ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ zghwiki https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B3 MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵢⴰⵡⵉⴽⵉ ⴰⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵍⴱⵓⴹ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⴳⴷⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1251 198882 198881 2026-11-08T17:17:05Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 /* ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ */ 198882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵙⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] (( الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008.)) == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} 0ulitkh4php7szovlbl1nfefgka40ad 198883 198882 2026-11-08T17:23:46Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 /* ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ */ 198883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} t9lxfj7axvri7cr1zheqhffxy8v9wtl 198884 198883 2026-11-08T17:29:21Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} eswekb7qikz9hlx0ksjg5kmv5qo9ly2 198885 198884 2026-11-08T17:35:38Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|thumb|ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} 6cw63ii7g6wappm7qk23jurw00zq40o 198886 198885 2026-11-08T17:36:22Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|left|ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} evlcg7ig71nd9cllbftqcv71hw1oami 198887 198886 2026-11-08T17:36:44Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|thumb|left|ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} tg388pzdd8h6uneaoe52apwdau5yha0 198888 198887 2026-11-08T17:45:01Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ]] (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|thumb|left|ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ == ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ|ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ]], ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ == ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} cm3q4e8h7idghxul4zobwxdzytn7lnf 198889 198888 2026-11-08T17:46:23Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ]] (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ == ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ|ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ]], ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ == [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|thumb|left|[[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} 2hlno4lxohv2pbjk9gwucfobcxadvn4 198890 198889 2026-11-08T17:46:40Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 /* ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ */ 198890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵉⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵖⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{ⵜⴰⴼⵍⵓⵙⴼⴽⵉⵜ}} '''ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: '''Translation''') ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ|ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ]] ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ [[ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ|ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ]] ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵜⴰⵖⴱⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ]] ⵙ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵣⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⴷⵙ ⵏ [[ⴰⵎⵓⵏ|ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ]] ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ [[ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ|ⵜⵉⴷⵍⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ]] ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵢⴰⴳⴳⵓⴳⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷⵙⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵊⵊ [[ⴰⴼⴳⴰⵏ|ⵎⴷⴷⵏ]] ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵏⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴱⵍⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙⴼⵍ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ, ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⵀⵢⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏⴰⵙ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵡⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴽ ⵉⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ, ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ. ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵎⴽⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴷⵔⵓ(1713-1784) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵓⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵉⵜ, ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⴰⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴷ ⵉⴼⵍⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⴰⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ(1910-1993) ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵕⵡⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Toledo |first=Samuel |date=2007 |title=Les Belles infidèles de Georges Mounin |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |journal=Équivalences |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=121–128 |doi=10.3406/equiv.2007.1322 |issn=0751-9532}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⵏⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ [[ⵊⵓⵕⵊ ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ]] (1910-1993) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵔⵜⵉⴱ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵔ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⵕⵚⵍⵉ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵖⵉⵢ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⵎⵓⵏⴰⵏ (1910-1993) ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵇⵇⵓⵍ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵓ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ. ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ : “ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ”. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ == ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ]] ⴷ [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ|ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏⴼⴽ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴱⵙⵓⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙ, ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷ ,ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ [[ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ|ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ]], ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵉ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵔⵎⵙⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ, ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⴷ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ, ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵎⴰⵖ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵀⵡⵏ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ == [[File:Tawqi' script - Qur'anic verses.jpg|thumb|[[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]], ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ [[ⴰⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ|ⵓⵇⵓⵔⴰⵏ]] ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⴰⵔⵉⵙⵉⵜ]] (ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵥⴰⵏⵜ)]] ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴱⴹⵓ ⵅⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⴱⴷⵔ: [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉⵇⵏⵉ]], [[ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ]] ... ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⴽⵍⴰⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⴳⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ. ⴳ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵔⴰⵔ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵓⵍ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵎⵉⴽⴽ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵏⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵛⵇⵇⴰⵏ. == ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵟⵟⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵓⵔ ⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, “ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵢⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>, ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⴰⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ. ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵥⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵏⵉⵔⵎⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ: “ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵖ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴷⵓⴷ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵏⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gouadec |first=Daniel |date=1987 |title=Les horizons de la terminotique |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002944ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=130 |doi=10.7202/002944ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵎⵎⵔⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ( ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ) ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴹⵕⵉⵚⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵓⵛⵛⵍ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⴰⴷ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵖⵍⵜ ⵜⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⵉⵔⵉ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵡⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴳⵔ ⵓⵡⴰⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⴹ. ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵉⴳ ⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵎⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵢⴰⵇⵇⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⵡⵜⵜⴰⵙ ⵉⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵉⴽⵛⵎ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⴷⵉⴱⵓⵔⴰ ⴽⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ “ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵥⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵡⵉⴱ |title=Cao et al. supplementary material |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2026.10052.sm001 |access-date=2026-11-06 |website=doi.org}}</ref>. ⵉⵍⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳ ⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ, ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜⵜ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵣⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵉⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵥⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⴰⴷⴷⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵜⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓ ⴰⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴱⴷⴷⴰ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ, ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏ ⵉⵃⴹⵓ ⵜⴰⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⴼⵉ ⴰⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ. == ⵜⵉⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ == === '''ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ''' === ⵓⵔ ⵏⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⵖ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵓⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵏⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵡⴰⵜⵜⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵔⵡⴰⵢ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⵓⵢⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵡⵉⵢⵢⴰⴹ, ⵜⴳ ⵓⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⴳⵉ ⵢⴰⵜ, ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵓⴷⵎⴰⵡⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⵓⵙⵉ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵏⵢⵉⵍⴽⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵔⵔⴰⵜⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴳⵏⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵜⴰⵎⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵜⵜⵢⴰⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ. ⴰⵔ ⵏⵜⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵎⵎⵔⵡⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵓⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵊⵓⵡⵏ ⴽⵍⵓⴷ ⵊⵓⵎⴰⵕ(1939) ⴰⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵙⴰⵙⵡⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴳⵔⵓⵜ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Gémar |first=Jean-Claude |date=1991 |title=Terminologie, langue et discours juridiques. Sens et signification du langage du droit |url=https://doi.org/10.7202/002843ar |journal=Meta: Journal des traducteurs |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=275 |doi=10.7202/002843ar |issn=0026-0452}}</ref>. ⵉⵖ ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵏⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵏⴻⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵉⴹⴰⵕⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵍⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵡⵉⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵜⵡⴰⵖⵜ, ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴽⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵙ ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵜⵙⵏⵙⵉ, ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴼⴼⴰⵖ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵕⵚⵓⵎ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⴳⵉⵔ ⴷⵓⵍⴳⴳⵓⴷ, ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵔⴷ ⴽⵓⵔⵏⵉ (1926-2007):“ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵅⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ”<ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=Hendry |first=A. |last2=Gilchrist |first2=W. J. |last3=Williams |first3=B. O. |date=1990-01-01 |title=Improving Communication on Discharge from Hospital |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=19 |issue=suppl 2 |pages=P22–P22 |doi=10.1093/ageing/19.suppl_2.p22-a |issn=0002-0729}}</ref> ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵖ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵙⵙⵏ ⵎⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵎⵎⵔ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⴷ ⴽⴰ ⵜⴳⵜ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵜⵉ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔⵜ ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⴳⵎ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵖⵔ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ. === '''ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ''' === ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵎⵓ ⵜⴰⴽⴽⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⵏⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵏⵏⴰⵏ ⴰⵇⴰ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴷ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵍⵊⵕⵊⴰⵏⵉ “ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ” <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=الخولي |first=أحمد حمدي |date=1983 |title=رأي في التفكير المنهجي عند عبدالقاهر الجرجاني |url=https://doi.org/10.46968/0326-008-004-003 |journal=الدارة |pages=36 |doi=10.46968/0326-008-004-003}}</ref> ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵟⵟⴼ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴼⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵔⴰⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴰⵡⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ, ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴷⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴳⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏ, ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⴰⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵣⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵟⵟⴼⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵀⵍⵍⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⵙ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵜⵎⵎⵔ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜ ⵓⴷⵔⵉⵣ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵢⵉⵔⵎ, ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵉⴳⴳⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⴷⵉⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵙ ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵙⵙⴱⴰⵄⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ “ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⵏⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵉⴳⵍ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵯⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵉⵏ “ <ref>{{ⴱⴷⵔ ⴰⵖⵎⵉⵙ |last=محمد السباعي الفقي |first=السباعي |date=1996-07-01 |title=نحو طريقة مقترحة لتعديل تسعير التامين الاجباري للسيارات بدولة الکويت |url=https://doi.org/10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |journal=المجلة المصرية للدراسات التجارية |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=191–226 |doi=10.21608/alat.1996.218496 |issn=2785-9703}}</ref> ⵙⴳ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⵍ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵔ ⵏⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⵉ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵎ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵜⴱⴷⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ, ⵙⵍⴰⵡⴰⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵜ. ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵏⵜⵜⵏⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⵓⵚⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ, ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⴰⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵏⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵍⵍⵉⵖ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⴰ ⵅⴼ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵏⵎⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ, ⵎⵉⵏⵣⵉ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜⵜ ⵉⵔⵎ ⴳ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵓⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵔ ⴰ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴳⴷⴰⵣⴰⵍ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜ ⵏⵙⵎⴰⵜⵜⵉ ⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⴰⴹ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ, ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵣⵎⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⵙ ⴰⴱⵍⴰ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ “ ⴰⴹⵕⵉⵚ ⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴷⴰⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⴰⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵙⵉⵙ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⴷ ⴰⵔ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉⴳ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵎⴰⵏ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏ.”<ref>{{Citation |title=Bearing Capacity |date=2025 |work=Dictionary of Concrete Technology |pages=180–181 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2998-2_107 |access-date=2026-11-08 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer Nature Singapore |isbn=978-981-97-2997-5}}</ref>. =ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵜⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ= =ⵜⵉⴹⴰⵏ= =ⵜⵉⵥⵔⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵖⵍ= == ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ == *''' [[CAO, Deborah. 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Brill: Leyde, 1964.]] * [[SELESKOVICH, Danica et Mariane LEDERER. Mariane. Paris: Didier, Coll Traductologie, 2001.]] * الجرجاني, علي بن محمد بن علي. التعريفات. دار الريان للتراث, 1983. السباعي, أيمن كمال. المدخل لصياغة وترجمة العقود. مصر: جمعية المترجمين واللغويين المصريين, 2008. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ |ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ |ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ |ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵜ }} bst4f85sw3dawoer9p61uidppkvhnhk 0 2004 198897 89978 2026-11-09T08:22:48Z ~2026-59405-53 58527 /* ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ */ 198897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} [[ⴰⴼⴰⵢⵍⵓ:FIFA logo without slogan.svg|thumb|ⴰⵍⵍⵓⴳⵓ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ]] '''ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ''' (ⵙ [[ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ|ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ]]: International Association Football Federation), ⵜⵢⴰⵡⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ (ⴼⵉⴼⴰ "FIFA"), ⵜⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵔⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ ⵖ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵓⵙⵍⵡⴰⵢ [[ⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⴰ|ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵙⵔⵉ]] [[ⵊⵢⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⴰⵏⵜⵉⵏⵓ]] ⵣⴳ 26 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 2016. ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵉⴼⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖ 21 ⵎⴰⵢⵢⵓ 1904 ⴳ ⵜⵎⴷⵉⵏⵜ ⵏ ⴱⴰⵔⵉⵣ, ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⵏⵏⵉⴳ 211 ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ [[ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵔ|ⵜⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ]] ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== Лущулууу ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⵜⴰⵛⴰⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴹⴰⵕ}} nbawvldo92vvwlmta5jqb0samvdgnm8 0 3812 198896 198460 2026-11-09T04:03:35Z Stephan1000000 996 198896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ⴰⵎⵏⵏⵉ ⵡⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴳⵓⵊⵉⵍ}} {{ⴰⵎⵓⴷ}} {{Infobox|above=|abovestyle=background-color: lightblue;|data11=[[ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ]]|label11=ⴰⵏⴰⵡ|data12=[[ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ]]|label12=ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ|data13=[[ⴼⵓⴽⵙ]], [[ⴷⵉⵣⵏⵉ+]]|data14=|data15=38|data16=815|label13=ⵜⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓⵜ|label14=|label15=ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ|label16=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|label17=ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⴷⵉⵏ|data17=21-24 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵙⴷⴰⵜⵉⵏ|header14=ⵜⴰⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜ|headerstyle=background-color: #eee;|image1=[[File:The_Simpsons_yellow_logo.svg|250px]]|subheader=|subheaderstyle=background-color: lightblue;|header18=ⴰⵙⴼⵓⵖ|label19=ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ|label20=ⴰⵙⵓⴼⵖ|data19=[[ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⵏⴳ]]|data20=ⵊⵉⵎⵙ ⴱⵔⵓⴽⵙ|label21=ⴰⵎⴼⴰⵔⵙ|data21=ⴱⵓⵏⵉⵜⴰ ⴱⵢⵉⵜⵉⵍⴰ|label22=ⴰⵣⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵍⵊⵉⵏⵉⵔⵉⴽ|data22=[[ⴷⴰⵏⵏⵉ ⵉⵍⴼⵎⴰⵏ]]|related=|title=ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ|label23=ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ|label24=⠀|data23=[[20th ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⵉⵛⵏ]]|data24=|header30=|data31=}}'''ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ''' (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ: ''The Simpsons'') ⵏⴰⵖⴷ '''ⴰⴽⵍⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴱⵙⵓⵏ''', ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⵙⵉⵜⴽⵓⵎ ⴰⵜⵍⴼⴰⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴰⴹⵚⴰ<ref>Harvey Deneroff, « Matt Groening's Baby Turns 10 », Animation Magazine, vol. 14, no 1</ref>, ⵙ ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴼⵓⴽⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵙ ⴰⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ [[ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ]] ⵏ ⵎⴰⵜⵜ ⴳⵔⵉⵏⵉⴳ, ⵉⴳ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵎⵉⴷⵏ ⵎⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴽⴰ. ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⵙⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵟⵟⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵍⴽⵎ ⴰⵔ ⵖⵉⵍⴰ ⵙ 35 ⵙⵉⵥⵓⵏ ⴷ 760 ⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⵉⵢⵜⵏ. ⵉⵣⵔⵉ [[ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵍⵉⵜ]] ⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵉⵣⵢⵓⵏ ⴰⵙⵙ ⵏ [[17 ⴷⵓⵊⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ]] 1989. ==ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ== {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} ==ⵥⵕ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ== * [https://www.imdb.com/&id=tt0096697 ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ IMDB * [https://www.metacritic.com/tv/the-simpsons ⴷⴰ ⵙⵉⵎⴱⵙⵓⵏⵣ] ⵖ Metacritic {{ⴰⵙⵎⵉⵍ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ|ⴰⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵓⵖⵏ ⵉⵜⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ}} {{ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ}} {{ⴰⴱⴰⴹ ⵓⵏⵜⵉⵎ}} h97ofpgprf4bn95gfmy46spwqbammlr 828 5490 198894 197917 2026-11-08T21:14:21Z Grufo 1753 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 198894 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_sorted_key_list (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 1, 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nums[nn], nn = key, nn + 1 else words[nw], nw = key, nw + 1 end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn - 1, nw - 1 end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_param_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_param_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame, first_fn_name) local main_frame, tpipe = child_frame:getParent(), { first_fn_name } for key, val in pairs(child_frame.args) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then tpipe[key + 1] = val else tpipe[key] = val end end return { frame = main_frame, pipe = tpipe, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, fnpos = 1, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, next_fn_pos, trimmed_fname) local fname = trimmed_fname or ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos] and ctx.pipe[next_fn_pos]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[fname] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[fname] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. fname .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end ctx.fnpos = next_fn_pos return library[fname] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, offs) local cmd if opts[offs] == nil then return offs - 1 end cmd = opts[offs]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/'):match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return offs end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), offs + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) local trarg if raw_arg ~= nil then trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if trarg == nil then return nil, 1, false, nil end if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, nil end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, nil end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) tbl[tmp1], pin = src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_param_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_param_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, start_from, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[start_from + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, start_from - 1 else shf = start_from end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end tmp = style[1] local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, offs, whoami) if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local tn, flg local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[offs + 1], opts[offs + 2], tonumber(opts[offs + 3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil then argc = 4 elseif opts[offs + 3] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == nil then argc = 4 end end if tn == nil and opts[offs + argc] ~= nil then tn = opts[offs + argc]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tn ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[tn] if flg ~= nil then tn = nil end end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, offs + argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl), tn end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, offs, whoami) local tn, kwid local ptns, arg, state, nptns, idx = {}, opts[offs + 1], 0, 0, offs + 2 while arg ~= nil do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { arg, false, false } else tn = arg:match'^%s*(.*%S)' kwid = tn and mkeywords[tn] if kwid == nil or (state > 0 and kwid > 0) then break else state = kwid if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end arg, idx = opts[idx], idx + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, idx - 1, kwid == nil and tn or nil end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, offs, isp, psp) local tn, tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, offs, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] tn = tmp and tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == nil then break end if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tn] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tn], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tn] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tn], opts[argc], nil else break end argc, tn = argc + 1, nil until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc, tn end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local skel, canvas, idx, s_pos, e_pos = {}, {}, 1, 1, string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx], skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1), target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx, s_pos = idx + 2, e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end else key = get_param_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_param_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, ivar0, dosort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[offs + 2]) if ivar0 == 2 then tmp = opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end ivar0 = ivar0 + offs if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then ivar0 = ivar0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, ivar0 + 1) end if argc < ivar0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc + 1 end local cache, len if dosort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else cache, len = {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = key, len + 1 end len = len - 1 end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc + 1 end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx, offs) local tbl, retval, cache, nmax = ctx.params, {}, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then if key < 1 then cache[key] = val elseif key > offs then cache[key - offs] = val end if key > nmax then nmax = key end else cache[key] = val end end nmax = nmax - offs if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tmp local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end elseif ctx.subset == 1 then if ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end tmp = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end tbl = tmp end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = marker end end if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end return end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_seq) return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype < 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end return end local tseq = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local tmp local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = nil end end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do if val ~= true then fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter -- name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to library.pinned_until = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr local sntl, idx = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2 if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0 ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end while opts[offs + idx] ~= nil do tmp = opts[offs + idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == sntl then if idx == 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2 return context_iterate(ctx, offs + idx + 1) end if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1 end error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local new_offs = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos + 1) if new_offs - ctx.fnpos < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, new_offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) local opts, offs, retval = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 0 if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end local tn = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = tostring(retval) return tn == 'here' and context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) or context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local lcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local idx = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local last = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local tmp = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 1 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then cache[nsize], nsize = key, nsize + 1 end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor((nsize - 1) / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tn ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[tn] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp1 = opts[offs + 1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, offs + 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]), offs + 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - offs - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[offs + key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = opts[offs + 2] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = opts[offs + 2] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src, tn = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]), opts[offs + 3] ~= nil and opts[offs + 3]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' local val = tbl[src] if tn ~= nil then mode = a_modes[tn] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, offs + 3 else argc, tn = offs + 4, nil end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local dest = get_param_name(opts[offs + 2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[offs + 2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_param_name(opts[offs + 1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local key = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local tbl, newparams, opts, offs = ctx.params, {}, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_matching') for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_name_not_matching') if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl, opts, offs = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local targets, nptns, argc, tn = load_pattern_args(opts, offs, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, opts[offs + 1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, dosort, tn = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if dosort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_sorted_key_list(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else cache, len = {}, 1 for _, val in pairs(tbl) do cache[len], len = val, len + 1 end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, offs + 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die, tn = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_param_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_param_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mix = ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] if mix == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local cache = {} mix = mix:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(opts, offs + 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, repos, tn = load_parse_opts(opts, offs + 2, '!', ':') if opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then remove_numeric_keys(opts, offs, repos - offs) return context_iterate(ctx, offs, tn) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[offs + 1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) local shift = #cache + offs - repos + 1 for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < offs then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= repos then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val else new_opts[key + offs] = val end end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local cache, mix_k, mix_v = {}, opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', opts[offs + 2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_param_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_param_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' )) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' )) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if opts[offs + 2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_param_name(opts[offs + 2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, opts, offs, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos, ctx.n_parents + 1 local tn = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if tn == 'new' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 1, tn) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_param_name(opts[offs + 1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, offs + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substacks have been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|rearranging_substacks|...|pipe to library.rearranging_substacks = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + 1]) if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: You must specify at least one substack', 0) end local argc local oldchdn, newchdn, ntot, sid = ctx.children, {}, ctx.n_children, 1 repeat if tmp > ntot or tmp < 1 or math.floor(tmp) ~= tmp then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' does not exist', 0) end if oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘rearranging_substacks’: Substack #' .. tostring(tmp) .. ' appears multiple times', 0) end newchdn[ntot - sid + 1], oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], sid = oldchdn[ntot - tmp + 1], nil, sid + 1 tmp = tonumber(opts[offs + sid]) until tmp == nil ctx.children, argc, sid = newchdn, offs + sid, 1 for idx = 1, ntot do tmp = oldchdn[idx] if tmp ~= nil then newchdn[sid], sid = tmp, sid + 1 end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, ctx.fnpos + 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]| -- [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 1) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx, offs + 2) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx, offs + 1)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos if opts[offs + 1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[ctx.fnpos + 1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]| -- [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) local model, ret, nss, ccs = { title = tname, args = cargs }, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]| -- [named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], iargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs, cargs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs - 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], cargs[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local cargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs) local model = { title = tname, args = cargs } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local mname = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = opts[offs + 2] and opts[offs + 2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local iargs = copy_table_reduced(ctx.pipe, 1, offs + 1) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = iargs } local mfunc, ret, nss, ccs = require(model.title)[fname], {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) iargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]| -- [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local magic = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local cargs, ret, nss, ccs = copy_table_reduced(opts, 1, offs), {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) cargs[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, cargs) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local opts, offs = ctx.pipe, ctx.fnpos local tmp = opts[offs + 1] and opts[offs + 1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local bargs, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then bargs[key] = val elseif key > offs then bargs[key - offs - 1] = val elseif key < 1 then bargs[key - 1] = val end end ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(bargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, 'new') ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 2)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (child_frame) return child_frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame, fname) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) edjjks8ayvjip4tl4xpkdb2en7irkcr 1728 54976 198895 198847 2026-11-08T22:48:26Z Essaidib2 15 /* */ 198895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Event:ⴰⵎⵣⵉⵣⵡⵔ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴽⵉⴱⵉⴷⵢⴰ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2026/ⴰⵙⵜⴰⵔⴰ}} {{#invoke:WikiContestTracker|main | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_1 = 1 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_1 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵍ ⴳⵔⴱⵓⵣⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_1 = [[:fr:Mohammed al-Guerbouzi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_1 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_1 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_2 = 2 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_2 = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_2 = [[:fr:Parti national des verts pour le développement]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_2 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_2 = سعيد الشاعر الغريب | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_3 = 3 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_3 = ⵙⴰⵍⴰⴼⵉⵢⴰ ⵊⵉⵀⴰⴷⵉⵢⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_3 = [[:fr:Salafia Jihadia]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_3 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_3 = سعيد الشاعر الغريب | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_4 = 4 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_4 = ⵛⴰⵕⵍ ⴳⵉⵜⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_4 = [[:fr:Charles Guetta]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_4 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_4 = سعيد الشاعر الغريب | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_5 = 5 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_5 = ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_5 = [[:fr:Parti démocrate national (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_5 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_5 = ahmed hajjy | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_6 = 6 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_6 = ⵍⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵢⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_6 = [[:fr:Liliane Dayot]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_6 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_6 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_7 = 7 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_7 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵚⵡⵉⵕⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_7 = [[:fr:Abdelhamid Souiri]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_7 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_7 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_8 = 8 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_8 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⵍⵄⴰⵍⴰⵎⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_8 = [[:fr:Mohamed El Alami]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_8 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_8 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_9 = 9 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_9 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⵓ ⴱⵓⵛⵄⵉⴱ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_9 = [[:fr:Mohamed Ben Bouchaïb]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_9 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_9 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_10 = 10 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_10 = ⵍⴱⵛⵉⵔ ⴱⵍⵄⴱⴱⴰⵙ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_10 = [[:fr:Bachir Belabbès]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_10 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_10 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_11 = 11 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_11 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⵍⵎⵀⴷⵉ ⴱⵏⵄⴱⴷⵍⵊⵍⵉⵍ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_11 = [[:fr:Mohamed Mehdi Benabdeljalil]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_11 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_11 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_12 = 12 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_12 = ⵝⴰⵎⵉ ⵄⵎⵎⴰⵕ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_12 = [[:fr:Thami Ammar]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_12 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_12 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_13 = 13 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_13 = ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵊⵓⵏⴷⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_13 = [[:fr:Ahmed Joundi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_13 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_13 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_14 = 14 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_14 = ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⵢⵓⵙ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_14 = [[:fr:Institut Amadeus]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_14 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_14 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_15 = 15 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_15 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵎⴰⵊⵉⴷ ⵍⴼⴰⵙⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_15 = [[:fr:Abdelmajid El Fassi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_15 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_15 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_16 = 16 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_16 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵇⴰⴷⵔ ⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵍⵄⴰⵚⵉⵎⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_16 = [[:fr:Abdelkader Hassan El Assimi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_16 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_16 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_17 = 17 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_17 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼ ⵚⴱⵉⵃⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_17 = [[:fr:Abdellatif Sbihi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_17 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_17 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_18 = 18 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_18 = ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⴽⵜⵜⴰⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_18 = [[:fr:Driss al-Kettani]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_18 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_18 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_19 = 19 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_19 = ⵄⴱⴷⵙⵙⵍⴰⵎ ⴱⵔⵔⴰⴷⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_19 = [[:fr:Abdeslam Berrada]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_19 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_19 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_20 = 20 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_20 = ⵜⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵢⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⴱⵓⵕ ⵍⵢⵓⵟⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_20 = [[:fr:Base d'aéronautique navale de Port-Lyautey]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_20 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_20 = سعيد الشاعر الغريب | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_21 = 21 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_21 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⴽⴰⵔⵉⵎ ⵍⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_21 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Mohammed Karim Lamrani]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_21 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_21 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_22 = 22 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_22 = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_22 = [[:fr:Organisation des combattants marocains]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_22 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_22 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_23 = 23 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_23 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼ ⵍⵃⴰⵊⵊⴰⵊⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_23 = [[:fr:Abdellatif El Hajjaji]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_23 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_23 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_24 = 24 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_24 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⵟⵓⴽⴰⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_24 = [[:fr:Mohamed Toukani]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_24 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_24 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_25 = 25 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_25 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵀⴰⴷⵉ ⵚⵇⵍⵍⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_25 = [[:fr:Abdelhadi Skalli]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_25 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_25 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_26 = 26 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_26 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⴱⵓⵄⵎⵕⴰⵏⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_26 = [[:fr:Mohamed Bouamrani]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_26 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_26 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_27 = 27 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_27 = ⵃⴰⵎⵉⴷ ⵍⴱⵓⵅⴰⵔⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_27 = [[:fr:Hamid El Boukhari]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_27 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_27 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_28 = 28 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_28 = ⵜⴰⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵛⵛⵉⵡⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵏⴰⴹⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_28 = [[:fr:Commission consultative de la régionalisation]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_28 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_28 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_29 = 29 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_29 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⵓⵍⴷ ⴱⵓⵄⵎⴰⵜⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_29 = [[:fr:Mohamed Ould Bouamatou]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_29 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_29 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_30 = 30 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_30 = ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⴷⵍⵍⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_30 = [[:fr:Ahmed Bendella]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_30 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_30 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_31 = 31 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_31 = ⵇⴰⴷⴷⵓⵔ ⵜⵔⵀⵣⴰⵣ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_31 = [[:fr:Kaddour Terhzaz]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_31 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_31 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_32 = 32 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_32 = ⴰⵏⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_32 = [[:fr:Attentat de Marrakech]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_32 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_32 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_33 = 33 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_33 = ⵃⵎⵎⵓⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵃⵏⴰⵏⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_33 = [[:fr:Hammoudi Bouhanana]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_33 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_33 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_34 = 34 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_34 = ⴰⵍⵍⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_34 = [[:fr:Oyoune Nissaiya]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_34 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_34 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_35 = 35 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_35 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵄⵟⵉ ⴱⵓⵄⴱⵉⴷ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_35 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Maâti Bouabid]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_35 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_35 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_36 = 36 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_36 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_36 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Abderrahman el-Youssoufi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_36 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_36 = ahmed hajjy | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_37 = 37 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_37 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵊⵟⵟⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_37 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Driss Jettou]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_37 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_37 = ahmed hajjy | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_38 = 38 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_38 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵀⵓⵍⴰⵏⴹⴰ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_38 = [[:fr:Ambassade des Pays-Bas au Maroc]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_38 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_38 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_39 = 39 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_39 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵉⵍⴰⵀ ⴱⵏⴽⵉⵔⴰⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_39 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Abdel-Ilah Benkiran]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_39 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_39 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_40 = 40 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_40 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵀ ⵜⵓⵕⴰⴱⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_40 = [[:fr:Abdellah Tourabi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_40 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_40 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_41 = 41 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_41 = ⵜⵉⵍⴳⴳⵯⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵄⵔⵔⵉⵎⵏ 2011 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_41 = [[:fr:Listes nationales femmes et jeunes des élections législatives marocaines de 2011]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_41 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_41 = DERDAKI ILIAS | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_42 = 42 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_42 = ⵜⴰⵎⵀⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴽⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵓⵔⴼ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_42 = [[:fr:Direction des affaires pénales et des grâces]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_42 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_42 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_43 = 43 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_43 = ⵜⴰⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_43 = [[:fr:Comité national de prévention des accidents de la circulation]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_43 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_43 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_44 = 44 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_44 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵜⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵃⵉⵣⵡⴰⵔ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_44 = [[:fr:Loi marocaine sur la liberté des prix et de la concurrence]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_44 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_44 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_45 = 45 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_45 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵓⵕⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_45 = [[:fr:Juridiction de proximité (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_45 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_45 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_46 = 46 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_46 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 42-10 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_46 = [[:fr:Loi marocaine no 42-10]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_46 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_46 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_47 = 47 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_47 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_47 = [[:fr:Loi marocaine organisant l'exercice de la profession d'avocat]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_47 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_47 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_48 = 48 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_48 = ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⴰⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_48 = [[:fr:Charte communale (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_48 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_48 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_49 = 49 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_49 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_49 = [[:fr:Affaire Amina El Filali]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_49 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_49 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_50 = 50 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_50 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ 1997 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_50 = [[:fr:Code électoral marocain de 1997]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_50 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_50 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_51 = 51 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_51 = ⵎⵓⵃⴰⵎⵎⴷ ⴰⵛⵔⵇⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_51 = [[:fr:Mohamed Achergui]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_51 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_51 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_52 = 52 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_52 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 17-97 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_52 = [[:fr:Loi marocaine no 17-97]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_52 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_52 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_53 = 53 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_53 = ⴰⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ 31-08 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_53 = [[:fr:Loi marocaine no 31-08]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_53 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_53 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_54 = 54 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_54 = ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⵙⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_54 = [[:fr:Liste des institutions constitutionnelles marocaines]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_54 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_54 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_55 = 55 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_55 = ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2003 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_55 = [[:fr:Élections communales marocaines de 2003]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_55 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_55 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_56 = 56 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_56 = ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵍⴰⵟⵉⴼ ⵍⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_56 = [[:fr:Gouvernement Abdellatif Filali]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_56 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_56 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_57 = 57 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_57 = ⵚⴰⵍⵉⵃ ⴱⵏⵢⵜⵜⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_57 = [[:fr:Saleh Benyettou]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_57 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_57 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_58 = 58 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_58 = ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵄⵓⵔⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⴰⵏⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_58 = [[:fr:Organisation de la jeunesse constitutionnelle]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_58 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_58 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_59 = 59 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_59 = ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴼⵣⴰⵣⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_59 = [[:fr:Ahmed Fizazi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_59 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_59 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_60 = 60 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_60 = ⵎⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⴷⴰⵙⵉⵔ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_60 = [[:fr:Mhammed Dasser]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_60 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_60 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_61 = 61 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_61 = ⴰⵏⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_61 = [[:fr:Service public de l'emploi au Maroc]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_61 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_61 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_62 = 62 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_62 = ⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ ⵃⴰⴼⵉⴹⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_62 = [[:fr:Brahim Hafidi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_62 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_62 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_63 = 63 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_63 = ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵉⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2015 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_63 = [[:fr:Élections communales marocaines de 2015]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_63 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_63 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_64 = 64 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_64 = ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_64 = [[:fr:Liste des présidents des conseils régionaux au Maroc]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_64 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_64 = DERDAKI ILIAS | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_65 = 65 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_65 = ⴰⵙⵇⴰⵎⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵜⵓⴼⵉⵖⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_65 = [[:fr:Conseil national du commerce extérieur]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_65 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_65 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_66 = 66 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_66 = ⴱⴰⵍⵜⴰⵥⴰⵕ ⵍⵡⴰⵢⵓⵍⴰ ⴷⵉ ⵎⴰⵏⴷⵙ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_66 = [[:fr:Balthazar Loyola de Mandes]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_66 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_66 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_67 = 67 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_67 = ⵉⵎⴰⴹⴰⴼⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ 2016 ⵙ ⵜⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_67 = [[:fr:Résultats par région des élections législatives marocaines de 2016]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_67 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_67 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_68 = 68 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_68 = ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵜⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_68 = [[:fr:Circonscriptions électorales marocaines]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_68 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_68 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_69 = 69 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_69 = ⵜⵉⵙⴳⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵓⴹⴰⴼ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵢⵉⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_69 = [[:fr:Circonscriptions législatives marocaines]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_69 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_69 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_70 = 70 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_70 = ⴼⴷⵡⴰ ⵎⵉⵙⴽ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_70 = [[:fr:Fedwa Misk]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_70 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_70 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_71 = 71 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_71 = ⴰⵙⵉⵏⴰⴳ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴷⴱⵍⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_71 = [[:fr:Institut supérieur d'administration]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_71 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_71 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_72 = 72 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_72 = ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼ ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵛ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_72 = [[:fr:Joseph Pallache]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_72 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_72 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_73 = 73 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_73 = ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⴱⴰⵍⴰⵛ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_73 = [[:fr:Isaac Pallache]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_73 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_73 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_74 = 74 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_74 = ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ 2015 ⵟⴰⵏⵊⴰ-ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ-ⵍⵃⵓⵙⵉⵎⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_74 = [[:fr:Élections régionales de 2015 à Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_74 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_74 = DERDAKI ILIAS | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_75 = 75 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_75 = ⴰⵎⴰⵍ ⴱⵓⴽⵉⵔ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_75 = [[:fr:Amal Boukir]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_75 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_75 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_76 = 76 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_76 = ⵄⴰⵣⵉⵣⴰ ⵛⴰⴳⴰⴼ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_76 = [[:fr:Aziza Chagaf]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_76 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_76 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_77 = 77 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_77 = ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵡⴰⴷⵔⵓⵏⴻⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴱⵔⵉⴷⵏ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_77 = [[:fr:Groupe d'escadrons blindés (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_77 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_77 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_78 = 78 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_78 = ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 6 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_78 = [[:fr:6e régiment d'infanterie motorisée (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_78 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_78 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_79 = 79 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_79 = ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 8 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_79 = [[:fr:8e régiment d'infanterie motorisée (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_79 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_79 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_80 = 80 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_80 = ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 3 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_80 = [[:fr:3e régiment d'infanterie motorisée (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_80 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_80 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_81 = 81 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_81 = ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 4 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_81 = [[:fr:4e régiment d'infanterie motorisée (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_81 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_81 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_82 = 82 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_82 = ⵄⴱⴷⵍⵡⴰⵃⴷ ⵎⴰⵄⵛ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_82 = [[:fr:Abdelouhahed Maâch]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_82 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_82 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_83 = 83 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_83 = ⴷⴰⵔ ⵍⴱⵉⴹⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_83 = [[:fr:Dar al Beida]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_83 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_83 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_84 = 84 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_84 = ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵍⴼⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵡⵓⵔⴰⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_84 = [[:fr:Mouvement des Gilets jaunes dans le monde]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_84 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_84 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_85 = 85 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_85 = ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵛⵓⵛⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵉⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_85 = [[:fr:Sommet des deux rives de la Méditerranée]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_85 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_85 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_86 = 86 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_86 = ⴰⵙⵔⴷⴰⵙ ⵡⵉⵙ 14 ⵏ ⵜⵔⴱⴱⴰⵄⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⴽⵉⵜ (ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ) | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_86 = [[:fr:14e régiment d'infanterie motorisée (Maroc)]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_86 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_86 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_87 = 87 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_87 = ⵄⵍⵉ ⴱⵣⵣⴰⵄ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_87 = [[:fr:Ali Bezzaa]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_87 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_87 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_88 = 88 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_88 = ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵄⴰⵍⵉ ⵓⵍⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⵉ ⴱⵛⵉⵔ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_88 = [[:fr:Mohamed Ali Ould Sidi Bechir]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_88 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_88 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_89 = 89 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_89 = ⵜⵉⴷⵜ ⵜⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵉⵙ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_89 = [[:fr:La vérité sort de la bouche du cheval]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_89 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_89 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_90 = 90 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_90 = ⵉⵛⵔⴰⵇ ⵍⴱⵓⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_90 = [[:fr:Ichraq El Bouyousfi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_90 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_90 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_91 = 91 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_91 = ⴰⵙⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⴰⵚⵉⴼⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_91 = [[:fr:Asma Ennassifi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_91 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_91 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_92 = 92 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_92 = ⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵡⵣⵉ ⵣⵉⵣⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_92 = [[:fr:Amina Faouzi Zizi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_92 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_92 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_93 = 93 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_93 = ⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⴰⵄⵇⵓⴱⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_93 = [[:fr:Imane Elyakoubi]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_93 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_93 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_94 = 94 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_94 = ⵎⵓⵏⴰ ⴰⵛⵔⴰⵢⵜ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_94 = [[:fr:Mouna Achrait]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_94 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_94 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_95 = 95 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_95 = ⵙⵓⵎⵢⵢⴰ ⵓⵄⵍⵍⴰⵍ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_95 = [[:fr:Soumia Ouallal]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_95 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_95 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_96 = 96 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_96 = ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵏⵇⴷⴷⵓⵔ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_96 = [[:fr:Mohammed Benkaddour]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_96 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_96 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_97 = 97 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_97 = ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵇⴰⴷⵜ ⵏ ⵇⵓⵎⵓⵔ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_97 = [[:fr:Ambassade des Comores au Maroc]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_97 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_97 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_98 = 98 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_98 = ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵔ ⵃⵍⵍⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_98 = [[:fr:Omar Halli]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_98 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_98 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_99 = 99 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_99 = ⵉⵙⵃⴰⵇ ⵛⴰⵔⵉⵄⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_99 = [[:fr:Isaac Charia]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_99 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_99 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_100 = 100 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_100 = ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵡⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ 2021 | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_100 = [[:fr:Élections communales marocaines de 2021]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_100 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_100 = | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_101 = 101 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_101 = ⵉⵎⴰⵏⵡⵉⵍ ⵎⴰⴽⵕⵓⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_101 = [[:fr:Emmanuel Macron]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_101 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_101 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_102 = 102 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_102 = ⵉⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵙⵓⵔⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_102 = [[:fr:Guerre civile syrienne]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_102 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_102 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_103 = 103 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_103 = ⵎⴰⵢⴽⵍ ⵊⴰⴽⵚⵓⵏ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_103 = [[:fr:Michael Jackson]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_103 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_103 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_104 = 104 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_104 = ⴷⴰⴼⵉⴷ ⴱⵉⴽⵀⴰⵎ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_104 = [[:fr:David Beckham]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_104 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_104 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_105 = 105 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_105 = ⴽⵉⵍⵢⴰⵏ ⵎⴱⴰⴱⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_105 = [[:fr:Kylian Mbappé]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_105 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_105 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_106 = 106 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_106 = ⵏⴰⵢⵎⴰⵕ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_106 = [[:fr:Neymar]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_106 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_106 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_107 = 107 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_107 = ⴱⵉⵍⵉ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_107 = [[:fr:Pelé]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_107 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_107 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_108 = 108 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_108 = ⵎⴰⵏⵛⵉⵙⵜⵔ ⵢⵓⵏⴰⵢⵜⴷ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_108 = [[:fr:Manchester United Football Club]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_108 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_108 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_109 = 109 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_109 = ⵕⵓⵏⴰⵍⴷⵉⵏⵢⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_109 = [[:fr:Ronaldinho]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_109 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_109 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_110 = 110 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_110 = ⴷⵢⵉⴳⵓ ⵎⴰⵕⴰⴹⵓⵏⴰ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_110 = [[:fr:Diego Maradona]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_110 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_110 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_111 = 111 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_111 = ⵕⵓⵏⴰⵍⴹⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_111 = [[:fr:Ronaldo]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_111 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_111 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_112 = 112 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_112 = ⵕⵓⵎⴰⵕⵢⵓ | ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ_112 = [[:fr:Romário]] | ⵜⵉⴷⴼⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_112 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_112 = ⴰⵏⴰⵙ ⵓⵍⵃⵍⵓ | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_113 = 113 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_113 = ⵎⵉⵍⵓⴷⵉ ⵃⵎⴷⵓⵛⵉ | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_113 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_113 = Hamza Goulahyane | ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ_114 = 114 | ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵔⴰⴷ_114 = ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ | ⵜⵉⴷⴷⵉ_ⵜⴰⵙⴰⵍⴰⵏⵜ_114 = 0 | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙ_114 = Hamza Goulahyane }} si77p8w1r6x3svodn868yo16ekbiwto 0 55071 198891 198864 2026-11-08T17:55:15Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 198891 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]], ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ. ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵜ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]], ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998 ⴰⵔ 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]] ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ !! ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ |- | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ || ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ |- | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ|| ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |- | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ || ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚ |- | ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ||4 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1998 |- | ⵜⴰⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ || 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002 |- | ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ || ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ |- | ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ || ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ |-| == ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ == ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴳ 4 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1998, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ[[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. == ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ == ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵟ ⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ: * ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ. * ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ. * ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ. * ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵢ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ . * ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ «ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙ». ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ. == ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵜ == ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ: * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. * ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵓ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ 17 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]]ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ 174 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ 23 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ «ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵉⵏ». == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ == * '''ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ''' ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]]ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎⵓ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 9 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1999, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⴱⵚⵕⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. * '''* ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ''' ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]]. ⴳ 26 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2000, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. == ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ:== ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. == ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ== ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 27 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2002, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]] ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵊⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]]. ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == * https://ojs.acrps.ai/index.php/siyasatarabiya/ar/article/view/issue011-art07/html?utm_ * https://ojs.acrps.ai/index.php/siyasatarabiya/ar/article/view/issue011-art07/html?utm_ * https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/documents/2025-09/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A.pdf?utm_ * https://archive.assafir.com/ssr/923940.html?utm_ i2j4heam094wg2a61he182awsqlfi5g 198892 198891 2026-11-08T17:55:47Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] 198891 wikitext text/x-wiki ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]], ⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵢⵏ ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴳⵎⴹ. ⵉⵙⴱⴷⴷⴰⵜ ⵜⵜ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]], ⴰⵎⴰⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴱⴷⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998 ⴰⵔ 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002, ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]] ⵉⴷⵔⵓ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵣⵍⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴽⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉⵜ, ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵜⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉⵜ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴷⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⵏⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ. {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵎⴰⵍⵜ !! ⵉⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⵏ |- | ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ || ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ |- | ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ|| ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ |- | ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ || ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵚⵎⵎⵓⵚ |- | ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⵜ ||4 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1998 |- | ⵜⴰⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵜ || 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002 |- | ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ || ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ |- | ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼ || ⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ |-| == ⴰⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ == ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵏ, ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ, ⵎⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 1997, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴼⴼⵖ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⴱⴳ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵣⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⵣⵔⵉⵏ. ⴳ 4 ⴱⵕⴰⵢⵕ 1998, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ[[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵎⴰⵕⵕⴰ. == ⴰⵙⴱⴱⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ == ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷⴳ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵟ ⴳ 14 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ: * ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ. * ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ. * ⴰⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⴰ ⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ. * ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵢ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ . * ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵎⴷⵏⴰⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⴽⵛⵎ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⴽⴰⴱⴰⵔⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏ ⴰⵎⵖⵔⴰⴱⵉ ⵙ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ «ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⴰⵙ». ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵉⵡⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰ, ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵜⴰⵣⵔⴼⵜ ⴷ ⵡⵓⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵍⵎⴰⵏⵉⵏ. == ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⴰⵜ == ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵖⴼ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ, ⵙⴳ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ: * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ. * ⴰⵙⵎⵙⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵙⵙⵓ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⴻⵍⵍⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵜⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ. * ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵖⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵏⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ. * ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴳ 17 ⵎⴰⵕⵚ 1998, ⵉⴼⴽⴰ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]]ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴹⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏ, ⴷ ⵢⵓⵎⵥ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⴷ ⵡⵉ ⵖⵉⴼⵙ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ 174 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ, ⵎⴳⴰⵍ 23 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ, ⵡⴰⵔ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⵔⵉ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ «ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵉⵏ». == ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ == * '''ⵜⴰⵎⵜⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎ''' ⴳ 23 ⵢⵓⵍⵢⵓⵣ 1999, ⵉⵎⵎⵓⵜ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵜⵜⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]]ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵎⵓ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵜⴰⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ, ⵉⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ. ⴳ 9 ⵏⵓⵡⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 1999, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴽⴽⵙ ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵍⴱⵚⵕⵉ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰ, ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵜⴰⵢ ⴰⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⵍⵎⵉⴷⴰⵡⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ ⴰⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏⵏⵙ. * '''* ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ''' ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵡⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ, ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵙⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵍⵃⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ[[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]]. ⴳ 26 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2000, ⵉⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵚⴹⵉⵚ ⵜⴰⵙⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⴰⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ. == ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵟⵟⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ:== ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔⵏ, ⴳ ⴳⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵙⵓ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍⵓ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵏⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⴷⴰⵖ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ, ⴰⴼⵍⵓⵢ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⴳ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵉⵏ. ⴷ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵉⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⵍⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⵎⵓⵇⵕⴰⵟⵉ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ. == ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2002 ⴷ ⵜⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ== ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ 27 ⵛⵓⵜⴰⵏⴱⵉⵔ 2002, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵡⴹⵏ ⵖⵔ ⵓⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⴷⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵙⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵉⵔⴰⵔⵏ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ, ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵏⵉⴹⵏ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵉⵙⵜⵢ ⵓⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ [[ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴹⵉⵙ]] ⵉⴷⵔⵉⵙ ⵊⵟⵟⵓ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳ ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴳ 9 ⴽⵜⵓⴱⵕ 2002, ⴳ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ [[ⵄⴱⴷⵔⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]]. ⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵜⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵡⴰⵍⴰ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵣⴷⵉⵏ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⴽⴽⵓⵥ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙⵏ. == ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏ == * https://ojs.acrps.ai/index.php/siyasatarabiya/ar/article/view/issue011-art07/html?utm_ * https://ojs.acrps.ai/index.php/siyasatarabiya/ar/article/view/issue011-art07/html?utm_ * https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/documents/2025-09/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A.pdf?utm_ * https://archive.assafir.com/ssr/923940.html?utm_ i2j4heam094wg2a61he182awsqlfi5g 0 55074 198893 2026-11-08T17:55:47Z Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE 13 Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵙⴳ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] ⵖⵔ [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] 198893 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵄⴱⴷ ⵕⵕⵃⵎⴰⵏ ⵍⵢⵓⵙⴼⵉ]] 7obwfptq7apdzrx9698brq1f475wgn0