ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ

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      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ</namespace>
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    <title>ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ</title>
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      <text bytes="2814" sha1="6v27o7qelikp3fe4ltzdgf2iu1nzrgx" xml:space="preserve">{{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}
{{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}}
{{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}}
{{Infobox|above=|abovestyle=background-color: lightblue;|data11=[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]|label11=ⴰⵏⴰⵡ|data12=[[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]|label12=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ|data13=[[ⴼⵓⴽⵙ]], [[ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ+]]|data14=|data15=38|data16=813|label13=ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ|label14=|label15=ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ|label16=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|label17=ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ|data17=21-24 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ|header14=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|headerstyle=background-color: #eee;|image1=[[File:The_Simpsons_yellow_logo.svg|250px]]|subheader=|subheaderstyle=background-color: lightblue;|header18=ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵖ|label19=ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ|label20=ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ|data19=[[ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳ]]|data20=ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙ|label21=ⴰⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙ|data21=ⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜⴰ ⴱⵢⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰ|label22=ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴽ|data22=[[ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴼⵎⴰⵏ]]|related=|title=ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ|label23=ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ|label24=⠀|data23=[[20th ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵛⵏ]]|data24=|header30=|data31=}}'''ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''The Simpsons'') ⵏⴰⵖⴷ '''ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵙⵓⵏ''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Harvey Deneroff, « Matt Groening's Baby Turns 10 », Animation Magazine, vol. 14, no 1&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ [[ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ]] ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⴳ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵟⵟⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ 35 ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ 760 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1989.

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}}

==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ==

* [https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=tt0096697 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ IMDB
* [https://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-simpsons ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ Metacritic
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5779</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-25T16:38:32Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ.[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|250px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ */</comment>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ.[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|250px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2291" sha1="doap0b9orsz7vmsyf6hhfv0257v0i0w" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ.[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷⴳ 1950.]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-25T16:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="2350" sha1="9zxg8aheysmpjbp1tvtuqy98kiw31vv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ.[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-25T17:14:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="2991" sha1="6cjadre9rd29cu6znipjpfen86w1euc" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Ignace|nom1=Dalle|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}} : entre tradition et absolutisme|éditeur=Fayard|date=2011|isbn=978-2-213-63783-9|lire en ligne=https://bibliotheques.paris.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/798411/hassan-ii-entre-tradition-et-absolutisme?_lg=fr-FR|consulté le=2024-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;, et des violations des [[droits de l'homme]], en particulier pendant les [[Années de plomb (Maroc)|années de plomb]]. Après sa mort, son fils et successeur {{noble|Mohammed VI}} crée une [[Instance équité et réconciliation|commission]]&lt;ref&gt;[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <text bytes="2743" sha1="3et6v1ddm64r1jh2zilajlbw4tvunef" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|prénom1=Ignace|nom1=Dalle|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}} : entre tradition et absolutisme|éditeur=Fayard|date=2011|isbn=978-2-213-63783-9|lire en ligne=https://bibliotheques.paris.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/798411/hassan-ii-entre-tradition-et-absolutisme?_lg=fr-FR|consulté le=2024-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2583" sha1="0r8kdjhsbbf8wgd2gjzqwqd78jivqdd" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Hassan II of Morocco, 1983.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ 1983]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|249x249px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;.. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|200x200px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;.. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Philippe|nom1=Marchat|titre=Le Maroc et &quot;les puissances&quot;: Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942|passage=17|éditeur=Editions L'Harmattan|date=2013-07-01|isbn=978-2-296-54022-4|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoJAQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+rabat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Pierre|nom1=Corval|titre=Le Maroc en révolution|passage=47|éditeur=Éditions T.C.|date=1956|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=L70vAAAAIAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;q=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ&quot; ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Philippe|nom1=Marchat|titre=Le Maroc et &quot;les puissances&quot;: Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942|passage=17|éditeur=Editions L'Harmattan|date=2013-07-01|isbn=978-2-296-54022-4|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoJAQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+rabat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Pierre|nom1=Corval|titre=Le Maroc en révolution|passage=47|éditeur=Éditions T.C.|date=1956|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=L70vAAAAIAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;q=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ&quot; ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]].

ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ.[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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      <text bytes="18141" sha1="sd7nuto6pe76r84oouuj9hyik2t7fv9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Roger|nom1=Coindreau|prénom2=Charles|nom2=Penz|titre=Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger|passage=60|éditeur=Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales|date=1949|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WhxAAAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;q=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+baccalaur%C3%A9at&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Philippe|nom1=Marchat|titre=Le Maroc et &quot;les puissances&quot;: Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942|passage=17|éditeur=Editions L'Harmattan|date=2013-07-01|isbn=978-2-296-54022-4|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoJAQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+rabat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Pierre|nom1=Corval|titre=Le Maroc en révolution|passage=47|éditeur=Éditions T.C.|date=1956|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=L70vAAAAIAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;q=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ&quot; ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]].

ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957.

== ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ==

=== ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]]

ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;Roger Coindreau et Charles Penz, Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1949 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Philippe|nom1=Marchat|titre=Le Maroc et &quot;les puissances&quot;: Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942|passage=17|éditeur=Editions L'Harmattan|date=2013-07-01|isbn=978-2-296-54022-4|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=jaoJAQAAQBAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA17&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+rabat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Pierre|nom1=Corval|titre=Le Maroc en révolution|passage=47|éditeur=Éditions T.C.|date=1956|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=L70vAAAAIAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;q=Le+Maroc+en+r%C3%A9volution.+By+Pierre+Corval+%C2%B7+1956+Hassan+son+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=La Vie africaine|passage=20|éditeur=S.O.G.E.R.E.P.|date=1964|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCocAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;q=licenci%C3%A9+en+droit+en+1951+,+dipl%C3%B4m%C3%A9+des+Hautes+Etudes+de+Droit+Civil+de+la+Facult%C3%A9+de+Bordeaux+en+1952+,+le+futur+prince+h%C3%A9ritier+re%C3%A7ut+un&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ&quot; ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Marc|nom1=Malherbe|titre=La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970)|passage=152|éditeur=Presses Univ de Bordeaux|date=1996|isbn=978-2-86781-163-0|lire en ligne=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoEgfyg2l98C&amp;newbks=0&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;pg=PA152&amp;dq=maroc+prince+Moulay+Hassan+%C3%A9tudes+doctorat&amp;hl=en|consulté le=2023-07-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]].

ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957.

== ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ==

=== ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]]

ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}}
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}}</text>
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'''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot; ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]]

ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ&lt;ref&gt;Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 &lt;small&gt;([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&amp;#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ&quot;. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre=&quot;Nos lieux interdits&quot; : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]&lt;ref&gt;« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]].

== ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ==

=== ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ===
ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;communiqué&quot;&gt;Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).&lt;/ref&gt; ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948&lt;ref&gt;Roger Coindreau et Charles Penz, Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1949 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]&lt;ref&gt;Philippe Marchat, Le Maroc et &quot;les puissances&quot;: Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942, Editions L'Harmattan, 1er juillet 2013 (ISBN 978-2-296-54022-4, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951&lt;ref&gt;La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952&lt;ref&gt;La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953&lt;ref&gt;Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ &quot;ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ&quot; ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963&lt;ref&gt;Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]].

ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ.

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ&quot;, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955.

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957.

== ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ==

=== ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ===
ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ.

=== ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]]

ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]]
== ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ==
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]]

* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ
* [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ
* ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ
* ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ

==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
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{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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      <text bytes="49466" sha1="kke2gg5icwybppz20i60d9tt9j1mj5v" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>esegy2j7kokg2mlzc642j9xaje9ehzt</sha1>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
        <id>10568</id>
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      <comment>/* ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="52332" sha1="l6jjqhdnx6lqholym83p23rxxy8vxf8" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=[[André Bercoff]] |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Donald Trump |sous-titre=les raisons de la colère |ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ=ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ |éditeur=First |collection=First Document |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2016 |pages totales=304 |isbn=978-2-412-01554-4}}.
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=David Da Silva |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Trump et Hollywood |tome=1 |titre volume=L'Arrivée au pouvoir |ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ=La Madeleine |éditeur=LettMotif |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2017 |pages totales=176 |isbn=978-2-36716-211-9}}.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 ⵜ. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=[[Paul Jorion]] |titre=La Chute de la météorite Trump : un objet populiste mal identifié |éditeur=Éditions du Croquant |année=2019}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Evelyne Joslain |lien auteur1=Évelyne Joslain |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Trump |sous-titre=pour le meilleur et pour le pire |lieu=Paris |éditeur=Presse de la Délivrance |année=2016 |pages totales=235 |isbn=979-10-95502-04-3}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |ⴰⴽⵓⴷ=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Maya Kandel |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Une première histoire du trumpisme|éditeur=Gallimard|année=2025|pages totales=192|isbn=9782073102171}}.
* {{Ouvrage |prénom1=Laure |nom1=Mandeville |lien auteur1=Laure Mandeville |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Qui est vraiment Donald Trump |ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ=ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ |éditeur=Les Équateurs |année=2016 |pages totales=185 |isbn=978-2-84990-476-3}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Pierre Musso |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Le Temps de l'État-entreprise : Berlusconi, Trump, Macron |éditeur=Fayard |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2019 |isbn=978-2-213-71023-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Frank N. Mitchell |titre=La Place de Donald Trump dans l'histoire |sous-titre=ce que personne ne sait |lieu=Londres |éditeur=Aquilion |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2017 |pages totales=112 |isbn=978-2-9517415-5-3}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Anne Toulouse |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=Dans la tête de Donald Trump |ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ=ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ |éditeur=Stock |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2016 |pages totales=180 |isbn=978-2-234-08194-9}}.
* {{Ouvrage |langue originale=en |auteur1=[[Michael Wolff]] |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=[[Le Feu et la Fureur : Trump à la Maison-Blanche]] |titre original=Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House |éditeur=Henry Holt &amp; Company |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2018 |isbn=978-2-221-21836-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |langue originale=en |auteur1=[[Bob Woodward]] |ⴰⵣⵡⵍ=[[Peur (Bob Woodward)|Peur]] |titre original=Fear, Trump in the White House |éditeur=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]] |ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ=2018 |isbn=978-1-4711-8130-6}}.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>l6jjqhdnx6lqholym83p23rxxy8vxf8</sha1>
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      <text bytes="52073" sha1="ltict7xhel0a036xr6kb0cne795ge8s" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=[[André Bercoff]] |titre=Donald Trump |sous-titre=les raisons de la colère |lieu=Paris |éditeur=First |collection=First Document |année=2016 |pages totales=304 |isbn=978-2-412-01554-4}}.
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=David Da Silva |titre=Trump et Hollywood |tome=1 |titre volume=L'Arrivée au pouvoir |lieu=La Madeleine |éditeur=LettMotif |année=2017 |pages totales=176 |isbn=978-2-36716-211-9}}.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 p. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=[[Paul Jorion]] |titre=La Chute de la météorite Trump : un objet populiste mal identifié |éditeur=Éditions du Croquant |année=2019}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Evelyne Joslain |lien auteur1=Évelyne Joslain |titre=Trump |sous-titre=pour le meilleur et pour le pire |lieu=Paris |éditeur=Presse de la Délivrance |année=2016 |pages totales=235 |isbn=979-10-95502-04-3}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |date=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}.
* {{Ouvrage|auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=Une première histoire du trumpisme|éditeur=Gallimard|année=2025|pages totales=192|isbn=9782073102171}}.
* {{Ouvrage |prénom1=Laure |nom1=Mandeville |lien auteur1=Laure Mandeville |titre=Qui est vraiment Donald Trump |lieu=Paris |éditeur=Les Équateurs |année=2016 |pages totales=185 |isbn=978-2-84990-476-3}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Pierre Musso |titre=Le Temps de l'État-entreprise : Berlusconi, Trump, Macron |éditeur=Fayard |année=2019 |isbn=978-2-213-71023-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Frank N. Mitchell |titre=La Place de Donald Trump dans l'histoire |sous-titre=ce que personne ne sait |lieu=Londres |éditeur=Aquilion |année=2017 |pages totales=112 |isbn=978-2-9517415-5-3}}.
* {{Ouvrage |auteur1=Anne Toulouse |titre=Dans la tête de Donald Trump |lieu=Paris |éditeur=Stock |année=2016 |pages totales=180 |isbn=978-2-234-08194-9}}.
* {{Ouvrage |langue originale=en |auteur1=[[Michael Wolff]] |titre=[[Le Feu et la Fureur : Trump à la Maison-Blanche]] |titre original=Fire and Fury: Inside the Trump White House |éditeur=Henry Holt &amp; Company |année=2018 |isbn=978-2-221-21836-5}}.
* {{Ouvrage |langue originale=en |auteur1=[[Bob Woodward]] |titre=[[Peur (Bob Woodward)|Peur]] |titre original=Fear, Trump in the White House |éditeur=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]] |année=2018 |isbn=978-1-4711-8130-6}}.
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>ltict7xhel0a036xr6kb0cne795ge8s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
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        <username>ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ</username>
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      <text bytes="49913" sha1="gcplzvmui9h0kzgd8hsboy583w92fa4" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 p. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |date=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
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==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 p. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |date=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}
== ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Kenneth Alan |date=Spring 2021 |title=The Trump Death Cult |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=35407 |journal=[[Journal of Psychohistory]] |volume=48 |issue=4 |access-date=February 22, 2026 |pages=256–276 |issn=0145-3378}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin R. |author-link1=Kevin Johnson (lawyer) |last2=Cuison-Villazor |first2=Rose |title=The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity |journal=[[Wake Forest Law Review]] |date=May 2, 2019 |url=https://www.wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/w10_VillazorJohnson.pdf |pages=575–616 |volume=54 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=Robert R. |last2=Haggard |first2=Stephan |author-link2=Stephan Haggard |title=Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding? |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1017/S1537592718003377 |s2cid=149457724 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lajevardi |first1=Nazita |last2=Oskooii |first2=Kassra A. R. |year=2018 |title=Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=112–152 |doi=10.1017/rep.2017.37}}
* {{cite journal |last=McGurk |first=Brett |author-link=Brett McGurk |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy |title=The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January 22, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nacos |first1=Brigitte L. |author-link1=Brigitte L. Nacos |last2=Shapiro |first2=Robert Y. |author-link2=Robert Y. Shapiro |last3=Bloch-Elkon |first3=Yaeli |date=2020 |title=Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940036 |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=2–25 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26940036 |access-date=January 20, 2025}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sundahl |first1=Anne-Mette Holmgård |title=Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity? |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=May 4, 2022 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0 |pmid=35528318 |pmc=9066393}}
* {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>3zeycycowpmcthefv4v72d5we7fa56v</sha1>
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        <id>10568</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="52837" sha1="frjmmqxd8cmvywilcmti2hz8oxqpeft" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 p. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |date=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}
== ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Kenneth Alan |date=Spring 2021 |title=The Trump Death Cult |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=35407 |journal=[[Journal of Psychohistory]] |volume=48 |issue=4 |access-date=February 22, 2026 |pages=256–276 |issn=0145-3378}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin R. |author-link1=Kevin Johnson (lawyer) |last2=Cuison-Villazor |first2=Rose |title=The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity |journal=[[Wake Forest Law Review]] |date=May 2, 2019 |url=https://www.wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/w10_VillazorJohnson.pdf |pages=575–616 |volume=54 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=Robert R. |last2=Haggard |first2=Stephan |author-link2=Stephan Haggard |title=Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding? |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1017/S1537592718003377 |s2cid=149457724 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lajevardi |first1=Nazita |last2=Oskooii |first2=Kassra A. R. |year=2018 |title=Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=112–152 |doi=10.1017/rep.2017.37}}
* {{cite journal |last=McGurk |first=Brett |author-link=Brett McGurk |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy |title=The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January 22, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nacos |first1=Brigitte L. |author-link1=Brigitte L. Nacos |last2=Shapiro |first2=Robert Y. |author-link2=Robert Y. Shapiro |last3=Bloch-Elkon |first3=Yaeli |date=2020 |title=Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940036 |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=2–25 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26940036 |access-date=January 20, 2025}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sundahl |first1=Anne-Mette Holmgård |title=Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity? |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=May 4, 2022 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0 |pmid=35528318 |pmc=9066393}}
* {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}}
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
      <sha1>frjmmqxd8cmvywilcmti2hz8oxqpeft</sha1>
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      <comment>/* ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="52966" sha1="7xj5rjg7jf8aaxqde9x9l5gzq1gsyq5" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}}
'''ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ'''  (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: Donald John Trump) (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ: The Donald &lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=en |titre=Why does everyone call Donald Trump ‘The Donald’? It’s an interesting story |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2015/09/01/why-does-everyone-call-donald-trump-the-donald-its-an-interesting-story |site=The Washington Post |date=1 septembre 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;) (ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ]], ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ), ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⴰⵕⴹⵉⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵢⴰⴼⵓ ⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ|ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ]]. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 45 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ 47 ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵓⵎⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 [[ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ]] [[2017]] ⴰⵔ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2021]], ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ 20 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ [[2025]].

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]], ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971 ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴽⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⵍⴼ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ; ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ 2004 ⴷ 2015 ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ (The Apprentice).
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump NYMA.jpg|thumb|left|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1964]]

ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ 1987 ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵙⴽⵍⵜ ⴷⴳ 1999 ⵉ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵏⵣⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⴱⵓⵛ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ — ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ — ⵢⵓⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ 2009. ⵉⵣⵣⵖⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ [[ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ|ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵓⵣ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰ, ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2016 ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ &quot;ⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ&quot;. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⴹⵍⵉⴱ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵉⵏⴱⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ ⵀⵉⵍⴰⵔⵉ ⴽⵍⵉⵏⵟⵓⵏ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump with model of Television City.jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 1985 ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵣⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏ ⴷⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Handy |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Trump Once Proposed Building a Castle on Madison Avenue |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/04/trump-tower-real-estate-projects/583243/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵕⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⴼⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵇⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵖⴰⵏⵉⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ &quot;ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ&quot;, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ &quot;ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ&quot; (United States Space Force). ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ,  ⴷ ⵢⵓⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⴰⴼⵜⴰ&quot; (ALENA) ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴽⴰ&quot; (ACEUM), ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵛⵛⵉⵏⵡⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ. ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ 2020.

ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵥⵕⵉⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵃⴹⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ, ⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵟⵟⴰⵕⴼⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵅⵛⵏⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ&quot; ⴳ ⵛⴰⵕⵍⵓⵜⵙⴼⵉⵍ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ 2020, ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ [[ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⴰⵡⴽⵔⴰⵏⵉ]] [[ⴼⵓⵍⵓⴷⵉⵎⵉⵔ ⵣⵉⵍⵉⵏⵙⴽⵉ]], ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⴷⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵣⵉⴷⴳⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵔⵓⵏⴰⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙ 2019|ⴽⵓⴼⵉⴷ-19]] ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ|ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ]].

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ 2020, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⵊⵓ ⴱⴰⵢⴷⵏ. ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵢⵉⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴳⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ — ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴱⴰⵢⵟⵟⴰⵕ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ. ⴳ 6 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2021, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵡⵡⵖ ⵏⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵛⵜⵓ. ⴷ ⵕⵥⵎⵏ ⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵜⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ.

ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2022 ⵙ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴷⵔ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵜⵓⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴹ ⵜⵉⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2020 ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⴳ 30 [[ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ]] [[2024]], ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵙ 34 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵙⵜⵓⵕⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵏⵢⴰⵍⵣ&quot;, ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ. 
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Donald Trump swearing in ceremony.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ 2017]]

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⵉⵣⵣⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⵎⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵉ ⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵓⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ]], ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ 2024 ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ [[ⴽⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵀⴰⵔⵉⵙ]]. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⴽⴽⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵇⴰⵃ ⵜⵉⴹⴼⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⴹⵕⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ.

ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵖⴼⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 1500 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵏⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⵉⵟⵓⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵎⴰⵙⴽ ⵜⴰⴱⴱⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ,  ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⴷⵉⵕⴰⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵀⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵔⴼ, ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵣⵣⵔ ⴰⵃⵟⵟⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵢⵏ. ⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵙ ⵓⵃⵍⵍⵓⵜⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ.

ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵡ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵏⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴱⵣⵣⴻⵣ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ.

ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⵓⵜ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵢⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵢⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴼⵙⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉ [[ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ|ⵓⴽⵕⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ [[ⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰ]], ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ [[ⵖⴰⵣⵣⴰ]]. ⴷ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2026, ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵉ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⴹⵓⵕⵓ]] ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⵚⵉⵕⵉⴹ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵍⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵍⴰⵏⴷ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⴳⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ.

ⴷ ⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2026, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵕⴰⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ|ⵓⴳⵕⴹ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵕⵎⵓⵥ]].
== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ==
ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵊⵓⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ 14 ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ 1946 ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⵏ ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⵓⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⴽⵍⵢⵓⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30, 37.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵓⵜⵍⴰⵏⴷⵉⵢⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;v.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ: ⵎⴰⵔⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵣⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ ⵕⵓⴱⵉⵕⵜ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵖⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 23 ⵏ ⵜⵅⵅⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⴰⵎⴰⵢⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜⵙ&quot; ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/us/politics/donald-trumps-old-queens-neighborhood-now-a-melting-pot-was-seen-as-a-cloister.html |title=Donald Trump's Old Queens Neighborhood Contrasts With the Diverse Area Around It |first=Jason |last=Horowitz |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 22, 2015 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵉ ⵉⵎⵙ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵃⵎⵍⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;302.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;49.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⴽ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵓⴼⴰⵢ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;272.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵉ ⴷⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ &quot;ⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⴽⵓⵍⵉ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⵜⵍⵜ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⴰⵀⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⵡⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ&quot; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ &quot;ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Hurt III, Harry (1993). ''Lost Tycoon''. W. W. Norton &amp; Company. [[ISBN 0-393-03029-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;0-393-03029-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵉⵅⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵔⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;13.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;. p.&amp;#x20;51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵉ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵉ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ 20,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 265,000 ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ, ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;30–31.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ &quot;ⴽⵢⵓ ⴼⵓⵔⵉⵙⵜ&quot; ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⴰ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⵛⵎ ⵜ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵏⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. pp.&amp;#x20;33, 38, 45.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⴱⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;66.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⵜⵥⵥⵓ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵔⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;42.&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵖⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⵕⴷⵀⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1964 ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6. pp.&amp;#x20;45.&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴼⵓⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵍⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵕⴰⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴼⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;.  ⵜ.&amp;#x20;99.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵓⵕⵥⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1968 ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47–50.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵀⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Selk |first=Avi |date=May 20, 2018 |title=It's the 50th anniversary of the day Trump left college and nearly had to go to war |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/05/20/its-the-50th-anniversary-of-the-day-trump-left-college-and-nearly-had-to-go-to-war/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵓⴷⴼ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵕⵟⵓⵏ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵅⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;75.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵣⵣⴰ/ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵄⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵓⵛⵛⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⴼⵉⵜⵏⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⵓⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵔⵣⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;48.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ==
ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1968, ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⴽⴰ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ [[ⴽⵡⵉⵏⵣ]], ⴷ [[ⵙⵜⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏⴷ]], ⴷ [[ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵍⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;51–53.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵡⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;76.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵙⵙⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵎ ⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵖⵔⴰⵏⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien, Timothy L. (2005a). ''TrumpNation: The Art of Being The Donald''. Grand Central Publishing. [[ISBN 978-0-446-69617-3|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-446-69617-3&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;79.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ.&amp;#x20;59.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. &lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ &quot;[[ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ]]&quot; ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Blair, Gwenda (2015) [2001]. ''The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire''. Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-3936-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 250.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵕⵓⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ  ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 81.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⵓⴽⴽⵓⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵜⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰ/ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. [[ISBN 978-1-68245-079-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉ 13 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mahler2016Cohn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mahler |first1=Jonathan |last2=Flegenheimer |first2=Matt |date=June 20, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump Learned From Joseph McCarthy's Right-Hand Man |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/21/us/politics/donald-trump-roy-cohn.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 26, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⴼⵉⵍⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Haberman, Maggie (2022). ''Confidence Man: The Making of Donald Trump and the Breaking of America''. Penguin Press. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29734-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⵔ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 265.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵊⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵜⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 266.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⴰ ⴰⴼⵔⴽⵓⴽ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 272.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵔⴱ ⵉ ⵜⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 273-274.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵜⵉⴳ; ⴷ ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⴽⵯⴰⵢ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵔⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Buettner, Russ; Craig, Susanne (2024). ''Lucky Loser: How Donald Trump Squandered His Father's Fortune And Created The Illusion of Success''. Penguin Press. [[ISBN 978-0-593-29864-0|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-593-29864-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ. 126.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1973, ⵢⵓⵡⵙ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵕⴹ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 100 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ (ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴷ 725 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ [[ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ|ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ]] ⴳ [[2025]]) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵏⵓⵎⵎⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⵓⵎⵙ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵓⵜⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴼⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵕ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;Barrett, Wayne (2016) [1992]. ''Trump: The Greatest Show On Earth: The Deals, the Downfall, the Reinvention''. Regan Arts. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-68245-079-6&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ.82-84.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ,&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. ⵜ 273-270.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵥ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, David Cay (2016). ''The Making of Donald Trump''. Melville House Publishing. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61219-658-9&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 45-46.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳⵔ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1991]] ⴷ [[2009]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴳ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ 11 ⵉ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵖⵏⵣⴰⵏⵏ: [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]] ⴳ [[ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ]], ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ [[ⴰⵜⵍⴰⵏⵜⵉⴽ ⵙⵉⵜⵉ]] ⴳ [[ⵏⵢⵓ ⵊⵉⵔⵙⵉ]], ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵣⵉⵏⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Qiu |first=Linda |date=June 21, 2016 |title=Yep, Donald Trump's companies have declared bankruptcy...more than four times |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2016/jun/21/hillary-clinton/yep-donald-trumps-companies-have-declared-bankrupt/ |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=[[PolitiFact]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Winter |first=Tom |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Trump Bankruptcy Math Doesn't Add Up |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/trump-bankruptcy-math-doesn-t-add-n598376 |access-date=February 26, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ [[1992]] ⴷ [[1994]], ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴻⵜⴰⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵓ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴽⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴷⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵜⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ &quot;ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵊⵎⵏⵜ&quot; ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵣⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ; ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⵎⵇⵕⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔ. ⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⴼⵉⵔⵏ, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜ  ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵥⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tax_Schemes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Barstow |first1=David |author-link1=David Barstow |last2=Craig |first2=Susanne |author-link2=Susanne Craig |last3=Buettner |first3=Russ |author-link3=Russ Buettner |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches From His Father |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/10/02/us/politics/donald-trump-tax-schemes-fred-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=October 2, 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵎⴰⵔⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ ==
ⵉⵍⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵉ ⵜⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵉⵣⵡⵓⵔⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1978 ⵓⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ: ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴽⵓⵎⵓⴹⵓⵕ&quot; ⵉⵅⵓⴼⵙⵏ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵕⴰⵍ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Nevius |first=James |date=April 3, 2019 |title=The winding history of Donald Trump's first major Manhattan real estate project |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406124720/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/4/3/18290394/trump-grand-hyatt-nyc-commodore-hotel |archive-date=April 6, 2019 |access-date=February 6, 2026 |work=[[Curbed]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵥⵕⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵥⵕⴼ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴽⵍ ⴰⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ 70 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref name=&quot;Rich NYMag&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Rich |date=April 30, 2018 |title=The Original Donald Trump |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/04/frank-rich-roy-cohn-the-original-donald-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2018 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Kessler |first=Glenn |author-link=Glenn Kessler (journalist) |date=March 3, 2016 |title=Trump's false claim he built his empire with a 'small loan' from his father |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2016/03/03/trumps-false-claim-he-built-his-empire-with-a-small-loan-from-his-father |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵏ [[ⵕⵡⴰⵢ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ 40 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ — ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016, ⴰⵣⵉⵣⴷⵔ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bagli |first=Charles V. |date=September 17, 2016 |title=A Trump Empire Built on Inside Connections and $885 Million in Tax Breaks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/donald-trump-tax-breaks-real-estate.html |access-date=September 5, 2026 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; — ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ 410 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⴹⵓⵍⴰⵕ&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Bernstein |first=Andrea |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Trump Pushed for a Sweetheart Tax Deal on His First Hotel. It's Cost New York City $410,068,399 and Counting. |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-pushed-for-a-sweetheart-tax-deal-on-his-first-hotel-its-cost-new-york-city-410-068-399-and-counting |access-date=September 6, 2025 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 269-271.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵕⵥⴰⵎ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1980 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⵊⵔⴰⵏⴷ ⵀⴰⵢⴰⵜ&quot; (Grand Hyatt Hotel)&lt;ref&gt;Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [2016]. ''Trump Revealed: The Definitive Biography of the 45th President''. Simon &amp; Schuster. [[ISBN 978-1-5011-5652-6|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-5011-5652-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:President Trump Delivers Remarks (49498772251).jpg|thumb|ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷⴳ ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ [[2020]].]]
ⴷ ⴷⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ&quot;, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵀⴰⵜⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Geist |first=William E. |author-link=Bill Geist |date=April 8, 1984 |title=The Expanding Empire of Donald Trump |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/08/magazine/the-expanding-empire-of-donald-trump.html |url-access=limited |access-date=September 29, 2021 |magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ  ⴰⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;moved&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Haberman |first=Maggie |author-link=Maggie Haberman |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Trump, Lifelong New Yorker, Declares Himself a Resident of Florida |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/us/politics/trump-new-york-florida-primary-residence.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟ ⴰⵥⴽⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⵙⴳ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⴼⵢⴰ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴱⵖⵍⵉ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵣ ⵜⵉⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴷⴰⵣ ⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⵉⴼⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. [[ISBN 978-1-6680-3157-5|ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. 280.&lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵀⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵉⵡⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴹⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵢⵓⵎⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵏ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ.&lt;ref&gt;Bird, Kai; Goldmark, Susan (2026). ''American Scoundrel: Roy Cohn's Dark Journey From Joe McCarthy to Donald Trump''. Scribner. ISBN&amp;#x20;&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-6680-3157-5&lt;/bdi&gt;. ⵜ. 281.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1988, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ &quot;[[ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ (ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ)|ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ]]&quot;ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ 16 ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=November 4, 1992 |title=Trump Revises Plaza Loan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/04/business/company-news-trump-revises-plaza-loan.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1992, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴷⴳⴰ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=December 12, 1992 |title=Trump's Plaza Hotel Bankruptcy Plan Approved |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/12/business/company-news-trump-s-plaza-hotel-bankruptcy-plan-approved.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 24, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 1995, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴼⵔⵔⵓ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ 3 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⴰⵕ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴷ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵕⵟⵟⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⵏ ⴱⵍⴰⵣⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴷⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵉⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵇⵥⵥⵕⵏ&quot; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵕⵥⵉ ⵜⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ&lt;ref name=&quot;plaza&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Segal |first=David |author-link=David Segal (journalist) |date=January 16, 2016 |title=What Donald Trump's Plaza Deal Reveals About His White House Bid |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/business/what-donald-trumps-plaza-deal-reveals-about-his-white-house-bid.html |url-access=limited |access-date=May 3, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=David |author-link1=David Stout |last2=Gilpin |first2=Kenneth N. |date=April 12, 1995 |title=Trump Is Selling Plaza Hotel To Saudi and Asian Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/12/business/trump-is-selling-plaza-hotel-to-saudi-and-asian-investors.html |url-access=limited |access-date=July 18, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵙⵏⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵔⴳⴳⵓⴱ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵛⵉⴽⴰⴳⵓ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ 92 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙⵜ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵓⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2008. ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2024, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ &quot;ⵏⵢⵓ ⵢⵓⵕⴽ ⵜⴰⵢⵎⵙ&quot; ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⵍⵜ &quot;ⴱⵕⵓ ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵉⴽⴰ&quot; ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵣⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵟⵕⴰⵎⴱ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵕⵥⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⴼⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⴷⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵜⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵔⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[2008]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kiel |first1=Paul |last2=Buettner |first2=Russ |author-link2=Russ Buettner |date=May 11, 2024 |title=IRS Audit of Trump Could Cost Former President More Than $100 Million |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-irs-audit-chicago-hotel-taxes |access-date=August 26, 2024 |work=[[ProPublica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
* Sébastien Boussois, ''Donald Trump, retour vers le futur'', éd. Mareuil, 2025.
* David Da Silva, ''Trump et Hollywood, t. 2 : Le cinéma trumpien'', La Madeleine, LettMotif, 2023, 228 p. {{ISBN|978-2-36716-376-5}}.
* {{Article |auteur1=Maya Kandel |titre=La doctrine Trump |périodique=Le Grand Continent |date=23 octobre 2020 |lire en ligne=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2020/10/23/la-doctrine-trump-1/}}

== ⵜⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=Kenneth Alan |date=Spring 2021 |title=The Trump Death Cult |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c5d4601ebe8dcb232f9ab2965e900d70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&amp;cbl=35407 |journal=[[Journal of Psychohistory]] |volume=48 |issue=4 |access-date=February 22, 2026 |pages=256–276 |issn=0145-3378}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Kevin R. |author-link1=Kevin Johnson (lawyer) |last2=Cuison-Villazor |first2=Rose |title=The Trump Administration and the War on Immigration Diversity |journal=[[Wake Forest Law Review]] |date=May 2, 2019 |url=https://www.wakeforestlawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/w10_VillazorJohnson.pdf |pages=575–616 |volume=54 |issue=2}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kaufman |first1=Robert R. |last2=Haggard |first2=Stephan |author-link2=Stephan Haggard |title=Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding? |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=2019 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=417–432 |doi=10.1017/S1537592718003377 |s2cid=149457724 |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lajevardi |first1=Nazita |last2=Oskooii |first2=Kassra A. R. |year=2018 |title=Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump |journal=Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=112–152 |doi=10.1017/rep.2017.37}}
* {{cite journal |last=McGurk |first=Brett |author-link=Brett McGurk |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2020-01-22/cost-incoherent-foreign-policy |title=The Cost of an Incoherent Foreign Policy: Trump's Iran Imbroglio Undermines U.S. Priorities Everywhere Else |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January 22, 2020}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nacos |first1=Brigitte L. |author-link1=Brigitte L. Nacos |last2=Shapiro |first2=Robert Y. |author-link2=Robert Y. Shapiro |last3=Bloch-Elkon |first3=Yaeli |date=2020 |title=Donald Trump: Aggressive Rhetoric and Political Violence |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26940036 |journal=[[Perspectives on Terrorism]] |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=2–25 |issn=2334-3745 |jstor=26940036 |access-date=January 20, 2025}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sundahl |first1=Anne-Mette Holmgård |title=Personality Cult or a Mere Matter of Popularity? |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=May 4, 2022 |pages=431–458 |doi=10.1007/s10767-022-09423-0 |pmid=35528318 |pmc=9066393}}
* {{cite journal |last=Urbinati |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Urbinati |date=May 2019 |title=Political Theory of Populism |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |volume=22 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |pages=111–127 |issn=1094-2939 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753 |url-access=subscription}}
== ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ==

* [[ⴱⴰⵕⴰⴽ ⵓⴱⴰⵎⴰ]]
* [[ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴷⴰ|ⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⴰ]]
* [[ⵎⵉⴽⵙⵉⴽ]]
* [[ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]

== ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ==
{{ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ}}
==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ==
{{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} 
{{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}}
{{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ|ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}}</text>
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{{ⴰⵙⴱⵔⵔⴽ}} 
--[[ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|Amazigh Bot]] ([[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:Amazigh Bot|ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ]]) 08:20, 22 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2025 (+01)</text>
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      <text bytes="28383" sha1="r8olat60gt13bkqzbie3l3ahvzfvwfv" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&amp;oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ&quot; ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ &quot;Pax Romana&quot; (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ &quot;ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ&quot;. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cornell, Tim (1993). &quot;The End of Roman Imperial Expansion.&quot; ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]]

== ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ==

=== ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ===
ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. &quot;Life of Caesar&quot;. ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&amp;nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&amp;nbsp;40115288 &amp;#x2013; via LacusCurtius&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ&quot; (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ &quot;empereur&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Eder, W. (1993) &quot;The Augustan Principate as Binding Link,&quot; in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Badian, Ernst (2012). &quot;Iulius Caesar, C (2)&quot;. In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. OCLC 959667246.￼&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ===
ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ.

ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ  ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ.

ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. 

ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.


[[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]]

ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ.

[[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]]

ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ.
ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.&lt;ref&gt; Classen, Albrecht (2010). &quot;The changing shape of Europe&quot;. Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; 

ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; 

[[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]]

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ==
[[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]]
ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ &quot;Andrew Wallace-Hadrill&quot; ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&amp;pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;, ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵡⴰⵏ) ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ &quot;ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Adams, James Noel (May 2003). &quot;'Romanitas' and the Latin Language&quot;. Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.￼&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}&lt;/ref&gt;ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.&lt;ref&gt;. &quot;Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?&quot;. ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&amp;nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt; {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&amp;pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ &quot;ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ&quot; ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;curchin&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ.

== ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ==
[[File:Ovidiu03.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ.]]
ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ &quot;ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ&quot; ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ — ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ, ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ — ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;Aeneid&quot; ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴹⴰⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ  ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵚ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Michael John (2010) [1989]. The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. CUP. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9780801476334&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴳⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ &quot;ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ؛ 

ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Interlanguage link|''Aetas Ovidiana''|it}}{{br}}^ {{Cite book |first=Charles |last=McNelis |date=2009 |chapter=Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature |editor-last=Knox |editor-first=Peter E. |title=A Companion to Ovid |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=zMMeWI2xbPkC&amp;pg=PA397 397] |isbn=9781405141833 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ, &quot;ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ&quot; ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰⵍ

== ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ ==
• [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]].

• [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]].

• [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] 

• [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]]

• [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]]

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ ==
=== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ===
ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]):

* Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974.

* Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702). ￼ :

* idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ;

* idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ;

* idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094).

* Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283).

* Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). ￼.

* Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). ￼.

* Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940).

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:=====

* Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ISBN&amp;nbsp;978-0691163475)&lt;/small&gt;

==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ====

* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986.
* Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987.
* Pierre Grimal, ''L'Empire romain'', Le Livre de Poche, 1993.
* Edward Gibbon, ''Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain'', tome 1, Robert Laffont, 2010.
* Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022).
* Christophe Badel, Hervé Inglebert, ''Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire'', Autrement, 2019.
* Kyle Harper, ''Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré'', La Découverte, 2021.
* Stéphane Benoist, ''Une République impériale en question ?'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2021.
* Isaac Asimov, ''La République romaine'', Belles Lettres, 2023.
* Clément Bady, Olga Boubounelle, Alexandre Vlamos, ''Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2023.
* Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009.</text>
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      <comment>Cabayi ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:B.rosenbergerrosenberg]] ⵖⵔ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ:AI Green]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/B.rosenbergerrosenberg|B.rosenbergerrosenberg]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/AI Green|AI Green]]&quot;</comment>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙ...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3347" sha1="ng7k0mgrlv3jywo386y8i6coukmfrfk" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>ng7k0mgrlv3jywo386y8i6coukmfrfk</sha1>
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      <text bytes="24" sha1="1f82m660rxdeil8csas63vn8kgegwn4" xml:space="preserve">== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="3347" sha1="ng7k0mgrlv3jywo386y8i6coukmfrfk" xml:space="preserve">'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3382" sha1="ko4vs028atkt0lietkjbvozzudoi84q" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>ko4vs028atkt0lietkjbvozzudoi84q</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>197809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T19:56:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>197810</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4170" sha1="8rhg9i8c9732vknllxlle5zb8kxfhep" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴼⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵎ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-25T20:13:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5160" sha1="4d2fyjtztx6g51v8fno9qxt7bb7o8kh" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>4d2fyjtztx6g51v8fno9qxt7bb7o8kh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197812</id>
      <parentid>197811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T20:14:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ */</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4207" sha1="9fv074c2l4l5w9gzsitt03smm5mg2at" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>9fv074c2l4l5w9gzsitt03smm5mg2at</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197813</id>
      <parentid>197812</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T20:14:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>197813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5158" sha1="mdojag247flwi3mkpqp0trujzhs3b5p" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;More, Brookes. Commentary by [[Wilmon Brewer]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation)''], pp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>mdojag247flwi3mkpqp0trujzhs3b5p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197814</id>
      <parentid>197813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T20:25:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6456" sha1="a40gnoxvuvh409n5ayerh1roksrs0ez" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="7099" sha1="0vxv5uofyr4akq61g138d3ogcygqjk3" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>0vxv5uofyr4akq61g138d3ogcygqjk3</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>197816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7190" sha1="efnfnh2sp4fepqyilmertjwn3c4cm8s" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas &lt;/blockquote&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>efnfnh2sp4fepqyilmertjwn3c4cm8s</sha1>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>197817</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8852" sha1="kj1w7gahnv3bdhe90191nqfctcx39o9" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>kj1w7gahnv3bdhe90191nqfctcx39o9</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>197818</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-25T21:14:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>197818</origin>
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      <text bytes="9239" sha1="cbh82zb50z53fh2i6cbbxi52qs3j0xp" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

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      <text bytes="9846" sha1="pb360d6m2eh5qqbli956qihb2wcpwhf" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

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      <text bytes="10625" sha1="nfo7683v24onued4io3yogd3j0ijq23" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>nfo7683v24onued4io3yogd3j0ijq23</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197821</id>
      <parentid>197820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T21:56:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ */</comment>
      <origin>197821</origin>
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      <text bytes="12473" sha1="occrm8t8g5ezraeyhwvu8sprxjblmog" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>occrm8t8g5ezraeyhwvu8sprxjblmog</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>197822</id>
      <parentid>197821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T22:00:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ⵉⴹⵉⵚ */</comment>
      <origin>197822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14801" sha1="8laq1arzazq1qlf521kz5o1obux09z1" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <text bytes="15575" sha1="3poietcyywqlqrcg0ljamfdpmwj2o27" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ==
ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>3poietcyywqlqrcg0ljamfdpmwj2o27</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-26T08:49:45Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="17225" sha1="82i49iutck7nu1pdqv2zj5i0u43zzyi" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ==
[[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ&quot; ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;. ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ &quot;ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ &quot;ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |title= The Myth of Io
 |access-date= 4 October 2012
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |archive-date= 16 May 2013
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);&lt;ref&gt;Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>82i49iutck7nu1pdqv2zj5i0u43zzyi</sha1>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
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      <text bytes="18057" sha1="4asv7jf468ygygniqkinm6xn92d2y78" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ==
[[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ&quot; ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;. ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ &quot;ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ &quot;ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |title= The Myth of Io
 |access-date= 4 October 2012
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |archive-date= 16 May 2013
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);&lt;ref&gt;Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ==
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ.
* ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. 
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ.

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
      <sha1>4asv7jf468ygygniqkinm6xn92d2y78</sha1>
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      <text bytes="18199" sha1="9fj0gln4czad4zjrrt1x5n8cryvxxff" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
[[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]]
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ==
[[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ&quot; ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;. ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ &quot;ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ &quot;ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |title= The Myth of Io
 |access-date= 4 October 2012
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |archive-date= 16 May 2013
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);&lt;ref&gt;Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ==
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ.
* ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. 
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ.

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

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      <text bytes="18203" sha1="3suvzn57uum0bod7ksc06w4baf331le" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ&lt;ref&gt;{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. 

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». 

ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ  ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.&lt;ref&gt;Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

== ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ==
ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ &quot;ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} &lt;/ref&gt; . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». 

== ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas&quot; — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; (&quot;ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ &lt;ref&gt;Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 &lt;/ref&gt; ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]].

ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston VIU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ==
[[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]]
ⵉⴼⵍ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: &quot;ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ &quot;ⵓⴱⵉⴷ&quot; ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ&quot;, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.

== ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ ==
[[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ&quot; ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;. ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ &quot;ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ&quot; ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ &quot;ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ&quot; ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ &quot;ⵉⵢⵓ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |title= The Myth of Io
 |access-date= 4 October 2012
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298
 |archive-date= 16 May 2013
 |url-status= dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);&lt;ref&gt;Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&lt;/ref&gt; ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.&lt;ref&gt;Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.&lt;/ref&gt;

== ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ ==
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ.
* ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. 
* &quot;ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ&quot; (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ.

== ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ==
ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ &quot;ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ&quot; ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ:

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}}
* {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&amp;pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}}
* {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}}
* [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}.

== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;'''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),&lt;ref&gt;''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': &quot;Ovid&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | ti...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1039" sha1="sscy6s3m3am8i5r5gqzfafd9tv5gmjp" xml:space="preserve">'''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),&lt;ref&gt;''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': &quot;Ovid&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ&quot; ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.
== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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      <id>197833</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-26T09:27:08Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aɣaras iḍlan</username>
        <id>211</id>
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      <text bytes="1074" sha1="49zry3i8l4n97e48mco1i6jylyqx1gz" xml:space="preserve">{{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}}
'''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),&lt;ref&gt;''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': &quot;Ovid&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ &quot;ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ&quot; ⴷ &quot;ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ&quot; ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.
== ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ==</text>
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