzlod37d0p0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197685</id>
      <parentid>197681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T17:50:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197685</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11012" sha1="lm3nyeavx0mizww1cpuiit6me3lm1x0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Binomial name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lm3nyeavx0mizww1cpuiit6me3lm1x0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197687</id>
      <parentid>197685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T17:57:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197687</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11009" sha1="2mnokum83fn799qpjm273wc56njpn8x" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2mnokum83fn799qpjm273wc56njpn8x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197690</id>
      <parentid>197687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:25:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11018" sha1="d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197700</id>
      <parentid>197690</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9593" sha1="omcycv4c4kogk8hssjm8xk7jf8au3lh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8
| title_text     = #2C3E2C
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0
| header_text    = #1E2A1E
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

&lt;!-- Kingdom --&gt;
| type2          = taxon-rank
| rank2          = Q36732
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

&lt;!-- Phylum --&gt;
| type3          = taxon-rank
| rank3          = Q38348
| label3         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ

&lt;!-- Class --&gt;
| type4          = taxon-rank
| rank4          = Q37517
| label4         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ

&lt;!-- Order --&gt;
| type5          = taxon-rank
| rank5          = Q36602
| label5         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵏⵜ

&lt;!-- Family --&gt;
| type6          = taxon-rank
| rank6          = Q35409
| label6         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ

&lt;!-- Subfamily --&gt;
| type7          = taxon-rank
| rank7          = Q164280
| label7         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵢⵜ

&lt;!-- Tribe --&gt;
| type8          = taxon-rank
| rank8          = Q227936
| label8         = ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ

&lt;!-- Genus --&gt;
| type9          = taxon-rank
| rank9          = Q34740
| label9         = ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- Species --&gt;
| type10         = taxon-rank
| rank10         = Q7432
| label10        = ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ

&lt;!-- Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20         = item-image
| wd20           = P141
| param20        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20         = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25         = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77         = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>omcycv4c4kogk8hssjm8xk7jf8au3lh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197701</id>
      <parentid>197700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11018" sha1="d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197704</id>
      <parentid>197701</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197704</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9634" sha1="aqlbrugjadi7dbxkf7lkkpzvevptas0" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8
| title_text     = #2C3E2C
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0
| header_text    = #1E2A1E
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

&lt;!-- Kingdom --&gt;
| type2          = taxon-rank
| rank2          = Q36732
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

&lt;!-- Phylum --&gt;
| type3          = taxon-rank
| rank3          = Q38348
| label3         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ

&lt;!-- Class --&gt;
| type4          = taxon-rank
| rank4          = Q37517
| label4         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ

&lt;!-- Order --&gt;
| type5          = taxon-rank
| rank5          = Q36602
| label5         = ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵏⵜ

&lt;!-- Family --&gt;
| type6          = taxon-rank
| rank6          = Q35409
| label6         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ

&lt;!-- Subfamily --&gt;
| type7          = taxon-rank
| rank7          = Q164280
| label7         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵢⵜ

&lt;!-- Tribe --&gt;
| type8          = taxon-rank
| rank8          = Q227936
| label8         = ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵉⵍⵜ

&lt;!-- Genus --&gt;
| type9          = taxon-rank
| rank9          = Q34740
| label9         = ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- Species --&gt;
| type10         = taxon-rank
| rank10         = Q7432
| label10        = ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header11       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type12         = item-image
| wd12           = P141
| param12        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size12         = 320px

| label13        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param13        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd13           = P745

| label14        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label15        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param15        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header16       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type17         = fullwidth
| param17        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd17           = P225

| label18        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param18        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd18           = P27

| label19        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param19        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd19           = P551

| label20        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param20        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd20           = P1408

| label21        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param21        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd21           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header22       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type23         = commons-image
| param23        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd23           = P181
| size23         = 250px
| caption23      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label24        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param24        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd24           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header25       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label26        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P101

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd27           = P106

| label28        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param28        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd28           = P108

| label29        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param29        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd29           = P1308

| label30        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param30        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd30           = P2031

| label31        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param31        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd31           = P1344

| label32        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param32        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd32           = P102

| label33        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param33        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd33           = P135

| label34        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param34        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd34           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header35       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label36        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param36        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd36           = P26

| label37        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P22

| label38        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param38        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd38           = P25

| label39        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param39        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd39           = P7

| label40        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param40        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd40           = P9

| label41        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param41        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd41           = P40

| label42        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param42        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd42           = P22

| label43        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param43        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd43           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header44       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label45        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param45        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd45           = P2048

| label46        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param46        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd46           = 

| label47        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param47        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd47           = P552

| label48        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param48        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd48           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header49       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label50        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param50        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd50           = P69

| label51        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param51        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd51           = P69

| label52        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param52        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd52           = P512

| label53        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param53        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd53           = P812

| label54        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param54        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd54           = P103

| label55        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param55        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd55           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header56       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label57        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param57        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd57           = P2632

| label58        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd58           = P3025

| label59        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd59           = P1595

| label60        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param60        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd60           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header61       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label62        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd62           = P39

| label63        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd63           = P580

| label64        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param64        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd64           = P582

| label65        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param65        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd65           = P1365

| label66        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param66        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd66           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header67       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type68         = fullwidth
| param68        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd68           = P856

| type69         = fullwidth 
| label69        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param69        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header70       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type71         = fullwidth
| param71        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd71           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type72         = fullwidth
| param72        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aqlbrugjadi7dbxkf7lkkpzvevptas0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197710</id>
      <parentid>197704</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:12:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11018" sha1="d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d239fdjy4bnenezy9cufnz31sqhbisi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197713</id>
      <parentid>197710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:16:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10985" sha1="obtsgmtm7au9bhumhc9ft5zbh47cw80" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>obtsgmtm7au9bhumhc9ft5zbh47cw80</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197714</id>
      <parentid>197713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:17:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11009" sha1="2mnokum83fn799qpjm273wc56njpn8x" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| param3         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| param4         = ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param5         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⴽⵏⵉⵢⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| param7         = ⵎⴼⴼⵔ ⵉⵙⵎ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param8         = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param9         = ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| param10        = ⵜⴰⵙⵍⴼⵙⵜ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| param11        = ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param12        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2mnokum83fn799qpjm273wc56njpn8x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197716</id>
      <parentid>197714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:22:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10793" sha1="o6uq9ecsojwzh9r428ahs80kau6dly8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o6uq9ecsojwzh9r428ahs80kau6dly8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197731</id>
      <parentid>197716</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10826" sha1="9tnk5rao3ndoyjv8r3x0ec878s58nin" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9tnk5rao3ndoyjv8r3x0ec878s58nin</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197732</id>
      <parentid>197731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10802" sha1="mzfeqaugg2l183u37rt8v6k52qegxl8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mzfeqaugg2l183u37rt8v6k52qegxl8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197757</id>
      <parentid>197732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:34:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10789" sha1="iydxzqe3k08yofmbnga3mhh2h43sj2e" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 
| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = Animalia

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>iydxzqe3k08yofmbnga3mhh2h43sj2e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197758</id>
      <parentid>197757</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:37:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10794" sha1="jn1tlnfwqtz1eadxwi3l5md4zjf39mw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| label3         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param3         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd3            = P105

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jn1tlnfwqtz1eadxwi3l5md4zjf39mw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197759</id>
      <parentid>197758</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:38:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10797" sha1="kvqb4r7w6cl3okmkv0nc4fd3dj27ue9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ   

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| label3         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param3         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd3            = P105

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kvqb4r7w6cl3okmkv0nc4fd3dj27ue9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197760</id>
      <parentid>197759</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:39:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10797" sha1="4jb59pbjfymaboqch4kc4s5ugdpz10s" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ   

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P105

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4jb59pbjfymaboqch4kc4s5ugdpz10s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197763</id>
      <parentid>197760</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:45:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10830" sha1="1gbedec6sbq1t884x52qj0srla2qynu" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ   

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P171

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1gbedec6sbq1t884x52qj0srla2qynu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197764</id>
      <parentid>197763</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T21:47:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10798" sha1="4kafwnftmthh3rzix1q6y9jeoqrj87w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ   

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| wd2            = P3103

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4kafwnftmthh3rzix1q6y9jeoqrj87w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197773</id>
      <parentid>197764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T22:23:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10806" sha1="s27pmvb9v1j9j8r5b3upuvt66274226" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#invoke:Infobox2|create 
| title_bg       = #D8E2C8          &lt;!-- light sage green --&gt;
| title_text     = #2C3E2C          &lt;!-- dark forest green for contrast --&gt;
| header_bg      = #A9BFA0          &lt;!-- soft moss green --&gt;
| header_text    = #1E2A1E          &lt;!-- very dark green, nearly black --&gt;
| row_label_bg   = #F4F1E8          &lt;!-- warm beige --&gt;
| title_bg_icon  = [[File:Paw_icon.svg|35px|alt=ⵜⴰⵢⴽⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ]]

| title          = ⵉⵙⵎ   

&lt;!-- ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ / Main Photo and Signature --&gt;
| image1         = ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ
| caption1       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ|}}} }}} }}}
| image_wd1      = P18

| image2         = ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ
| caption2       = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵎⴹ|{{{ⴰⵖⴼⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⴹ|}}} }}} }}}
| size2          = 150px
| image_wd2      = P109

&lt;!-- 1. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ / Classification --&gt;
| header1        = ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵙⵎⵉⵍⵜ 

| type2          = taxon-kingdom
| label2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ
| param2         = ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ

| label3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param3         = ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd3            = P105

| label4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| param4         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ
| wd4            = P105

| label5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| param5         = ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ
| wd5            = P105

| label6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| param6         = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ
| wd6            = P105

| label7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param7         = ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd7            = P105

| label8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| param8         = ⴰⴷⵓ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd8            = P105

| label9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param9         = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd9            = P105

| label10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| param10        = ⴰⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| wd10           = P105

| label11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| param11        = ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ
| wd11           = P105

| label12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| param12        = ⴰⵏⴰⵡ
| wd12           = P105

| label13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| param13        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ
| wd13           = P569

| label14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param14        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd14           = P20

| label15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param15        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd15           = P570

| label16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| param16        = ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ
| wd16           = P509

| label17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| param17        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| wd17           = P119

| type18         = coordinates
| label18        = ⵉⵙⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ
| lat_param      = latitude
| lon_param      = longitude
| wd18           = P625

&lt;!-- 2. ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ / Conservation status --&gt;
| header19       = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| type20 = item-image
| wd20   = P141
| param20 = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴰⵢ
| size20 = 320px

| label21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param21        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| wd21           = P745

| label22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ
| param22        = ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ

| label23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| param23        = ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ

&lt;!-- 3. ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ / Taxon name --&gt;
| header24       = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| type25        = fullwidth
| param25        = ⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ
| wd25           = P225

| label26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| param26        = ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉ
| wd26           = P27

| label27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| param27        = ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd27           = P551

| label28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| param28        = ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴳ
| wd28           = P1408

| label29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| param29        = ⴰⵥⵓⵕ
| wd29           = P172

&lt;!-- 4. ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ / Range map --&gt;
| header30       = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| type31         = commons-image
| param31        = ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ
| wd31           = P181
| size31         = 250px
| caption31      = {{{ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ|}}}

| label32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| param32        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ
| wd32           = P140

&lt;!-- 5. ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ / Professional Life --&gt;
| header33       = ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| label34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| param34        = ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ
| wd34           = P101

| label35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| param35        = ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⵜ
| wd35           = P106

| label36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| param36        = ⴰⵎⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴳ
| wd36           = P108

| label37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| param37        = ⴰⴳⵏⵙⴰⵙ
| wd37           = P1308

| label38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| param38        = ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵏⵓⵛⵛⴳ
| wd38           = P2031

| label39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| param39        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ
| wd39           = P1344

| label40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| param40        = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ
| wd40           = P102

| label41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| param41        = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ
| wd41           = P135

| label42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| param42        = ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ
| wd42           = P800

&lt;!-- 6. ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ / Family --&gt;
| header43       = ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ
| label44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| param44        = ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ/ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ
| wd44           = P26

| label45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| param45        = ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ
| wd45           = P22

| label46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| param46        = ⵉⵎⵎⵉⵙ
| wd46           = P25

| label47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| param47        = ⴳⵎⴰⵙ
| wd47           = P7

| label48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| param48        = ⵓⵍⵜⵎⴰⵙ
| wd48           = P9

| label49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| param49        = ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ
| wd49           = P40

| label50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| param50        = ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵡⵏ
| wd50           = P22

| label51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| param51        = ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⴳⵏ
| wd51           = P1038

&lt;!-- 7. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ / Physical Info --&gt;
| header52       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴳⴳⴰ
| label53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| param53        = ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ
| wd53           = P2048

| label54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| param54        = ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵍ
| wd54           = 

| label55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| param55        = ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ
| wd55           = P552

| label56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| param56        = ⴰⴽⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ
| wd56           = P1884

&lt;!-- 8. ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ / Education --&gt;
| header57       = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| label58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| param58        = ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ
| wd58           = P69

| label59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param59        = ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd59           = P69

| label60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| param60        = ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ
| wd60           = P512

| label61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| param61        = ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ
| wd61           = P812

| label62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| param62        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵎⴰⵜ
| wd62           = P103

| label63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| param63        = ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ
| wd63           = P1412

&lt;!-- 9. ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ / Criminal Info --&gt;
| header64       = ⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵏ
| label65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param65        = ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd65           = P2632

| label66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| param66        = ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵥ
| wd66           = P3025

| label67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param67        = ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd67           = P1595

| label68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| param68        = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵜ
| wd68           = P2102

&lt;!-- 10. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ / Positions --&gt;
| header69       = ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ
| label70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param70        = ⵜⴰⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd70           = P39

| label71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param71        = ⵜⵓⴷⴷⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd71           = P580

| label72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| param72        = ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵙⵓⵜ
| wd72           = P582

| label73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| param73        = ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵜ
| wd73           = P1365

| label74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| param74        = ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵜ
| wd74           = P1366

&lt;!-- 11. ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ / Official Sites --&gt;
| header75       = ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵏ
| type76         = fullwidth
| param76        = ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| wd76           = P856

| type77       = fullwidth 
| label77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ
| param77        = ⴰⴱⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ

&lt;!-- 12. ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ / Awards --&gt;
| header78       = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| type79         = fullwidth
| param79        = ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵉⵏ
| wd79           = P166

&lt;!-- ⵉⵙⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ / Footnotes --&gt;
| type80         = fullwidth
| param80        = ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ 

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵎ}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s27pmvb9v1j9j8r5b3upuvt66274226</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:ConservationStatus</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>55007</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197655</id>
      <parentid>197525</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:36:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197655</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="582" sha1="e3n0f31fbsvmbbgo17zgmuiau14q55s" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

function p.getImage(frame)
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity()
    if not entity then return '' end

    local statusClaims = entity.claims['P141']
    if not statusClaims or not statusClaims[1] then return '' end

    local statusId = statusClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
    local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
    if not statusEntity then return '' end

    local imageClaims = statusEntity.claims['P18']
    if not imageClaims or not imageClaims[1] then return '' end

    return imageClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>e3n0f31fbsvmbbgo17zgmuiau14q55s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197657</id>
      <parentid>197655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197657</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="630" sha1="1hcunx5j5pfxo98mtnslbthhhdk8was" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

function p.getImage(frame)
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity()
    if not entity then
        return ''
    end

    local statusClaims = entity.claims['P141']
    if not statusClaims or not statusClaims[1] then
        return ''
    end

    local statusId = statusClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
    local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
    if not statusEntity then
        return ''
    end

    local imageClaims = statusEntity.claims['P18']
    if not imageClaims or not imageClaims[1] then
        return ''
    end

    return imageClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>1hcunx5j5pfxo98mtnslbthhhdk8was</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197662</id>
      <parentid>197657</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:50:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE</username>
        <id>13</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197662</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="684" sha1="s2bpzwv8bl9jfeg39ttypjljdvjir09" xml:space="preserve">local p = {}

function p.getImage(frame)
    local entity = mw.wikibase.getEntity()
    if not entity then
        return 'NO_ENTITY'
    end

    local statusClaims = entity.claims['P141']
    if not statusClaims or not statusClaims[1] then
        return 'NO_P141'
    end

    local statusId = statusClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value.id
    local statusEntity = mw.wikibase.getEntity(statusId)
    if not statusEntity then
        return 'NO_STATUS_ENTITY'
    end

    local imageClaims = statusEntity.claims['P18']
    if not imageClaims or not imageClaims[1] then
        return 'NO_P18_ON_' .. statusId
    end

    return imageClaims[1].mainsnak.datavalue.value
end

return p</text>
      <sha1>s2bpzwv8bl9jfeg39ttypjljdvjir09</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55008</id>
    <revision>
      <id>197633</id>
      <parentid>197576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T14:27:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>197633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10161" sha1="ioymqr5dn5h5h5510ve38xes6u39f36" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]], ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.
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      <text bytes="10678" sha1="jz2aqpb512hzvaje2vbd4a484sc3wsd" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.
== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="11616" sha1="4jjqj97nyewndgvnbbhc6xhuxvmy4jx" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Netter |first1=Frank H. |title=Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides. |date=2014 |publisher=W B Saunders Co |isbn=978-1-4557-0418-7 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia, Penn. |page=27 |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, Park SW, Kim JH, Sung JY, Lee Y, Rho MH |date=January 2013 |title=The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study |url=https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/86792 |journal=Thyroid |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0253 |pmid=23031220}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Medical Physiology |vauthors=Boron WF, Boulpaep EL |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-1753-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=1052}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.
== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="12870" sha1="odsjal59d7dv9wiv8vwhwqwjh07cbti" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot; (&quot;Goitre&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=goitre – definition of goitre in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Netter |first1=Frank H. |title=Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides. |date=2014 |publisher=W B Saunders Co |isbn=978-1-4557-0418-7 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia, Penn. |page=27 |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, Park SW, Kim JH, Sung JY, Lee Y, Rho MH |date=January 2013 |title=The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study |url=https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/86792 |journal=Thyroid |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0253 |pmid=23031220}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Medical Physiology |vauthors=Boron WF, Boulpaep EL |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-1753-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=1052}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵜⵏ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ: ===
* [http://www.igr.fr/service.php?p_m=download&amp;p_file=cancer/documentation/livret_cancer_thyroide.pdf livret d'information &quot;Cancer de la thyroïde&quot;] ; Institut Gustave Roussy.
* {{en}} ARC, Monographie Volume 79 (2001) [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol79/index.php ''Some Thyrotropic Agents'']
* Fini J.B et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les perturbateurs thyroïdiens et leurs conséquences sur le développement cérébral''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 17-26.
* Remaud S et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les hormones thyroïdiennes régulent le destin des cellules souches neurales''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 7-16 ([https://www.biologie-journal.org/articles/jbio/abs/2019/01/jbio190007/jbio190007.html résumé]).</text>
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      <text bytes="12970" sha1="b7z1n67m2k473lwq399nm4vavv5gbik" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot; (&quot;Goitre&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=goitre – definition of goitre in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Netter |first1=Frank H. |title=Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides. |date=2014 |publisher=W B Saunders Co |isbn=978-1-4557-0418-7 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia, Penn. |page=27 |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, Park SW, Kim JH, Sung JY, Lee Y, Rho MH |date=January 2013 |title=The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study |url=https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/86792 |journal=Thyroid |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0253 |pmid=23031220}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Medical Physiology |vauthors=Boron WF, Boulpaep EL |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-1753-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=1052}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]]

• [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]

• [[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵜⵏ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ: ===
* [http://www.igr.fr/service.php?p_m=download&amp;p_file=cancer/documentation/livret_cancer_thyroide.pdf livret d'information &quot;Cancer de la thyroïde&quot;] ; Institut Gustave Roussy.
* {{en}} ARC, Monographie Volume 79 (2001) [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol79/index.php ''Some Thyrotropic Agents'']
* Fini J.B et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les perturbateurs thyroïdiens et leurs conséquences sur le développement cérébral''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 17-26.
* Remaud S et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les hormones thyroïdiennes régulent le destin des cellules souches neurales''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 7-16 ([https://www.biologie-journal.org/articles/jbio/abs/2019/01/jbio190007/jbio190007.html résumé]).</text>
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      <text bytes="13018" sha1="6wpm4ist3jz7s89rs0wx6xsqy4jt9sg" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ  ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ  ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ &quot;TSH&quot; (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] &quot;ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ&quot; ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ &quot;ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ&quot; (&quot;Goitre&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=goitre – definition of goitre in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Netter |first1=Frank H. |title=Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides. |date=2014 |publisher=W B Saunders Co |isbn=978-1-4557-0418-7 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia, Penn. |page=27 |name-list-style=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Thyroid gland &amp; thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]]

ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;  

ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, Park SW, Kim JH, Sung JY, Lee Y, Rho MH |date=January 2013 |title=The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study |url=https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/86792 |journal=Thyroid |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0253 |pmid=23031220}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ==
ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Medical Physiology |vauthors=Boron WF, Boulpaep EL |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-1753-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=1052}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]]
ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]]

ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ  ⵉⵖⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]]

• [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]

• [[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵜⵏ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ: ===
* [http://www.igr.fr/service.php?p_m=download&amp;p_file=cancer/documentation/livret_cancer_thyroide.pdf livret d'information &quot;Cancer de la thyroïde&quot;] ; Institut Gustave Roussy.
* {{en}} ARC, Monographie Volume 79 (2001) [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol79/index.php ''Some Thyrotropic Agents'']
* Fini J.B et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les perturbateurs thyroïdiens et leurs conséquences sur le développement cérébral''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 17-26.
* Remaud S et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les hormones thyroïdiennes régulent le destin des cellules souches neurales''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 7-16 ([https://www.biologie-journal.org/articles/jbio/abs/2019/01/jbio190007/jbio190007.html résumé]).</text>
      <sha1>6wpm4ist3jz7s89rs0wx6xsqy4jt9sg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ</title>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10376" sha1="hzehdzhdaf4fp7a8ytiva1d7eg6q5hg" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>hzehdzhdaf4fp7a8ytiva1d7eg6q5hg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197656</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:37:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11769" sha1="2nabxdkwl49rspmhavwcamjggkzc719" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>2nabxdkwl49rspmhavwcamjggkzc719</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197661</id>
      <parentid>197656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T15:49:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="12475" sha1="0gy5qts67qbwwddz8xad8gl3kgs0hmo" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13383" sha1="dsxc4o8emxbdyzdv65pkfa2fny8kddh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>dsxc4o8emxbdyzdv65pkfa2fny8kddh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197665</id>
      <parentid>197663</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:11:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ */</comment>
      <origin>197665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14119" sha1="3lbr3zggo11xzfpad6nwgmbwf839b1k" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>3lbr3zggo11xzfpad6nwgmbwf839b1k</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
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      <text bytes="14172" sha1="eogpphjillb6935qb5imtz0awdvgq2l" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>eogpphjillb6935qb5imtz0awdvgq2l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197667</id>
      <parentid>197666</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:14:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="14235" sha1="6am5ktdglv1jwim6loj2yl07ucxusgh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;)''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>6am5ktdglv1jwim6loj2yl07ucxusgh</sha1>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
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      <text bytes="14799" sha1="pd7vx2gqbqr71wf1v4uru8rfu4jnsgi" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ. 

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>pd7vx2gqbqr71wf1v4uru8rfu4jnsgi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197669</id>
      <parentid>197668</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T16:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="14993" sha1="ht0k6sdbatulf6wvvz7yzkf3pmqy6z6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;. 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
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      <text bytes="16314" sha1="oydog0q3dhr8my0slqiw1020rg3vhxb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|auteur1=[[Maurice Nadeau]]|titre chapitre=Albert Camus romancier|titre ouvrage=Le Roman français depuis la guerre|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|collection=Idées|année=1969|passage=(91 à 97 pour l'édition de 1992)|issn=0530-8089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|auteur1=Jean-Paul Sartre|titre=Explication de l'Etranger|périodique=Situations|volume=I|date=1947|lire en ligne=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/EXPLIXATION%20DE%20L%20ETRANGER%20-%20JEAN-PAUL%20SARTRE%201947%20(8%20pages%20-%20266%20ko).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Bloom|2012}}, passage : {{citation étrangère|For the modern American reader, few lines in French literature are as famous as the opening of Albert Camus's “L'Étranger”|langue=en}} ({{citation|Pour le lecteur américain moderne, peu de phrases dans la littérature française sont aussi célèbres que l'incipit de ''L'Étranger'' de Camus}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|langue=de|auteur1=Anne-Catherine Simon|titre=„Gegendarstellung“: Ein Araber kontert Camus|périodique=[[Die Presse]]|date=18 février 2016|url=https://www.diepresse.com/4928899/gegendarstellung-ein-araber-kontert-camus}}, passage {{citation étrangère|Wenige Romananfänge der Literatur sind so berühmt wie dieser|langue=de}} ({{citation|Peu de premières phrases sont aussi célèbres que celle-ci}}).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]], ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>oydog0q3dhr8my0slqiw1020rg3vhxb</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197743</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="17056" sha1="4wvcz1u8dceg7lrphn4z6bhjhzaxvpa" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|auteur1=[[Maurice Nadeau]]|titre chapitre=Albert Camus romancier|titre ouvrage=Le Roman français depuis la guerre|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|collection=Idées|année=1969|passage=(91 à 97 pour l'édition de 1992)|issn=0530-8089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|auteur1=Jean-Paul Sartre|titre=Explication de l'Etranger|périodique=Situations|volume=I|date=1947|lire en ligne=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/EXPLIXATION%20DE%20L%20ETRANGER%20-%20JEAN-PAUL%20SARTRE%201947%20(8%20pages%20-%20266%20ko).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Bloom|2012}}, passage : {{citation étrangère|For the modern American reader, few lines in French literature are as famous as the opening of Albert Camus's “L'Étranger”|langue=en}} ({{citation|Pour le lecteur américain moderne, peu de phrases dans la littérature française sont aussi célèbres que l'incipit de ''L'Étranger'' de Camus}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|langue=de|auteur1=Anne-Catherine Simon|titre=„Gegendarstellung“: Ein Araber kontert Camus|périodique=[[Die Presse]]|date=18 février 2016|url=https://www.diepresse.com/4928899/gegendarstellung-ein-araber-kontert-camus}}, passage {{citation étrangère|Wenige Romananfänge der Literatur sind so berühmt wie dieser|langue=de}} ({{citation|Peu de premières phrases sont aussi célèbres que celle-ci}}).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Los 5 libros más traducidos de la historia |url=https://acantho.eu/es/los-5-libros-mas-traducidos-de-la-historia |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=acantho.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Said, Edward|nom1=W.|titre=Culture and imperialism|éditeur=Vintage|année=1994|passage=204 à 224 (Chapter VII - &quot;Camus and the French imperial experience&quot;)|isbn=0-09-996750-2|isbn2=9780099967507|oclc=30892218|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30892218|consulté le=2018-11-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Georges Pomet, « La structure de l’espace dans ‘‘L’Étranger’’ », ''Études françaises'', {{vol.|7}}, {{n°|4}}, novembre 1971, {{p.|359-372}} (lire en ligne &lt;small&gt;[archive]&lt;/small&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;Gaston Gallimard</text>
      <sha1>4wvcz1u8dceg7lrphn4z6bhjhzaxvpa</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197744</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="18313" sha1="tbnut956klfu8xelejt3knhwsu3pin3" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|auteur1=[[Maurice Nadeau]]|titre chapitre=Albert Camus romancier|titre ouvrage=Le Roman français depuis la guerre|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|collection=Idées|année=1969|passage=(91 à 97 pour l'édition de 1992)|issn=0530-8089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|auteur1=Jean-Paul Sartre|titre=Explication de l'Etranger|périodique=Situations|volume=I|date=1947|lire en ligne=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/EXPLIXATION%20DE%20L%20ETRANGER%20-%20JEAN-PAUL%20SARTRE%201947%20(8%20pages%20-%20266%20ko).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Bloom|2012}}, passage : {{citation étrangère|For the modern American reader, few lines in French literature are as famous as the opening of Albert Camus's “L'Étranger”|langue=en}} ({{citation|Pour le lecteur américain moderne, peu de phrases dans la littérature française sont aussi célèbres que l'incipit de ''L'Étranger'' de Camus}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|langue=de|auteur1=Anne-Catherine Simon|titre=„Gegendarstellung“: Ein Araber kontert Camus|périodique=[[Die Presse]]|date=18 février 2016|url=https://www.diepresse.com/4928899/gegendarstellung-ein-araber-kontert-camus}}, passage {{citation étrangère|Wenige Romananfänge der Literatur sind so berühmt wie dieser|langue=de}} ({{citation|Peu de premières phrases sont aussi célèbres que celle-ci}}).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Los 5 libros más traducidos de la historia |url=https://acantho.eu/es/los-5-libros-mas-traducidos-de-la-historia |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=acantho.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Said, Edward|nom1=W.|titre=Culture and imperialism|éditeur=Vintage|année=1994|passage=204 à 224 (Chapter VII - &quot;Camus and the French imperial experience&quot;)|isbn=0-09-996750-2|isbn2=9780099967507|oclc=30892218|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30892218|consulté le=2018-11-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Georges Pomet, « La structure de l’espace dans ‘‘L’Étranger’’ », ''Études françaises'', {{vol.|7}}, {{n°|4}}, novembre 1971, {{p.|359-372}} (lire en ligne &lt;small&gt;[archive]&lt;/small&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===

* Vicente Barretto, ''Camus: vida e obra''. [S.L.]: João Álvaro, [[1970]]
* Revue des Lettres modernes, ''Autour de L’Étranger'', série Albert Camus 16, [[1995]]
* Edoardo Cagnan, « Meursault entre voix et texte : la monotonie de la ponctuation dans ''L’Étranger'' d’Albert Camus », ''[[Études françaises (revue)|Études françaises]]'', vol.&amp;nbsp;56, n°&amp;nbsp;2, 2020, p.&amp;nbsp;67–81 ([https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/etudfr/2020-v56-n2-etudfr05582/1072479ar/ lire en ligne]).
* P.-G. Castex, ''Albert Camus et « L’Étranger »'', José Corti, Paris, 1965
* U. Eisenzweig, ''Les Jeux de l’écriture dans « L’Étranger » de Camus'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, Paris, [[1983]]
* B. T. Fitch, ''Narrateur et narration dans « L’Étranger »'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, [[1968]]
* Bernard Pingaud, ''L’Étranger, d’Albert Camus'', Folio, Gallimard, 1992.
* Jean-Paul Sartre, ''Situations I'', Gallimard, 1947, {{p.|99-121}}.
* [[Kateb Yacine|Yacine Kateb]], ''[[Nedjma (roman)|Nedjma]]'' (roman), 1956.
* Albert Camus, ''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'', Folio Essais, Gallimard, 1942 (2006 pour l’édition citée).
* [[Alice Kaplan]], ''En quête de L'Étranger'', Gallimard, 2016.</text>
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ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|auteur1=[[Maurice Nadeau]]|titre chapitre=Albert Camus romancier|titre ouvrage=Le Roman français depuis la guerre|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|collection=Idées|année=1969|passage=(91 à 97 pour l'édition de 1992)|issn=0530-8089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|auteur1=Jean-Paul Sartre|titre=Explication de l'Etranger|périodique=Situations|volume=I|date=1947|lire en ligne=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/EXPLIXATION%20DE%20L%20ETRANGER%20-%20JEAN-PAUL%20SARTRE%201947%20(8%20pages%20-%20266%20ko).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Bloom|2012}}, passage : {{citation étrangère|For the modern American reader, few lines in French literature are as famous as the opening of Albert Camus's “L'Étranger”|langue=en}} ({{citation|Pour le lecteur américain moderne, peu de phrases dans la littérature française sont aussi célèbres que l'incipit de ''L'Étranger'' de Camus}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|langue=de|auteur1=Anne-Catherine Simon|titre=„Gegendarstellung“: Ein Araber kontert Camus|périodique=[[Die Presse]]|date=18 février 2016|url=https://www.diepresse.com/4928899/gegendarstellung-ein-araber-kontert-camus}}, passage {{citation étrangère|Wenige Romananfänge der Literatur sind so berühmt wie dieser|langue=de}} ({{citation|Peu de premières phrases sont aussi célèbres que celle-ci}}).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Los 5 libros más traducidos de la historia |url=https://acantho.eu/es/los-5-libros-mas-traducidos-de-la-historia |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=acantho.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Said, Edward|nom1=W.|titre=Culture and imperialism|éditeur=Vintage|année=1994|passage=204 à 224 (Chapter VII - &quot;Camus and the French imperial experience&quot;)|isbn=0-09-996750-2|isbn2=9780099967507|oclc=30892218|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30892218|consulté le=2018-11-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Georges Pomet, « La structure de l’espace dans ‘‘L’Étranger’’ », ''Études françaises'', {{vol.|7}}, {{n°|4}}, novembre 1971, {{p.|359-372}} (lire en ligne &lt;small&gt;[archive]&lt;/small&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

• [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===

* Vicente Barretto, ''Camus: vida e obra''. [S.L.]: João Álvaro, [[1970]]
* Revue des Lettres modernes, ''Autour de L’Étranger'', série Albert Camus 16, [[1995]]
* Edoardo Cagnan, « Meursault entre voix et texte : la monotonie de la ponctuation dans ''L’Étranger'' d’Albert Camus », ''[[Études françaises (revue)|Études françaises]]'', vol.&amp;nbsp;56, n°&amp;nbsp;2, 2020, p.&amp;nbsp;67–81 ([https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/etudfr/2020-v56-n2-etudfr05582/1072479ar/ lire en ligne]).
* P.-G. Castex, ''Albert Camus et « L’Étranger »'', José Corti, Paris, 1965
* U. Eisenzweig, ''Les Jeux de l’écriture dans « L’Étranger » de Camus'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, Paris, [[1983]]
* B. T. Fitch, ''Narrateur et narration dans « L’Étranger »'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, [[1968]]
* Bernard Pingaud, ''L’Étranger, d’Albert Camus'', Folio, Gallimard, 1992.
* Jean-Paul Sartre, ''Situations I'', Gallimard, 1947, {{p.|99-121}}.
* [[Kateb Yacine|Yacine Kateb]], ''[[Nedjma (roman)|Nedjma]]'' (roman), 1956.
* Albert Camus, ''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'', Folio Essais, Gallimard, 1942 (2006 pour l’édition citée).
* [[Alice Kaplan]], ''En quête de L'Étranger'', Gallimard, 2016.</text>
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      <text bytes="18690" sha1="3e01t87zn5ew68fi2k24erf0vvfutpv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ('''[[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]''': &lt;span lang=&quot;Fr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;L'étranger&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Junqua |first=Christophe |date=2017 |title=Regard sur L’Étranger de Camus |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-inflexions-2017-1-page-161 |journal=Inflexions |language=fr |publisher=Armée de terre |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–170 |doi=10.3917/infle.034.0161 |issn=1772-3760}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;''')''' [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵔ  ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]], ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵖ 1940, ⵢⴰⵎⵏⵓⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ|ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ]] ⵏ 1942, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ «ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ»  ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⵓⴳⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ [[ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ]] ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1942.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=L'Étranger |date=2026-10-08 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89tranger&amp;oldid=240200859 |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|auteur1=[[Maurice Nadeau]]|titre chapitre=Albert Camus romancier|titre ouvrage=Le Roman français depuis la guerre|lieu=Paris|éditeur=Gallimard|collection=Idées|année=1969|passage=(91 à 97 pour l'édition de 1992)|issn=0530-8089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ (Meursault) ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵎⴰⵔⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)|ⴷⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ]], ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵖⵓⵊⵊⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵕⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵊⵏⵡⵉ, ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⴱⵓⴽⴹ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ Meursault. ⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵖⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⵔⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴼ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴽⴰⴹ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵎⴳⵓ ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ]], ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴽⵓⵍ ⵉ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⵛⵛⵓⴳ ⵓⵏⵅⵅⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Larousse |first=Éditions |title=l'Étranger - LAROUSSE |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/oeuvre/l_%C3%89tranger/118633 |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=www.larousse.fr |language=fr}}
ⵢⵓⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉ  

»&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|auteur1=Jean-Paul Sartre|titre=Explication de l'Etranger|périodique=Situations|volume=I|date=1947|lire en ligne=https://www.psychaanalyse.com/pdf/EXPLIXATION%20DE%20L%20ETRANGER%20-%20JEAN-PAUL%20SARTRE%201947%20(8%20pages%20-%20266%20ko).pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

&quot;ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴱⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⴹⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]]: &quot;ⴷⵖ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵡⴷⴷⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵖ, ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵉⵢⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵙⴽⴽⴰ, [[ⴰⵣⵓⵍ]] ⵉⵣⴷⴷⵉⴳⵏ&quot;, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴽⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵉⴹⴳⴰⵎ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvsp|Bloom|2012}}, passage : {{citation étrangère|For the modern American reader, few lines in French literature are as famous as the opening of Albert Camus's “L'Étranger”|langue=en}} ({{citation|Pour le lecteur américain moderne, peu de phrases dans la littérature française sont aussi célèbres que l'incipit de ''L'Étranger'' de Camus}}).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{lien web|langue=de|auteur1=Anne-Catherine Simon|titre=„Gegendarstellung“: Ein Araber kontert Camus|périodique=[[Die Presse]]|date=18 février 2016|url=https://www.diepresse.com/4928899/gegendarstellung-ein-araber-kontert-camus}}, passage {{citation étrangère|Wenige Romananfänge der Literatur sind so berühmt wie dieser|langue=de}} ({{citation|Peu de premières phrases sont aussi célèbres que celle-ci}}).&lt;/ref&gt; 

[[File:Albert Camus, gagnant de prix Nobel, portrait en buste, posé au bureau, faisant face à gauche, cigarette de tabagisme.jpg|thumb|[[ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]].]]

ⵉⴳⴰ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; (L'Étranger) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ|ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ [[ⴽⵕⴰⴹ|ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ|&quot;ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏ&quot;]] ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴳⵏⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴼⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Los 5 libros más traducidos de la historia |url=https://acantho.eu/es/los-5-libros-mas-traducidos-de-la-historia |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=acantho.eu}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]] ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ|ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=en|prénom1=Said, Edward|nom1=W.|titre=Culture and imperialism|éditeur=Vintage|année=1994|passage=204 à 224 (Chapter VII - &quot;Camus and the French imperial experience&quot;)|isbn=0-09-996750-2|isbn2=9780099967507|oclc=30892218|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30892218|consulté le=2018-11-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍ [[ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ]] ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⴼ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⴷⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=L’Étranger d’Albert Camus : résumé et fiche de lecture |url=https://www.letudiant.fr/college/methodologie-college/article/l-etranger-d-albert-camus-resume-et-fiche-de-lecture.html |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=L'Etudiant |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ (L'absurde) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉⵜⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ|ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ|ⴽⴰⵎⵓ]] ⴷ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ, ⵖⵡⵉⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵎⵎⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Patricio Garcia-Espinosa, Jose Gerardo Garza-Marichalar et Sergio A. Castillo-Torres, «  », ''Archivos de Neurociencias'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt;&amp;nbsp;26, &lt;abbr&gt;n&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt;&amp;nbsp;3,&amp;#x200E; 30 septembre 2021, &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt;&amp;nbsp;8–9 &lt;small&gt;(ISSN&amp;nbsp;2954-4122, DOI&amp;nbsp;10.31157/an.v26i3.284, lire en ligne&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Sisyphus Pushing His Stone up a Mountain (486x640).jpg|thumb|ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ]]

== ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ==
&quot;ⵜⵎⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ, ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ&quot; ⴷⵖⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⴱⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⴽⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵏ 21 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ|ⵅⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] 1942, ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵔⴳⵯⵔⵉ: ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷ (ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⵉⴼ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏ|ⵜⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ]]  (ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴳⵓⵍⴰ) ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Request Rejected |url=https://www.gallimard.fr/actualites-entretiens/l-etranger-d-albert-camus |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.gallimard.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Georges Pomet, « La structure de l’espace dans ‘‘L’Étranger’’ », ''Études françaises'', {{vol.|7}}, {{n°|4}}, novembre 1971, {{p.|359-372}} (lire en ligne &lt;small&gt;[archive]&lt;/small&gt;).&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⴳ [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⵜⵏⴱⴷⵓⵜ]] ⵏ 1939, ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1940, ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ 1941, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ]] ⴷⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ Pascal Pia ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵖⵔⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵕⴹ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ, ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵡⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵍⴽⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⵓⴽⵍⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⴼⴰⵍ.

[[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] 1942, ⵉⵕⴰⴼⴹ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵉⵔⵡⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ André Malraux ⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏⵟⴰⴹⴰⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ [[ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ]] ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙ ⵖ Paris soir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2016-10-10 |title=Quand Malraux offrait ses conseils à Camus : leur correspondance publiée chez Gallimard |url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/quand-malraux-offrait-ses-conseils-a-camus-leur-correspondance-publiee-chez-gallimard_3365847.html |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=franceinfo |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

[[File:Paris-soir, 11 mai 1940.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ Paris Soir, 11 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1940]]

ⵉⵎⴷⴰ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵣⵉ ⴳ [[ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ|ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1941, ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ: 

« &quot;ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴼ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ&quot;. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵥⵥⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ John Paul Sarter, ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙ Ponson du Terrail, ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵉ ⵜ ⵖⵉⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ» ⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉ Gaston Gallimard ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴽⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⴳⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍ ==
• ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ : ⴰⵡⵔⵉⴽ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ, ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ &quot;ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ&quot; ⵖ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

•  ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵏⵓ : ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵜ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵉⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴷⵉ, ⵉⵙⵙⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⴱⴷⵉⵔ ⴽⴰⵎⵓ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵙⵜ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ.

• ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ : ⴰⵏⴹⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⴷⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵔ : ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵍⴱⴰⵟⵕⵓⵏ : ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⴼⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵉ ⵓⵚⵎⴹⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ.

• ⵟⵓⵎⴰⵚ ⴱⵉⵔⵉⵣ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⵓⵏⴰ : ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵓ : ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⵙⵙⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴽⴽⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⵚⵚⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ, ⵉⴱⴱⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ.

• ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵙ : ⴷ ⴰⴷⵊⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ, ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵯⴰⵍ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ. ⵉⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵛⵡⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ. ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ. ⵉⵊⴱⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴽⵏⴰⴷ, ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵍⴽⵓ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴼⵓⴼⵓ.

• ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏ : ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵓⵖⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ.

• ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵚⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ : ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⵓⵍ ⴼ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵔⵉⵎⵓⵏ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⴰ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ.

• ⴰⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵯⵥⵏ : ⵉⴳⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵎⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵙⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵓ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ]]. 

• [[ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴽⴰⵏⵟ]]

• [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]] 

• [[ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ (ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ)]]

• [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===

* Vicente Barretto, ''Camus: vida e obra''. [S.L.]: João Álvaro, [[1970]]
* Revue des Lettres modernes, ''Autour de L’Étranger'', série Albert Camus 16, [[1995]]
* Edoardo Cagnan, « Meursault entre voix et texte : la monotonie de la ponctuation dans ''L’Étranger'' d’Albert Camus », ''[[Études françaises (revue)|Études françaises]]'', vol.&amp;nbsp;56, n°&amp;nbsp;2, 2020, p.&amp;nbsp;67–81 ([https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/etudfr/2020-v56-n2-etudfr05582/1072479ar/ lire en ligne]).
* P.-G. Castex, ''Albert Camus et « L’Étranger »'', José Corti, Paris, 1965
* U. Eisenzweig, ''Les Jeux de l’écriture dans « L’Étranger » de Camus'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, Paris, [[1983]]
* B. T. Fitch, ''Narrateur et narration dans « L’Étranger »'', Archives des lettres modernes, Minard, [[1968]]
* Bernard Pingaud, ''L’Étranger, d’Albert Camus'', Folio, Gallimard, 1992.
* Jean-Paul Sartre, ''Situations I'', Gallimard, 1947, {{p.|99-121}}.
* [[Kateb Yacine|Yacine Kateb]], ''[[Nedjma (roman)|Nedjma]]'' (roman), 1956.
* Albert Camus, ''Le Mythe de Sisyphe'', Folio Essais, Gallimard, 1942 (2006 pour l’édition citée).
* [[Alice Kaplan]], ''En quête de L'Étranger'', Gallimard, 2016.</text>
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      <comment>Veritas Sapientiae ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Dogehihi1234]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:EveryDayMan75315925846]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Dogehihi1234|Dogehihi1234]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/EveryDayMan75315925846|EveryDayMan75315925846]]&quot;</comment>
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== ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵎⵓⴷⵔ |ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="735" sha1="hrdcnw1be2ndcrdbnmw9db6zdvubzxa" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ. 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1940" sha1="3jn7ck1ujkm5x64ulfzeyiyrjs2larr" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3131" sha1="fq3e2f1u2i2d21fs4igk08n3aq0yl12" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="3706" sha1="k4mtk24o2kknk5dv31mc93n1x2cawbq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4669" sha1="d3fngr2h8xoqncbjnsos6yd8kj3mvdy" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>d3fngr2h8xoqncbjnsos6yd8kj3mvdy</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4861" sha1="89tcc3eh1e63e6kx17oi1ecz2yzzrx0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>89tcc3eh1e63e6kx17oi1ecz2yzzrx0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197712</id>
      <parentid>197711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:13:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ */</comment>
      <origin>197712</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5110" sha1="cc6z2gajr3jkleggc5qfw8bkvi57928" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197715</id>
      <parentid>197712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T19:20:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ */</comment>
      <origin>197715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5953" sha1="molnpunac5u5hrb0q0orit3o2c6p2ci" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6295" sha1="ag83jtq1cnqbrqer6jru2ybxncwm292" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6505" sha1="dlqb5o8d11rwcxfztoolk8aszeb95el" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6705" sha1="s6se0fxlur5fdm675x2sd8e8duzlnbt" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>s6se0fxlur5fdm675x2sd8e8duzlnbt</sha1>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7673" sha1="5uyzfr7ycqwjywib73gsxsewuve06u3" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ). ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

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      <text bytes="7873" sha1="dhdcif21691gmjxbev0e6bdmph5vur7" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8333" sha1="n09f0uipzf12c6n2ydcfql3a8r5xhxq" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;Article &quot;&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="8331" sha1="j81yuz7y3xnuza1er5j6sjc30tka418" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j81yuz7y3xnuza1er5j6sjc30tka418</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197740</id>
      <parentid>197739</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ */</comment>
      <origin>197740</origin>
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      <text bytes="8822" sha1="rtdq9pl8yxaihk7n52c0pnxzxrm6aah" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rtdq9pl8yxaihk7n52c0pnxzxrm6aah</sha1>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
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      <text bytes="9734" sha1="tp6opccn0ddschc4uqtmpk0d1u2gaa8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tp6opccn0ddschc4uqtmpk0d1u2gaa8</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10379" sha1="rxndqlh5ejd1eooxwu0zg6o53pxm4hp" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10728" sha1="jodwlv8jbeqqrkllsfq7olcd9jizv85" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.

• ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jodwlv8jbeqqrkllsfq7olcd9jizv85</sha1>
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      <id>197756</id>
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        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10768" sha1="qux0sy51ij9doco7trj06a45q8nslb9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <id>197761</id>
      <parentid>197756</parentid>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10882" sha1="244up8ym523f0bhsl3fsapz3x6hzep0" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>244up8ym523f0bhsl3fsapz3x6hzep0</sha1>
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      <id>197762</id>
      <parentid>197761</parentid>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="10994" sha1="azvy2fpfcrxok78tzn18x9p5p0f1yd6" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ, ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11221" sha1="6iscpgt2oewrjszi60zr7v3krmlqj6e" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔⵜ ⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6iscpgt2oewrjszi60zr7v3krmlqj6e</sha1>
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      <id>197766</id>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="11186" sha1="t2j2v08dyddxuhul8rbddr75q7jzg34" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t2j2v08dyddxuhul8rbddr75q7jzg34</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197767</id>
      <parentid>197766</parentid>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="13317" sha1="ml2sl662qfkrv1zla8ufl0xxjkeglbb" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ:

* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=[[Michel Christol]]|auteur2=Daniel Nony|titre=Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares|éditeur=Hachette|année=1974}}.
* {{Ouvrage|prénom1=Paul|nom1=Petit|lien auteur1=Paul Petit|titre=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien)|éditeur=Le Seuil|collection=Points Histoire|année=1978|pages=256|isbn=978-2020049702|plume=oui}} :
** {{Ouvrage|nom1=''{{langue|la|idem}}''|titre=Le Haut-Empire|sous-titre=27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C.|tome=1|éditeur=|année=1974|pages totales=307|isbn=978-2020049696|isbn2=2-02-004969-4|bnf=34608092c}} ;
** {{Ouvrage|nom1=''{{langue|la|idem}}''|titre=La Crise de l'Empire|sous-titre=Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien|tome=2|éditeur=|année=|isbn=978-2020049702|isbn2=2-02-004970-8|bnf=34608093}} ;
** {{Ouvrage|nom1=''{{langue|la|idem}}''|titre=Le Bas-Empire|sous-titre=284-395|tome=3|éditeur=|année=|isbn=978-2020049719|isbn2=2-02-004971-6|bnf=34608094}}.
* {{Ouvrage|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Rémondonon|titre=La Crise de l'Empire romain|sous-titre=De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase|éditeur=Presses universitaires de France|collection=La Nouvelle Clio|lieu=Paris|année=1980|isbn=2-13-031086-9|bnf=41677283v}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Jean-Michel Carrié|auteur2=Aline Rousselle|titre=L'Empire romain en mutation|sous-titre=Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337)|tome=10|éditeur=Le Seuil|collection=Points Histoire|série=Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité|année=2003|pages=839|isbn=2-02-025819-6|bnf=37052012v|plume=oui}}.
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Philippe|nom1=Richardot|titre=La fin de l'armée romaine|sous-titre=284-476|éditeur=Economica|lieu=Paris|année=2005|numéro d'édition=3|pages totales=408|isbn=2-7178-4861-4|bnf=40027748h|plume=oui}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur=Yann Le Bohec|titre=L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire|éditeur=Picard|lieu=Paris|année=2006|pages=256|isbn=2-708407651|bnf=409209405}}.</text>
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      <text bytes="12833" sha1="nukaonqzeeg8tal7pjobdlnymjvczwk" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ:

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).</text>
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'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).</text>
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'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ, ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="16962" sha1="llr18yn7hy9ec7wgpmbyedvwj1y3lv5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;), ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="17119" sha1="6p0gv9fbnyev7ejm1uk0rbfokgznlvh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="20757" sha1="ghss9fea0oh7l9hjrbu386w6reqhfhv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ. ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="21109" sha1="98blo446ifwn4k7ab8x5yter76kfz7a" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="23997" sha1="b2pde7704cotqhy3quvgrq18xgna1lw" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="24143" sha1="9z613cy3br7hcwt0y5c1xzgjjtks02v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="24495" sha1="rr0um9myuuq4fo4n9mmf3dmwo18dfgz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="27178" sha1="o6qdigwo28s12j7s813ga3f7do73968" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt; {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&amp;pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ&quot; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;curchin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Pierre Grimal]]|titre=L'Empire romain|éditeur=Le Livre de Poche|année=1993|pages=224|isbn=978-2253064862|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Edward Gibbon]]|traduction=[[François Guizot]]|préface=Michel Baridon|titre=Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain|tome=1|titre volume=Rome de 96 à 582|éditeur=Robert Laffont|année=2010|pages=1230|isbn=978-2221117316|plume=oui}}
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=Christophe Badel|auteur2=Hervé Inglebert|titre=Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire {{s-|III}} av. J.-C. - {{s-|VI}} apr. J.-C.|éditeur=[[Autrement]]|année=2019|pages=192|isbn=978-2746751842|plume=oui}}.
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Kyle Harper]]|traduction=[[Philippe Pignarre]]|titre=Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré|sous-titre=Le climat, les maladies et la chute de Rome|éditeur=La Découverte|année=2021|pages=600|isbn=978-2348069239|commentaire=Ce livre monumental propose un autre récit de la chute de Rome, faisant des puissances de la nature un acteur essentiel de son destin.|plume=oui}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Stéphane Benoist|titre=Une République impériale en question ?|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Supplément|numéro dans collection=24|année=2021|pages totales=276|isbn=978-2-84867-899-3|lire en ligne=https://www.persee.fr/issue/dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1?sectionId=dha_2108-1433_2021_sup_24_1_5205|accès url=libre}}
* {{ouvrage|auteur1=[[Isaac Asimov]]|illustrations=Benjamin Van Blancke|traduction=Christophe Jaquet|titre=La République romaine|éditeur=Belles Lettres|année=2023|pages=289|isbn=978-2251455075}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Clément Bady|auteur2=Olga Boubounelle|auteur3=Alexandre Vlamos|et al.=oui|champ libre=avec la collaboration de Christel Müller, Paul Ernst, Gabrielle Frija et Anna Heller|titre=Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum|sous-titre=Résilience, participation et adhésion des communautés grecques à la construction d’un empire (IIe siècle avant-ier siècle de notre ère)|lieu=Besançon|éditeur=Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté|collection=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. Suppléments|numéro dans collection=26|année=2023|isbn=978-2-84867964-8|lire en ligne=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2023-Suppl%c3%a9ment26?lang=fr|accès url=libre}}
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="25495" sha1="rj6zdobwtanhwaf45oig64kbmnvy8cn" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt; {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&amp;pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ&quot; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;curchin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986.
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987.
* Pierre Grimal, ''L'Empire romain'', Le Livre de Poche, 1993.
* Edward Gibbon, ''Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain'', tome 1, Robert Laffont, 2010.
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* Christophe Badel, Hervé Inglebert, ''Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire'', Autrement, 2019.
* Kyle Harper, ''Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré'', La Découverte, 2021.
* Stéphane Benoist, ''Une République impériale en question ?'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2021.
* Isaac Asimov, ''La République romaine'', Belles Lettres, 2023.
* Clément Bady, Olga Boubounelle, Alexandre Vlamos, ''Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2023.
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="28050" sha1="fk5toud3ltyc0zvc4gnqi0o2290anwc" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt; {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&amp;pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ&quot; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;curchin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ==
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ&quot; ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ — ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ, ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ — ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;Aeneid&quot; ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴹⴰⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ  ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵚ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Michael John (2010) [1989]. The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. CUP. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780801476334&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴳⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ؛ 

ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Interlanguage link|''Aetas Ovidiana''|it}}{{br}}^ {{Cite book |first=Charles |last=McNelis |date=2009 |chapter=Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature |editor-last=Knox |editor-first=Peter E. |title=A Companion to Ovid |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=zMMeWI2xbPkC&amp;pg=PA397 397] |isbn=9781405141833 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ, &quot;ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ&quot; ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰⵍ

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986.
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987.
* Pierre Grimal, ''L'Empire romain'', Le Livre de Poche, 1993.
* Edward Gibbon, ''Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain'', tome 1, Robert Laffont, 2010.
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* Christophe Badel, Hervé Inglebert, ''Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire'', Autrement, 2019.
* Kyle Harper, ''Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré'', La Découverte, 2021.
* Stéphane Benoist, ''Une République impériale en question ?'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2021.
* Isaac Asimov, ''La République romaine'', Belles Lettres, 2023.
* Clément Bady, Olga Boubounelle, Alexandre Vlamos, ''Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2023.
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <text bytes="28203" sha1="oyag6ckv0lkekclm5ykfjdp152g3sq5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt; {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&amp;pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ&quot; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;curchin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ==
[[File:Ovidiu03.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ.]]
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ&quot; ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ — ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ, ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ — ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;Aeneid&quot; ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴹⴰⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ  ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵚ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Michael John (2010) [1989]. The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. CUP. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780801476334&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴳⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ؛ 

ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Interlanguage link|''Aetas Ovidiana''|it}}{{br}}^ {{Cite book |first=Charles |last=McNelis |date=2009 |chapter=Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature |editor-last=Knox |editor-first=Peter E. |title=A Companion to Ovid |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=zMMeWI2xbPkC&amp;pg=PA397 397] |isbn=9781405141833 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ, &quot;ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ&quot; ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰⵍ

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986.
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987.
* Pierre Grimal, ''L'Empire romain'', Le Livre de Poche, 1993.
* Edward Gibbon, ''Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain'', tome 1, Robert Laffont, 2010.
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* Christophe Badel, Hervé Inglebert, ''Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire'', Autrement, 2019.
* Kyle Harper, ''Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré'', La Découverte, 2021.
* Stéphane Benoist, ''Une République impériale en question ?'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2021.
* Isaac Asimov, ''La République romaine'', Belles Lettres, 2023.
* Clément Bady, Olga Boubounelle, Alexandre Vlamos, ''Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2023.
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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