ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ zghwiki https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2071 197869 197392 2026-10-26T19:23:33Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261026) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 197869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: ''phonology'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵔⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ، ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵎⵢⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴰⵡⴷ [[ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ|ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ]]، ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ، ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⵜ، ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.<ref name="odden">{{cite book |last=Odden |first=David |title=Introducing Phonology |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingphono0000odde |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-521-53404-8}}</ref> ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ]] (''phonetics''). ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ، ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵍⵍⴷⵏ. ⵉⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ، ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.<ref name="york">[https://www.york.ac.uk/language-linguistic-science/current-students-staff/current/undergraduates/modules/2015-16/l09c/ University of York, ''Introduction to phonetics and phonology''].</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:IPA chart 2020.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (IPA)، ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ.]] == ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ == ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ]] ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ، ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵎⴽ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵃⵉⵢⵢⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ، ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ.<ref name="sil">[https://scripts.sil.org/cms/scripts/page.php?id=glossary&site_id=nrsi SIL International, ''Glossary''، «phoneme»، «allophone» ⴷ «minimal pair»].</ref> ⵎⴽ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ، ⴷ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ، ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰ «ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ» (''minimal pair''). ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ ''pat'' /pæt/ ⴷ ''bat'' /bæt/؛ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵔ /p/ ⴷ /b/ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⴰⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ /p/ ⴷ /b/ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ.<ref name="sil" /> ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰ ''allophones''. ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ، ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ /p/ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵍⴰ [pʰ] ⴳ ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ''pin''، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ''spin'' ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴷ [p] ⵙ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴽⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ.<ref name="sil" /> == ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ == ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ، ⴰⵎ ⵓⵍⵙ، ⵜⵉⵇⴱⴰⴱⵉⵏ، ⴷ ⵜⵅⵏⵓⵛⵉⵏ. ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ، ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ (IPA) ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ.<ref name="ipa">[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/IPA_chart_orig/IPA_charts_E.html International Phonetic Association, ''IPA Chart''].</ref> ⵉⵎⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ، ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ، ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰⵏ، ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ. ⴷ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref name="odden" /> == ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ == === ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ === ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵢⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⵜ (''syllable'') ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵜ. ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ، ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵇⴱⵍ.<ref name="mit">[https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/24-901-language-and-its-structure-i-phonology-fall-2010/pages/readings/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ''Language and Its Structure I: Phonology''، readings].</ref> === ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ === ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏ (''stress'')، ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ، ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ، ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ. ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ، ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ، ⴰⵔ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ، ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ.<ref name="mit" /> ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ، ⴰⵎ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵜⵔⵓⵙⵓ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ، ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵍⴰ ⵡⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵉⵏⵙ. ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ.<ref name="york" /> === ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵏ === ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ، ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴽ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ (''assimilation'')، ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵉⵇⵔⴱⵏ ⴰⵙ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵏⵖ ⵓⵔⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵎⴽ ⵉⴷ ⵜⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵏ.<ref name="odden" /> == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ == === ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ === ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ. ⴳ ⵍⵀⵏⴷ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ، ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ''Pāṇini'' ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴰⵏⵙⴽⵔⵉⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵕⵓⵎⵜ. ⵜⵍⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ.<ref name="panini">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.19514.16 Paul Kiparsky, «Economy and the Construction of the Śivasūtras»، ''Paninian Studies''، 1991].</ref> === ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ === ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 19 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20، ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ. ⵜⵙⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵔⴰⴳ (''Prague School'')، ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ [[ⵏⵉⴽⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵙⴽⵓⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⴽⵓⴱⵙⵓⵏ]]، ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ. ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⵉⵜⵙⴽⵓⵢ ''Grundzüge der Phonologie'' ⴳ 1939، ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.<ref name="prague">[https://academic.oup.com/book/41916/chapter-abstract/354807399 Edwin Battistella, «The Prague School: Nikolai Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson»، ''The Oxford History of Phonology''، Oxford University Press، 2022].</ref> ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ، ⵜⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵥⵕⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵖⴰⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ، ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⵜ، ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ. ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵣⵎⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ. ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ، ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ.<ref name="mit" /> == ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ == ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ. ⵓⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ، ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ، ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⴰ، ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ، ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵎ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ.<ref name="sign">[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3608481/ ''The Phonological Organization of Sign Languages''، scholarly review].</ref> ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ، ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⴽⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ، ⴰⵎⵎ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ، ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵙ.<ref name="sign" /> == ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ == ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ، ⵉⴳ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵢⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ. ⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ، ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ، ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵖⴰⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ.<ref name="odden" /> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵓⵍⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵏ. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ، ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ /p/، ⵉⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴽⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [pʰ]. ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ.<ref name="ipa" /><ref name="odden" /> == ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ == ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵇⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ: ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ، ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵎⵢⴰⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ، ⵓⵍⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ، ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵍⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ، ⴷ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.<ref name="mit" /> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵣⵔⵔⵓ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵎⴽ ⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵉ، ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⴰⵍ ⵡⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰⴷ، ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ.<ref name="odden" /> == ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ == ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ، ⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ، ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ. ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵉⴽⴽⵯⴰ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵙⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⴷ.<ref name="york" /> ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ، ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ. ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵔⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵓⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ، ⴷ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⴰⵎⴽⴰⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵣⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵍⵉ.<ref name="odden" /> == ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ == * [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ]] * [[ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ]] * [[ⴰⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎ]] * [[ⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ]] == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ}} 8n6lcefvco3f7bza91zzvavagjlt7er 0 2078 197877 171135 2026-10-26T22:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 197877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} {| style="width: 22em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-spacing: 3px; background-color: #f8f9fa; color: black; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; float: right; clear: right; font-size: 80%; line-height: 1.5em;" |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |align=center colspan=2|'''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''' |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |slign=center colspan=2| [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Tachelhit.png|thumb|250px|ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵍⴱⵍⴰⵢⵚ ⵎⴰⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ]] |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ:'''||ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ''' |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ:'''|| ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ:'''|| 8-10 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ, <br /> 13 ⵍⵎⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ:'''|| ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ - ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ - ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ:'''|| [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|20px]] [[ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]] |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #9f999; |align=center colspan=2|'''ⵉⵙⵏⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ:'''<br /> |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''ISO 639-3:''' || shi |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''WALS:''' || tas |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |'''Glottolog:''' || tach1250 |-style="border: 1px solid #eee; background: #f9f9f9; |} '''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ '''ⵏⵖ '''ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] '''ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ. ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴷⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 9 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ '''ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ''' ⵖ ⵙⵓⵙ, [[ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ]], ⵍⵃⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ '''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''' ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ]] ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵔ [[ⵡⴰⵔⵣⴰⵣⴰⵜ]] ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵜⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵣⵓⵏⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]], ⴷ [[ⵕⴱⴰⵟ]] ⴷ [[ⵙⵍⴰ]]. ⵜⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ '''ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''' ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⴼⵖ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ]] ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⴰⵜ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ. ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ '''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''' ⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵎⴰⵛ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⵢⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴰⵙ ⴽⵛⵎⵜ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ, ⵓⵔⴷ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ..., ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ. ⵖⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵍⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⴽⵛⵎⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵙⵏ == ⵉⵙⵎ == ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵓⵔⵜ (ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ) ⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ''-{Luis del Mármol Carvajal}-'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵢⴰ: « [...] ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵏⵓⵎⵉⴷⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵜⵓⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⴷⴰⴳⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵛⵛⵍⵃⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⴳⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ».<ref>-{R|Perrot d'Ablancourt 1667: 92-93.}-</ref>{{Efn|""[...] dans Maroc et dans toutes les provinces de cet Empire, aussi bien que parmi les Numides et les Getules qui font vers l’occident, on parle la langue africaine pure, qu’on nomme Chilha et Tamazegt, noms fort anciens."}} ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵕⵎⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⴱⴹ ⴼ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ. ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ''ccəlḥa'' ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴱⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵥⵖⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢ" ⵏⵖ "ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ", ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⴰⴷ. ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉⴰⵎ ⴷⴻ ⵙⵍⴰⵏⴻ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1856. ⵣⵖ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵛⵍⵓⵃ" (ⴰⴰⵎⴳⵓⵜ: ⵉⵛⵍⴰⵃ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ ⴰⵅⵢⴰⵎ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵣⴱⴰⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵖⵯⵎ.{{Efn|"...mot dérivé du nom berbère achlouh, au pluriel ichlah, qui signifie tente de poil de chameau."}} ⴳ 1905, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ Auguste Mouliéras ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ: "(ⴰⵛⵍⵓⵃ) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵥⵥⵎⴰⵢ, ⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⵯⵔⵉ (ⴻⵙⵒⴰⵔⵜo) ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵏⵉⵔⵜ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏ...".{{Efn|“natte en jonc, en alfa ou en palmier nain, vieille et déchirée”}}<ref>-{R|Mouliéras, A., 1905. ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103692q.image Une tribu zénète anti-musulmane au Maroc les Zkara]''. p.25.}-</ref> ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ Van Den Boogert, ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴷⵉⵜⵉⵏ.<ref>-{R|Van Den Boogert (1997 : 3).}-</ref> ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵛⵍⵓⵃ" ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵉⵟⵓⵏ" ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ (ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ). ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⴰⵛⵍⵓⵃ" (ⵎⴳⵜ: ⵉⵛⵍⴰⵃ) ⴷ ⴰⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵜ ⵉⵃⵕⵛⵏ,{{Efn|ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: "étoffe grossière en laine"}} ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ "ⴰⵅⵢⴰⵎ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ.<ref>-{Delaporte et al. 1844, 588.}-</ref> ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ Johann Wetzstein ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵥⵖⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "ⵛⵍⵓⵃ" ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ: "-{R|''[...] Le nom schulûḥ signifie : “gueux, canailles de voleurs et de meurtriers”. [...] Ce mot désigne, dans la langue la plus ancienne, une longue branche d’arbre, et aujourd’hui encore, au Liban, une forte branche, tant sur l’arbre que coupée, se nomme schilḥ , pluriel schulûḥ . On transpose l’image sur des hommes rudes, grossiers, et à Damas on dit : “Levez-vous, vous êtes couchés là comme schulûḥ el-arab, des gourdins de bédouins.” Plus largement schilḥ signifie le voleur, ainsi qu’on le rencontre souvent dans les 1001 Nuits'' }-".<ref>-{R|(Wetzstein 1887 : 34-35).}-</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴹⴰⵔⴰⵜ, ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵍⵙ ⵀⴰⵏⵙ ⵙⵜⵓⵎⵎⴻ ⵉ ⵜⵥⵉⵕⵜ ⴰⴷ.<ref>-{R|STUMME, H., 1899. ''Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar''. Pp. v. 249. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung., p.3.}-</ref> ⵎⴰⵛ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵓⵥⵖⵓⵔ [ⵛⵍⵃ] ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵉⵏ. ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣ Robert Cunninghame Graham ⵖ 1898.<ref name=":0">-{R|Cunninghame Graham, R., n.d. ''Mogreb-el-Acksa''. London: Heinemann, pp.34, 96.}-</ref> ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵢⴰ: "''Shillah is the Arabic name for the Southern Berbers, i.e. of the Atlas and the Sahara; Shluoch, in Arabic, means “cast out,” and Shillah, the “cast out folk.” The Shillah call themselves Amazeight, i.e. the noble people. This difference of opinion as to nomenclature has been observed in other nations. […] The Arabs use neither the word “Tamazirght” nor the word “Berber,” but call the Berber tribes “Shillah,” that is, the “outcasts”; the verb is “Shallaha” and the term used for the speech Shluoch''".<ref name=":02">-{R|Cunninghame Graham, R., n.d. ''Mogreb-el-Acksa''. London: Heinemann, pp.34, 96.}-</ref> ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ⴰⴳⵔⵓⵔ, ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⵇⵔⵔⵓ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵄⵉⵎⵉⵍ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵉⴳⴳⵉⵍ ⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⵣⴳⵍ. ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. ⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵥⵓⵔ "ⵛⵍⵃ" ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵊⵕⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉ ⵣⵖ /ⵔ/ ⵙ /ⵍ/ (-{rhotacisme}-). ⴰⵎⵢⴰⴳ "ⵛⵔⵔⵃ" ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽ ''-{inciser, disséquer}-'', ⵉⵡⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴼⵀⴰⵎⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵉⵏ, "ⵛⵛⵍⵃⴰ" ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵉⴱⴱⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⵣⵣⴰⵔⵏ, ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴳⴳⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴼⵀⵎⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ.<ref>-{R|Agrour, R., 2012. [https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/17161 Contribution à l’étude d’un mot voyageur : Chleuh. ''Cahiers d'études africaines''], 52(208), pp.767-811.}-</ref> ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ "''ⴰ-''" ⵖ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵓⵙⵢⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵖⵏⵓ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ''-ⵉⵢ'' (ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴹⴰⵍ-ⴷ ⵣⵖ [[:en:Nisba_(onomastics)|ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]] ''-ⵉⵢⵢ'') ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵙⵏ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⴰⵢⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ''-ⴰⵢ'' ⵖ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ''-ⵉⵢ'' ⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ''ⵃ''.<ref>-{R|-{R|Stumme (1899: 3); Laoust (1936: v)}-.}-</ref> ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⴰⵢ; ⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⵛⵍⵃⴰⵢ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵙ [[ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]], ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ''ⵛⵛⴻⵍⵃ'', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ''ⵛⵛⵍⵓⵃ,'' ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ''ⵛⵛⴻⵍⵃⴰ'',<ref>-{R|-{R|Fox et Abu-Talib (1966: 155), Colin (1993: 976)}-.}-</ref> ⵜⴰⵡⴰⴼⵓⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵅⵜ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ (ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18) ⴼ "''ⵏⵏⴰⴹⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵅⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ".<ref>-{Awzal, ''Baḥr al-Dumūʿ'' , v.5 (édition dans van den Boogert 1997).}-</ref>'' ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵙⵓⵙ]] ⴰ ⵖ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ''ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵜ'' (ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ) ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ. ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵢ ⵉⴳⴰ ''ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢ'', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ''ⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵏ'', ⴷ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵓⵏⵜⵉ ''ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵜ'', ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ''ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵙⵉⵢⵉⵏ''. == ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙ-ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. ⵖ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴻⵜⵀⵏoⵍoⴳⵓⴻ, ⵖ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 17-20 (2014-2017) ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2014, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⵎ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 4 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 13% ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ. ⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 21 ⵏⵏⵙ (2018), ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴻⵜⵀⵏoⵍoⴳⵓⴻ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 7 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016 (ⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 20% ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ. ⵉⵖ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ 2016 ⴰⴷ ⵉⵚⵃⴰⵏ, ⴰⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2014 ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⵖⵍⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ 7 ⵜⵏⵇⵇⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ 2014 ⴷ 2016. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖ 2016 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⴳⴰ 5 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ 14% ⵣⵖ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ,<ref name=":1">-{R|[https://web.archive.org/web/20230702000402/http://rgphentableaux.hcp.ma/ RGPH 2014 - Site HCP]}-</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵍⵡⴰⵇⵉⵄ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴼ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ.<ref>-{R|[https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2015/10/24/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%86 Aljazeera.net] ''- Jadal ḥawla ɛadad annaṭiqin bil amaziɣya''}-</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⴷ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ, Stroomer (2001ⴰ) ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ «ⴳⵔ 6 ⴷ 8 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ» ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ, ⵙ ⵖⵉⴽ ⴰⴷ (2008) ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ «ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ 8 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ».<ref>-{R|Stroomer (2001a:183n1), Stroomer (2008:289n1).}-</ref> ⵓⵔ ⵉⴼⴽⵉ Stroomer ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴼ ⵉⴱⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵎⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵍ. ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⵣⵖ 12 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵖ 1961 ⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 33 ⵉⴷ ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵖ 2014), ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵏⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. === ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵚⵍⵉⵜ === {| class="wikitable" |+ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2004<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110705120730/http://www.hcp.ma/Recensement-general-de-la-population-et-de-l-habitat-2004_a633.html Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004]</ref> !ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ !ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ !ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ !ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ |- |Sus-Masst-Dra |3 094 985 |1 717 139 |61,9% |- |ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ-ⵙⵙⵎⴰⵔⴰ |425 211 |182 695 |47,8% |- |ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ-ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵉⴼⵜ-ⵍⵃⵓⵣ |3 088 338 |969 561 |35,1% |- |ⵜⴰⴷⵍⴰ-ⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵍ |1 448 155 |199 092 |15,3% |} {| class="wikitable" |+ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴽⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵚⵉⴹⵏ ⵏ 2014<ref name=":1" /> !ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ !ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ !ⴰⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ !ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉⴹⵉ |- |[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ ⵎⴰⵙⵙⵜ|Sus-Masst]] |2 657 906 |1 751 560 |65.9% |- |[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵍⵎⵉⵎ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵏⵓⵏ|ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ-ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵏ]] |414 489 |215 534 |52.0% |- |[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵙⴼⵉ|ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ-ⴰⵙⴼⵉ]] |4 504 767 |1 184 753 |26.3% |- |[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ|ⴷⵔⴰ-ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ]] |1 627 269 |357 999 |22.0% |- |[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ|ⴱⵏⵉ ⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ-ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] |2 512 375 |266 311 |10.6% |} == ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ == ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⵢⴰⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ. ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⵜⵓⵎⵎⴻ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵛⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜ ⵙⵏ, "ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ.<ref>-{R|Stumme (1899: 4).}-</ref> ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴷⴷⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵙⵙ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ: "ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ, ⵣⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⵃⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵢⵜ ⴱⴰⵄⵎⵔⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵛⵜⵓⴽⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⴷ ⵣⵖ ⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵡⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵣⴰⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ."<ref>-{R|Boukous (1977: 126).}-</ref> ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]]. ⴰⵣⵔⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵣⴳⵉⴳ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ ⴰⵔ ⵣⴰⴳⵓⵔⴰ. == ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:MuhammadAwzal-Al Hawd-Leiden MS Or 23.354.jpg|thumb|right|ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ]]ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ-ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ⴰⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵙⴽⴰⵢⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵉⵏ. ⵖⵉⵍ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]]. ====ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ==== ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2003 ⵉⵙⵉⴷⴼ (ⵉⵙⴽⵛⵎ) [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ]] ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ; ⵜⴷⵡⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵖ [[ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵏⴰⵖ]] ⵜⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱⵜ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ|ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ]]. ====ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ==== ⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵃⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⴰⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⵔⵓⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵍⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵉⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ. ====ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ==== ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏⵖ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴼⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 1840 ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ 23 ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⴻⵏ ⴷ 10 ⵉⵙⴻⴽⴽⵉⵍⴻⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⵢⵉⵡⵉ-ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵊⵎⵉⵍⵜ ⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵍⵓⴷ ⵎⵄⵎⵎⵔⵉ]], ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵄⴷⵍⵏ. ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵏⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ. ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ-ⵙ, ⵏⵉⵥⴹⵉⵕ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ-ⵏⴰⴼ ⵖ ⵜⵔⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵢⵙⴱⵓⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ. ===== ⴰⴳⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ===== ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ ⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⵟⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵉⵍⴼⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵍ. ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴽⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ (ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: /ⵛ/ = ⵛⵀ, /ⵖ/ = ⴳⵀ, /ⵅ/ = ⴽⵀ, ⴰⵜⴳ) ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵟⵟⵉⴼ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴼ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⴻⵏ, ⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰ ⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⵎⴽ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ. == ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ == ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵕ ⴰⴼⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⵟ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ "ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵍ « ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ »" ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ, ⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴽⴽⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵙⵡⴰ ⵖ [[ⵙⵓⵙ]] ⵏⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵍⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ]] ⵏⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ]], ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] ⵖ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴱⴰⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ, ⵡⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳ ⴼ ⵉⴹⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⴷⴰⴼⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴹⵓⴼ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⴳ ⴰⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ. ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴽⵯⵣ ⵜⴰεⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⴰⵢⴰ ⵉⵙⴼⴰⵡ ⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⵙⵡⴰ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⴷ ⵏⵖ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵖ ⵖ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵔ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵙⴼⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵖⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵏⵣⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵡⴹⵏ : * ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ Al anwar assunnyya fi lkalimat assunnyya ''« ⵜⵉⴼⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵏⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ »'' ⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴳ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ]] ⵓ ⵊⵓⵣⴰⵢⵢ ⴰⵖⵕⵏⴰⵟⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. * ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ Al arbaεun annawawyya ''« ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵖⵙⵉⵏ »'' ⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵎⵓⵅⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵙⵉ]]. * ⴰⵔⵔⴰ  ''« ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵉⵏ »'' ⵉ [[ⵄⵍⵉ ⵓ ⵀⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵖ]] , ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵜ . * ''« ⴱⴰⵃⵔ ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵎⵓⵄ'' ''»'' (ⵉⵍⴻⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵟⵟⴰⵡⵏ) ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ]]. * ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ''« ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ »'' ⵉ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⴰⵥⵏⴰⴳ]]. * ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ''« ⴰⵍ-ⵃⴰⵡⴹ»'' ⵉ [[ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵣⴰⵍ]]. * ''« Taelif fi ttawḥid wa lfiqh wa lfalak »'' (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵢⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵍⴼⵉⵇⵀ ⴷ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⵔⵜ) ⵉ [[ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵓ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⵥⵏⴰⴳ]]. ⵢⵓⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 25 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, ⵉⵔⵏⵓ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵏⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥⵏ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ|ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ]] ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵃⴹⴰⵏ ⵖ [[ⵉⴽⵙ ⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵔⵓⴼⴰⵏⵙ]] ⵖ [[ⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰ|ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]. ⵣⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ''« [[ⴽⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴰ|ⴽⵉⵜⴰⴱ ⴰⵍ-ⴰⵙⵎⴰ]] »'' (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ) ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ (ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ) ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ ⴰεⵕⴰⴱ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 12 ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ 1146 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵜ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵜ|ⵓ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵜ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵓⵍⵏ ⵖ 1085 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵜ ⵖ 1172 (ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓ ⵜⵓⵎⵔⵜ ⴰⵎⵓⵡⵃⵃⵉⴷⵉ), ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ 2500 ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ 250 ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵣⵖ ⵉⵙⴳⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵇⴱⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵉⴳ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵜ]]. ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ, ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⴰⵏ, ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 2.500 ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⵉⵄⵔⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ. ⵉⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏⵜⵏ ⵄⵍⴰ ⵃⵙⴰⴱ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ (ⵜⴰⵣⵣⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ, ⵉⵎⵖⵉ ...). ⵣⵖ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]] ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⵖⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵇⵔⴱⵏ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ [[ⵉⴱⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴰⵔⵜ]] ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ. ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴱⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵜ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ''ⴰⵖⵡⵢ, ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵢ, ⴰⵙⵉⴷ, ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ, ⵉⴷⴳⴰⵎ'' ⴷ ''ⴷⴰⵔ''. ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]] ⵢⴰⴹⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: ''ⴽⴰⵙⵔⴰ'' (ⵖⴰⵔ), ''ⵡⴰⵍⴰ'' (ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ), ''ⴰⵢⵙⵍⴰⴷⴷ'' (ⴰⴱⵍⴰ). == ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵓⵛⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ == ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ -{Hans Stumme}- (1864–1936), ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵏ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''-{Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt}-'' ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1899. ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ-ⵏⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵜⵓⵎⵎⴻ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵖⵓⴷⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵍⴽⴽⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵍ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵖⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ. ⵉⵙⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⵜⵓⵎⵎⴻ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ (1895, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵖ -{Stroomer 2002}-). ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵙⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ -{ⵙⴰⵄⵉⴷ ⵚⵉⴷⵇⴰⵡⵉ (Saʿīd al-Sidqāwī, 1859-1910)}-, ⴰⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵣⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳ (1894), ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]]. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ''-{Dictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir'ⵜ}-'' (1907) ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵓⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 20 ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⴱⵖⵉⵔⵏ. ⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⵔⴰⴼⵜ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵖⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ. ⴷⵉ ⵢⵉⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵒⵉⵜⴰⵏ (ⵎⵏ ⴱⵄⴷ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴰⴽⵓⵍⵓⵏⵉⵍ) -{Léopold-Victor Justinard}- (1878–1959), ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ''-{Manuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh)}-''. ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴱⵛⴽⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵊⵕⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵍⴽⵏⵙⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ, ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ, ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵡⵀⵎⴰⵏ, ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵜⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵎⵀⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵄⵚⴽⵕⵉⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉ (1912). ⵢⵓⵔⴰ -{Justinard}- ⵓⵍⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵙ. -{Emile Laoust}- (1876–1952), ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⴼⴼⴰⴹⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵖ 1921 ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''-{Cours de berbère marocain}-'' (ⵜⴰⵥⵔⵉⴳⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴳ 1936), ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵛⵇⵇⵓⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⴼⵓⵍⴽⵉⵏ (ⵓⵔ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ) ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ -{Edmond Destaing}- (1872-1940) ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ''-{Etude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère}-'' (1920) ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ''-{ⵜⴻⵅⵜⴻⵙ ⴱⴻⵔⴱèⵔⴻⵙ ⴻⵏ ⵒⴰⵔⵍⴻⵔ ⴷⴻⵙ ⵛⵀⵍⴻⵓⵀⵙ ⴷⵓ ⵙoⵓⵙ (ⵎⴰⵔoⵛ)}-''. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ -{ⴷⴻⵙⵜⴰⵉⵏⴳ}- ⵎⴰⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵅⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⵜⵥⵕ ⵜⵓⴼⴰⵡⵜ. ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⵓⵎⵓⵏⴹⵓⵏ -{Robert Aspinion}- ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ''-{Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs}-'' (1953), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵡⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ. ⵜⵉⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵔⵅⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⵏ ⴰⵙⵒⵉⵏⵉoⵏ ⵃⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⴰⵡⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵇⴷⵉⵎⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵖ ⵔⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ''-{Outline of the Structure of Shilha}-'' (1958) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ -{Joseph Applegate}- (1925–2003). ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵉⴼⵏⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵃⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵜ, ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⵉⵔⵙⴰⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵙⴰⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵢⵄⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵎⵣⵢⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⴰⵃⴷⵓ ⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ''-{Le Berbère}-'' (1988) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ [[ⵍⵢⵓⵏⵉⵍ_ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ|-{Lionel Galand}-]] (1920–2017), ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ ⴰⵎⵥⵕⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ. ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵅⴷⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴼ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵖⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵜⵡⴰⵔⴳⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵉⵊⵔ. == ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⴰⵚⴹⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵙⴼⵔⵓ. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵍⴳⴰⵎⵎⴻ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴱⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵏⵢⴻⵏ. ⴰⵖⵔⵉ /ⴰ/ ⴰⵔⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵏⵟⴰⵇⵏ ⵙ [-{ⴰ}-] ⵏⵖ [-{æ}-], ⴷ /ⵓ/ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏⵟⴰⵇ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵔⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵉⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵔⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ''ⵡ''. ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⴳⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵖⵔ ⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵎⵎⵙ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ''ⴽⵔⴰⴹ'' [-{krɐdˤ}-],''ⴽⴽⵓⵥ'' [-{kkɤzˤ}-], ''ⵙⴹⵉⵙ'' [-{ⵙⴷˤɪⵙ}-] (ⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴰⵜ ''ⵢⴰⵏ'' [-{jæn}-], ''ⵙⵉⵏ'' [-{sin}-] ⴰⴽⴷ ''ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ'' [-{smmʊs}-]). {|class="wikitable" border="1" |width="75"| ! width="75" align="center" |[[:en:Front vowel|ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔⴰⵏ]] ! width="75" align="center" |[[:en:Central vowel|ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ! width="75" align="center" |[[:en:Back vowel|ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] |- ! align="center" |[[:en:High vowel|ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ]] |align="center"|-{i}- | |align="center"|-{u}- |- ! align="center" |[[:en:Low vowel|ⵓⵕⵥⵉⵎ]] | |align="center"|-{a}- | |} ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴱⴰⵢⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ / o / ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵖ ''ⵔⵔⵉⵙⵜoⵔⴰ'' "restaurant" (ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ). ==== ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ « -{schwa}- » ==== ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "-{schwa}-". ⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ, ⴰⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⵓⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵙⵍⴷ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⵜ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵖⵔⵉ -{CC}- ⵏⵖ -{CCC}-, ⵉⵖ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵙⵍⴰⴷⵏ,<ref>-{Galand (1988, 2.1).}-</ref> ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ''ⵜⵉⴳⴻⵎⵎⵉ'' [-{tigĭmmi}-], ''ⴰⵎⴻⵃⴹⴰⵔ'' [-{amɐ̆ʜdˤɐr}-]. ⵖ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ Stumme (1899) ⴷ Destaing (1920, 1940), ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵎⵍⴰⵏ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ -{Aspinion}- (1953), ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⟨-{e}-⟩ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵕⵛⵎⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴽⴽⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⟨e⟩ ⵏⵖ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵜⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ''-{ⴰⴽⴻⵙⵙⴰⴱ}-'' [-{akssæb}-] ⵏⵖ ''-{ⴰⵔ ⵉⵛⴻⵜⵜⴰ}-'' [-{ar iʃtta}-]. ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⟨-{e}-⟩, ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ "-{schwa}-", ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵅⴷⵎ ⴰⵙⵒⵉⵏⵉoⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⵅⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⵜ: [-{ak⟨e⟩s.sab}-], [-{a.ri.š⟨e⟩t.ta}-]. ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⴳⴰⵍⵓⵏⴷ, ⴰⵙⵏⵇⴹ ⵏ «-{schwa}-» ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ «ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ». ⴷ ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵎⵍⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ-{Ridouane}- (2008), ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ{{efn|vocoïdes intrusifs}} ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⴽⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴼⴽ ⴰⵥⴰⵢⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⵒⴰⵏⵟⴰⵜⵉⴽ. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⵓⴼ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⴽⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ « -{schwa}- », ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ -{Galand}- (1988) ⵖ ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ. === ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ === ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ 33 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⵜⵟⵟⴼ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔⵉⵏ (“ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ”) ⴷ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵉⵔⵙⵉⵜⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵢⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ. ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ. ⵖⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵜⵍⵙⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ IPA ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[:en:Labial consonant|ⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛⴰⵏ]] ! colspan="2" | [[:en:Dental consonant|ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ]] ! rowspan="2" | [[:en:Postalveolar consonant|ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵕ-ⵓⴷⵍⵓⴳⵍ]] ! rowspan="2" | [[:en:Palatal consonant|ⵓⵏⵖⴰⵏ]] ! colspan="2" | [[:en:Velar consonant|ⵓⵍⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ]] ! colspan="2" | [[:en:Uvular consonant|ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ]] ! rowspan="2" | [[:en:Pharyngeal consonant|ⴰⵏⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏ]] ! rowspan="2" | [[:en:Glottal consonant|ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵏ]] |-style="font-size:85%" !arsitan ! [[:en:Pharyngealization|ⴰⵏⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏ]] !arsitan ! [[:en:Labialization|ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ]] !arsitan ! [[:en:Labialization|ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nasal consonant|ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⵏ]] | -{ {{IPAlink|m}} | {{IPAlink|n}} }- | || || || || || || || || |- ! rowspan="2" |[[:en:Stop consonant|ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ]] !ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ | -{ | {{IPAlink|t}} | {{IPAlink|tˤ}} {{angbr|ṭ}} | | | {{IPAlink|k}} | {{IPAlink|kʷ}} | {{IPAlink|q}} | {{IPAlink|qʷ}} | | }- |- ![[:en:Voice (phonetics)|<small>ⵉⵎⵖⵔ</small>]] | -{ {{IPAlink|b}} | {{IPAlink|d}} | {{IPAlink|dˤ}} {{angbr|ḍ}} | | | {{IPAlink|g}} | {{IPAlink|gʷ}} | }- | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[:en:Fricative consonant|ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ]] !ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ | -{ {{IPAlink|f}} | {{IPAlink|s}} | {{IPAlink|sˤ}} {{angbr|ṣ}} | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|š}} | | | | {{IPAlink|χ}} {{angbr|x}} | {{IPAlink|χʷ}} {{angbr|xʷ}} | {{IPAlink|ʜ}} {{angbr|ḥ}} | }- |- ![[:en:Voice (phonetics)|<small>ⵉⵎⵖⵔ</small>]] -{ | | {{IPAlink|z}} | {{IPAlink|zˤ}} {{angbr|ẓ}} | {{IPAlink|ʒ}} {{angbr|ž}} | | | | {{IPAlink|ʁ}} {{angbr|ɣ}} | {{IPAlink|ʁʷ}} {{angbr|ɣʷ}} | {{IPAlink|ʢ}} {{angbr|ɛ}} | {{IPAlink|ɦ}} {{angbr|h}} }- |- ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Approximant consonant|ⴰⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉ]] -{ | | {{IPAlink|l}} | {{IPAlink|lˤ}} {{angbr|ḷ}} | | {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y}} | | {{IPAlink|w}} }- | || || || |- ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Trill consonant|ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⴰⵢ]] -{ | | {{IPAlink|r}} | {{IPAlink|rˤ}} {{angbr|ṛ}} }- | || || || || || || || |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵔⵔⴰ<br />ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ! ⴰⵣⴰⵍ<br />ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉ (-{IPA}-) ! ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ |- | -{m || {{IPA|m}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵛⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⵏ |- |n || {{IPA|n̪}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⵣⵔⴰⵏ |- |t || {{IPA|t̪}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |ṭ || {{IPA|t̪ˤ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |k || {{IPA|k}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |kʷ || {{IPA|kʷ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |q || {{IPA|q}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |qʷ || {{IPA|qʷ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |b || {{IPA|b}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵛⵓⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |d || {{IPA|d̪}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |ḍ || {{IPA|d̪ˤ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |g || {{IPA|ɡ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |gʷ || {{IPA|ɡʷ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ ⴰⴷⴰⵜⵓⵍⵡⵉⵖ ⴰⴳⴳⴰⵖ |- |f || {{IPA|f}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |s || {{IPA|s̪}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ṣ || {{IPA|s̪ˤ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |š || {{IPA|ʃ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵔ-ⵓⴷⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |x || {{IPA|χ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |xʷ || {{IPA|χʷ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ḥ || {{IPA|ʜ}} || ⴰⵔⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |z || {{IPA|z̪}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ẓ || {{IPA|z̪ˤ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ž || {{IPA|ʒ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⵔ-ⵓⴷⵍⵓⴳⵍ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ɣ || {{IPA|ʁ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ɣʷ || {{IPA|ʁʷ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵏⵛⵓⵛ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ |- |ɛ || {{IPA|ʢ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⴽⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |h || {{IPA|ɦ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵏⵣⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵔⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |l || {{IPA|l̪}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |ḷ || {{IPA|l̪ˤ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |y || {{IPA|j}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |w || {{IPA|w}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⴰⵏⵛⵓⵍⵡⵉⵖⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵖⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⵔⴰⵢ |- |r || {{IPA|r̪}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⴰⵢ |- |ṛ || {{IPA|r̪ˤ}} || ⵉⵎⵖⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⴽⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵎⴰⵢ }- |} ==== ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ==== ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ /ⵡ/ ⴷ /ⵢ/ ⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ''ⵓ'' ⴷ ''ⵉ'' ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ (C_C), ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵙⴰ (C_# ⴷ #_C). ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ, ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵏ /ⵓ/ ⴷ /ⵉ/ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⴹⵏ ⵓⵔⴰⴳⵍⴰⵏⵏ ''ⵡ'' ⴷ ''ⵢ'' ⴱⴰⵛ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵍⵖⵉⵜ. ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰ ⴼ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ, ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ<ref> ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵛⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⴽⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵏⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ (Galand 1988, 2.9). ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵥⵕ ⴰⵢⴰ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵖ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ (van den Boogert 1997:249).</ref>, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵏ, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ Onset ⵏⵖ Coda, ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⵎ 'nucleus' ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵜ. ⴰⴱⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵙ ⴰⵥⴰⵢⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵍⴽⵎⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴽⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵢⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏ ⵉ /ⵡ/ ⴷ /ⵢ/.<ref>Applegate (1958), Dell & Elmedlaoui (1985, 2002), Ridouane (2008).</ref> ⴰⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⴼ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵙⴱⵣⵣⵉⵣⵏⵜ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵖ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵥⴹⴰⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵊⵕⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵜⵓ, ⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ''ⵜⴰⵣⵡⴷⵉⵜ'', ''ⵜⴰⵀⵔⵓⵢⵜ'' (ⵓⵔ ⴷ ''*ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵓⵢⵜ'', ''*ⵜⴰⵀⵔⵡⵉⵜ''). ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ /ⵡ/ ⴷ /ⵢ/, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉⴼⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⵖ ''ⴰⴼⴰⵡⵡⵓ'', ''ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓ''<ref>ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴳⴷⵍ ⵜ Dixon (2010:284) ⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ.</ref>. ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵉⴼⵓⵏⵉⵎⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵉⵎⵕⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ<ref>Van den Boogert (1997:247–8), ⵙ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ.</ref>. ==== ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ==== ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⵥⵍⵉ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵔⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵉⵏ (ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ): ::''ⵜⵓⴳⴰ'' ⵎⴳⵍ. ''ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ'' ::''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴰ'' ⵎⴳⵍ. ''ⵜⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰ'' ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵣⴼ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⴳⵏ: ::''ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ'', ''ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ'' (''ⵍⵍ'' ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ''ⵍ'') ::''ⵉⵎⴳⵔ'', ''ⴰⵔ'' ''ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵔ'' (''ⴳ'' ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ''ⴳⴳ'') ⵙ ⵓⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵖⵣⴼ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ''ⵅⵅⵯ'' ⴷ ''ⵕⵕ'' ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵓⴼⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⴰ (unattested). ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵍⴹⵟⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⵖⵣⴼ (ⵇⵇ, ⵇⵇⵯ)<ref>ⵥⵕ ⵠⴰⵏ ⴷⴻⵏ ⴱooⴳⴻⵔⵜ (1997:244–245).</ref>. ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍ, ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⵜ (ⵖ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵙⵍⵉⵜ): ::''ⴹ'': ''ⴹⴹ'' ⴷ ''ⵟⵟ'' ::''ⵡ'': ''ⵡⵡ'' ⴷ ''ⴳⴳⵯ'' ::''ⵖ'': ''ⵖⵖ'' ⴷ ''ⵇⵇ'' ::''ⵖⵯ'': ''ⵖⵖⵯ'' ⴷ ''ⵇⵇⵯ'' ⵖ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ, ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ''ⵟⵟ'', ''ⴳⴳⵯ'',''ⵇⵇ'', ''ⵇⵇⵯ'' ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵉⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ''ⴹ'', ''ⵡ'', ''ⵖ'', ''ⵖⵯ'': ::''ⵖⵔⵙ'', ''ⴰⵔ ⵉⵇⵇⵔⵙ'' (ⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ''ⴽⵣⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵔⵣ'') ::''ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵖ'', ''ⵉⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ'' (ⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ''ⵉⵙⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ'') == ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ == === ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ === ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵏⴰⵃⵢⴰ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵚⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉ: * ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ * ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ * ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵍⵖⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵏⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ (Gender), ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ. ==== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ==== ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⵓ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵏⴰⴽⵯⵣ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵅⴰⵡⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ: ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ (t)V-: :''ⴰⵣⴰⵍ'' "-{daytime}-" :''ⵉⴳⵉⴳⵉⵍ'' "-{orphan}-" :''ⵓⵚⴽⴰⵢ'' "-{hound}-" :''ⵜⴰⴷⴳⴳⵯⴰⵜ'' "-{evening}-" :''ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵏⵚⵔⵜ'' "-{marsh mallow (plant}-" :''ⵜⵓⴹⴼⵉⵜ'' "-{ant}-" ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ; ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⴼ (ⵏⵖ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ) ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ, ⴷ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷⵏ, ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: ''état libre'', ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ: '''EL''') ⴷ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣ (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ: ''état d’annexion'', ⴰⵙⴳⵣⵍ: '''EA'''). ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⵜⵓⵔ ⴰⵏⵙⵎⴰⴽⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴷⵉⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉ. ⵥⴹⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ''ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵡⵉⵜ'' ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ ''ⵜ-'', ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉ ''ⴰ-'' ⴷ ⵡⵓⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ ''-ⵜ'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⴼ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ''ⵣⴷⵡⵉ''. ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⵉⵍⵏ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵏⵜⵉ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴼⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ (EL); ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵖ ''ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵖ'', ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵔⵉ ''ⴰ-'' ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⴳⴳⴰⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ ''ⴱⴰⵖⵓⵖ''. ==ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⴱⵕⴰⵏⵉ== [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:WIKITONGUES- Abderrahman speaking Tachelhit.webm|thumb|ⴰⴼⵔⵓⵅ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ.]] ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ : {| class="wikitable alternance" |- ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⴱⵜ ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ ! scope="col" | ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵉⵜ |- | ⴰⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏ | ⴼⵔⵔⴰⵏ فران | | ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ | ⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ גָּדֵר | | ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ | ⴱⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ Pullus | | ⴰⵛⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ | ⵙⵉⵅⵓⵔ Segur |- | ⴰⵃⴷⴷⴰⴷ | ⵃⴷⴷⴰⴷ حداد | | ⴰⵥⴰⵍⵉⵎ | ⴱⵙⵍⵉⵎ בצלים | | ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵙ | ⴰⵙⵉⵏⵓⵙ Asinus | | ⵍⴼⵉⵛⵟⴰ | ⴼⵢⵉⵙⵜⴰ Fiesta |- | ⴰⵅⵎⵎⴰⵙ | ⵅⵎⵎⴰⵙ خماس | | ⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎ | ⵇⴰⵏⵉⵎ קנים | | ⴰⵍⵉⵍⵉ | ⵍⵉⵍⵢⵓⵎ Lilium | | ⵙⵙⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ | ⵙⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ Escuela |- | ⴰⴳⵣⵣⴰⵔ | ⵊⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ جزار | | ⵍⵎⴷ | ⵍⵎⵓⴷ ללמוד | | ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ | ⴽⵓⵙⴰ Causa | | ⵛⵎⵔⵉⵔ | ⵙⵓⵎⴱⵔⵉⵔⵓ Sombrero |- | ⴰⵛⵟⵟⴰⴱ | ⵛⵟⵟⴰⴱ شطاب | | | | | ⴰⴱⴰⵡ | ⴼⴰⴱⴰ Faba | | ⴰⵛⵏⵜⵉ | ⵙⵉⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ Centeno |- |} ⴽⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵡⵉⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵎⵉⵜⵉⴽ : {|class="wikitable" border="1" |width="50"| ||width="150"|'''ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ''' ||width="150"| '''ⵜⵉⴳⵔⵉⵏⵢⴰ''' ||width="150"| '''ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵉⵜ''' ||width="150"| '''ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ''' |- | 5 || ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ || ⵃⴰⵎⵎⵓⵚ- ḥammuš- || ⵃⵎⵚ ḥmš || ⵅⴰⵎⵙ- xams- |- | 6 || ⵚⴹⵉⵚ || ⵚⵉⴷⵉⵚ- šɨdɨš- || ⵚⵚ šš || ⵙⵉⵜⵜ- sitt- |- | 7 || ⵙⴰ || ⵚⵓⴱⵄⴰⵜ šobʕat- || ⵚⴱⵄšbʕ || ⵙⴰⴱⵄ- sabʕ- |- | 8 || ⵜⴰⵎ || ⵚⵓⵎⵎⵓⵏ- šommon- || ⵚⵎⵏ šmn || ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵏ- θamān- |- | 9 || ⵜⵥⴰ || ⵜⵉⵚⵄⴰⵜ- tɨšʕat- || ⵜⵚⵄ tšʕ || ⵜⵉⵙⵄ- tisʕ- |} ==== ⴰⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⵓⵣ ==== {{ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵡⴰⵏ}} ==== ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ ==== {{ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵡⴰⵏ}} === ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ === ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵏ: * ⵉⵎⵣⵉⵔⴳⵏ * ⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ * ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵓⵖⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵖ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ (ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ): * ⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵏ * ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵎⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜⵜ. ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵢⵎⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜⵜ. ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⵎⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏ. {| class="wikitable" border="1" |width="30"| ||width="120"| ||width="120"| ⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜ || width="120" | Taɣawsa tusridt<br />clitics ||width="120"| ⵓⴹⴼⵉⵕⵏ<br /> || width="120" | ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵙⵔⵉⴷⵜⵉⴽⵍⵉⵜⵉⴽⵏ || width="120" | ⵉⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ |- |1||-{sg.}-||nkki(n)||yyi||V-Ø / C-i||yyi||V nw / C inw |- |2||-{sg.m.}-||kyyi(n)||k||-k||a-k||nn-k |- | ||-{sg.f.}-||kmmi(n)||km||-m||a-m||nn-m |- |3||-{sg.m.}-||ntta(n)||t|| rowspan="2"|-s|| rowspan="2"|a-s|| rowspan="2"|nn-s |- | ||-{sg.f.}-||nttat||tt / stt |- |1||-{pl.m}-||nkkʷni(n)||rowspan="2"|aɣ|| rowspan="2"|-nɣ|| rowspan="2"|a-ɣ|| rowspan="2"|nnɣ |- | ||-{pl.f}-||nkkʷnti(n) |- |2||-{pl.m.}-||kʷnni(n)||kʷn||V-wn / C-un||a-wn||nn-un |- | ||-{pl.f.}-||kʷnnimti(n)||kʷnt||V-wnt / C-unt||a-wnt||nn-unt |- |3||-{pl.m.}-||nttni(n)||tn||-sn||a-sn||nn-sn |- | ||-{pl.f.}-||nttnti(n)||tnt||-snt||a-snt||nn-snt |- |colspan="7" align="center"| ∅ = ⵡⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵉⵎ |} == ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ == === ⵜⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵉⵏ === {{ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⵅⵡⴰⵏ}} === ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵉⵏ === ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ''ⵜⵉⵢⵏⵉ'' (-{ⵛⴼ.}- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⴻⵖⵜ ''tehäyne'', ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ''aβēna''), ⵣⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵚⵕⵉⵜ-ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⵟⵉⵜ (-{ⵛⴼ.}- ⵜⴰⵇⵓⴱⵟⵉⵜ ''bnne'', ''beni'', ''benni''). ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ-ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜⴰ ⵜⵉⵙ 5 ⴹⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵄⵉⵙⴰ. ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⴳⵔⴰⵜⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⴻⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ. ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ: ::''ⴰⴳⴰⴷⵉⵔ'' (ⵥⵕ. gādēr 'ⴰⵖⵔⴰⴱ' ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ) ::''ⴰⵥⴰⵍⵉⵎ'' (ⵥⵕ. beṣālîm ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ) ::''ⴰⵖⴰⵏⵉⵎ'' (ⵥⵕ. qānîm ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ) ::''ⵜⵉⴼⵙⵜ'' 'flax, linen' (ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⵥⵕ. pišt- ⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ) ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳ ''ⵍⵎⴷ'' ⴷⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍ ⵣⵖ ⵜⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ (ⵥⵕ. ⵜⵓⴷⴰⵢⵜ). ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ''ⵓⴷⴰⵢ'' ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰⵢ -{ (-{ⵛⴼ.}- ''yūdāy-ā'' ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵢⵜ-ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⵍ. ''yehûdî'' ⵜⴰⵄⵉⴱⵔⵉⵜ, ''yahūdī'' ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ; ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵔⴰⵎⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ''ἰουδαῖος'', ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ''iūdaeus''). }- ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏⵏ ⵣⴳ 5 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵎⵉⵢⵏ. ⵉⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ-ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴰⴱⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. ⵀⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ: {|class="wikitable" border="1" |width="50"| ||width="150"|'''Taclḥit''' ||width="150"| '''Tigrinya''' ||width="150"| '''Tafiniqit''' ||width="150"| '''Taɛrabt''' |- | 5 || smmus || -{ḥammuṣ- ḥammuš-}- || -{ḥmṣ ḥmš}- || -{ xams- xams-}- |- | 6 || sḍis || -{ṣidiṣ- šɨdɨš-}- || -{ṣṣ šš}- || -{sitt- sitt-}- |- | 7 || sa || -{ṣubɛat šobʕat-}- || -{ṣbɛšbʕ}- || -{sabɛ- sabʕ-}- |- | 8 || tam || -{ṣummun- šommon-}- || -{ṣmn šmn}- || -{taman- θamān-}- |- | 9 || tẓa || -{tiṣɛat- tɨšʕat-}- || -{tṣɛ tšʕ}- || -{tisɛ- tisʕ-}- |} ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ/ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵢⴰⵥⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵙⵍⴰⵎ. ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ: ::''ⴰⴼⵓⵍⵍⵓⵙ'' -{'cock, rooster' (''pullus'' 'young animal, chick'}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⴰⴼⵓⵔⵏⵓ'' -{'oven'}- (smzl. -{''fornus''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵙ'' -{'ass's foal' (''asinus'' 'ass'}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⴼⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓ'' -{'pennyroyal' (plant}-, ⵙⵎⵣⵍ. -{''pulēium''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵉⴽⵉⴽⵔ'' -{'chickpeas' (''cicer''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵍⴰ'' -{'peel, spade' (''pāla''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰ'' -{'file' (''līma''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⴰⵢⵓⴳⴰ'' -{'yoke, pair'}- (asuf n tṛumanst tazaykut -{''*iuga''}-, smzl. amagut alatin -{''iuga''}-, asuf alatin -{''iugum''}-) ::''ⵓⵔⵜⵉ'' -{'garden'}- (ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵙⵎⵣⵍ. -{''hortus''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ'' -{'thing' (''causa''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵔⴰ'' -{'wax' (''cēra''}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰⵙ'' -{'beets'}- (''-{betas}-'' ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, -{cf.}- ⴰⵙⵓⴼ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ''-{bēta}-'') ::''ⵜⵉⴼⵉⵔⴰⵙ'' '-{pears}-' (*''piras'' nⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, -{cf.}- ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ''pira'', ⴰⵙⵓⴼ ''pirum'') ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵥⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ, ''ⵙ'' ⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵥⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⵔⵓⵢ ''š'' (ⵛ), ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ''ⵙ''. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴹⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴳ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵔⵓ-ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵙⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⵉⴷⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ (ⵚⴱⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎⵜ). ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ: ::''ⴰⵛⴰⵇⵇⵓⵔ'' '-{axe}-' (-{ⵥⵕ. segur}- ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, -{securis}- ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ) ::''ⵛⵎⵔⵉⵔ'' '-{hat}-' (-{ⵥⵕ. sombrero}- ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ) ::''ⴰⵛⵏⵜⵉ'' -{'rye' (-{ⵥⵕ.}- centeno}- ⵜⴰⵚⴱⵍⵢⵓⵏⵜ; -{šəntin}- ⴳ ⵜⵛⴻⵍⵃⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵥⵓⵏⵜ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵏⵢⴰⵔⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵛⴻⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵣⵖ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⴼ -{ašnti}-). == ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵔⵓⴳⵉⵏ == ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⴷⴻⵙⵜⴰⵉⵏⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⴳⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ''ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵏ'' ⵏⵖ ''ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜ'' ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ «ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⵙⵓⵙ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵓ ⵎⵓⵙⴰ». ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ: ''ⵉⵙ ⴽⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴰⵜ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵏ?'' "ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⵓⴳⵜ ?" ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵔⵓⴳⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵢⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ -{ⵍⴰⵀⵔoⵓⵛⵀⵉ ⴷ ⵙéⴳéⵔⴰⵍ}- (2009). ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ''ⵜⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡⵜ'' (ⵉⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ''ⴰⴳⵏⴰⵡ'' "ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⵉⴷ") ⴷ ''ⵜⴰⵄⵥⵎⵉⵢⵜ'' (ⵉⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰ ''ⵄəⵥⵎⵉⵢⴰ'' "ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ") ⵏⵖ ''ⵜⴰⵇⵇⵥⵎⵉⵢⵜ''. ⴰⵔ ⵙⵅⴷⴰⵎⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉⴳⵣⵜⵜ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵜⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵓ. == ⵜⵉⵏⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ == === ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ === * Robert Aspinion: ''Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs''. Rabat 1952. * Abdallah Boumalk, ''Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit (langue berbère du Maroc)'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-5527-5 * Abdallah El Mountassir, ''Initiation au Tachelhit, langue berbère du sud du Maroc. "Ra nsawal tachelhit"'', Paris, L'Asiathèque, 1999 - ISBN 2-911053-53-2 * Hans Stumme, ''Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar'', Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1899. === ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ === * Abdellah Bounfour & Abdallah Boumalk, ''Vocabulaire usuel du tachelhit'', Éditions Centre Tarik Ibn Ziyad, Rabat. * Edmond Destaing, ''Étude sur la tachelḥît du Sous. I- Vocabulaire français-berbère'', Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1920 * Abdallah El Mountassir, ''Dictionnaire des verbes tachelhit-français (parler berbère du sud du Maroc)'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-3577-0 * Antoine Jordan, ''Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait)'', Rabat, Omnia, 1934. * Michel Quitout, ''Grammaire berbère (rifain, tamazight, chleuh, kabyle)'', Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007 - ISBN 2-7384-6004-6 === ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰ === * Paulette Galand-Pernet, ''Littératures berbères, des voix, des lettres'', Paris, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, 1998 - ISBN 2-13-049518-4 * Paulette Galand-Pernet, ''Recueil de poèmes chleuhs. I- Chants de trouveurs'', Paris, Klincksieck, 1972 - ISBN 2-252-01415-6. * Hans Stumme, ''Dichtkunst und Gedichte der Schluh'', Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1895 * Nico Van den Boogert, ''The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous, with an edition and translation of ‘The Ocean of Tears' by Muhammad Awzal (d. 1749)'', Leiden, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten (Sticht de Goeje, 27), 1997. === ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ=== * Edmond Destaing, ''Textes berbères en parler des Chleuḥs du Sous (Maroc)'', Paris, Geuthner, 1940. * Harry Stroomer, ''An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber folktales (South Morocco)'', Köln, Köppe, 2001 (''Berber studies'' 2) - ISBN 3-89645-381-5 * Harry Stroomer, ''Tashelhiyt Berber folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Tazerwalt texts with an English translation'', Köln, Köppe, 2002 (''Berber studies'' 4) - ISBN 3-89645-383-1 (riedizione di: Hans Stumme, ''Märchen der Schluh von Tazerwalt'', Lepzig, Hinrichs, 1895) * Harry Stroomer, ''Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Ayt Brayyim, Lakhsas and Guedmioua region (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Récits, contes et légendes berbères en Tachelhiyt by Arsène Roux with an English translation'', Köln, Köppe, 2003 (''Berber studies'' 5) - ISBN 3-89645-384-X * Harry Stroomer, ''Tashelhiyt Berber texts from Ida u Tanan (South Morocco)'', Köln, Köppe, 2004 (''Berber studies'' 9) - ISBN 3-89645-388-2 == ⵉⵍⵉⴽⵉⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ == * '''<small>( Fr - Shi )</small>''' https://archive.org/stream/JORDANDictionnaireFrancaisBerbere#page/n1/mode/2up * '''<small>( Fr - Shi )</small>''' https://archive.org/stream/DestaingEtudeSurLaTacheltDuSous_201304#page/n3/mode/2up * <small>'''( Fr - Shi - Tzm )'''</small> https://archive.org/stream/DictionnaireFrancaisBerbere * '''<small>( Eng - Shi )</small>''' https://www.livelingua.com/peace-corps/Tashelhit//tashelhit-dictionary-2011.pdf == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵎⴰⴷⵏ == * Amard, P. (1997). ''Textes berbères des Aït Ouaouzguite''. Edités et annotés par Harry Stroomer. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 2-85744-960-7. * Amarīr, ʿU. (1987). ''al-Shiʿr al-āmāzīghī al-mansūb ilā Sīdī Ḥammū al-Ṭālib''. Tigmmi tumlilt: Maktabat Provence (s taɛrabt d taclḥit). * Applegate, J.R. (1958). ''[http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED089543 An outline of the structure of Shilḥa]''. New York: American Council of Learned Societies. * Aspinion, R. (1953). ''[https://archive.org/download/apprenonsleberbereinitiationauxdialecteschleuhsrobertaspinion/Apprenons-le-Berbere-Initiation-aux-dialectes-chleuhs-Robert-Aspinion.pdf Apprenons le berbère. Initiation aux dialectes chleuhs]''. Rabat: Moncho. * Bellakhdar, J. (1997). '' La pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle ''. N.p.: Ibis Press. ISBN 2-910728-03-X. * Boogert, N. van den (1989) . [https://web.archive.org/web/20161118135527/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/boogert_notes_maghribi_script.PDF " Some notes on Maghribi script"] <small>[ PDF ]</small>. ''Manuscripts of the Middle East''. '''4''': 30–43. * Boogert, N. van den (1997) . ''The Berber literary tradition of the Sous''. De Goeje Fund, Vol. XXVII. Leiden: NINO. ISBN 90-6258-971-5. * Boogert, N. van den (1998) .. ''La révélation des énigmes. Lexiques arabo-berbères des xvii^e et xviii^e siècles''. Travaux et documents de l'Irémam, no. 19. Aix-en-Provence: Irémam. ISBN 2-906809-18-7. * Boogert, N. van den (2000) .. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150112100910/http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/articles/Boogert-2000-corrected-version_Medieval%20berber%20orthography.pdf Medieval Berber orthography ]". In Chaker, S.; Zaborski, A. (eds.). '' Etudes berères et chamito-sémitiques, Mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse ''. Paris and Louvain: Peeters (pp. 357–377). ISBN 978-90-429-0826-0. * Boogert, N. van den (2002) .. " The names of the months in medieval Berber". In Naït-Zerrad, K. (ed.). '' Articles de linguistique berbère. Mémorial Werner Vycichl ''. Paris: L'Harmattan (pp. 137–152). ISBN 2747527069. * Boogert, N. van den & Kossmann, M. (1997) .. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/4151/1267577_034.pdf?sequence=1 "Les premiers emprunts arabes en berbère" ] (PDF) . '' Arabica ''. '''44''' (2): 317–322. * Boukous, A. (1977) .. '' Langage et culture populaires au Maroc. Essai de sociolinguistique ''. Casablanca: Dar El Kitab (the bland title hides a book on Shilha containing, among others, nine narrative texts with translations, pp. 152–289). * Boumalk, A. (2004) .. '' Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit ''. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747555275. * Boumalk, A. & Bounfour, A. (2001). [[iarchive:vocabulaire-usuel-du-tachelhit-tachelhit-francais-bounfour-boumalek|'' Vocabulaire usuel du tachelhit (tachelhit-français)''. .]] Rabat: Centre Tarik Ibn Zyad. ISBN 9954022899. * Cid Kaoui, S. (1907) .. ''[[iarchive:dictionnairefra00kaougoog|Dictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir't (dialectes berbères du Maroc)]]''. Paris: Leroux. * Colin, G.S. (1993) .. '' Le dictionnaire Colin d'arabe dialectal marocain ''. Vol. 1–8. Edited by Z.I. Sinaceur. Rabat: Al Manahil, Ministère des affaires culturelles. ISBN 9981-832-03-0. * Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (1985) .. " Syllabic consonants and syllabification in Imdlawn Tashlhiyt Berber ". '' Journal of African Languages and Linguistics''. '''7''' (2): 105–130. * Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (2002) .. ''Syllables in Tashlhiyt Berber and in Moroccan Arabic''. Dordecht, Boston, London: Kluwer. ISBN 978-1-4020-1077-4. * Dell, F. & Elmedlaoui, M. (2008) .. ''Poetic metre and musical form in Tashelhiyt Berber songs''. Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-398-3. * Destaing, E. (1920). ''[http://www.ayamun.com/destaing.pdf Etude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère]'' (PDF). Paris: Leroux (reprinted 1938). * Destaing, E. (1937). ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3207143 Textes arabes en parler des Chleuḥs du Sous (Maroc)]''. Paris: Geuthner. * Destaing, E. (1940). ''Textes berbères en parler des Chleuhs du Sous (Maroc)''. Paris: Geuthner (contains the same texts as Destaing 1937, which see for the translations). * Dixon, R.M.W. (2010). ''Basic linguistic theory. Volume 1, Methodoloy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957106-2. * Fox, M. & Abu-Talib, M. (1966). ''A dictionary of Moroccan Arabic''. Washington: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0-87840-007-9. * Galand, L. (1988). "Le berbère". In D. Cohen (ed.). ''Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne. Troisième partie, Les langues chamito-sémitiques''. Paris: CNRS (pp. 207–242). ISBN 2-222-04057-4. * Galand-Pernet, P. (1972). 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'' Textes berbères des Aït Souab, Anti-Atlas, Maroc ''. Edités et annotés par N. van den Boogert, M. Scheltus, H. Stroomer. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. ISBN 2-85744-826-0. * Ridouane, R. (2008) .. "[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00382862/document Syllables without vowels. Phonetic and phonological evidence from Tashelhiyt Berber ]". '' Phonology ''. '''25''' (2): 321–359. * Roettger, T.B. (2017) .. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227234605/https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/137 '' Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt. How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments''.] Berlin: Language Science Press (open access publication). ISBN 978-3-944675-99-2. * Roux, A. (2009) .. '' La vie berbère par les textes, parlers du sud-ouest marocain (tachelhit) ''. Ethnographic texts re-edited, translated into English by John Cooper. Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-923-7. * Stricker, B.H. (1960) .. '' L'Océan des pleurs. Poème berbère de Muḥammad al-Awzalî ''. 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''' 48 ''' : 381–406. * Stumme, H. (1895) .. [[iarchive:mrchenderschluv00stumgoog|'' Märchen der Schlūḥ von Tázerwalt .''.]] Leipzig: Hinrichs. * Stumme, H. (1899) .. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k84081d '' Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt .''.] Leipzig: Hinrichs. * Stumme, H. (1907) .. [http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/63781 " Mitteilungen eines Shilḥ über seine marokkanische Heimat" ]. '' Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft .''. '''61''': 503–541. == ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⴷⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴹⵏ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130511100746/http://mlahrouchi.free.fr/papers/Lahrouchi_handout_GLOWXXX_2007.pdf "Tashlhiyt Berber triconsonantal roots – A binary branching head-complement structure"](PDF). Archived from the original <small>(153 KB)</small> (azday immutn). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715175145/http://www.cunyphonologyforum.net/Syllabstracts/Dell.pdf "Singing in Tashlhiyt Berber, a language that allows vowel-less syllables"] <small>(142 KB)</small> (azday immutn). * [http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1768/1768.pdf "Syllable structure as coupled oscillator modes: evidence from Georgian vs. Tashlhiyt Berber"] (PDF) <small>(690 KB).</small> * [http://mlahrouchi.free.fr/papers/abstract-Lahrouchi-IGGXXXI.pdf "Regular and Irregular Imperfective conjugations in Berber languages"] (PDF) <small>(140 KB).</small> * [http://camba.ucsd.edu/phonoloblog/wp-content/MEIGP/Title "''20and''20Contents.pdf "Markedness and economy in a derivational model of phonology"] (PDF) <small>(117 KB)</small> – zr Chapter 3, section 2 (azday immutn). * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/384949/filename/Ridouane-et-al_ICPHS07.pdf "Laryngeal behavior in voiceless words and sentences: a photoelectroglottographic study"] (PDF) <small>(350 KB).</small> * John Coleman,[https://web.archive.org/web/20210211155005/http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/TPS.html "Epenthetic vowels in Tashlhiyt Berber"] (includes sound samples). * [https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_tas World atlas of language structures (WALS) – Tashlhiyt] (ur bahra isḥa mayad lli gis illan) == ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ == {{Notelist}} ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{Reflist|liststyle=2}} [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ]] [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] [[ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ]] 9jjkkeizw1zmigukaqrkbtcsa14df6f 0 5779 197845 197844 2026-10-26T12:07:59Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 197845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ" ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ<ref>Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 <small>([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).</small></ref>ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ". ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ<ref>{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre="Nos lieux interdits" : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.</ref> ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]<ref>« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]]. == ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ == === ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ === ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ"<ref name="communiqué">Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).</ref> ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948<ref>Roger Coindreau et Charles Penz, Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1949 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 60.</ref>. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]<ref>Philippe Marchat, Le Maroc et "les puissances": Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942, Editions L'Harmattan, 1er juillet 2013 (ISBN 978-2-296-54022-4, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 17.</ref>, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref><ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref>, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ "ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ" ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963<ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>. === ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]]. ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957. == ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ == === ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. === ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ === [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]] ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵃⵎⵍ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵉⵍⵉ) ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵇⵉⵔ]] ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ "ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵜⴰ ⴳⵓⵕⵓⵏⵢⵓ", ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵙⴳ 1956. ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1962, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ; ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ "ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ" ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ"ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵏⵏⴰⵕⵏ".[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]] == ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ * ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} czdmhoeyo1wsk1ytq8didjioxpsv9vp 197846 197845 2026-10-26T12:09:01Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 197846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ" ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ<ref>Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 <small>([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).</small></ref>ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ". ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ<ref>{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre="Nos lieux interdits" : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.</ref> ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]<ref>« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]]. == ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ == === ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ === ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ"<ref name="communiqué">Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).</ref> ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948<ref>Roger Coindreau et Charles Penz, Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1949 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 60.</ref>. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]<ref>Philippe Marchat, Le Maroc et "les puissances": Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942, Editions L'Harmattan, 1er juillet 2013 (ISBN 978-2-296-54022-4, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 17.</ref>, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref><ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref>, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ "ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ" ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963<ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>. === ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]]. ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957. == ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ == === ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. === ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ === [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]] ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵃⵎⵍ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵉⵍⵉ) ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵇⵉⵔ]]<ref>« Maroc. Hassan II, "pote" et despote [archive] », sur orientxxi.info, 22 juillet 2019.</ref> ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ "ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵜⴰ ⴳⵓⵕⵓⵏⵢⵓ", ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵙⴳ 1956<ref>Yabiladi.com, « Paquita Gorroño, la "passionnée de Rabat" n’est plus [archive] », sur yabiladi.com, 23 août 2017.</ref>. ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1962, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ; ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ "ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ" ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ"ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵏⵏⴰⵕⵏ".[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]] == ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ * ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} nmaavh2z6eu34yc2z71en3ev68g264p 197847 197846 2026-10-26T12:23:41Z ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ 10568 197847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⵉⴷ}} '''ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ]]: ٱلْحَسَن ٱلثَّانِي، ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]: Hassan II) ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⴳ 9 [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ]] [[1929]] ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]] ⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ [[1999]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]], ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ "ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ" ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⵙⴳ 26 [[ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ]] [[1961]] ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:King Hassan II with Mohammed VI.jpg|thumb|172x172px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]]]] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⴱⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵏⴽⴰ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵏⵓⴼⵙⵍⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⴰⴷ<ref>Ignace Dalle, Fayard, 2011 <small>([[ISBN 978-2-213-63783-9|ISBN&#x20;978-2-213-63783-9]], ⵖⵔ ⵜ [ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵃⴹⴰ]).</small></ref>ⴷ ⵜⵕⵥⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ "ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⵏ". ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵙⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ<ref>{{Article|langue=fr|prénom1=Susan|nom1=Slyomovics|titre=Témoignages, écrits et silences : l’Instance Équité et Réconciliation (IER) marocaine et la réparation|périodique=L’Année du Maghreb|numéro={{IV}}|pages=123–148|date=2008-10-01|issn=1952-8108|doi=10.4000/anneemaghreb.435|lire en ligne=https://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/435?lang=en|consulté le=2024-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=L’Instance Équité et Réconciliation au Maroc : quels héritages ? ({{I}}) – Classe Internationale|url=https://classe-internationale.com/2018/05/31/linstance-equite-et-reconciliation-au-maroc-quels-heritages-i/|site=classe-internationale.com|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴳ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵖⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|prénom=Omar|nom=Brouksy|titre=Maroc. {{noble-|Hassan II}}, « pote » et despote|url=https://orientxxi.info/magazine/maroc-hassan-ii-pote-et-despote,3201|site={{noble-|Orient XXI}}|date=2019-07-22|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre={{noble-|HASSAN II}} : UN ABSOLUTISTE AUX MULTIPLES VISAGES - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/monde/-/hassan-ii-un-absolutiste-aux-multiples-visages|site=https://www.humanite.fr|date=1999-07-26|consulté le=2024-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Paul Balta|titre={{noble-|Hassan II}}, le roi qui a conjugué absolutisme et ouverture|périodique=journal|date=2009-07-27|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2009/07/27/hassan-ii-le-roi-qui-a-conjugue-absolutisme-et-ouverture_1223050_3212.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref><ref>{{Article|langue=fr|auteur1=Jacques Mandelbaum|titre="Nos lieux interdits" : enquête autour de disparus sous la dictature d'{{noble-|Hassan II}}|périodique=journal|date=2009-09-29|lire en ligne=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2009/09/29/nos-lieux-interdits-enquete-autour-de-disparus-sous-la-dictature-d-hassan-ii_1246743_3476.html|consulté le=2024-08-29|accès url=libre}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵙⵔⵙⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=Addis-Abeba: Une photo géante de feu SM {{noble-|Hassan II}}, Père fondateur de l’OUA, accrochée à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de l’UA|url=https://maroc-diplomatique.net/addis-abeba-photo-geante-de-feu-sm-hassan-ii-pere-fondateur-de-loua-accrochee-a-linterieur-de-lenceinte-de-lua/|site=maroc-diplomatique.net|date=27 juin 2017}}.</ref> ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|titre=L’Union du Maghreb arabe ? Vingt ans de blocages|url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/2009/04/09/l-union-du-maghreb-arabe-vingt-ans-de-blocages|site=courrierinternational.com|périodique=[[Courrier international]]|date=8 avril 2009|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]]<ref>« Rétro-Verso : Quand la Garde Royale marocaine défilait sur les Champs-Élysées… », ''L'Opinion'', 24 juillet 2024.</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵥⵕⴰⵢⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵖⵉⵢⵏⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hassan II, messager de la paix au Moyen-Orient ?|url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1179919/hassan-ii-messager-de-la-paix-au-moyen-orient-.html|site=L'Orient-Le Jour|date=2019-07-23|consulté le=2026-09-14}}</ref>. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴷⴱⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵎⴹⴰⵍ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴳⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ]]. == ⵜⵉⵄⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ == === ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ === ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ "ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ"<ref name="communiqué">Voir le communiqué officiel en français reproduit dans {{article|titre=Naissance du prince héritier|périodique=[[L'Économiste]]|numéro=1515|lieu=Casablanca|jour=9|mois=mai|année=2003|lire en ligne=http://www.leconomiste.com/article/naissance-du-prince-heritier|consulté le=20 octobre 2015}}. Il y est écrit : {{citation|[[Mohammed VI|Sa Majesté le Roi]] […] a décidé de donner à Son Altesse Royale le Prince héritier, le [[prénom]] de [[Hassan du Maroc|Moulay Al Hassan]], du prénom de son auguste grand-père Feu Sa Majesté {{noble-|Hassan II}} […]}} (couramment appelé ainsi avant qu'il ne devienne roi).</ref> ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⴰⵍ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]], ⴷ [[ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵄⴱⵍⴰ]] ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ [[ⵟⵟⴰⵀⵕ]]. ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵟⵟⴰⵢⴱ ⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ. ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ (ⵜⵉⵏⵎⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ) ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏ ⴱⵔⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ar|auteur1=اسماعيل عزّام|titre=قضية المهدي بن بركة تعود للواجهة بقوة في المغرب بعد مرور نصف قرن على اختطافه|url=https://arabic.cnn.com/world/2015/10/31/ben-barka-morocco-0|accès url=payant|site=CNN Arabic|date=2015-10-30|consulté le=6 septembre 2026}}.</ref>. ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⴷⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⴽⴰⵍⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⴳ 1948<ref>Roger Coindreau et Charles Penz, Le Maroc: Maroc français, Maroc espagnol, Tanger, Société d'éditions géographiques, maritimes et coloniales, 1949 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 60.</ref>. ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ [[ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ]], ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ]]<ref>Philippe Marchat, Le Maroc et "les puissances": Un empire convoité - De 711 à 1942, Editions L'Harmattan, 1er juillet 2013 (ISBN 978-2-296-54022-4, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 17.</ref>, ⵉⴷⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴳ 1951<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ ⴳ 1952<ref>La Vie africaine, S.O.G.E.R.E.P., 1964 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 20.</ref>. ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵉ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴹⵓ<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref><ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>ⵓⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵖⵓⵛⵜ 1953<ref>Pierre Corval, Le Maroc en révolution, Éditions T.C., 1956 (lire en ligne [archive]), p. 47.</ref>, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ [[1955]]. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ "ⵍⴰⵊⵓⵊⵉ" ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕⴷⵓ ⴳ 25 [[ⵢⵓⵏⵢⵓ]] 1963<ref>Marc Malherbe, La Faculté de Droit de Bordeaux: (1870 - 1970), Presses Univ de Bordeaux, 1996 (ISBN 978-2-86781-163-0, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 152.</ref>. === ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵣⵉⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵜ. ⴷⴳ [[1943]], ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ|ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ]] ([[ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ]]), ⴷⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴷ [[ⵡⵉⵏⵚⵟⵓⵏ ⵜⵛⵓⵔⵜⵛⵉⵍ]] ⴷ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵍⵉⵏ ⵕⵓⵥⴼⵉⵍⵜ]]; ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ [[ⵉⵎⵥⵟⵟⵉⴹⵏ]] ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ]]. ⴷ ⴷⴳ 1947, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⵓⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵔⵣⴰⴼ ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⵖⵔ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ, ⵏⵏⵉ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ — ⵉⴼⵔⴽⵏ (ⵙ ⵢⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵣⴼⵉⵍⵜ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵖⵉⵏⵜ]]. ⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵔ ⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴷⵔⴼⵉ. ⴳ 1952, ⵉⴷⵔⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵜⴳⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⵜⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵏⵓⵎⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴳ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵓⵔⵙⵉⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ "ⵣⵓⵏⵣⴰ", ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵎⴰⴹⴰⴳⴰⵚⴽⴰⵕ, ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴳ 23 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1955. ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳ 1956, ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵎⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ — ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ — ⴷⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⵙ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⴳ 9 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1957. == ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ == === ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ === ⴳ 3 [[ⵎⴰⵕⵚ]] 1961, ⴷ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ. === ⵜⵉⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ === [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Hassan II, Marrakech, 1966.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ([[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]], [[1966]])]] ⵖⵉⴽⴽ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ, ⵉⵖⵜⵙ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴽⵕⴰⴹⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵜⵃⵎⵍ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⴽⵓⴼⵉⵍⵉ) ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵏⵏⵉ ⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔ ⵉ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵓⴼⵇⵉⵔ]]<ref>« Maroc. Hassan II, "pote" et despote [archive] », sur orientxxi.info, 22 juillet 2019.</ref> ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵎⴽⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⵎ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵚⴱⵏⵢⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ "ⴱⴰⴽⵉⵜⴰ ⴳⵓⵕⵓⵏⵢⵓ", ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⵉⴷⵙ ⵙⴳ 1956<ref>Yabiladi.com, « Paquita Gorroño, la "passionnée de Rabat" n’est plus [archive] », sur yabiladi.com, 23 août 2017.</ref>. ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1962, ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵥⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵍⵖⴰ, ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ; ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⴰⵎ "ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ" ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰ"ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵜ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⵏⵏⴰⵕⵏ". ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ, ⵜⴹⵕ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵢⵢⵓⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⴳ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ — ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵔⵡⴰⴽⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴼⴰ ⴷ ⴰⵔⵔⵉⴼ ⴳ 1965 — ⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵥⵡⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1965, ⵉⵏⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵏⵙⴰ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ [[ⵢⵓⵙⴼ ⴱⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ]] ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⴳⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:الأمير الحسن ابن محمد العلوي يدرس عام 1943.jpg|thumbⵉ|left|211x211px|ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ [[1943]]]] == ⵜⴰⵔⵡⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Mohammed V 1950.jpg|thumb|left|200x200px|ⴰⵎⴽⴽⴰⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴷⴰⴱⵓ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ|ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ]] ⴷⴳ [[1950]].]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⵔⵢⵎ * [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ|ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ]] * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰ * ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏⵜ ⵍⴰⵍⵍⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⵏⴰ * ⴰⴳⵍⴷⵓⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵕⴰⵛⵉⴷ ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵉⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵜⴰⵄⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉⵜ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ|ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} 79c3iiv79a7jrbvrg1qd8gt70gzectj 0 17505 197880 197393 2026-10-27T00:59:18Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 197880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵎⴳⵓⵔⵜ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵖⵎⵉⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ}} '''ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ''' (ⵙ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ: ''Clermont-Ferrand'') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴽⵏⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ]], ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⵓⵏ ⴰⵍⴱⵙ]]. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴱⵓⵢ ⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵎ]], ⴷ ⵓⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ 146 351 ⴳ 2023, ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ]] (INSEE). ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ 272 529 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ.<ref name="insee">[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=AAV2020-022+UU2020-63701+COM-63113 INSEE, «Comparateur de territoires – Clermont-Ferrand», données 2023].</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Panoramic View of Clermont-Ferrand from Montjuzet Park.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ]] == ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⴰⵎⴰ == ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵏ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ, ⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ''Chaîne des Puys'', ⵉⴳ ⵓⴷⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ ''[[ⴱⵓⵢ ⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵎ (ⴰⴷⵔⴰⵔ)|ⴱⵓⵢ ⴷⵓ ⴷⵓⵎ]]'' ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ 42,67 ⴽⵎ². ⵉⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵏ. ⴳ 2018, ⵜⵔⵏⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ''Chaîne des Puys – faille de Limagne'' ⵖⵔ ⵜⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⴽ ⵙ ⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⵍ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵉⴱⵓⵍⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍ.<ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/1434 UNESCO, «Haut lieu tectonique Chaîne des Puys – faille de Limagne»].</ref> == ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ == ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ''Augustonemetum'', ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵔⵏ. ⴳ 848, ⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ''Clairmont''.<ref name="uca">[https://www.uca.fr/universite/nous-connaitre/decouvrir-clermont Université Clermont Auvergne, «Vivre à Clermont»].</ref> ⴳ 15 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 1630, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ [[ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ]] ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵉⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳ 1731 ⴳ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ''Louis XV''. ⵜⵎⵎⵓⵜⵜⵢ ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵖⵔ ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵜⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20260512012112/https://atlas-historique-auvergne.msh.uca.fr/clermont-ferrand-et-son-environnement-au-xviiie-siecle Atlas historique d'Auvergne, «Clermont-Ferrand et son environnement au XVIIIe siècle»].</ref> ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 19, ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴳⵏ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵜ ⵏ ''Michelin'' ⴳ 1889 ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴰ ⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵜⵔⵉⵢⵜ.<ref name="uca" /> == ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ == ⵙ ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ INSEE, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ 143 886 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2017, ⴷ 146 351 ⴳ 2023. ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴰⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ 80 432 ⴳ 2023. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ, ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ 272 529 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ 2023. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵡⴹ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⵓⵖ ⵖⵔ 3 429,8 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⴽⵓ ⴽⵎ², ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ. ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 15 ⴰⵔ 24 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ 22,7%.<ref name="insee" /><ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8999101?geo=COM-63113 INSEE, «Évolution et structure de la population en 2023»].</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ !! ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ |- | 1968 || 148 759 |- | 1990 || 136 181 |- | 2017 || 143 886 |- | 2023 || 146 351 |} <small>ⴰⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍ: INSEE, ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ.<ref>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/8643952?geo=COM-63113 INSEE, «Populations de référence 2023 – Clermont-Ferrand»].</ref></small> == ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ == ⵜⴳⴰ ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⵜ ''Michelin'', ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴼⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵉⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵜⵎⴰⵜⵏ, ''André'' ⴷ ''Édouard Michelin'', ⴳ 1889. ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⴷ, ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵣⵣⵏⵣⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ.<ref name="uca" /> == ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ == [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ''Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption'']] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢⵏ. ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⴽⴰⵜⵉⴷⵔⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ''Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption'' ⵙ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵍⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ. ⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ 1248, ⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ 1902. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴱⴰⵣⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ''Notre-Dame-du-Port'', ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 12, ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵔⵏⴰ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⴳ 1998.<ref name="uca" /> ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵉⵍⵎⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵣⵓⵍⵏ (''Festival international du court métrage de Clermont-Ferrand''). ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏⵉⵎⴰ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ''Place de Jaude'', ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵏ ''Vercingétorix'', ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔ ''Bartholdi''.<ref>[https://www.uca.fr/universite/nous-connaitre/decouvrir-clermont Université Clermont Auvergne, «Découvrir Clermont-Ferrand»].</ref> == ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ == ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ [[Université Clermont Auvergne]], ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ. ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴷⵓⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴳ ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2025, ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ''Clermont fête ses étudiants'', ⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ 5 000 ⵓⵏⵍⵎⴰⴷ.<ref>[https://www.uca.fr/vie-etudiante/retour-sur-clermont-fete-ses-etudiants-2025 Université Clermont Auvergne, «Retour sur Clermont fête ses étudiants 2025»].</ref> == ⴰⵙⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵏ == ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ, ⵙ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ''T2C'' ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴰⵎⵡⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵙⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ. ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵛⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴽⵍⵓ.<ref>[https://www.clermontmetropole.eu/fr/habiter-se-deplacer/deplacement-et-mobilite/transports-en-commun/le-reseau-t2c/ Clermont Auvergne Métropole, «Le réseau T2C»].</ref> == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} == ⵉⵙⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵏ == * [https://clermont-ferrand.fr/ ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵓⵏⵚⵉⴱ ⵏ ⴽⵍⵉⵔⵎⵓⵏ ⴼⵉⵔⵓⵏ]. * [https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-63113 INSEE – ⵉⵙⵉⴹⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ]. mjy6nlx9lkxzcr7jzbyvauprtfh7rl3 0 18658 197879 160668 2026-10-27T00:41:29Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 197879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox|abovestyle=background-color: lightgrey;|headerstyle=background-color: lightgrey;|subheaderstyle1=background-color: lightgrey; |above=<big>'''ⴰⵥⵕⵓ'''</big> |subheader2= |image1=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Centre culturel d'Azrou- Neige.jpg|300x200px|center]] |image3=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Azrou Maroc.jpg|300x200px|center]] |header1=ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ |label2=ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ |data2=[[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of Morocco.svg|18px]] [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] |label3=ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ |data3=[[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ|ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] |label4=ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ |data4=[[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ|ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]] |label7=ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢ |data7=53100 ⴰⵔ 53104<ref>[http://www.codepostal.ma/ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ]</ref> |header10=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ |label12=ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ |data12=81,350 ⵓⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. <small>(2014)</small> |header30=ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ |label32=ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ |data32={{ⴰⵎⵙⵉⴷⴳ|33|26|30|N|5|13|29|W}} |label33=ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ |data33=5.30ⴽⵎ² |label34=ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ |data34=1.278 ⵎ. |label35=ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |data35=[http://azrou.ma/ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ.ⵎⴰ] |data36={{Map draw|33.441667, -5.224722|zoom=7| height=300 | width=300|frameless=s|marker-symbol=city}} }} ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ]] ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]], ⵉⴱⴹⴰⵜ 89 ⴽⵎ ⵙ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵖⴼ [[ⴼⴰⵙ]] ⴷ 68 ⴽⵎ ⵖⴼ [[ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]], ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⴼⴰⵙ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ]]. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵢⵉⵡⴹ 57 581 ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ 2024|ⵓⵙⵉⴹⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵏ 2024]]. ==ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ== ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵊⵢⵓⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]] : geomorphological) ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140810055505/http://www.terremaroc.com/article-f%C3%83%C2%A8s-les-environs-de-f%C3%A8s-azrou-pr%C3%A9sentation-et-visites-article-_268.html ⴰⵔⵛⵉⴼ]</ref> ==ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ== [[File:Azrou,college.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ]] ⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵣⵏⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴼⵉⵔⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵔⴰ (Fernão Taveira) ⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ]] ⵏ ⴱⵕⵟⵇⵇⵉⵣ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210627064617/http://cham.fcsh.unl.pt/ext/portugalemarrocos/files/sources_portugal_tomo_II_prt_1.pdf "LES SOURCES INEDITES DE L'HISTOIRE DU MAROC PREMIÈRE SÉRIE — DYNASTIE SA'DIENNE ARCHIVES ET BIBLIOTHÈQUES DE PORTUGAL" ] (PDF)</ref> ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ [[ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ|ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ]] ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉⵜ - ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ - (ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴷⵉ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ) ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵖⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵉⵄⵎⴰⵔⵉⵢⵜ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "[[ⴹⴹⴰⵀⵉⵔ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵉ]]" ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵍⵏ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ [[ⵛⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ (ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ)|ⵍⵎⵅⵣⵏ]] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵔⵔⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ.<ref>Miller, Susan Gilson. (2013). A history of modern Morocco. New York: Cambridge University Press. [[ISBN]] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5 978-1-139-62469-5]</ref> ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ 1956 ⴰⵔ 1973, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴰⵕⵉⴽ ⵉⴱⵏⵓ ⵣⵉⵢⴰⴷ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1952 , 20 ⵏ [[ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ]] ⵉⵡⴹⵏⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ]] ⵓⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⴱⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵢⵏ]] [[ⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⵎⵓⵙⵍⵎⵏ]] ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢⵏ ⴳⵔ 1955 ⴷ 1964.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241227165129/https://capacity4dev.europa.eu/news/how-inter-faith-spirit-toumliline-lives-50-years-after-moroccan-monastery-closed_en ⵎⴰⵎⵛ "ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ" ⵜⴷⴷⴷⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵜ 50 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵔⴳⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ] Capacity4dev. European Union. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref> ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⴳⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1968 ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241227165129/https://www.archnet.org/sites/20485 ⴱⵉⵏⵉⴷⵉⴽⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ] Archnet. Archnet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref> ⵜⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⵍⵎ "[[ⵉⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴱⴰⴱⴰⵢⵏ]]" ⴳ 2010.<ref>[https://www.lonelyplanet.com/morocco/ifrane-national-park/attractions/toumliline-monastery/a/poi-sig/1631325/1339632 ⵜⴰⵄⵣⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍⵉⵏ] Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref> ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1956 ⵙⴷⵉⴽⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ [[ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ]]. ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ|ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ]] ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ]] ⵡⴰⵀⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵙⵓⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⴰⵅⵅⴰ ⵜⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ. ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵎⵛⵜⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵏⵙⵓ|ⵉⵙⵏⵙⴰ]]. ==ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ== [[File:Azrou market.jpg|thumb|ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ]] ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴷⴰⵏ N13 ⴷ N8 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ N13 ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ [[ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵜ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ. ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ N8 ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⴼⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⴰⵔ [[ⵅⵏⵉⴼⵔⴰ]] ⴷⴰⵔⴰⵙ[[ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ]] ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴷⴰⵔⴰⵎ. ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ 1278 ⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵓⵜⵉ ⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⴷⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⴼⵜ|ⵜⵉⵙⵙⴰⴼⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵉⴷⴳⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ|ⵉⴷⴳⵍ]]. ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⴷⴳⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ|ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ]] ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴷⴷⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴰⴽⴽⴰⴽ ⴰⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵉ|ⵓⵎⴰⴽⴰⴽ ⴰⴱⵔⴱⴰⵔⵉ]]. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵏⴹⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ. ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⴷⵖⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⵏ ⴳⵓⵔⵓ" ⵏⵖⴷ "ⵉⴳⴷⵍ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⵓⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⴷⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⵏⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍ ⴷⴳⵙ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉⵡ ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵡⵔⵓⴱⵉ (ⵉⵙⴼⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⴱⵍⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖ|ⵓⴱⵍⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⴰⵖ]]). ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎ|ⵓⵔⴷⵍⵉⵎ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴷⴼⴼⵓ|ⵓⴷⴼⴼⵓ]] ⴷ ⵉⴳⵓⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⵔⴼⴹⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵏ ⵙⵎⵉⵎ. ==ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ== ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴳ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵣⴷⵔ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ. ⴷⴷⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ|ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⴽⵓⴱⴱⵏ]], ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴱⴷⵓ ⵉⵔⵖⴰⵏ (Csa), ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵏⵛⵜⴰ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ (Dsa), ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵎⵎⵉⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⴼⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵄⵙⵙⵍ. [[ⴰⵏⴱⴷⵓ|ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵏ]] ⵉⵔⵖⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴳⵓⵏⴷⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ. {{ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ |location = ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵓⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ<ref>[https://fr.climate-data.org/afrique/maroc/azrou/azrou-21511/ ⴰⵏⵣⵡⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ] (climate-data.org)</ref> |Jan_low_c = −1.4 |Feb_low_c = -0.5 |Mar_low_c = 2 |Apr_low_c = 4.5 |May_low_c = 8 |Jun_low_c = 12.1 |Jul_low_c = 15.7 |Aug_low_c = 15.8 |Sep_low_c = 12.3 |Oct_low_c = 8.7 |Nov_low_c = 3.1 |Dec_low_c = 0.4 |year_low_c = 6.7 |Jan_moy_c = 3.3 |Feb_moy_c = 4.3 |Mar_moy_c = 7.3 |Apr_moy_c = 10 |May_moy_c = 13.7 |Jun_moy_c = 18.5 |Jul_moy_c = 22.4 |Aug_moy_c = 22.2 |Sep_moy_c = 17.7 |Oct_moy_c = 13.5 |Nov_moy_c = 7.5 |Dec_moy_c = 4.9 |year_moy_c = 12.1 |Jan_high_c = 9.3 |Feb_high_c = 10.3 |Mar_high_c = 13.5 |Apr_high_c = 16.1 |May_high_c = 20.1 |Jun_high_c = 25.3 |Jul_high_c = 29.5 |Aug_high_c = 29.3 |Sep_high_c = 24.2 |Oct_high_c = 19.5 |Nov_high_c = 13 |Dec_high_c = 10.8 |year_high_c = 18.4 |Jan_precip_mm = 70 |Feb_precip_mm = 68 |Mar_precip_mm = 78 |Apr_precip_mm = 77 |May_precip_mm = 64 |Jun_precip_mm = 30 |Jul_precip_mm = 20 |Aug_precip_mm = 24 |Sep_precip_mm = 39 |Oct_precip_mm = 53 |Nov_precip_mm = 74 |Dec_precip_mm = 67 |year_precip_mm = 664 }} ==ⵜⵉⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ== <gallery> File:Azrou Morocco.JPG|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ File:Azrou,placeMohammedV.jpg|ⴰⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚ File:Azrou, Morocco (6342862579).jpg|ⵙⵙⵓⵇ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵍⵉ File:Azrou 2.JPG|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ File:Azrou.JPG|ⴰⵥⵕⵓ ⵏ [[ⴰⵥⵕⵓ|ⵓⵥⵔⵓ]] File:Azrou.jpg|ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ File:Neighborhood Tizi Moulay El Hassan in Azrou.jpg|ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⵙⴰⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵥⵕⵓ File:Le Musée Amazigh d'Azrou.jpg|ⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵢ [[ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ|ⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖ]] ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ File:Mosquée Hassan II Azrou.jpg|ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵉⴷⴰ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ File:La source d'eau Sebab Azrou.jpg|ⵜⴰⵙⵇⵇⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱ ⴳ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ File:Centre ville d'Azrou.jpg|ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵥⵕⵓ </gallery> ==ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵏⵉⵡⵜ== ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵢⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵓⵜⵓⴽⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴷ [[ⴱⵍⵡⴰ]] ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2011 <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrou#cite_note-10 ⵜⴰⴳⵎⴰⵜ ⴷ ⴱⵍⵡⴰ] (ⴳ ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ)</ref> * [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[ⴱⵍⵡⴰ]] (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ) ⵙⴳ 2011. * [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Flag of France.svg|18px]] [[ⵎⵉⵍⵍ]] (ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ) ⵙⴳ 1996. ==ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ== {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} 6ke1bphd7jbobj8dke7z2okv6plbadw 0 54993 197878 197555 2026-10-27T00:17:34Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 197878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ''' (Amadeus) ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ]] ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ [[ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ]], ⵉⴷⵔⴰ [[ⴱⵕⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ ⵍⴼⵉⵀⵔⵉ]] ⴳ ⵓⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ [[2008]], ⵉⴳ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ<ref>Medays, acte III http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2598p114-115.xml2/</ref>. ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵖⵔ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ; ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵉⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ. ⵉⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ, ⴰⵎⵛⴰⵡⴰⵕ, ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ, ⵜⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔⵉⵏ, ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵎⴽⴰⴷ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵔⵏⵉⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ «ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ» (MEDays) ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵎⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⴳ 2008 ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⴳⵓⵎⵏ ⵏⵏⵉ ⵙⵓⴳⵔⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵍⴰ ⵉⵥⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⴳ 2013 ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.lesoir-echos.com/quelle-croissance-durable-pour-lafrique%E2%80%89/economie/69461/ |title="Quelle croissance durable pour l'Afrique ? " ''Le Soir Echos'' |access-date=2026-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022191626/http://www.lesoir-echos.com/quelle-croissance-durable-pour-lafrique%E2%80%89/economie/69461/ |archive-date=2019-10-22}}</ref>. ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2012, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⴼⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/think-tank-linstitut-amadeus-dans-le-top-20-mondial |title=« Amadeus dans le top 20 mondial», ''InfoMédiaire'' |access-date=2026-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213023732/http://www.infomediaire.ma/news/maroc/think-tank-linstitut-amadeus-dans-le-top-20-mondial |archive-date=2013-12-13}}</ref>. ⴳ 2013, ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 18 ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ (ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ [[ⵉⵕⴰⵏ]], [[ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ]], ⴷ [[ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ]])<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.menara.ma/fr/2013/01/21/468631-linstitut-amadeus-parmi-les-20-meilleurs-think-tanks-de-la-r%C3%A9gion-mena.html |title=« L'institut Amadeus parmi les 20 meilleurs think tanks de la région MENA», ''Menara'' |access-date=2026-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403113944/http://www.menara.ma/fr/2013/01/21/468631-linstitut-amadeus-parmi-les-20-meilleurs-think-tanks-de-la-r%C3%A9gion-mena.html |archive-date=2015-04-03}}</ref>. ⴳ 2014, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 13 ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵥⵥⵍⵎⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ 6 ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ [[ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ]], ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵉⵙⵎⵍ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⵍⵜ 49 ⴷⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |url=http://www.le360.ma/fr/societe/linstitut-amadeus-ameliore-son-classement-mondial-9045», |title=''Le360.ma'' |access-date=2026-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315004415/https://fr.le360.ma/404.html |archive-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>. == ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵉⴳⴰⵍ == ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ: * ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ ⵃⵓⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵙⵙⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴱⵖⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⴳⴳⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏⵏ. * ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. * ⴰⵚⵍⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⴰⵍⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵣⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵉⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ. * ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⵎⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ ⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵢⵙ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ. == ⵜⵉⵎⴳⴳⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵥⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ == * ⴰⵙⵔⵙⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵚⵍⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ (CAP) ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ. * ⴰⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ. # ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵉⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ "ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ: ⴰⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ; ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴷⴰⴱⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵥ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵎⵙⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵉ ⵢⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵜⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎⴰⵙⵉⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵖⵔⵎⴰⵏ. ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 2008 ⴰⵣⵡⵍ: "ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ: ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ?"<ref>[http://www.yabiladi.com/politique-institut-amadeus-naissance-think-tank,1437.html Institut Amadeus : Naissance d'un think tank marocain]</ref>. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 2009: "ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⵔⵏ". ⵜⴰⵛⴽ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 2010 ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ: "ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ: ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵙⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 2011 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: "ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ". ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ 2012 ⴳⵔ 14 ⴷ 17 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012 ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: "ⵉⴼⴼⵓⵙ: ⵜⴰⴹⵓⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ". ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳⴰ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ ⴳⵔ 13 ⴷ 16 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ: "ⵎⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ?"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130625064236/http://www.aujourdhui.ma/maroc-actualite/24-heures/la-6eme-edition-du-forum-medays-du-13-au-16-novembre-103646.html La ] du Forum MEDays du 13 au 16 novembre.</ref>. # ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ "ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ" (Global Growth Conference), ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⴳⵯⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵕⵕⴱⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 2013. # ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ, ⵉⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⴳⵉⵡⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ. # ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵥⵡⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵖⴰⵔ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵍⵍⴰⵏ: ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ, ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⴽⴰⴷⵉⵎⵉ, ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵉⵏ.. == ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ == * ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ: "ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵜ - ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ: 15 ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵍⴰⴼ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵉⵛⵛⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⵏ", ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 2014<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Partenariat Afrique-Maroc : les 15 recommandations pour un co-développement responsable et durable|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/ftp2012/EtudeMarocAfrique.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ 2013, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2013<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Rapport MEDays 2013|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/ftp2012/RapportMEDays2013Light.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏⵜ 2013 (Global Growth Outlook 2013), ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2013<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Global Growth Outlook 2013|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/ftp2012/RapportMEDays2013Light.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴰⵢⵣ 2012, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2012<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Rapport MEDays 2012|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/ftp2012/RM2012.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ "ⵊⵉⵢⵓⴱⵓⵍⵉⵜⵉⴽ" (Géopolitik), ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳⵔ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2012 ⴷ ⵢⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ  2013<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Revue Géopolitik|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/ftp2012/RM2012.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ 2011, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2011<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Rapport Institut Amadeus 2011|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/pdf/RAPPORT%20AMADEUS%202011%20Basse%20d%C3%A9finition.pdf|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref>. * ⴰⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵔⴽⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵥⵕⴰⴳ ⴳ ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 2010<ref>{{Lien web|langue = |titre = Rapport Education et Classes Moyennes|url = http://www.amadeusonline.org/images/stories/amadeus/documents/publications/classes-moyennes-et-education.pdf?phpMyAdmin=MQpGMtw7vWCU7pSW6L7D9vY6Lz5&phpMyAdmin=oGMC1%2CN1Q3MYIPV7fR8ljfOMEka&phpMyAdmin=2daacd6fce4759898390589077e6bc49|site = |date = |consulté le = }}</ref> == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} icgbm2c83j0mv7y5oe5tig1lose7efg 0 55008 197871 197782 2026-10-26T19:25:07Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261026) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 197871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ''' ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ|ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ]], ⵜⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵜⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⴼⵉⴼⵜ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ, ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵙⵙⴰ|ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ]], ⵙ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ, ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ3) ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴱⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵖⴼ "TSH" (ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ).<ref name=":1">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Thyroïde : rôle, fonction et déréglement |url=https://www.elsan.care/fr/pathologie-et-traitement/glossaire-medical/thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=ELSAN |language=fr}}</ref><ref>Hegedus L, Perrild H, Poulsen LR, Andersen JR, Holm B, Schnohr P, Jensen G et Hansen JM. {{Lang|en|« The determination of thyroid volume by ultrasound and its relationship to body weight, age, and sex in normal subjects » ''Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism''}}. 1983;56:260–26.</ref> ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ ⴷⴷⵓ [[ⴰⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ|ⵓⴳⵔⵊⵓⵎ]] ⴷⴰⵔ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]],ⴷⴰ ⵉⵍⴽⴽⵎ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |date=2024-08-13 |title=Glande Thyroïde : Rôle, Maladies, Diagnostic et Traitements |url=https://www.cliniqueorl.com/blog/thyroide/glande-thyroide/ |access-date=2026-10-23 |language=fr-CA}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> ⴰⴱⵣⵣⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ]] ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ|ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ]] "ⴰⴳⵔⴳⵓⵔ" ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ "ⴰⵃⵍⵃⵓⵍ" ("Goitre" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ).<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Stroomer |first=Harry |title=Dictionnaire berbère tachelḥiyt - français |isbn=978-90-04-70050-5 |publication-date=10 Mar 2025}}</ref><ref>Gutekunst R, Becker W, Hehrmann R, Olbricht T et Pfannenstiel P. « {{Lang|en|Ultrasonic diagnosis of the thyroid gland}} » ''{{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift]]}}'' 1988;113:1109–1112</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=goitre – definition of goitre in English |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918233214/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/goitre |archive-date=September 18, 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016 |website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⵣⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ == ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ, ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⴳⵔ ⵓⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⴳⵎ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ [[ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]], ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ, ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹ.<ref name=":2">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Glande thyroïde |url=https://www.kenhub.com/fr/library/anatomie/glande-thyroide |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Kenhub |language=fr}}</ref> ⴳ  ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵍ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴱⵓⵥⵥⵓⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⵕⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ (C5) ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵔⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ (T1).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Netter |first1=Frank H. |title=Atlas of Human Anatomy Including Student Consult Interactive Ancillaries and Guides. |date=2014 |publisher=W B Saunders Co |isbn=978-1-4557-0418-7 |edition=6th |location=Philadelphia, Penn. |page=27 |name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> [[File:Thyroid gland & thyroid cartilage.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵣⵉⵏⵡⴰⵣⵜ]] ⵖ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵊⴰⵀⴷⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵜⵜⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ 15 ⴷ 25 ⵏ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵎ, ⵖⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏⵜ.<ref name=":2" /> ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵍⴽⵉⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴳⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ-ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵍ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵔⴹ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵉⵙ ⴷⴷⵓ-ⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ. ⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 8 ⵉⵢⵢⵉⵔⵏ ⴷ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵎⵉⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 15 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵜ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵥⴹⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵏⵉⵜ.<ref name=":2" /> ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ 5 ⵙⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵣ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⴳⴳⵉ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⴽⴽⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴰⵎⴰⵔⵜ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ. ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⴽⵓⵕⵕⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵔⴰⵎⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⵯⵉⵣ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⴷⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵖⵙ ⴰⵡⴰⵡⴰⵢ.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Kim DW, Jung SL, Baek JH, Kim J, Ryu JH, Na DG, Park SW, Kim JH, Sung JY, Lee Y, Rho MH |date=January 2013 |title=The prevalence and features of thyroid pyramidal lobe, accessory thyroid, and ectopic thyroid as assessed by computed tomography: a multicenter study |url=https://ir.ymlib.yonsei.ac.kr/handle/22282913/86792 |journal=Thyroid |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=84–91 |doi=10.1089/thy.2012.0253 |pmid=23031220}}</ref> == ⵓⵕⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ == ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ, ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⴳⴷⵎ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵙ ⵜⵔⵉⵢⵓⴷⵓⵜⵉⵔⵓⵏⵉⵏ (ⵜ4) ⴷⵖ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite book |title=Medical Physiology |url=https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse_a0b3 |vauthors=Boron WF, Boulpaep EL |date=2012 |publisher=Saunders |isbn=978-1-4377-1753-2 |edition=2nd |location=Philadelphia |page=[https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000unse_a0b3/page/1052 1052]}}</ref> [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:Thyroid_vector.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵔⴰⵔⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ]] ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜ4 ⵙ ⵜ3 ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷ ⴼ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵖⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ|ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ]]. <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}</ref> ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵕⵓⴹⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵓⴱⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⵜⵉⵔⵓⴽⵙⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴽⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⴼⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵣⵣⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Présentation de la thyroïde - Troubles hormonaux et métaboliques |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/fr/accueil/troubles-hormonaux-et-m%C3%A9taboliques/troubles-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde/pr%C3%A9sentation-de-la-thyro%C3%AFde |access-date=2026-10-23 |website=Manuels MSD pour le grand public |language=fr}}</ref> ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ]] ⴷ ⵎⴰⵜⵛⴰ. ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ, ⵜⴰⵡⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴰⵙⵜ|ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ]] ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵜⵖⵙⵙⴰ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴷⵔⴼⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴽⵍⵉⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> [[File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵍⵉⵢⵢⵓⴷ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵉⵕⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵏ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉⵡⵜ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵟⵟⴰⵢ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵕⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵍⴽⴰⵍⵙⵉⵜⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵎⴰⵥ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⵖⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵔⵅⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵎ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵔⴰⴱ ⵉⵖⵙ.<ref name=":3" /> == ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ == • [[ⵜⴰⵙⴰ]] • [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] • [[ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ]] • [[ⵜⴰⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == <references /> == ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵜⵏ == === ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⵙⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ: === * [http://www.igr.fr/service.php?p_m=download&p_file=cancer/documentation/livret_cancer_thyroide.pdf livret d'information "Cancer de la thyroïde"] ; Institut Gustave Roussy. * {{en}} ARC, Monographie Volume 79 (2001) [http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol79/index.php ''Some Thyrotropic Agents''] * Fini J.B et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les perturbateurs thyroïdiens et leurs conséquences sur le développement cérébral''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 17-26. * Remaud S et Demeneix B (2019) ''Les hormones thyroïdiennes régulent le destin des cellules souches neurales''. Biologie Aujourd’hui, 213(1-2), 7-16 ([https://www.biologie-journal.org/articles/jbio/abs/2019/01/jbio190007/jbio190007.html résumé]). 7ipn8cubync2h6valbd3qy2nm6obkzr 0 55012 197870 197798 2026-10-26T19:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 96 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20261026) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 197870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]] : ''Imperium romanum'') ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵙⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⵉ [[ⴰⵡⴰⵏⴽ|ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⴷ 395 ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ.<ref>{{Citation |title=Empire romain |date=2026-10-10 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Empire_romain&oldid=240245446 |access-date=2026-10-24 |language=fr}}</ref> ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴳⵓ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ (ⵙⵙⵉⵏⴰⵜⵓ) ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ "ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵙ" ⵉ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ, ⵢⵓⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]. ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴷⵖ ⵡⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ|ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ]] ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ : ⴰⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ (Principat). ⵜⵉⵖⵯⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ : ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ "Pax Romana" (ⴰⴼⵔⴰ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ)<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Goldsworthy |first=Adrian |title=Pax Romana : War, Peace and Conquest in the Roman World |url=https://archive.org/details/paxromanawarpeac0000gold |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0300178821}}</ref><ref>{{Chapitre|prénom1=François|nom1=Hinard|lien auteur1=François Hinard|titre chapitre=Pax romana|sous-titre chapitre=Naissance et signification|auteurs ouvrage=[[Pierre Chaunu]] (dir.)|titre ouvrage=Les Fondements de la paix|sous-titre ouvrage=des origines au début du {{s-|XVIII}}|lieu=Paris|nature ouvrage=actes du colloque du Mémorial de Caen et du CRHQ, 27-28 février 1992|année=1993|passage=63-78|isbn=978-2-1304-5767-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pax Romana |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/447447/Pax-Romana |publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴱⵓⵖⵍⴰ ⵜⵎⵓⵏⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ, ⵜⴳⴳⵯⵔⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵙⵖ [[ⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵇⵔⴰⵏⵜ|ⴱⵕⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⴽⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ [[ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ|ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ]], ⴰⵔ ⵙⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ [[ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵙⵉⴼⵜ]].<ref name=":1">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Tisserand |first=Daïanée |date=2023-02-27 |title=Empire romain : résumé de la période de la Rome antique |url=https://www.linternaute.com/actualite/guide-histoire/2618663-empire-romain-resume-de-la-periode-de-la-rome-antique/ |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.linternaute.com |language=fr}}</ref> ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵍ, ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ ⴷⵢⵓⵖⵍⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]], ⵉⵙⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵜⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ". ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴷⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⵓⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 324, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ. ⵜⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ [[ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ|ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ]] ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 476, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⴷⵡⴰⴽⵕ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⵕⵓⵎⵉⵍⵓⵙ ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵓⵍⵓⵙ. ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⴱⴰⵕⵏ. ⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]], ⵜⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵙⵓⵍ '''ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ''' ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ|ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ]] ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1453, ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵖⵖⵯⵉⵏ ⵉⵄⵓⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵜⴰⵖⵚⵟⵓⵏⵜⵉⵏⵜ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ |last=Petit |first=Paul |title=Histoire générale de l'Empire romain |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiregenerale0000peti_r3u5 |date=1978 |year=1978 |isbn=2-02-002649-X |edition=Éditions du Seuil |language=Français}}</ref><ref>Cornell, Tim (1993). "The End of Roman Imperial Expansion." ''War and Society in the Roman World''. (Eds. John Rich and Graham Shipley. London: Routledge), p. 156.</ref> [[File:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|thumb|ⴰⵍⴽⴽⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴽⴰⵕⴹⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 117]] == ⵜⴰⵏⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ == === ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ === ⵢⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵇⵓⵏⵚⵓⵍ '''[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]]''' ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵉⵣⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⵜⴽⵓⵔ ⵙ ⵓⵔⵖⵓⴷ. ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵙ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵏ [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]] ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴹⴽⵓⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ.<ref name=":3">Plutarch (1919) [2nd century AD]. "Life of Caesar". ''Parallel Lives''. Loeb Classical Library. Vol.&nbsp;7. Translated by Perrin, Bernadotte. OCLC&nbsp;40115288 &#x2013; via LacusCurtius</ref> ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⴱⵉⵔⴰⵜⵓⵔ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵥⵓⵕ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ "empereur")<ref>Eder, W. (1993) "The Augustan Principate as Binding Link," in Between Republic and Empire. University of California Press. p. 98. ISBN:0520084470.</ref>, ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰⵡⵏ.<ref name=":3" /> ⵉⵍⴰ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ.<ref name=":2">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=La fondation de l'Empire romain - Histoire - 6e |url=https://www.assistancescolaire.com/eleve/6e/histoire/reviser-une-notion/6her01 |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=www.assistancescolaire.com |language=fr}}</ref> [[File:Gaius Iulius Caesar (Vatican Museum).jpg|thumb| ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ ⵏ ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵏⵏⵉⵖ ⵖ ⵓⴼⴰⵜⵉⴽⴰⵏ]]ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵥⵓⵥⴹ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⵢⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳ [[ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ]], ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ.<ref>Badian, Ernst (2012). "Iulius Caesar, C (2)". In Hornblower, Simon; et al. (eds.). The Oxford classical dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3394. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8</nowiki>. OCLC 959667246.</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵙ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴼⴼⵓⵖⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵣⴱⵓⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵖⴰ [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ]] ⵖ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 44 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=@NatGeoFrance |date=2018-08-20 |title=La mort de César, un meurtre fondateur |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/histoire/culture-antiquite-romaine-la-mort-de-cesar-un-meurtre-fondateur-rome-dictateur |access-date=2026-10-24 |website=National Geographic |language=fr}}</ref> === ⵜⵓⴽⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ === ⵜⴱⴹⴰ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⴳⵓⵎⵎⴰⵜⵉⵏ : ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ, ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵥⴰⵕ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⵉⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵕⴰⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵡⵉⵙ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ. ⵖⵡⴰⴷ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵥⴰⵡ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⵥⴰ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵢⵉⵡⵉ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⴳⵎⵉ, ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ. ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵎⵔⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⵜⵖⵜⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⵚⵓⴹⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴽⴽ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴽⴽⵙ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⵓⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ]] ⵏ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔⵜ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]], ⵉⵃⵉⵍ ⴰⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⵍⴼⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref name=":2" /> ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵉⵛⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ, ⵢⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⵉ ⵓⵏⵟⵡⴰⵏ ⴷ [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ. [[File:Cleopatra MET DP822755.jpg|ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵟⵕⴰ, ⵜⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⵏⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵥⵎⵓⵥⵥⵍ ⴰⵎⵏⵔⵓ ⵖ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]] ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ : ⵜⴼⴹⴹⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ. [[File:Emblem of Roman Republic 1849.svg|thumb|ⴰⵖⵣⵓⵣ ⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵍⵎⵎⴰ ⵓⴽⵜⴰⴼ ⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ]] ⴷ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ. ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ, ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴼⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref> Classen, Albrecht (2010). "The changing shape of Europe". Handbook of Medieval Studies. Walter de Gruyter. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-1102-1558-8</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Constantine the Great transferred the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the newly-founded city of Constantinople</ref><ref name=":4" /> ⴳ 27 ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵙⵖⵉⵎⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ, ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵓⵥⴰⵕⵉⵏ : '''ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ''', ⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ « '''ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ''' ».<ref name=":5" /> [[File:Nama ottaviano augusto.JPG|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴽⵟⴰⴼ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜ]] == ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ == [[File:P.Ryl. I 61.tif|thumb|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵛⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵓ ⴳ ⴽⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏⴰⵎ]] ⵜⴳⴰ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ|ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ]] ⵜⵉⵎⵔⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵖ ⵉⴷⴰ ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ. ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "Andrew Wallace-Hadrill" ⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ: « ⴷ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵖ ⵉⵖⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴽⴰⵣⵏ »<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wallace-Hadrill |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Wallace-Hadrill |date=2010 |title=Rome's cultural revolution |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |isbn=9780521721608 |edition=Reprinted w/corr. |page=60}}</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵉ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵏⵎⵖⵓⵕⵏ [[ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵉ|ⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ]], ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ|ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ]] ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵕⵡⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵜ, ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ [[ⴰⵣⵔⴼ|ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ]]. ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵏⵢⴰⴽⵛⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ.<ref>{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=556}}. ^ {{harvp|Adams|2003|p=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/200/mode/1up 200]}}.</ref> ⵉⴳ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ [[ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ|ⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵓⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ]] ⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵉⵎⵓⵜⵜⵍⵏ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Feeney |first=Denis |author-link=Denis Feeney |date=2016 |title=Beyond Greek: The Beginnings of Latin Literature |publisher=[[Harvard University Press|HUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YQRuCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 10-2] |isbn=9780674055230 }}</ref> ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵛⵎⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ, ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ|ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ]]. [[ⵜⴰⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ]] ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⵓⴼⵜ|ⵜⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ]] ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴼⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰⵏ ⵉ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batstone |first=William W. |date=2006 |chapter=Literature |editor-last1=Rosenstein |editor-first1=Nathan |editor2-last=Morstein-Marx |editor2-first=Robert |title=A Companion to the Roman Republic |edition=1 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=9781444334135 |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=6BOQZirLCWgC&pg=PA543 543–564] }}{{br}}^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/438/mode/1up?q=Rawson 438]}}.</ref> ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵓ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⴰⵢ ⴰⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⵉⵙ ⴽⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ. ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵖⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ, "ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ", ⴷ ⵜⴽⴼⵍⴰⵡⵜ (ⴰⵡⴰⵏ) ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ. <ref>{{Harvb|Adams|2003|pp=[https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/188/mode/1up 188], [https://archive.org/details/j.-n.-adams-romanitas-2003/page/197/mode/1up 197]}}. ^ {{harvp|Freeman|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/greekachievement0000free/page/394/mode/1up?q=interpreter 394]}}. ^ {{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=549}}.</ref> ⴰⵙⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵢⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ "ⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜⴰⵙ"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloomer |first=W. Martin |date=1997 |title=Latinity and Literary Society at Rome |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press|UPP]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=7PmACgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4] |isbn=9780812233902 }}</ref>, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵡⵣ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ.<ref>Adams, James Noel (May 2003). "'Romanitas' and the Latin Language". Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 184–205. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.184.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=La Bua |first=Giuseppe |date=2019 |title=Cicero and Roman education: the reception of the speeches and ancient scholarship |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=r-GCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330 329 ff.] |isbn=9781107068582}}</ref>ⵓⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵉⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵉⴷⴷⵏ, ⵖⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵏ. ⴰⵔⵎⵏ ⵣⴰ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵎⵏⵓⴽⴽⴰⵍⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵊⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵙⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰ ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ.<ref>. "Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?". ''Lingue e Linguaggio'' (1): 107–128. doi:10.1418/90426. ISSN&nbsp;1720-9331. Retrieved 17 August 2023</ref> ⵜⵉⵏⵔⵉ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ|ⵜⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ]] ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⴼⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵖⵔⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵏⵓⴽⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍⵜ.<ref name=":6"> {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Richard |chapter=Communicating Culture, Identity, and Power |date=2000 |editor=Janet Huskinson |title=Experiencing Power: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=I3_1VjpbvKcC&pg=PA58 58–60] |isbn=0415212847 }}</ref> ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵙ "ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⴷ" ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵙⵉⵡⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴽⵉⵍⵜⵉⵜ|ⵉⴽⵍⵜⵉⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵟⴰⵍⵉⴽⵉⵏ]].<ref>{{harvp|Rochette|2011|p=550}}.{{br}}^ {{Cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Stefan |chapter=Celtic Languages |date=2006 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=John T. |editor-link=John T. Koch |title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia |volume=1 of 5 (A-Celti) |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse/page/372/mode/1up 372 §4] |isbn=1851094407 }}</ref><ref name="curchin">{{Cite journal |last=Curchin |first=Leonard A. |date=Autumn 1995 |title=Literacy in the Roman Provinces: Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=116 |issue=3 |pages=461–476 (464) |doi=10.2307/295333 |jstor=295333 }}</ref> ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵎⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⵓⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ [[ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ|ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵇⴱⵟⵉⵜ]], ⵖ ⵉⴷⵖⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵔⴰⵢⵏ|ⵔⵔⴰⵢⵏ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ|ⴷⴷⴰⵏⵓⴱ]].<ref name=":6" /> ⵉⵏⵣⵣⵓⵔⴼⴰ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ [[ⵜⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⵇⵜ]], ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵍⵉⵜ, ⴷ ⵜⴰⵕⴰⵎⵉⵢⵜ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵥⵟⵟⵉⵟⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⴽⵣⴰ ⵉⵖⵯⵥⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵍⵍⴰ. == ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ == [[File:Ovidiu03.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⴱⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ.]] ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ "ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ" ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵖⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ. ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ — ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ, ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵕ, ⴷ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ — ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "Aeneid" ⵏ ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴹⴰⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ. ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵎ ⵀⵓⵕⴰⵚ ⴰⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵖ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ.<ref>Roberts, Michael John (2010) [1989]. The Jeweled Style: Poetry and Poetics in Late Antiquity. CUP. <nowiki>ISBN 9780801476334</nowiki>.</ref> ⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵊⵊⴰⵊ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ, ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵎⵏⴳⵔⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵜⴰⴳⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⵙ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴳⵏⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵓⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ" ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ؛ ⵓⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵏⵖⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⴽⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⴰⴷⴰⵙⵉⵍ ⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵢⵓⵛⴽⴰⵏ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ.<ref>{{Interlanguage link|''Aetas Ovidiana''|it}}{{br}}^ {{Cite book |first=Charles |last=McNelis |date=2009 |chapter=Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature |editor-last=Knox |editor-first=Peter E. |title=A Companion to Ovid |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |page=[https://books.google.ca/books?id=zMMeWI2xbPkC&pg=PA397 397] |isbn=9781405141833 }}</ref> ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⴷ, "ⵓⴱⵔⵉⵏⵙⵉⴱⴰⵜ" ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴽⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵊⵓⴼⵉⵏⴰⵍ == ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ == • [[ⵕⵓⵎⴰ]]. • [[ⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ]]. • [[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ]] • [[ⴽⵍⵢⵓⴱⴰⵜⵔⴰ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ]] • [[ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵢⴰ]] == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == <references /> == ⵉⵖⵡⴰⵎⵔ == === ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ === ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵎⵔⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ|ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ]]): * Michel Christol et Daniel Nony, Des origines de Rome aux invasions barbares, Hachette, 1974. * Paul Petit, Histoire générale de l'Empire romain. La crise de l'Empire (des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien), Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire », 1978, 256 p. (ISBN 978-2020049702).  : * idem, Le Haut-Empire : 27 av. J.-C.-161 apr. J.-C., t. 1, 1974, 307 p. (ISBN 978-2020049696 et 2-02-004969-4, BNF 34608092) ; * idem, La Crise de l'Empire : Des derniers Antonins à Dioclétien, t. 2 (ISBN 978-2020049702 et 2-02-004970-8, BNF 34608093) ; * idem, Le Bas-Empire : 284-395, t. 3 (ISBN 978-2020049719 et 2-02-004971-6, BNF 34608094). * Roger Rémondonon, La Crise de l'Empire romain : De Marc-Aurèle à Anastase, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, coll. « La Nouvelle Clio », 1980 (ISBN 2-13-031086-9, BNF 41677283). * Jean-Michel Carrié et Aline Rousselle, L'Empire romain en mutation : Des Sévères à Constantin (192-337), t. 10, Le Seuil, coll. « Points Histoire / Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité », 2003, 839 p. (ISBN 2-02-025819-6, BNF 37052012). . * Philippe Richardot, La fin de l'armée romaine : 284-476, Paris, Economica, 2005, 3e éd., 408 p. (ISBN 2-7178-4861-4, BNF 40027748). . * Yann Le Bohec, L'armée romaine sous le Bas-Empire, Paris, Picard, 2006, 256 p. (ISBN 2-708407651, BNF 40920940). ==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵏⴷⵉ:===== * Andrea Carandini,  [« L'atlas de la Rome antique : biographie et portraits de la ville »], Princeton University Press, 2017, 1280&nbsp;<abbr>p.</abbr> <small>(ISBN&nbsp;978-0691163475)</small> ==== ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ: ==== * Ramsay MacMullen, ''Les Rapports entre les classes sociales dans l'Empire romain (50 av. J.-C. – 284 ap. J.-C.)'', Seuil, 1986. * Ramsay MacMullen, ''Le Paganisme dans l'Empire romain'', PUF, 1987. * Pierre Grimal, ''L'Empire romain'', Le Livre de Poche, 1993. * Edward Gibbon, ''Histoire du déclin et de la chute de l'empire romain'', tome 1, Robert Laffont, 2010. * Mary Beard, ''SPQR : histoire de l'ancienne Rome'', Perrin, 2016 (collection Tempus, 2022). * Christophe Badel, Hervé Inglebert, ''Grand Atlas de l'Antiquité romaine : Construction, apogée et fin d'un empire'', Autrement, 2019. * Kyle Harper, ''Comment l'Empire romain s'est effondré'', La Découverte, 2021. * Stéphane Benoist, ''Une République impériale en question ?'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2021. * Isaac Asimov, ''La République romaine'', Belles Lettres, 2023. * Clément Bady, Olga Boubounelle, Alexandre Vlamos, ''Les cités grecques face à l’imperium Romanum'', Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté, 2023. * Edward Luttwak, ''La Grande strategie de l'empire romain'', 2e ed., Economica, 2009. fl2nvjfgjgfcgi9etaqpc6hvwzegu7t 0 55014 197856 197831 2026-10-26T14:47:30Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵉⵎⴰⵙⴰⵢⵏ */ 197856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}</ref>, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.<ref>Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.</ref> [[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>]] == ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ == ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»<ref name=":1">Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7</nowiki>.</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ "ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ".<ref name=":1" /> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ <ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} </ref> . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». == ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ == <blockquote>"In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas" — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2. </blockquote> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ") <ref>{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ <ref>Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 </ref> ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).<ref name="Johnston VIU">{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ⵉⴹⵉⵚ == [[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]] ⵉⴼⵍ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: "ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ."<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ", ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ == [[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ" ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ". ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ "ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ "ⵉⵢⵓ"<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |title= The Myth of Io |access-date= 4 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |archive-date= 16 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.<ref name=":2">Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8</nowiki>.</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.<ref name=":2" /> ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);<ref>Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.<ref>Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.</ref> == ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵡⵏ == * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ. * ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}</ref> * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ. == ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ == ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ: * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}} * {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}} * [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}. == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == b3knp6va5gjj58ugb9nfv6i00w2dzj3 197857 197856 2026-10-26T15:12:55Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ */ 197857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}</ref>, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.<ref>Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.</ref> [[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>]] == ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ == ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»<ref name=":1">Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7</nowiki>.</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ "ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ".<ref name=":1" /> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ <ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} </ref> . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». == ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ == <blockquote>"In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas" — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2. </blockquote> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ") <ref>{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ <ref>Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 </ref> ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).<ref name="Johnston VIU">{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ "ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⵙⵉ "ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ" ⵙⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ "ⴼⴰⵢⵜⵓⵏ", ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⴷ "ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ" ⴷ "ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⴽⴰⴷⵎⵓⵙ", "ⴰⴽⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵏⵜⵢⵓⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ: "ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵙⴱⵉ", "ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⴼⵔⵓⴷⵉⵜⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴰⵏⴷⵕⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ" ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ. == ⵉⴹⵉⵚ == [[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙ]]''ⵖ''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]] ⵉⴼⵍ "ⵉⵖⴼⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ " ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: "ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ."<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ", ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ == [[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ" ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ". ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ "ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ "ⵉⵢⵓ"<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |title= The Myth of Io |access-date= 4 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |archive-date= 16 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.<ref name=":2">Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8</nowiki>.</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.<ref name=":2" /> ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);<ref>Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.<ref>Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.</ref> == ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵡⵏ == * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ. * ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}</ref> * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ. == ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ == ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ: * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}} * {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}} * [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}. == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == jv5fwd3wfixpoq49w1j62bg2gs1yrhc 197858 197857 2026-10-26T15:22:21Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ */ 197858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}</ref>, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.<ref>Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.</ref> [[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>]] == ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ == ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»<ref name=":1">Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7</nowiki>.</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ "ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ".<ref name=":1" /> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ <ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} </ref> . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». == ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ == <blockquote>"In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas" — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2. </blockquote> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ") <ref>{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ <ref>Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 </ref> ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).<ref name="Johnston VIU">{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ "ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⵙⵉ "ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ" ⵙⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ "ⴼⴰⵢⵜⵓⵏ", ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⴷ "ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ" ⴷ "ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⴽⴰⴷⵎⵓⵙ", "ⴰⴽⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵏⵜⵢⵓⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ: "ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵙⴱⵉ", "ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⴼⵔⵓⴷⵉⵜⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴰⵏⴷⵕⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ" ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ "ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵏⵉ" ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⵙ "ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ "ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⵓⵍⴰ "ⵙⵉⴼⴰⵍⵓⵚ" ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⴷⵉⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ", ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⴷⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ "ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ" ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ "ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ "ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵛⵕⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵓⵔⴼⵢⵓⵙ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ "ⵀⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵓⵙ", ⵓⵍⴰ "ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ", "ⵎⵉⵔⵔⴰ", ⴷ "ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵙ" ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⴽⵙ" ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵏ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⴰⵅⵉⵍ", ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵟⵓⵕⵏ (centaurs), ⴷ "ⵉⴼⵉⵊⵉⵏⵢⴰ". == ⵉⴹⵉⵚ == [[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙ]]''ⵖ''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]] ⵉⴼⵍ "ⵉⵖⴼⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ " ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: "ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ."<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ", ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ == [[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ" ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ". ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ "ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ "ⵉⵢⵓ"<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |title= The Myth of Io |access-date= 4 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |archive-date= 16 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.<ref name=":2">Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8</nowiki>.</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.<ref name=":2" /> ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);<ref>Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.<ref>Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.</ref> == ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵡⵏ == * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ. * ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}</ref> * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ. == ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ == ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ: * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}} * {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}} * [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}. == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 2j6mb1ovmldask7oq7g7hbxjo6cpp6n 197859 197858 2026-10-26T15:28:04Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ */ 197859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ|ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ]]: Metamorphoses<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide, une référence universelle {{!}} Fantasy - BnF |url=https://fantasy.bnf.fr/fr/comprendre/les-metamorphoses-dovide-une-reference-universelle |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=fantasy.bnf.fr |language=fr}}</ref>, ⵙⵖ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴳⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ]] μεταμορφώσεις [metamorphṓseis], ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ: 'ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ') ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵉⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⵉⵙⴰ|ⵢⴰⵙⵓⵄ]], ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵔⴰ ⵓⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎ [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ|ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ]] «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]» (Ovid). ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⵓⴳⵔⵏ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Les Métamorphoses d'Ovide {{!}} Ministère de la Culture |url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/thematiques/musees/Les-musees-en-France/les-collections-des-musees-de-france/decouvrir-les-collections/les-metamorphoses-d-ovide |access-date=2026-10-25 |website=www.culture.gouv.fr |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵙⵖ ⵎⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵔ ⴽⵓⴷⵍⵍⵉ ⵔⵓⵔⵏ «[[ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵇⴰⵢⵚⴰⵕ|ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ ⴰⵇⴰⵢⵥⴰⵕ]]» ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ|ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ]]. ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 250 ⵏ [[ⵓⵎⵉⵢ|ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ]], 15 ⵏ [[ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ|ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ]], ⴷ 11 995 ⵏ ⵉⴹⵕⴼⴰⵏ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵙⵙⴰⴽⵏ ⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ [[ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ (ⴰⵎⴳⴰⵢ)|ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ «[[ⴷⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⴰⵍⵉⴳⵢⵉⵔⵉ]]», «[[ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ ⴱⵓⴽⴰⵜⵛⵢⵓ]]», «[[ⵊⵉⴼⵔⵉ ⵜⵛⵓⵙⵔ]]», ⴷ «[[ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⵛⵉⴽⵙⴱⵉⵔ]]». ⵎⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴳ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵔⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⵎⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵥⴰⵡⴰⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴽⵔⴰ. ⵖ ⵜⵣⵔⵉⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ 20, ⵜⵏⴽⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «[[ⵓⴱⵉⴷ]]». ⵜⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⴷ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ. ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵜⵜ «ⵡⵉⵍⵢⴰⵎ ⴽⴰⴽⵙⵜⵓⵏ» (William Caxton) ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1480.<ref>Mⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏesⴷⴰⵔommentary by [[Wilmon Brewer|Wil Bre]]ⵎ[[Wilmon Brewer|er]]ⵓ [https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Ovid's'']ⵛ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Metamorphoses'']ⵢ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''('']ⵡ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''Tr'']ⴰ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''ans'']ⵖ[https://books.google.com/books?id=uL0mAQAAIAAJ ''at'']ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏp. 353–86, Marshall Jones Company, Francestown, New Hampshire, revised edition, 1978. {{ISBN|978-0-8338-0184-5}}, {{LCCN|77020716}}.</ref> [[File:Hayden White 11.jpg|thumb|ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵜ ⵏ 1556 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵥⵕⴳ «ⵢⵓⵀⴰⵏⵉⵙ ⴳⵔⵉⴼⵢⵓⵙ» (ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵔⵏⴰ ⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵉⴷⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵏⵉⴼ ⴰⵙ). ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ «Hayden White», ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⴰⵍⵉⴼⵓⵕⵏⵢⴰ, «ⵙⴰⵏⵜⴰ ⴽⵔⵓⵣ».<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hayden White Rare Book Collection|url=http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|access-date=15 April 2013}}</ref>]] == ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ == ⵜⴼⵍ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⴽⵙⴰⵏⴷⵔⵉⵜ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖ ⵓⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵖ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ»<ref name=":1">Galinsky, Karl (1975). Ovid's Metamorphoses: an introduction to the basic aspects. Berkeley: University of California Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-520-02848-7</nowiki>.</ref>. ⴳ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵡⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴰⵙⴼⴰⵡ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵎⴰ "ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵔⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵏⴰⵥⵓⵕ".<ref name=":1" /> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⴰⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵙⵜⵉⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴰⵍⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ «ⵓⵕⵏⵉⵜⵓⴳⵓⵏⵢⴰ» (Ornithogonia) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙ» (Boios) — ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵖ ⵖⴰⵎⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ ⵖⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵉⴳⴹⴰⴹ.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ» ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ <ref>{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=Kristopher F. B.|title=Boios' ''Ornithogonia'' as Hesiodic Didactic|journal=Classical Association of the Middle West and South|year=2009|url=http://www.camws.org/meeting/2009/program/abstracts/10F3.Fletcher.pdf}} </ref> . ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ «ⵀⵉⵜⵉⵕⵓⵢⵓⵎⵉⵏⴰ» (Heteroioumena) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ «ⵏⵉⴽⴰⵏⴷⵔ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵓⴼⵓⵏ», ⵉⴼⴼⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ: 21 ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵙⵎⴽⵉⵍⵏ ⴳ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». == ⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ == <blockquote>"In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas" — Ov., ''Met.'', [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ovid/ovid.met1.shtml Book I], lines 1–2. </blockquote> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ «ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ». ⵉⵙⵉⵙⴼⵉⵡ ⴷ «ⵓⴱⵉⴷ» ⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵕⵥⵥⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ: In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas / corpora; ("ⴱⵓⴽⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵖ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ") <ref>{{cite journal|last=Swanson|first=Roy Arthur|title=Ovid's Theme of Change|journal=[[The Classical Journal]]|year=1959|volume=54|issue=5|pages=201–05|jstor=3295215}} {{subscription required}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵖ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵏⴳⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵉ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵓⵖⵍⵉ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref name="Johnston">{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Ian|title=The Influence of Ovid's Metamorphoses|url=http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|work=Project Silver Muse|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|access-date=15 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101129/http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/silver/frame.cgi?ovid,influ|archive-date=7 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵔⵉⵡⵜ <ref>Segal, C. P. Landscape in ''Ovid's Metamorphoses'' (Wiesbaden, 1969) 45 </ref> ⴷ ⵓⵍⴷⵓⴷⵉ ⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ|ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵎⴰ|ⵓⴳⴰⵎⴰ]]. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵉⵏ: ⵙⴳ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ («ⵏⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ»), ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵜⵔⴰⵏ («ⵉⵙⵏⵉ ⵏ ⴰⵔⵢⴰⴷⵏⵉ»), ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ («ⴱⵉⵔⴷⵉⴽⵙ»), ⴷ ⵉⵎⵖⴰⵢⵏ («ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ», «ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ» ⴷ «ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ»); ⵙⵖ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⵜⵉⴽⵯⴹⴼⵉⵏ) ⴷ ⴼⵓⵏⵊⵉ (ⵉⴳⵯⵔⵙⴰⵍ) ⵙ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ; ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵉⵙ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⵉⴼⵉⵙⵙⵏ); ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴽⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ (ⴰⵎⴽⵥⴰⵥ).<ref name="Johnston VIU">{{cite web|last=Ian|first=Johnston|title=The Transformations in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses''|url=http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|publisher=Vancouver Island University|access-date=9 May 2013|archive-date=6 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106184207/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/ovid/transformations.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵍⵏⵖ ⵉⵔⴰ "ⴰⴱⵓⵍⵓ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⵉⵙⵉ "ⴷⴰⴼⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ" ⵙⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵙ "ⴼⴰⵢⵜⵓⵏ", ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⴷ "ⴽⴰⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ" ⴷ "ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⴽⴰⴷⵎⵓⵙ", "ⴰⴽⵜⵉⵢⵓⵏ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵏⵜⵢⵓⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵖⴼ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⵓⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵢⵏ: "ⴱⵉⵔⴰⵎⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵙⴱⵉ", "ⵙⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵔⵎⴰⴼⵔⵓⴷⵉⵜⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵉⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴰⵏⴷⵕⵓⵎⵉⴹⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵣⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵜⵎⵓⵣⵉⵡⵉⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⵏ "ⴱⵔⵓⵙⵉⵔⴱⵉⵏⴰ" ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏ. ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⴼ ⵓⵎⵛⴰⵍⴰ ⴳⵔ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴳⵏⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ "ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵏⵉ" ⵉⴳⴳⵔⵓ ⵙ "ⴼⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵍⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵔⵓⵙ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⵖⴼ "ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⵓⵍⴰ "ⵙⵉⴼⴰⵍⵓⵚ" ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⵖⴼ ⵡⴰⵢⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⴷⵉⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ", ⵜⴰⴳⵎⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⴼ ⴰⴽⴰⵍⵉⴷⵓⵏⵉ, ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵔⴰⵢ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⵎⵏⵏ ⵥⵉⵍⵏⵉⵏ "ⴱⴰⵡⵙⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵍⵉⵎⵓⵏ" ⴷ ⴳⴰⵔ ⴰⵎⴷⴰⵏ "ⵉⵔⵉⵙⵉⴽⵜⵓⵏ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵖⴼ "ⵀⵉⵔⴰⴽⵍⵉⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵉⴱⵍⵉⵙ" ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔⵏ ⴰⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⴷⴰⵍⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵉⴳⵓⵛⵕⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵓⵔⴼⵢⵓⵙ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔⵏ ⵖⴼ "ⵀⵉⵢⴰⵙⵉⵏⵜⵓⵙ", ⵓⵍⴰ "ⴱⵉⴳⵎⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ", "ⵎⵉⵔⵔⴰ", ⴷ "ⴰⴷⵓⵏⵉⵙ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵉⵜⵜⵉⵀⴰⵍ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⵜⵉⵙ" ⴷ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⴽⵙ" ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵙⵢⵓⵏ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵣⵣⵉⴳⵉⵣ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⵉⴳⵍⵎ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵍⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ "ⴰⵅⵉⵍ", ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵚⵉⵏⵟⵓⵕⵏ (centaurs), ⴷ "ⵉⴼⵉⵊⵉⵏⵢⴰ". ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⴼ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⵖⴼ ⴰⴳⴷⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ "ⴰⴽⵉⵍ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵉⵎⵓⵙ". ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵙ ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ, ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ "ⵉⵏⵢⴰⵙ", "ⴱⵓⵎⵓⵏⴰ" ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵜⵓⵎⵏⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⵕⵓⵎⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵔⵙⵉⵍⵢⴰ". ⵉⵏⵏⵓⵕⵥⵎ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵙⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⵉⵜⴰⵖⵓⵔⵙ" ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⵔⵉ ⵏ "ⵙⵉⵣⴰⵕ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ. ⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ", ⵜⵙⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⴼⵍⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵜⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵉⵖⵍⵍⵉⵍⵏ. == ⵉⴹⵉⵚ == [[File:TitianDianaCallistoEdinburgh.jpg|thumb|''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙ]]''ⵖ''[[ⴷⵢⴰⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴽⴰⵍⵍⵉⵙⵜⵓ|ⵜⵓ]]'' (1556–1559) win [[ⵜⵉⵜⵢⴰⵏ]]]] ⵉⴼⵍ "ⵉⵖⴼⵜⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ " ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔ ⵙ ⵉⵖⵏⴰⵏⴰⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ; ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳ A. D. Melville ⵎⴰⵙ: "ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ ⵖⵓⵏⵛⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ."<ref>{{cite book |author=Ovid |url=https://archive.org/details/metamorphoses-oxford-worlds-classics-ovid-translated-by-a-d-melville-with-an-int |title=Metamorphoses |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Introduction and notes by [[Edward John Kenney]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-19-953737-2 |location=Oxford |translator-last=Melville |translator-first=A. D. |ref={{harvid|Melville|2008}}}}</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵔ ⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵓⴳⴰⵢⵢⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓⵍⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⴽⴽⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "ⵀⵉⵣⵢⵓⴷ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵎⵉⵔⵓⵙ", ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵖ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵙⵍⴰⵖ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⴽⵉⵏ == [[File:Bartolomeo di Giovanni - The Myth of Io - Walters 37421.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵜⴼⵍⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⴱⴰⵔⵜⵓⵍⵓⵎⵢⵓ ⴷⵉ ⵊⵢⵓⴼⴰⵏⵉ" ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵢⵓ". ⵖ ⵓⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ, ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵓⵖ "ⵊⵓⴱⵉⵜⵉⵔ" ⵙⴳ ⵉⵎⴷⵍⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⴰⵏⴰⴹ ⵉ "ⵎⵉⵔⴽⵓⵔ" ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵍ "ⵉⵢⵓ"<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]] |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |title= The Myth of Io |access-date= 4 October 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130516084101/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/18298 |archive-date= 16 May 2013 |url-status= dead }}</ref>]] ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⴳⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵡⵉⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ.<ref name=":2">Anderson, William S., ed. (1997). Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1–5. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8061-2894-8</nowiki>.</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 9 ⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 10, ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ;[63] ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⵓⵕⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 11.<ref name=":2" /> ⵜⴼⴼⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⵡⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴳⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ (ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ 400);<ref>Tarrant, R. J. (2004). P. Ouidi Nasonis Metamorphoses. Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ ⴳⴰⵏ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵥⴳⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵣⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ 1 ⴰⵔ 3, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ.<ref>Reynolds, L. D., ed., ''Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics'', 277.</ref> == ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵡⵏ == * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵜⵜⵏⵓⴽⴽⵓⵍⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 1978) ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⴰⴽⴰⵛⵉ ⵎⴰⵙⵓⵏⴰⴳⴰ. * ⴷⵔⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" ⵏ 1981 ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵔⴰⵜ ⴱⴰⵔⴱⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⵣⵉ. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Attanasio |first1=Paul |title=Hit or myth |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1981-09-29_10_39/page/n76/mode/1up |access-date=19 May 2024 |work=The Boston Phoenix |date=29 September 1981}}</ref> * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⵜⴰⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵜ) (1996) ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵣⵉⵎⵔⵎⴰⵏ. * "ⵎⵉⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⴼⵓⵣ" (ⴰⴼⵉⵍⵎ ⵏ 2014), ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜⵓⴼ ⵓⵏⵓⵕⵉ. == ⵜⴰⴼⵏⵖⴷⵍⵉⵙⵜ == ⵖⵉⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ: * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RUhlNVR758C&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 6–10 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-8061-1456-9 |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=William S. |ref=none}} * {{cite book |last1=Behm |first1=Torben |title=Städte in Ovids Metamorphosen: Darstellung und Funktion einer literarischen Landschaft |date=2022 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=9783525311394 |location=Göttingen}} * {{cite journal |last=Elliot |first=Alison Goddard |year=1980 |title=Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'': A Bibliography 1968–1978 |journal=[[Classical World (journal)|Classical World]] |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=385–412 |doi=10.2307/4349232 |jstor=4349232 |ref=none}} {{subscription required}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnHym1SlsEC&pg=PP1 |title=Ovid. Metamorphoses, Book VIII |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-19-814460-1 |editor-last=Hollis |editor-first=A. S. |location=Oxford |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid's Metamorphoses and the Environmental Imagination |date=2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781350268944 |editor1-last=Martelli |editor1-first=Francesca |location=London |editor2-last=Sissa |editor2-first=Giulia |editor2-link=Giulia Sissa}} * {{cite book |title=Ovid Renewed: Ovidian Influences on Literature and Art from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-39745-2 |editor-last=Martindale |editor-first=Charles |location=Cambridge |ref=none}} * {{cite book |title=Metamorphic Readings: Transformation, Language, and Gender in the Interpretation of Ovid's Metamorphoses |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780192609595 |editor1-last=Sharrock |editor1-first=Alison |location=Oxford |editor2-last=Möller |editor2-first=Daniel |editor3-last=Malm |editor3-first=Mats}} * [[Michael von Albrecht|von Albrecht, Michael]] (2014). ''Ovids Metamorphosen. Texte, Themen, Illustrationen'' [Ovid's Metamorphoses. Texts, themes, illustrations]. Heidelberg: Winter, {{ISBN|978-3-8253-6320-8}}. == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == qec2d0y534t98fxtzkp4k8111fyychb 0 55015 197848 197833 2026-10-26T12:23:54Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 9qsak7uxx5y3em7ol0pb6258kudst8r 197849 197848 2026-10-26T12:26:26Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == qoywtveksxvqdiudn536sgjaos9t2ds 197850 197849 2026-10-26T12:26:44Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 9qsak7uxx5y3em7ol0pb6258kudst8r 197851 197850 2026-10-26T12:51:07Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 5abh1ineau28kajfits5yi5kp17cnfw 197852 197851 2026-10-26T13:19:32Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == czmhlwxi0vmh3qd3gyqsuql87y73pmk 197853 197852 2026-10-26T13:29:44Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ */ 197853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[Image:Sulmona0001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ Ettore Ferrari, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵓⵏⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == t7p2vlymbsazsudwcrf4fcvfvd62lzi 197854 197853 2026-10-26T13:36:30Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[Image:Sulmona0001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ Ettore Ferrari, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵓⵏⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> == ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ == * Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011 * Peter E. Knox (ed.); Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; p. 541 * Andreas N. Michalopoulos; Ovid Heroides 16 and 17; introduction, text and commentary; (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47); Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006; pp. x, 409 * R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock; The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; pp. 375 * Johnson, Patricia J.; Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses.; (Wisconsin Studies in Classics); Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Press, 2008; pp. x, 184 * Nandini Pandey; The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018) * Patrick Wilkinson; Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955) == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == k4jns27nff5vs9sbt3966ghh5vhut7g 197855 197854 2026-10-26T14:07:51Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ */ 197855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[Image:Sulmona0001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ Ettore Ferrari, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵓⵏⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴳ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵚ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 17 ⵏⵖ 18 ⴹ.ⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "Fasti",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16zxAgAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Rome:+An+Anthology+of+Sources|title=Ancient Rome: An Anthology of Sources|last=Smith|first=R. Scott|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1624661167|language=en}}</ref> ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref> {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUDE65WEMoC&q=ovid%20fasti%20published%20posthumously&pg=PA22|title=Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary|last=Green|first=Steven J.|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004139855|pages=22|language=en}}</ref> == ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ == • [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴰⵢ]] • [[ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ]] == ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ == * Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011 * Peter E. Knox (ed.); Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; p. 541 * Andreas N. Michalopoulos; Ovid Heroides 16 and 17; introduction, text and commentary; (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47); Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006; pp. x, 409 * R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock; The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; pp. 375 * Johnson, Patricia J.; Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses.; (Wisconsin Studies in Classics); Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Press, 2008; pp. x, 184 * Nandini Pandey; The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018) * Patrick Wilkinson; Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955) == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == bhtg7orkcj4omyyg3a97s5w6shexfsk 197860 197855 2026-10-26T15:41:03Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. [[Image:Insula ovidiu.jpg|thumb|Tⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ (ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵢⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵢⵏ): ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ.]] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[Image:Sulmona0001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ Ettore Ferrari, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵓⵏⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴳ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵚ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 17 ⵏⵖ 18 ⴹ.ⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "Fasti",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16zxAgAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Rome:+An+Anthology+of+Sources|title=Ancient Rome: An Anthology of Sources|last=Smith|first=R. Scott|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1624661167|language=en}}</ref> ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref> {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUDE65WEMoC&q=ovid%20fasti%20published%20posthumously&pg=PA22|title=Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary|last=Green|first=Steven J.|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004139855|pages=22|language=en}}</ref> == ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ == • [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴰⵢ]] • [[ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ]] == ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ == * Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011 * Peter E. Knox (ed.); Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; p. 541 * Andreas N. Michalopoulos; Ovid Heroides 16 and 17; introduction, text and commentary; (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47); Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006; pp. x, 409 * R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock; The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; pp. 375 * Johnson, Patricia J.; Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses.; (Wisconsin Studies in Classics); Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Press, 2008; pp. x, 184 * Nandini Pandey; The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018) * Patrick Wilkinson; Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955) == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == q42af7ck3auh8jirxjf4v45fot1467k 197861 197860 2026-10-26T15:44:38Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ */ 197861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴱⵓⴱⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓⵙ ⵏⴰⵙⵓ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ: [ˈpuːbliʊs ɔˈwɪdiʊs ˈnaːsoː]؛ 20 ⵎⵉⵥⵕⴰ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – 17/18 ⴹ.ⵜ), ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵉⵜ ⵙ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ (/ˈɒvɪd/ OV-id),<ref>''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': "Ovid"</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovid-Roman-poet | access-date=22 February 2024 | title=Ovid | first=Edward John | last=Kenney | series=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ. ⵉⴷⴷⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ "ⴱⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵥⵥⵉ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙⵏ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⴷⵉⴷⵙⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵜ. ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴽⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ" ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⴷ ⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴹⴹⴰⵎⵏ ⵉⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ.<ref name="Quint. Inst. 10.1.93"> Quint. ''Inst.'' 10.1.93</ref> ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵕ ⵉⵍⴰ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵉⵍⵍⵉⵜ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵉⵣⵉⵣⵡⵉⴳ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ "ⴰⵖⵓⵛⵜⵓⵙ" ⵙ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵏ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ", ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵎⵉ ⵉⵙⵎⵏ "ⵎⵡⵉⵙⵢⴰ", ⵖ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏ, ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵖ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵡⵙ ⵜⵥⴰ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵔⵓⵔ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵉⵅⴼ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "carmen et error" ("ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵚⵎⴰⴹ"), ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵎⵉⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽ ⵉⵚⵍⴰⴹ, ⵉⵅⵅⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⴳⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⴰⵏⴰⴳⵏ. [[Image:Insula ovidiu.jpg|thumb|Tⴰⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ (ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵢⴰ ⵎⵥⵥⵢⵏ): ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⵍⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ, ⵍⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖⵉⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵖ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ.]] ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴼⵍⴰⴷ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⴷⵍⵉⵙⵏ, ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵙⵉ. ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴰⴼⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ "Ars Amatoria" ("ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ") ⴷ "Fasti". ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵕ ⵉⵎⴰⵟⵍⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⴰⵣ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴼⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙⵙⴰⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵎⴰ "ⵉⵎⵜⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ" ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵥⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴽⵍⴰⵙⵉⴽⵜ. <ref name="Mark P.O. Morford 1999 p. 25">Mark P.O. Morford, Robert J. Lenardon, ''Classical Mythology'' ([[Oxford University Press]] US, 1999), p. 25. {{ISBN|0195143388|978-0195143386}}</ref> == ⵜⴰⴼⵖⵓⴷⵔⵜ == [[Image:Sulmona0001.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ Ettore Ferrari, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⴰⴳ ⵏ 20 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵎⴱⵉⵔ ⴳ ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ, ⵟⵟⴰⵍⵢⴰⵏ. ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⴱⴳⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵎⵓⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1887 ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵇⵓⵏⵚⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ, ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ.]] ⵉⵍⵓⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵉⵍⵉⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ "ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓ" (ⵙⵓⵍⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵖⵉⵍⴰⴷ, ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵍⴰⴽⵡⵉⵍⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴽⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵓⵣⵓ), ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴳ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⴰⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ, ⵖⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵉⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⴰⵢⵏ (gens Ovidia), ⵜⴰⵡⵊⴰ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ", ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ 20 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 43 ⴷ.ⵜ – ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ.<ref>Ovid (1800). J. Juvencius & M.A. Amar (ed.). Metamorphoseon. Paris. [Preface] P. Ovidius Naso A.D. XII Kalend. April [21 March] Sulmone in Pelignis natus est, quo anno ... P. Hirtius et C. Pansa Coss. [43 BC]</ref> ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴷ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ, ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵛⵡⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ (ⵎⴰⴼⴰⵎⴰⵍ), ⵉⵖⵔⴰ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⵖ ⵕⵓⵎⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⴷⵏ "ⴰⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵙ ⴼⵓⵙⴽⵓⵙ" ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵔⵙⵢⵓⵙ ⵍⴰⵜⵔⵓ". ⵉⵔⴰ ⴱⴰⴱⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵇⵇⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵥⵓⵕⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵉⵡⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ. ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⵏⴰ "ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴽⴰ ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵕⴰⵏ", ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵖⵓⵔ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵔⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵥⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵡⴰⵛⵜ. ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴳⵯⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ 20 ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ, ⵉⴼⵍ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ "ⴰⵜⵉⵏⴰ", "ⴰⵙⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵜ", ⴷ "ⵚⵉⵇⵉⵍⵢⴰ".<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |last=Unlimited © 2026 |first=Etna |date=2026-06-15 |title=Ovid and Mount Etna: The Forgotten Eruption Around 24 BC {{!}} Mount Etna Eruptions {{!}} Etna Unlimited - Discover the Best of Sicily with Our Guided Tours and Excursions |url=https://www.etnaunlimited.com/post/ovid-and-mount-etna-the-forgotten-eruption-around-24-bc |access-date=2026-10-26 |website=Etna Unlimited |language=en-US}}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵛⵛⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 25 ⴷ.ⵜ, ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵜⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔⵏ "ⵎⴰⵔⴽⵓⵙ ⴼⴰⵍⵉⵔⵢⵓⵙ ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⴽⵓⵔⴼⵉⵏⵓⵙ", ⵖⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵍⴰⵍ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴷⴷⴰⴽⴽⵯⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵏ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⴰⵢⵙⵉⵏⴰⵙ". ⵖ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ "ⵜⵔⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰ" (4.10.41-54), ⵉⴱⴷⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵓⴽⴽⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ "ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔ", ⴷ "ⴱⵔⵓⴱⵉⵔⵜⵢⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⵓⵏⵜⵉⴽⵓⵙ", ⴷ "ⴱⴰⵙⵓⵙ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⵉ "ⵀⵓⵔⴰⵙ" ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵉⵎⵏⴰⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⴷ "ⴼⵉⵔⵊⵉⵍ" ⴷ "ⵜⵉⴱⵓⵍⵓⵙ" ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ, ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵣⴰⵖⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵖ ⵓⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏ "ⵎⵉⵙⴰⵍⴰ", ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵙⵎ ⵜⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Peter |title=Ovid: The Erotic Poems, Translated With An Introduction And Notes |date=1982 |publisher=Penguin Books, Ltd |location=Harmondsworth |isbn=0-14-044360-6 |page=32}}</ref> [[Image:Publius Ovidius Naso in the Nuremberg chronicle XCIIIv.jpg|left|200px|thumb|ⵓⴱⵉⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵎⵏⴰⴷ ⵖ ⵜⴰⵡⵜⵢⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⵓⵔⵎⴱⵓⵔⴳ]] ⵢⵉⵡⵍ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ, ⵉⵍⵍⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ 30 ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵡⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴱⴰⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵙⵖ ⴳⵉⵙ. ⵜⴰⵍⴷⵏⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵜⵍⴰ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵏ "ⴼⴰⴱⵢⴰ", ⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⴰⵙ ⵖ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵙ" (ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⵉⴽⴽⴰⴷ "ⵇⵓⵏⵙⵟⴰⵏⵟⴰ" ⴳ ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵢⴰ).<ref name="HornblowerSpawforth2014">{{cite book|last1=Hornblower|first1=Simon|last2=Spawforth|first2=Antony|last3=Eidinow|first3=Esther|title=The Oxford Companion to Classical Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0198706779|page=562|access-date=27 December 2015|archive-date=23 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123103142/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIgdBAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'' s.v. Ovid</ref> ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷ" ⴳ "ⵟⵓⵎⵉⵚ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 17 ⵏⵖ 18 ⴹ.ⵜ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵖⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ "Fasti",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16zxAgAAQBAJ&q=Ancient+Rome:+An+Anthology+of+Sources|title=Ancient Rome: An Anthology of Sources|last=Smith|first=R. Scott|date=15 March 2014|publisher=Hackett Publishing|isbn=978-1624661167|language=en}}</ref> ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵍⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⴹⴰⵕⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ.<ref> {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPUDE65WEMoC&q=ovid%20fasti%20published%20posthumously&pg=PA22|title=Ovid, Fasti 1: A Commentary|last=Green|first=Steven J.|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004139855|pages=22|language=en}}</ref> == ⵥⵕ ⵙⵓⵍ == • [[ⵜⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ]] • [[ⴰⴼⵓⵍⴰⵢ]] • [[ⵓⴳⵓⵙⵜⵉⵏ]] == ⴰⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⵉ == * Maryland: Lexington Books, 2011 * Peter E. Knox (ed.); Oxford Readings in Ovid. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; p. 541 * Andreas N. Michalopoulos; Ovid Heroides 16 and 17; introduction, text and commentary; (ARCA: Classical and Medieval Texts, Papers and Monographs, 47); Cambridge: Francis Cairns, 2006; pp. x, 409 * R. Gibson, S. Green, S. Sharrock; The Art of Love: Bimillennial Essays on Ovid's Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006; pp. 375 * Johnson, Patricia J.; Ovid before Exile: Art and Punishment in the Metamorphoses.; (Wisconsin Studies in Classics); Madison, Wisconsin; University of Wisconsin Press, 2008; pp. x, 184 * Nandini Pandey; The Poetics of Power in Augustan Rome: Latin Poetic Responses to Early Imperial Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018) * Patrick Wilkinson; Ovid Recalled (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955) == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 43dubpdtq8nz09xjwd34cqozxfkpfjb 0 55016 197862 2026-10-26T18:33:48Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 Created page with "ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰ..." 197862 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == nesx96xu7utt2mdpl25auofjmlciaab 197863 197862 2026-10-26T18:35:12Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197863 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == i53dtrnlwadicgdozb7vfinluqlhlzs 197864 197863 2026-10-26T18:36:02Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 Replaced content with "ⴱⵓ" 197864 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴱⵓ dw0ptjyfipr3qw1tx9hcy1la3t50ke5 197865 197864 2026-10-26T18:36:18Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197865 wikitext text/x-wiki ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == i53dtrnlwadicgdozb7vfinluqlhlzs 197866 197865 2026-10-26T18:42:48Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 7cqr7q5qiw74cec0r4n9gyh6hi7emji 197867 197866 2026-10-26T19:07:18Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == o5lnfkfhmu4us5uf4sm1rje8akg733i 197868 197867 2026-10-26T19:09:17Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == gp2i1vagyp5b0dq2va0v2fwpvev3wyn 197872 197868 2026-10-26T19:25:42Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == eemw6how6u46wxr66tzsuv0jevmqv85 197873 197872 2026-10-26T19:43:21Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 197873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == mrmnhtg3z9k7jfidusdoepz4p0d6g0m 197874 197873 2026-10-26T19:52:09Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* */ 197874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == n2ldf09q9mkykcng0qfekbszixdxcyv 197875 197874 2026-10-26T19:59:18Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ */ 197875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵃⴷⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html |title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)] |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |access-date=August 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html| archive-date= September 14, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Sasquatch |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == tjlrdmb00hv1a82cchn54tc1oo8e3ai 197876 197875 2026-10-26T20:03:57Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ */ 197876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵃⴷⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html |title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)] |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |access-date=August 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html| archive-date= September 14, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Sasquatch |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ (1.8–2.7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ 10 ⴰⵔ 15 ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (3.0–4.6 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasquatch |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 1s2qjotsz0aynehz07m8fibkw45ww4f 197881 197876 2026-10-27T08:53:16Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ */ 197881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵃⴷⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html |title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)] |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |access-date=August 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html| archive-date= September 14, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Sasquatch |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ (1.8–2.7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ 10 ⴰⵔ 15 ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (3.0–4.6 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasquatch |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ (Bigfoot) ⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ (ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ <ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Bigfoot in Canada: Inside the hunt for proof — or at least a good photo |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='No joke': B.C. minister laughs off lawsuit claiming proof of Bigfoot |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/no-joke-bc-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot/ |website=ctvnews.ca |publisher=[[CTV News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=October 31, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/no-joke-b-c-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot-1.3656876 |url-status=live }}</ref> . ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⴹⴰⵍⴰⵚ (The Dalles), ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵓⵕⴹⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ "ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cahill |first1=Tim |title=Giant Hairy Apes in the North Woods: A Bigfoot Study |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |website=Rolling Stone |access-date=February 25, 2022 |date=May 10, 1973 |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225223630/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == iu6ah52byvkp06nzxippi8ytzzrcw9o 197882 197881 2026-10-27T09:13:38Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ */ 197882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵃⴷⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html |title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)] |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |access-date=August 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html| archive-date= September 14, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Sasquatch |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ (1.8–2.7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ 10 ⴰⵔ 15 ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (3.0–4.6 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasquatch |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ (Bigfoot) ⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ (ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ <ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Bigfoot in Canada: Inside the hunt for proof — or at least a good photo |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='No joke': B.C. minister laughs off lawsuit claiming proof of Bigfoot |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/no-joke-bc-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot/ |website=ctvnews.ca |publisher=[[CTV News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=October 31, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/no-joke-b-c-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot-1.3656876 |url-status=live }}</ref> . ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⴹⴰⵍⴰⵚ (The Dalles), ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵓⵕⴹⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ "ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cahill |first1=Tim |title=Giant Hairy Apes in the North Woods: A Bigfoot Study |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |website=Rolling Stone |access-date=February 25, 2022 |date=May 10, 1973 |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225223630/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵍⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴹⵏⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴱⴱⴰⵣ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brulliard |first1=Karin |title=Is bigfoot just an upright-walking bear? We asked the experts. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/07/05/is-bigfoot-just-an-upright-walking-bear-we-asked-the-experts/ |access-date=March 18, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 5, 2016 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104145406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/07/05/is-bigfoot-just-an-upright-walking-bear-we-asked-the-experts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> . ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ "ⵙⴼⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ" ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodgin |first1=Carrie |title=Glowing Red-Eyes: Bigfoot Sightings Reported At Night In Mocksville |url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/glowing-red-eyes-bigfoot-sightings-reported-at-night-in-mocksville/83-2cac1b3e-c842-4f43-949d-764f0dad5c97 |work=[[WFMY-TV]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |agency= |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=January 11, 2019 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523104012/https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/glowing-red-eyes-bigfoot-sightings-reported-at-night-in-mocksville/83-2cac1b3e-c842-4f43-949d-764f0dad5c97 |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == 5nqyykzrv4lfiq57s2xg1rwczm7mrix 197883 197882 2026-10-27T09:35:48Z Aɣaras iḍlan 211 /* ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ */ 197883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} ⵉⴳⴰ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴰⴱⵔⴰⴹⴰⵕ''' ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ '''ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ''' (Bigfoot) ⵏⵖ ⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵎ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕ, ⵉⵅⴰⵜⵔ, ⴰⵥⵓⵍⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵏⵓⵎⴰⵢ, ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵖ ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ [[ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ|ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵔⴳⴳⵉⴳⵏ]]. <ref name="Bartholomew2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Robert E. |last2=Regal |first2=Brian |title=From wild man to monster: the historical evolution of bigfoot in New York State |journal=Voices: The Journal of New York Folklore |date=2009 |volume=35 |issue=3 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A218112087/AONE?u=anon~1d2f6431&sid=googleScholar&xid=aa9170f1 |issn=1551-7268 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154017/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=anon~1d2f6431&id=GALE%7CA218112087&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholar&asid=aa9170f1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Regal2011">{{cite book |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology |year=2011 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-11829-4 |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |access-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209235402/https://books.google.com/books?id=5a7GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ '''ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ''' ⴳ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴽⴰⵏⴰⴹⵉⵜ, ⵢⵉⵡⵔⵔⵉ ⴷ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵥⵥⵓⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ 20, ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏⵜ, ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵢⵓⵖⴰⵍ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴷⴰⵡ-ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eliot |first1=Krissy |date=June 28, 2018 |title=So, Why Do People Believe In Bigfoot Anyway? |url=https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302050546/https://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2018-10-26/so-why-do-people-believe-bigfoot-anyway |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |website=alumni.berkeley.edu |publisher=Cal Alumni Association}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bigfoot's pop culture footprint |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |access-date=March 16, 2021 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 26, 2012 |archive-date=October 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020110109/https://www.latimes.com/la-et-bigfoot-pop-culture-pg-photogallery.html |url-status=live }} </ref> ⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵍⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⴰⵎ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴷⴷⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵙⴳⴱⵔ-ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ (Pseudo-science) ⴷ "ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵓⵏⵜⵍⵉⵎⵓⴷⵜ" (cryptozoology) ⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵖⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⵙⵏⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵏⵉⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ, ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵎⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵍⴰⴼⵉⵏ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵏⵖⵍⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵉⴷⵢⵓ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴼⵔⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ, ⴷ ⵉⴱⵍⵖⵉⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ.<ref name="Rossi2015">{{cite book |last1=Rossi |first1=Lorenzo |chapter=A Review of Cryptozoology: Towards a Scientific Approach to the Study of "Hidden Animals" |title=Problematic Wildlife |date=December 18, 2015 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-22246-2_26|isbn=978-3-319-22245-5 }}</ref><ref name="Regal">{{cite journal |last1=Regal |first1=Brian |title=Entering Dubious Realms: Grover Krantz, Science, and Sasquatch |journal=Annals of Science |date=February 13, 2009 |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=83–102 |doi=10.1080/00033790802202421 |pmid=19831199 |s2cid=23736660 |issn=0003-3790}}</ref><ref name="Daegling2004b">{{cite book |last1=Daegling |first1=David J. |title=Bigfoot exposed: an anthropologist examines America's enduring legend |year=2004 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=0-7591-0538-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5 |access-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216153959/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3z5VVbGfbgC&q=bigfoot+evidence&pg=PR5#v=snippet&q=bigfoot%20evidence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Williams2014">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Sarah C. P. |title='Bigfoot' samples analyzed in lab: First peer-reviewed genetic analysis looks at more than 50 samples believed to belong to elusive creatures |journal=Science |date=July 1, 2014 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228021832/https://www.science.org/content/article/bigfoot-samples-analyzed-lab |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵜⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ, ⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⴽⴰⵣ ⵉⴼⵔⵖⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵕⵎⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵙⵙⴼⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵜ. <ref name="Regal2011" /><ref name="Rossi2015"/><ref name="Williams2014"/><ref name="Frangou et al 2013">{{cite book |last1=Frangou |first1=Anna |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard J. |last3=Malhado |first3=Ana C.M. |last4=Whitaker |first4=Robert J. |editor1-last=Brooks |editor1-first=Anathea |editor2-last=Arico |editor2-first=Salvatore |title=Tracking Key Trends in Biodiversity Science and Policy: based on the proceedings of a UNESCO International Conference on Biodiversity Science and Policy |year=2013 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-001118-5 |page=50 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkvFDkFzcC8C&pg=PA50 |chapter=Wildlife in a warming world}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pappas |first1=Evan |title=Bigfoot hoax exposed (again) and other infamous hoaxes |url=https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |website=seattlepi.com |publisher=[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]] |access-date=March 16, 2021 |date=April 7, 2014 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610014409/https://www.seattlepi.com/national/article/Bigfoot-hoax-exposed-again-and-other-infamous-5383835.php |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Crair1">{{cite journal |last1=Crair |first1=Ben |title=Why Do So Many People Still Want to Believe in Bigfoot? |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2018 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217082643/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-so-many-people-still-believe-in-bigfoot-180970045/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵔⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵍⴽⵍⵓⵕⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵔⴽⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⴷ ⵉⵖⴱⵓⵍⴰ, ⴳⵉⴳⵙⵏ ⴰⵥⴰⵎⵓⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵔⴳⴰⵣ ⵉⵎⵥⴳⵉ ⴳⵯ ⵓⵔⵓⴱ, ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴼⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Blitz |first1=Matt |title=People Say They've Seen Bigfoot — Can We Really Rule Out That Possibility? |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |website=yahoo.com |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=August 6, 2021 |date=August 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806153009/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/science-meets-legend-story-search-140900869.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵔⵡⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵅⵜⵜⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏⵏ, ⴷⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ, <ref>{{cite web |last1=McClelland |first1=John |date=October 2011 |title=Tracking the Legend of Bigfoot |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |access-date=January 3, 2022 |website=statemuseum.arizona.edu |publisher=[[Arizona State Museum]] |archive-date=January 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103221317/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/online-exhibit/curators-choice/tracking-legend-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McNeill |first1=Lynne |date=March 8, 2012 |title=Using Folklore to Tackle Bigfoot: 'Animal Planet' Comes to USU |url=https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=usu.edu |publisher=[[Utah State University]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174859/https://www.usu.edu/today/story/using-folklore-to-tackle-bigfoot-animal-planet-comes-to-usu |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ "ⵚⴽⴰⵏⴽ" (Skunk ape) ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵎⵓⵏⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ "ⴰⵍⵎⴰⵙ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵔⵉⵏ", ⴷ "ⵢⵉⵜⵉ" ⴳ ⵡⴰⵙⵢⴰ, ⴷ "ⵢⴰⵡⵉ" ⴳ ⵓⵙⵟⵕⴰⵍⵢⴰ,<ref name="Forth2007" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Bigfoot |url=https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=amnh.org |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411034647/https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/land/beyond-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴷ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵖⵉⵣⵏ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jilek-Aall |first1=Louise |date=June 1972 |title=What is a Sasquatch — or, the Problematics of Reality Testing |journal=[[Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal]] |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=243–247 |doi=10.1177/070674377201700312 |s2cid=3205204 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Munro |first1=Kate |date=May 14, 2019 |title=North America's Sasquatch: finding fact within the fable |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |access-date=December 27, 2021 |website=sbs.com |publisher=[[NITV]] |archive-date=December 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227174858/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2019/05/14/north-americas-sasquatch-finding-fact-within-fable |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ == [[File:2016ShawneeBigfoot.jpg|thumb|upright|ⴰⵙⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵓⴷⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ "ⵙⴰⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⴰⵙⴽⵡⴰⵜⵛ", ⴳ "ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ", ⵖ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ "ⵛⴰⵡⵏⵉ", ⴳ ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵡⴰ. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shawnee Forest Bigfoot |url=https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |website=enjoyillinois.com |access-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412010031/https://www.enjoyillinois.com/explore/listing/shawnee-forest-bigfoot |url-status=live }}</ref>]] ⴰⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴱⵉⴳⴼⵓⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ, ⵉⵍⴰ ⵉⵃⴷⵎⴰⵛ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴷⴷⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ, ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵖⴰⵙ, ⵉⴷⵍ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵏⵥⴰⴹⵏ ⵙⴳⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ (ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ), ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴷⵎⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⵉⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ.<ref name="skepdic">{{cite web|url=http://www.skepdic.com/bigfoot.html |title=Bigfoot [a.k.a. Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas, Mapinguari (the Amazon), Sasquatch, Yowie (Australia) and Yeti (Asia)] |publisher=The Skeptic's Dictionary |access-date=August 17, 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080914040152/http://skepdic.com/bigfoot.html| archive-date= September 14, 2008 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title=Sasquatch |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |access-date=April 7, 2013 |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515045710/http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/524755/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⵔ ⵙⵡⵓⵜⵜⵓⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⴳⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵇⵊⴰⵎ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 6 ⴰⵔ 9 ⵏ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ (1.8–2.7 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ), ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⵏⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ 10 ⴰⵔ 15 ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ (3.0–4.6 ⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵎⵉⵜⵔⵓ).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sasquatch |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |website=merriam-webster.com |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=April 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424085438/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Sasquatch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵍⴰⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵜ ⴱⵓ ⴱⴰⵟⵟⴰⵃ (Bigfoot) ⵉⵙ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ (ⴰⴱⴰⵖⵓⵙ) <ref>{{cite web |last1=Boivin |first1=John |title=Bigfoot or moose? Possible sighting shocks, excites residents of small B.C. community |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/7581006/bigfoot-or-moose-possible-sighting-shocks-excites-residents-of-small-b-c-community/ |url-status=live }}</ref> , ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⵜⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵖ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵖⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⵎ <ref>{{cite web |last1=Aziz |first1=Saba |title=Bigfoot in Canada: Inside the hunt for proof — or at least a good photo |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |website=globalnews.ca |publisher=[[Global News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=August 14, 2021 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://globalnews.ca/news/8070027/bigfoot-canada-photo-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='No joke': B.C. minister laughs off lawsuit claiming proof of Bigfoot |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/article/no-joke-bc-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot/ |website=ctvnews.ca |publisher=[[CTV News]] |access-date=December 21, 2021 |date=October 31, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221171512/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/no-joke-b-c-minister-laughs-off-lawsuit-claiming-proof-of-bigfoot-1.3656876 |url-status=live }}</ref> . ⵖ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1971, ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵖ ⴹⴰⵍⴰⵚ (The Dalles), ⵓⵔⵉⴳⵓⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵓⵙⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵛⵛⵓⵕⴹⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⴳⵍⴰⵎⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ "ⵓⴱⵉⴷⴷⵓ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ", ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵖ ⵉⵔⴳⴰⵣⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵕⴰ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵖ ⵓⵙⴰⵎⴰⵇⵇⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ "ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴷⵔ".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cahill |first1=Tim |title=Giant Hairy Apes in the North Woods: A Bigfoot Study |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |website=Rolling Stone |access-date=February 25, 2022 |date=May 10, 1973 |archive-date=February 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225223630/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/giant-hairy-apes-in-the-north-woods-a-bigfoot-study-242257/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ⴰⴳⵍⴰⵎ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵍⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵖⴰⵔⵉⵡⵏ ⴹⵏⵉⵏⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴳⵕⴷ, ⵉⵖⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵣⵣⵉⴼⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⵛⴰⵏ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵖⵡⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵓⵔⴷⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴱⴱⴰⵣ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brulliard |first1=Karin |title=Is bigfoot just an upright-walking bear? We asked the experts. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/07/05/is-bigfoot-just-an-upright-walking-bear-we-asked-the-experts/ |access-date=March 18, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 5, 2016 |archive-date=November 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104145406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/07/05/is-bigfoot-just-an-upright-walking-bear-we-asked-the-experts/ |url-status=live }}</ref> . ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴰⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵏⵉⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ "ⵙⴼⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ" ⵙ ⵓⵡⵔⴰⵖ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hodgin |first1=Carrie |title=Glowing Red-Eyes: Bigfoot Sightings Reported At Night In Mocksville |url=https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/glowing-red-eyes-bigfoot-sightings-reported-at-night-in-mocksville/83-2cac1b3e-c842-4f43-949d-764f0dad5c97 |work=[[WFMY-TV]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |agency= |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=January 11, 2019 |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523104012/https://www.wfmynews2.com/article/news/local/glowing-red-eyes-bigfoot-sightings-reported-at-night-in-mocksville/83-2cac1b3e-c842-4f43-949d-764f0dad5c97 |url-status=live }}</ref> ⵎⴰⵛⵛ, ⴰⵙⴼⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵓⴷⴷⴰ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵓⵕⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ. ⵖⴼ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ, ⵉⵙⴼⵔⵓⵜⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⴼⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴼⵍⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵡⵥⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⴳⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵎⵔ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵓⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔⴰⴽⵓⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⵙⵓⵎⵏ ⵔⴽⵙⵏⵉⵏ ⵖ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴳⵏ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⴱⵓⴱⴱⴰⵣⵏ ⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵉⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nickell |first1=Joe |title=Bigfoot Eyeshine: A Contradiction |url=https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/bigfoot_eyeshine_a_contradiction/ |website=centerforinquiry.org |publisher=[[Center for Inquiry]] |access-date=March 18, 2021 |date=September 28, 2017 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616050935/https://centerforinquiry.org/blog/bigfoot_eyeshine_a_contradiction/ |url-status=live }}</ref> == ⵉⵙⵓⵖⴰⵍ == am1cl35gfm26pduxg545ezymvfavgz5